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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Morozov_(director/writer)
Vladimir Morozov (director/writer)
["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","1.2 Television","2 References"]
Russian film director and screenwriter (born 1958) Vladimir MorozovVladimir Morozov in New York, 2016BornMay 11, 1958Moscow, USSRYears active1996–presentSpouse(s)Tatyana Semyonova (divorced) Alla KlioukaChildren4 Vladimir Alekseevich Morozov (born May 11, 1958) is a Russian film director and screenwriter, best known for his work in his TV show Evlampiya Romanova. In 1995, Morozov finished at the Russian Institute of Cinematography. He has worked in the film studio "Mosfilm" from 1989. He is married to actress Alla Kliouka and has three sons and a daughter. Filmography Film Year Title Genre Position 1996 Arrival of a train Documentary Writer/Director 1998 Rehearsal with "Arnold" Short Film Writer/Director 2005 Melyuzga Feature Film Co-writer/Director 2006 Vecherniy Zvon Feature Film Co-writer/Co-director 2010 Whisky s Molokom Feature Film Writer 2019 Protocol of Understanding Documentary Writer/Director Television Year Title Genre Position 2001 Cheryomushki Social Drama Co-writer/Director 2002- 2006 Evlampiya Romanova. The investigation is led by a layman. Detective Co-writer/Director 2008 Adrenalin: Odin protiv vsekh Drama Co-writer/Director 2012 Kazaki Documentary Writer/Director 2012 Kazachiy Ataman Documentary Writer/Director 2013 And The War Did Not Kill Me Documentary Writer/Director References ^ kinoexpert.ru ^ kinogildia.ru ^ Репетиция с Арнольдом (in Russian), retrieved 2021-07-28 ^ tvkultura.ru ^ Виски с молоком (2010), retrieved 2021-07-28 ^ "Виски с молоком (2010) - Всё о фильме, отзывы, рецензии - смотреть видео онлайн на Film.ru". www.film.ru. Retrieved 2021-07-28. ^ "Документальный фильм-интервью "Протокол понимания"". uchimznaem.ru. Retrieved 2021-10-07. ^ "Документальный фильм «Протокол понимания»". budfil.sspi.ru. Retrieved 2021-10-07. ^ Protocol of Understanding, retrieved 2021-10-07 ^ newsru.com ^ Евлампия Романова. Следствие ведет дилетант (in Russian), retrieved 2021-07-28 ^ "Как звезда сериала «Евлампия Романова» покорила Голливуд, и почему вернулась из США в Россию". Культурология. Retrieved 2021-07-28. ^ Tsybulski, Alexander, Сериал Адреналин / Один против всех смотреть онлайн бесплатно, retrieved 2021-07-28 ^ "Документальный фильм «Казаки» – смотреть расписание показа на телеканалах на Онлайн-ТВ НТВ-ПЛЮС". ntvplus.tv. Retrieved 2021-07-28. ^ "Vimeo". vimeo.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07. Vladimir Morozov on IMDb Morozov's filmography on kinopoisk.ru Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samalamig
Samalamig
["1 Name","2 Description","3 Types","3.1 Buko juice","3.2 Buko pandan drink","3.3 Calamansi juice","3.4 Fruit salad drink","3.5 Guinomis","3.6 Melon sa malamig","3.7 Sago at gulaman","3.8 Sweet corn samalamig","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]
Filipino sweet-chilled beverages "Guinomis" redirects here. For the sake cup known as "Guinomi", see Sake set. SamalamigVarious types of samalamig sold by a street vendor in MalabonTypeBeverageCountry of origin PhilippinesIngredientsVarious, see text Samalamig, also known as palamig, is a collective term for various Filipino sweet chilled beverages that usually include jelly-like ingredients. They come in various flavors, and are commonly sold by street vendors as refreshments. Typical ingredients of the drinks include gulaman (agar), sago pearls, kaong, tapioca pearls, nata de coco, and coconut (including macapuno). They are usually anglicized as pearl coolers or pearl and jelly coolers. Samalamig may also include various chilled fruit juices (usually with chunks of fruit), chocolate, and coffee drinks, regardless if jellies are added, that are also typically sold by samalamig vendors. Name Calamansi juice The name "samálamig" comes from sa, meaning "for; to; at", and malamíg, an adjective meaning "cold, chilly" in Tagalog. "Sa malamig" may thus loosely mean "for cold (drinks); at a cold place; chilled". "Sa malamig" might have come from the calls of ambulant vendors, telling people to come and get cold drinks, i.e. " sa malamig", loosely "here for cold drinks". Thus, "sa malamig" could be taken as a qualifier for the various types of drinks stored in cold containers, i.e. buko juice is "buko sa malamig" and sago't gulaman is "sago't gulaman sa malamig", but these full phrases are no longer in habitual use. An alternate name is palamig which means "cooler" or "chiller". Description Samalamig does not refer to a specific drink, but to a class of drinks that are served cold by street vendors. Thus they can come in a wide variety of flavors and types. They are traditionally sold by street vendors during summer months, but are now also offered by restaurants. The restaurant versions typically top the drinks with shaved ice. Types Buko pandan drink with pinipig Guinomis Sago at gulaman (foreground) and halo-halo The main types of samalamig are listed below. The recipes however can be combined at the discretion of the maker. There are no set recipes for samalamig. The only common theme is that they are served cold with ice cubes or shaved ice. They also usually include jelly-like ingredients or pieces of fruit. Buko juice Main article: Coconut water Buko juice is simple chilled coconut water, typically served with strips of coconut meat. It may or may not be sweetened. Some versions also add milk. Buko pandan drink See also: Buko pandan Buko pandan refers to a very common flavor combination of coconut and pandan leaves in Filipino cuisine. When used alone, buko pandan typically refers to a type of dessert made with strips of coconut, pandan leaves, and various jellies in coconut milk. The drink version is the same, but is less thick and has more liquid. Like the dessert, the drink is characteristically light green in color from the pandan leaves, and the jellies used are usually dyed green. Calamansi juice Calamansi juice, also known as "Filipino lemonade", is the Filipino version of lemonade, made from the juice of fresh-squeezed calamansi sweetened with sugar or honey and chilled. It can also serve as a base for other types of samalamig if other fruits are added. Aside from its use in samalamig, calamansi juice by itself is a common drink in Filipino households. Unsweetened hot versions are a common home remedy for sore throat or colds. It can also be added to salabat (Filipino ginger tea). Fruit salad drink See also: Buko salad The fruit salad drink, also known as the "buko salad drink", is identical to the Filipino fruit salad, which is prepared with chunks of fruits, jellies, and coconut strips in condensed milk. The only difference is that the drink has more water and condensed milk added. Guinomis Guinomis is sometimes regarded as a variant of halo-halo since it is a shaved ice dessert. It is made with sago pearls, pinipig (toasted pounded rice), various jellies, and coconut milk on shaved ice. Like the halo-halo, it can have multiple variations. It originates from the Hiligaynon people. Melon sa malamig See also: Buko melon Melon sa malamig, sometimes called "melon chiller", "melon cooler", or simply "melon juice" is, at its most basic, pieces of cantaloupes mixed with sugar and water. Some recipes also add calamansi juice or evaporated or condensed milk. However, if it is made with milk, it must be consumed immediately, as proteolytic enzymes in the cantaloupe will break down the milk proteins and turn the drink bitter if left to stand. Sago at gulaman Sago at gulaman, commonly shortened to "sago't gulaman", "sago gulaman", or simply "gulaman", is the most common type of samalamig. The name means "sago and gulaman", referring to the main ingredients of the drink, sago pearls and gulaman jellies (agar). The drink is usually simply flavored with muscovado (or brown sugar), and pandan leaves. The pandan can also be substituted with vanilla or banana extract. Sago is also commonly substituted with tapioca pearls. Sweet corn samalamig Sweet corn samalamig is similar to maíz con hielo, but does not include shaved ice. It is made from sweet corn kernels in milk with jellies. See also Agua fresca Bilo-bilo Binignit Ginataang mais Lamaw References ^ a b c d "Sago at Gulaman Pandan Samalamig (Pearl and Jelly Pandan Coolers)". Pinoy Kusinero. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Healthy 'samalamig' recipes to cool down summer". GMA News Online. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ a b c d e f "Palamig (Coolers)". The Peach Kitchen. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ a b "Sago't Gulaman". Foxy Folksy. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Buko Pandan Drink". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Calamansi Juice (Filipino Lemonade)". The Little Epicurean. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Calamansi Juice". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Buko Salad Drink". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Guinomis Recipe". Pinoy Recipe at iba pa. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "How to make Guinomis – Sago, Pinipig and Gulaman in Coconut Milk". Asian in America. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Guinomis Recipe (How to make Guinomis)". Pilipinas Recipes. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "A Cool Vegetarian Dessert". Lakbay Masa. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Melon Chiller". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Melon Juice". Ang Sarap. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Melon sa Malamig (Filipino Cantaloupe Drink)". Tara's Multicultural Table. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Melon Sa Malamig (Filipino Melon Drink)". CUESA. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Sago't Gulaman Palamig Recipe". Kusina Master Recipes. Retrieved January 29, 2019. Further reading vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes Adobo Afritada Asado matua pork Balbacua Balut Bicol express/Sinilihan Binagoongan kangkong Binalot Bistek Biyaring Bola-bola Bopis Burong isda Burong mangga Carne norte guisado Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo Chori burger Coconut burger Curacha Alavar Decho Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek Dinengdeng Dinuguan Embutido Escabeche Estofado Everlasting Giniling Ginisang kangkóng Goto Halabós Hamonado Hardinera Humbà Igado Inasal Inihaw/Filipino barbecue Inubaran Isaw Kaldereta Kare-kare Kilawin Kinilnat Kinilaw Kulawo Laing/Pinangat Inulukan Linapay/Tinamuk Tinumok Lechon baboy baka manok Lengua estofado Lengua pastel Lengua Sevillana Linagpang Linarang Linat-an Lumlom Mechado Menudo/Ginamay Waknatoy Morcón Nilagang saging Paklay Papaitan Pares Pares kanto Pata tim Piaparan Picadillo Pinais Pinapaitan Pinakbet Pinangat na isda Pinatisan Pininyahang hipon Pininyahang manok Pinsec frito Piyanggang manok Piutu Poqui poqui Proben Pudpod Putsero Rendang Ropa vieja Sarsa na uyang Satti Sinanglay Sinantolan Siomai Tamale Talunan Tapa Tinapa Tinapayan Tinola Tuslob buwa Fried dishes Bagnet Calamares Camaron rebosado Carne frita Chicharon Crispy kangkóng Crispy pata Crispy tadyang ng baka Daing Fish balls Kikiam Lechon kawali Nilasing na hipon Okoy Pudpod Sisig Tapa Tocino Tokneneng Kwek kwek Tokwa’t baboy Torta carne norte kalabasa sardinas talong Rice dishes Aligue fried rice Arroz a la cubana Arroz valenciana Arroz caldo Bagoong fried rice Balao-balao Java rice Junay Kiampong Kuning Lugaw Morisqueta tostada Oko-oko Paelya Bringhe Nasing biringyi Pastil Pusô/Tamu Silog Sinangág Sinigapuna Soups Batchoy Tagalog/Batsoy Binakol Bulalo Cansi Ginataan ampalaya hipon isda kalabasa kuhol labong langka manok sugpo ubod Ginisang munggo Gising-gising Kadyos, baboy, kag langka Kadyos, manok, kag ubad Kinamatisang manok (Sarciadong manok) Nilaga Paksiw Inun-unan Pinikpikan Sarsiado Sinabawang corned beef Sinabawang gulay Sinampalukan Sinigang Sorol Soup Number Five Suam na mais Tiyula itum Noodles and pasta Balbacua con misua Batchoy Batchoy Tagalog Filipino spaghetti Kinalas Macaroni salad Maki mi Odong Pancit bihon buko canton choca estacion lomi luglug Malabon mami miki Molo palabok sotanghon Pares mami Sinigáng sa misô Sopa de fideo Sopas Sausages Longganisa Alaminos Baguio Cabanatuan/Batutay Calumpit Chicken Fish Guagua/Candaba Guinobatan Longganisang dugo Lucban Pampanga Tuguegarao Vigan Chorizo de Bilbao de Cebu de Macao Negrense pudpud Pinuneg Lumpia and turón Daral Dinamita Lumpia adobo gulay hubad isda keso labong prito sariwa Shanghai singkamas togue ubod Vegetarian lumpia Ngohiong Turón Breads, cakes,and pastries Alfajor Asado roll Banada Banana cake Bicho Binangkal Biscocho Kinihad Brazo de Mercedes Buko pandan cake Buko pie Buñuelo Churro Crema de Fruta Egg pie Empanada Ensaymada Flan cake Hopia Inipit Kumukunsi Mamón Broas Puto mamón Taisan tostado Mango cake Mango float Napoleones Ohaldre Pan de coco Pan de monggo Pan de monja/Monáy Putok Pan de regla Pan de siosa/Pan de leche Pandesal Pastel de Camiguín Pianono Piaya Pilipit Pinagong Polvorón Sans rival Señorita bread/Spanish bread Shakoy Shing-a-ling Silvana Siopao Ube cake Ube cheesecake Waffle dog Yema cake Biscuits/cookies Aparon Apas Barquillos Barquiron Camachile cookies Caycay Galletas de bato de patatas/Egg cracklets del Carmen pesquera Gorgoria Half-moon cookie Jacobina Lengua de gato Linga Masa podrida Otap Paciencia Paborita Puto seco Roscas Rosquillo Ube crinkles Ugoy-ugoy Uraró/Arrowroot cookies Desserts Ampaw Banana cue Baye baye Binagol Binaki Buko salad Buko halo Buko melon Buko pandan Camote cue Camote halaya Cascaron Cassava cake Pitsi-pitsî Champóy Coconut macaroon Cornick Daral Dodol Duman Ginanggang Kalamay Kiamoy Leche flan Lokot-lokot Maja blanca Maruya Masareal Membrilyo Minatamis na saging Nilupak/Nilusak Pinipig Pritong saging Salukara Taho Tamales Tibok-tibok Tocino de cielo Turón Turrón de casúy Turrón de pili Ube halaya macapuno Candies and confections Pastillas Balikucha Belekoy Coconut toffee Peanut Brittle Panocha mani Sampalok candy Yema Chips and crackers Banana chips Kabkab/Cassava cracker Kropek Kiping Pinasugbo/Consilva Frozen desserts Avocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw Guinomis Halo-halo Ice buko Ice scramble Knickerbocker Maíz con hielo Queso ice cream Saba con hielo Sili ice cream Sorbetes Ube ice cream Kakanin (ricecakes) Bibingka Bibingkoy Binakle Biko Espasol Kutsinta Mache Masi Moche Morón Palitaw Panyalam Putli mandi Puto Puto bumbong Puto maya Sapin-sapin Sayongsong Suman Tikoy Tupig Soup desserts Bilo-bilo Binatog Binignit Champorado Ginataan mais munggo/Lelot balatong saba Lamaw Condimentsand ingredients Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce Achuete Asín tibuok Atchara Bagoong alamang monamon terong Banana ketchup Biasong Bukayo Burô/tapay Calamansi Dayap Dayok Dungon Galapóng Gamet Gatâ Giniling Gulaman Gusô Kakang gatâ Kamias Kaong Kasubha Keso de bola Kesong puti Labóng Landang Latik Latô Lemongrass Liver spread/Lechon sauce Luyang dilaw Macapuno Minatamís na báo Muscovado Nata de coco Nata de piña Pakô Palapa Pandan Panutsa Patis Pili nut Saba banana Sago Sakurab/Sibujing Siling haba Siling labuyo Taba ng talangka Tabon-tabon Toyomansi Toyo, suka, at sili Túltul Ube Ubad Ubod Vinegar cane coconut kaong palm nipa palm spiced BeveragesNon-alcoholic Avocado milkshake Calamansi juice Coffee Barako Benguet Sagada Sulu Salabat Samalamig Buko pandan drink Sago at gulaman Tsokolate Tubho tea Alcoholic Agkud Anisado Bahalina Bais Basi Bignay wine Byais Dubado Duhat wine Intus Kabarawan Kinutil Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik Lambanog/Dalisay de coco Mallorca Palek Pangasi Tapuy/Baya Tubâ Tuhak Tunggang Food portal See also: Philippine condiments Filipino Chinese cuisine Kamayan Kapampangan cuisine List of restaurant chains in the Philippines
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sake set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake_set"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine"},{"link_name":"jelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin_dessert"},{"link_name":"gulaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulaman"},{"link_name":"sago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago"},{"link_name":"kaong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaong"},{"link_name":"tapioca pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca_pearls"},{"link_name":"nata de coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_coco"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"macapuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macapuno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pk-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-healthy-2"}],"text":"\"Guinomis\" redirects here. For the sake cup known as \"Guinomi\", see Sake set.Samalamig, also known as palamig, is a collective term for various Filipino sweet chilled beverages that usually include jelly-like ingredients. They come in various flavors, and are commonly sold by street vendors as refreshments. Typical ingredients of the drinks include gulaman (agar), sago pearls, kaong, tapioca pearls, nata de coco, and coconut (including macapuno). They are usually anglicized as pearl coolers or pearl and jelly coolers.[1]Samalamig may also include various chilled fruit juices (usually with chunks of fruit), chocolate, and coffee drinks, regardless if jellies are added, that are also typically sold by samalamig vendors.[2]","title":"Samalamig"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calamansi_juice_(Filipino_lemonade).jpg"},{"link_name":"Calamansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pk-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"}],"text":"Calamansi juiceThe name \"samálamig\" comes from sa, meaning \"for; to; at\", and malamíg, an adjective meaning \"cold, chilly\" in Tagalog. \"Sa malamig\" may thus loosely mean \"for cold (drinks); at a cold place; chilled\". \"Sa malamig\" might have come from the calls of ambulant vendors, telling people to come and get cold drinks, i.e. \"[Dito] sa malamig\", loosely \"here for cold drinks\". Thus, \"sa malamig\" could be taken as a qualifier for the various types of drinks stored in cold containers, i.e. buko juice is \"buko sa malamig\" and sago't gulaman is \"sago't gulaman sa malamig\", but these full phrases are no longer in habitual use. An alternate name is palamig which means \"cooler\" or \"chiller\".[1][3]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pk-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ff-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"}],"text":"Samalamig does not refer to a specific drink, but to a class of drinks that are served cold by street vendors. Thus they can come in a wide variety of flavors and types. They are traditionally sold by street vendors during summer months, but are now also offered by restaurants. The restaurant versions typically top the drinks with shaved ice.[1][4][3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buko_pandan_at_Cafe_Laguna,_SM_City,_Cebu.jpg"},{"link_name":"pinipig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinipig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guinomis_(Ilonggo_Sago_Gulaman)_at_Imay%27s.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sago_Gulaman.jpg"},{"link_name":"halo-halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-halo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"}],"text":"Buko pandan drink with pinipigGuinomisSago at gulaman (foreground) and halo-haloThe main types of samalamig are listed below. The recipes however can be combined at the discretion of the maker. There are no set recipes for samalamig. The only common theme is that they are served cold with ice cubes or shaved ice. They also usually include jelly-like ingredients or pieces of fruit.[3]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coconut water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_water"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"}],"sub_title":"Buko juice","text":"Buko juice is simple chilled coconut water, typically served with strips of coconut meat. It may or may not be sweetened. Some versions also add milk.[3]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buko pandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_pandan"},{"link_name":"pandan leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan_leaves"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bukopandan-5"}],"sub_title":"Buko pandan drink","text":"See also: Buko pandanBuko pandan refers to a very common flavor combination of coconut and pandan leaves in Filipino cuisine. When used alone, buko pandan typically refers to a type of dessert made with strips of coconut, pandan leaves, and various jellies in coconut milk. The drink version is the same, but is less thick and has more liquid. Like the dessert, the drink is characteristically light green in color from the pandan leaves, and the jellies used are usually dyed green.[5]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lemonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade"},{"link_name":"calamansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi"},{"link_name":"salabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salabat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tle-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calamansi-7"}],"sub_title":"Calamansi juice","text":"Calamansi juice, also known as \"Filipino lemonade\", is the Filipino version of lemonade, made from the juice of fresh-squeezed calamansi sweetened with sugar or honey and chilled. It can also serve as a base for other types of samalamig if other fruits are added. Aside from its use in samalamig, calamansi juice by itself is a common drink in Filipino households. Unsweetened hot versions are a common home remedy for sore throat or colds. It can also be added to salabat (Filipino ginger tea).[6][7]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buko salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_salad"},{"link_name":"fruit salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_salad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Fruit salad drink","text":"See also: Buko saladThe fruit salad drink, also known as the \"buko salad drink\", is identical to the Filipino fruit salad, which is prepared with chunks of fruits, jellies, and coconut strips in condensed milk. The only difference is that the drink has more water and condensed milk added.[3][8]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"halo-halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-halo"},{"link_name":"sago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago"},{"link_name":"pinipig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinipig"},{"link_name":"Hiligaynon people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiligaynon_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIA-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Guinomis","text":"Guinomis is sometimes regarded as a variant of halo-halo since it is a shaved ice dessert. It is made with sago pearls, pinipig (toasted pounded rice), various jellies, and coconut milk on shaved ice. Like the halo-halo, it can have multiple variations. It originates from the Hiligaynon people.[9][10][11][12]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buko melon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_melon"},{"link_name":"cantaloupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe"},{"link_name":"evaporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporated_milk"},{"link_name":"condensed milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_milk"},{"link_name":"proteolytic enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolytic_enzyme"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kp-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-as-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmm-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuesa-16"}],"sub_title":"Melon sa malamig","text":"See also: Buko melonMelon sa malamig, sometimes called \"melon chiller\", \"melon cooler\", or simply \"melon juice\" is, at its most basic, pieces of cantaloupes mixed with sugar and water. Some recipes also add calamansi juice or evaporated or condensed milk. However, if it is made with milk, it must be consumed immediately, as proteolytic enzymes in the cantaloupe will break down the milk proteins and turn the drink bitter if left to stand.[13][14][15][16]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gulaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulaman"},{"link_name":"sago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago"},{"link_name":"agar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar"},{"link_name":"muscovado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovado"},{"link_name":"brown sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_sugar"},{"link_name":"pandan leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan_leaf"},{"link_name":"vanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla"},{"link_name":"banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"tapioca pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca_pearl"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pk-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ff-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kmr-17"}],"sub_title":"Sago at gulaman","text":"Sago at gulaman, commonly shortened to \"sago't gulaman\", \"sago gulaman\", or simply \"gulaman\", is the most common type of samalamig. The name means \"sago and gulaman\", referring to the main ingredients of the drink, sago pearls and gulaman jellies (agar). The drink is usually simply flavored with muscovado (or brown sugar), and pandan leaves. The pandan can also be substituted with vanilla or banana extract. Sago is also commonly substituted with tapioca pearls.[1][4][17]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maíz con hielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ADz_con_hielo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"}],"sub_title":"Sweet corn samalamig","text":"Sweet corn samalamig is similar to maíz con hielo, but does not include shaved ice. It is made from sweet corn kernels in milk with jellies.[3]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philippine_cuisine"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_cuisine"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_cuisine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Filipino cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Main dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philippine_dishes"},{"link_name":"Adobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_adobo"},{"link_name":"Afritada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afritada"},{"link_name":"Asado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_asado#Asado_de_carajay"},{"link_name":"matua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_asado#Pork_asado"},{"link_name":"pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_asado#Pork_asado"},{"link_name":"Balbacua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbacua"},{"link_name":"Balut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balut_(food)"},{"link_name":"Bicol express/Sinilihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_express"},{"link_name":"Binagoongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binagoongan"},{"link_name":"kangkong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_fried_water_spinach#Water_spinach_with_shrimp_paste"},{"link_name":"Binalot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binalot"},{"link_name":"Bistek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistek"},{"link_name":"Biyaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyaring"},{"link_name":"Bola-bola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatball"},{"link_name":"Bopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopis"},{"link_name":"Burong isda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burong_isda"},{"link_name":"Burong mangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burong_mangga"},{"link_name":"Carne norte guisado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_norte_guisado"},{"link_name":"Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_galantina"},{"link_name":"Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_pastel"},{"link_name":"Chori burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chori_burger"},{"link_name":"Coconut burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_burger"},{"link_name":"Curacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curacha"},{"link_name":"Alavar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curacha_Alavar"},{"link_name":"Decho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decho"},{"link_name":"Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinakdakan"},{"link_name":"Dinengdeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinengdeng"},{"link_name":"Dinuguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinuguan"},{"link_name":"Embutido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embutido_(Filipino_cuisine)"},{"link_name":"Escabeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escabeche"},{"link_name":"Estofado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estofado_(food)"},{"link_name":"Everlasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everlasting_(food)"},{"link_name":"Giniling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picadillo"},{"link_name":"Ginisang kangkóng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_fried_water_spinach"},{"link_name":"Goto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goto_(food)"},{"link_name":"Halabós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabos"},{"link_name":"Hamonado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamonado"},{"link_name":"Hardinera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinera"},{"link_name":"Humbà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humba"},{"link_name":"Igado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igado"},{"link_name":"Inasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_inasal"},{"link_name":"Inihaw/Filipino barbecue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inihaw"},{"link_name":"Inubaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inubaran"},{"link_name":"Isaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaw"},{"link_name":"Kaldereta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldereta"},{"link_name":"Kare-kare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare-kare"},{"link_name":"Kilawin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilawin"},{"link_name":"Kinilnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinilnat"},{"link_name":"Kinilaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinilaw"},{"link_name":"Kulawo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawo"},{"link_name":"Laing/Pinangat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laing_(food)"},{"link_name":"Inulukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laing_(food)#Inulukan"},{"link_name":"Linapay/Tinamuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linapay"},{"link_name":"Tinumok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laing_(food)#Tinumok"},{"link_name":"Lechon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_lechon"},{"link_name":"baboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_lechon"},{"link_name":"baka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon_baka"},{"link_name":"manok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon_manok"},{"link_name":"Lengua estofado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_estofado"},{"link_name":"Lengua pastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_pastel"},{"link_name":"Lengua Sevillana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_Sevillana"},{"link_name":"Linagpang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linagpang"},{"link_name":"Linarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linarang"},{"link_name":"Linat-an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linat-an"},{"link_name":"Lumlom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumlom"},{"link_name":"Mechado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechado"},{"link_name":"Menudo/Ginamay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menudo_(stew)"},{"link_name":"Waknatoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waknatoy"},{"link_name":"Morcón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morc%C3%B3n_(Filipino_cuisine)"},{"link_name":"Nilagang saging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilagang_saging"},{"link_name":"Paklay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paklay"},{"link_name":"Papaitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaitan"},{"link_name":"Pares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares_(food)"},{"link_name":"Pares kanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares_kanto"},{"link_name":"Pata tim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pata_tim"},{"link_name":"Piaparan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaparan"},{"link_name":"Picadillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picadillo"},{"link_name":"Pinais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinais"},{"link_name":"Pinapaitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinapaitan"},{"link_name":"Pinakbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinakbet"},{"link_name":"Pinangat na isda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinangat_na_isda"},{"link_name":"Pinatisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinatisan"},{"link_name":"Pininyahang hipon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininyahang_hipon"},{"link_name":"Pininyahang manok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininyahang_manok"},{"link_name":"Pinsec frito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsec_frito"},{"link_name":"Piyanggang manok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyanggang_manok"},{"link_name":"Piutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piutu"},{"link_name":"Poqui poqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poqui_poqui"},{"link_name":"Proben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proben"},{"link_name":"Pudpod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudpod"},{"link_name":"Putsero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puchero#Filipino_puchero"},{"link_name":"Rendang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang#In_other_countries"},{"link_name":"Ropa vieja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa_vieja"},{"link_name":"Sarsa na uyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsa_na_uyang"},{"link_name":"Satti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay"},{"link_name":"Sinanglay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanglay"},{"link_name":"Sinantolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinantolan"},{"link_name":"Siomai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumai#Philippine_siomai"},{"link_name":"Tamale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale#Philippines_and_Guam"},{"link_name":"Talunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talunan"},{"link_name":"Tapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapa_(Filipino_cuisine)"},{"link_name":"Tinapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinapa"},{"link_name":"Tinapayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinapayan"},{"link_name":"Tinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinola"},{"link_name":"Tuslob buwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuslob_buwa"},{"link_name":"Bagnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnet"},{"link_name":"Calamares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamares"},{"link_name":"Camaron rebosado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaron_rebosado"},{"link_name":"Carne frita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanesa"},{"link_name":"Chicharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicharr%C3%B3n#Philippines"},{"link_name":"Crispy kangkóng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispy_kangk%C3%B3ng"},{"link_name":"Crispy pata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispy_pata"},{"link_name":"Crispy tadyang ng baka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispy_tadyang_ng_baka"},{"link_name":"Daing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daing"},{"link_name":"Fish balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_ball"},{"link_name":"Kikiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo_hiang"},{"link_name":"Lechon kawali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon_kawali"},{"link_name":"Nilasing na hipon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilasing_na_hipon"},{"link_name":"Okoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okoy"},{"link_name":"Pudpod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudpod"},{"link_name":"Sisig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisig"},{"link_name":"Tapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapa_(Filipino_cuisine)"},{"link_name":"Tocino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocino"},{"link_name":"Tokneneng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokneneng"},{"link_name":"Kwek kwek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwek_kwek"},{"link_name":"Tokwa’t baboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokwa%E2%80%99t_baboy"},{"link_name":"carne norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortang_carne_norte"},{"link_name":"kalabasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortang_kalabasa"},{"link_name":"sardinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortang_sardinas"},{"link_name":"talong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortang_talong"},{"link_name":"Aligue fried rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligue_fried_rice"},{"link_name":"Arroz a la cubana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_a_la_cubana"},{"link_name":"Arroz valenciana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_a_la_valenciana"},{"link_name":"Arroz caldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_caldo"},{"link_name":"Bagoong fried rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_fried_rice"},{"link_name":"Balao-balao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balao-balao"},{"link_name":"Java rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_rice"},{"link_name":"Junay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junay_(food)"},{"link_name":"Kiampong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiampong"},{"link_name":"Kuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuning"},{"link_name":"Lugaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugaw"},{"link_name":"Morisqueta tostada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisqueta_tostada"},{"link_name":"Oko-oko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko-oko"},{"link_name":"Paelya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paelya"},{"link_name":"Bringhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringhe"},{"link_name":"Nasing biringyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasing_biringyi"},{"link_name":"Pastil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastil"},{"link_name":"Pusô/Tamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Silog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silog_(dish)"},{"link_name":"Sinangág","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinang%C3%A1g"},{"link_name":"Sinigapuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinigapuna"},{"link_name":"Batchoy 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cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_ice_cream"},{"link_name":"Kakanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakanin"},{"link_name":"Bibingka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibingka"},{"link_name":"Bibingkoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibingkoy"},{"link_name":"Binakle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binakle"},{"link_name":"Biko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biko_(food)"},{"link_name":"Espasol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espasol"},{"link_name":"Kutsinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsinta"},{"link_name":"Mache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mache_(food)"},{"link_name":"Masi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masi_(food)"},{"link_name":"Moche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_(food)"},{"link_name":"Morón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moron_(food)"},{"link_name":"Palitaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitaw"},{"link_name":"Panyalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyalam"},{"link_name":"Putli mandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putli_mandi"},{"link_name":"Puto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_(food)"},{"link_name":"Puto bumbong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_bumbong"},{"link_name":"Puto maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_sticky_rice"},{"link_name":"Sapin-sapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapin-sapin"},{"link_name":"Sayongsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayongsong"},{"link_name":"Suman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suman_(food)"},{"link_name":"Tikoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_gao#Philippines"},{"link_name":"Tupig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupig"},{"link_name":"Bilo-bilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilo-bilo"},{"link_name":"Binatog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatog"},{"link_name":"Binignit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binignit"},{"link_name":"Champorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champorado"},{"link_name":"mais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_mais"},{"link_name":"munggo/Lelot balatong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_munggo"},{"link_name":"saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_saba"},{"link_name":"Lamaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamaw"},{"link_name":"Condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_condiments"},{"link_name":"Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agre_dulce"},{"link_name":"Achuete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatto"},{"link_name":"Asín tibuok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%ADn_tibuok"},{"link_name":"Atchara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchara"},{"link_name":"Bagoong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong"},{"link_name":"alamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_alamang"},{"link_name":"monamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_monamon"},{"link_name":"terong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_terong"},{"link_name":"Banana ketchup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_ketchup"},{"link_name":"Biasong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_micrantha"},{"link_name":"Bukayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukayo"},{"link_name":"Burô/tapay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapai"},{"link_name":"Calamansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi"},{"link_name":"Dayap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_lime"},{"link_name":"Dayok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayok"},{"link_name":"Dungon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritiera_littoralis"},{"link_name":"Galapóng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galap%C3%B3ng"},{"link_name":"Gamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet"},{"link_name":"Gatâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk"},{"link_name":"Giniling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_meat"},{"link_name":"Gulaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulaman"},{"link_name":"Gusô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucheuma"},{"link_name":"Kakang gatâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_cream"},{"link_name":"Kamias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilimbi"},{"link_name":"Kaong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenga_pinnata"},{"link_name":"Kasubha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safflower"},{"link_name":"Keso de bola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edam_cheese"},{"link_name":"Kesong puti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesong_puti"},{"link_name":"Labóng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_shoot"},{"link_name":"Landang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landang"},{"link_name":"Latik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latik"},{"link_name":"Latô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulerpa_lentillifera"},{"link_name":"Lemongrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass"},{"link_name":"Liver spread/Lechon sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_spread"},{"link_name":"Luyang dilaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"},{"link_name":"Macapuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macapuno"},{"link_name":"Minatamís na báo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_jam"},{"link_name":"Muscovado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovado"},{"link_name":"Nata de coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_coco"},{"link_name":"Nata de piña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_pi%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Pakô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplazium_esculentum"},{"link_name":"Palapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapa_(condiment)"},{"link_name":"Pandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus"},{"link_name":"Panutsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggery"},{"link_name":"Patis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patis_(sauce)"},{"link_name":"Pili nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pili_nut"},{"link_name":"Saba banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_banana"},{"link_name":"Sago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago"},{"link_name":"Sakurab/Sibujing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurab"},{"link_name":"Siling haba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siling_haba"},{"link_name":"Siling labuyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siling_labuyo"},{"link_name":"Taba ng talangka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba_ng_talangka"},{"link_name":"Tabon-tabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon-tabon"},{"link_name":"Toyomansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyomansi"},{"link_name":"Toyo, suka, at sili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo,_suka,_at_sili"},{"link_name":"Túltul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%ADn_tibuok"},{"link_name":"Ube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_yam"},{"link_name":"Ubad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_pith"},{"link_name":"Ubod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_palm"},{"link_name":"cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_vinegar"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_vinegar"},{"link_name":"kaong palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaong_palm_vinegar"},{"link_name":"nipa palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipa_palm_vinegar"},{"link_name":"spiced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiced_vinegar"},{"link_name":"Avocado milkshake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_milkshake"},{"link_name":"Calamansi juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi_juice"},{"link_name":"Barako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapeng_barako"},{"link_name":"Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguet_coffee"},{"link_name":"Sagada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada_coffee"},{"link_name":"Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahawa_Sug"},{"link_name":"Salabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_tea#Philippines"},{"link_name":"Samalamig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Buko pandan drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_pandan_drink"},{"link_name":"Sago at gulaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago_at_gulaman"},{"link_name":"Tsokolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsokolate"},{"link_name":"Tubho tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubho_tea"},{"link_name":"Agkud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agkud"},{"link_name":"Anisado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisette"},{"link_name":"Bahalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahalina"},{"link_name":"Bais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bais_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Basi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basi"},{"link_name":"Bignay wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignay_wine"},{"link_name":"Byais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byais"},{"link_name":"Dubado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubado"},{"link_name":"Duhat wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhat_wine"},{"link_name":"Intus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intus"},{"link_name":"Kabarawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabarawan"},{"link_name":"Kinutil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinutil"},{"link_name":"Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksoy"},{"link_name":"Lambanog/Dalisay de coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambanog"},{"link_name":"Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisette"},{"link_name":"Palek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palek"},{"link_name":"Pangasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasi"},{"link_name":"Tapuy/Baya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapuy"},{"link_name":"Tubâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tub%C3%A2"},{"link_name":"Tuhak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhak"},{"link_name":"Tunggang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunggang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"link_name":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"link_name":"Philippine condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_condiments"},{"link_name":"Filipino Chinese cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Kamayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamayan"},{"link_name":"Kapampangan cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"List of restaurant chains in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restaurant_chains_in_the_Philippines"}],"text":"vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes\nAdobo\nAfritada\nAsado\nmatua\npork\nBalbacua\nBalut\nBicol express/Sinilihan\nBinagoongan\nkangkong\nBinalot\nBistek\nBiyaring\nBola-bola\nBopis\nBurong isda\nBurong mangga\nCarne norte guisado\nChicken galantina/Relyenong manok\nChicken pastel/Pastel de pollo\nChori burger\nCoconut burger\nCuracha\nAlavar\nDecho\nDinakdakan/Warek-Warek\nDinengdeng\nDinuguan\nEmbutido\nEscabeche\nEstofado\nEverlasting\nGiniling\nGinisang kangkóng\nGoto\nHalabós\nHamonado\nHardinera\nHumbà\nIgado\nInasal\nInihaw/Filipino barbecue\nInubaran\nIsaw\nKaldereta\nKare-kare\nKilawin\nKinilnat\nKinilaw\nKulawo\nLaing/Pinangat\nInulukan\nLinapay/Tinamuk\nTinumok\nLechon\nbaboy\nbaka\nmanok\nLengua estofado\nLengua pastel\nLengua Sevillana\nLinagpang\nLinarang\nLinat-an\nLumlom\nMechado\nMenudo/Ginamay\nWaknatoy\nMorcón\nNilagang saging\nPaklay\nPapaitan\nPares\nPares kanto\nPata tim\nPiaparan\nPicadillo\nPinais\nPinapaitan\nPinakbet\nPinangat na isda\nPinatisan\nPininyahang hipon\nPininyahang manok\nPinsec frito\nPiyanggang manok\nPiutu\nPoqui poqui\nProben\nPudpod\nPutsero\nRendang\nRopa vieja\nSarsa na uyang\nSatti\nSinanglay\nSinantolan\nSiomai\nTamale\nTalunan\nTapa\nTinapa\nTinapayan\nTinola\nTuslob buwa\nFried dishes\nBagnet\nCalamares\nCamaron rebosado\nCarne frita\nChicharon\nCrispy kangkóng\nCrispy pata\nCrispy tadyang ng baka\nDaing\nFish balls\nKikiam\nLechon kawali\nNilasing na hipon\nOkoy\nPudpod\nSisig\nTapa\nTocino\nTokneneng\nKwek kwek\nTokwa’t baboy\nTorta\ncarne norte\nkalabasa\nsardinas\ntalong\nRice dishes\nAligue fried rice\nArroz a la cubana\nArroz valenciana\nArroz caldo\nBagoong fried rice\nBalao-balao\nJava rice\nJunay\nKiampong\nKuning\nLugaw\nMorisqueta tostada\nOko-oko\nPaelya\nBringhe\nNasing biringyi\nPastil\nPusô/Tamu\nSilog\nSinangág\nSinigapuna\nSoups\nBatchoy Tagalog/Batsoy\nBinakol\nBulalo\nCansi\nGinataan\nampalaya\nhipon\nisda\nkalabasa\nkuhol\nlabong\nlangka\nmanok\nsugpo\nubod\nGinisang munggo\nGising-gising\nKadyos, baboy, kag langka\nKadyos, manok, kag ubad\nKinamatisang manok (Sarciadong manok)\nNilaga\nPaksiw\nInun-unan\nPinikpikan\nSarsiado\nSinabawang corned beef\nSinabawang gulay\nSinampalukan\nSinigang\nSorol\nSoup Number Five\nSuam na mais\nTiyula itum\n\nNoodles and pasta\nBalbacua con misua\nBatchoy\nBatchoy Tagalog\nFilipino spaghetti\nKinalas\nMacaroni salad\nMaki mi\nOdong\nPancit\nbihon\nbuko\ncanton\nchoca\nestacion\nlomi\nluglug\nMalabon\nmami\nmiki\nMolo\npalabok\nsotanghon\nPares mami\nSinigáng sa misô\nSopa de fideo\nSopas\nSausages\nLongganisa\nAlaminos\nBaguio\nCabanatuan/Batutay\nCalumpit\nChicken\nFish\nGuagua/Candaba\nGuinobatan\nLongganisang dugo\nLucban\nPampanga\nTuguegarao\nVigan\nChorizo\nde Bilbao\nde Cebu\nde Macao\nNegrense\npudpud\nPinuneg\nLumpia and turón\nDaral\nDinamita\nLumpia\nadobo\ngulay\nhubad\nisda\nkeso\nlabong\nprito\nsariwa\nShanghai\nsingkamas\ntogue\nubod\nVegetarian lumpia\nNgohiong\nTurón\nBreads, cakes,and pastries\nAlfajor\nAsado roll\nBanada\nBanana cake\nBicho\nBinangkal\nBiscocho\nKinihad\nBrazo de Mercedes\nBuko pandan cake\nBuko pie\nBuñuelo\nChurro\nCrema de Fruta\nEgg pie\nEmpanada\nEnsaymada\nFlan cake\nHopia\nInipit\nKumukunsi\nMamón\nBroas\nPuto mamón\nTaisan\ntostado\nMango cake\nMango float\nNapoleones\nOhaldre\nPan de coco\nPan de monggo\nPan de monja/Monáy\nPutok\nPan de regla\nPan de siosa/Pan de leche\nPandesal\nPastel de Camiguín\nPianono\nPiaya\nPilipit\nPinagong\nPolvorón\nSans rival\nSeñorita bread/Spanish bread\nShakoy\nShing-a-ling\nSilvana\nSiopao\nUbe cake\nUbe cheesecake\nWaffle dog\nYema cake\nBiscuits/cookies\nAparon\nApas\nBarquillos\nBarquiron\nCamachile cookies\nCaycay\nGalletas\nde bato\nde patatas/Egg cracklets\ndel Carmen\npesquera\nGorgoria\nHalf-moon cookie\nJacobina\nLengua de gato\nLinga\nMasa podrida\nOtap\nPaciencia\nPaborita\nPuto seco\nRoscas\nRosquillo\nUbe crinkles\nUgoy-ugoy\nUraró/Arrowroot cookies\n\nDesserts\nAmpaw\nBanana cue\nBaye baye\nBinagol\nBinaki\nBuko salad\nBuko halo\nBuko melon\nBuko pandan\nCamote cue\nCamote halaya\nCascaron\nCassava cake\nPitsi-pitsî\nChampóy\nCoconut macaroon\nCornick\nDaral\nDodol\nDuman\nGinanggang\nKalamay\nKiamoy\nLeche flan\nLokot-lokot\nMaja blanca\nMaruya\nMasareal\nMembrilyo\nMinatamis na saging\nNilupak/Nilusak\nPinipig\nPritong saging\nSalukara\nTaho\nTamales\nTibok-tibok\nTocino de cielo\nTurón\nTurrón de casúy\nTurrón de pili\nUbe\nhalaya\nmacapuno\nCandies and confections\nPastillas\nBalikucha\nBelekoy\nCoconut toffee\nPeanut Brittle\nPanocha mani\nSampalok candy\nYema\nChips and crackers\nBanana chips\nKabkab/Cassava cracker\nKropek\nKiping\nPinasugbo/Consilva\nFrozen desserts\nAvocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw\nGuinomis\nHalo-halo\nIce buko\nIce scramble\nKnickerbocker\nMaíz con hielo\nQueso ice cream\nSaba con hielo\nSili ice cream\nSorbetes\nUbe ice cream\nKakanin (ricecakes)\nBibingka\nBibingkoy\nBinakle\nBiko\nEspasol\nKutsinta\nMache\nMasi\nMoche\nMorón\nPalitaw\nPanyalam\nPutli mandi\nPuto\nPuto bumbong\nPuto maya\nSapin-sapin\nSayongsong\nSuman\nTikoy\nTupig\nSoup desserts\nBilo-bilo\nBinatog\nBinignit\nChamporado\nGinataan\nmais\nmunggo/Lelot balatong\nsaba\nLamaw\n\nCondimentsand ingredients\nAgre dulce/sweet and sour sauce\nAchuete\nAsín tibuok\nAtchara\nBagoong\nalamang\nmonamon\nterong\nBanana ketchup\nBiasong\nBukayo\nBurô/tapay\nCalamansi\nDayap\nDayok\nDungon\nGalapóng\nGamet\nGatâ\nGiniling\nGulaman\nGusô\nKakang gatâ\nKamias\nKaong\nKasubha\nKeso de bola\nKesong puti\nLabóng\nLandang\nLatik\nLatô\nLemongrass\nLiver spread/Lechon sauce\nLuyang dilaw\nMacapuno\nMinatamís na báo\nMuscovado\nNata de coco\nNata de piña\nPakô\nPalapa\nPandan\nPanutsa\nPatis\nPili nut\nSaba banana\nSago\nSakurab/Sibujing\nSiling haba\nSiling labuyo\nTaba ng talangka\nTabon-tabon\nToyomansi\nToyo, suka, at sili\nTúltul\nUbe\nUbad\nUbod\nVinegar\ncane\ncoconut\nkaong palm\nnipa palm\nspiced\nBeveragesNon-alcoholic\nAvocado milkshake\nCalamansi juice\nCoffee\nBarako\nBenguet\nSagada\nSulu\nSalabat\nSamalamig\nBuko pandan drink\nSago at gulaman\nTsokolate\nTubho tea\nAlcoholic\nAgkud\nAnisado\nBahalina\nBais\nBasi\nBignay wine\nByais\nDubado\nDuhat wine\nIntus\nKabarawan\nKinutil\nLaksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik\nLambanog/Dalisay de coco\nMallorca\nPalek\nPangasi\nTapuy/Baya\nTubâ\nTuhak\nTunggang\n\n Food portal\nSee also:\nPhilippine condiments\nFilipino Chinese cuisine\nKamayan\nKapampangan cuisine\nList of restaurant chains in the Philippines","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Calamansi juice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Calamansi_juice_%28Filipino_lemonade%29.jpg/170px-Calamansi_juice_%28Filipino_lemonade%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buko pandan drink with pinipig","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Buko_pandan_at_Cafe_Laguna%2C_SM_City%2C_Cebu.jpg/170px-Buko_pandan_at_Cafe_Laguna%2C_SM_City%2C_Cebu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guinomis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Guinomis_%28Ilonggo_Sago_Gulaman%29_at_Imay%27s.jpg/170px-Guinomis_%28Ilonggo_Sago_Gulaman%29_at_Imay%27s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sago at gulaman (foreground) and halo-halo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sago_Gulaman.jpg/170px-Sago_Gulaman.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Agua fresca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_fresca"},{"title":"Bilo-bilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilo-bilo"},{"title":"Binignit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binignit"},{"title":"Ginataang mais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_mais"},{"title":"Lamaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamaw"}]
[{"reference":"\"Sago at Gulaman Pandan Samalamig (Pearl and Jelly Pandan Coolers)\". Pinoy Kusinero. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pinoykusinero.com/2014/05/sago-at-gulaman-pandan-samalamig-pearl.html","url_text":"\"Sago at Gulaman Pandan Samalamig (Pearl and Jelly Pandan Coolers)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Healthy 'samalamig' recipes to cool down summer\". GMA News Online. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/publicaffairs/pinoymd/359304/healthy-samalamig-recipes-to-cool-down-summer/story/","url_text":"\"Healthy 'samalamig' recipes to cool down summer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palamig (Coolers)\". The Peach Kitchen. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepeachkitchen.com/2009/07/palamig-coolers/","url_text":"\"Palamig (Coolers)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sago't Gulaman\". Foxy Folksy. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxyfolksy.com/sagot-gulaman/","url_text":"\"Sago't Gulaman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buko Pandan Drink\". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/buko-pandan-drink/","url_text":"\"Buko Pandan Drink\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calamansi Juice (Filipino Lemonade)\". The Little Epicurean. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelittleepicurean.com/2014/07/calamansi-juice.html","url_text":"\"Calamansi Juice (Filipino Lemonade)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calamansi Juice\". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/calamansi-juice/","url_text":"\"Calamansi Juice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buko Salad Drink\". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/buko-salad-drink/","url_text":"\"Buko Salad Drink\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guinomis Recipe\". Pinoy Recipe at iba pa. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinoyrecipe.net/guinomis-recipe/","url_text":"\"Guinomis Recipe\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to make Guinomis – Sago, Pinipig and Gulaman in Coconut Milk\". Asian in America. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asianinamericamag.com/2017/08/make-guinomis-sago-pinipig-gulaman-coconut-milk/","url_text":"\"How to make Guinomis – Sago, Pinipig and Gulaman in Coconut Milk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guinomis Recipe (How to make Guinomis)\". Pilipinas Recipes. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pilipinasrecipes.com/guinomis-recipe/","url_text":"\"Guinomis Recipe (How to make Guinomis)\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Cool Vegetarian Dessert\". Lakbay Masa. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://lakbaymesa.blogspot.com/2014/04/a-cool-vegetarian-dessert.html","url_text":"\"A Cool Vegetarian Dessert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Chiller\". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/melon-chiller/","url_text":"\"Melon Chiller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Juice\". Ang Sarap. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.angsarap.net/2012/10/25/melon-juice/","url_text":"\"Melon Juice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon sa Malamig (Filipino Cantaloupe Drink)\". Tara's Multicultural Table. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tarasmulticulturaltable.com/melon-sa-malamig-filipino-cantaloupe-drink/","url_text":"\"Melon sa Malamig (Filipino Cantaloupe Drink)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Sa Malamig (Filipino Melon Drink)\". CUESA. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cuesa.org/recipe/melon-sa-malamig-filipino-melon-drink","url_text":"\"Melon Sa Malamig (Filipino Melon Drink)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sago't Gulaman Palamig Recipe\". Kusina Master Recipes. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kusinamasterrecipes.com/sagot-gulaman-palamig-recipe/","url_text":"\"Sago't Gulaman Palamig Recipe\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_French_Open
1973 French Open
["1 Finals","1.1 Men's singles","1.2 Women's singles","1.3 Men's doubles","1.4 Women's doubles","1.5 Mixed doubles","2 Prize money","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
Tennis tournament1973 French OpenDate21 May – 3 June 1973Edition72Category43rd Grand Slam (ITF)SurfaceClay / outdoorLocationParis (XVIe), FranceVenueStade Roland GarrosChampionsMen's singles Ilie NăstaseWomen's singles Margaret CourtMen's doubles John Newcombe / Tom OkkerWomen's doubles Margaret Court / Virginia WadeMixed doubles Françoise Dürr / Jean-Claude Barclay ← 1972 · French Open · 1974 → The 1973 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament ran from 21 May until 3 June. It was the 77th staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1973. Ilie Năstase and Margaret Court won the singles titles. Finals Men's singles Main article: 1973 French Open – Men's singles Ilie Năstase defeated Nikola Pilić, 6–3, 6–3, 6–0 • It was Năstase's 2nd and last career Grand Slam singles title and his 1st and only title at the French Open. Women's singles Main article: 1973 French Open – Women's singles Margaret Court defeated Chris Evert, 6–7, 7–6, 6–4 • It was Court's 23rd career Grand Slam singles title, her 10th in the Open Era and her 5th and last title at the French Open. Men's doubles Main article: 1973 French Open – Men's doubles John Newcombe / Tom Okker defeated Jimmy Connors / Ilie Năstase, 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4 • It was Newcombe's 14th career Grand Slam doubles title and his 3rd and last title at the French Open. • It was Okker's 1st career Grand Slam doubles title and his 1st and only title at the French Open. Women's doubles Main article: 1973 French Open – Women's doubles Margaret Court / Virginia Wade defeated Françoise Dürr / Betty Stöve, 6–2, 6–3 • It was Court's 17th career Grand Slam doubles title, her 8th during the Open Era and her 4th and last title at the French Open. • It was Wade's 2nd career Grand Slam doubles title and her 1st and only title at the French Open. Mixed doubles Main article: 1973 French Open – Mixed doubles Françoise Dürr / Jean-Claude Barclay defeated Betty Stöve / Patrice Dominguez, 6–1, 6–4 • It was Dürr's 3rd career Grand Slam mixed doubles title and her 3rd and last title at the French Open. • It was Barclay's 3rd and last career Grand Slam mixed doubles title and his 3rd title at the French Open. Prize money Event W F SF QF 4R 3R 2R 1R Singles Men FF70,000 FF40,000 FF20,000 FF10,000 FF5,500 FF3,500 FF1,500 FF650 Women FF25,000 FF14,000 FF7,500 FF3,500 - FF2,000 FF1,200 FF650 Total prize money for the event was FF600,100. Notes ^ Năstase did not lose a set during the entire tournament. ^ This was Evert's first Grand Slam singles final. References ^ a b "ATP – 1973 Roland Garros Men's Singles Draw". ATP. ^ a b c d e f "WTA Tournament Archive – 1973 Roland Garros" (PDF). WTA. ^ a b "ATP – 1973 Roland Garros Men's Doubles Draw". ATP. ^ Collins, Bud (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). : New Chapter Press. pp. 389, 396, 400, 402–3. ISBN 978-0942257700. ^ Gilles Delamarre (1991). Roland Garros : Le Livre du Tournoi du Centenaire. Paris: Fédération Française de Tennis. pp. 240–245. ISBN 2906450510. ^ John Barrett, ed. (1975). World of Tennis '74. London: Queen Anne Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0362001679. External links French Open official website Preceded by1973 Australian Open Grand Slams Succeeded by1973 Wimbledon Championships vteFrench Open Men's singles Women's singles Men's doubles Women's doubles Mixed doubles Pre Open Era 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Open Era finalists vte1973 Grand Prix Tour « 1972 1974 » Grand Prix circuitAA Rome French Open Wimbledon US Open A Australian Open Louisville Toronto Barcelona Madrid Stockholm Johannesburg B Eastbourne Bournemouth Hamburg Nottingham / London Gstaad Båstad Boston Cincinnati Indianapolis San Francisco Los Angeles Quebec City Tokyo Outdoor New Delhi Paris Indoor Sydney Buenos Aires C Kitzbühel Hilversum Berlin Bretton Woods Clemmons Merion South Orange London/Queen's Columbus Seattle Sacramento Christchurch Manila Hong Kong Team events Davis Cup vte1973 WTA Tour « 1972 1974 » Grand Slam events Australian Open (S, D) French Open (S, D, X) Wimbledon (S, D, X) US Open (S, D, X) Virginia Slims Circuit San Francisco (S, D) Los Angeles (S, D) Washington (S, D) Miami (S, D) Indianapolis (S, D) Detroit (S, D) Chicago (S, D) Richmond (S, D) Tucson (S, D) Philadelphia (S, D) Boston (S, D) Jacksonville (S, D) Hilton Head (S, D) Denver (S, D) Newport (S, D) St. Louis (S, D) Houston (S, D) Columbus (S, D) Phoenix (S, D) Honolulu (S, D) Grand Prix Circuit Fort Lauderdale (S, D) Dallas (S, D) Hingham (S, D) Akron (S, D) New York (S, D) Sarasota (S, D) St. Petersburg (S, D) Hilton Head (S, D) Bournemouth (S, D) Rome (S, D) Hamburg (S, D) London/Queen's (S, D) Düsseldorf (S, D) Dublin (S, D) Cincinnati (S, D) Indianapolis 2 (S, D) Toronto (S, D) Charlotte (S, D) Johannesburg (S, D) Non-tour events Sydney 1 (S, D) Kitzbühel (S, D) Surbiton (S, D) Beckenham (S, D) Tokyo 2 (S, D) Tokyo 3 (S, D) Aberavon (S, D) Edinburgh (S, D) Billingham (S, D) London (S, D) Team events Fed Cup Wightman Cup Virginia Slims Championships (S, D) Bridgestone Doubles Championships (D) vte1973 in tennisGrand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon Championships US Open ToursMen WTC circuit WTC Finals Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix Commercial Union Assurance Masters USLTA Indoor Circuit Women WTA Tour Virginia Slims Championships National teamsMen Davis Cup World Team Cup Women Federation Cup Wightman Cup Portals: Tennis France
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"clay courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"link_name":"Stade Roland Garros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Open"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ilie Năstase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilie_N%C4%83stase"},{"link_name":"Margaret Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Court"}],"text":"The 1973 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament ran from 21 May until 3 June. It was the 77th staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1973.[4][5] Ilie Năstase and Margaret Court won the singles titles.","title":"1973 French Open"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Ilie Năstase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilie_N%C4%83stase"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nastase-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Nikola Pilić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Pili%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ms-1"}],"sub_title":"Men's singles","text":"Ilie Năstase[a] defeated Nikola Pilić, 6–3, 6–3, 6–0 [1]• It was Năstase's 2nd and last career Grand Slam singles title and his 1st and only title at the French Open.","title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Margaret Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Evert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evert"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evert-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wta-2"}],"sub_title":"Women's singles","text":"Margaret Court defeated Chris Evert,[b] 6–7, 7–6, 6–4 [2]• It was Court's 23rd career Grand Slam singles title, her 10th in the Open Era and her 5th and last title at the French Open.","title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"John Newcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Newcombe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Tom Okker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Okker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Connors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Ilie Năstase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilie_N%C4%83stase"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-md-3"}],"sub_title":"Men's doubles","text":"John Newcombe / Tom Okker defeated Jimmy Connors / Ilie Năstase, 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4 [3]• It was Newcombe's 14th career Grand Slam doubles title and his 3rd and last title at the French Open.\n• It was Okker's 1st career Grand Slam doubles title and his 1st and only title at the French Open.","title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Margaret Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Virginia Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Wade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Françoise Dürr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_D%C3%BCrr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Betty Stöve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_St%C3%B6ve"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wta-2"}],"sub_title":"Women's doubles","text":"Margaret Court / Virginia Wade defeated Françoise Dürr / Betty Stöve, 6–2, 6–3 [2]• It was Court's 17th career Grand Slam doubles title, her 8th during the Open Era and her 4th and last title at the French Open.\n• It was Wade's 2nd career Grand Slam doubles title and her 1st and only title at the French Open.","title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Françoise Dürr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_D%C3%BCrr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Barclay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Betty Stöve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_St%C3%B6ve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Patrice Dominguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Dominguez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wta-2"}],"sub_title":"Mixed doubles","text":"Françoise Dürr / Jean-Claude Barclay defeated Betty Stöve / Patrice Dominguez, 6–1, 6–4 [2]• It was Dürr's 3rd career Grand Slam mixed doubles title and her 3rd and last title at the French Open.\n• It was Barclay's 3rd and last career Grand Slam mixed doubles title and his 3rd title at the French Open.","title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Total prize money for the event was FF600,100.","title":"Prize money"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nastase_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-evert_7-0"}],"text":"^ Năstase did not lose a set during the entire tournament.\n\n^ This was Evert's first Grand Slam singles final.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(footballer)
Vasili Kuznetsov (footballer)
["1 Honours","2 External links"]
Russian footballer and coach Vasili Kuznetsov Vasili KuznetsovPersonal informationFull name Vasili Aleksandrovich KuznetsovDate of birth (1978-08-24) 24 August 1978 (age 45)Place of birth Moscow, Russian SFSRHeight 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) GoalkeeperTeam informationCurrent team Veles Moscow (GK coach)Youth career AnderlechtSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1997 CSKA-d Moscow 1 (0)1998 Krasnoznamensk-Selyatino 28 (0)1999 Yerevan 14 (0)1999–2000 Krasnoznamensk 34 (0)2001–2003 Chkalovets-1936 Novosibirsk 33 (0)2004–2005 MTZ-RIPO Minsk 18 (0)2006–2007 Gomel 39 (0)2008 Dmitrov 9 (0)2009 Zelenograd 14 (0)2009 Neman Grodno 8 (0)2010–2012 Istra 42 (0)Managerial career2013–2014 Strogino Moscow (assistant)2014–2017 Spartak-2 Moscow (goalkeeper coach)2017–2019 Russia U21 (goalkeeper coach)2019–2021 Spartak Moscow (U20 goalkeeper coach)2021–2022 Spartak-2 Moscow (goalkeeper coach)2022–2023 Spartak Moscow (goalkeeper coach)2023– Veles Moscow (goalkeeper coach) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Vasili Aleksandrovich Kuznetsov (Russian: Василий Александрович Кузнецов; born 24 August 1978) is a Russian professional football coach and a former goalkeeper. He is the goalkeeper coach with Veles Moscow. Honours Belarusian Premier League runner-up: 2007. Belarusian Premier League bronze: 2005. External links Vasili Kuznetsov at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian) This biographical article related to a Russian football goalkeeper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Veles Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Veles_Moscow"}],"text":"Vasili Aleksandrovich Kuznetsov (Russian: Василий Александрович Кузнецов; born 24 August 1978) is a Russian professional football coach and a former goalkeeper. He is the goalkeeper coach with Veles Moscow.","title":"Vasili Kuznetsov (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Premier_League"}],"text":"Belarusian Premier League runner-up: 2007.\nBelarusian Premier League bronze: 2005.","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://footballfacts.ru/person/9204","external_links_name":"Vasili Kuznetsov"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasili_Kuznetsov_(footballer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_(Lil_Baby_song)
Freestyle (Lil Baby song)
["1 Composition","2 Critical reception","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 Certifications","5 References"]
2017 single by Lil Baby "Freestyle"Single by Lil Babyfrom the album Too Hard ReleasedNovember 5, 2017GenreTrapLength2:42Label4PFWolfpackQuality ControlSongwriter(s)Dominique JonesProducer(s)Joseph DaVinciLil Baby singles chronology "Fasho" (2017) "Freestyle" (2017) "Vision Clear" (2017) Music video"Freestyle" on YouTube "Freestyle" is a song by American rapper Lil Baby. It was released on November 5, 2017 with an accompanying music video, to promote his mixtape Too Hard (2017). The song became one of his most popular hits and helped him rise to prominence. The song is a sleeper hit which began charting outside of the United States in 2022. Composition In the song, Lil Baby raps about his usage of lean and percocets, over production by Joseph DaVinci. He gives numerous name-drops, including that of basketball player Philip Champion, and also interpolates "Hail Mary" by Tupac Shakur. Critical reception Billboard ranked the song at number five on their list of Lil Baby's best songs. Charts Weekly charts 2018 chart performance for "Freestyle" Chart (2018) Peakposition US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) 9 US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (Billboard) 1 2022 chart performance for "Freestyle" Chart (2022–2023) Peakposition Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 69 Global 200 (Billboard) 169 US Billboard Hot 100 59 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 17 Year-end charts 2022 year-end chart performance for "Freestyle" Chart (2022) Position US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 97 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) Gold 40,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 400,000‡ United States (RIAA) 3× Platinum 3,000,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ Lil Baby "Freestyle" Official Music Video, November 5, 2017 ^ Fu, Eddie; Shannon, Delisa; Hill, Tia (February 14, 2019). "Looking Back At Lil Baby's "Freestyle"". Genius. ^ a b Saponara, Michael (February 28, 2020). "Lil Baby's 10 Best Songs: Critic's Picks". Billboard. ^ "Lil Baby Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard. ^ "Lil Baby – Chart History: Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. January 27, 2018. ^ "Lil Baby Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved October 25, 2022. ^ "Lil Baby Chart History (Global 200)". Billboard. Retrieved October 4, 2022. ^ "Lil Baby Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved February 7, 2023. ^ "Lil Baby Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved October 18, 2022. ^ https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2022/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs/ ^ "Canadian single certifications – Lil Baby – Freestyle". Music Canada. June 24, 2019. ^ "British single certifications – Lil Baby – Freestyle". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 2, 2023. ^ "American single certifications – Lil Baby – Freestyle". Recording Industry Association of America. September 19, 2022. vteLil BabyDiscographyStudio albums Harder Than Ever (2018) My Turn (2020) It's Only Me (2022) Collaborative albums The Voice of the Heroes (with Lil Durk) (2021) Mixtapes Drip Harder (with Gunna) (2018) Street Gossip (2018) Singles "My Dawg" "Freestyle" "Southside" "Yes Indeed" "Drip Too Hard" "Close Friends" "Phone Down" "Out the Mud" "Baby" "Woah" "Sum 2 Prove" "Emotionally Scarred" "All In" "The Bigger Picture" "Errbody" "On Me" "Real as It Gets" "Ramen & OJ" "Voice of the Heroes" "Do We Have a Problem?" "Bussin" "Right On" "In a Minute" "Frozen" "U-Digg" "Never Sleep" "Detox" "Heyy" "Go Hard" "Merch Madness" "Supposed to Be Loved" "Crazy" "350" Featured singles "Sold Out Dates" "Put a Date on It" "Mac 10" "Down Like That" "You Stay" "Leave Em Alone" "Highest in the Room" (Remix) "U Played" "I Do It" "3 Headed Goat" "Prospect" "One Shot" "Know My Rights" "Narrow Road" "24 (Remix)" "Why Do You Lie to Me" "Trenches" "For the Night" "Ugly" "Every Chance I Get" "I Did It" "Sharing Locations" "Body in Motion" "Hurricane" "Girls Want Girls" "Me or Sum" "2step" "All Dz Chainz" "Staying Alive" "Big Time" "Hot Boy" "Bluffin" "Band4Band" Other songs "Mickey" "Life Goes On" "Chanel (Go Get It)" "Never Recover" "Pure Cocaine" "Can't Leave Without It" "Pop Out Again" "Bad Bad Bad" "Toes" "Grace" "We Paid" "Rags2Riches" "Don't Need Friends" "Wants and Needs" "Pride Is the Devil" "Hats Off" "5500 Degrees" "Real Spill" "Stand on It" "Pop Out" "California Breeze" "Never Hating" "Forever" "From Now On" "Fully Loaded" Related articles Control the Streets, Volume 1 Control the Streets, Volume 2
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Fuentes
Joshua Fuentes
["1 Amateur career","2 Professional career","2.1 Colorado Rockies","2.2 Toronto Blue Jays","2.3 Leones de Yucatán","2.4 Atlanta Braves","2.5 Leones de Yucatán (Second stint)","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1993) Baseball player Joshua FuentesFuentes with the Gwinnett Stripers in 2023Leones de Yucatán – No. 12First basemanBorn: (1993-02-19) February 19, 1993 (age 31)Rancho Santa Margarita, California, U.S.Bats: RightThrows: RightMLB debutApril 6, 2019, for the Colorado RockiesMLB statistics (through 2021 season)Batting average.243Home runs12Runs batted in57 Teams Colorado Rockies (2019–2021) Joshua Luis Fuentes (born February 19, 1993) is an American professional baseball first baseman for the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Colorado Rockies. He made his MLB debut in 2019. Amateur career Fuentes attended Trabuco Hills High School in Mission Viejo, California and played college baseball at Saddleback College and Missouri Baptist University. He was signed by the Colorado Rockies as an undrafted free agent in 2014. Professional career Fuentes made his professional debut in 2014 with the Tri-City Dust Devils and spent the whole season there, batting .260 with one home run and 16 RBIs in 41 games. He played 2015 with the Asheville Tourists, compiling a .252 batting average with six home runs and 42 RBIs in 93 games, and 2016 with Asheville and Modesto Nuts where he slashed a combined .307/.366/.505 with 13 home runs and 64 RBIs in 105 total games between both teams. He played 2017 with the Hartford Yard Goats where he batted .307 with 15 home runs, 72 RBIs, and a .869 OPS in 122 games and started 2018 with the Albuquerque Isotopes. Colorado Rockies The Rockies added Fuentes to their 40-man roster after the 2018 season. He was promoted to the major leagues on April 6, 2019, and made his major league debut that night. He recorded a pinch-hit single versus Yimi García in his first Major League at-bat. During the 2020 season Fuentes took over the first base job during the season and his offensive production was among the best on the team. In 30 games, he hit .306 with two home runs and 17 RBI. After a slow start to 2021 Fuentes was named NL Player of the Week on May 17, batting .500 for the week and tying a Rockies record for most consecutive games with an RBI. During the middle of the season, Fuentes hit a rough patch in which he ended up losing his starting role on the team and ultimately was demoted to Triple–A. He ended the season hitting .225 with seven home runs and 33 RBI in 95 games. On October 21, Fuentes was outrighted off of the 40-man roster. He elected free agency on November 7, 2021. Toronto Blue Jays On March 26, 2022, Fuentes signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. He was released on May 23, 2022. Leones de Yucatán On June 14, 2022, Fuentes signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League. In 41 games, he slashed .299/.364/.576 with 10 home runs and 27 RBI. Fuentes won the Mexican League Championship with the Leones in 2022. Atlanta Braves On December 23, 2022, Fuentes signed a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves. He spent the majority of the 2023 season with the Triple–A Gwinnett Stripers, also playing in 4 games for the Double–A Mississippi Braves. In 65 games for Gwinnett, Fuentes batted .228/.300/.339 with 5 home runs and 29 RBI. He elected free agency following the season on November 6. Leones de Yucatán (Second stint) On February 13, 2024, Fuentes signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League. Personal life Fuentes is of Cuban descent. His cousin, Nolan Arenado, plays for the Cardinals. References ^ "Tourists' Fuentes flourishes in everyday role". Citizen-times.com. May 23, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "Josh Fuentes Stats, Highlights, Bio - MiLB.com Stats - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball". MiLB.com. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ^ Van Tate (April 4, 2018). "Isotopes Infielder Josh Fuentes has a Colorado Rockies family tie". Krqe.com. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "PCL notes: Fuentes makes his own name". MiLB.com. Retrieved December 14, 2018. ^ Kramer, Daniel (November 20, 2018). "Rox protect 4 from Rule 5, add to 40-man roster". MLB.com. Retrieved April 6, 2018. ^ "McMahon to the IL; Fuentes called up to make his first big league roster". April 7, 2019. ^ Dechert, Renee (May 17, 2021). "Josh Fuentes named NL Player of the Week". sbnation.com. Retrieved May 19, 2021. ^ "Rockies outright IF Josh Fuentes, three others". November 3, 2021. ^ "Blue Jays Sign Josh Fuentes To Minors Deal". March 26, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022. ^ "JOSH FUENTES LLEGA A LEONES". leones.mx (in Spanish). June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ "LMB King's Series — Championship Series 2022 — Round-up". gambyl.com. September 20, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2023. ^ "Leones: Campeón melenudo firma con equipo de Grandes Ligas". MiLB.com. ^ "2023 MiLB Free Agents". baseballamerica.com. November 8, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2024. ^ "Leones: Revelan su lista de invitados al spring training 2024". ^ "González gets message across despite loss". MLB.com. ^ "Yard Goats' Josh Fuentes Has All-Star Bloodlines (Cousin Is Nolan Arenado) - Hartford Courant". Courant.com. July 17, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) Joshua Fuentes on Instagram vtePacific Coast League MVP Award 1927: O'Doul 1928: none 1929: none 1930: none 1931: none 1932: Statz 1933: Newsom 1934: Demaree 1935: J. DiMaggio 1936: Ludolph 1937: Garibaldi 1938: Hutchinson 1939: D. DiMaggio 1940: Archie 1941: Terry 1942: Pafko 1944: Scarsella 1945: Joyce 1946: Scarsella 1947: Lupien 1948: Graham 1949: Noren 1950: Metkovich 1951: Rivera 1952: Lindell 1953: Long 1954: J. Phillips 1955: Bilko 1956: Bilko 1957: Bilko 1958: Averill 1959: Hall 1960: Davis 1961: D. Phillips 1962: Gonder 1963: Cowan 1964: Pérez 1965: Roberts 1966: Josephson 1967: Joseph 1968: Hicks 1969: Doyle 1970: Valentine 1971: Hutton 1972: Paciorek 1973: none 1974: Robson 1975: none 1976: none 1977: none 1978: none 1979: none 1980: Lewallyn 1981: Marshall 1982: Kittle 1983: McReynolds 1984: Sánchez 1985: Tartabull 1986: Pyznarski 1987: Campbell 1988: Alomar 1989: Alomar 1990: Offerman 1991: Martinez 1992: Salmon 1993: Mouton 1994: Ashley 1995: Wall 1996: Mintz 1997: Konerko 1998: Hatcher 1999: Murray 2000: Ortiz 2001: Hiatt 2002: Quinlan 2003: Koonce 2004: Johnson 2005: Green 2006: McClain 2007: Soto 2008: Cruz 2009: Ruiz 2010: Arencibia 2011: LaHair 2012: Eaton 2013: Owings 2014: Pederson 2015: Duffy 2016: Renfroe 2017: Walker 2018: Fuentes 2019: France 2020: none 2021: Marmolejos 2022: Villar 2023: Bush
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Leones de Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_de_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Mexican League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_League"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"}],"text":"American baseball player (born 1993)Baseball playerJoshua Luis Fuentes (born February 19, 1993) is an American professional baseball first baseman for the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Colorado Rockies. He made his MLB debut in 2019.","title":"Joshua Fuentes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trabuco Hills High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabuco_Hills_High_School"},{"link_name":"Mission Viejo, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Viejo,_California"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Saddleback College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddleback_College"},{"link_name":"Missouri Baptist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Baptist_University"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fuentes attended Trabuco Hills High School in Mission Viejo, California and played college baseball at Saddleback College and Missouri Baptist University. He was signed by the Colorado Rockies as an undrafted free agent in 2014.[1]","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tri-City Dust Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-City_Dust_Devils"},{"link_name":"Asheville Tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville_Tourists"},{"link_name":"Modesto Nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto_Nuts"},{"link_name":"slashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_line"},{"link_name":"Hartford Yard Goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Yard_Goats"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque Isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque_Isotopes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Fuentes made his professional debut in 2014 with the Tri-City Dust Devils and spent the whole season there, batting .260 with one home run and 16 RBIs in 41 games. He played 2015 with the Asheville Tourists, compiling a .252 batting average with six home runs and 42 RBIs in 93 games, and 2016 with Asheville and Modesto Nuts where he slashed a combined .307/.366/.505 with 13 home runs and 64 RBIs in 105 total games between both teams. He played 2017 with the Hartford Yard Goats where he batted .307 with 15 home runs, 72 RBIs, and a .869 OPS in 122 games[2] and started 2018 with the Albuquerque Isotopes.[3][4]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yimi García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yimi_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Colorado Rockies","text":"The Rockies added Fuentes to their 40-man roster after the 2018 season.[5] He was promoted to the major leagues on April 6, 2019,[6] and made his major league debut that night. He recorded a pinch-hit single versus Yimi García in his first Major League at-bat. During the 2020 season Fuentes took over the first base job during the season and his offensive production was among the best on the team. In 30 games, he hit .306 with two home runs and 17 RBI.After a slow start to 2021 Fuentes was named NL Player of the Week on May 17, batting .500 for the week and tying a Rockies record for most consecutive games with an RBI.[7] During the middle of the season, Fuentes hit a rough patch in which he ended up losing his starting role on the team and ultimately was demoted to Triple–A. He ended the season hitting .225 with seven home runs and 33 RBI in 95 games. On October 21, Fuentes was outrighted off of the 40-man roster.[8] He elected free agency on November 7, 2021.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Toronto Blue Jays","text":"On March 26, 2022, Fuentes signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays.[9] He was released on May 23, 2022.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leones de Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_de_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Mexican League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_League"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Leones de Yucatán","text":"On June 14, 2022, Fuentes signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League. In 41 games, he slashed .299/.364/.576 with 10 home runs and 27 RBI.[10] Fuentes won the Mexican League Championship with the Leones in 2022.[11]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gwinnett Stripers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwinnett_Stripers"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Braves"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Braves","text":"On December 23, 2022, Fuentes signed a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves. [12] He spent the majority of the 2023 season with the Triple–A Gwinnett Stripers, also playing in 4 games for the Double–A Mississippi Braves. In 65 games for Gwinnett, Fuentes batted .228/.300/.339 with 5 home runs and 29 RBI. He elected free agency following the season on November 6.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leones de Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_de_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Mexican League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_League"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Leones de Yucatán (Second stint)","text":"On February 13, 2024, Fuentes signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League.[14]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nolan Arenado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Arenado"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Fuentes is of Cuban descent.[15] His cousin, Nolan Arenado, plays for the Cardinals.[16]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tourists' Fuentes flourishes in everyday role\". Citizen-times.com. May 23, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citizen-times.com/story/sports/2016/05/23/tourists-fuentes-flourishes-everyday-role/84781316/","url_text":"\"Tourists' Fuentes flourishes in everyday role\""}]},{"reference":"\"Josh Fuentes Stats, Highlights, Bio - MiLB.com Stats - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\". MiLB.com. Retrieved May 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=658069#/career/R/hitting/2018/ALL","url_text":"\"Josh Fuentes Stats, Highlights, Bio - MiLB.com Stats - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\""}]},{"reference":"Van Tate (April 4, 2018). \"Isotopes Infielder Josh Fuentes has a Colorado Rockies family tie\". Krqe.com. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.krqe.com/sports/local-sports/isotopes-infielder-josh-fuentes-has-a-colorado-rockies-family-tie/1102321900","url_text":"\"Isotopes Infielder Josh Fuentes has a Colorado Rockies family tie\""}]},{"reference":"\"PCL notes: Fuentes makes his own name\". MiLB.com. Retrieved December 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/milb/news/pacific-coast-league-notes-josh-fuentes-makes-his-own-name/c-272454280","url_text":"\"PCL notes: Fuentes makes his own name\""}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Daniel (November 20, 2018). \"Rox protect 4 from Rule 5, add to 40-man roster\". MLB.com. Retrieved April 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/rockies-add-4-players-to-40-man-roster-c300989724","url_text":"\"Rox protect 4 from Rule 5, add to 40-man roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"McMahon to the IL; Fuentes called up to make his first big league roster\". April 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://bsndenver.com/mcmahon-to-the-il-fuentes-called-up-to-make-his-first-big-league-roster/","url_text":"\"McMahon to the IL; Fuentes called up to make his first big league roster\""}]},{"reference":"Dechert, Renee (May 17, 2021). \"Josh Fuentes named NL Player of the Week\". sbnation.com. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.purplerow.com/2021/5/17/22440915/colorado-rockies-josh-fuentes-named-national-league-player-of-the-week","url_text":"\"Josh Fuentes named NL Player of the Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rockies outright IF Josh Fuentes, three others\". November 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yardbarker.com/mlb/articles/rockies_outright_if_josh_fuentes_three_others/s1_13237_36206315","url_text":"\"Rockies outright IF Josh Fuentes, three others\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blue Jays Sign Josh Fuentes To Minors Deal\". March 26, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2022/03/blue-jays-sign-josh-fuentes-to-minors-deal.html","url_text":"\"Blue Jays Sign Josh Fuentes To Minors Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"JOSH FUENTES LLEGA A LEONES\". leones.mx (in Spanish). June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leones.mx/josh-fuentes-llega-a-leones/","url_text":"\"JOSH FUENTES LLEGA A LEONES\""}]},{"reference":"\"LMB King's Series — Championship Series 2022 — Round-up\". gambyl.com. September 20, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gambyl.com/en/baseball/lmb/lmb-kings-series-championship-series-2022-round-up/","url_text":"\"LMB King's Series — Championship Series 2022 — Round-up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leones: Campeón melenudo firma con equipo de Grandes Ligas\". MiLB.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/news/leones-campeon-melenudo-firma-con-equipo-de-grandes-ligas","url_text":"\"Leones: Campeón melenudo firma con equipo de Grandes Ligas\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 MiLB Free Agents\". baseballamerica.com. November 8, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/2023-milb-free-agents/","url_text":"\"2023 MiLB Free Agents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leones: Revelan su lista de invitados al spring training 2024\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/mexican/news/leones-revelan-su-lista-de-invitados-al-spring-training-2024","url_text":"\"Leones: Revelan su lista de invitados al spring training 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"González gets message across despite loss\". MLB.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/chi-chi-gonzalez-makes-statement-in-loss-to-dodgers","url_text":"\"González gets message across despite loss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yard Goats' Josh Fuentes Has All-Star Bloodlines (Cousin Is Nolan Arenado) - Hartford Courant\". Courant.com. July 17, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courant.com/sports/baseball/yard-goats/hc-yard-goats-fuentes-0512-20170511-story.html","url_text":"\"Yard Goats' Josh Fuentes Has All-Star Bloodlines (Cousin Is Nolan Arenado) - Hartford Courant\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Copa_Libertadores_finals
2011 Copa Libertadores finals
["1 Qualified teams","2 Background","3 Road to the finals","4 Rules","5 Matches","5.1 First leg","5.2 Second leg","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Football match2011 Copa Libertadores de América finalsEvent2011 Copa Libertadores de América Peñarol Santos 1 2 on pointsFirst leg Peñarol Santos 0 0 Date15 June 2011VenueEstadio Centenario, MontevideoMan of the MatchDurvalRefereeCarlos Amarilla (Paraguay)Attendance63,371Second leg Santos Peñarol 2 1 Date22 June 2011VenueEstádio Municipal Paulo Machado de Carvalho (Pacaembu), São PauloMan of the MatchAroucaRefereeSergio Pezzotta (Argentina)Attendance40,200← 2010 2012 → The 2011 Copa Libertadores de América finals were the final two-legged tie that decided the winner of the 2011 Copa Libertadores de América, the 52nd edition of the Copa Libertadores de América, South America's premier international club football tournament organized by CONMEBOL. The matches were played on 15 and 22 June 2011, between Brazilian club Santos and Uruguayan club Peñarol. Santos made their fourth finals appearance and first since 2003. Peñarol made their tenth finals appearance, and first since 1987. The two teams had previously met in the finals in 1962. Santos won the cup after beating Penarol 2–1 in the second leg of the final. Qualified teams Team Previous finals appearances (bold indicates winners) Peñarol 1960, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1982, 1983, 1987 Santos 1962, 1963, 2003 Background The final was contested by Brazilian side Santos and Peñarol of Uruguay, a historic repeat of the 1962 finals disputed by legendary players such as Pelé, Alberto Spencer, Gilmar, Juan Joya, Mauro, José Sasía, Mengálvio, Pedro Rocha, Coutinho, Juan Lezcano, and Pepe, with Lula coaching the Santistas and Béla Guttmann directing the Carboneros. This final is also the first between Brazilian and Uruguayan clubs since the 1983 finals in which Peñarol was dethroned by Grêmio. The venues for the finals is the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo and the Estádio Municipal Paulo Machado de Carvalho (Pacaembu) of São Paulo. Rodrigo Possebon, an Italian player of Santos, became the first European player to participate in a Copa Libertadores finals. Both teams entered the competition having won it previously, Santos in 1962 and 1963; Peñarol in 1960, 1961, 1966, 1982 and 1987. To reach the final, in the knockout phase Santos beat América, Once Caldas and lastly Cerro Porteño, while Peñarol dethroned defending champion Internacional, beat Universidad Católica and overcame Vélez Sársfield. Santos entered the competition as champions of their domestic cup (the 2010 Copa do Brasil) while Peñarol participated as domestic league winner (winning the 2009–10 Primera División). The winners would earn the right to represent CONMEBOL at the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup, entering at the semifinal stage. They would also play against the winners of the 2011 Copa Sudamericana in the 2012 Recopa Sudamericana. Neymar Jr was destined to be a great player already. Road to the finals Further information: 2011 Copa Libertadores Santos Round Peñarol Opponent Venue Score Opponent Venue Score Bye First stage Bye Deportivo Táchira Away 0–0 Second stage Independiente Away 3–0 Cerro Porteño Home 1–1 Godoy Cruz Away 1–3 Colo-Colo Away 3–2 LDU Quito Home 1–0 Colo-Colo Home 3–2 LDU Quito Away 5–0 Cerro Porteño Away 1–2 Godoy Cruz Home 2–1 Deportivo Táchira Home 3–1 Independiente Home 0–1 Group 5 runner-up Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Cerro Porteño 6 3 2 1 13 8 +5 11 Santos 6 3 2 1 11 8 +3 11 Colo-Colo 6 3 0 3 15 16 −1 9 Deportivo Táchira 6 0 2 4 5 12 −7 2 Group 8 runner-up Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts LDU Quito 6 3 1 2 12 4 +8 10 Peñarol 6 3 0 3 6 11 −5 9 Independiente 6 2 2 2 7 8 −1 8 Godoy Cruz 6 2 1 3 8 10 −2 7 América Home 1–0 Round of 16 Internacional Home 1–1 Away 0–0 Away 1–2 Once Caldas Away 0–1 Quarterfinals Universidad Católica Home 2–0 Home 1–1 Away 2–1 Cerro Porteño Home 1–0 Semifinals Vélez Sársfield Home 1–0 Away 3–3 Away 2–1 Rules The final is played over two legs; home and away. The higher seeded team plays the second leg at home. The team that accumulates the most points —three for a win, one for a draw, zero for a loss— after the two legs is crowned the champion. Should the two teams be tied on points after the second leg, the team with the best goal difference wins. If the two teams have equal goal difference, the away goals rule is not applied, unlike the rest of the tournament. Extra time is played, which consists of two 15-minute halves. If the tie is still not broken, a penalty shootout ensues according to the Laws of the Game. Matches First leg 15 June 201121:50 UTC−03:00 Peñarol 0–0 Santos Report Estadio Centenario, MontevideoAttendance: 65,000Referee: Carlos Amarilla (Paraguay) Peñarol Santos PEÑAROL: GK 1 Sebastián Sosa RB 22 Darío Rodríguez (c) CB 6 Guillermo Rodríguez CB 23 Carlos Valdez LB 4 Alejandro González  76' CM 14 Luis Aguiar CM 5 Nicolás Freitas RW 18 Matías Mier  56' LW 15 Matias Corujo  66'  67' CF 19 Juan Manuel Olivera  82' CF 10 Alejandro Martinuccio  30' Substitutes: GK 12 Fabián Carini DF 3 Gerardo Alcoba MF 8 Antonio Pacheco  67' MF 24 Emiliano Albín MF 25 Nicolás Domingo FW 9 Diego Alonso  82' FW 11 Fabián Estoyanoff  56' Manager: Diego Aguirre SANTOS: GK 1 Rafael RB 21 Pará CB 14 Bruno Rodrigo CB 6 Durval LB 16 Alex Sandro CM 5 Arouca  60' CM 22 Danilo RW 15 Adriano LW 8 Elano (c)  79' CF 11 Neymar  19' CF 20 Zé Eduardo  89' Substitutes: GK 12 Aranha DF 13 Bruno Aguiar  89' MF 7 Charles MF 23 Felipe Anderson MF 25 Alan Patrick  79' FW 9 Keirrison FW 19 Diogo Manager: Muricy Ramalho Man of the Match: Durval (Santos) Linesmans: Nicolás Yegros (Paraguay) Rodney Aquino (Paraguay) Fourth official: Antonio Arias (Paraguay) Second leg Two moments of the match played at Pacaembu Stadium 22 June 201121:50 UTC−03:00 Santos 2–1 Peñarol Neymar 47'Danilo 69' Report Durval 80' (o.g.) Pacaembu, São PauloAttendance: 40.200Referee: Sergio Pezzotta (Argentina) Santos Peñarol SANTOS: GK 1 Rafael RB 22 Danilo CB 2 Edu Dracena (c) CB 6 Durval LB 3 Léo  68' CM 5 Arouca CM 15 Adriano RW 8 Elano LW 10 Ganso  86' CF 11 Neymar  35' CF 20 Zé Eduardo  58' Substitutes: GK 24 Vladimir DF 14 Bruno Rodrigo DF 16 Alex Sandro  68' DF 21 Pará  86' MF 17 Maikon Leite MF 25 Alan Patrick FW 9 Keirrison Manager: Muricy Ramalho PEÑAROL: GK 1 Sebastián Sosa RB 4 Alejandro González  31'  38' CB 23 Carlos Valdez CB 6 Guillermo Rodríguez LB 22 Darío Rodríguez (c) CM 14 Luis Aguiar CM 5 Nicolás Freitas  74' RW 15 Matias Corujo  52' LW 18 Matías Mier  63' CF 10 Alejandro Martinuccio CF 19 Juan Manuel Olivera Substitutes: GK 12 Fabián Carini MF 8 Antonio Pacheco MF 17 Jonathan Urretaviscaya  63' MF 24 Emiliano Albín  38'  79' MF 25 Nicolás Domingo FW 9 Diego Alonso FW 11 Fabián Estoyanoff  79' Manager: Diego Aguirre Man of the Match: Arouca (Santos) Linesmans: Ricardo Casas (Argentina) Hernán Maidana (Argentina) Fourth official: Juan Pompei (Argentina) Copa Libertadores de América2011 Champion SantosThird Title See also 2011 FIFA Club World Cup 2012 Recopa Sudamericana References ^ "Brazil's Santos wins Copa Libertadores". ESPN. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ^ "Neymar delivers Copa Libertadores triumph to Santos". The Independent. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2011. ^ "Santos Futebol Clube vs Peñarol Report". Goal.com. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2011. ^ "Penarol march into final". ESPN Soccernet. 3 June 2011. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011. ^ "Santos edge into final". ESPN Soccernet. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011. ^ Copa Santander Libertadores de América 2011 Reglamento Archived 2011-11-19 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) ^ a b "Copa Santander Libertadores 2011: árbitros para las Finales". Archived from the original on 2011-12-17. Retrieved 2011-12-02. External links Official webpage Archived 2012-07-08 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) vteCopa LibertadoresSeasons 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Finals 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 History Finals Historical table Records and statistics Top scorers Winning managers Winning players Broadcasters Trophy Qualifying method in Argentina vte2011 in South American football (CONMEBOL) « 2010 2012 » Domestic leagues Argentina (2010–11, 2011–12) Bolivia (2011, 2011–12) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay (2010–11, 2011–12) Venezuela (2010–11, 2011–12) Domestic cups Argentina (2011–12) Brazil Chile Colombia Peru Venezuela CONMEBOL competitions Copa Libertadores (first stage, second stage, knockout stages, finals) Copa Sudamericana (preliminary stages, final stages, finals) Recopa Sudamericana Suruga Bank Championship vteSantos FC matchesNationalCampeonato Paulista Finals 1956 1967 1973 1978 1980 2000 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Torneio Rio-São Paulo Final 1997 Taça Brasil Finals 1959 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Campeonato Brasileiro Finals 1983 1995 2002 Copa do Brasil Finals 2010 2015 InternationalCopa Libertadores Finals 1962 1963 2003 2011 2020 Copa CONMEBOL Final 1998 Recopa Sudamericana 2012 Intercontinental Cups 1962 1963 Intercontinental Supercup 1968 FIFA Club World Cup Final 2011 Copa Iberoamericana 1965 vtePeñarol matchesNationalSupercopa Uruguaya 2018 2019 2022 InternationalIntercontinental Cups 1960 1961 1966 1982 1987 Copa Libertadores 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1970 1982 1983 1987 2011 Copa CONMEBOL 1993 1994 Intercontinental Supercup 1969 Tie Cup 1904 1905 1907 1909 1910 1916 Copa Honor Cousenier 1907 1909 1911 1918 Copa Aldao 1918 1928 1936 1937 1938 1945 Copa Escobar-Gerona 1946
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The matches were played on 15 and 22 June 2011, between Brazilian club Santos and Uruguayan club Peñarol. Santos made their fourth finals appearance and first since 2003. Peñarol made their tenth finals appearance, and first since 1987. The two teams had previously met in the finals in 1962. Santos won the cup after beating Penarol 2–1 in the second leg of the final.[1][2][3]","title":"2011 Copa Libertadores finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Qualified teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_FC"},{"link_name":"Peñarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol"},{"link_name":"1962 finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Copa_Libertadores_finals"},{"link_name":"Pelé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Alberto Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Gilmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gylmar_dos_Santos_Neves"},{"link_name":"Juan Joya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Joya"},{"link_name":"Mauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Ramos"},{"link_name":"José Sasía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sas%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Mengálvio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng%C3%A1lvio_Pedro_Figueir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Pedro Rocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Rocha_(Uruguayan_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Coutinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Wilson_Vieira_Hon%C3%B3rio"},{"link_name":"Juan Lezcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Vicente_Lezcano"},{"link_name":"Pepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepe_(footballer,_born_1935)"},{"link_name":"Lula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alonso_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Béla Guttmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Guttmann"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1983 finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Copa_Libertadores_finals"},{"link_name":"Grêmio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense"},{"link_name":"Estadio Centenario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Centenario"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Estádio Municipal Paulo Machado de Carvalho (Pacaembu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Pacaembu"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Possebon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Possebon"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"knockout phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Copa_Libertadores_knockout_stages"},{"link_name":"América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Once Caldas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Caldas"},{"link_name":"Cerro Porteño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Porte%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"defending champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional"},{"link_name":"Universidad Católica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica"},{"link_name":"Vélez Sársfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_V%C3%A9lez_S%C3%A1rsfield"},{"link_name":"2010 Copa do Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Copa_do_Brasil"},{"link_name":"2009–10 Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season#Championship_playoffs"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"2011 FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011 Copa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Copa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"2012 Recopa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Recopa_Sudamericana"}],"text":"The final was contested by Brazilian side Santos and Peñarol of Uruguay, a historic repeat of the 1962 finals disputed by legendary players such as Pelé, Alberto Spencer, Gilmar, Juan Joya, Mauro, José Sasía, Mengálvio, Pedro Rocha, Coutinho, Juan Lezcano, and Pepe, with Lula coaching the Santistas and Béla Guttmann directing the Carboneros.[4][5] This final is also the first between Brazilian and Uruguayan clubs since the 1983 finals in which Peñarol was dethroned by Grêmio. The venues for the finals is the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo and the Estádio Municipal Paulo Machado de Carvalho (Pacaembu) of São Paulo. Rodrigo Possebon, an Italian player of Santos, became the first European player to participate in a Copa Libertadores finals.Both teams entered the competition having won it previously, Santos in 1962 and 1963; Peñarol in 1960, 1961, 1966, 1982 and 1987. To reach the final, in the knockout phase Santos beat América, Once Caldas and lastly Cerro Porteño, while Peñarol dethroned defending champion Internacional, beat Universidad Católica and overcame Vélez Sársfield. Santos entered the competition as champions of their domestic cup (the 2010 Copa do Brasil) while Peñarol participated as domestic league winner (winning the 2009–10 Primera División).The winners would earn the right to represent CONMEBOL at the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup, entering at the semifinal stage. They would also play against the winners of the 2011 Copa Sudamericana in the 2012 Recopa Sudamericana. Neymar Jr was destined to be a great player already.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Copa_Libertadores"}],"text":"Further information: 2011 Copa Libertadores","title":"Road to the finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"two legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"three for a win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_points_for_a_win"},{"link_name":"goal difference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_difference"},{"link_name":"away goals rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"},{"link_name":"Extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Laws of the Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-6"}],"text":"The final is played over two legs; home and away. The higher seeded team plays the second leg at home. The team that accumulates the most points —three for a win, one for a draw, zero for a loss— after the two legs is crowned the champion. Should the two teams be tied on points after the second leg, the team with the best goal difference wins. If the two teams have equal goal difference, the away goals rule is not applied, unlike the rest of the tournament. Extra time is played, which consists of two 15-minute halves. If the tie is still not broken, a penalty shootout ensues according to the Laws of the Game.[6]","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTC−03:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00"},{"link_name":"Peñarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_FC"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110910043725/http://df1.conmebol.com/libertadores/fichas/ficha102835.html"},{"link_name":"Estadio Centenario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Centenario"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Carlos Amarilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Amarilla"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"First leg","text":"15 June 201121:50 UTC−03:00\nPeñarol 0–0 Santos\n\nReport\n\nEstadio Centenario, MontevideoAttendance: 65,000Referee: Carlos Amarilla (Paraguay)","title":"Matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pe%C3%B1arol_vs_Santos_2011-06-22_-_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pe%C3%B1arol_vs_Santos_2011-06-22_-_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"UTC−03:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00"},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Peñarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol"},{"link_name":"Neymar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neymar"},{"link_name":"Danilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_(footballer,_born_July_1991)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110909073827/http://df1.conmebol.com/libertadores/fichas/ficha102836.html"},{"link_name":"Durval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durval"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Pacaembu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Pacaembu"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Sergio Pezzotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Pezzotta"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Second leg","text":"Two moments of the match played at Pacaembu Stadium22 June 201121:50 UTC−03:00\nSantos 2–1 Peñarol\nNeymar 47'Danilo 69'\nReport\nDurval 80' (o.g.)\n Pacaembu, São PauloAttendance: 40.200Referee: Sergio Pezzotta (Argentina)","title":"Matches"}]
[]
[{"title":"2011 FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"title":"2012 Recopa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Recopa_Sudamericana"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_porcelain
Plymouth porcelain
["1 History","2 Bristol","3 Marks","4 Notes","5 References"]
"Europe", about 1770, from a set. Height 32.7 cm, V&A Museum. Plymouth porcelain was the first English hard paste porcelain, made in the county of Devon from 1768 to 1770. After two years in Plymouth the factory moved to Bristol in 1770, where it operated until 1781, when it was sold and moved to Staffordshire as the nucleus of New Hall porcelain, which operated until 1835. The Plymouth factory was founded by William Cookworthy. The porcelain factories at Plymouth and Bristol were among the earliest English manufacturers of porcelain, and the first to produce the hard-paste porcelain produced in China and the German factories led by Meissen porcelain. The term Bristol porcelain can refer either to this, the Cookworthy factory, or to "Lund's Bristol" or "Lund & Miller", an entirely different porcelain factory that made soft-paste porcelain in Bristol from 1750 until 1752, when it merged with the young Worcester porcelain (see there for more information), and moved there. The Plymouth factory was removed to Bristol in 1770 and was afterwards transferred to Richard Champion of Bristol, a merchant who had been a shareholder from 1768. Champion's Bristol factory lasted from 1774 to 1781, when the business was sold to a number of Staffordshire potters owing to serious losses it had accrued. Bristol porcelain, like that of Plymouth, was a hard-paste porcelain. It is harder and whiter than the other 18th-century English soft-paste porcelains, and its cold, harsh, glittering glaze marks it off at once from the wares of Bow, Chelsea, Worcester or Derby. The Plymouth pieces show technical teething troubles. There are various technical faults with many pieces, and according to legend Cookworthy painted one early mug himself, and another piece was chipped in manufacture but still thought worth painting. Some pieces use Longton Hall models; possibly Cookworthy bought the moulds in London. The modellers are unclear, though some figures are very fine, including the set of the continents ("Europe" illustrated). One modeller seems also to have worked at Derby. History Covered butter pot, c. 1770, William Cookworthy & Co., Bristol (or possibly Plymouth), England, hard-paste porcelain, overglaze enamels William Cookworthy, a Quaker Pharmacist of Plymouth, was greatly interested in locating in Cornwall and Devon minerals similar to those described by Père François Xavier d'Entrecolles, a Jesuit missionary who worked in China during the early eighteenth century, as forming the basis of Chinese porcelain. Père d'Entrecolles provided an account in two letters, the first written in 1712 and the second written in 1722, of porcelain manufacture at the town of Jingdezhen that included a detailed description of the two principal materials used to make porcelain, china clay and Chinese pottery stone. After many years of travel and research William Cookworthy determined that Cornish china stone could be made to serve as equivalents to the Chinese materials and in 1768 he founded a works at Plymouth for the production of a porcelain similar to the Chinese from these native materials. In 1768 Cookworthy took out a patent for the exploitation of these Cornish materials in the manufacture of porcelain. The company began with 14 shares of £15 or £20 each, three held by Cookworthy, and the others one each by a group of his relatives and "prominent Bristol men", including Richard Champion of Bristol. More capital was needed later, and the company seems to have been loss-making. Thomas Pitt, 1st Baron Camelford, who owned the Cornish lands where the materials were sourced, took an interest in the company, whose success was naturally in his interest. The wares of Plymouth and the first years at Bristol are not easily distinguished, and many prefer to classify pieces as "Cookworthy" or "Champion". Bristol The factory was removed to Bristol in 1770 and was afterwards transferred to Richard Champion, a merchant already a shareholder. The patent was sold to Champion in 1773. An application to extend it was opposed by Wedgwood and other pottery companies, and mostly refused, so it expired in 1782 at the end of the original term, though Champion was granted rights for 14 years for the use of Cornish materials to make translucent porcelain. In the end he sold his rights in 1781 to the Staffordshire company that started New Hall porcelain in 1782, including New Hall. In the end the English invention of bone china was to prove the most satisfactory material, and the great majority of English porcelain had moved to that by 1820. Marks Factory marks are of only limited help, as many pieces are unmarked, and the main mark was also used at Bristol; this was   in underglaze blue, the alchemical symbol for tin, also used for the planet Jupiter. This presumably referred to Cornwall's main mining product. Other marks, such as a "B", were only used at Bristol. Armorial mug, Plymouth Another view Small Plymouth "shell-salt" in scallop shape Interior Notes ^ Honey, 1-5, Chapter 14; Cookworthy's Plymouth and Bristol Porcelain by F. Severne Mackenna (1947) published by F.Lewis and William Cookworthy 1705–1780: a study of the pioneer of true porcelain manufacture in England by John Penderill-Church, Truro, Bradford Barton (1972). ^ Honey, 1-5 ^ Honey, 211-216 ^ a b c d Burton, William (1911). "Ceramics" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 756. ^ "The Bristol Factory". Rod Dowling. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2015. ^ Honey, 336-342 ^ Honey, 342-345 ^ Honey, 333 ^ Honey, 334 ^ Honey, 336 ^ Honey, 335 ^ Honey, 4-5 ^ Honey, 336 References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plymouth porcelain. Honey, W.B., Old English Porcelain: A Handbook for Collectors, 1977, 3rd edn. revised by Franklin A. Barrett, Faber and Faber, ISBN 0571049028 vtePorcelainChinaGeneral: Chinese porcelain Chinese export porcelain Chinese influences on Islamic pottery Fonthill Vase (1338) Types: Proto-celadon (16th century BCE) Celadon (1st century) Yue (2nd century) Xing (6th century) Ding (10th century) Qingbai (12th century) Jingdezhen (11th century on) Blue and white (14th century on) Blanc de Chine (14th century on) Kraak (16th century) Swatow (16th century) Tianqi (17th century) Kangxi (17th century) Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte (17th century) Canton (18th century) Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns JiangxiMeissen hard porcelain vase 1735JapanGeneral: Japanese porcelain Japanese export porcelain Types: Arita Imari Nabeshima Kakiemon Kutani Hirado KoreaGeneral: Korean porcelain Types: Goryeo (10th century) Joseon (14th century) EuropeGeneral: List of companies French porcelain Chinese porcelain in European painting Armorial ware Types: Medici (1575) Rouen (1673) Saint-Cloud (1693) Meissen (1710) Vienna (1718) Rörstrand (1726) Chantilly (1730) Doccia (1735) Vincennes (1740) Chelsea (1743) Capodimonte (1743) Saint Petersburg (1744) Mennecy (1745) Bow (1747) Fürstenberg (1747) Nymphenburg (1747) Plymouth (1748) Villeroy & Boch (1748) Worcester (1751) Frankenthal (1755) Sèvres (1756) Derby (1757) Ludwigsburg (1758) Weesp (1759) Retiro (1760) Wedgwood (1759) Berlin (1763) Wallendorf (1764) Revol (1768) Limoges (1771) Loosdrechts (1774) Copenhagen (1775) Clignancourt (1775) Hollóháza (1777) Dihl & Guérhard (1781) Mintons (1793) Hutschenreuther (1814) Doulton (1815) Lichte (1822) Herend (1826) Bing & Grøndahl (1853) Zsolnay (1853) Wagner & Apel (1877) Rosenthal (1879) Porsgrund (1885) Augarten (1923) Technologies Soft-paste porcelain Hard-paste porcelain Bone china Overglaze decoration China painting Biscuit Factory mark People Chinamen Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus Johann Friedrich Böttger François Xavier d'Entrecolles Dmitry Vinogradov Collections British Museum (London): Asia Department / Percival David Foundation The David Collection (Copenhagen) Dresden Porcelain Collection (Dresden) Gardiner Museum (Toronto) Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics (Moscow) Sèvres – Cité de la céramique (Paris) Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris) Palace Museum (Beijing) Topkapı Palace (Istanbul) Victoria and Albert Museum (London) Museum of Royal Worcester (Worcester) Walters Art Museum (Baltimore) Ludwigsburg Palace (Ludwigsburg)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plymouthporcelain.jpg"},{"link_name":"hard paste porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Paste_Porcelain"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"New Hall porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Hall_porcelain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Cookworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cookworthy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain"},{"link_name":"Meissen porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissen_porcelain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"soft-paste porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-paste_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Worcester porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_porcelain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Champion of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Champion_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"hard-paste porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-paste_porcelain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_porcelain_factory"},{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Crown_Derby"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Longton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longton_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"Europe\", about 1770, from a set. Height 32.7 cm, V&A Museum.Plymouth porcelain was the first English hard paste porcelain, made in the county of Devon from 1768 to 1770. After two years in Plymouth the factory moved to Bristol in 1770, where it operated until 1781, when it was sold and moved to Staffordshire as the nucleus of New Hall porcelain, which operated until 1835. The Plymouth factory was founded by William Cookworthy.[1] The porcelain factories at Plymouth and Bristol were among the earliest English manufacturers of porcelain, and the first to produce the hard-paste porcelain produced in China and the German factories led by Meissen porcelain.[2]The term Bristol porcelain can refer either to this, the Cookworthy factory, or to \"Lund's Bristol\" or \"Lund & Miller\", an entirely different porcelain factory that made soft-paste porcelain in Bristol from 1750 until 1752, when it merged with the young Worcester porcelain (see there for more information), and moved there.[3]The Plymouth factory was removed to Bristol in 1770 and was afterwards transferred to Richard Champion of Bristol, a merchant who had been a shareholder from 1768. Champion's Bristol factory lasted from 1774 to 1781, when the business was sold to a number of Staffordshire potters owing to serious losses it had accrued.[4] Bristol porcelain, like that of Plymouth, was a hard-paste porcelain.[5] It is harder and whiter than the other 18th-century English soft-paste porcelains, and its cold, harsh, glittering glaze marks it off at once from the wares of Bow, Chelsea, Worcester or Derby.[4]The Plymouth pieces show technical teething troubles. There are various technical faults with many pieces, and according to legend Cookworthy painted one early mug himself, and another piece was chipped in manufacture but still thought worth painting.[6] Some pieces use Longton Hall models; possibly Cookworthy bought the moulds in London. The modellers are unclear, though some figures are very fine, including the set of the continents (\"Europe\" illustrated). One modeller seems also to have worked at Derby.[7]","title":"Plymouth porcelain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covered_Butter_Pot,_c._1770,_William_Cookworthy_%26_Co.,_Bristol,_England,_hard-paste_porcelain,_overglaze_enamels_-_Gardiner_Museum,_Toronto_-_DSC00757.JPG"},{"link_name":"William Cookworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cookworthy"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"Pharmacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"François Xavier d'Entrecolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier_d%27Entrecolles"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Chinese porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_porcelain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"Jingdezhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingdezhen"},{"link_name":"china clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_clay"},{"link_name":"Chinese pottery stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petuntse"},{"link_name":"Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"china stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_stone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Champion of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Champion_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pitt, 1st Baron Camelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pitt,_1st_Baron_Camelford"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Covered butter pot, c. 1770, William Cookworthy & Co., Bristol (or possibly Plymouth), England, hard-paste porcelain, overglaze enamelsWilliam Cookworthy, a Quaker Pharmacist of Plymouth, was greatly interested in locating in Cornwall and Devon minerals similar to those described by Père François Xavier d'Entrecolles, a Jesuit missionary who worked in China during the early eighteenth century, as forming the basis of Chinese porcelain.[4] Père d'Entrecolles provided an account in two letters, the first written in 1712 and the second written in 1722, of porcelain manufacture at the town of Jingdezhen that included a detailed description of the two principal materials used to make porcelain, china clay and Chinese pottery stone. After many years of travel and research William Cookworthy determined that Cornish china stone could be made to serve as equivalents to the Chinese materials and in 1768 he founded a works at Plymouth for the production of a porcelain similar to the Chinese from these native materials.[4]In 1768 Cookworthy took out a patent for the exploitation of these Cornish materials in the manufacture of porcelain. The company began with 14 shares of £15 or £20 each, three held by Cookworthy, and the others one each by a group of his relatives and \"prominent Bristol men\", including Richard Champion of Bristol. More capital was needed later, and the company seems to have been loss-making.[8] Thomas Pitt, 1st Baron Camelford, who owned the Cornish lands where the materials were sourced, took an interest in the company,[9] whose success was naturally in his interest.The wares of Plymouth and the first years at Bristol are not easily distinguished, and many prefer to classify pieces as \"Cookworthy\" or \"Champion\".[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Hall porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Hall_porcelain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"bone china","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_china"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The factory was removed to Bristol in 1770 and was afterwards transferred to Richard Champion, a merchant already a shareholder. The patent was sold to Champion in 1773. An application to extend it was opposed by Wedgwood and other pottery companies, and mostly refused, so it expired in 1782 at the end of the original term, though Champion was granted rights for 14 years for the use of Cornish materials to make translucent porcelain. In the end he sold his rights in 1781 to the Staffordshire company that started New Hall porcelain in 1782, including New Hall.[11]In the end the English invention of bone china was to prove the most satisfactory material, and the great majority of English porcelain had moved to that by 1820.[12]","title":"Bristol"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jupiter_symbol.svg"},{"link_name":"underglaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underglaze"},{"link_name":"alchemical symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemical_symbol"},{"link_name":"planet Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mug,_armorial_(AM_1966.30-2)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mug,_armorial_(AM_1966.30-4).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dish_(AM_1951.116-1)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"scallop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dish_(AM_1951.116-4)_(cropped).jpg"}],"text":"Factory marks are of only limited help, as many pieces are unmarked, and the main mark was also used at Bristol; this was   in underglaze blue, the alchemical symbol for tin, also used for the planet Jupiter. This presumably referred to Cornwall's main mining product. Other marks, such as a \"B\", were only used at Bristol.[13]Armorial mug, Plymouth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnother view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSmall Plymouth \"shell-salt\" in scallop shape\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior","title":"Marks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_4-3"},{"link_name":"\"Ceramics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ceramics"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Bristol Factory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kalendar.demon.co.uk/porcfactbris.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"}],"text":"^ Honey, 1-5, Chapter 14; Cookworthy's Plymouth and Bristol Porcelain by F. Severne Mackenna (1947) published by F.Lewis and William Cookworthy 1705–1780: a study of the pioneer of true porcelain manufacture in England by John Penderill-Church, Truro, Bradford Barton (1972).\n\n^ Honey, 1-5\n\n^ Honey, 211-216\n\n^ a b c d \nBurton, William (1911). \"Ceramics\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 756.\n\n^ \"The Bristol Factory\". Rod Dowling. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2015.\n\n^ Honey, 336-342\n\n^ Honey, 342-345\n\n^ Honey, 333\n\n^ Honey, 334\n\n^ Honey, 336\n\n^ Honey, 335\n\n^ Honey, 4-5\n\n^ Honey, 336","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"\"Europe\", about 1770, from a set. Height 32.7 cm, V&A Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Plymouthporcelain.jpg/220px-Plymouthporcelain.jpg"},{"image_text":"Covered butter pot, c. 1770, William Cookworthy & Co., Bristol (or possibly Plymouth), England, hard-paste porcelain, overglaze enamels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Covered_Butter_Pot%2C_c._1770%2C_William_Cookworthy_%26_Co.%2C_Bristol%2C_England%2C_hard-paste_porcelain%2C_overglaze_enamels_-_Gardiner_Museum%2C_Toronto_-_DSC00757.JPG/220px-Covered_Butter_Pot%2C_c._1770%2C_William_Cookworthy_%26_Co.%2C_Bristol%2C_England%2C_hard-paste_porcelain%2C_overglaze_enamels_-_Gardiner_Museum%2C_Toronto_-_DSC00757.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ming_plate_15th_century_Jingdezhen_kilns_Jiangxi.jpg/100px-Ming_plate_15th_century_Jingdezhen_kilns_Jiangxi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Meissen hard porcelain vase 1735","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Meissen_hard_porcelain_vase_1735_%28retouched%29.jpg/100px-Meissen_hard_porcelain_vase_1735_%28retouched%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Burton, William (1911). \"Ceramics\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 756.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ceramics","url_text":"\"Ceramics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bristol Factory\". Rod Dowling. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kalendar.demon.co.uk/porcfactbris.htm","url_text":"\"The Bristol Factory\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ceramics","external_links_name":"\"Ceramics\""},{"Link":"http://www.kalendar.demon.co.uk/porcfactbris.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Bristol Factory\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_in_English_football
1902–03 in English football
["1 Events","2 Honours","3 League tables","3.1 First Division","3.2 Second Division","4 References"]
32nd season of competitive football in England Football in EnglandSeason1902–03Men's footballFirst DivisionThe WednesdaySecond DivisionManchester CitySouthern LeagueSouthamptonNorthern LeagueNewcastle United AThe CombinationWrexhamWestern LeaguePortsmouthFA CupBurySheriff of London Charity ShieldTottenham Hotspur ← 1901–02 1903–04 → The 1902–03 season was the 32nd season of competitive football in England. Events Aston Villa win 12 of their last 15 games to finish one point behind champions The Wednesday. Honours Competition Winner First Division The Wednesday (1) Second Division Manchester City FA Cup Bury (2) Home Championship  England,  Scotland &  Ireland Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition League tables First Division Main article: 1902–03 Football League § First Division Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GAv Pts Relegation 1 The Wednesday (C) 34 19 4 11 54 36 1.500 42 2 Aston Villa 34 19 3 12 61 40 1.525 41 3 Sunderland 34 16 9 9 51 36 1.417 41 4 Sheffield United 34 17 5 12 58 44 1.318 39 5 Liverpool 34 17 4 13 68 49 1.388 38 6 Stoke 34 15 7 12 46 38 1.211 37 7 West Bromwich Albion 34 16 4 14 54 53 1.019 36 8 Bury 34 16 3 15 54 43 1.256 35 9 Derby County 34 16 3 15 50 47 1.064 35 10 Nottingham Forest 34 14 7 13 49 47 1.043 35 11 Wolverhampton Wanderers 34 14 5 15 48 57 0.842 33 12 Everton 34 13 6 15 45 47 0.957 32 13 Middlesbrough 34 14 4 16 41 50 0.820 32 14 Newcastle United 34 14 4 16 41 51 0.804 32 15 Notts County 34 12 7 15 41 49 0.837 31 16 Blackburn Rovers 34 12 5 17 44 63 0.698 29 17 Grimsby Town (R) 34 8 9 17 43 62 0.694 25 Relegation to the Second Division 18 Bolton Wanderers (R) 34 8 3 23 37 73 0.507 19 Source: World FootballRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scored(C) Champions; (R) Relegated Second Division Main article: 1902–03 Football League § Second Division Pos Team v t e Pld W D L GF GA GAv Pts Promotion or relegation 1 Manchester City 34 25 4 5 95 29 3.276 54 Division Champions, promoted 2 Small Heath 34 24 3 7 74 36 2.056 51 Promoted 3 Woolwich Arsenal 34 20 8 6 66 30 2.200 48 4 Bristol City 34 17 8 9 59 38 1.553 42 5 Manchester United 34 15 8 11 53 38 1.395 38 6 Chesterfield Town 34 14 9 11 67 40 1.675 37 7 Preston North End 34 13 10 11 56 40 1.400 36 8 Barnsley 34 13 8 13 55 51 1.078 34 9 Burslem Port Vale 34 13 8 13 57 62 0.919 34 10 Lincoln City 34 12 6 16 46 53 0.868 30 11 Glossop 34 11 7 16 43 57 0.754 29 12 Gainsborough Trinity 34 11 7 16 41 59 0.695 29 13 Burton United 34 11 7 16 39 59 0.661 29 14 Blackpool 34 9 10 15 44 59 0.746 28 15 Leicester Fosse 34 10 8 16 41 65 0.631 28 16 Doncaster Rovers 34 9 7 18 35 72 0.486 25 Failed re-election 17 Stockport County 34 7 6 21 38 74 0.514 20 Re-elected 18 Burnley 34 6 8 20 30 77 0.390 20 Source: References vteSeasons in English football 1871–72 1872–73 1873–74 1874–75 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–00 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte1902–03 in English football « 1901–02 1903–04 » FA competitions FA Cup Qualifying rounds Final Charity Shield Football and Southern Leagues Football League First Division Second Division Southern League Lower leagues Northern League The Combination Western League Related to national team Home Championship Club seasonsFirst Division Aston Villa Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Bury Derby County Everton Grimsby Town Liverpool Middlesbrough Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Notts County Sheffield United Stoke Sunderland The Wednesday West Bromwich Albion Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Barnsley Blackpool Bristol City Burnley Burslem Port Vale Burton United Chesterfield Doncaster Rovers Gainsborough Trinity Glossop Leicester Fosse Lincoln City Manchester City Manchester United Preston North End Small Heath Stockport County Woolwich Arsenal Southern League Brentford Bristol Rovers Kettering Town Luton Town Millwall New Brompton Northampton Town Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Southampton Swindon Town Tottenham Hotspur Watford Wellingborough West Ham United
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_England"}],"text":"The 1902–03 season was the 32nd season of competitive football in England.","title":"1902–03 in English football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Aston_Villa_F.C._(1874%E2%80%931961)#Victorian_and_Edwardian_eras"},{"link_name":"The Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sheffield_Wednesday#Pre-war_success"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Aston Villa win 12 of their last 15 games to finish one point behind champions The Wednesday.[citation needed]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"League tables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldfootball.net/schedule/eng-premier-league-1902-1903-spieltag/34/"}],"sub_title":"First Division","text":"Source: World FootballRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scored(C) Champions; (R) Relegated","title":"League tables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Second Division","text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"League tables"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/schedule/eng-premier-league-1902-1903-spieltag/34/","external_links_name":"World Football"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Legion
Sons of The American Legion
["1 Mission","2 History","2.1 Beginnings","2.2 1960–present","3 Programs","4 Membership eligibility requirements","5 Organizational structure","5.1 Squadron","5.2 Counties","5.3 Districts","5.4 Detachments","5.5 National headquarters","6 mySAL","7 Past S.A.L. Commanders","7.1 1968–1969","7.2 1970–1979","7.3 1980–1989","7.4 1990–1999","7.5 2000–2020","7.6 2021–2040","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
For the 1938 film, see Sons of the Legion. Sons of The American LegionEmblemAbbreviationSALNamed afterThe American LegionEstablishedSeptember 15, 1932(91 years ago) (1932-09-15)Founded atPortland, OregonType501(c)(3) organizationHeadquarters700 N. Pennsylvania St., Indianapolis, IndianaCoordinates39°46′37″N 86°09′22″W / 39.7770°N 86.1562°W / 39.7770; -86.1562Region served WorldwideMembership (2023) 380,743Official language EnglishNational CommanderDonald JR Hall (MD)Since August 31, 2023National Vice CommandersJohn R. Cook (NH)Since August 31, 2023Linwood R. Moore (VA)Since August 31, 2023Robert L. Bristo (MN)Since August 31, 2023Terry A. Harris (KS)Since August 31, 2023James R. Fisher, Sr. (CA)Since August 31, 2023Parent organizationThe American LegionAffiliationsAmerican Legion AuxiliaryAmerican Legion RidersWebsitelegion.org/sons The Sons of The American Legion (SAL) is a non-profit organization of male descendants of men or women who served honorably in the U.S. Armed Forces during World War I or since December 7, 1941, through a date of cessation of hostilities as determined by the federal government. Headquartered in Indianapolis, its mission is to serve U.S. veterans, the military and their families through outreach programs delivered by its squadrons, detachments, and national headquarters. Mission Their main mission is to sponsor programs that its parent organization, The American Legion, does to improve veterans communities, such as scholarships, veterans help programs (i.e. ending veterans homelessness), and youth sports. They also promote national security, patriotism, and devotion to veterans. History Beginnings The establishment of the Sons of The American Legion as a non-political, no-sectarian civilian organization was authorized by the 14th National Convention of The American Legion on September 15, 1932, at Portland, Oregon. In 1939, the S.A.L. was riding the crest and had a numerical size of about seven percent as large as the parent organization. The S.A.L. organization seemed destined to grow even larger, but looming on the horizon was World War II. With the passing of time, thousands of young men suddenly found themselves old enough to be in the armed services. Many of the S.A.L. members never returned from World War II and those that did found that their service had made them eligible to join the ranks of the American Legion itself, which, in 1942 opened the door to the returning World War II veterans. Membership dropped from a high of 72,633 in 1939 to a low of 5,631 in 1953. Many factors caused the lean years for the S.A.L. program. The former S.A.L., now veterans of World War II, had no grown children in the immediate postwar years. Housing shortages, a nation on the move, the G.I. Bill that sent thousands of veterans back to school, and the Korean War that put reservists back in uniform were some of the contributing factors. 1960–present However, by 1963, enrollment had climbed to nearly 17,000. In noting this renewed growth, the National Executive Committee, in regular meetings assembled in Indianapolis, Indiana, April 30 – May 1, 1964, [passed Resolution 22, urging that the S.A.L. program "be encouraged and implemented by internal promotion and increased public recognition through the national Headquarters staff and the various Departments of the American Legion." Approval was given for the S.A.L. to conduct their first National S.A.L. Workshop during the Legion's National Convention in Dallas, Texas in 1964. In noting a need for a small national body to give the S.A.L. program national direction and stimulation, the Legion's NEC gave its approval to Resolution 60 at its May 8–9, 1969, meeting in St. Louis, Missouri. Resolution 60 created a four-member Sons of The American Legion Committee. After conducting a long and detailed study of the over-all organizational structure of the S.A.L., the Sons of The American Legion Committee reported that there was a "definite need for a national Sons of The American Legion organization and the updating of the National Constitution and By-Laws of the S.A.L., as approved by the Legion's NEC back in May 1933, and be subsequently amended". At its fall meeting in Indianapolis, IN, October 17–18, 1973, the Legion gave its approval to Resolution 15, abolishing the National S.A.L. Committee created by Resolution 60 by the Legion's NEC at its meeting May 8–9, 1969, in St. Louis, MO. Residual responsibilities of the National S.A.L. Committee are now assigned to the Legion's National Internal Affairs Commission. Since 1988, The Sons have raised more than $8 million for the American Legion Child Welfare Foundation. In early to mid 2014, mySAL was launched to Sons of The American Legion squadron adjutants can now access membership information, reports and electronic membership tools online. As of 2016, the membership total is over 360,000. Programs At the state level, the S.A.L. is organized into "detachments", which run annual civic training events for high school juniors called Boys State. Two members from each Boys State are selected for Boys Nation. The American Legion Auxiliary runs Girls State and Girls Nation. In addition to Boys State, the S.A.L., division of the American Legion, features numerous programs including American Legion Baseball, Scouting, Oratorical Contests, Junior Shooting Sports, Youth Alumni, the American Legion Riders, and Scholarships at every level of the organization. Membership eligibility requirements All male descendants, adopted sons and stepsons of members of The American Legion, and such male descendants of veterans who died in service during World War I or since December 7, 1941, during the delimiting periods set forth in Article IV, Section 1, of the National Constitution of The American Legion or who died subsequent to their honorable discharge from such service, shall be eligible for membership in the Sons of The American Legion. Because eligibility dates remain open, all active duty members of the U.S. Armed Forces are eligible to join The American Legion at this time, until the date of the end of hostilities as determined by the government of the United States. U.S. Merchant Marine eligible only from December 7, 1941 to December 31, 1946 (WWII). Organizational structure Jackson Legion Hall in Jackson, Wyoming Squadron The squadron is the basic unit of the Legion and usually represents a small geographic area such as a single town or part of a county. There are roughly 14,900 posts in the United States. The squadron is used for formal business such as meetings and a coordination point for community service projects. Often the squadron will host community events such as bingo, Hunter breakfasts, holiday celebrations, and available to the community, churches in time of need. It is also not uncommon for the Post to contain a bar open during limited hours. An S.A.L. squadron member is distinguished by a French blue garrison cap with red, white and blue piping. Counties Each U.S. county comprises several squadrons and oversees their operations, led by a County Council of elected officers. The County Commander performs annual inspections of the Posts within their jurisdiction and reports the findings to both the District and the Department level. An S.A.L. County member is distinguished by a French blue garrison cap with white piping. Districts Each squadron is divided into Divisions and/or Districts. Each District oversees several squadrons, generally about 20, to help each smaller group have a larger voice. Divisions are even larger groups of about four or more Districts. The main purpose of these "larger" groups (Districts—Divisions) is to allow one or two delegates to represent an area at conferences, conventions, and other gatherings, where large numbers of Legionnaires may not be able to attend. A District member is distinguished by a French blue garrison cap with a white crown and red, white and blue piping. Detachments The squadrons are grouped together into a state level organization known as a Detachment for the purposes of coordination and administration. There is a total of 55 Detachments; one for each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, France, Mexico, and the Philippines. Canada was merged into Department of New York several years ago. The three Detachments located overseas are intended to allow active duty military stationed and veterans living overseas to be actively involved with The American Legion similar to as if they were back in the States. The Detachment of France consists of 29 Posts located in 10 European counties, the Detachment of Mexico consists of 22 Posts located in Central America, and the Detachment of Philippines covers Asia and the Pacific Islands. A Detachment member is distinguished by a French blue garrison cap with a gold crown and red, white and blue piping. National headquarters American Legion National Headquarters, Indianapolis The main S.A.L. Headquarters is located on the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza in Indianapolis. It is the primary office for the National Commander and also houses the historical archives, library, Membership, Internal Affairs, Public Relations, and the Magazine editorial offices. The Legion also owns a building in Washington D.C. that contains many of the operation offices such as Economics, Legislative, Veterans Affairs, Foreign Relations, National Security, and Media Relations. A National member is distinguished by a gold garrison cap with a gold crown and red, white and blue piping. mySAL National Headquarters developed the website to mimic myLegion, which assists a post, district, county, and state officers with their membership needs. Download an authorization form at mySAL to start the process of creating a squadron account. Once an account is created, you can login here: mySAL.Sons of The American Legion squadron adjutants can now access membership information, reports and electronic membership tools online. As of April 2015, Detachments now have access to the website which provides membership information, reports and electronic membership tools such as data change forms for all squadrons within their Detachment. Past S.A.L. Commanders The following list is from the S.A.L. website: 1968–1969 Year Name State from Notes 1968 Michael Seaton CA 1969 Robert McBride OH 1970–1979 Year Name State from Notes 1970–71 J.R. Stillwell IL 1972 John Smolinsky MA 1973 Robert Faust CA 1974 James Hartman MD 1975 Gregory D. Reis IL 1976 Grant M. Jamieson MI 1977 Charles E. Gannon MD 1978 John M. Sherrard CA 1979 Richard J. Kepler AZ Deceased 1980–1989 Year Name State from Notes 1980 Ernest Wilson, Jr. NJ Deceased 1981 Donald L. Willson PA Deceased 1982 David P. Stephens IN 1983 Christopher R. Cerullo NY 1984 Fred L. Hartline OH 1985 Woodrow L. Mudge, Jr. CO Deceased 1986 Royce Doucet LA Deceased 1987 Douglas P. Bible MN 1988 Richard L. League MD 1989 David R. Faust WI 1990–1999 Year Name State from Notes 1990 Charles R. Belles VA 1991 Robert A. Worrel IN 1992 Eugene L. Sacco CA 1993 Charles B. Rigsby MI Deceased 1994 Roland D. Matteson AZ 1995 Joseph M. Mayne MN 1996 John T. Dietz KY 1997 Jack E. Jordan TX 1998 William E. Matoska MD 1999 Byron Robichaux LA 2000–2020 Year Name State from Notes 2000 Richard L. Cook OK 2001 Kevin N. Winkelmann TX 2002 Clifford A. Smith MA 2003 Steve C. Laws NC 2004 Neal C. Warnken KS 2005 Michael J. Deacon IA 2006 William L. Sparwasser MD 2007 Earl R. Ruttkofsky MI 2008 Raymond P. Giehll Jr. IN 2009 Patrick J. Shea OH Honorary Deceased 2009 Thomas E. Cisna IL 2010 Mark E. Arneson GA 2011 David L. Dew TX 2012 James K. Roberts III FL 2013 Christopher J. Huntzinger PA 2014 Joseph W. Gladden MD 2015 Mike W. Moss CO 2016 Kevin L. Collier AK 2017 Jeff Frain AZ 2018 Danny Smith NE 2019 Greg "Doc" Gibbs NY 2020 Clint D. Bolt VA 2021–2040 Year Name State from Notes 2021 Clint D. Bolt VA 2022 Joseph Paviglianti NY National Commander by vote of National Convention body 2022 Micheal Fox CA 2023 Christopher Carlton IN See also List of hereditary and lineage organizations Youth organizations in the United States References ^ a b c "History of Sons of The American Legion". Retrieved March 6, 2015. ^ "American Legion". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2015. ^ "Program". The American Legion. Retrieved March 6, 2015. ^ "About". The American Legion. Retrieved March 6, 2015. ^ "Join Sons of The American Legion | The American Legion". ^ "National Update Official Publication of the Sons of The American Legion Spring 2015" (PDF). legion.org. Retrieved November 1, 2015. ^ "Past Commanders". legion.org/sons. Retrieved March 6, 2015. External links Official website Portals: Society United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sons of the Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_the_Legion"},{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association"},{"link_name":"descendants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineal_descendant"},{"link_name":"honorably","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_discharge#Honorable"},{"link_name":"U.S. Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"December 7, 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAL-1"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"veterans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteran"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_personnel"},{"link_name":"their families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dependent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"}],"text":"For the 1938 film, see Sons of the Legion.The Sons of The American Legion (SAL) is a non-profit organization of male descendants of men or women who served honorably in the U.S. Armed Forces during World War I or since December 7, 1941, through a date of cessation of hostilities as determined by the federal government.[1] Headquartered in Indianapolis, its mission is to serve U.S. veterans, the military and their families through outreach programs delivered by its squadrons, detachments, and national headquarters.[2]","title":"Sons of The American Legion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"},{"link_name":"scholarships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarships"},{"link_name":"youth sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_athletics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Their main mission is to sponsor programs that its parent organization, The American Legion, does to improve veterans communities, such as scholarships, veterans help programs (i.e. ending veterans homelessness), and youth sports.[3] They also promote national security, patriotism, and devotion to veterans.[4]","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"veterans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans"},{"link_name":"G.I. Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"The establishment of the Sons of The American Legion as a non-political, no-sectarian civilian organization was authorized by the 14th National Convention of The American Legion on September 15, 1932, at Portland, Oregon.In 1939, the S.A.L. was riding the crest and had a numerical size of about seven percent as large as the parent organization. The S.A.L. organization seemed destined to grow even larger, but looming on the horizon was World War II. With the passing of time, thousands of young men suddenly found themselves old enough to be in the armed services.Many of the S.A.L. members never returned from World War II and those that did found that their service had made them eligible to join the ranks of the American Legion itself, which, in 1942 opened the door to the returning World War II veterans.Membership dropped from a high of 72,633 in 1939 to a low of 5,631 in 1953. Many factors caused the lean years for the S.A.L. program. The former S.A.L., now veterans of World War II, had no grown children in the immediate postwar years. Housing shortages, a nation on the move, the G.I. Bill that sent thousands of veterans back to school, and the Korean War that put reservists back in uniform were some of the contributing factors.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAL-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAL-1"}],"sub_title":"1960–present","text":"However, by 1963, enrollment had climbed to nearly 17,000. In noting this renewed growth, the National Executive Committee, in regular meetings assembled in Indianapolis, Indiana, April 30 – May 1, 1964, [passed Resolution 22, urging that the S.A.L. program \"be encouraged and implemented by internal promotion and increased public recognition through the national Headquarters staff and the various Departments of the American Legion.\" Approval was given for the S.A.L. to conduct their first National S.A.L. Workshop during the Legion's National Convention in Dallas, Texas in 1964.In noting a need for a small national body to give the S.A.L. program national direction and stimulation, the Legion's NEC gave its approval to Resolution 60 at its May 8–9, 1969, meeting in St. Louis, Missouri. Resolution 60 created a four-member Sons of The American Legion Committee.After conducting a long and detailed study of the over-all organizational structure of the S.A.L., the Sons of The American Legion Committee reported that there was a \"definite need for a national Sons of The American Legion organization and the updating of the National Constitution and By-Laws of the S.A.L., as approved by the Legion's NEC back in May 1933, and be subsequently amended\".At its fall meeting in Indianapolis, IN, October 17–18, 1973, the Legion gave its approval to Resolution 15, abolishing the National S.A.L. Committee created by Resolution 60 by the Legion's NEC at its meeting May 8–9, 1969, in St. Louis, MO. Residual responsibilities of the National S.A.L. Committee are now assigned to the Legion's National Internal Affairs Commission.Since 1988, The Sons have raised more than $8 million for the American Legion Child Welfare Foundation.[1]In early to mid 2014, mySAL was launched to Sons of The American Legion squadron adjutants can now access membership information, reports and electronic membership tools online.As of 2016, the membership total is over 360,000.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boys State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_State"},{"link_name":"Boys Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Nation"},{"link_name":"American Legion Auxiliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion_Auxiliary"},{"link_name":"Girls State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_State"},{"link_name":"Girls Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Nation"}],"text":"At the state level, the S.A.L. is organized into \"detachments\", which run annual civic training events for high school juniors called Boys State. Two members from each Boys State are selected for Boys Nation. The American Legion Auxiliary runs Girls State and Girls Nation. In addition to Boys State, the S.A.L., division of the American Legion, features numerous programs including American Legion Baseball, Scouting, Oratorical Contests, Junior Shooting Sports, Youth Alumni, the American Legion Riders, and Scholarships at every level of the organization.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"All male descendants, adopted sons and stepsons of members of The American Legion, and such male descendants of veterans who died in service during World War I or since December 7, 1941, during the delimiting periods set forth in Article IV, Section 1, of the National Constitution of The American Legion or who died subsequent to their honorable discharge from such service, shall be eligible for membership in the Sons of The American Legion.[5]Because eligibility dates remain open, all active duty members of the U.S. Armed Forces are eligible to join The American Legion at this time, until the date of the end of hostilities as determined by the government of the United States.U.S. Merchant Marine eligible only from December 7, 1941 to December 31, 1946 (WWII).","title":"Membership eligibility requirements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackson_Legion_Hall_WY1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Wyoming"}],"text":"Jackson Legion Hall in Jackson, Wyoming","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Squadron","text":"The squadron is the basic unit of the Legion and usually represents a small geographic area such as a single town or part of a county. There are roughly 14,900 posts in the United States. The squadron is used for formal business such as meetings and a coordination point for community service projects. Often the squadron will host community events such as bingo, Hunter breakfasts, holiday celebrations, and available to the community, churches in time of need. It is also not uncommon for the Post to contain a bar open during limited hours. An S.A.L. squadron member is distinguished by a French blue garrison cap with red, white and blue piping.","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Counties","text":"Each U.S. county comprises several squadrons and oversees their operations, led by a County Council of elected officers. The County Commander performs annual inspections of the Posts within their jurisdiction and reports the findings to both the District and the Department level. An S.A.L. County member is distinguished by a French blue garrison cap with white piping.","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Districts","text":"Each squadron is divided into Divisions and/or Districts. Each District oversees several squadrons, generally about 20, to help each smaller group have a larger voice. Divisions are even larger groups of about four or more Districts. The main purpose of these \"larger\" groups (Districts—Divisions) is to allow one or two delegates to represent an area at conferences, conventions, and other gatherings, where large numbers of Legionnaires may not be able to attend. A District member is distinguished by a French blue garrison cap with a white crown and red, white and blue piping.","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"sub_title":"Detachments","text":"The squadrons are grouped together into a state level organization known as a Detachment for the purposes of coordination and administration. There is a total of 55 Detachments; one for each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, France, Mexico, and the Philippines. Canada was merged into Department of New York several years ago. The three Detachments located overseas are intended to allow active duty military stationed and veterans living overseas to be actively involved with The American Legion similar to as if they were back in the States. The Detachment of France consists of 29 Posts located in 10 European counties, the Detachment of Mexico consists of 22 Posts located in Central America, and the Detachment of Philippines covers Asia and the Pacific Islands. A Detachment member is distinguished by a French blue garrison cap with a gold crown and red, white and blue piping.","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Legion_National_Headquarters,_Indianapolis_Indiana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indiana World War Memorial Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_World_War_Memorial_Plaza"}],"sub_title":"National headquarters","text":"American Legion National Headquarters, IndianapolisThe main S.A.L. Headquarters is located on the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza in Indianapolis. It is the primary office for the National Commander and also houses the historical archives, library, Membership, Internal Affairs, Public Relations, and the Magazine editorial offices. The Legion also owns a building in Washington D.C. that contains many of the operation offices such as Economics, Legislative, Veterans Affairs, Foreign Relations, National Security, and Media Relations. A National member is distinguished by a gold garrison cap with a gold crown and red, white and blue piping.","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"myLegion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//myLegion.org"},{"link_name":"mySAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mySAL.org"},{"link_name":"mySAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.members.legion.org/CGI-BIN/lansaweb?wam=MYSINTRO&webrtn=WR_SalIntro&ml=LANSA:XHTML&part=TAL&lang=ENG"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"National Headquarters developed the website to mimic myLegion, which assists a post, district, county, and state officers with their membership needs. Download an authorization form at mySAL to start the process of creating a squadron account. Once an account is created, you can login here: mySAL.Sons of The American Legion squadron adjutants can now access membership information, reports and electronic membership tools online. As of April 2015, Detachments now have access to the website which provides membership information, reports and electronic membership tools such as data change forms for all squadrons within their Detachment.[6]","title":"mySAL"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The following list is from the S.A.L. website:[7]","title":"Past S.A.L. Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1968–1969","title":"Past S.A.L. Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1970–1979","title":"Past S.A.L. Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1980–1989","title":"Past S.A.L. Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1990–1999","title":"Past S.A.L. Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000–2020","title":"Past S.A.L. Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021–2040","title":"Past S.A.L. Commanders"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Modena
Palais Modena
["1 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°12′32″N 16°21′58″E / 48.209°N 16.366°E / 48.209; 16.366You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (November 2020) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Palais Modena}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Palais Modena in Vienna Palais Modena is a palace in Vienna, Austria. It was built and owned by the Habsburgs of the Austria-Este branch of the family. Today it houses offices of the Federal Ministry of the Interior. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palais Modena. vteImperial and Royal residences of Austria-HungaryIn Vienna Palais Augarten Belvedere Palace Hermesvilla Hofburg Palais Archduke Albrecht Palais Archduke Carl Palais Archduke Carl Ludwig Palais Archduke Ludwig Viktor Palais Archduke Rainer Palais Archduke Wilhelm Neue Favorita Schloss Kaiserebersdorf Kaiserhaus Palais Modena Neugebäude Palace Schönbrunn Palace Schloss Wilhelminenberg Stallburg Palais Toskana Prater in Cisleithania Kaiserhaus (Baden) Schloss Artstetten Ambras Castle Schloss Blühnbach Eckartsau Castle Schloss Halbturn Schloss Hellbrunn Schloss Hernstein Schloss Hetzendorf Schloss Hof Burg am Grazer Schloßberg Graz Castle Hofburg, Innsbruck Kaiservilla Schloss Karlau Schloss Klessheim Konopiště Castle Laxenburg castles Schloss Luberegg Schloss Mayerling Palais Meran Mirabell Palace Miramare Castle Jagdschloss Mürzsteg New Castle (Żywiec) Schloss Ort (Upper Austria) Schloss Orth (Lower Austria) Schloss Ort (Upper Austria) Schloss Persenbeug Prague Castle Villa Wartholz Wawel Castle Weilburg Palace Wiener Neustadt Castle Zákupy Castle in Transleithania Alcsút Palace Archduke Joseph's Palace Bilje hunting lodge Buda Castle Gödöllő Palace Grassalkovich Palace Pressburg Castle other countries Castello del Catajo Royal Palace of Milan Royal Villa of Monza Royal Palace (Venice) Villa Pisani, Stra Abroad Achilleion (Corfu, Greece) Son Maroig (Mallorca) 48°12′32″N 16°21′58″E / 48.209°N 16.366°E / 48.209; 16.366 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This article about a palace in Austria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_the_Circle_(disambiguation)
Square the Circle
["1 See also"]
Look up square the circle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Square the Circle may refer to: Square the Circle (Joan Armatrading album) Square the Circle (Mami Kawada album) See also Squaring the circle, a geometric problem Squaring the circle (disambiguation) Squared circle (disambiguation) Tarski's circle-squaring problem Square Circle Production, a magic trick The Square Circle, a 1982 novel by Daniel Carney Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Square the Circle.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynch_Mob_(album)
Lynch Mob (album)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","2.1 Additional personnel","3 References"]
1992 studio album by Lynch MobLynch MobStudio album by Lynch MobReleasedApril 28, 1992GenreHeavy metal, hard rock, blues metalLength57:12LabelElektraProducerKeith OlsenLynch Mob chronology Wicked Sensation(1990) Lynch Mob(1992) Syzygy(1998) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Lynch Mob is the second album by American hard rock band Lynch Mob, and the first album to feature vocalist Robert Mason following the departure of Oni Logan. Logan was fired shortly after touring in support of the band's first album due to his life style that negatively impacted his ability to perform. There were also rumors that he had quit the band while touring in support of Queensrÿche, because he felt intimidated opening up for singer Geoff Tate. In a 1992 interview with Headbangers Ball, Lynch talked highly of Mason and stating, "Mason tracked us down, saying he had to be the singer for the band. He knew he was right for the group. He flew himself out. He was very much the opposite of the last singer. He's very dedicated, has a lot of confidence in his abilities and can definitely take control of an audience". Due to the rise of the grunge movement and changing musical trends, the album resulted in poorer sales figures than the previous album. However, it has received some positive critical reviews. The album also includes a cover of "Tie Your Mother Down", a song originally released by the British rock band Queen in 1976. Track listing No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."Jungle of Love"Mick Brown/Robert Mason/Anthony Esposito/Keith OlsenGeorge Lynch3:502."Tangled in the Web"Brown/Mason/Esposito/OlsenLynch4:403."No Good"Brown/Mason/Esposito/OlsenLynch4:204."Dream Until Tomorrow"Brown/Mason/Esposito/OlsenLynch6:075."Cold is the Heart"Brown/Mason/Esposito/OlsenLynch5:286."Tie Your Mother Down"Brian MayBrian May3:507."Heaven is Waiting"Brown/Mason/Esposito/OlsenLynch3:568."I Want It"Brown/Mason/EspositoLynch4:529."When Darkness Calls"Brown/Mason/EspositoLynch5:2610."The Secret"Brown/Mason/Esposito/OlsenLynch5:06 Japanese edition bonus tracksNo.TitleLength11."Love in Your Eyes"4:0112."Love Finds a Way"3:37 Personnel Robert Mason – vocals George Lynch – guitar Anthony Esposito – bass guitar Mick Brown – drums Additional personnel Jerry Hey, Larry Williams – horns Richard Baker – keyboards Glenn Hughes – background vocals References ^ "Lynch Mob – Lynch Mob". vteLynch Mob George Lynch Sean McNabb Robert Mason Scot Coogan Mick Brown Oni Logan Anthony Esposito Michael Frowein Marco Mendoza Chas Stumbo Fred Coury James LoMenzo Brian Tichy Chas West Robbie Crane John West Studio albums Wicked Sensation (1990) Lynch Mob (1992) Smoke This (1999) REvolution (2003) Smoke and Mirrors (2009) Rebel (2015) The Brotherhood (2017) Extended plays Syzygy (1998) Sound Mountain Sessions (2012) Unplugged: Live from Sugarhill Studios (2013) Sun Red Sun (2014) Live albums Evil: Live (2003) REvolution: Live! (2006) Related bands KXM Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galago_(genus)
Lesser bushbaby
["1 Appearance","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Diet","4 Behavior","5 Breeding","6 Taxonomy","7 References","8 External links"]
Genus of primates Galago Senegal bushbaby (G. senegalensis) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Strepsirrhini Family: Galagidae Genus: GalagoÉ. Geoffroy, 1796 Type species Galago senegalensisÉ. Geoffroy, 1796 Species Galago gallarum Galago matschiei Galago moholi Galago senegalensis Lesser bushbabies, or lesser galagos, are strepsirrhine primates of the genus Galago. They are classified, along with the other bushbaby and galago genera in the family Galagidae. They are probably the most numerous primate in Africa, and can be found in every large forest on the continent, inhabiting forested areas, savannas, riverine bush and open woodlands. They mark their territory by urinating on their hands and leaving traces on the trees they climb across, and they follow these detectable paths through the trees night after night. Males will also urinate on females to mark them. They are related to lorises, and have similar behavior and anatomy. They are much faster, however, and typically hunt by speed rather than by stealth. Primitive bushbabies are thought to have been the ancestors of all lemurs. Appearance Lesser bushbabies are small, woolly primates with long tails and oversized, naked ears. Different species are sometimes indistinguishable even when compared side by side. Additionally, there is often notable variation in coloration and body size even within species and populations. Their coat varies across body regions as well as between species, typically ranging from black, brown, and grey to white, with many showing a greenish, reddish, and orangeish tint to the sides and limbs. Some species have a nasal strip while others have distinct dark rings around the eyes. Their neck is very flexible, so that the head can turn 180 degrees, which gives them a broad field of vision which is helpful in locating prey; they also have highly mobile ears that allow them to track insects as they hunt. Round flat pads on their fingertips, between their fingers, and on their palms at the base of their thumbs enable them to firmly grip the branches. They also have pointed, keeled nails that give them stability as they cling to smooth tree surfaces and reach for insects into crevices, using their rough narrow tongue. Distribution and habitat Lesser bushbabies are distributed through most of Sub-Saharan Africa, ranging from Senegal east to Somalia and down to South Africa (excepting its southern extreme) and are present in almost every country in between. However, there are great differences in their extent and distribution by species. G. senegalensis is the most widespread species, extending from Senegal in the west across central Africa to eastern Africa. G. moholi has a broad distribution over much of southern Africa. G. gallarum has more restricted distributions in eastern Africa, and G. matschiei is restricted to Uganda. Lesser bushbabies are found in a variety of habitats, such as woodland, bushland, savanna, montane forest, riverine habitats; favouring trees with little grass around them. Diet Bushbabies generally consume three types of food in various proportions and combinations: animal prey, fruit, and gum. Although their diet consists mainly on small invertebrates (mostly insects), some species also eat frogs and possibly other small animals. Behavior Galagos are tree dwelling primates and are capable of leaping significant distances, up to and sometimes greater than 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in), using flattened disks on their feet and hands as a way of grasping branches. However they do walk on the ground sometimes, either bipedally or on all fours. Galagos are nocturnal animals, foraging at night and sleeping in trees during the day. Adults are mainly solitary and maintain social contact mainly through vocal communication. There are up to 18 distinct calls, used mainly for territorial advertisement and long-distance spacing. All these calls are part of three categories, defensive and aggressive, social contact, and annunciatory. They also have very highly developed hearing. Bushbabies are solitary foragers, however they do meet up at night in groups. Some species, such as G. moholi, can be found sleeping in groups of 2 to 7 during the day. These groups are typically composed of a female and several of her young. At night the groups separate to forage independently. Males are mostly aggressive to each other; dominant males are the only ones that defend territories and are often the largest and most aggressive. Breeding Mohol bushbaby (Galago moholi) Lesser bushbabies usually give birth during the rainy season. The offspring are usually twins. After the birth there is usually a second period of heat. A female’s gestation period is between 111–142 days and will usually consist of the female mating with up to 6 different males. Lesser bushbaby mothers initially shelter their offspring in a nest or tree hollow, later on concealing the infants in foliage while they forage at night. Taxonomy Genus Galago – É. Geoffroy, 1796 – three species Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population Dusky bushbaby G. matschiei Liburnau, 1917 Central Africa Size: 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 24–28 cm (9–11 in) tailHabitat: ForestDiet: Insects, fruit, flowers, and gum  LC  Unknown Mohol bushbaby G. moholi Smith, 1836 Central and southern Africa Size: 14–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 11–28 cm (4–11 in) tailHabitat: SavannaDiet: Arthropods, as well as tree gum and resin  LC  Unknown Senegal bushbaby G. senegalensis É Geoffroy, 1796 Four subspecies G. s. braccatus (Kenya lesser bushbaby) G. s. dunni (Ethiopia lesser bushbaby) G. s. senegalensis (Senegal lesser bushbaby) G. s. sotikae (Uganda lesser bushbaby) Equatorial Africa (possible additional range in red) Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 19–30 cm (7–12 in) tailHabitat: Forest and savannaDiet: Insects, as well as small birds, eggs, fruits, seeds, flowers, and tree gum  LC  Unknown Somali bushbaby G. gallarum Thomas, 1901 Eastern Africa Size: 13–20 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tailHabitat: SavannaDiet: Gum and invertebrates  LC  Unknown References ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). "Genus Galago". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. ^ a b c David Attenborough, Life of Mammals, Episode 8: Life in the Trees. BBC Warner, 2003. ^ a b Abrams, Sylvie (November 2016). "Lesser Galago". New England Primate Conservatory. Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-10-23. ^ a b c "Lesser bushbaby". WNPRC. ^ Ambrose, Lesley (January 2003). "Three acoustic forms of Allen's galagos (Primates; Galagonidae) in the Central African region". Primates. 44 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1007/s10329-002-0004-x. ISSN 0032-8332. PMID 12548332. S2CID 23422588. ^ Grzimek's encyclopedia of mammals (English language ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 1990. ISBN 9780079095084. ^ Sleeper, Barbara (1997). Primates : the amazing world of lemurs, monkeys, and apes. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 9780811814348. ^ Fleagle, John G. (2013). "Chapter 4 - The Prosimians: Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos and Tarsiers". Primate Adaptation and Evolution (Third ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 57–88. ISBN 978-0-12-378632-6. ^ Schütze, Heike (12 June 2013). Field guide to the mammals of the Kruger National Park. Cape Town. ISBN 9781431701902.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Butynski, Thomas M.; de Jong, Yvonne A. (January 2004). "Natural History Of The Somali Lesser Galago (Galago gallarum)". Journal of East African Natural History. 93 (1): 23–38. doi:10.2982/0012-8317(2004)932.0.CO;2. ^ a b c "Lesser Bushbaby". Siyabona Africa. Retrieved 10 March 2012. ^ Schneiderová, Irena; Singh, Navinder J.; Baklová, Aneta; Smetanová, Milena; Gomis, Nicolas Benty; Lhota, Stanislav (March 2020). "Northern lesser galagos (Galago senegalensis) increase the production of loud calls before and at dawn". Primates. 61 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00784-3. PMID 31903513. S2CID 209843888. ^ An Atlas and source book of the lesser bushbaby, Galago senegalensis. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 1981. ISBN 9780849363207. ^ Bearder, Simon (1995). "Calls of the Wild". Natural History. 104: 48–57. ^ a b Poynter, Therien. "Galago moholi (South African galago)". Animal Diversity Web. ^ a b Dixson, Alan F. (26 January 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-150342-9. Retrieved 28 April 2013. ^ Fitterer, Carolynn. "Galago gabonensis (Gabon bushbaby)". Animal Diversity Web. ^ a b Kingdon et al., p. 440 ^ a b Butynski, T. M.; de Jong, Y. A. (2019). "Galago matschiei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T8787A17963414. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8787A17963414.en. ^ a b Poynter, Therien (2009). "Galago moholi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 25, 2023. ^ a b Bearder, S.; Svensson, M.; Butynski, T. M.; de Jong, Y. A. (2021). "Galago moholi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T8788A206563837. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T8788A206563837.en. ^ a b c Kingdon, ch. Galagos ^ a b de Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M.; Svensson, M.; Perkin, A. (2019). "Galago senegalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T8789A17963505. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8789A17963505.en. ^ Ballenger, Liz (2001). "Galago senegalensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 25, 2023. ^ a b de Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M. (2019). "Galago gallarum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T8786A17963185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8786A17963185.en. External links Data related to Galago (Lesser bushbaby) at Wikispecies Primate Info Net Galago Factsheet "Galago senegalensis". Retrieved 8 March 2012. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galago. vteExtant species of family Galagidae (Galagos) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Strepsirhini Otolemur(Greater galagos) Brown greater galago (O. crassicaudatus) Northern greater galago (O. garnettii) Silvery greater galago (O. monteiri) Euoticus(Needle-clawed bushbabies) Southern needle-clawed bushbaby (E. elegantulus) Northern needle-clawed bushbaby (E. pallidus) Sciurocheirus(Squirrel galagos) Bioko Allen's bushbaby (S. alleni) Gabon bushbaby (S. gabonensis) Makandé squirrel galago (S. makandensis) Galagoides(Western dwarf galagos) Prince Demidoff's bushbaby (Gs. demidovii) Angolan dwarf galago (Gs. kumbirensis) Thomas's bushbaby (Gs. thomasi) Galago(Lesser bushbabies)G. senegalensis group: Somali bushbaby (G. gallarum) Mohol bushbaby (G. moholi) Senegal bushbaby (G. senegalensis) G. matschiei group: Dusky bushbaby (G. matschiei) Paragalago(Eastern dwarf galagos)P. zanzibaricus group: Kenya coast galago (P. cocos) Grant's bushbaby (P. granti) Zanzibar bushbaby (P. zanzibaricus) P. orinus group: Uluguru bushbaby (P. orinus) Rondo dwarf galago (P. rondoensis) Category vteStrepsirrhini Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates StrepsirrhiniStrepsirrhini †Plesiopithecus †Sulaimanius †Notharctidae Cantius Copelemur Hesperolemur Notharctus Pelycodus Smilodectes †Ekgmowechashalidae Bugtilemur Ekgmowechashala Gatanthropus Muangthanhinius Palaeohodites †Cercamoniidae Agerinia Anchomomys Barnesia Buxella Donrussellia Mazateronodon Nievesia Panobius Periconodon Pronycticebus Protoadapis †Adapidae Adapis Cryptadapis Leptadapis Magnadapis Microadapis Palaeolemur †Asiadapidae Asiadapis Marcgodinotius †Sivaladapidae Anthradapis Guangxilemur Kyitchaungia Laomaki Paukkaungia Yunnanadapis Hoanghoniinae Hoanghonius Lushius Rencunius Wailekia Sivaladapinae Indraloris Ramadapis Siamoadapis Sinoadapis Sivaladapis †Caenopithecidae Adapoides Afradapis Aframonius Caenopithecus Darwinius Europolemur Godinotia Mahgarita Masradapis Mescalerolemur Namadapis Notnamaia? †Azibiidae Algeripithecus Azibius †Djebelemuridae Djebelemur Notnamaia? Omanodon Shizarodon Lemuriformes see below↓ LemuriformesLorisoidea †Karanisia? †Saharagalago Galagidae Euoticus Galago Galagoides †Komba †Laetolia Otolemur Paragalago †Progalago †Saharagalago? Sciurocheirus †Wadilemur Lorisidae †Mioeuoticus †Namaloris Lorisinae Loris †Nycticeboides Nycticebus Xanthonycticebus Perodicticinae Arctocebus Perodicticus Pseudopotto Lemuroidea Daubentonia Lepilemur †Megaladapis †Plesiopithecus? †Propotto Cheirogaleidae Allocebus Cheirogaleus Microcebus Mirza Phaner Lemuridae Eulemur Hapalemur Lemur †Pachylemur Varecia †Archaeolemuridae Archaeolemur Hadropithecus Indriidae Avahi Indri Propithecus †Palaeopropithecidae Archaeoindris Babakotia Mesopropithecus Palaeopropithecus See also: Adapiformes Subfossil lemur Taxon identifiersGalago Wikidata: Q285214 Wikispecies: Galago ADW: Galago BioLib: 32072 BOLD: 4436 CoL: 4LR5 EoL: 15093 EPPO: 1GALGG GBIF: 2436518 iNaturalist: 43560 IRMNG: 1208816 ITIS: 572802 MSW: 12100132 NCBI: 9462 Open Tree of Life: 863768 Paleobiology Database: 103125 Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strepsirrhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhine"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate"},{"link_name":"galago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galago"},{"link_name":"Galagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galagidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOM-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nep-lesser-3"},{"link_name":"lorises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOM-2"},{"link_name":"lemurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOM-2"}],"text":"Lesser bushbabies, or lesser galagos, are strepsirrhine primates of the genus Galago. They are classified, along with the other bushbaby and galago genera in the family Galagidae.[1] They are probably the most numerous primate in Africa, and can be found in every large forest on the continent, inhabiting forested areas, savannas, riverine bush and open woodlands.[2][3]They mark their territory by urinating on their hands and leaving traces on the trees they climb across, and they follow these detectable paths through the trees night after night. Males will also urinate on females to mark them. They are related to lorises, and have similar behavior and anatomy. They are much faster, however, and typically hunt by speed rather than by stealth.[2] Primitive bushbabies are thought to have been the ancestors of all lemurs.[2]","title":"Lesser bushbaby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WNPRC-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WNPRC-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nep-lesser-3"}],"text":"Lesser bushbabies are small, woolly primates with long tails and oversized, naked ears. Different species are sometimes indistinguishable even when compared side by side.[4] Additionally, there is often notable variation in coloration and body size even within species and populations.[5] Their coat varies across body regions as well as between species, typically ranging from black, brown, and grey to white, with many showing a greenish, reddish, and orangeish tint to the sides and limbs. Some species have a nasal strip while others have distinct dark rings around the eyes.[4]Their neck is very flexible, so that the head can turn 180 degrees,[6] which gives them a broad field of vision which is helpful in locating prey; they also have highly mobile ears that allow them to track insects as they hunt. Round flat pads on their fingertips, between their fingers, and on their palms at the base of their thumbs enable them to firmly grip the branches.[7] They also have pointed, keeled nails that give them stability as they cling to smooth tree surfaces and reach for insects into crevices, using their rough narrow tongue.[3]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"G. senegalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galago_senegalensis"},{"link_name":"G. moholi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galago_moholi"},{"link_name":"G. gallarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galago_gallarum"},{"link_name":"G. matschiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galago_matschiei"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland"},{"link_name":"bushland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushland"},{"link_name":"savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna"},{"link_name":"montane forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Lesser bushbabies are distributed through most of Sub-Saharan Africa, ranging from Senegal east to Somalia and down to South Africa (excepting its southern extreme) and are present in almost every country in between. However, there are great differences in their extent and distribution by species. G. senegalensis is the most widespread species, extending from Senegal in the west across central Africa to eastern Africa. G. moholi has a broad distribution over much of southern Africa. G. gallarum has more restricted distributions in eastern Africa, and G. matschiei is restricted to Uganda.[8]Lesser bushbabies are found in a variety of habitats, such as woodland, bushland, savanna, montane forest, riverine habitats; favouring trees with little grass around them.[9]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gum"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects"},{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WNPRC-4"}],"text":"Bushbabies generally consume three types of food in various proportions and combinations: animal prey, fruit, and gum. Although their diet consists mainly on small invertebrates (mostly insects), some species also eat frogs and possibly other small animals.[4]","title":"Diet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butynski-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kruger-11"},{"link_name":"bipedally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biped"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kruger-11"},{"link_name":"nocturnal animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_animal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"G. moholi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galago_moholi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moholi-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moholi-15"}],"text":"Galagos are tree dwelling primates and are capable of leaping significant distances, up to and sometimes greater than 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in),[10] using flattened disks on their feet and hands as a way of grasping branches.[11] However they do walk on the ground sometimes, either bipedally or on all fours.[11]Galagos are nocturnal animals, foraging at night and sleeping in trees during the day. Adults are mainly solitary and maintain social contact mainly through vocal communication. There are up to 18 distinct calls, used mainly for territorial advertisement and long-distance spacing.[12] All these calls are part of three categories, defensive and aggressive, social contact, and annunciatory. They also have very highly developed hearing.[13][14]Bushbabies are solitary foragers, however they do meet up at night in groups. Some species, such as G. moholi, can be found sleeping in groups of 2 to 7 during the day.[15] These groups are typically composed of a female and several of her young. At night the groups separate to forage independently. Males are mostly aggressive to each other; dominant males are the only ones that defend territories and are often the largest and most aggressive.[15]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bushbabies.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mohol bushbaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohol_bushbaby"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dixson2012-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kruger-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADW-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dixson2012-16"}],"text":"Mohol bushbaby (Galago moholi)Lesser bushbabies usually give birth during the rainy season. The offspring are usually twins.[16] After the birth there is usually a second period of heat. A female’s gestation period is between 111–142 days and will usually consist of the female mating with up to 6 different males.[11][17]Lesser bushbaby mothers initially shelter their offspring in a nest or tree hollow, later on concealing the infants in foliage while they forage at night.[16]","title":"Breeding"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Taxonomy"}]
[{"image_text":"Mohol bushbaby (Galago moholi)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bushbabies.JPG/220px-Bushbabies.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Groves, C. P. (2005). \"Genus Galago\". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Groves","url_text":"Groves, C. P."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100132","url_text":"\"Genus Galago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA124%E2%80%93126","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press","url_text":"Johns Hopkins University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Abrams, Sylvie (November 2016). \"Lesser Galago\". New England Primate Conservatory. Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135323/https://www.neprimateconservancy.org/lesser-galago.html","url_text":"\"Lesser Galago\""},{"url":"https://www.neprimateconservancy.org/lesser-galago.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lesser bushbaby\". WNPRC.","urls":[{"url":"https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-lesser-bushbaby/","url_text":"\"Lesser bushbaby\""}]},{"reference":"Ambrose, Lesley (January 2003). \"Three acoustic forms of Allen's galagos (Primates; Galagonidae) in the Central African region\". Primates. 44 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1007/s10329-002-0004-x. ISSN 0032-8332. PMID 12548332. S2CID 23422588.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10329-002-0004-x","url_text":"10.1007/s10329-002-0004-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-8332","url_text":"0032-8332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12548332","url_text":"12548332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23422588","url_text":"23422588"}]},{"reference":"Grzimek's encyclopedia of mammals (English language ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 1990. ISBN 9780079095084.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780079095084","url_text":"9780079095084"}]},{"reference":"Sleeper, Barbara (1997). Primates : the amazing world of lemurs, monkeys, and apes. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 9780811814348.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811814348","url_text":"9780811814348"}]},{"reference":"Fleagle, John G. (2013). \"Chapter 4 - The Prosimians: Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos and Tarsiers\". Primate Adaptation and Evolution (Third ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 57–88. ISBN 978-0-12-378632-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-378632-6","url_text":"978-0-12-378632-6"}]},{"reference":"Schütze, Heike (12 June 2013). Field guide to the mammals of the Kruger National Park. Cape Town. ISBN 9781431701902.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781431701902","url_text":"9781431701902"}]},{"reference":"Butynski, Thomas M.; de Jong, Yvonne A. (January 2004). \"Natural History Of The Somali Lesser Galago (Galago gallarum)\". Journal of East African Natural History. 93 (1): 23–38. doi:10.2982/0012-8317(2004)93[23:NHOTSL]2.0.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2982%2F0012-8317%282004%2993%5B23%3ANHOTSL%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"\"Natural History Of The Somali Lesser Galago (Galago gallarum)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2982%2F0012-8317%282004%2993%5B23%3ANHOTSL%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.2982/0012-8317(2004)93[23:NHOTSL]2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"\"Lesser Bushbaby\". Siyabona Africa. Retrieved 10 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_bushbaby.html","url_text":"\"Lesser Bushbaby\""}]},{"reference":"Schneiderová, Irena; Singh, Navinder J.; Baklová, Aneta; Smetanová, Milena; Gomis, Nicolas Benty; Lhota, Stanislav (March 2020). \"Northern lesser galagos (Galago senegalensis) increase the production of loud calls before and at dawn\". Primates. 61 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00784-3. PMID 31903513. S2CID 209843888.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10329-019-00784-3","url_text":"10.1007/s10329-019-00784-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31903513","url_text":"31903513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209843888","url_text":"209843888"}]},{"reference":"An Atlas and source book of the lesser bushbaby, Galago senegalensis. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 1981. ISBN 9780849363207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849363207","url_text":"9780849363207"}]},{"reference":"Bearder, Simon (1995). \"Calls of the Wild\". Natural History. 104: 48–57.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Poynter, Therien. \"Galago moholi (South African galago)\". Animal Diversity Web.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Galago_moholi/#behavior","url_text":"\"Galago moholi (South African galago)\""}]},{"reference":"Dixson, Alan F. (26 January 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-150342-9. Retrieved 28 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=khzhd2nXWM0C&pg=PT137","url_text":"Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-150342-9","url_text":"978-0-19-150342-9"}]},{"reference":"Fitterer, Carolynn. \"Galago gabonensis (Gabon bushbaby)\". Animal Diversity Web.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Galago_gabonensis/","url_text":"\"Galago gabonensis (Gabon bushbaby)\""}]},{"reference":"Butynski, T. M.; de Jong, Y. A. (2019). \"Galago matschiei\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T8787A17963414. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8787A17963414.en.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8787/17963414","url_text":"\"Galago matschiei\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8787A17963414.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8787A17963414.en"}]},{"reference":"Poynter, Therien (2009). \"Galago moholi\". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Galago_moholi/","url_text":"\"Galago moholi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web","url_text":"Animal Diversity Web"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan","url_text":"University of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"Bearder, S.; Svensson, M.; Butynski, T. M.; de Jong, Y. A. (2021). \"Galago moholi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T8788A206563837. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T8788A206563837.en.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8788/206563837","url_text":"\"Galago moholi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T8788A206563837.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T8788A206563837.en"}]},{"reference":"de Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M.; Svensson, M.; Perkin, A. (2019). \"Galago senegalensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T8789A17963505. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8789A17963505.en.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8789/17963505","url_text":"\"Galago senegalensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8789A17963505.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8789A17963505.en"}]},{"reference":"Ballenger, Liz (2001). \"Galago senegalensis\". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Galago_senegalensis/","url_text":"\"Galago senegalensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web","url_text":"Animal Diversity Web"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan","url_text":"University of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"de Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M. (2019). \"Galago gallarum\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T8786A17963185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8786A17963185.en.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8786/17963185","url_text":"\"Galago gallarum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8786A17963185.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T8786A17963185.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Galago senegalensis\". Retrieved 8 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://animals.galegroup.com/web/grzimeks/animals/Galago_senegalensis?searchTerms=lesser+bushbaby","url_text":"\"Galago senegalensis\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayashi_Kiyochika
Kobayashi Kiyochika
["1 Life and career","2 Personal life","3 Style and analysis","4 Legacy","5 References","6 Works cited","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Japanese artist (1847–1915) Kobayashi Kiyochika小林清親Kobayashi circa 1873BornKobayashi Katsunosuke(1847-09-10)10 September 1847Edo, JapanDied28 November 1915(1915-11-28) (aged 68)Tokyo, JapanNationalityJapaneseMovementukiyo-e Kobayashi Kiyochika (小林 清親, 10 September 1847 – 28 November 1915) was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist, best known for his colour woodblock prints and newspaper illustrations. His work documents the rapid modernization and Westernization Japan underwent during the Meiji period (1868–1912) and employs a sense of light and shade called kōsen-ga  inspired by Western art techniques. His work first found an audience in the 1870s with prints of red-brick buildings and trains that had proliferated after the Meiji Restoration; his prints of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 were also popular. Woodblock printing fell out of favour during this period, and many collectors consider Kobayashi's work the last significant example of ukiyo-e. Life and career Kiyochika was born Kobayashi Katsunosuke (小林 勝之助) on 10 September 1847 (the first day of the eighth month of the ninth year of Kōka on the Japanese calendar) in Kurayashiki  neighbourhood of Honjo in Edo (modern Tokyo). His father was Kobayashi Mohē (茂兵衛), who worked as a minor official in charge of unloading rice collected as taxes. His mother Chikako (知加子) was the daughter of another such official, Matsui Yasunosuke (松井安之助). The 1855 Edo earthquake destroyed the family home but left the family unharmed. Though the youngest of his parents' nine children, Kiyochika took over as head of the household upon his father's death in 1862 and changed his name from Katsunosuke. As a subordinate to a kanjō-bugyō official Kiyochika travelled to Kyoto in 1865 with Tokugawa Iemochi's retinue, the first shogunal visit to Kyoto in over two centuries. They continued to Osaka, where Kiyochika thereafter made his home. During the Boshin War in 1868 Kiyochika participated on the side of the shōgun in the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in Kyoto and returned to Osaka after defeat of the shōgun's forces. He returned by land to Edo and re-entered the employ of the shōgun. After the fall of Edo he relocated to Shizuoka, the heartland of the Tokugawa clan, where he stayed for the next several years. Kiyochika returned to the renamed Tokyo in May 1873 with his mother, who died there that September. He began to concentrate on art and associated with such artists as Shibata Zeshin and Kawanabe Kyōsai, under whom he may have studied painting. In 1875, he began producing series of ukiyo-e prints of the rapidly modernizing and Westernizing Tokyo and is said to have studied Western-style painting under Charles Wirgman. In August, 1876 he produced the first kōsen-ga  (光線画, "light-ray pictures"), ukiyo-e prints employing Western-style naturalistic light and shade, possibly under the influence of the photography of Shimooka Renjō. Early kōsen-ga prints View of Tokyo's Shin-Ohashi bridge in Rain, 1876 View of Takanawa Ushimachi under a Shrouded Moon, 1879 The Ryōgoku Fire Sketched from Hama-chō, 1881 Inoue Yasuji  began training under Kiyochika in 1878 and saw his own works published beginning in 1880. Kiyochika's house burned down in the Great Fire at Ryōgoku of 26 January 1881 while he was out sketching. He sketched the Great Fire at Hisamatsu-chō of 11 February, and these fires became the basis of well-received prints such as Fire at Ryogoku from Hama-cho and Outbreak of Fire Seen from Hisamatsu-cho. Demand for his prints decreased in the 1880s and Kiyochika turned to comic images for newspapers. The Dandan-sha publishing company employed him from late 1881, and caricatures of his appeared in each issue of the satirical Marumaru Chinbun  from August 1882. He continued to produce prints, but at a less frequent pace. These were produced primarily from 1876 to 1881; Kiyochika would continue to publish ukiyo-e prints for the rest of his life, but also worked extensively in illustrations and sketches for newspapers, magazines, and books. He also produced a number of prints depicting scenes from the Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, collaborating with caption writer Koppi Dojin, penname of Nishimori Takeki (1861-1913), to contribute a number of illustrations to the propaganda series Nihon banzai hyakusen hyakushō ("Long live Japan: 100 victories, 100 laughs"). The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 saw a revival in popularity for prints and Kiyochika was one of the most prolific producers of them. Thereafter the print market shrank, and Kiyochika's wife opened a business selling fans and postcards to help support them. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 provided another opportunity for such patriotic prints, but they found much less popularity by then. Kiyochika produced only eighteen triptychs and a few comic prints, of generally lower quality than his earlier prints. Rather, photographs from the front dominated the market. War prints First Sino-Japanese War print, 1894"It was said the Chinese were so easily frightened that toy soldiers could make them scream." Russo-Japanese War print depicting Tsar Nicholas II waking from a nightmare, c. 1904–05 The Great Victory of the Japanese Navy, 1904 In his later years Kiyochika gave up prints and devoted himself to painting, which he practised in a style inspired by the Shijō school. His wife Yoshiko died in 1912. Kiyochika spent July to October 1915 in Nagano Prefecture and visited the Asama Onsen hot springs in Matsumoto to treat his rheumatism. On 28 November 1915 Kiyochika died at his Tokyo home in Nakazato, Kita Ward. His grave is at Ryūfuku-in Temple in Motoasakusa. Personal life Kiyochika married Fujita Kinu (藤田きぬ) in April 1876; they had two daughters: Kinko (銀子, b. 1878) and Tsuruko (鶴子, b. 1881). Kiyochika and Kinu separated around 1883; in 1884 he married Tajima Yoshiko (田島 芳子, d. 13 April 1912), with whom he had three more daughters: Natsuko (奈津子, b. 1886), Seiko (せい子, 1890–99), and Katsu (哥津, b. 1894). Style and analysis This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015) His caricatures in the Marumaru Chinbun probably represent Kiyochika's best-remembered work. The humour frequently targeted differences between the Japanese and foreigners, whose numbers were increasing in Japan, albeit restricted to certain locations, under the conditions of the unequal treaties the Meiji government had been coerced into signing. Kiyochika depicted foreigners as foolish and whose inexpensive modern wares he presented as aesthetically inferior to traditional domestic ones. Kiyochika's open criticism of the foreign community was unusual amongst contemporary caricaturists. He depicts the Russians as cowardly buffoons in his caricatures from the Russo-Japanese War period; generally they are of lower quality than his earlier cartoons. Kiyochika's prints show a concern with light and shadow, most likely an influence of the Western-style painting that came in vogue in Japan in the 1870s. He used a subdued palette in his prints without the harsher aniline dyes that had come into use earlier in the century. His specialty was night scenes illuminated by sources within the composition, such as by lamps. The colours give his prints a sombre air that discourages a clearly affirmative reading of the modernization it depicts. Kiyochika employed Western-style geometric perspective, volumetric modeling, and chiaroscuro to a degree that distinguishes his work from the majority of his ukiyo-e predecessors. His compositions display the influence of Hiroshige in how objects in the frame are often cut off at the edges. Kiyochika's woodblock prints stand apart from those of the earlier Edo period, incorporating not only Western styles but also Western subjects, as he depicted the introduction of such things as horse-drawn carriages, clock towers, and railroads to Tokyo. The modern cityscapes typically form a backdrop to human comings-and-goings rather than the focus itself and appear to observe rather than celebrate or deny Meiji industrial modernization and its promotion of fukoku kyōhei ("enrich the state, strengthen the military"); in contrast, Kiyochika's contemporary Yoshitoshi with his samurai battle prints glorified conservative values against the ideals of Westernization. During the Edo period most ukiyo-e artists regularly produced shunga erotic pictures, despite government censorship. In the Meiji period censorship became stricter as the government wanted to present a Japan that met the moral expectations of the West, and production of shunga became scarce. Kiyochika is one of the artists not known to have produced any erotic art. Cat and lantern, 1877 Suspension Bridge on Castle Grounds, c. 1879 Kanda Shrine at Dawn, 1880 Six renditions of an older boy, 1884 Tsukuba Mountain Seen from Sakura River at Hitachi, 1897 Hakone Sokokura Yumoto. The bridge at Sokokura hot spring, 1881 Legacy This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015) Kiyochika's depictions of the Westernization of Meiji Japan has both benefited and hindered later assessment of his work; it disappoints collectors looking for an idealized Japan of old that lures many to ukiyo-e, while it provides a historical record of the radical changes of the time. Tsuchiya Kōitsu became a student of Kiyochika's and used dramatic lighting effects inspired by Kiyochika's in his work; he worked in the Kobayashi's home for nineteen years. Richard Lane wrote that Kiyochika could represent "either the last important ukiyo-e master, or the first noteworthy print artist of modern Japan", but that "it is probably most accurate to regard him as an anachronistic survival from an earlier age, a minor hero whose best efforts to adapt ukiyo-e to the new world of Meiji Japan were not quite enough". He considered Kiyochika's best works to fall short of Hiroshige's greatest, but to be on par with the best of Kuniyoshi and Kunisada. References ^ a b c d e Kikkawa 2015, p. 203. ^ a b c d e Meech-Pekarik 1986, p. 194. ^ a b c Kikkawa 2015, p. 204. ^ a b Merritt & Yamada 1995, p. 71. ^ "Farewell Present of Useful White Flag, Which Russian General's Wife Thoughtfully Gives When He Leaves for Front, Telling Him to Use It As Soon As He Sees Japanese Army". World Digital Library. Retrieved 24 May 2013. ^ "Kuropatkin Secures Safety - Your Flag Does Not Work, Try Another". World Digital Library. Retrieved 24 May 2013. ^ a b Merritt 1990, pp. 19–20. ^ a b c Meech-Pekarik 1986, p. 212. ^ Kikkawa 2015, p. 205. ^ Kikkawa 2015, pp. 204–205. ^ Meech-Pekarik 1986, pp. 194, 196, 198. ^ Meech-Pekarik 1986, p. 199. ^ Meech-Pekarik 1986, pp. 212–213. ^ a b Lo 1995, p. 9. ^ Lo 1995, pp. 23, 30, 33. ^ Lo 1995, p. 15–16. ^ Lo 1995, p. 12. ^ Lo 1995, pp. 23, 26. ^ Buckland 2013, p. 260. ^ Lane 1962, pp. 293–294. ^ Merritt 1990, p. 64. ^ Lane 1962, p. 292. ^ Lane 1962, p. 293. Works cited Boscaro, Andrea; Gatti, Franco; Raveri, Massimo (1990). Rethinking Japan: Literature, Visual Arts & Linguistics. St. Martin's Press. Buckland, Rosina (2013). "Shunga in the Meiji Era: The End of a Tradition?". Japan Review (26): 259–76. JSTOR 41959827. Katō, Yōsuke (2015). "小林清親の画業" . Kobayashi Kiyochika: Bunmei kaika no hikari to kage wo mitsumete 小林清親: 文明開化の光と影をみつめて (in Japanese). Seigensha. pp. 194–197. ISBN 978-4-86152-480-6. Kikkawa, Hideki (2015). "小林清親年譜" . Kobayashi Kiyochika: Bunmei kaika no hikari to kage wo mitsumete 小林清親: 文明開化の光と影をみつめて (in Japanese). Seigensha. pp. 203–205. ISBN 978-4-86152-480-6. Lane, Richard (1962). Masters of the Japanese Print: Their World and Their Work. Doubleday. Lane, Richard (1978). Images from the Floating World: The Japanese Print. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192114471. OCLC 5246796. Lo, Teresa Wing-Yan (1995). The conundrum of Japan's modernization: an examination of enlightenment prints of the 1870s (PDF) (Master of Arts). University of British Columbia. Meech-Pekarik, Julia (1986). The World of the Meiji Print: Impressions of a New Civilization. Weatherhill. ISBN 978-0-8348-0209-4. Merritt, Helen (1990). Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints: The Early Years. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1200-3. Merritt, Helen; Yamada, Nanako (1995). Guide to Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints, 1900–1975. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1732-9. Yamamoto, Kazuko (2015). "浮世絵版画の死と再生―清親の評価の変遷" . Kobayashi Kiyochika: Bunmei kaika no hikari to kage wo mitsumete 小林清親: 文明開化の光と影をみつめて (in Japanese). Seigensha. pp. 198–202. ISBN 978-4-86152-480-6. Further reading Sakai, Tadayasu (1978). Kaika no ukiyoeshi Kiyochika 開化の浮世絵師 清親 . Serika Shobō. OCLC 23339701. Samonides, William Harry (1981). Kobayashi Kiyochika: An Ukiyo-e Artist of the Meiji Period (B.A.). Harvard College. Smith, Henry DeWitt; Tai, Susan (1988). Kiyochika, artist of Meiji Japan. Santa Barbara Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-89951-073-6. Sugawara, Mayumi (2009). Ukiyo-e hanga no jūkyū seiki: fūkei no jikan, rekishi no kūkan 浮世絵版画の十九世紀: 風景の時間、歴史の空間 (in Japanese). Brücke. ISBN 978-4-434-13892-8. Yoshida, Susugu (1977). Kiyochika: Saigo no ukiyoeshi 小林清親 : 最後の浮世絵師 . Katatsumurisha. OCLC 43079094. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kobayashi Kiyochika. Shizuoka Prefectural Museum of Art War Prints of Kobayashi Kiyochika at the Wayback Machine (archived July 18, 2021) Prints from Nihon banzai hyakusen hyakushō ("Long live Japan: 100 victories, 100 laughs") The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: as seen in prints and archives (Gallery page) (British Library/Japan Center for Asian Historical Records) Portals: Biography Japan Visual arts vteUkiyo-e schools and artistsGeneral Ukiyo-e Japanese woodblock printing List of ukiyo-e terms Schools and artistsof 17–19th centuries Asayama school Gigadō Ashiyuki Eishi school Chōbunsai Eishi Chōkōsai Eishō Furuyama school Furuyama Moromasa Harukawa Eizan school Harukawa Eizan Harunobu school Suzuki Harunobu Isoda Koryūsai Shiba Kōkan Hasegawa school Hasegawa Settan Hishikawa school Hishikawa Moronobu Hokusai school Katsushika Hokusai Katsushika Ōi Yanagawa Shigenobu Yanagawa Nobusada Totoya Hokkei Ippitsusai Bunchō school Ippitsusai Bunchō Ishikawa Toyonobu school Ishikawa Toyonobu Kaigetsudō school Kaigetsudō Ando Kaigetsudō Anchi Hasegawa Eishun Matsuno Chikanobu Katsukawa school Katsukawa Shunshō Katsukawa Shun'ei Katsukawa Shunsen Katsukawa Shunchō Katsukawa Shunkō I Kawamata school Kawamata Tsuneyuki Kawamata Tsunemasa Keisai Eisen school Keisai Eisen Kitagawa school Kitagawa Utamaro Tsukimaro Eishōsai Chōki Kitao school Kitao Shigemasa Miyagawa school Miyagawa Chōshun Miyagawa Isshō Miyagawa Shunsui Nishikawa school Nishikawa Sukenobu Nishimura school Nishimura Shigenaga Ishikawa Toyonobu Suzuki Harunobu Okumura school Okumura Masanobu Ōoka school Ōoka Shunboku Osaka school Ryūkōsai Jokei Shunkōsai Hokushū Ashiyuki Yoshida Hanbei Hirosada I Hirosada II Shunbaisai Hokuei Kunimasu Yanagawa Nobusada Shunshi Yoshitaki Ryūkōsai school Ryūkōsai Jokei Urakusai Nagahide Shigenobu school Yanagawa Shigenobu I Shunkōsai Fukushū school Shunshosai Hokucho Gatōken Shunshi Shunbaisai Hokuei Torii school Torii Kiyomoto Torii Kiyonobu I Torii Kiyonobu II Torii Kiyomasu I Torii Kiyomasu II Torii Kiyomitsu I Torii Kiyotsune Torii Kiyohiro Torii Kiyonaga Torii Kotondo Toyohara school Toyohara Kunichika Yōshū Chikanobu Utagawa school Utagawa Toyoharu Utagawa Toyohiro Utagawa Toyokuni I Utagawa Kunimasa Utagawa Kunisada Utagawa Kunisada II Utagawa Kunisada III Utagawa Sadahide Utagawa Kunimasu I Utagawa Toyokuni II Utagawa Kuniyasu Utagawa Kuniyoshi Ryusai Shigeharu Utagawa Yoshitsuya Utagawa Yoshitora Kawanabe Kyōsai Utagawa Yoshiiku Utagawa Yoshitoshi Utagawa Yoshifuji Utagawa Yoshifusa Utagawa Kuniteru I Utagawa Hiroshige Utagawa Hiroshige II Utagawa Hiroshige III Utagawa Hirokage Utagawa Sadafusa Adachi Ginkō List of Utagawa school members Not associated with any school Kanbun Master Sharaku Sawa Sekkyō Toriyama Sekien Ogata Gekkō Sugimura Jihei Kobayashi Eitaku Kobayashi Kiyochika Kikukawa Eizan By region Kamigata-e Nagasaki-e Yokohama-e 20th centuryartists and movements Shin-hanga Hashiguchi Goyō Itō Shinsui Kiyokata Kaburagi Hasui Kawase Elizabeth Keith Kojima Gyokuhō Natori Shunsen Ohara Koson Ota Masamitsu Shiro Kasamatsu Takahashi Shōtei Torii Kotondo Tsuchiya Koitsu Yamakawa Shūhō Yoshida Hiroshi Sosaku-hanga Azechi Umetarō Eiichi Kotozuka Un'ichi Hiratsuka Itow Takumi Kitaoka Fumio Yasuhide Kobashi Sakuichi Fukazawa Masao Maeda Senpan Maekawa Maki Haku Matsubara Naoko Yoshitoshi Mori Shikō Munakata Tetsuya Noda Gihachiro Okuyama Kōshirō Onchi Kiichi Okamoto Saitō Kiyoshi Sekino Jun'ichirō Toko Shinoda Hiroyuki Tajima Sadao Watanabe Kanae Yamamoto Shōzaburō Watanabe Hodaka Yoshida Tōshi Yoshida Suwa Kanenori Fujimori Shizuo Reika Iwami Tadashige Ono Chosei Kawakami Others Kohno Michisei Tadashi Nakayama Fujio Yoshida Related Japanese painting Rinpa school Kanō school Akita ranga Hara school Hasegawa school Kyoto school Nanpin school Nanga Nihonga Shijō school Mochizuki school Yōga Ukiyo-e influenced non-Japanese art Japonisme Japonaiserie (Van Gogh) Impressionism Anglo-Japanese style Post-impressionism Art Nouveau Ligne claire Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Japan Australia Netherlands Academics CiNii Artists South Australia Musée d'Orsay Victoria RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"},{"link_name":"woodblock prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"kōsen-ga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dsen-ga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%9A%E7%94%BB"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"First Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"Kobayashi Kiyochika (小林 清親, 10 September 1847 – 28 November 1915) was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist, best known for his colour woodblock prints and newspaper illustrations. His work documents the rapid modernization and Westernization Japan underwent during the Meiji period (1868–1912) and employs a sense of light and shade called kōsen-ga [ja] inspired by Western art techniques. His work first found an audience in the 1870s with prints of red-brick buildings and trains that had proliferated after the Meiji Restoration; his prints of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 were also popular. Woodblock printing fell out of favour during this period, and many collectors[who?] consider Kobayashi's work the last significant example of ukiyo-e.","title":"Kobayashi Kiyochika"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kōka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dka"},{"link_name":"Japanese calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_calendar#History"},{"link_name":"Kurayashiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurayashiki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%B5%E5%B1%8B%E6%95%B7"},{"link_name":"Honjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honjo,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"1855 Edo earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1855_Edo_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKikkawa2015203-1"},{"link_name":"kanjō-bugyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanj%C5%8D-bugy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Iemochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Iemochi"},{"link_name":"Boshin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshin_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Toba–Fushimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi"},{"link_name":"fall of Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Edo"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_clan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKikkawa2015203-1"},{"link_name":"Shibata Zeshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibata_Zeshin"},{"link_name":"Kawanabe Kyōsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanabe_Ky%C5%8Dsai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKikkawa2015203-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986194-2"},{"link_name":"ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"},{"link_name":"Western-style painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga"},{"link_name":"Charles Wirgman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wirgman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKikkawa2015203-1"},{"link_name":"kōsen-ga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dsen-ga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%9A%E7%94%BB"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKikkawa2015203-1"},{"link_name":"Shimooka Renjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimooka_Renj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986194-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kobayashi_Kiyochika_(1876)_View_of_Tokyo%27s_Shin-Ohashi_bridge_in_Rain.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kobayashi_Kiyochika_(1879)_View_of_Takanawa_Ushimachi_under_a_Shrouded_Moon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Ryogoku_Fire_Sketched_from_Hamacho_on_the_26th_of_January,_1881_LACMA_M.71.100.49.jpg"},{"link_name":"Inoue Yasuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inoue_Yasuji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E4%B8%8A%E5%AE%89%E6%B2%BB"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKikkawa2015204-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986194-2"},{"link_name":"Marumaru Chinbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marumaru_Chinbun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%98%E5%9C%98%E7%8F%8D%E8%81%9E"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKikkawa2015204-3"},{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazines"},{"link_name":"Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Koppi Dojin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nishimori_Takeki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrittYamada199571-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerritt199019%E2%80%9320-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986212-8"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerritt199019%E2%80%9320-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986212-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matsuke_Heikichi_-_Nihon_banzai_-_Hyakusen_hyakusho_-_Walters_95438.jpg"},{"link_name":"First Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forces_returning_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Tsar Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiyochika_(1904)_Nichiro_Jinsenk-o_kaisen_dai_Nihon_kaigundaish%C5%8Dri_Banzai.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shijō school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shij%C5%8D_school"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986212-8"},{"link_name":"Nagano Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Asama Onsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asama_Onsen"},{"link_name":"Matsumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsumoto,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Kita Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKikkawa2015205-9"}],"text":"Kiyochika was born Kobayashi Katsunosuke (小林 勝之助) on 10 September 1847 (the first day of the eighth month of the ninth year of Kōka on the Japanese calendar) in Kurayashiki [ja] neighbourhood of Honjo in Edo (modern Tokyo). His father was Kobayashi Mohē (茂兵衛), who worked as a minor official in charge of unloading rice collected as taxes. His mother Chikako (知加子) was the daughter of another such official, Matsui Yasunosuke (松井安之助). The 1855 Edo earthquake destroyed the family home but left the family unharmed.[1]Though the youngest of his parents' nine children, Kiyochika took over as head of the household upon his father's death in 1862 and changed his name from Katsunosuke. As a subordinate to a kanjō-bugyō official Kiyochika travelled to Kyoto in 1865 with Tokugawa Iemochi's retinue, the first shogunal visit to Kyoto in over two centuries. They continued to Osaka, where Kiyochika thereafter made his home. During the Boshin War in 1868 Kiyochika participated on the side of the shōgun in the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in Kyoto and returned to Osaka after defeat of the shōgun's forces. He returned by land to Edo and re-entered the employ of the shōgun. After the fall of Edo he relocated to Shizuoka, the heartland of the Tokugawa clan, where he stayed for the next several years.[1]Kiyochika returned to the renamed Tokyo in May 1873 with his mother, who died there that September. He began to concentrate on art and associated with such artists as Shibata Zeshin and Kawanabe Kyōsai,[1] under whom he may have studied painting.[2] In 1875, he began producing series of ukiyo-e prints of the rapidly modernizing and Westernizing Tokyo and is said to have studied Western-style painting under Charles Wirgman.[1] In August, 1876 he produced the first kōsen-ga [ja] (光線画, \"light-ray pictures\"), ukiyo-e prints employing Western-style naturalistic light and shade,[1] possibly under the influence of the photography of Shimooka Renjō.[2]Early kōsen-ga prints\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Tokyo's Shin-Ohashi bridge in Rain, 1876\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Takanawa Ushimachi under a Shrouded Moon, 1879\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Ryōgoku Fire Sketched from Hama-chō, 1881Inoue Yasuji [ja] began training under Kiyochika in 1878 and saw his own works published beginning in 1880. Kiyochika's house burned down in the Great Fire at Ryōgoku of 26 January 1881 while he was out sketching. He sketched the Great Fire at Hisamatsu-chō of 11 February, and these fires became the basis of well-received prints such as Fire at Ryogoku from Hama-cho and Outbreak of Fire Seen from Hisamatsu-cho.[3] Demand for his prints decreased in the 1880s and Kiyochika turned to comic images for newspapers.[2] The Dandan-sha publishing company employed him from late 1881, and caricatures of his appeared in each issue of the satirical Marumaru Chinbun [ja] from August 1882. He continued to produce prints, but at a less frequent pace.[3]These were produced primarily from 1876 to 1881; Kiyochika would continue to publish ukiyo-e prints for the rest of his life, but also worked extensively in illustrations and sketches for newspapers, magazines, and books. He also produced a number of prints depicting scenes from the Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, collaborating with caption writer Koppi Dojin, penname of Nishimori Takeki (1861-1913), to contribute a number of illustrations to the propaganda series Nihon banzai hyakusen hyakushō (\"Long live Japan: 100 victories, 100 laughs\").[4][5][6]The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 saw a revival in popularity for prints and Kiyochika was one of the most prolific producers of them.[7] Thereafter the print market shrank, and Kiyochika's wife opened a business selling fans and postcards to help support them.[8] The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 provided another opportunity for such patriotic prints, but they found much less popularity by then. Kiyochika produced only eighteen triptychs and a few comic prints,[7] of generally lower quality than his earlier prints. Rather, photographs from the front dominated the market.[8]War prints\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFirst Sino-Japanese War print, 1894\"It was said the Chinese were so easily frightened that toy soldiers could make them scream.\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRusso-Japanese War print depicting Tsar Nicholas II waking from a nightmare, c. 1904–05\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Great Victory of the Japanese Navy, 1904In his later years Kiyochika gave up prints and devoted himself to painting, which he practised in a style inspired by the Shijō school.[8] His wife Yoshiko died in 1912. Kiyochika spent July to October 1915 in Nagano Prefecture and visited the Asama Onsen hot springs in Matsumoto to treat his rheumatism. On 28 November 1915 Kiyochika died at his Tokyo home in Nakazato, Kita Ward. His grave is at Ryūfuku-in Temple in Motoasakusa.[9]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKikkawa2015204-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKikkawa2015204%E2%80%93205-10"}],"text":"Kiyochika married Fujita Kinu (藤田きぬ) in April 1876;[3] they had two daughters: Kinko (銀子, b. 1878) and Tsuruko (鶴子, b. 1881). Kiyochika and Kinu separated around 1883; in 1884 he married Tajima Yoshiko (田島 芳子, d. 13 April 1912), with whom he had three more daughters: Natsuko (奈津子, b. 1886), Seiko (せい子, 1890–99), and Katsu (哥津, b. 1894).[10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unequal treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unequal_treaty"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986194,_196,_198-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986199-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986212%E2%80%93213-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986194-2"},{"link_name":"aniline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniline"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo19959-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech-Pekarik1986194-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo199523,_30,_33-15"},{"link_name":"geometric perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_perspective"},{"link_name":"chiaroscuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo19959-14"},{"link_name":"Hiroshige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshige"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo199515%E2%80%9316-16"},{"link_name":"woodblock prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriages"},{"link_name":"clock towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_tower"},{"link_name":"railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrittYamada199571-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo199512-17"},{"link_name":"fukoku kyōhei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei"},{"link_name":"Yoshitoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo199523,_26-18"},{"link_name":"shunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunga"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckland2013260-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kobayashi_Kiyochika_(1877)_Neko_to_chouchin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kobayashi_Kiyochika_(c._1879)_Suspension_Bridge_on_Castle_Grounds.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanda_Shrine_at_Dawn_LACMA_M.71.100.63.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Six_renditions_of_an_older_boy;_the_normal_countenance_is_in_Wellcome_V0047353.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tsukuba_Mountain_Seen_from_Sakura_River_at_Hitachi_LACMA_M.71.100.69.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kobayashi_Kiyochika,_Hakone_Sokokura_Yumoto._The_bridge_at_Sokokura_hot_spring,_1881.jpg"}],"text":"His caricatures in the Marumaru Chinbun probably represent Kiyochika's best-remembered work. The humour frequently targeted differences between the Japanese and foreigners, whose numbers were increasing in Japan, albeit restricted to certain locations, under the conditions of the unequal treaties the Meiji government had been coerced into signing. Kiyochika depicted foreigners as foolish and whose inexpensive modern wares he presented as aesthetically inferior to traditional domestic ones.[11] Kiyochika's open criticism of the foreign community was unusual amongst contemporary caricaturists.[12] He depicts the Russians as cowardly buffoons in his caricatures from the Russo-Japanese War period; generally they are of lower quality than his earlier cartoons.[13]Kiyochika's prints show a concern with light and shadow, most likely an influence of the Western-style painting that came in vogue in Japan in the 1870s.[2] He used a subdued palette in his prints without the harsher aniline dyes that had come into use earlier in the century.[14] His specialty was night scenes illuminated by sources within the composition, such as by lamps.[2] The colours give his prints a sombre air that discourages a clearly affirmative reading of the modernization it depicts.[15]Kiyochika employed Western-style geometric perspective, volumetric modeling, and chiaroscuro to a degree that distinguishes his work from the majority of his ukiyo-e predecessors.[14] His compositions display the influence of Hiroshige in how objects in the frame are often cut off at the edges.[16]Kiyochika's woodblock prints stand apart from those of the earlier Edo period, incorporating not only Western styles but also Western subjects, as he depicted the introduction of such things as horse-drawn carriages, clock towers, and railroads to Tokyo.[4] The modern cityscapes typically form a backdrop to human comings-and-goings rather than the focus itself[17] and appear to observe rather than celebrate or deny Meiji industrial modernization and its promotion of fukoku kyōhei (\"enrich the state, strengthen the military\"); in contrast, Kiyochika's contemporary Yoshitoshi with his samurai battle prints glorified conservative values against the ideals of Westernization.[18]During the Edo period most ukiyo-e artists regularly produced shunga erotic pictures, despite government censorship. In the Meiji period censorship became stricter as the government wanted to present a Japan that met the moral expectations of the West, and production of shunga became scarce. Kiyochika is one of the artists not known to have produced any erotic art.[19]Cat and lantern, 1877\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSuspension Bridge on Castle Grounds, c. 1879\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKanda Shrine at Dawn, 1880\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSix renditions of an older boy, 1884\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTsukuba Mountain Seen from Sakura River at Hitachi, 1897\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHakone Sokokura Yumoto. The bridge at Sokokura hot spring, 1881","title":"Style and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane1962293%E2%80%93294-20"},{"link_name":"Tsuchiya Kōitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuchiya_Koitsu"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerritt199064-21"},{"link_name":"Richard Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Douglas_Lane"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane1962292-22"},{"link_name":"Hiroshige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshige"},{"link_name":"Kuniyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi"},{"link_name":"Kunisada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunisada"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane1962293-23"}],"text":"Kiyochika's depictions of the Westernization of Meiji Japan has both benefited and hindered later assessment of his work; it disappoints collectors looking for an idealized Japan of old that lures many to ukiyo-e, while it provides a historical record of the radical changes of the time.[20]Tsuchiya Kōitsu became a student of Kiyochika's and used dramatic lighting effects inspired by Kiyochika's in his work; he worked in the Kobayashi's home for nineteen years.[21]Richard Lane wrote that Kiyochika could represent \"either the last important ukiyo-e master, or the first noteworthy print artist of modern Japan\", but that \"it is probably most accurate to regard him as an anachronistic survival from an earlier age, a minor hero whose best efforts to adapt ukiyo-e to the new world of Meiji Japan were not quite enough\".[22] He considered Kiyochika's best works to fall short of Hiroshige's greatest, but to be on par with the best of Kuniyoshi and Kunisada.[23]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Martin's Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press"},{"link_name":"Japan Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Review"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41959827","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41959827"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-86152-480-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86152-480-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-86152-480-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86152-480-6"},{"link_name":"Lane, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Douglas_Lane"},{"link_name":"Doubleday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Lane, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Douglas_Lane"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780192114471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192114471"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5246796","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5246796"},{"link_name":"The conundrum of Japan's modernization: an examination of enlightenment prints of the 1870s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/3984/ubc_1995-0480.pdf?sequence=1"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Weatherhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhill"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8348-0209-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-0209-4"},{"link_name":"University of Hawaii Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-1200-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1200-3"},{"link_name":"Guide to Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints, 1900–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6ZjqDb-zwVQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-1732-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1732-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-86152-480-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86152-480-6"}],"text":"Boscaro, Andrea; Gatti, Franco; Raveri, Massimo (1990). Rethinking Japan: Literature, Visual Arts & Linguistics. St. Martin's Press.\nBuckland, Rosina (2013). \"Shunga in the Meiji Era: The End of a Tradition?\". Japan Review (26): 259–76. JSTOR 41959827.\nKatō, Yōsuke (2015). \"小林清親の画業\" [The works of Kobayashiu Kiyochika]. Kobayashi Kiyochika: Bunmei kaika no hikari to kage wo mitsumete 小林清親: 文明開化の光と影をみつめて [Kobayashi Kiyochika: Gazing at the light and shadow of Meiji-period modernization] (in Japanese). Seigensha. pp. 194–197. ISBN 978-4-86152-480-6.\nKikkawa, Hideki (2015). \"小林清親年譜\" [Kobayashi Kiyochika chronology]. Kobayashi Kiyochika: Bunmei kaika no hikari to kage wo mitsumete 小林清親: 文明開化の光と影をみつめて [Kobayashi Kiyochika: Gazing at the light and shadow of Meiji-period modernization] (in Japanese). Seigensha. pp. 203–205. ISBN 978-4-86152-480-6.\nLane, Richard (1962). Masters of the Japanese Print: Their World and Their Work. Doubleday.[ISBN missing]\nLane, Richard (1978). Images from the Floating World: The Japanese Print. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192114471. OCLC 5246796.\nLo, Teresa Wing-Yan (1995). The conundrum of Japan's modernization: an examination of enlightenment prints of the 1870s (PDF) (Master of Arts). University of British Columbia.\nMeech-Pekarik, Julia (1986). The World of the Meiji Print: Impressions of a New Civilization. Weatherhill. ISBN 978-0-8348-0209-4.\nMerritt, Helen (1990). Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints: The Early Years. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1200-3.\nMerritt, Helen; Yamada, Nanako (1995). Guide to Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints, 1900–1975. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1732-9.\nYamamoto, Kazuko (2015). \"浮世絵版画の死と再生―清親の評価の変遷\" [The death and rebirth of ukiyo-e woodblock prints: changes in the assessment of Kiyochika]. Kobayashi Kiyochika: Bunmei kaika no hikari to kage wo mitsumete 小林清親: 文明開化の光と影をみつめて [Kobayashi Kiyochika: Gazing at the light and shadow of Meiji-period modernization] (in Japanese). Seigensha. pp. 198–202. ISBN 978-4-86152-480-6.","title":"Works cited"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23339701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/23339701"},{"link_name":"Kobayashi Kiyochika: An Ukiyo-e Artist of the Meiji Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hRnSXwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89951-073-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89951-073-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-434-13892-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-434-13892-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43079094","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43079094"}],"text":"Sakai, Tadayasu (1978). Kaika no ukiyoeshi Kiyochika 開化の浮世絵師 清親 [Kiyochika, artist of Meiji-period modernization]. Serika Shobō. OCLC 23339701.\nSamonides, William Harry (1981). Kobayashi Kiyochika: An Ukiyo-e Artist of the Meiji Period (B.A.). Harvard College.\nSmith, Henry DeWitt; Tai, Susan (1988). Kiyochika, artist of Meiji Japan. Santa Barbara Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-89951-073-6.\nSugawara, Mayumi (2009). Ukiyo-e hanga no jūkyū seiki: fūkei no jikan, rekishi no kūkan 浮世絵版画の十九世紀: 風景の時間、歴史の空間 [Ukiyo-e prints of the 19th century: time of landscapes, space of history] (in Japanese). Brücke. ISBN 978-4-434-13892-8.\nYoshida, Susugu (1977). Kiyochika: Saigo no ukiyoeshi 小林清親 : 最後の浮世絵師 [Kobayashi Kiyochika: The last ukiyo-e artist]. Katatsumurisha. OCLC 43079094.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Farewell Present of Useful White Flag, Which Russian General's Wife Thoughtfully Gives When He Leaves for Front, Telling Him to Use It As Soon As He Sees Japanese Army\". World Digital Library. Retrieved 24 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6583/","url_text":"\"Farewell Present of Useful White Flag, Which Russian General's Wife Thoughtfully Gives When He Leaves for Front, Telling Him to Use It As Soon As He Sees Japanese Army\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuropatkin Secures Safety - Your Flag Does Not Work, Try Another\". World Digital Library. Retrieved 24 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6588/#q=Kobayashi+Kiyochika&qla=en","url_text":"\"Kuropatkin Secures Safety - Your Flag Does Not Work, Try Another\""}]},{"reference":"Boscaro, Andrea; Gatti, Franco; Raveri, Massimo (1990). Rethinking Japan: Literature, Visual Arts & Linguistics. St. Martin's Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"}]},{"reference":"Buckland, Rosina (2013). \"Shunga in the Meiji Era: The End of a Tradition?\". Japan Review (26): 259–76. JSTOR 41959827.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Review","url_text":"Japan Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41959827","url_text":"41959827"}]},{"reference":"Katō, Yōsuke (2015). \"小林清親の画業\" [The works of Kobayashiu Kiyochika]. Kobayashi Kiyochika: Bunmei kaika no hikari to kage wo mitsumete 小林清親: 文明開化の光と影をみつめて [Kobayashi Kiyochika: Gazing at the light and shadow of Meiji-period modernization] (in Japanese). Seigensha. pp. 194–197. ISBN 978-4-86152-480-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86152-480-6","url_text":"978-4-86152-480-6"}]},{"reference":"Kikkawa, Hideki (2015). \"小林清親年譜\" [Kobayashi Kiyochika chronology]. Kobayashi Kiyochika: Bunmei kaika no hikari to kage wo mitsumete 小林清親: 文明開化の光と影をみつめて [Kobayashi Kiyochika: Gazing at the light and shadow of Meiji-period modernization] (in Japanese). Seigensha. pp. 203–205. ISBN 978-4-86152-480-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86152-480-6","url_text":"978-4-86152-480-6"}]},{"reference":"Lane, Richard (1962). Masters of the Japanese Print: Their World and Their Work. Doubleday.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Douglas_Lane","url_text":"Lane, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)","url_text":"Doubleday"}]},{"reference":"Lane, Richard (1978). Images from the Floating World: The Japanese Print. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192114471. OCLC 5246796.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Douglas_Lane","url_text":"Lane, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192114471","url_text":"9780192114471"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5246796","url_text":"5246796"}]},{"reference":"Lo, Teresa Wing-Yan (1995). The conundrum of Japan's modernization: an examination of enlightenment prints of the 1870s (PDF) (Master of Arts). University of British Columbia.","urls":[{"url":"https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/3984/ubc_1995-0480.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"The conundrum of Japan's modernization: an examination of enlightenment prints of the 1870s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia","url_text":"University of British Columbia"}]},{"reference":"Meech-Pekarik, Julia (1986). The World of the Meiji Print: Impressions of a New Civilization. Weatherhill. ISBN 978-0-8348-0209-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhill","url_text":"Weatherhill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-0209-4","url_text":"978-0-8348-0209-4"}]},{"reference":"Merritt, Helen (1990). Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints: The Early Years. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1200-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press","url_text":"University of Hawaii Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1200-3","url_text":"978-0-8248-1200-3"}]},{"reference":"Merritt, Helen; Yamada, Nanako (1995). Guide to Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints, 1900–1975. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1732-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZjqDb-zwVQC","url_text":"Guide to Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints, 1900–1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1732-9","url_text":"978-0-8248-1732-9"}]},{"reference":"Yamamoto, Kazuko (2015). \"浮世絵版画の死と再生―清親の評価の変遷\" [The death and rebirth of ukiyo-e woodblock prints: changes in the assessment of Kiyochika]. Kobayashi Kiyochika: Bunmei kaika no hikari to kage wo mitsumete 小林清親: 文明開化の光と影をみつめて [Kobayashi Kiyochika: Gazing at the light and shadow of Meiji-period modernization] (in Japanese). Seigensha. pp. 198–202. ISBN 978-4-86152-480-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86152-480-6","url_text":"978-4-86152-480-6"}]},{"reference":"Sakai, Tadayasu (1978). Kaika no ukiyoeshi Kiyochika 開化の浮世絵師 清親 [Kiyochika, artist of Meiji-period modernization]. Serika Shobō. OCLC 23339701.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23339701","url_text":"23339701"}]},{"reference":"Samonides, William Harry (1981). Kobayashi Kiyochika: An Ukiyo-e Artist of the Meiji Period (B.A.). Harvard College.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hRnSXwAACAAJ","url_text":"Kobayashi Kiyochika: An Ukiyo-e Artist of the Meiji Period"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College","url_text":"Harvard College"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Henry DeWitt; Tai, Susan (1988). Kiyochika, artist of Meiji Japan. Santa Barbara Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-89951-073-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Santa Barbara Museum of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89951-073-6","url_text":"978-0-89951-073-6"}]},{"reference":"Sugawara, Mayumi (2009). Ukiyo-e hanga no jūkyū seiki: fūkei no jikan, rekishi no kūkan 浮世絵版画の十九世紀: 風景の時間、歴史の空間 [Ukiyo-e prints of the 19th century: time of landscapes, space of history] (in Japanese). Brücke. ISBN 978-4-434-13892-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-434-13892-8","url_text":"978-4-434-13892-8"}]},{"reference":"Yoshida, Susugu (1977). Kiyochika: Saigo no ukiyoeshi 小林清親 : 最後の浮世絵師 [Kobayashi Kiyochika: The last ukiyo-e artist]. Katatsumurisha. OCLC 43079094.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43079094","url_text":"43079094"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarter_Highway
New Jersey Route 21
["1 Route description","2 History","2.1 Original surface road","2.2 Freeway","2.3 Newark section improvements","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Route map: State highway in northern New Jersey, US Route 21Route informationMaintained by NJDOTLength14.35 mi (23.09 km)Existed1927–presentMajor junctionsSouth end I-78 / US 1-9 / US 22 in NewarkMajor intersections Route 27 in Newark I-280 in Newark Route 7 / CR 506 in Belleville Route 3 in Clifton North end US 46 / Route 20 in Clifton LocationCountryUnited StatesStateNew JerseyCountiesEssex, Passaic Highway system New Jersey State Highway Routes Interstate US State Scenic Byways ← Route 20→ US 22 Route 21 is a state highway in northern New Jersey, running 14.35 mi (23.09 km) from the Newark Airport Interchange with U.S. Route 1/9 (US 1-9) and US 22 in Newark, Essex County to an interchange with US 46 in Clifton, Passaic County. The route is a four- to six-lane divided highway known as McCarter Highway on its southern portion in Newark that serves as a connector between the Newark and Paterson areas, following the west bank of the Passaic River for much of its length. It also serves as the main north–south highway through the central part of Newark, connecting attractions in Downtown Newark with Newark Airport. The portion of Route 21 through Newark is a surface arterial that runs alongside the elevated Northeast Corridor rail line through the southern part of the city and continues north through Downtown Newark while the portion north of Downtown Newark is a freeway. Route 21 intersects many major roads including Interstate 78 (I-78), Route 27, and I-280 in Newark, Route 7 in Belleville, and Route 3 in Clifton. Route 21 was created in 1927 to run from Newark to Belleville. In 1948, the route was extended north to Paterson. In the 1950s construction began on the freeway portion of Route 21 and it was completed in stages between Chester Avenue in Newark and Monroe Street in Passaic between 1958 and 1973. Plans were made to extend the freeway north to I-80 in Elmwood Park; however, they were opposed by residents living on the east side of the Passaic River. In the 1980s, another northern extension of the Route 21 freeway was proposed to US 46 in Clifton; this section was built between 1997 and 2000. The surface portion of Route 21 through Newark underwent many improvements in the 1990s and 2000s. Route description Route 21 at the Gateway Center in Downtown NewarkRoute 21 heads north from the Newark Airport Interchange with U.S. Route 1/9 in Newark near the Newark Liberty International Airport on a six-lane freeway known as McCarter Highway. This portion of Route 21 serves to connect Newark Liberty with downtown Newark. The route interchanges with Interstate 78 and U.S. Route 22 and then crosses over Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Greenville Running Track, Lehigh Line, and Passaic and Harsimus Line and then Amtrak's Northeast Corridor rail line on a viaduct, coming to an interchange with Broad Street that provides access to Frelinghuysen Ave./Route 27. The route continues north, paralleling the elevated Northeast Corridor tracks that lead up to Newark Penn Station, which serves Amtrak and NJ Transit trains. At the Emmet Street intersection, Route 21 becomes a four-lane surface road and intersects Murray Street, which provides access to the Ironbound neighborhood of Newark. This section of Route 21 through the southern part of Newark has a high accident rate due to the heavy concentration of businesses and traffic lights along this portion of road. The road widens to six lanes and the route intersects County Route 510 (Market Street) near Newark Penn Station and continues north into downtown Newark, splitting from the Northeast Corridor rail line. It crosses Raymond Boulevard and the route meets County Route 508 (Center Street), with which it forms a concurrency. Route 21 southbound in North Newark, along the Passaic River. This section features the southbound lanes passing directly over the northbound lanes. The downtown Newark skyline is visible in the distance on the left. Route 21 and County Route 508 head along the west bank of the Passaic River, passing by the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. County Route 508 splits from Route 21 by heading east on Bridge Street, crossing the Passaic River, and Route 21 continues north, passing by the former site of Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium. After passing under NJ Transit's Montclair-Boonton Line/Morris & Essex Lines and interchanging with Interstate 280, the route intersects County Route 506 Spur (Clay Street). Past the intersection with 3rd Avenue, Route 21 becomes a six-lane freeway again. After about a quarter mile, the northbound side swings under the southbound side and the freeway becomes double-decker, passes by Mt. Pleasant Cemetery, and returns to single-decker configuration. It then interchanges with Chester Avenue/Riverside Avenue with a southbound exit and northbound entrance before passing over Norfolk Southern's Newark Industrial Track line. Route 21 comes to a northbound exit and southbound entrance for Grafton Avenue and Mill Street; this interchange actually connects with the original McCarter Highway, a street that retains this name and acts as a service road to Route 21 for a few blocks in this area, near several industries. Route 21 briefly becomes a double-decker freeway again past the latter interchange and passes under Norfolk Southern's Boonton Line, before crossing into Belleville at the Second River crossing. The freeway features a southbound exit for Mill Street and a northbound exit for Route 7 and County Route 506 (Rutgers Street/Belleville Turnpike) as it passes by houses on the left side of the freeway. Route 21 features an interchange with Main Street that has a southbound exit and an entrance in both directions. It enters Nutley where the freeway interchanges with County Route 646 (Park Avenue), continuing north through residential areas along the Passaic River. Route 21 northbound approaching the interchange with Passaic's Market Street exit in Wallington. This section was built over the riverbed of the Passaic River, which was moved to the east to make way for highway construction, but the municipal boundary was never adjusted.As Route 21 crosses into Clifton, Passaic County, it passes under NJ Transit's Main Line and comes to an interchange with Route 3. North of this point, the freeway comes to a northbound exit and southbound entrance for southbound County Route 624 (River Road), passing through residential neighborhoods, and enters Passaic. In Passaic, Route 21 interchanges with County Route 608 (Brook Avenue), County Route 614 (Van Houten Avenue), and County Route 624. The route features an interchange with County Route 624 (River Drive) and County Route 601 (Main Avenue) and meets State Street at a partial interchange with a northbound exit and southbound entrance. This interchange provides access to the Union Avenue Bridge over the Passaic. Route 21 heads farther to the west of the Passaic River, passing through industrial and residential areas of Passaic. The freeway comes to an interchange that provides access to County Route 619 (Market Street), Dayton Avenue, and Monroe Street. Route 21 continues to the north and resumes along the west bank of the Passaic River, narrowing to four lanes and crossing back into Clifton. Upon entering Clifton, the route comes to an interchange with Ackerman Avenue. The freeway heads to the northwest, passing by a park and featuring a southbound exit and northbound entrance for Lexington Avenue before ending at an interchange with U.S. Route 46. History Bridge stamp for Route 21 along former alignment, which was known as Route 21A.Route 21 history starts in 1927 with the New Jersey highway renumbering plan. At that time it was set up as a surface roadway running through Newark and Belleville, with at-grade interchanges with local streets. This surface road eventually extended to Paterson. From the late 1950s through the early 1970s, much of the highway north of Newark was rebuilt as a limited-interchange freeway., through most of its portion in the City of Passaic. The remaining portion through downtown Passaic and the Botany Village portion of Clifton was not constructed until the last four years of the 20th century. Further improvements to the remaining surface portion were made to the Newark portion, though most of it remains as city streets. Original surface road Route 21 was first defined in the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering to run from Route 25 (now U.S. Route 1/9) and Route 29 (now U.S. Route 22) in Newark north to Belleville. The surface portion of Route 21 in Newark, which follows the Northeast Corridor rail line, was commissioned in 1934 between Routes 25 and 29 and Market Street and the portion through downtown Newark was commissioned in 1936 between Market Street and Clay Street. Route 19 was designated in 1939 from Paterson to Belleville. In 1948, the Route 21 designation was extended north to Paterson, replacing Route 19 (which has since been reassigned elsewhere). By Joint Resolution No. 4, approved March 22, 1934, the New Jersey Legislature designated Route 21 as the McCarter Highway, in memory of Newark financier and philanthropist Uzal Haggerty McCarter. Freeway Plans for a freeway along the Route 21 corridor between Newark and Paterson date back to the early 1930s and became official in 1951. In 1958, the highway was extended northward as a freeway along the west bank of the Passaic River to an interchange with Park Avenue in Nutley. Route 21 was extended to the Passaic Park interchange in 1962, Main Avenue in 1968, and Monroe Street in 1973. 1970s legislation stopped the further extension northward until environmental impact could be assessed, leaving a two-mile city street portion in place to connect to routes 20, 46, and Interstate 80 in Paterson for over 25 years. With the completion of the freeway to Monroe Street, a portion of the former route was briefly known as Route 21A. View north along Route 21 at Exit 8 in Nutley According to the original freeway plans, the portion north of Monroe Street was to cross over the Passaic River and terminated in Elmwood Park at the interchange of Interstate 80 and County Route 507. This routing would have allowed the highway continue with six full lanes. However, the proposal was opposed by residents who lived on the east side of the Passaic River, and for a quarter-century, traffic headed for Paterson had to use local streets in Passaic. In the 1980s, plans were resurrected for completing the Route 21 freeway along the west bank of the Passaic River to U.S. Route 46 in Clifton, avoiding the earlier objections. Official plans were made in 1996, and in late 1997, construction began on this portion of the freeway. It opened on December 20, 2000 at a cost of $136 million. However, this new route was limited mostly to four lanes (three lanes at the very northern end), utilizing the right of way of the Dundee Canal. A wider highway would have encroached on private property or the Passaic River, entailing much greater costs. Newark section improvements Sections of Route 21 through Newark were improved in the 1990s and the 2000s. The four-lane viaduct over the Northeast Corridor, which was built in the 1920s, was replaced between 1997 and 2003 at a cost of $253 million. A major reconstruction occurred at the intersection with Interstate 280 at the William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge in Newark from 2015 to 2018. On April 27, 2018, the portion of Route 21 between mileposts 3.90 and 5.83 was dedicated the "Roberto Clemente Memorial Highway" after the late baseball legend Roberto Clemente, who wore number 21 for his entire career with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes EssexNewark0.000.00– US 1-9 south – Newark Airport, ElizabethSouthern terminus – US 22 west – HillsideSouthbound exit and northbound entrance – I-78 / US 1-9 north to I-95 / N.J. Turnpike / G.S. Parkway – New York City, Hoboken, Jersey City, ClintonSouthbound exit and northbound entrance 0.761.22–Broad Street 0.901.45Northern end of freeway section 1.101.77Murray Street – Ironbound Area 2.213.56 CR 510 west (Market Street)Eastern terminus of CR 510 2.554.10 CR 508 west (Center Street)Southern end of CR 508 concurrency 2.984.80 CR 508 east (Bridge Street) – HarrisonNorthern end of CR 508 concurrency 3.205.15 I-280 to N.J. Turnpike (I-95) – Harrison, Jersey City, The OrangesI-280 exit 15 3.375.42 CR 506 Spur west (Clay Street) 3.906.28Southern end of freeway section 4.627.444Chester Avenue / Riverside AvenueSouthbound exit and northbound entrance 5.328.565To Grafton Avenue / Mill Street – North NewarkNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; access via Main Street Belleville5.839.38Mill Street – Belleville, North NewarkSouthbound exit only; access via Main Street 6.179.936 Route 7 east / CR 506 west – Belleville, North ArlingtonNorthbound exit only; CR 506 not signed 6.7310.837Main Street – BellevilleNo northbound exit Nutley8.0012.878Nutley, LyndhurstAccess via CR 646 PassaicClifton9.2814.939 Route 3 – Clifton, Lincoln Tunnel 9.9416.0010ARiver Road (CR 624 south) – CliftonNorthbound exit and southbound entrance Passaic10.3916.7210BPassaic Park, Clifton, RutherfordSigned as exit 10 southbound; access via CR 608/CR 614/CR 624 11.2718.1411ARiver Drive (CR 624) / Main Avenue (CR 601) – PassaicSigned as exit 11 southbound 11.7418.8911BState Street – PassaicNorthbound exit and southbound entrance 12.6020.2812Market Street (CR 619) / Dayton Avenue / Monroe Street – PassaicFormer northern terminus from 1973-2000 Clifton13.5221.7613Ackerman Avenue / Randolph Avenue – Botany Village, Garfield 14.1622.7914Lexington AvenueSouthbound exit and northbound entrance 14.3523.09– US 46 east / Route 20 north to I-80 – Elmwood Park, PatersonNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus      Incomplete access See also U.S. Roads portal New Jersey portal References ^ a b c d e f g h "Route 21 straight line diagram" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 17, 2020. ^ "NJ Route 21 reconstruction.(Special Report: Transportation)". HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2008-12-07. ^ a b c d e Google (2008-12-05). "overview of New Jersey Route 21" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2008-12-05. ^ "Route 21 Newark Needs Analysis" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2008-12-07. ^ a b State of New Jersey, Laws of 1927, Chapter 319. ^ a b State of New Jersey, Laws of 1939, Chapter 200. ^ a b State of New Jersey, Laws of 1948, Chapter 235. ^ a b Page, Jeffrey (December 21, 2000). "Missing Link Is Finished After 28 Years". The Bergen Record. ^ a b "Lettiere, Lautenberg cut ribbon on final phase of Route 21 Viaduct Project". New Jersey Department of Transportation. September 15, 2003. Retrieved 2012-04-06. ^ a b "Route 280, Route 21 Interchange Improvements Project". New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 30, 2015. ^ 1927 New Jersey Road Map (Map). State of New Jersey. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2008-10-08. ^ State of New Jersey; Laws of 1934, Joint Resolution No. 4 ^ Passaic County Master Plan. Passaic County, New Jersey. 1951. ^ "CENTER OF PASSAIC WILL LOSE TRACKS; Erie-Lackawanna Rerouted to Permit Continuation of New Freeway" (PDF). ^ a b Chen, David W. (24 September 1995). "ROAD AND RAIL; in Passaic, a Road to Nowhere May be Getting Somewhere". The New York Times. ^ Waggoner, Walter H. (July 15, 1973). "Fiscal Plan To Revivify Newark Offered". The New York Times. ^ Route 21 Freeway Extension Project: Administrative Action Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Statement. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation. 1996. ^ Fitzgerald, Thomas J. and Maia Davis (June 22, 1997). "Route 21 Completion Near". The Bergen Record. ^ Staff (April 27, 2018). "A portion of Route 21 is now named in honor of Roberto Clemente". TAPinto Newark. Retrieved June 1, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Jersey Route 21. KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/New Jersey Route 21KML is from Wikidata New Jersey Roads: Route 21 NJ 21 Freeway Speed Limits for Route 21
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The route is a four- to six-lane divided highway known as McCarter Highway on its southern portion in Newark that serves as a connector between the Newark and Paterson areas, following the west bank of the Passaic River for much of its length. It also serves as the main north–south highway through the central part of Newark, connecting attractions in Downtown Newark with Newark Airport. The portion of Route 21 through Newark is a surface arterial that runs alongside the elevated Northeast Corridor rail line through the southern part of the city and continues north through Downtown Newark while the portion north of Downtown Newark is a freeway. Route 21 intersects many major roads including Interstate 78 (I-78), Route 27, and I-280 in Newark, Route 7 in Belleville, and Route 3 in Clifton.Route 21 was created in 1927 to run from Newark to Belleville. In 1948, the route was extended north to Paterson. In the 1950s construction began on the freeway portion of Route 21 and it was completed in stages between Chester Avenue in Newark and Monroe Street in Passaic between 1958 and 1973. Plans were made to extend the freeway north to I-80 in Elmwood Park; however, they were opposed by residents living on the east side of the Passaic River. In the 1980s, another northern extension of the Route 21 freeway was proposed to US 46 in Clifton; this section was built between 1997 and 2000. The surface portion of Route 21 through Newark underwent many improvements in the 1990s and 2000s.","title":"New Jersey Route 21"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-07-16_17_00_28_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_(McCarter_Highway)_at_Edison_Place_in_Newark,_Essex_County,_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gateway Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Center_(Newark)"},{"link_name":"Newark Airport Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Airport_Interchange"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 1/9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1/9"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Newark Liberty International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"downtown Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Newark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highbeam-2"},{"link_name":"Interstate 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_78_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Conrail Shared Assets Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrail_Shared_Assets_Operations"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Line_(Conrail)"},{"link_name":"Passaic and Harsimus Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_and_Harsimus_Line"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Northeast Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Route 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLD-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"},{"link_name":"Newark Penn Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(Newark)"},{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_Transit"},{"link_name":"Ironbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironbound"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njgov-4"},{"link_name":"County Route 510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_510_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"downtown Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Newark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLD-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"},{"link_name":"Raymond Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"County Route 508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_508_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLD-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021-08-08_11_55_37_View_south_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_(McCarter_Highway)_from_the_overpass_for_the_railway_near_Exit_5_in_Newark,_Essex_County,_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Passaic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_River"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Performing Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Performing_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bears_%26_Eagles_Riverfront_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Montclair-Boonton Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair-Boonton_Line"},{"link_name":"Morris & Essex Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_%26_Essex_Lines"},{"link_name":"Interstate 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_280_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"County Route 506 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_506_Spur_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern"},{"link_name":"Boonton Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonton_Line"},{"link_name":"Belleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Second River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_River_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLD-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"},{"link_name":"Route 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_7"},{"link_name":"County Route 506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_506_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Nutley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutley,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLD-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-07-24_11_15_48_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_(McCarter_Highway)_just_north_of_Exit_11_in_Wallington,_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Passaic County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Line_(NJ_Transit)"},{"link_name":"Route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Passaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Union Avenue Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Avenue_Bridge_(Passaic_River)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_46"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLD-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-3"}],"text":"Route 21 at the Gateway Center in Downtown NewarkRoute 21 heads north from the Newark Airport Interchange with U.S. Route 1/9 in Newark near the Newark Liberty International Airport on a six-lane freeway known as McCarter Highway. This portion of Route 21 serves to connect Newark Liberty with downtown Newark.[2] The route interchanges with Interstate 78 and U.S. Route 22 and then crosses over Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Greenville Running Track, Lehigh Line, and Passaic and Harsimus Line and then Amtrak's Northeast Corridor rail line on a viaduct, coming to an interchange with Broad Street that provides access to Frelinghuysen Ave./Route 27.[1][3] The route continues north, paralleling the elevated Northeast Corridor tracks that lead up to Newark Penn Station, which serves Amtrak and NJ Transit trains. At the Emmet Street intersection, Route 21 becomes a four-lane surface road and intersects Murray Street, which provides access to the Ironbound neighborhood of Newark. This section of Route 21 through the southern part of Newark has a high accident rate due to the heavy concentration of businesses and traffic lights along this portion of road.[4] The road widens to six lanes and the route intersects County Route 510 (Market Street) near Newark Penn Station and continues north into downtown Newark, splitting from the Northeast Corridor rail line.[1][3] It crosses Raymond Boulevard and the route meets County Route 508 (Center Street), with which it forms a concurrency.[1]Route 21 southbound in North Newark, along the Passaic River. This section features the southbound lanes passing directly over the northbound lanes. The downtown Newark skyline is visible in the distance on the left.Route 21 and County Route 508 head along the west bank of the Passaic River, passing by the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. County Route 508 splits from Route 21 by heading east on Bridge Street, crossing the Passaic River, and Route 21 continues north, passing by the former site of Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium. After passing under NJ Transit's Montclair-Boonton Line/Morris & Essex Lines and interchanging with Interstate 280, the route intersects County Route 506 Spur (Clay Street). Past the intersection with 3rd Avenue, Route 21 becomes a six-lane freeway again. After about a quarter mile, the northbound side swings under the southbound side and the freeway becomes double-decker, passes by Mt. Pleasant Cemetery, and returns to single-decker configuration. It then interchanges with Chester Avenue/Riverside Avenue with a southbound exit and northbound entrance before passing over Norfolk Southern's Newark Industrial Track line. Route 21 comes to a northbound exit and southbound entrance for Grafton Avenue and Mill Street; this interchange actually connects with the original McCarter Highway, a street that retains this name and acts as a service road to Route 21 for a few blocks in this area, near several industries. Route 21 briefly becomes a double-decker freeway again past the latter interchange and passes under Norfolk Southern's Boonton Line, before crossing into Belleville at the Second River crossing.[1][3] The freeway features a southbound exit for Mill Street and a northbound exit for Route 7 and County Route 506 (Rutgers Street/Belleville Turnpike) as it passes by houses on the left side of the freeway. Route 21 features an interchange with Main Street that has a southbound exit and an entrance in both directions. It enters Nutley where the freeway interchanges with County Route 646 (Park Avenue), continuing north through residential areas along the Passaic River.[1][3]Route 21 northbound approaching the interchange with Passaic's Market Street exit in Wallington. This section was built over the riverbed of the Passaic River, which was moved to the east to make way for highway construction, but the municipal boundary was never adjusted.As Route 21 crosses into Clifton, Passaic County, it passes under NJ Transit's Main Line and comes to an interchange with Route 3. North of this point, the freeway comes to a northbound exit and southbound entrance for southbound County Route 624 (River Road), passing through residential neighborhoods, and enters Passaic. In Passaic, Route 21 interchanges with County Route 608 (Brook Avenue), County Route 614 (Van Houten Avenue), and County Route 624. The route features an interchange with County Route 624 (River Drive) and County Route 601 (Main Avenue) and meets State Street at a partial interchange with a northbound exit and southbound entrance. This interchange provides access to the Union Avenue Bridge over the Passaic. Route 21 heads farther to the west of the Passaic River, passing through industrial and residential areas of Passaic. The freeway comes to an interchange that provides access to County Route 619 (Market Street), Dayton Avenue, and Monroe Street. Route 21 continues to the north and resumes along the west bank of the Passaic River, narrowing to four lanes and crossing back into Clifton. Upon entering Clifton, the route comes to an interchange with Ackerman Avenue. The freeway heads to the northwest, passing by a park and featuring a southbound exit and northbound entrance for Lexington Avenue before ending at an interchange with U.S. Route 46.[1][3]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NJ_21_bridge_stamp.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nj1927-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nj1939-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nj1948-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njdot91503-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"}],"text":"Bridge stamp for Route 21 along former alignment, which was known as Route 21A.Route 21 history starts in 1927 with the New Jersey highway renumbering plan.[5][6] At that time it was set up as a surface roadway running through Newark and Belleville, with at-grade interchanges with local streets. This surface road eventually extended to Paterson.[7]From the late 1950s through the early 1970s, much of the highway north of Newark was rebuilt as a limited-interchange freeway., through most of its portion in the City of Passaic. The remaining portion through downtown Passaic and the Botany Village portion of Clifton was not constructed until the last four years of the 20th century.[8]Further improvements to the remaining surface portion were made to the Newark portion, though most of it remains as city streets.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_New_Jersey_state_highway_renumbering"},{"link_name":"Route 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_25"},{"link_name":"Route 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nj1927-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Map-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nj1939-6"},{"link_name":"Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nj1948-7"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Original surface road","text":"Route 21 was first defined in the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering to run from Route 25 (now U.S. Route 1/9) and Route 29 (now U.S. Route 22) in Newark north to Belleville.[5][11] The surface portion of Route 21 in Newark, which follows the Northeast Corridor rail line, was commissioned in 1934 between Routes 25 and 29 and Market Street and the portion through downtown Newark was commissioned in 1936 between Market Street and Clay Street. Route 19 was designated in 1939 from Paterson to Belleville.[6] In 1948, the Route 21 designation was extended north to Paterson, replacing Route 19 (which has since been reassigned elsewhere).[7]By Joint Resolution No. 4, approved March 22, 1934, the New Jersey Legislature designated Route 21 as the McCarter Highway, in memory of Newark financier and philanthropist Uzal Haggerty McCarter.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Interstate 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-03_14_34_28_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_(McCarter_Highway)_at_Exit_8_(Nutley,_Lyndhurst)_in_Nutley_Township,_Essex_County,_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elmwood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmwood_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"County Route 507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_507_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Dundee Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_Canal"}],"sub_title":"Freeway","text":"Plans for a freeway along the Route 21 corridor between Newark and Paterson date back to the early 1930s and became official in 1951.[13] In 1958, the highway was extended northward as a freeway along the west bank of the Passaic River to an interchange with Park Avenue in Nutley. Route 21 was extended to the Passaic Park interchange in 1962,[14] Main Avenue in 1968, and Monroe Street in 1973. 1970s legislation stopped the further extension northward until environmental impact could be assessed, leaving a two-mile city street portion in place to connect to routes 20, 46, and Interstate 80 in Paterson for over 25 years.[15]With the completion of the freeway to Monroe Street, a portion of the former route was briefly known as Route 21A.[16][failed verification]View north along Route 21 at Exit 8 in NutleyAccording to the original freeway plans, the portion north of Monroe Street was to cross over the Passaic River and terminated in Elmwood Park at the interchange of Interstate 80 and County Route 507. This routing would have allowed the highway continue with six full lanes. However, the proposal was opposed by residents who lived on the east side of the Passaic River, and for a quarter-century, traffic headed for Paterson had to use local streets in Passaic.In the 1980s, plans were resurrected for completing the Route 21 freeway along the west bank of the Passaic River to U.S. Route 46 in Clifton, avoiding the earlier objections.[15] Official plans were made in 1996, and in late 1997, construction began on this portion of the freeway.[17][18] It opened on December 20, 2000 at a cost of $136 million.[8] However, this new route was limited mostly to four lanes (three lanes at the very northern end), utilizing the right of way of the Dundee Canal. A wider highway would have encroached on private property or the Passaic River, entailing much greater costs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njdot91503-9"},{"link_name":"William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Stickel_Memorial_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"Roberto Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Clemente"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Newark section improvements","text":"Sections of Route 21 through Newark were improved in the 1990s and the 2000s. The four-lane viaduct over the Northeast Corridor, which was built in the 1920s, was replaced between 1997 and 2003 at a cost of $253 million.[9] A major reconstruction occurred at the intersection with Interstate 280 at the William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge in Newark from 2015 to 2018.[10]On April 27, 2018, the portion of Route 21 between mileposts 3.90 and 5.83 was dedicated the \"Roberto Clemente Memorial Highway\" after the late baseball legend Roberto Clemente, who wore number 21 for his entire career with the Pittsburgh Pirates.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]
[{"image_text":"Route 21 at the Gateway Center in Downtown Newark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2018-07-16_17_00_28_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_%28McCarter_Highway%29_at_Edison_Place_in_Newark%2C_Essex_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-2018-07-16_17_00_28_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_%28McCarter_Highway%29_at_Edison_Place_in_Newark%2C_Essex_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Route 21 southbound in North Newark, along the Passaic River. This section features the southbound lanes passing directly over the northbound lanes. The downtown Newark skyline is visible in the distance on the left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2021-08-08_11_55_37_View_south_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_%28McCarter_Highway%29_from_the_overpass_for_the_railway_near_Exit_5_in_Newark%2C_Essex_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Route 21 northbound approaching the interchange with Passaic's Market Street exit in Wallington. This section was built over the riverbed of the Passaic River, which was moved to the east to make way for highway construction, but the municipal boundary was never adjusted.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2018-07-24_11_15_48_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_%28McCarter_Highway%29_just_north_of_Exit_11_in_Wallington%2C_Bergen_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-2018-07-24_11_15_48_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_%28McCarter_Highway%29_just_north_of_Exit_11_in_Wallington%2C_Bergen_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bridge stamp for Route 21 along former alignment, which was known as Route 21A.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NJ_21_bridge_stamp.jpg/220px-NJ_21_bridge_stamp.jpg"},{"image_text":"View north along Route 21 at Exit 8 in Nutley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/2020-09-03_14_34_28_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_%28McCarter_Highway%29_at_Exit_8_%28Nutley%2C_Lyndhurst%29_in_Nutley_Township%2C_Essex_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-2020-09-03_14_34_28_View_north_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_21_%28McCarter_Highway%29_at_Exit_8_%28Nutley%2C_Lyndhurst%29_in_Nutley_Township%2C_Essex_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg"}]
[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"New Jersey portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey"}]
[{"reference":"\"Route 21 straight line diagram\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/pdf/00000021__-.pdf","url_text":"\"Route 21 straight line diagram\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New Jersey Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"NJ Route 21 reconstruction.(Special Report: Transportation)\". HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2008-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022151030/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133016275.html","url_text":"\"NJ Route 21 reconstruction.(Special Report: Transportation)\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133016275.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (2008-12-05). \"overview of New Jersey Route 21\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2008-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&saddr=route+1-9+and+route+21+newark,+nj&daddr=route+21+and+route+46+clifton,+nj&hl=en&geocode=&mra=ls&sll=40.889185,-74.144583&sspn=0.028809,0.054932&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=11","url_text":"\"overview of New Jersey Route 21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 21 Newark Needs Analysis\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2008-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.gov/transportation/works/studies/rte21newark/pdf/may2006newsletter.pdf","url_text":"\"Route 21 Newark Needs Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New Jersey Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Page, Jeffrey (December 21, 2000). \"Missing Link Is Finished After 28 Years\". The Bergen Record.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lettiere, Lautenberg cut ribbon on final phase of Route 21 Viaduct Project\". New Jersey Department of Transportation. September 15, 2003. Retrieved 2012-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/about/press/2003/091503.shtm","url_text":"\"Lettiere, Lautenberg cut ribbon on final phase of Route 21 Viaduct Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"New Jersey Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 280, Route 21 Interchange Improvements Project\". New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/roads/rte280rte21interchange/fd.shtm","url_text":"\"Route 280, Route 21 Interchange Improvements Project\""}]},{"reference":"1927 New Jersey Road Map (Map). State of New Jersey. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2008-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031111034/http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927_routes.gif","url_text":"1927 New Jersey Road Map"},{"url":"http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927_routes.gif","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Passaic County Master Plan. Passaic County, New Jersey. 1951.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"CENTER OF PASSAIC WILL LOSE TRACKS; Erie-Lackawanna Rerouted to Permit Continuation of New Freeway\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/06/30/80407180.pdf","url_text":"\"CENTER OF PASSAIC WILL LOSE TRACKS; Erie-Lackawanna Rerouted to Permit Continuation of New Freeway\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, David W. (24 September 1995). \"ROAD AND RAIL; in Passaic, a Road to Nowhere May be Getting Somewhere\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/24/nyregion/road-and-rail-in-passaic-a-road-to-nowhere-may-be-getting-somewhere.html","url_text":"\"ROAD AND RAIL; in Passaic, a Road to Nowhere May be Getting Somewhere\""}]},{"reference":"Waggoner, Walter H. (July 15, 1973). \"Fiscal Plan To Revivify Newark Offered\". The New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Route 21 Freeway Extension Project: Administrative Action Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Statement. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation. 1996.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fitzgerald, Thomas J. and Maia Davis (June 22, 1997). \"Route 21 Completion Near\". The Bergen Record.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Staff (April 27, 2018). \"A portion of Route 21 is now named in honor of Roberto Clemente\". TAPinto Newark. Retrieved June 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tapinto.net/towns/newark/articles/a-portion-of-route-21-is-now-named-in-honor-of-ro","url_text":"\"A portion of Route 21 is now named in honor of Roberto Clemente\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Office_of_Special_Counsel_(disambiguation)
United States Office of Special Counsel (disambiguation)
[]
The United States Office of Special Counsel is an independent U.S. government agency that protects civil service employees from unfair personnel practices. Other offices with similar names include: Special Counsel, formally known as Special Prosecutor, charged with investigating alleged misconduct in the Executive Branch U.S. Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel, the predecessor to the United States Office of Special Counsel Office of Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices, within the U.S. Department of Justice White House Counsel (also called Counsel to the President), a staff appointee of the President of the United States Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title United States Office of Special Counsel.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e_database
Base Mérimée
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
French database of monuments The Base Mérimée (French pronunciation: ) is the database of French monumental and architectural heritage, created and maintained by the French Ministry of Culture. It was created in 1978, and placed online in 1995. The database is periodically updated, and contains more than 320,000 entries as of October 2020. It covers religious, domestic, agricultural, educational, military and industrial architecture, and is subdivided into three domains: historical monuments, general inventory, and architecture (including remarkable contemporary architecture). The database was named after writer, historian and inspector-general of historical monuments Prosper Mérimée, who published the first survey of historic monuments in 1840. See also Base Palissy, database of French movable heritage List of heritage registers globally Monument historique, the official classification for French historic monuments References ^ a b "Mérimée : une base de données du patrimoine monumental français de la Préhistoire à nos jours". Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 13 December 2020. ^ "Prosper Mérimée: sauveur de patrimoine". Balades et Patrimoine. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2020. External links Media related to Base Mérimée at Wikimedia Commons Official website Search engine Base Mérimée This article about a French building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This website-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Le_Conte
John LeConte
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 References","4 External links"]
American scientist and academic (1818-1891) For the naturalist, see John Eatton Le Conte. For the entomologist, see John Lawrence LeConte. Professor John LeConte John LeConte (December 4, 1818 – April 29, 1891) was an American scientist and academic. He served as president of the University of California from 1869 to 1870 and from 1875 to 1881. Biography LeConte was born in Liberty County, Georgia, to Louis Le Conte, patriarch of the noted LeConte family. He attended Franklin College at the University of Georgia where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society and graduated in 1838. His younger brother Joseph LeConte also attended the university. Like many of his immediate relatives, LeConte studied medicine at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons and earned his M.D. in 1842. During this time, LeConte married Eleanor Josephine Graham. He practiced medicine until 1846 when he returned to the University of Georgia as a professor of physics and chemistry and taught there until 1855. His next academic position was at the University of South Carolina as professor of physics and chemistry from 1856 until 1869. In March 1869, he moved to Oakland, California, to join the faculty of the newly established University of California as a professor of physics. In June 1869, he was appointed acting president of the university, serving until Henry Durant became the president in 1870. In September 1869, his brother Joseph arrived in California to join the faculty of the university as a professor of geology. LeConte was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1873 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1878. LeConte was appointed acting president of the university a second time until June 1876, when he was elected president. In 1881 LeConte tendered his resignation as president of the university, asking to be returned to his faculty position. LeConte died at his home in Berkeley on April 29, 1891, while still active as a professor of physics. Legacy LeConte contributed major discoveries to physics throughout the 19th century. In 1858, he demonstrated that flames are sensitive to sound, and in 1864, LeConte successfully measured the speed of sound. LeConte began studying underwater vibrations in 1882. LeConte's younger brother, Joseph, was a white supremacist, and a building named in their honour at UC Berkeley was renamed, as announced on July 7, 2020, because of Joseph's vigorous white supremacy writings in that regard. References ^ "University of California History Digital Archives: U.C. Presidents Overview". www.lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2017. ^ Walter Le Conte Stevens (November 1889). "Sketch of Prof. John Le Conte". The Popular Science Monthly. 36: 112–120. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-04-30. ^ Hilgand, J.E. "National Academy of Sciences Letter" (April 26, 1878). Francis Amasa Walker Papers, Box: 1, File: 1, p. 1. Cambridge, MA: Department of Distinctive Collections, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ^ "On the Influence of Musical Sounds on the Flame of a Jet of Coal Gas," , 2nd series 23 (1858): 62-67 ^ SFGATE, Katie Dowd (2020-07-07). "UC Berkeley may rename halls honoring white supremacist, anthropologist". SFGate. Retrieved 2020-10-14. ^ "UC Berkeley's LeConte and Barrows halls lose their names". 18 November 2020. ^ "Chancellor Christ on the unnaming of LeConte and Barrows halls". 18 November 2020. ^ "UC Berkeley strips the names of professors with racist views off 3 buildings". 18 November 2020. UC Berkeley Biography, John LeConte External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John LeConte. Wikisource has original works by or about:John LeConte History of the University of Georgia by Thomas Walter Reed, Thomas Walter Reed, Imprint: Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia, ca. 1949, pp.398-400 San Francisco Street Names National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir Academic offices Preceded byDaniel Coit Gilman President of the University of California 1876–1881 Succeeded byW.T. Reid vtePresidents and Chancellors of the University of California, BerkeleyPresidents Henry Durant (1870) Daniel Coit Gilman (1872) John LeConte (1875) W.T. Reid (1881) Edward S. Holden (1885) Horace Davis (1888) Martin Kellogg (1890) Benjamin Ide Wheeler (1899) David Prescott Barrows (1919) William Wallace Campbell (1923) Robert Gordon Sproul (1930) Chancellors Clark Kerr (1952) Glenn T. Seaborg (1958) Edward W. Strong (1961) Martin E. Meyerson # (1965) Roger W. Heyns (1965) Albert H. Bowker (1971) Ira Michael Heyman (1980) Chang-Lin Tien (1990) Robert M. Berdahl (1997) Robert J. Birgeneau (2004) Nicholas Dirks (2013) Carol T. Christ (2017) # denotes an interim chancellor Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Academics International Plant Names Index People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Eatton Le Conte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eatton_Le_Conte"},{"link_name":"John Lawrence LeConte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence_LeConte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Professor_John_Le_Conte.jpg"},{"link_name":"scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"}],"text":"For the naturalist, see John Eatton Le Conte. For the entomologist, see John Lawrence LeConte.Professor John LeConteJohn LeConte (December 4, 1818 – April 29, 1891) was an American scientist and academic. He served as president of the University of California from 1869 to 1870 and from 1875 to 1881.","title":"John LeConte"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Louis Le Conte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Le_Conte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franklin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_College_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Phi Kappa Literary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Literary_Society"},{"link_name":"Joseph LeConte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_LeConte"},{"link_name":"New York College of Physicians and Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons#Merger_with_the_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Henry Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Durant"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"}],"text":"LeConte was born in Liberty County, Georgia, to Louis Le Conte, patriarch of the noted LeConte family. He attended Franklin College at the University of Georgia where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society and graduated in 1838. His younger brother Joseph LeConte also attended the university.Like many of his immediate relatives, LeConte studied medicine at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons and earned his M.D. in 1842. During this time, LeConte married Eleanor Josephine Graham.[1] He practiced medicine until 1846 when he returned to the University of Georgia as a professor of physics and chemistry and taught there until 1855. His next academic position was at the University of South Carolina as professor of physics and chemistry from 1856 until 1869.In March 1869, he moved to Oakland, California, to join the faculty of the newly established University of California as a professor of physics.[2] In June 1869, he was appointed acting president of the university, serving until Henry Durant became the president in 1870. In September 1869, his brother Joseph arrived in California to join the faculty of the university as a professor of geology. LeConte was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1873[3] and the National Academy of Sciences in 1878.[4] LeConte was appointed acting president of the university a second time until June 1876, when he was elected president. In 1881 LeConte tendered his resignation as president of the university, asking to be returned to his faculty position.LeConte died at his home in Berkeley on April 29, 1891, while still active as a professor of physics.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"speed of sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound"},{"link_name":"UC Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"LeConte contributed major discoveries to physics throughout the 19th century. In 1858, he demonstrated that flames are sensitive to sound,[5] and in 1864, LeConte successfully measured the speed of sound. LeConte began studying underwater vibrations in 1882.LeConte's younger brother, Joseph, was a white supremacist, and a building named in their honour at UC Berkeley was renamed, as announced on July 7, 2020, because of Joseph's vigorous white supremacy writings in that regard.[6][7][8][9]","title":"Legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"Professor John LeConte","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Professor_John_Le_Conte.jpg/220px-Professor_John_Le_Conte.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"University of California History Digital Archives: U.C. Presidents Overview\". www.lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/uchistory/general_history/overview/presidents/#leconte","url_text":"\"University of California History Digital Archives: U.C. Presidents Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Walter Le Conte Stevens (November 1889). \"Sketch of Prof. John Le Conte\". The Popular Science Monthly. 36: 112–120.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lt4KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112","url_text":"\"Sketch of Prof. John Le Conte\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1873&year-max=1873&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Hilgand, J.E. \"National Academy of Sciences Letter\" (April 26, 1878). Francis Amasa Walker Papers, Box: 1, File: 1, p. 1. Cambridge, MA: Department of Distinctive Collections, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","urls":[{"url":"https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/805","url_text":"Francis Amasa Walker Papers"}]},{"reference":"SFGATE, Katie Dowd (2020-07-07). \"UC Berkeley may rename halls honoring white supremacist, anthropologist\". SFGate. Retrieved 2020-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/UC-Berkeley-may-rename-halls-15391117.php","url_text":"\"UC Berkeley may rename halls honoring white supremacist, anthropologist\""}]},{"reference":"\"UC Berkeley's LeConte and Barrows halls lose their names\". 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/11/18/uc-berkeleys-leconte-and-barrows-halls-lose-their-names/#:~:text=David%20Prescott%20Barrows%2C%20UC%20president,%2C%20the%20great%20historical%20race.%E2%80%9D","url_text":"\"UC Berkeley's LeConte and Barrows halls lose their names\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chancellor Christ on the unnaming of LeConte and Barrows halls\". 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/11/18/chancellor-christ-on-the-unnaming-of-leconte-and-barrows-halls/","url_text":"\"Chancellor Christ on the unnaming of LeConte and Barrows halls\""}]},{"reference":"\"UC Berkeley strips the names of professors with racist views off 3 buildings\". 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berkeleyside.com/2020/11/18/uc-berkeley-strips-the-names-of-professors-with-racist-views-off-3-buildings","url_text":"\"UC Berkeley strips the names of professors with racist views off 3 buildings\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylton_Ackerman
Hylton Ackerman
["1 References","2 External links"]
South African cricketer For his son, also named Hylton Ackerman, see H. D. Ackerman. Hylton AckermanPersonal informationFull nameHylton Michael AckermanBorn(1947-04-28)28 April 1947Springs, Transvaal, South AfricaDied2 September 2009(2009-09-02) (aged 62)Cape Town, South AfricaBattingLeft-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumRelationsHD Ackerman (son)Domestic team information YearsTeam1963/64–1965/66Border1966/67–1967/68North Eastern Transvaal1967–1971Northants1968/69–1969/70Natal1970/71–1981/82Western Province Career statistics Competition First-class List A Matches 234 74 Runs scored 12,219 1,975 Batting average 32.49 31.85 100s/50s 20/60 2/13 Top score 208 127 Balls bowled 2,477 162 Wickets 32 5 Bowling average 43.75 24.60 5 wickets in innings 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 Best bowling 4/61 3/29 Catches/stumpings 199/– 30/–Source: CricInfo, 7 January 2019 Hylton Michael Ackerman (28 April 1947 – 2 September 2009) was a South African first-class cricketer. He attended Dale College Boys' High School, where he was head boy. A hard-hitting left-hander who usually opened the batting, he made his first-class debut in 1963–64 for Border aged 16 whilst still at school. At 18 he was selected to play for South against North, a trial match for the following season's series against Australia, and scored 84; he twice played for a South African XI against the touring Australians in 1966–67 but was unable to break into the strong Test side. Mediocre form prevented his inclusion in the Test side against Australia in 1969–70. He was selected to tour Australia in 1971–72 but the tour was cancelled owing to anti-apartheid protests. He played in the replacement series, for the World XI, hitting 323 runs at 46.14. He played four successful seasons for Northamptonshire from 1968 to 1971, scoring over 5,000 runs, and continued playing for Western Province until 1981–82. After he retired he became a coach and a television commentator. His son, Hylton D. Ackerman, played Test cricket for South Africa in 1998. Ackerman died in 2009 at Cape Town, aged 62. References ^ Telford Vice, "The Man with a Gleam in His Eye" Cricinfo, 4 September 2009 ^ "How many players have started their careers with three successive fifties in ODIs?". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ^ "Hylton Ackerman dies aged 62". cricinfo.com. 2 September 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2009. External links Hylton Ackerman at ESPNcricinfo "The Man with a Gleam in His Eye" by Telford Vice vteWorld XI ODI cricketers – Rest of the World XI in Australia 1971/72 1 Sobers (c) 2 Ackerman 3 Asif Masood 4 Bedi 5 Cunis 6 Engineer (wk) 7 Gavaskar 8 Gifford 9 Greig 10 Hutton 11 Intikhab Alam 12 Kanhai 13 Lloyd 14 PM Pollock 15 RG Pollock 16 Taylor (wk) 17 Zaheer Abbas
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. D. Ackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._D._Ackerman"},{"link_name":"first-class cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Dale College Boys' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_College_Boys%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hylton D. Ackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._D._Ackerman"},{"link_name":"Test cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For his son, also named Hylton Ackerman, see H. D. Ackerman.Hylton Michael Ackerman (28 April 1947 – 2 September 2009) was a South African first-class cricketer. He attended Dale College Boys' High School, where he was head boy.A hard-hitting left-hander who usually opened the batting, he made his first-class debut in 1963–64 for Border aged 16 whilst still at school. At 18 he was selected to play for South against North, a trial match for the following season's series against Australia, and scored 84; he twice played for a South African XI against the touring Australians in 1966–67 but was unable to break into the strong Test side. Mediocre form prevented his inclusion in the Test side against Australia in 1969–70. He was selected to tour Australia in 1971–72 but the tour was cancelled owing to anti-apartheid protests. He played in the replacement series, for the World XI, hitting 323 runs at 46.14.He played four successful seasons for Northamptonshire from 1968 to 1971, scoring over 5,000 runs, and continued playing for Western Province until 1981–82. After he retired he became a coach and a television commentator.[1]His son, Hylton D. Ackerman, played Test cricket for South Africa in 1998.[2]Ackerman died in 2009 at Cape Town, aged 62.[3]","title":"Hylton Ackerman"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"How many players have started their careers with three successive fifties in ODIs?\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ask-steven-how-many-players-have-started-their-careers-with-three-successive-fifties-in-odis-1263977","url_text":"\"How many players have started their careers with three successive fifties in ODIs?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hylton Ackerman dies aged 62\". cricinfo.com. 2 September 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/423011.html","url_text":"\"Hylton Ackerman dies aged 62\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne
2010 La Flèche Wallonne
["1 Teams","2 Result","3 References","4 External links"]
Cycling race 2010 La Flèche Wallonne2010 UCI World Ranking, race 11 of 26Race detailsDates21 AprilStages1Distance198 km (123.0 mi)Winning time4h 29' 24"Results  Winner  Cadel Evans (AUS) (BMC Racing Team)  Second  Joaquim Rodríguez (ESP) (Team Katusha)  Third  Alberto Contador (ESP) (Astana)← 2009 2011 → The 2010 La Flèche Wallonne cycling race took place on 21 April 2010. It was the 74th running of the La Flèche Wallonne between Charleroi and Huy in Belgium. It was won by the World Champion Cadel Evans. Teams There were 25 teams for the 2010 La Flèche Wallonne. They were: Acqua & Sapone Ag2r–La Mondiale Androni Giocattoli Astana Bbox Bouygues Telecom BMC Racing Team Caisse d'Epargne Cervélo TestTeam Cofidis Euskaltel–Euskadi Française des Jeux Garmin–Transitions Lampre–Farnese Vini Landbouwkrediet Liquigas–Doimo Omega Pharma–Lotto Quick-Step Rabobank Team HTC–Columbia Team Katusha Team Milram Team RadioShack Team Saxo Bank Team Sky Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator Result Cyclist Team Time 1  Cadel Evans (AUS) BMC Racing Team 4h 29' 24" 2  Joaquim Rodríguez (ESP) Team Katusha s.t. 3  Alberto Contador (ESP) Astana s.t. 4  Igor Antón (ESP) Euskaltel–Euskadi +06" 5  Damiano Cunego (ITA) Lampre–Farnese Vini +09" 6  Philippe Gilbert (BEL) Omega Pharma–Lotto +11" 7  Chris Horner (USA) Team RadioShack +11" 8  Andy Schleck (LUX) † Team Saxo Bank +11" 9  Ryder Hesjedal (CAN) † Garmin–Transitions +11" 10  Michael Albasini (SUI) † Team HTC–Columbia +11" †: Alejandro Valverde finished 8th, but his results during 2010 were expunged as part of the terms of his suspension for involvement in the 2006 Operación Puerto doping case, References ^ Evans conquers the Mur de Huy ^ "The CAS imposes a two-year ban on Alejandro Valverde". CAS. 2009-05-31. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2009-05-31. External links Official website vte2010 UCI World Ranking Tour Down Under Paris–Nice Tirreno–Adriatico Milan–San Remo Volta a Catalunya Tour of Flanders Gent–Wevelgem Tour of the Basque Country Paris–Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège–Bastogne–Liège Tour de Romandie Giro d'Italia Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne Vattenfall Cyclassics Eneco Tour GP Ouest-France Vuelta a España GP de Québec GP de Montréal Giro di Lombardia vte La Fléche Wallonne / La Fléche Wallonne FéminineMen's editions 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Women's editions 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The CAS imposes a two-year ban on Alejandro Valverde\". CAS. 2009-05-31. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2009-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100605053630/http://www.tas-cas.org/en/infogenerales.asp/4-3-4242-1092-4-1-1/5-0-1092-15-1-1/","url_text":"\"The CAS imposes a two-year ban on Alejandro Valverde\""},{"url":"http://www.tas-cas.org/en/infogenerales.asp/4-3-4242-1092-4-1-1/5-0-1092-15-1-1/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_Boulevard
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
["1 Description","1.1 Southernmost section","1.2 Central Park West","1.3 Frederick Douglass Boulevard","2 Points of interest","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"]
Route map: Avenue in Manhattan, New York For other uses, see Eighth Avenue. Template:Attached KML/Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)KML is from Wikidata Eighth Avenue in June 2013Central Park West (59th–110th Streets)Frederick Douglass Boulevard (north of 110th Street)Facing north on Eighth Avenue from 32nd StreetOwnerCity of New YorkMaintained byNYCDOTLength7.8 mi (12.6 km)LocationManhattan, New York City, U.S.South endHudson / Bleecker Streets in West VillageMajorjunctionsColumbus Circle in MidtownFrederick Douglass Circle in HarlemNorth end Harlem River Drive in Washington HeightsEastGreenwich Avenue & 4th Street (below 14th Street) Seventh Avenue (14th–59th Streets)West Drive (59th–110th Streets)Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard (above 110th Street)WestHudson Street (below 14th Street) Ninth Avenue (14th–59th Streets)Columbus Avenue (59th–100th Streets)Manhattan Avenue (100th–124th Streets)St. Nicholas Avenue (above 124th Street)ConstructionCommissionedMarch 1811 Eighth Avenue is a major north–south avenue on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic below 59th Street. It is one of the original avenues of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 to run the length of Manhattan, though today the name changes twice: At 59th Street/Columbus Circle, it becomes Central Park West, where it forms the western boundary of Central Park, and north of 110th Street/Frederick Douglass Circle, it is known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard before merging onto Harlem River Drive north of 155th Street. Description Hearst Tower at West 57th Street and Eighth Avenue Eighth Avenue begins in the West Village neighborhood at Abingdon Square (where Hudson Street becomes Eighth Avenue at an intersection with Bleecker Street) and runs north for 44 blocks through Chelsea, the Garment District, Hell's Kitchen's east end, Midtown and the Broadway theater district in the eponymous neighborhood, before it finally enters Columbus Circle at 59th Street and becomes Central Park West. North of Frederick Douglass Circle, it resumes its Eighth Avenue designation, but is also known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard. The avenue ends north of 155th Street, and merges into the Harlem River Drive. The New York City Subway's IND Eighth Avenue Line, serving the A, ​C, and ​E trains in Lower Manhattan and the A, ​B, ​C, and ​D trains in the Upper West Side, runs under Eighth Avenue. MTA Regional Bus Operations primarily operates two bus routes on the avenue. The northbound M20 serves Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle, while the M10 serves the length of Eighth Avenue north of 59th Street in its entirety. Southernmost section The southernmost section is known solely as Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle. This portion of Eighth Avenue has carried traffic one-way northbound since June 6, 1954. Since the 1990s, the stretch of Eighth Avenue that runs through Greenwich Village and its adjacent Chelsea neighborhood has been a center of the city's gay community, with bars and restaurants catering to gay men. New York City's annual gay pride parade takes place along the Greenwich Village section of Eighth Avenue. Also, along with Times Square, the portion of Eighth Avenue from 42nd Street to 50th Street was an informal red-light district in the late 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s before it was controversially renovated into a more family friendly environment under the first mayoral administration of Rudolph Giuliani. Central Park West The American Museum of Natural History at 200 Central Park West Housing cooperatives on Central Park West: The San Remo (far right), The Langham (center-right), The Dakota (center-left), and The Majestic (far left) North of Columbus Circle, the roadway becomes Central Park West (abbreviated to CPW). Unlike many Manhattan avenues, CPW has traffic running in two directions, and its address numbering system is different from that of the rest of Eighth Avenue. As its name indicates, CPW forms the western edge of Central Park. It also forms the eastern boundary of the Upper West Side. It runs 51 blocks from Columbus Circle (at 59th Street, or Central Park South) to Frederick Douglass Circle (at 110th Street, or Cathedral Parkway). The gates into Central Park along its western edge are: Merchants Gate at 59th Street, Women's Gate at 72nd, Naturalists Gate at 77th, Hunters Gate at 81st, Mariners Gate at 85th, Gate of All Saints at 96th, Boys Gate at 100th, and Strangers Gate at 106th. Central Park West's expensive housing rivals that of Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side. Several notable residences on Central Park West include: The Dakota, where John Lennon lived with current resident Yoko Ono, and outside of which he was murdered in 1980 The San Remo, home to Demi Moore, Diane Keaton, Steve Martin, and U2's Bono The El Dorado The Beresford, home to Jerry Seinfeld and Diana Ross The Langham The Century 15 Central Park West, home to Sting, Alex Rodriguez and Ekaterina Rybolovleva 41 Central Park West, home to Madonna 455 Central Park West The St. Urban The Majestic, home to some of the former heads of the Genovese crime family, including Meyer Lansky, Lucky Luciano and Frank Costello. In 1957, Vincent "The Chin" Gigante shot Frank Costello in the lobby of The Majestic in a failed assassination attempt According to The New York Times's architecture critic Paul Goldberger, the street's buildings, both the new ones like 15 Central Park West and the old ones such as The Century, "fit together the same way the ones in that hypothetical Main Street do, and for the same reason. For more than a hundred years, their architects honor the unspoken agreement to work together, to line their buildings up with each other and to work in a consistent scale with materials that are compatible." Most of these housing cooperatives were built around 1930, replacing late-19th century hotels with the same names. Some, including The Century, The San Remo, The Majestic, and The El Dorado, are twin towers. Other landmarks and institutions along its length include the New-York Historical Society and the American Museum of Natural History. The area from 61st to 97th Streets is included in the Central Park West Historic District. The building located at 55 Central Park West is the infamous "Spook Central" from the movie Ghostbusters. The famed New York City restaurant Tavern on the Green is located off Central Park West, at 66th Street, within the grounds of Central Park. In 1899, while exiting a streetcar, Henry Bliss was run over by a taxi at CPW and West 74th Street, becoming the first person to be run down and killed by a motor car in the Americas. Frederick Douglass Boulevard North of Frederick Douglass Circle at 110th Street in Harlem, it is Frederick Douglass Boulevard, though sometimes still unofficially referred to as Eighth Avenue. Frederick Douglass Boulevard eventually terminates near the Harlem River at the Harlem River Drive around West 159th Street. While Central Park West has its own address system, address numbers on Frederick Douglass Boulevard continue as if Central Park West had used Eighth Avenue's numbering system. The corridor along Frederick Douglass Boulevard was rezoned in 2003, allowing for larger residential buildings of greater density, and resulting in the construction of condominiums, rental buildings, restaurants, and cafes. Formerly described as having urban blight, it is now gentrified, especially in the restaurants along its route, giving it the nickname "Restaurant Row". This gentrification is partly due to massive city investment. According to The New York Times the demographic too has changed: A 2007–2011 census survey estimated that 61 percent of the 57,897 people living along and around Eighth were black, down from 74 percent in 2000. The share of whites jumped to 12.4 percent from 2.3 percent. Median household income rose 28 percent, to $34,694. Points of interest The Fashion Institute of Technology (at 26th/27th Streets) Madison Square Garden and Penn Station (between 31st and 33rd Streets) James Farley Post Office The New York Times Building at 40th Street The Port Authority Bus Terminal (between 40th and 42nd Streets) One Worldwide Plaza Hearst Tower Soros Foundation and Open Society Institute headquarters on West 59th Street 111 Eighth Avenue, the Art Deco former Inland Freight Terminal of the Port Authority, is the eighth-largest commercial structure in Manhattan, hosting the East Coast headquarters of Google. Gallery The north building of the Port Authority Bus Terminal at West 42nd Street The James A. Farley Building, between West 31st and 33rd Street, the location of Moynihan Train Hall, an expansion of Penn Station The original New York Cancer Hospital, built between 1884 and 1886, now housing, at 455 Central Park West and 106th Street The former Inland Freight Terminal at 111 Eighth Avenue, now home to Google Police station at 148th Street References Notes ^ Google (September 13, 2015). "Eighth Avenue / Central Park West / Frederick Douglass Boulevard" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 13, 2015. ^ Dougherty, Peter (2002). Tracks of the New York City Subway. Peter Dougherty. OCLC 49777633. ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021. ^ "Manhattan Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020. ^ Ingraham, Joseph (June 7, 1954). "7th and 8th Aves. Shift to One-Way". The New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2012. ^ Weiss, Shari (December 8, 2010). "Yoko Ono on anniversary of John Lennon's death: I still can't bear to leave our home at The Dakota". Daily News (New York). ^ "Lennon's murder". jfkmontreal.com. Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Clarke, Katherine, "Beresford Wants Hot Dog Vendor Off Its Corner", TheRealDeal.com, August 30, 2012 ^ a b Moritz, Owen (February 28, 2010). "A-Rod joins Sting, Denzel Washington, other rich and famous at 15 Central Park West, Owen Moritz" Archived 2010-03-02 at the Wayback Machine. Daily News (New York). ^ Na Zdarovia Dmitry Rybolovlev! Fertilizer Kingpin Buys Sandy Weill's $88 M. Penthouse, The New York Observer, December 18, 2011. ^ Gray, Christopher (August 12, 2007). "Where the Name Says It All". The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2011. ^ Burrough, Bryan. Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34. ^ Goldberger, Paul (2009). Why Architecture Matters. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 216. ISBN 9780300144307. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ Gaines, Steven. "One Apartment, 75 Years," New York Magazine, November 7, 2005. Retrieved April 3, 2007. ^ Aykroyd, Dan and Ramis, Harold. Reitman, Ivan, Director. Ghostbusters (Film). New York City: Columbia Pictures., June 8, 1984. ^ Tavern on the Green profile and articles at The New York Times ^ "Tavern on the Green". Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014. ^ Fatally hurt by automobile, The New York Times article, September 14, 1899. ^ a b Gill, John F. (December 31, 2013). "Frederick Douglass Boulevard: Newly Revived". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2014. ^ Gregory, Kia (December 3, 2012). "A Boulevard in Harlem Undergoes a Resurgence". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2014. ^ Kaminer, Michael (January 5, 2014). "Harlem's Frederick Douglass Blvd. is home to a restaurant renaissance". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 24, 2014. ^ "Commercial Real Estate; Behemoth of a Building Is Set for a Tenant Influx". The New York Times. November 19, 1997. ^ Barbanel, Josh. "Would an Aardvark Live Here?" The New York Times, September 17, 2006. Accessed December 31, 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 8th Avenue (Manhattan). 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Rice Mansion Master Apartments Hotel Paris New York Cancer Hospital The Normandy Pomander Walk Schinasi Mansion The Turin Former Apthorp Farm Astor Market Charles M. Schwab House Lincoln Arcade Somerindyck House CultureShops, restaurants Asiate Atlantic Grill Barney Greengrass Essential by Christophe Jean-Georges Lucciola Murray's Sturgeon Shop Salumeria Rosi Parmacotto Zabar's Museums American Museum of Natural History Children's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New-York Historical Society Theaters/performing arts Arclight Theatre Beacon Theatre Stand Up NY Symphony Space Triad Theatre Lincoln Center Alice Tully Hall David Geffen Hall David H. Koch Theater Rose Hall Metropolitan Opera House Vivian Beaumont Theater Walter Reade Theater Former Andanada Café des Artistes Century Theatre Dovetail Eighty One Metro Theater Mikell's Nicholas Roerich Museum A Photographer's Gallery Telepan Green spaces and recreation Central Park Damrosch Park Riverside Park Sherman Square Septuagesimo Uno Verdi Square West Side Community Garden EducationPrimary and secondary The Anderson School PS 334 Calhoun School Collegiate School Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School Dwight School Edward A. Reynolds West Side High School Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School Gateway School Innovation Diploma Plus High School Manhattan Day School PS 9 Sarah Anderson School PS 166 The School at Columbia University Solomon Schechter School of Manhattan Stephen Gaynor School Studio Maestro Trinity School Post-secondary Bard Graduate Center Fordham University School of Law William E. Macaulay Honors College Yeshivat Hadar Music schools Bloomingdale School of Music Kaufman Music Center Mannes School of Music ReligionChurches, chapels Advent Lutheran Church All Angels' Church Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church Broadway United Church of Christ Christ & Saint Stephen's Episcopal Church Church of St. Paul and St. Andrew Church of the Ascension, Roman Catholic Church of the Blessed Sacrament First Baptist Church in the City of New York First Church of Christ, Scientist Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York Holy Name of Jesus Roman Catholic Church Holy Trinity Church Holy Trinity Lutheran Church Riverside Memorial Chapel Rutgers Presbyterian Church St. Agnes Chapel Second Church of Christ, Scientist St. Gregory the Great Church St. Ignatius of Antioch Church St. Michael's Episcopal Church Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church of Manhattan West End Collegiate Church West-Park Presbyterian Church Synagogues Ansche Chesed B'nai Jeshurun Congregation Habonim Congregation Ohab Zedek Congregation Rodeph Sholom Congregation Shaare Zedek Congregation Shearith Israel Jewish Center Lincoln Square Synagogue Ramath Orah Stephen Wise Free Synagogue TransportationSubway stations 59th Street–Columbus Circle 66th Street–Lincoln Center 72nd Street/Central Park West 72nd Street/Broadway 79th Street 81st Street–Museum of Natural History 86th Street/Central Park West 86th Street/Broadway 96th Street/Central Park West 96th Street/Broadway 103rd Street/Central Park West 103rd Street/Broadway Cathedral Parkway–110th Street/Central Park West Cathedral Parkway–110th Street/Broadway Streets 66th Street 72nd Street 74th Street 79th Street 85th Street 89th Street 95th Street 96th Street Amsterdam Avenue Broadway Central Park West Columbus Avenue Columbus Circle Frederick Douglass Circle Riverside Drive West End Avenue Other New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge 79th Street Boat Basin Related topics Central Park West Historic District Manhattantown San Juan Hill See also: Manhattan Community Board 7 vteStreets of Manhattan Commissioners' Plan of 1811 List of eponymous streets in New York City List of numbered streets in Manhattan North–southMajor avenues 1st Av 2nd Av 3rd Av Lexington Av Park Av Madison Av 5th Av Broadway 6th Av (Av of the Americas) Lenox Av 7th Av (Fashion Av) 8th Av 9th Av 10th Av 11th Av 12th Av Financial District South Pearl Broad William Nassau Theatre Alley Whitehall Canyon of Heroes State West Lower East Side Allen Pike Baxter Centre Market Pl Bowery Centre Division Chrystie Coenties Slip Eldridge Elizabeth Essex Forsyth Lafayette Doyers Rivington Ludlow Mott Mulberry Orchard Park Row Spring Lower West Side Cortlandt Alley Trinity Pl Church Greenwich Hudson Jones MacDougal Patchin Pl Sullivan Gay Thompson Varick Washington W Broadway LaGuardia Pl Weehawken West Side Hwy Bank 13th Av East Village / Gramercy Ave D Ave C Ave B Ave A Asser Levy Pl Shevchenko Pl Irving Pl 4th Av Union Square E Park Av S University Pl Union Square W Midtown Beekman Pl Sutton Pl Park Av Viaduct Park Av Tunnel Vanderbilt Av Rockefeller Plz 6½ Av Great White Way Shubert Alley Dyer Av Hudson Blvd Upper East / Upper West East End Av York Av Museum Mile East Dr Center Dr West Dr Central Park W Columbus Av Amsterdam Av West End Av Riverside Dr Harlem / Wash. Hts. Pleasant Av Lenox Av (Malcolm X Blvd) Powell Blvd Douglass Blvd Morningside Dr Audubon Av St. Nicholas Av (Duarte Blvd) Claremont Av Ft. Washington Av Cabrini Blvd Sylvan Pl Tiemann Pl East–westFinancial District Bridge Stone Marketfield Beaver Exchange Pl Wall Albany Liberty Cortlandt St/Wy Maiden La Dey Fulton Vesey Ann Downtown Spruce Roosevelt Chambers E Broadway Henry Madison Cherry Worth N Moore Broome Canal Hester Grand Delancey Stanton Houston Vandam Bleecker Bond Great Jones 4th Waverly Pl Washington Square N Astor Pl Washington Mews Stuyvesant Macdougal Alley 8th St. Mark's Pl Greenwich Av Christopher Charles 14th Midtown 23rd 34th 42nd 45th (George Abbott Way) 47th 50th 51st 52nd (Swing Alley / St of Jazz) 53rd 54th 55th 57th 59th (Central Park S) Uptown 66th / Peter Jennings Way 72nd 74th 79th 85th 86th 89th 93rd 95th 96th 110th (Cathedral Pkwy / Central Park N) 116th 125th (Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd) 130th (Astor Row) 132nd 133rd 139th (Strivers' Row) 145th 155th Bogardus Pl Dyckman Plaza Lafayette IntersectionsCircles Columbus Duke Ellington Frederick Douglass Squares Chatham Cooper Duarte Duffy Foley Gramercy Park Grand Army Plz Hanover Herald Hudson Jackson Lincoln Madison Mulry Pershing Petrosino Sherman Stuyvesant Times Tompkins Union Verdi Washington Zuccotti Park Italics indicate streets no longer in existence. All entries are streets, circles, or squares unless otherwise noted See also: Manhattan address algorithm Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eighth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Avenue_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Eighth_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Commissioners' Plan of 1811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners%27_Plan_of_1811"},{"link_name":"Columbus Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Circle"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Harlem River Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_River_Drive"}],"text":"Avenue in Manhattan, New YorkFor other uses, see Eighth Avenue.Template:Attached KML/Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)KML is from WikidataEighth Avenue is a major north–south avenue on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic below 59th Street. It is one of the original avenues of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 to run the length of Manhattan, though today the name changes twice: At 59th Street/Columbus Circle, it becomes Central Park West, where it forms the western boundary of Central Park, and north of 110th Street/Frederick Douglass Circle, it is known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard before merging onto Harlem River Drive north of 155th Street.","title":"Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hearstowernyc.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hearst Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"57th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"West Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"Abingdon Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon_Square"},{"link_name":"Hudson Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Bleecker Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleecker_Street"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Garment District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Hell's Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Midtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Broadway theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theater"},{"link_name":"the eponymous neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_District,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Columbus Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Circle"},{"link_name":"Frederick Douglass Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_Circle"},{"link_name":"155th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/155th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Harlem River Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_River_Drive"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"IND Eighth Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"MTA Regional Bus Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations"},{"link_name":"M20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M20_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"M10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M10_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hearst Tower at West 57th Street and Eighth AvenueEighth Avenue begins in the West Village neighborhood at Abingdon Square (where Hudson Street becomes Eighth Avenue at an intersection with Bleecker Street) and runs north for 44 blocks through Chelsea, the Garment District, Hell's Kitchen's east end, Midtown and the Broadway theater district in the eponymous neighborhood, before it finally enters Columbus Circle at 59th Street and becomes Central Park West. North of Frederick Douglass Circle, it resumes its Eighth Avenue designation, but is also known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard. The avenue ends north of 155th Street, and merges into the Harlem River Drive.The New York City Subway's IND Eighth Avenue Line, serving the A, ​C, and ​E trains in Lower Manhattan and the A, ​B, ​C, and ​D trains in the Upper West Side, runs under Eighth Avenue.[2][3]MTA Regional Bus Operations primarily operates two bus routes on the avenue. The northbound M20 serves Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle, while the M10 serves the length of Eighth Avenue north of 59th Street in its entirety.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"gay pride parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride_parade"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"42nd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"50th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"red-light district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-light_district"},{"link_name":"family friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family-friendliness"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Giuliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Giuliani"}],"sub_title":"Southernmost section","text":"The southernmost section is known solely as Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle. This portion of Eighth Avenue has carried traffic one-way northbound since June 6, 1954.[5]Since the 1990s, the stretch of Eighth Avenue that runs through Greenwich Village and its adjacent Chelsea neighborhood has been a center of the city's gay community, with bars and restaurants catering to gay men. New York City's annual gay pride parade takes place along the Greenwich Village section of Eighth Avenue. Also, along with Times Square, the portion of Eighth Avenue from 42nd Street to 50th Street was an informal red-light district in the late 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s before it was controversially renovated into a more family friendly environment under the first mayoral administration of Rudolph Giuliani.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA-NYC-American_Museum_of_Natural_History.JPG"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cental_Park_West_-_Dakota_-_San_Remo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Housing cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_cooperative"},{"link_name":"The San Remo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Remo"},{"link_name":"The Langham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Langham_(apartment_building)"},{"link_name":"The Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dakota"},{"link_name":"The Majestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Majestic_(coop)"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Upper West Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_West_Side"},{"link_name":"Columbus Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Circle"},{"link_name":"59th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Central Park South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_South"},{"link_name":"Frederick Douglass Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_Circle"},{"link_name":"110th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Upper East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_East_Side"},{"link_name":"The Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dakota"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"murdered in 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The San Remo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Remo"},{"link_name":"Demi Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Moore"},{"link_name":"Diane Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Steve Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Martin"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"The El Dorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_El_Dorado"},{"link_name":"The Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beresford"},{"link_name":"Jerry Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotdog-8"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotdog-8"},{"link_name":"The Langham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Langham_(apartment_building)"},{"link_name":"The Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Century_(building)"},{"link_name":"15 Central Park West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Central_Park_West"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-9"},{"link_name":"Alex Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-9"},{"link_name":"Ekaterina Rybolovleva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina_Rybolovleva"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"41 Central Park West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harperly_Hall"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"455 Central Park West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/455_Central_Park_West"},{"link_name":"The Majestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Majestic_(building)"},{"link_name":"Genovese crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genovese_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Meyer Lansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Lansky"},{"link_name":"Lucky Luciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Luciano"},{"link_name":"Frank Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Costello"},{"link_name":"Vincent \"The Chin\" Gigante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Gigante"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Paul Goldberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Goldberger"},{"link_name":"15 Central Park West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Central_Park_West"},{"link_name":"The Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Century_(building)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"housing cooperatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_cooperative"},{"link_name":"New-York Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Central Park West Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_West_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-14"},{"link_name":"55 Central Park West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Central_Park_West"},{"link_name":"Ghostbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghost-16"},{"link_name":"Tavern on the Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern_on_the_Green"},{"link_name":"66th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Henry Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bliss_(road_accident_victim)"},{"link_name":"West 74th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_74th_Street"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Central Park West","text":"The American Museum of Natural History at 200 Central Park WestHousing cooperatives on Central Park West: The San Remo (far right), The Langham (center-right), The Dakota (center-left), and The Majestic (far left)North of Columbus Circle, the roadway becomes Central Park West (abbreviated to CPW). Unlike many Manhattan avenues, CPW has traffic running in two directions, and its address numbering system is different from that of the rest of Eighth Avenue. As its name indicates, CPW forms the western edge of Central Park. It also forms the eastern boundary of the Upper West Side. It runs 51 blocks from Columbus Circle (at 59th Street, or Central Park South) to Frederick Douglass Circle (at 110th Street, or Cathedral Parkway). The gates into Central Park along its western edge are: Merchants Gate at 59th Street, Women's Gate at 72nd, Naturalists Gate at 77th, Hunters Gate at 81st, Mariners Gate at 85th, Gate of All Saints at 96th, Boys Gate at 100th, and Strangers Gate at 106th. Central Park West's expensive housing rivals that of Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side.Several notable residences on Central Park West include:The Dakota, where John Lennon lived with current resident Yoko Ono,[6] and outside of which he was murdered in 1980[7]\nThe San Remo, home to Demi Moore, Diane Keaton, Steve Martin, and U2's Bono\nThe El Dorado\nThe Beresford, home to Jerry Seinfeld[8] and Diana Ross[8]\nThe Langham\nThe Century\n15 Central Park West, home to Sting,[9] Alex Rodriguez[9] and Ekaterina Rybolovleva[10]\n41 Central Park West, home to Madonna\n455 Central Park West\nThe St. Urban\nThe Majestic, home to some of the former heads of the Genovese crime family, including Meyer Lansky, Lucky Luciano and Frank Costello. In 1957, Vincent \"The Chin\" Gigante shot Frank Costello in the lobby of The Majestic in a failed assassination attempt[11][12]According to The New York Times's architecture critic Paul Goldberger, the street's buildings, both the new ones like 15 Central Park West and the old ones such as The Century, \"fit together the same way the ones in that hypothetical Main Street do, and for the same reason. For more than a hundred years, their architects honor the unspoken agreement to work together, to line their buildings up with each other and to work in a consistent scale with materials that are compatible.\"[13]Most of these housing cooperatives were built around 1930, replacing late-19th century hotels with the same names. Some, including The Century, The San Remo, The Majestic, and The El Dorado, are twin towers. Other landmarks and institutions along its length include the New-York Historical Society and the American Museum of Natural History. The area from 61st to 97th Streets is included in the Central Park West Historic District.[14]The building located at 55 Central Park West is the infamous \"Spook Central\" from the movie Ghostbusters.[15][16] The famed New York City restaurant Tavern on the Green is located off Central Park West, at 66th Street, within the grounds of Central Park.[17][18]In 1899, while exiting a streetcar, Henry Bliss was run over by a taxi at CPW and West 74th Street, becoming the first person to be run down and killed by a motor car in the Americas.[19]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Douglass Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_Circle"},{"link_name":"110th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"Harlem River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_River"},{"link_name":"Harlem River Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_River_Drive"},{"link_name":"its own address system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_address_algorithm"},{"link_name":"rezoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning"},{"link_name":"urban blight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_blight"},{"link_name":"gentrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_20131231-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_20131231-20"}],"sub_title":"Frederick Douglass Boulevard","text":"North of Frederick Douglass Circle at 110th Street in Harlem, it is Frederick Douglass Boulevard, though sometimes still unofficially referred to as Eighth Avenue. Frederick Douglass Boulevard eventually terminates near the Harlem River at the Harlem River Drive around West 159th Street. While Central Park West has its own address system, address numbers on Frederick Douglass Boulevard continue as if Central Park West had used Eighth Avenue's numbering system.The corridor along Frederick Douglass Boulevard was rezoned in 2003, allowing for larger residential buildings of greater density, and resulting in the construction of condominiums, rental buildings, restaurants, and cafes. Formerly described as having urban blight, it is now gentrified,[20] especially in the restaurants along its route, giving it the nickname \"Restaurant Row\".[21][22] This gentrification is partly due to massive city investment. According to The New York Times the demographic too has changed:A 2007–2011 census survey estimated that 61 percent of the 57,897 people living along and around Eighth were black, down from 74 percent in 2000. The share of whites jumped to 12.4 percent from 2.3 percent. Median household income rose 28 percent, to $34,694.[20]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fashion Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Penn Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Station_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"James Farley Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Farley_Post_Office"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Building"},{"link_name":"Port Authority Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"One Worldwide Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Worldwide_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Hearst Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Soros Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Open Society Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Institute"},{"link_name":"111 Eighth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_Eighth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Port Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"}],"text":"The Fashion Institute of Technology (at 26th/27th Streets)\nMadison Square Garden and Penn Station (between 31st and 33rd Streets)\nJames Farley Post Office\nThe New York Times Building at 40th Street\nThe Port Authority Bus Terminal (between 40th and 42nd Streets)\nOne Worldwide Plaza\nHearst Tower\nSoros Foundation and Open Society Institute headquarters on West 59th Street\n111 Eighth Avenue, the Art Deco former Inland Freight Terminal of the Port Authority, is the eighth-largest commercial structure in Manhattan,[23] hosting the East Coast headquarters of Google.","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port-authority-terminal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Port Authority Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"West 42nd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_A._Farley_Building_(51878872365).jpg"},{"link_name":"James A. Farley Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Farley_Building"},{"link_name":"Moynihan Train Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moynihan_Train_Hall"},{"link_name":"Penn Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Station_(New_York)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nycanchospjeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"New York Cancer Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cancer_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barbanel-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:111_Eighth_Avenue.jpg"},{"link_name":"111 Eighth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_Eighth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police_Area_6_148_St_jeh.JPG"}],"text":"The north building of the Port Authority Bus Terminal at West 42nd Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe James A. Farley Building, between West 31st and 33rd Street, the location of Moynihan Train Hall, an expansion of Penn Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe original New York Cancer Hospital,[24] built between 1884 and 1886, now housing, at 455 Central Park West and 106th Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe former Inland Freight Terminal at 111 Eighth Avenue, now home to Google\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolice station at 148th Street","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Hearst Tower at West 57th Street and Eighth Avenue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hearstowernyc.JPG/220px-Hearstowernyc.JPG"},{"image_text":"The American Museum of Natural History at 200 Central Park West","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USA-NYC-American_Museum_of_Natural_History.JPG/220px-USA-NYC-American_Museum_of_Natural_History.JPG"},{"image_text":"Housing cooperatives on Central Park West: The San Remo (far right), The Langham (center-right), The Dakota (center-left), and The Majestic (far left)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cental_Park_West_-_Dakota_-_San_Remo.jpg/220px-Cental_Park_West_-_Dakota_-_San_Remo.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Google (September 13, 2015). \"Eighth Avenue / Central Park West / Frederick Douglass Boulevard\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/XBNCV","url_text":"\"Eighth Avenue / Central Park West / Frederick Douglass Boulevard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Dougherty, Peter (2002). Tracks of the New York City Subway. Peter Dougherty. OCLC 49777633.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49777633","url_text":"49777633"}]},{"reference":"\"Subway Map\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/map/5256","url_text":"\"Subway Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Manhattan Bus Map\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/map/5391","url_text":"\"Manhattan Bus Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"Ingraham, Joseph (June 7, 1954). \"7th and 8th Aves. Shift to One-Way\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0C14F93A55107B93C5A9178DD85F408585F9","url_text":"\"7th and 8th Aves. Shift to One-Way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Christopher (August 12, 2007). \"Where the Name Says It All\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/12/realestate/12scap.html","url_text":"\"Where the Name Says It All\""}]},{"reference":"Burrough, Bryan. Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldberger, Paul (2009). Why Architecture Matters. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 216. ISBN 9780300144307.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whyarchitecturem00gold/page/216","url_text":"Why Architecture Matters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whyarchitecturem00gold/page/216","url_text":"216"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300144307","url_text":"9780300144307"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Aykroyd, Dan and Ramis, Harold. Reitman, Ivan, Director. Ghostbusters (Film). New York City: Columbia Pictures.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tavern on the Green\". Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140514213150/http://www.centralparknyc.org/things-to-see-and-do/attractions/tavern-on-the-green.html","url_text":"\"Tavern on the Green\""},{"url":"http://www.centralparknyc.org/things-to-see-and-do/attractions/tavern-on-the-green.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gill, John F. (December 31, 2013). \"Frederick Douglass Boulevard: Newly Revived\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/05/realestate/frederick-douglass-boulevard-newly-revived.html","url_text":"\"Frederick Douglass Boulevard: Newly Revived\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Kia (December 3, 2012). \"A Boulevard in Harlem Undergoes a Resurgence\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/nyregion/a-harlem-resurgence-along-frederick-douglass-blvd.html","url_text":"\"A Boulevard in Harlem Undergoes a Resurgence\""}]},{"reference":"Kaminer, Michael (January 5, 2014). \"Harlem's Frederick Douglass Blvd. is home to a restaurant renaissance\". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/eats/harlem-home-restaurant-renaissance-article-1.1561874","url_text":"\"Harlem's Frederick Douglass Blvd. is home to a restaurant renaissance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commercial Real Estate; Behemoth of a Building Is Set for a Tenant Influx\". The New York Times. November 19, 1997.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/19/nyregion/commercial-real-estate-behemoth-of-a-building-is-set-for-a-tenant-influx.html?emc=eta1","url_text":"\"Commercial Real Estate; Behemoth of a Building Is Set for a Tenant Influx\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Hackett
Nigel Hackett
["1 References","2 External links"]
English cricketer Nigel HackettPersonal informationFull nameNigel Paul HackettBorn (1962-08-22) 22 August 1962 (age 61)Stowbridge, Norfolk, EnglandBattingRight-handedBowlingLeft-arm medium-fastDomestic team information YearsTeam1992Minor Counties1991–1994Staffordshire Career statistics Competition List A Matches 6 Runs scored 5 Batting average 5.00 100s/50s 0/0 Top score 3* Balls bowled 354 Wickets 8 Bowling average 31.37 5 wickets in innings 0 10 wickets in match – Best bowling 3/45 Catches/stumpings 4/–Source: Cricinfo, 15 June 2011 Nigel Paul Hackett (born 22 August 1962) is a former English cricketer. Hackett was a right-handed batsman who bowled left-arm medium-fast. He was born in Stowbridge, Norfolk. Hackett made his debut for Staffordshire in the 1991 MCCA Knockout Trophy against Oxfordshire. Hackett played Minor counties cricket for Staffordshire from 1991 to 1993, which included 25 Minor Counties Championship matches and 12 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. In 1991, he made his List A debut for Staffordshire against Northamptonshire in the NatWest Trophy. He made 3 further appearances in List A cricket for the county, the last coming against Surrey in the 1994 NatWest Trophy. In his 4 List A matches for the county, he took 4 wickets at an average of 39.00, with best figures of 3/45. He made 2 List A appearances for the Minor Counties cricket team in the 1992 Benson & Hedges Cup against Sussex and Leicestershire. In these matches, he took 4 wickets for the team at an average of 23.75, with best figures of 3/55. References ^ "Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Nigel Hackett". CricketArchive. Retrieved 15 June 2011. ^ "Minor Counties Trophy Matches played by Nigel Hackett". CricketArchive. Retrieved 15 June 2011. ^ a b "List A Matches played by Nigel Hackett". CricketArchive. Retrieved 15 June 2011. ^ a b "List A Bowling For Each Team by Nigel Hackett". CricketArchive. Retrieved 15 June 2011. External links Nigel Hackett at ESPNcricinfo Nigel Hackett at CricketArchive
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Nigel Hackett\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 15 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/17/17662/Minor_Counties_Championship_Matches.html","url_text":"\"Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Nigel Hackett\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minor Counties Trophy Matches played by Nigel Hackett\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 15 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/17/17662/Minor_Counties_Trophy_Matches.html","url_text":"\"Minor Counties Trophy Matches played by Nigel Hackett\""}]},{"reference":"\"List A Matches played by Nigel Hackett\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 15 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/17/17662/List_A_Matches.html","url_text":"\"List A Matches played by Nigel Hackett\""}]},{"reference":"\"List A Bowling For Each Team by Nigel Hackett\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 15 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/17/17662/a_Bowling_by_Team.html","url_text":"\"List A Bowling For Each Team by Nigel Hackett\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahren_Warner
Ahren Warner
["1 References","2 External links"]
British poet (born 1986) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Ahren Warner" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ahren WarnerAhren Warner. Author Photo.Born1986 (age 37–38)Oxford, EnglandOccupationPoetPeriod2007–presentWebsitewww.ahrenwarner.com Ahren Warner (born 1986) is a British poet. He grew up in Lincolnshire before moving to London, then Paris. His first collection of poetry, Confer (Bloodaxe, 2011), was a Poetry Book Society Recommendation and was shortlisted for the Forward Prize for Best First Collection. His second collection, Pretty (Bloodaxe, 2013) was also a Poetry Book Society Recommendation. His most recent collections are Hello. Your promise has been extracted (Bloodaxe, 2017) and The sea is spread and cleaved and furled (Prototype, 2020), a book-length sequence of poems and moving-image work. These earned him an Arts Foundation Fellowship and selection for Bloomberg New Contemporaries 2020. Warner's poems appear in several major anthologies, including London: A History in Verse (Harvard University Press, 2012) and Identity Parade: New British and Irish Poets (Bloodaxe, 2010). From 2013 to 2019, he was the Poetry Editor of Poetry London. He has a PhD from Queen Mary, University of London, and is Senior Lecturer at Loughborough University School of Design and Creative Arts. References ^ https://poetryarchive.org/poet/ahren-warner/ ^ https://www.lboro.ac.uk/schools/design-creative-arts/people/ahren-warner/ ^ Poetry Foundation. org ^ https://www.lboro.ac.uk/schools/design-creative-arts/people/ahren-warner/ External links Official Page Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg New Contemporaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Contemporaries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Poetry London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ahren Warner (born 1986) is a British poet. He grew up in Lincolnshire before moving to London, then Paris. His first collection of poetry, Confer (Bloodaxe, 2011), was a Poetry Book Society Recommendation and was shortlisted for the Forward Prize for Best First Collection. His second collection, Pretty (Bloodaxe, 2013) was also a Poetry Book Society Recommendation.[1]His most recent collections are Hello. Your promise has been extracted (Bloodaxe, 2017) and The sea is spread and cleaved and furled (Prototype, 2020), a book-length sequence of poems and moving-image work. These earned him an Arts Foundation Fellowship and selection for Bloomberg New Contemporaries 2020.[2]Warner's poems appear in several major anthologies, including London: A History in Verse (Harvard University Press, 2012) and Identity Parade: New British and Irish Poets (Bloodaxe, 2010). From 2013 to 2019, he was the Poetry Editor of Poetry London.[3]He has a PhD from Queen Mary, University of London, and is Senior Lecturer at Loughborough University School of Design and Creative Arts.[4]","title":"Ahren Warner"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Asistio
Boy Asistio
["1 Personal life","2 Health and death","3 References"]
Philippine politician (1936 – 2017) In this Philippine name, the family name is Asistio. Macario "Boy" Asistio Jr.21st Mayor of CaloocanIn officeFebruary 2, 1988 – June 30, 1995Preceded byCrispulo San GabrielSucceeded byRey MalonzoIn officeJanuary 7, 1980 – April 20, 1986Preceded byVirgilio RoblesSucceeded byAntonio Martinez Personal detailsBornMacario A. Asistio Jr.(1936-04-06)April 6, 1936Tondo, Manila, PhilippinesDiedFebruary 6, 2017(2017-02-06) (aged 80)Antipolo, Rizal, PhilippinesResting placeEternal Gardens Memorial Park, Baesa, CaloocanDomestic partner(s)Nadia MontenegroVeronica JonesChildren39 Macario "Boy" Asistio Jr. (April 6, 1936 – February 6, 2017) was the mayor of Caloocan in Metro Manila, Philippines for two terms 1980 to 1986; and 1988 to 1995. Asistio unsuccessfully run for mayor again in 2013 and 2016. His father, Macario Asistio, Sr. was mayor of Caloocan from 1962-1971. Personal life Asistio has two partners actress Veronica Jones and Nadia Montenegro or Nadine M. Pla in real life. On June 3, 2024, Montenegro, at age 52, graduated Basic Citizen Military Course as Philippine Navy reservist and Senator Robin Padilla’s political affairs officer. He has 5 children with Veronica Jones and 8 children with Nadia Montenegro. He also had 2 children with former singer Jhoanna Garcia and another 24 children with 4 more ex-partners. Former Mayor Boy’s children with former actress Veronica Jones are (eldest to youngest) Abbigail (known as Abby, a singer) Anna, Angelica, Arriane, and Macario III. Boy’s children with actress Nadia Montenegro are (eldest to youngest) Alyssa Assandra, Alynna Alexandra or Alynna, Alyana Alissandra, Anykka Allandra, Alexander, Samantha Grace, Yisha, and Sophia. His children with former singer Jhoanna Garcia are Adelaide and Alexis. Health and death Asistio had suffered from sleep apnea in June 2013 and was admitted to a hospital. He died on 6 February 2017 at the age of 80 at the Metro Antipolo Hospital and Medical Center. He was in coma and admitted to the intensive care unit. References ^ a b "Ex-Caloocan Mayor Boy Asistio dies at 80". The Philippine Star. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ Escuadro, Kiko (June 4, 2024). "Nadia Montenegro is now a Navy reservist at 52". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. Retrieved June 5, 2024. ^ Abarca, Charrie (June 4, 2024). "48 graduate from basic citizen military course, making them new reservists". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 5, 2024. ^ Eusebio, Aaron Brennt (March 23, 2024). "Nadia Montenegro's 7 beautiful daughters". GMA Integrated News. Retrieved June 5, 2024. ^ "Ex-Caloocan mayor Boy Asistio rushed to hospital". ABS-CBN News. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Heywood_(photographer)
John B. Heywood (photographer)
[]
American photographer Stereoscopic image of the Glen House and Carter Range near Mount Washington (New Hampshire) in the White Mountains (New Hampshire) John Brooks Heywood (August 8, 1825 – ) was an American photographer who worked in Boston, Massachusetts, c. 1856-1861. Examples of his photographs reside in the New York Public Library and the Massachusetts Historical Society. Heywood was born in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, to Daniel Heywood and Maria Brooks. In 1849, he married Mary Russell Andrews. References ^ Boston Directory. 1856, 1858, 1861 ^ "Masonic Chit Chat." Freemason's monthly magazine. June 1858 ^ Merrill D. Peterson. John Brown: The Legend Revisited. University of Virginia Press, 2004 ^ "Name: Heywood, John B. (d. 1870 )". New York Public Library. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ^ Massachusetts, U.S., Town Birth Records, 1620-1850 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John B. Heywood. Flickr. Hand-colored daguerreotype of Nathaniel Holmes Bishop at age 23, credited to Heywood & Heard of Boston, 1860. Image gallery Apothecary, Boston(?), 19th century Tremont St., Boston, 19th century Institute of Technology, Boston, 19th century Boston Harbor(?), 19th century Newbury St., Boston, 19th century Washington St., Boston, 19th century South Boston Point and view of Fort Winthrop, Massachusetts, 19th century Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists Scientific illustrators Photographers' Identities This article about an American photographer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Heywood (photographer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_apothecary%27s_store,_by_John_B._Heywood.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King%27s_chapel,_by_John_B._Heywood.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Physical_lecture_room,_Institute_of_Technology,_by_John_B._Heywood.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vessel_in_tow,_by_John_B._Heywood.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_public_garden_and_Common_from_Newbury_St,_by_John_B._Heywood.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washington_Street,_by_John_B._Heywood.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Winthrop,_from_South_Boston_Point,_by_John_B._Heywood_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6219991#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1823883/"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/46545129"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXyCQxtGJMPhRVr778md"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007084130"},{"link_name":"Scientific illustrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=6238"},{"link_name":"Photographers' Identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pic.nypl.org/constituents/8476"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_and_white_camera_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B._Heywood_(photographer)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-photographer-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-photographer-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-photographer-stub"}],"text":"Apothecary, Boston(?), 19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTremont St., Boston, 19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInstitute of Technology, Boston, 19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoston Harbor(?), 19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNewbury St., Boston, 19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWashington St., Boston, 19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth Boston Point and view of Fort Winthrop, Massachusetts, 19th centuryAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nArtists\nScientific illustrators\nPhotographers' IdentitiesThis article about an American photographer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Image gallery"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_BioMedica
Oxford Biomedica
["1 History","2 References"]
BioTech Company Oxford Biomedica plcCompany typePublic companyTraded asLSE: OXBIndustryPharmaceutical industryFounded1995HeadquartersOxfordKey peopleFrank Mathias (CEO)Revenue £89.5 million (2023)Operating income £(184.2) million (2023)Net income £(184.2) million (2023)Websitehttps://oxb.com/ Oxford Biomedica is a gene and cell therapy company specialising in the development of gene-based medicines. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange. History The company was established in 1995 as a spin out from the University of Oxford. It was the subject of an initial public offering on the Alternative Investment Market in 1996. In 2018, Oxford Biomedica's gene therapy for Parkinson's disease became the subject of a commercialization deal with Axovant Sciences. In May 2019, the company announced an investment by Novo Holdings for a stake of 10.1% in Oxford Biomedica, totalling $55 million (USD) to develop its gene therapy technology. The firm had already established collaborations with Sanofi, Novartis and other groups to provide lentiviral vector manufacturing. In November 2019, Microsoft announced a partnership with Oxford Biomedica to improve the next generation of cell and gene delivery technology using the cloud and machine learning, contributing large data sets for analysis via the Microsoft Azure intelligent cloud platform to develop in-silico models and novel algorithms to help provide long-term and curative treatments for a wide range of diseases. In December 2019, the company announced that it has extended its commercial supply agreement with Novartis for the manufacture of lentiviral vectors for the Novartis CAR-T portfolio including five lentiviral vectors for CAR-T products, which builds on the existing three-year commercial supply agreement signed by the parties in July 2017.    In April 2020, Oxford Biomedica announced that the company had joined a Consortium led by the Jenner Institute, Oxford University, to develop and manufacture a vaccine for COVID-19: ChAdOx1 nCov-19. This is one of the vaccines currently being deployed under a conditional authorisation. In September 2023, it was announced Oxford Biomedica had acquired the Illkirch-Graffenstaden-headquartered, viral vectors drug product manufacturing services company, ABL Europe from the Mérieux Institute. References ^ a b c "Annual Results 2023". Oxford Biomedica. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "FTSE UK Index Series: Annual Review June 2020". 3 June 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020. ^ Hoover's | A D&B Company. Hoovers.com. ^ Owen, Geoffrey; Hopkins, Michael M. (2016). Science, the State and the City: Britain's Struggle to Succeed in Biotechnology. Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0198728009. ^ Cookson, Clive (6 June 2018). "Oxford Biomedica seals $842m Parkinson's therapy deal with Axovant". Retrieved 27 June 2018. ^ Smith, Jonathan (29 May 2019). "€60M Investment to Boost Oxford Biomedica's Gene and Cell Therapies". Labiotech.eu. Retrieved 13 March 2020. ^ "Plenty of choice remains for buyers of gene therapy". Evaluate.com. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2020. ^ Rut, Andrew (28 October 2019). "Transforming the landscape". PharmaTimes. Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ "Oxford Biomedica extends lentiviral deal with Swiss giant". Phara Letter. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2020. ^ "Could the Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine End the Pandemic?". 2 July 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020. ^ "Oxford Biomedica joins consortium for promising COVID-19 vaccine". Pharma Times. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020. ^ "Oxford Biomedica earns U.K. nod for 4th manufacturing suite to boost COVID-19 production". Fierce Pharma. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "Oxford Biomedica acquires ABL Europe". The Business Magazine. 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023. vte Pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry in the United Kingdom Manufacturing in the United Kingdom Economy of the United Kingdom CompaniesCurrent AAH Pharmaceuticals Alliance Boots Astex AstraZeneca (MedImmune) BTG Cyclacel Dechra Pharmaceuticals GE HealthCare Genus GSK Hikma Pharmaceuticals Indivior IXICO MacFarlan Smith Mundipharma Norbrook Group Oxford Biomedica Pfizer UK Proximagen Silence Therapeutics TBS GB Vectura Vernalis ViiV Healthcare Defunct Allen & Hanburys Amersham Beecham Group Cambridge Antibody Technology Celltech Chiroscience The Distillers Company Fisons Glaxo Wellcome ICI Phytopharm Reliant Pharmaceuticals Renovo Shire Unipath Zeneca Government andregulatory bodies Commission on Human Medicines Department of Health European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland General Pharmaceutical Council Scottish Medicines Consortium Veterinary Medicines Directorate Industry andprofessional bodies Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry Chemical Industries Association European Federation of Biotechnology European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine Pharmacists' Defence Association Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain Worshipful Society of Apothecaries Books and journals Bandolier Bad Pharma (2012) British National Formulary British National Formulary for Children British Pharmaceutical Codex Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Monthly Index of Medical Specialities Side Effects (2008) The Pharmaceutical Journal Other British Approved Name British Pharmacopoeia DrugScope European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership European Pharmacopoeia List of world's largest pharmaceutical companies Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee Wellcome Trust category Authority control databases ISNI
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_film
Middle Ages in film
["1 Background","2 Historiography","3 Select films","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Further reading"]
Portrayal of the medieval era through film Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood (1922) Medieval films imagine and portray the Middle Ages through the visual, audio and thematic forms of cinema. Background The 20th century is not the first to create images of life during medieval times. The Middle Ages ended over five centuries ago and each century has imagined, portrayed and depicted the Middle Ages through painting, architecture, poetry, music and novel. In the 20th century, film has defined Medieval history perhaps more so than any other medium. While the conclusions of academic research and findings of archeology have advanced knowledge of the Middle Ages, nothing has had more widespread influence on more people than the images created by film. Just as most people's perceptions of the American Wild West were drawn from cinema, versus source material or academic research, so too most peoples perceptions of the Middle Ages were influenced by the powerful narratives and images of film. If film was the most influential medium, Hollywood was the most influential image maker. Hollywood films reached a global audience through big budget productions, and equally big distribution and advertising channels. Hollywood adapted works of the Romanticism movement to the screen, seamlessly forging a bridge between Romanticized historical novels, operas, paintings, and music of the 19th century onto film in the 20th. The ideals of the Romantics were fully realized on the screen in such influential works as Ivanhoe (1952) and El Cid (1961) which belong to the same late Romantic culture in their music, imagery and themes. Strong cinematic images of the Middle Ages can be found in European films. Influential European films included Fritz Lang's two-film series Die Nibelungen: Siegfrieds Tod and Die Nibelungen: Kriemhilds Rache (1924), Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky (1938) and Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal (1957), while in France there were many versions of the story of Joan of Arc. The first Medieval film was also one of the earliest films ever made, Jeanne d'Arc released in 1900. The first Robin Hood film dates to 1907 and was called Robin Hood and His Merry Men. Historiography The historiography and historiophoty of medieval film originated in the late 20th century. Historiophoty, the study of history through film, was coined by noted historiographer Hayden White in Historiography and Historiophoty (1988) in which he theorized that one of the main sources of friction between History and Film is the problem of translating from a written discourse (hence the -graphy) to a visual one (-photy). The French historian Marc Ferro had already devoted his seminal work Cinéma et Histoire (1977) to precisely this question, he asks in Chapter 16, "Can a filmic writing of History exist?" Although in general terms the relationship between film and history has been a subject of interest since as long as films have been made, it was only in the last decade of the 20th century that medievalists paid attention to film as a serious means of learning about the Middle Ages. As Arthur Lindley said in 1998 "One could note the absence of books by medievalists as well as books of any kind devoted to medieval film," however he prophetically observed "The situation may be beginning to change". This change took place in part by the recognition of the complex relationship between historiography and cinematic history, since the publication of works such as Norman Cantor's Inventing the Middle Ages in 1991 demonstrated the extent of the influence of historiography on Medieval History. Harnessing the work of the earlier New Historicism, this emergent field of historiography began to challenge the hegemony of Medieval historians over the history which they narrate, and opens the door for new modes of thinking by the proposition that "we cannot interpret medieval culture, or any historical culture, except through the prism of the dominant concepts of our own thought worlds." Until the publication of Kevin J. Harty's book The Reel Middle Ages (1999) there had been no comprehensive survey of medieval films, and John Aberth's book A Knight at the Movies (2003) can probably be called the first book in English dedicated solely to the subject of history and medieval history on film. One year later, in 2004, the eminent French historian François Amy de la Bretèque published his L'Imaginaire médiéval dans le cinéma occidental, in which he proposes a number of useful theories to finally break out of the circle of historiography vs historiophoty. One of the most pervasive of these, and one picked up in Robert Rosenstone's History on Film/Film on History (2006) is that both History and Film are ways of narrating the past, both equally susceptible in theory (though not in practice) to perversion. As Rosenstone observes, "we always violate the past, even as we attempt to preserve its memory in whatever medium we use... Yet this violation is inevitable, part of the price of our attempts at understanding the vanished world of our forebears." Select films At over 900 films listed by Harty in 1999, it is beyond the scope of this article to create a complete list. Listed here are some of the best and most significant films in both quality and historical accuracy as determined by a consensus poll of medieval students and teachers at Fordham University. Date Era Title IMDB Country Notes 1928 1431 The Passion of Joan of Arc France Joan of Arc. The film was so powerful that it was initially banned in Britain. 1938 12th c. The Adventures of Robin Hood USA Prince John and the Norman Lords begin oppressing the Saxon masses in King Richard's absence, a Saxon lord fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla army. 1938 13th c. Alexander Nevsky USSR Russians defend against invading German Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades of the 13th century. 1957 13th / 14th c. The Seventh Seal Sweden About a knight returning from a crusade who plays a chess game with Death during the Black Plague. 1960 13th c. The Virgin Spring Sweden Story of Christian medieval Swedish family whose daughter is raped by vagabonds. Directed by Ingmar Bergman. 1961 11th c. El Cid USA Epic film of the legendary Spanish hero. 1964 12th c. Becket UK Based on Jean Anouilh's play about Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket and King Henry II of England. 1965 11th c. The War Lord USA Based on Leslie Stevens' The Lovers. Charlton Heston is a knight invoking the "right" to sleep with another man's bride on their wedding night. 1966 15th c. Andrei Rublev USSR Life of Andrei Rublev the great 15th-century Russian icon painter (Andrey Tarkovsky). 1968 12th c. The Lion in Winter UK King Henry II's three sons all want to inherit the throne. His sons and wife Eleanor of Aquitaine variously plot. Based ten years after the events of the Revolt of 1173-1174. 1976 7th c. Mohammad, Messenger of God UK/Lebanon Also known as The Message. Tagline: The Story of Islam. 1986 14th c. The Name of the Rose France/Italy/Germany Based on the novel by Umberto Eco. 1988 14th c. The Navigator: A Medieval Odyssey New Zealand Seeking relief from the Black Death, guided by a boy's vision, people dig a tunnel from 14th-century England to 20th-century New Zealand. See also Middle Ages in history List of films based on Arthurian legend List of films and television series featuring Robin Hood Joan of Arc in film Notes ^ Hayden V. White, 'Historiography and Historiophoty', The American Historical Review, 93 (1988), 1193–99. ^ Marc Ferro, Cinéma et Histoire (Paris: Denoël, 1977). ^ Norman F. Cantor, Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1991), p. 37. ^ Robert Rosenstone, History on Film/Film on History (Harlow, London and New York: Pearson, Longman, 2006), p. 135. ^ Halsall, Paul (2023). "Medieval History in the Movies (v. 6.1) - Best Medieval Movies as films". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Archived from the original on 2021-09-20. Further reading Books John Aberth, A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film, 2003, ISBN 0-415-93886-4. Anke Bernau and Bettina Bildhauer, ed. Medieval Film (Manchester: Manchester UP, 2009), ISBN 0-7190-7702-8 Amy de La Bretèque, L'imaginaire Médiéval Dans Le Cinéma Occidental (Paris: Champion, 2004). Richard Burt, Medieval and Early Modern Film and Media (Palgrave MacMillan, 2008) ISBN 0-230-60125-1 Andrew Elliott, Remaking the Middle Ages: The Methods of Cinema and History in Portraying the Medieval World (Jefferson: McFarland, 2011) ISBN 0-7864-4624-2 Nickolas Haydock, Movie Medievalism: The Imaginary Middle Ages (McFarland 2008). ISBN 978-0-7864-3443-5 Nickolas Haydock and Edward L. Risden, eds. Hollywood in the Holy Land: Essays on Film Depictions of the Crusades and Christian-Muslim Clashes (McFarland, 2008). Laurie Finke and Martin B Shichtman, Cinematic Illuminations: The Middle Ages on Film (The Johns Hopkins University Press 2009) ISBN 978-0-8018-9345-2 Articles Richard Burt, "Getting Schmedieval: Of Manuscript and Film Parodies, Prologues, and Paratexts," special issue of Exemplaria on "Movie Medievalism," 19.2. (Summer 2007), 217–42, co-edited by Richard Burt and Nickolas Haydock. Richard Burt, "Re-embroidering the Bayeux Tapestry in Film and Media: the Flip Side of History in Opening and End Title Sequences," special issue of Exemplaria on "Movie Medievalism," 19.2. (Summer 2007), 327–50, co-edited by Richard Burt and Nickolas Haydock. Richard Burt, "Cutting and Running from the (Medieval) Middle East : The Uncanny Mises-hors-scène of Kingdom of Heaven's Double DVDs," Babel, N° 15, 1er semestre (2007), 247–298. "Richard Burt, "Border Skirmishes: Weaving Around the Bayeux Tapestry and Cinema in Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves and El Cid ," in Medieval Film, ed. Anke Bernau and Bettina Bildhauer (Manchester: Manchester UP, 2009), 158–181. Nickolas Haydock, "Arthurian Melodrama, Chaucerian Spectacle and the Waywardness of Cinematic Pastiche in 'First Knight' and 'A Knight's Tale'" "Studies in Medievalism" 12 (2002): 5–38. Nickolas Haydock, "Shooting the Messenger: Luc Besson at War with Joan of Arc," special issue of Exemplaria on "Movie Medievalism," 19.2 (Summer 2007), co-edited by Richard Burt and Nickolas Haydock Nickolas Haydock, "Digital Divagations in a Hyperreal Camelot: Antoine Fuqua's 'King Arthur'" in Helen Fulton, ed. "Blackwell Companion to Arthurian Literature" (Blackwell, forthcoming 2008). David Williams, "Medieval Movies", The Yearbook of English Studies, 20 (1990), 1–32. Special issue of Cahiers de la Cinémathèque, "Le Moyen Âge au Cinéma", 42/43 (1985). Special issue of Babel on "Le Moyen Age mise-en-scène: Perspectives contemporaines," edited by Sandra Gorgievski and Xavier Leroux, N° 15, 1er semestre (2007). Filmographies and Bibliographies Kevin J. Harty, The Reel Middle Ages: American, Western and Eastern European, Middle Eastern and Asian films about Medieval Europe, 1999, ISBN 0-7864-0541-4. The first comprehensive survey of films of the European Middle Ages. Over 900 films. Paul Halsall, Medieval History in the Movies Online list of over 200 movies depicting Medieval history. From the Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Scott Manning, Medievalism on Screen: An Annotated Bibliography Online list of over 300 books and papers focused on medievalism in film and television. Last retrieved March 2018. David J. Williams, "Medieval Movies: A Filmography", Film & History 29:1–2 (1999):20–32. University classes ENG 4133 Section 6439: Medieval and Early Modern Film and Media English Class at University of Florida by Dr. Richard Burt. Last retrieved April. 2009 HIST 3220: Medieval Hollywood, a history and film course at Fordham University, taught by Dr. Esther Liberman Cuenca in Spring 2018 Articles Arthur Lindley, "The ahistoricism of medieval film", from Screening The Past Journal. David J. Williams, "Looking at the Middle Ages in the Cinema: An Overview." Film & History 29:1–2 (1999): 8–19. Martha Driver, "Writing About Medieval Movies: Authenticity and History.", Film & History 29:1–2 (1999):5–7. Online resources Medieval Hollywood (hosted by Fordham University) Medieval Studies at the Movies: An Online Reference Guide to Medieval Subjects on Film and Television (maintained by The Virtual Society for the Study of Popular Culture and the Middle Ages) Medieval War Movies
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fairbanks_Robin_Hood_standing_by_wall_w_sword.jpg"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"}],"text":"Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood (1922)Medieval films imagine and portray the Middle Ages through the visual, audio and thematic forms of cinema.","title":"Middle Ages in film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"imagined, portrayed and depicted the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"archeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeology"},{"link_name":"Wild West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West"},{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"historical novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_novel"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"El Cid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cid_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fritz Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang"},{"link_name":"Sergei Eisenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein"},{"link_name":"Alexander Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ingmar Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman"},{"link_name":"The Seventh Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seventh_Seal"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jeanne d'Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_(1900_film)"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood and His Merry Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_His_Merry_Men"}],"text":"The 20th century is not the first to create images of life during medieval times. The Middle Ages ended over five centuries ago and each century has imagined, portrayed and depicted the Middle Ages through painting, architecture, poetry, music and novel. In the 20th century, film has defined Medieval history perhaps more so than any other medium. While the conclusions of academic research and findings of archeology have advanced knowledge of the Middle Ages, nothing has had more widespread influence on more people than the images created by film. Just as most people's perceptions of the American Wild West were drawn from cinema, versus source material or academic research, so too most peoples perceptions of the Middle Ages were influenced by the powerful narratives and images of film.If film was the most influential medium, Hollywood was the most influential image maker. Hollywood films reached a global audience through big budget productions, and equally big distribution and advertising channels. Hollywood adapted works of the Romanticism movement to the screen, seamlessly forging a bridge between Romanticized historical novels, operas, paintings, and music of the 19th century onto film in the 20th. The ideals of the Romantics were fully realized on the screen in such influential works as Ivanhoe (1952) and El Cid (1961) which belong to the same late Romantic culture in their music, imagery and themes.Strong cinematic images of the Middle Ages can be found in European films. Influential European films included Fritz Lang's two-film series Die Nibelungen: Siegfrieds Tod and Die Nibelungen: Kriemhilds Rache (1924), Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky (1938) and Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal (1957), while in France there were many versions of the story of Joan of Arc.The first Medieval film was also one of the earliest films ever made, Jeanne d'Arc released in 1900. The first Robin Hood film dates to 1907 and was called Robin Hood and His Merry Men.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"historiophoty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiophoty"},{"link_name":"Hayden White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_White"},{"link_name":"Historiography and Historiophoty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_and_Historiophoty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marc Ferro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ferro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"Norman Cantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cantor"},{"link_name":"New Historicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Historicism"},{"link_name":"hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The historiography and historiophoty of medieval film originated in the late 20th century. Historiophoty, the study of history through film, was coined by noted historiographer Hayden White in Historiography and Historiophoty (1988) in which he theorized that one of the main sources of friction between History and Film is the problem of translating from a written discourse (hence the -graphy) to a visual one (-photy).[1] The French historian Marc Ferro had already devoted his seminal work Cinéma et Histoire (1977) to precisely this question, he asks in Chapter 16, \"Can a filmic writing of History exist?\"[2]Although in general terms the relationship between film and history has been a subject of interest since as long as films have been made, it was only in the last decade of the 20th century that medievalists paid attention to film as a serious means of learning about the Middle Ages. As Arthur Lindley said in 1998 \"One could note the absence of books by medievalists as well as books of any kind devoted to medieval film,\" however he prophetically observed \"The situation may be beginning to change\". This change took place in part by the recognition of the complex relationship between historiography and cinematic history, since the publication of works such as Norman Cantor's Inventing the Middle Ages in 1991 demonstrated the extent of the influence of historiography on Medieval History. Harnessing the work of the earlier New Historicism, this emergent field of historiography began to challenge the hegemony of Medieval historians over the history which they narrate, and opens the door for new modes of thinking by the proposition that \"we cannot interpret medieval culture, or any historical culture, except through the prism of the dominant concepts of our own thought worlds.\"[3]Until the publication of Kevin J. Harty's book The Reel Middle Ages (1999) there had been no comprehensive survey of medieval films, and John Aberth's book A Knight at the Movies (2003) can probably be called the first book in English dedicated solely to the subject of history and medieval history on film. One year later, in 2004, the eminent French historian François Amy de la Bretèque published his L'Imaginaire médiéval dans le cinéma occidental, in which he proposes a number of useful theories to finally break out of the circle of historiography vs historiophoty. One of the most pervasive of these, and one picked up in Robert Rosenstone's History on Film/Film on History (2006) is that both History and Film are ways of narrating the past, both equally susceptible in theory (though not in practice) to perversion. As Rosenstone observes, \"we always violate the past, even as we attempt to preserve its memory in whatever medium we use... Yet this violation is inevitable, part of the price of our attempts at understanding the vanished world of our forebears.\"[4]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"At over 900 films listed by Harty in 1999, it is beyond the scope of this article to create a complete list. Listed here are some of the best and most significant films in both quality and historical accuracy as determined by a consensus poll of medieval students and teachers at Fordham University.[5]","title":"Select films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Medieval History in the Movies (v. 6.1) - Best Medieval Movies as films\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sourcebooks.fordham.edu/medfilms.asp#listsfilm"},{"link_name":"Internet Medieval Sourcebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Medieval_Sourcebook"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210920163910/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/medfilms.asp#listsfilm"}],"text":"^ Hayden V. White, 'Historiography and Historiophoty', The American Historical Review, 93 (1988), 1193–99.\n\n^ Marc Ferro, Cinéma et Histoire (Paris: Denoël, 1977).\n\n^ Norman F. Cantor, Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1991), p. 37.\n\n^ Robert Rosenstone, History on Film/Film on History (Harlow, London and New York: Pearson, Longman, 2006), p. 135.\n\n^ Halsall, Paul (2023). \"Medieval History in the Movies (v. 6.1) - Best Medieval Movies as films\". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Archived from the original on 2021-09-20.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-93886-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93886-4"},{"link_name":"Bettina Bildhauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettina_Bildhauer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7190-7702-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-7702-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-230-60125-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-60125-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7864-4624-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-4624-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-3443-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3443-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8018-9345-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9345-2"},{"link_name":"Exemplaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemplaria"},{"link_name":"Exemplaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemplaria"},{"link_name":"Exemplaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemplaria"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7864-0541-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0541-4"},{"link_name":"Medieval History in the Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fordham.edu/halsall/medfilms.html"},{"link_name":"Internet Medieval Sourcebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Medieval_Sourcebook"},{"link_name":"Medievalism on Screen: An Annotated Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scottmanning.com/content/medievalism-on-screen-an-annotated-bibliography/"},{"link_name":"Film & History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-net.org/~filmhis/"},{"link_name":"ENG 4133 Section 6439: Medieval and Early Modern Film and Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clas.ufl.edu/~burt/medievalSpring08/"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"HIST 3220: Medieval Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/35688995/HIST_3220_Medieval_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"\"The ahistoricism of medieval film\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tlweb.latrobe.edu.au/humanities/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fir598/ALfr3a.htm"},{"link_name":"Screening The Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast/"},{"link_name":"Film & History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-net.org/~filmhis/"},{"link_name":"Film & History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-net.org/~filmhis/"},{"link_name":"Medieval Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//medievalhollywood.ace.fordham.edu"},{"link_name":"Medieval Studies at the Movies: An Online Reference Guide to Medieval Subjects on Film and Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080116164737/http://medievalstudiesatthemovies.org/"},{"link_name":"Medieval War Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.war-films.com/century/medieval-era.html"}],"text":"Books\nJohn Aberth, A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film, 2003, ISBN 0-415-93886-4.\nAnke Bernau and Bettina Bildhauer, ed. Medieval Film (Manchester: Manchester UP, 2009), ISBN 0-7190-7702-8\nAmy de La Bretèque, L'imaginaire Médiéval Dans Le Cinéma Occidental (Paris: Champion, 2004).\nRichard Burt, Medieval and Early Modern Film and Media (Palgrave MacMillan, 2008) ISBN 0-230-60125-1\nAndrew Elliott, Remaking the Middle Ages: The Methods of Cinema and History in Portraying the Medieval World (Jefferson: McFarland, 2011) ISBN 0-7864-4624-2\nNickolas Haydock, Movie Medievalism: The Imaginary Middle Ages (McFarland 2008). ISBN 978-0-7864-3443-5\nNickolas Haydock and Edward L. Risden, eds. Hollywood in the Holy Land: Essays on Film Depictions of the Crusades and Christian-Muslim Clashes (McFarland, 2008).\nLaurie Finke and Martin B Shichtman, Cinematic Illuminations: The Middle Ages on Film (The Johns Hopkins University Press 2009) ISBN 978-0-8018-9345-2\nArticles\nRichard Burt, \"Getting Schmedieval: Of Manuscript and Film Parodies, Prologues, and Paratexts,\" special issue of Exemplaria on \"Movie Medievalism,\" 19.2. (Summer 2007), 217–42, co-edited by Richard Burt and Nickolas Haydock.\nRichard Burt, \"Re-embroidering the Bayeux Tapestry in Film and Media: the Flip Side of History in Opening and End Title Sequences,\" special issue of Exemplaria on \"Movie Medievalism,\" 19.2. (Summer 2007), 327–50, co-edited by Richard Burt and Nickolas Haydock.\nRichard Burt, \"Cutting and Running from the (Medieval) Middle East : The Uncanny Mises-hors-scène of Kingdom of Heaven's Double DVDs,\" Babel, N° 15, 1er semestre (2007), 247–298.\n\"Richard Burt, \"Border Skirmishes: Weaving Around the Bayeux Tapestry and Cinema in Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves and El Cid ,\" in Medieval Film, ed. Anke Bernau and Bettina Bildhauer (Manchester: Manchester UP, 2009), 158–181.\nNickolas Haydock, \"Arthurian Melodrama, Chaucerian Spectacle and the Waywardness of Cinematic Pastiche in 'First Knight' and 'A Knight's Tale'\" \"Studies in Medievalism\" 12 (2002): 5–38.\nNickolas Haydock, \"Shooting the Messenger: Luc Besson at War with Joan of Arc,\" special issue of Exemplaria on \"Movie Medievalism,\" 19.2 (Summer 2007), co-edited by Richard Burt and Nickolas Haydock\nNickolas Haydock, \"Digital Divagations in a Hyperreal Camelot: Antoine Fuqua's 'King Arthur'\" in Helen Fulton, ed. \"Blackwell Companion to Arthurian Literature\" (Blackwell, forthcoming 2008).\nDavid Williams, \"Medieval Movies\", The Yearbook of English Studies, 20 (1990), 1–32.\nSpecial issue of Cahiers de la Cinémathèque, \"Le Moyen Âge au Cinéma\", 42/43 (1985).\nSpecial issue of Babel on \"Le Moyen Age mise-en-scène: Perspectives contemporaines,\" edited by Sandra Gorgievski and Xavier Leroux, N° 15, 1er semestre (2007).\nFilmographies and Bibliographies\nKevin J. Harty, The Reel Middle Ages: American, Western and Eastern European, Middle Eastern and Asian films about Medieval Europe, 1999, ISBN 0-7864-0541-4. The first comprehensive survey of films of the European Middle Ages. Over 900 films.\nPaul Halsall, Medieval History in the Movies Online list of over 200 movies depicting Medieval history. From the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.\nScott Manning, Medievalism on Screen: An Annotated Bibliography Online list of over 300 books and papers focused on medievalism in film and television. Last retrieved March 2018.\nDavid J. Williams, \"Medieval Movies: A Filmography\", Film & History 29:1–2 (1999):20–32.\nUniversity classes\nENG 4133 Section 6439: Medieval and Early Modern Film and Media English Class at University of Florida by Dr. Richard Burt. Last retrieved April. 2009\nHIST 3220: Medieval Hollywood, a history and film course at Fordham University, taught by Dr. Esther Liberman Cuenca in Spring 2018\nArticles\nArthur Lindley, \"The ahistoricism of medieval film\", from Screening The Past Journal.\nDavid J. Williams, \"Looking at the Middle Ages in the Cinema: An Overview.\" Film & History 29:1–2 (1999): 8–19.\nMartha Driver, \"Writing About Medieval Movies: Authenticity and History.\", Film & History 29:1–2 (1999):5–7.\nOnline resources\nMedieval Hollywood (hosted by Fordham University)\nMedieval Studies at the Movies: An Online Reference Guide to Medieval Subjects on Film and Television (maintained by The Virtual Society for the Study of Popular Culture and the Middle Ages)\nMedieval War Movies","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"Middle Ages in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history"},{"title":"List of films based on Arthurian legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Arthurian_legend"},{"title":"List of films and television series featuring Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_series_featuring_Robin_Hood"},{"title":"Joan of Arc in film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Joan_of_Arc#Films"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhionaeschna
Rhionaeschna
["1 Species","2 References"]
Genus of dragonflies Rhionaeschna R. multicolor Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Odonata Infraorder: Anisoptera Family: Aeshnidae Genus: RhionaeschnaFörster, 1909 Rhionaeschna is the scientific name of a genus of dragonflies from the family Aeshnidae. They are also known as blue-eyed darners. Species The genus includes the following species: Rhionaeschna absoluta (Calvert, 1952) Rhionaeschna biliosa (Kennedy, 1938) Rhionaeschna bonariensis (Rambur, 1842) Rhionaeschna brasiliensis (von Ellenrieder & Martins Costa, 2002) Rhionaeschna brevicercia (Muzón & von Ellenrieder, 2001) Rhionaeschna brevifrons (Hagen, 1861) Rhionaeschna californica (Calvert, 1895) – California darner Rhionaeschna condor (De Marmels, 2001) Rhionaeschna confusa (Rambur, 1842) Rhionaeschna cornigera (Brauer, 1865) Rhionaeschna decessus (Calvert, 1953) Rhionaeschna demarmelsi von Ellenrieder, 2003 Rhionaeschna diffinis (Rambur, 1842) Rhionaeschna draco (Rácenis, 1958) – arroyo darner Rhionaeschna dugesi (Calvert, 1905) Rhionaeschna eduardoi (Machado, 1984) Rhionaeschna elsia (Calvert, 1952) Rhionaeschna fissifrons (Muzón & von Ellenrieder, 2001) Rhionaeschna galapagoensis (Currie, 1901) Rhionaeschna haarupi (Ris, 1908) Rhionaeschna intricata (Martin, 1908) Rhionaeschna itataia (Carvalho & Salgado, 2004) Rhionaeschna jalapensis (Williamson, 1908) Rhionaeschna joannisi (Martin, 1897) Rhionaeschna manni (Williamson & Williamson, 1930) Rhionaeschna marchali (Rambur, 1842) Rhionaeschna multicolor (Hagen, 1861) – blue-eyed darner Rhionaeschna mutata (Hagen, 1861) – spatterdock darner Rhionaeschna nubigena (De Marmels, 1989) Rhionaeschna obscura (Muzón & von Ellenrieder, 2001) Rhionaeschna pallipes (Fraser, 1947) Rhionaeschna pauloi (Machado, 1994) Rhionaeschna peralta (Ris, 1918) Rhionaeschna planaltica (Calvert, 1952) Rhionaeschna psilus (Calvert, 1947) – turquoise-tipped darner Rhionaeschna punctata (Martin, 1908) Rhionaeschna serrania (Carvalho & Salgado, 2004) Rhionaeschna tinti (von Ellenrieder, 2000) Rhionaeschna variegata (Fabricius, 1775) Rhionaeschna vazquezae (González, 1986) Rhionaeschna vigintipunctata (Ris, 1918) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhionaeschna. Wikispecies has information related to Rhionaeschna. ^ Martin Schorr; Martin Lindeboom; Dennis Paulson. "World Odonata List". University of Puget Sound. Retrieved 11 August 2010. ^ a b c d e "North American Odonata". University of Puget Sound. 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010. Rhionaeschna, ITIS Report Rhionaeschna, BugGuide Taxon identifiersRhionaeschna Wikidata: Q938301 Wikispecies: Rhionaeschna BioLib: 224953 BOLD: 319421 BugGuide: 13581 CoL: 63QCG EoL: 15964 GBIF: 1424939 iNaturalist: 67735 IRMNG: 1045269 ITIS: 721973 NCBI: 481682 Plazi: D076D419-B568-FFA8-FF23-F4A42442FB1F This article related to Aeshnidae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_a_biological_genus"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"dragonflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"Aeshnidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeshnidae"}],"text":"Rhionaeschna is the scientific name of a genus of dragonflies from the family Aeshnidae. They are also known as blue-eyed darners.","title":"Rhionaeschna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WOL-1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna absoluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_absoluta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna biliosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_biliosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna bonariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_bonariensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna brasiliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_brasiliensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna brevicercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_brevicercia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna brevifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_brevifrons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhionaeschna_californica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAO-2"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_condor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna confusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_confusa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna cornigera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_cornigera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna decessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_decessus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna demarmelsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_demarmelsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna diffinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_diffinis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna draco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_draco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAO-2"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna dugesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhionaeschna_dugesi"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna eduardoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_eduardoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna elsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_elsia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna fissifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_fissifrons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna galapagoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhionaeschna_galapagoensis"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna haarupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_haarupi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna intricata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_intricata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna itataia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_itataia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna jalapensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_jalapensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna joannisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_joannisi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna manni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_manni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna marchali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_marchali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna multicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhionaeschna_multicolor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAO-2"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna mutata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhionaeschna_mutata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAO-2"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna nubigena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_nubigena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna obscura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_obscura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna pallipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_pallipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna pauloi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_pauloi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna peralta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_peralta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna planaltica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_planaltica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna psilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhionaeschna_psilus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAO-2"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna punctata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_punctata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna serrania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_serrania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna tinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_tinti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna variegata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_variegata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna vazquezae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_vazquezae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhionaeschna vigintipunctata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhionaeschna_vigintipunctata&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The genus includes the following species:[1]Rhionaeschna absoluta (Calvert, 1952)\nRhionaeschna biliosa (Kennedy, 1938)\nRhionaeschna bonariensis (Rambur, 1842)\nRhionaeschna brasiliensis (von Ellenrieder & Martins Costa, 2002)\nRhionaeschna brevicercia (Muzón & von Ellenrieder, 2001)\nRhionaeschna brevifrons (Hagen, 1861)\nRhionaeschna californica (Calvert, 1895) – California darner[2]\nRhionaeschna condor (De Marmels, 2001)\nRhionaeschna confusa (Rambur, 1842)\nRhionaeschna cornigera (Brauer, 1865)\nRhionaeschna decessus (Calvert, 1953)\nRhionaeschna demarmelsi von Ellenrieder, 2003\nRhionaeschna diffinis (Rambur, 1842)\nRhionaeschna draco (Rácenis, 1958) – arroyo darner[2]\nRhionaeschna dugesi (Calvert, 1905)\nRhionaeschna eduardoi (Machado, 1984)\nRhionaeschna elsia (Calvert, 1952)\nRhionaeschna fissifrons (Muzón & von Ellenrieder, 2001)\nRhionaeschna galapagoensis (Currie, 1901)\nRhionaeschna haarupi (Ris, 1908)\nRhionaeschna intricata (Martin, 1908)\nRhionaeschna itataia (Carvalho & Salgado, 2004)\nRhionaeschna jalapensis (Williamson, 1908)\nRhionaeschna joannisi (Martin, 1897)\nRhionaeschna manni (Williamson & Williamson, 1930)\nRhionaeschna marchali (Rambur, 1842)\nRhionaeschna multicolor (Hagen, 1861) – blue-eyed darner[2]\nRhionaeschna mutata (Hagen, 1861) – spatterdock darner[2]\nRhionaeschna nubigena (De Marmels, 1989)\nRhionaeschna obscura (Muzón & von Ellenrieder, 2001)\nRhionaeschna pallipes (Fraser, 1947)\nRhionaeschna pauloi (Machado, 1994)\nRhionaeschna peralta (Ris, 1918)\nRhionaeschna planaltica (Calvert, 1952)\nRhionaeschna psilus (Calvert, 1947) – turquoise-tipped darner[2]\nRhionaeschna punctata (Martin, 1908)\nRhionaeschna serrania (Carvalho & Salgado, 2004)\nRhionaeschna tinti (von Ellenrieder, 2000)\nRhionaeschna variegata (Fabricius, 1775)\nRhionaeschna vazquezae (González, 1986)\nRhionaeschna vigintipunctata (Ris, 1918)","title":"Species"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordaland_Police_District
Hordaland Police District
["1 Jurisdiction","2 See also","3 References"]
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2017) Law enforcement agency Hordaland Police DistrictAgency overviewFormed2002EmployeesApprox. 900Jurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionHordaland, County, NorwayGeneral natureLocal civilian policeOperational structureOverseen byNational Police DirectorateHeadquartersBergen Sentrum Police Station, Alehelgens gate 6, BergenAgency executiveGeir Gudmundsen, Chief of PoliceFacilitiesPolitistasjon / Lensmannskontors15Websitehttps://www.politi.no/hordaland Hordaland Police District (Norwegian: Hordaland politidisrikt) is headquartered in Bergen, Norway. In the police district are approximately 454,000 inhabitants. Jurisdiction The police district covers the municipalities: Askøy, Austevoll, Austrheim, Bergen, Eidfjord, Fedje, Fjell, Fusa, Granvin, Gulen, Jondal, Kvam, Kvinnherad, Lindås, Masfjorden, Meland, Modalen, Odda, Os, Osterøy, Radøy, Samnanger, Sund, Tysnes, Ullensvang, Ulvik, Vaksdal, Voss and Øygarden in the county of Hordaland. In the second largest police district in Norway, after Oslo, and there are four police stations in the city of Bergen (north, south, west and central Bergen) and eleven sheriff's offices (lensmannskontor in Norwegian) in other parts of the county. See also Norwegian Police Service References ^ Om Hordaland politidistrikt in Norwegian ^ Contact information Hordaland Police District vteNorwegian Police Service Ministry of Justice and Public Security National agencies Norwegian Bureau for the Investigation of Police Affairs (Spesialenheten) National Police Directorate (POD) Norwegian Police Security Service (PST) Norwegian Prosecuting Authority Sysselmesteren (Governor of Svalbard) Police districts (2017) Agder East Finnmark Innlandet Møre og Romsdal Nordland Oslo Southwest Southeast Troms Trøndelag West National units (særorgan) National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime in Norway (Økokrim) National Criminal Investigation Service (Kripos) National Mobile Police Service (UP) National Police Immigration Service (PU) Norwegian Police University College (PHS) Other national units Norwegian Border Commissioner (Grensekommissariatet) Norwegian ID Centre (Nasjonalt ID-senter) Norwegian Police Shared Services (Politiets fellestjenester) Police ICT Services (Politiets IKT-tjenester (PIT)) Other Bombegruppen Beredskapstroppen (Delta) History Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Northern Norway Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Southern Norway Namsfogden Norwegian Bureau for the Investigation of Police Affairs (Spesialenheten) Norwegian Police Cross of Honour Norwegian Public Safety Radio (nødnettet) Vandelskontroll og politiattester Politiets helikoptertjeneste (HT) Politireserven Ranks Royal Police Escort SRGP Utrykningsenhetene This law enforcement–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Norwegian Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Service"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmarchiv_Austria
Filmarchiv Austria
["1 History","2 Collections","3 See also","4 Sources","5 External links"]
Filmarchiv Austria, Augarten The Filmarchiv Austria ("Austrian Film Archive") is an organisation for the discovery, reconstruction and preservation of Austrian film record material: films themselves, literature about film and cinema, or film-related periodicals. With over 260,000 film titles, 2,000,000 photographs and stills, 48,000 cinema programmes, 16,000 film posters, 30,000 books, and an extensive collection of apparatus, documents and costumes, it is the largest such organisation in Austria. Research is always in progress on particular topics in order to enlarge the film content, covering all genres from advertising footage to experimental projects to light entertainment films. Of all the existing Austrian productions in the world from before 1945, over 95% are kept in the Filmarchiv Austria. The Filmarchiv Austria is a member of FIAF (the International Federation of Film Archives). History Metro Kinokulturhaus in Vienna, run by Filmarchiv Austria The present Filmarchiv Austria was founded on 17 October 1955, as the Österreichische Filmarchiv (ÖFA) ("Austrian Film Archive"). The first reconstruction of film material by the ÖFA, in 1961, was the 1926 film version of Der Rosenkavalier. Other major reconstruction projects have included the first Austrian feature film productions, those of Saturn-Film; the oldest extant Austrian drama film, Der Müller und sein Kind of 1911; and the classics Orlacs Hände ("The Hands of Orlac") and Die Sklavenkönigin ("The Slave Queen" or "The Moon of Israel"), which without this work would have remained inaccessible to the viewing public. The Filmarchiv Austria, together with Der Standard, is also responsible for the selection and production of Der österreichische Film, an authoritative DVD series of significant Austrian films, consisting so far of 50 parts. In 1965 a systematic programme began of conversion of film prints on the highly unstable cellulose nitrate base, which remained in commercial use into the 1950s, to security film. In 1968 new premises were found in the Rauhensteingasse in central Vienna, while new storage and exhibition facilities were established in the Altes Schloss ("Old Castle"), Laxenburg. In 1997 the Österreichische Filmarchiv changed its name to Filmarchiv Austria, and established new central facilities at the Audiovisuelles Zentrum Wien-Augarten. In 2001 the Filmarchiv-Studienzentrum was opened in the Augarten premises, incorporating the Filmdokumentationszentrum, formerly the largest private collection of film-related material in Austria, founded in 1965 by Herbert Holba and the film historian Peter Spiegel, on the basis of an earlier collection begun in 1945. Collections Advertisements for Saturn-Film productions, the earliest known Austrian feature films (Filmarchiv collection) The collections of the Filmarchiv Austria comprehensively document Austrian cultural and social history. The oldest titles preserved are the sequences of Vienna taken by the Lumière Brothers in 1896. The oldest preserved native Austrian film is the documentary Der Kaiserbesuch in Braunau/Inn ("Visit of the Kaiser to Braunau am Inn") from 1903, shot by Johann Bläser, proprietor of a travelling film show, while the earliest extant Austrian feature films are the erotic productions of Saturn-Film from 1906 onwards. Some of the more important collections include: the Goldstaub collection: a highly significant collection from the early days of the Austrian cinema, with extensive documentary footage from the time of the monarchy; the Reinthaler collection: Austria's largest cinematic collection from the years 1910–20; the Köfinger collection: tourism films from the period of silent film; a number of collections of cine-newsreels from the 1930s; the archive of the major newsreel producer Austria Wochenschau, acquired in 1997 See also ACE Association of European Film Archives and Cinematheques Sources Official website Filmdokumentationszentrum website (in German) External links Media related to Filmarchiv Austria at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"FIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Film_Archives"}],"text":"The Filmarchiv Austria (\"Austrian Film Archive\") is an organisation for the discovery, reconstruction and preservation of Austrian film record material: films themselves, literature about film and cinema, or film-related periodicals. With over 260,000 film titles, 2,000,000 photographs and stills, 48,000 cinema programmes, 16,000 film posters, 30,000 books, and an extensive collection of apparatus, documents and costumes, it is the largest such organisation in Austria.Research is always in progress on particular topics in order to enlarge the film content, covering all genres from advertising footage to experimental projects to light entertainment films. Of all the existing Austrian productions in the world from before 1945, over 95% are kept in the Filmarchiv Austria.The Filmarchiv Austria is a member of FIAF (the International Federation of Film Archives).","title":"Filmarchiv Austria"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metrokino_Filmarchiv_Austria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Der Rosenkavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier"},{"link_name":"Saturn-Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturn-Film&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Der Müller und sein Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_M%C3%BCller_und_sein_Kind"},{"link_name":"Orlacs Hände","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hands_of_Orlac_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"Die Sklavenkönigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Sklavenk%C3%B6nigin"},{"link_name":"Der Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Standard"},{"link_name":"cellulose nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_nitrate"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Laxenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxenburg_castles"},{"link_name":"Augarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augarten"}],"text":"Metro Kinokulturhaus in Vienna, run by Filmarchiv AustriaThe present Filmarchiv Austria was founded on 17 October 1955, as the Österreichische Filmarchiv (ÖFA) (\"Austrian Film Archive\").The first reconstruction of film material by the ÖFA, in 1961, was the 1926 film version of Der Rosenkavalier. Other major reconstruction projects have included the first Austrian feature film productions, those of Saturn-Film; the oldest extant Austrian drama film, Der Müller und sein Kind of 1911; and the classics Orlacs Hände (\"The Hands of Orlac\") and Die Sklavenkönigin (\"The Slave Queen\" or \"The Moon of Israel\"), which without this work would have remained inaccessible to the viewing public.The Filmarchiv Austria, together with Der Standard, is also responsible for the selection and production of Der österreichische Film, an authoritative DVD series of significant Austrian films, consisting so far of 50 parts.In 1965 a systematic programme began of conversion of film prints on the highly unstable cellulose nitrate base, which remained in commercial use into the 1950s, to security film.In 1968 new premises were found in the Rauhensteingasse in central Vienna, while new storage and exhibition facilities were established in the Altes Schloss (\"Old Castle\"), Laxenburg. In 1997 the Österreichische Filmarchiv changed its name to Filmarchiv Austria, and established new central facilities at the Audiovisuelles Zentrum Wien-Augarten.In 2001 the Filmarchiv-Studienzentrum was opened in the Augarten premises, incorporating the Filmdokumentationszentrum, formerly the largest private collection of film-related material in Austria, founded in 1965 by Herbert Holba and the film historian Peter Spiegel, on the basis of an earlier collection begun in 1945.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saturn-Film_3nov1906.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lumière Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Saturn-Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturn-Film&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Advertisements for Saturn-Film productions, the earliest known Austrian feature films (Filmarchiv collection)The collections of the Filmarchiv Austria comprehensively document Austrian cultural and social history. The oldest titles preserved are the sequences of Vienna taken by the Lumière Brothers in 1896. The oldest preserved native Austrian film is the documentary Der Kaiserbesuch in Braunau/Inn (\"Visit of the Kaiser to Braunau am Inn\") from 1903, shot by Johann Bläser, proprietor of a travelling film show, while the earliest extant Austrian feature films are the erotic productions of Saturn-Film from 1906 onwards.Some of the more important collections include:the Goldstaub collection: a highly significant collection from the early days of the Austrian cinema, with extensive documentary footage from the time of the monarchy;\nthe Reinthaler collection: Austria's largest cinematic collection from the years 1910–20;\nthe Köfinger collection: tourism films from the period of silent film;\na number of collections of cine-newsreels from the 1930s;\nthe archive of the major newsreel producer Austria Wochenschau, acquired in 1997","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.filmarchiv.at"},{"link_name":"Filmdokumentationszentrum website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//members.aon.at/kinoinfo"}],"text":"Official website\nFilmdokumentationszentrum website (in German)","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Filmarchiv Austria, Augarten","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Augarten-Filmarchiv-Austria.jpg/220px-Augarten-Filmarchiv-Austria.jpg"},{"image_text":"Metro Kinokulturhaus in Vienna, run by Filmarchiv Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Metrokino_Filmarchiv_Austria.jpg/220px-Metrokino_Filmarchiv_Austria.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advertisements for Saturn-Film productions, the earliest known Austrian feature films (Filmarchiv collection)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Saturn-Film_3nov1906.jpg/220px-Saturn-Film_3nov1906.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Association of European Film Archives and Cinematheques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_European_Film_Archives_and_Cinematheques"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.filmarchiv.at/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://members.aon.at/kinoinfo","external_links_name":"Filmdokumentationszentrum website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110117411","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137543277","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007337530705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=zmp2018985695&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Tax_Credit
Disability Tax Credit
["1 Eligibility","2 Benefits","3 Transferring credits","4 Association of Canadian Disability Benefit Professionals (ACDBP)","5 References","6 External links"]
Reduction in Canadian taxes for disabled people The Disability Tax Credit (DTC) is a non-refundable tax credit in Canada for individuals who have a severe and prolonged impairment in physical or mental function. An impairment qualifies as prolonged if it is expected to or has lasted at least 12 months. The DTC is required in order to qualify for the Registered Disability Savings Plan , the working income tax benefit, and the child disability benefit. Families using a Henson trust, the Canada Disability Child Benefit other estate planning methods for children with Disabilities are not excluded from the DTC. While the credit is valuable, many have found qualifying for it challenging. Eligibility The individual must be "markedly restricted" in at least one of the following categories: speaking, hearing, walking, elimination (bowel or bladder functions), feeding, dressing, performing the mental functions of everyday life, life-sustaining therapy to support vital function and the recently introduced cumulative effects of significant restrictions. The degree of disability must be approved by Canada Revenue Agency before it can be used, and this process requires the completion and submission of a form. The T2201 Disability Tax Credit Certificate form must be completed by a qualified professional related to the impairment such as a medical doctor, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, psychologist, audiologist, or optometrist, in order to qualify as having a severe and prolonged impairment. The practitioner must certify on the T2201 form that the impairment meets specific conditions within the set category. The conditions vary depending on impairment. A document released by the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) in response to suggestions they made to the House of Commons Sub-Committee on the Status of Persons with Disabilities, attempts to assist medical professionals with deciphering what qualifies as being markedly restricted in the "mental functions necessary for everyday life". In 2005, the CRA introduced a new category of eligibility, "cumulative effect of significant restrictions". This category is useful for individuals who are disabled but not restricted enough to qualify as being markedly restricted. Since this was introduced in 2005, an applicant may only be able to recapture funds since that point. Benefits An applicant can file for the disability amount, back 10 years, due to the Tax Payer Relief Provisions in the Income Tax Act. The DTC amounts to C$7,687 (According to line 316) is a non-refundable tax credit and if an individual has enough taxable income, this would result tax savings of 1,153.05, and if filed for the full 10-year period the possible tax savings are excess of 11,000. The DTC can be found on line 316 (for self) and line 318 (transferred to a supporting relative). If the medical practitioner charges to complete the T2201 form, applicants can claim this as a medical expense on line 330 of his/her tax return. In addition to lowering taxes, qualifying for tax credits can also be a requirement for applying for other money-saving vehicles such as the Registered Disability Savings Plan. Transferring credits If the person with the impairment does not have a taxable income, he/she can transfer credits to a supporting relative such as a parent, grandparent, child, sibling, grandchild, aunt, uncle, niece, or nephew. The disability amount can be transferred in either its entirety or as the remainder of what the dependent was unable to claim himself or herself. Association of Canadian Disability Benefit Professionals (ACDBP) An Association of Canadian Disability Benefit Professionals was created to represent and serve a network of organizations that assist clients in registering for the disability tax credit, registered disability savings plan and other disability tax benefits. It was created by the twelve founding organizations specializing in this field. They are all committed to ACDBP Code of Conduct. The Association advocates on behalf of its members for policy and program efficiency at the federal and provincial level. References ^ "Disability tax credit". Canada Revenue Agency. Retrieved 25 September 2015. ^ Directorate, Government of Canada, Canada Revenue Agency, Taxpayer Services and Debt Management Branch, Taxpayer Services. "Definitions for the disability tax credit". www.cra-arc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2015-12-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Finance, Personal; Taxes (2019-04-18). "Canada's disability tax credit is valuable, but qualifying for it can be a huge challenge | Financial Post". Retrieved 2019-05-02. ^ "A Practical Guide to Understanding the Canadian Disability Tax Credit". Disability Credit Canada. Retrieved 20 August 2020. ^ Smolkin, Sheryl. "Do you qualify for the disability tax credit?". Retrieved 2015-12-13. ^ Directorate, Government of Canada, Canada Revenue Agency, Taxpayer Services and Debt Management Branch, Taxpayer Services. "Line 316 – Disability amount (for self)". www.cra-arc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015-12-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Directorate, Government of Canada, Canada Revenue Agency, Taxpayer Services and Debt Management Branch, Taxpayer Services. "Line 318 – Disability amount transferred from a dependant". www.cra-arc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015-12-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Directorate, Government of Canada, Canada Revenue Agency, Taxpayer Services and Debt Management Branch, Taxpayer Services. "Registered disability savings plan (RDSP)". www.cra-arc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015-12-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Rules for Transferring the Disability Tax Credit - The National Benefit Authority". The National Benefit Authority. Retrieved 2015-12-13. ^ "Government moves to cap 'predatory' consultant fees for disability tax credit". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2015-12-13. ^ McFeat, Tom (Mar 2, 2015). "Tax season 2015: The disability tax credit and the push for fee limits". CBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2015. External links Disability Section on CRA Website Association of Canadian Disability Benefit Professionals vteIncome taxes in CanadaGeneral Income taxes in Canada Corporate income taxes Major tax credits and benefits Age amount Basic personal amount Canada Child Benefit (CCB) Canada Employment Credit (CEC) Canada workers benefit (CWB) Caregiver tax credit (CTC) Child Disability Benefit (CDB) Climate action incentive (CAI) Disability Tax Credit (DTC) Investment Tax Credit (ITC) Labour-sponsored funds tax credit Major deductions and incentives Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) RRSP deduction Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) EliminatedChildcare Canada Child Tax Benefit (CCTB) Child Tax Benefit (CTB) Children’s art tax credit Children’s fitness tax credit Universal child care benefit (UCCB) Working Income Supplement (WIS) Others Education Tax Credit (ETC) Public Transit Tax Credit (PTTC) Textbook Tax Credit (TTC) Workers Income Tax Benefit (WITB)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Registered Disability Savings Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Disability_Savings_Plan"},{"link_name":"Henson trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henson_trust"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Disability Tax Credit (DTC) is a non-refundable tax credit in Canada for individuals who have a severe and prolonged impairment in physical or mental function.[1] An impairment qualifies as prolonged if it is expected to or has lasted at least 12 months.[2] The DTC is required in order to qualify for the Registered Disability Savings Plan , the working income tax benefit, and the child disability benefit. Families using a Henson trust, the Canada Disability Child Benefit other estate planning methods for children with Disabilities are not excluded from the DTC. While the credit is valuable, many have found qualifying for it challenging.[3]","title":"Disability Tax Credit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada Revenue Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Revenue_Agency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Canadian Psychological Association (CPA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Psychological_Association"}],"text":"The individual must be \"markedly restricted\" in at least one of the following categories: speaking, hearing, walking, elimination (bowel or bladder functions), feeding, dressing, performing the mental functions of everyday life, life-sustaining therapy to support vital function and the recently introduced cumulative effects of significant restrictions.\nThe degree of disability must be approved by Canada Revenue Agency before it can be used, and this process requires the completion and submission of a form. The T2201 Disability Tax Credit Certificate form must be completed by a qualified professional related to the impairment such as a medical doctor, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, psychologist, audiologist, or optometrist, in order to qualify as having a severe and prolonged impairment. The practitioner must certify on the T2201 form that the impairment meets specific conditions within the set category. The conditions vary depending on impairment.[4]A document released by the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) in response to suggestions they made to the House of Commons Sub-Committee on the Status of Persons with Disabilities, attempts to assist medical professionals with deciphering what qualifies as being markedly restricted in the \"mental functions necessary for everyday life\".In 2005, the CRA introduced a new category of eligibility, \"cumulative effect of significant restrictions\". This category is useful for individuals who are disabled but not restricted enough to qualify as being markedly restricted. Since this was introduced in 2005, an applicant may only be able to recapture funds since that point.","title":"Eligibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"An applicant can file for the disability amount, back 10 years, due to the Tax Payer Relief Provisions in the Income Tax Act. The DTC amounts to C$7,687 (According to line 316) is a non-refundable tax credit and if an individual has enough taxable income, this would result tax savings of 1,153.05, and if filed for the full 10-year period the possible tax savings are excess of 11,000.[5]The DTC can be found on line 316 (for self) and line 318 (transferred to a supporting relative). If the medical practitioner charges to complete the T2201 form, applicants can claim this as a medical expense on line 330 of his/her tax return.[6][7]In addition to lowering taxes, qualifying for tax credits can also be a requirement for applying for other money-saving vehicles such as the Registered Disability Savings Plan.[8]","title":"Benefits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"If the person with the impairment does not have a taxable income, he/she can transfer credits to a supporting relative such as a parent, grandparent, child, sibling, grandchild, aunt, uncle, niece, or nephew. The disability amount can be transferred in either its entirety or as the remainder of what the dependent was unable to claim himself or herself.[9][10]","title":"Transferring credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"An Association of Canadian Disability Benefit Professionals was created to represent and serve a network of organizations that assist clients in registering for the disability tax credit, registered disability savings plan and other disability tax benefits. It was created by the twelve founding organizations specializing in this field. They are all committed to ACDBP Code of Conduct. The Association advocates on behalf of its members for policy and program efficiency at the federal and provincial level.[11]","title":"Association of Canadian Disability Benefit Professionals (ACDBP)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Disability tax credit\". Canada Revenue Agency. Retrieved 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/sgmnts/dsblts/dtc/menu-eng.html","url_text":"\"Disability tax credit\""}]},{"reference":"Directorate, Government of Canada, Canada Revenue Agency, Taxpayer Services and Debt Management Branch, Taxpayer Services. \"Definitions for the disability tax credit\". www.cra-arc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2015-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151103003118/http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/sgmnts/dsblts/dtc/glssry-eng.html#prlngd","url_text":"\"Definitions for the disability tax credit\""},{"url":"http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/sgmnts/dsblts/dtc/glssry-eng.html#prlngd","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Finance, Personal; Taxes (2019-04-18). \"Canada's disability tax credit is valuable, but qualifying for it can be a huge challenge | Financial Post\". Retrieved 2019-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://business.financialpost.com/personal-finance/taxes/canadas-disability-tax-credit-is-valuable-but-qualifying-for-it-can-be-a-huge-challenge","url_text":"\"Canada's disability tax credit is valuable, but qualifying for it can be a huge challenge | Financial Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Practical Guide to Understanding the Canadian Disability Tax Credit\". Disability Credit Canada. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://disabilitycreditcanada.com/disability-tax-credit-ultimate-resource-guide/","url_text":"\"A Practical Guide to Understanding the Canadian Disability Tax Credit\""}]},{"reference":"Smolkin, Sheryl. \"Do you qualify for the disability tax credit?\". Retrieved 2015-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sunlife.ca/ca/Learn+and+Plan/Money/Financial+planning+tips/Do+you+qualify+for+the+disability+tax+credit?vgnLocale=en_CA","url_text":"\"Do you qualify for the disability tax credit?\""}]},{"reference":"Directorate, Government of Canada, Canada Revenue Agency, Taxpayer Services and Debt Management Branch, Taxpayer Services. \"Line 316 – Disability amount (for self)\". www.cra-arc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/tpcs/ncm-tx/rtrn/cmpltng/ddctns/lns300-350/316-eng.html","url_text":"\"Line 316 – Disability amount (for self)\""}]},{"reference":"Directorate, Government of Canada, Canada Revenue Agency, Taxpayer Services and Debt Management Branch, Taxpayer Services. \"Line 318 – Disability amount transferred from a dependant\". www.cra-arc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/tpcs/ncm-tx/rtrn/cmpltng/ddctns/lns300-350/318-eng.html","url_text":"\"Line 318 – Disability amount transferred from a dependant\""}]},{"reference":"Directorate, Government of Canada, Canada Revenue Agency, Taxpayer Services and Debt Management Branch, Taxpayer Services. \"Registered disability savings plan (RDSP)\". www.cra-arc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/rdsp/","url_text":"\"Registered disability savings plan (RDSP)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rules for Transferring the Disability Tax Credit - The National Benefit Authority\". The National Benefit Authority. Retrieved 2015-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenba.ca/disability-blog/rules-for-transferring-the-disability-tax-credit/","url_text":"\"Rules for Transferring the Disability Tax Credit - The National Benefit Authority\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government moves to cap 'predatory' consultant fees for disability tax credit\". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2015-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/taxes/tax-season-2015-the-disability-tax-credit-and-the-push-for-fee-limits-1.2963943","url_text":"\"Government moves to cap 'predatory' consultant fees for disability tax credit\""}]},{"reference":"McFeat, Tom (Mar 2, 2015). \"Tax season 2015: The disability tax credit and the push for fee limits\". CBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/taxes/tax-season-2015-the-disability-tax-credit-and-the-push-for-fee-limits-1.2963943","url_text":"\"Tax season 2015: The disability tax credit and the push for fee limits\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foaled
Horse breeding
["1 Terminology","2 Estrous cycle of the mare","2.1 Effects on the reproductive system during the estrous cycle","2.2 Hormones involved in the estrous cycle, during foaling, and after birth","3 Breeding and gestation","3.1 Care of the pregnant mare","4 Foaling","4.1 Foal care","5 How breeds develop","6 History of horse breeding","7 Deciding to breed a horse","8 Choosing breeding stock","9 Costs related to breeding","10 Covering the mare","10.1 Live cover","10.2 Artificial insemination","10.3 Advanced reproductive techniques","11 See also","12 References","13 Further reading"]
Human-directed process of selective horse breeding This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Horse breeding" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Horse breeding is reproduction in horses, and particularly the human-directed process of selective breeding of animals, particularly purebred horses of a given breed. Planned matings can be used to produce specifically desired characteristics in domesticated horses. Furthermore, modern breeding management and technologies can increase the rate of conception, a healthy pregnancy, and successful foaling. Terminology The male parent of a horse, a stallion, is commonly known as the sire and the female parent, the mare, is called the dam. Both are genetically important, as each parent genes can be existent with a 50% probability in the foal. Contrary to popular misuse, "colt" refers to a young male horse only; "filly" is a young female. Though many horse owners may simply breed a family mare to a local stallion in order to produce a companion animal, most professional breeders use selective breeding to produce individuals of a given phenotype, or breed. Alternatively, a breeder could, using individuals of differing phenotypes, create a new breed with specific characteristics. A horse is "bred" where it is foaled (born). Thus a colt conceived in England but foaled in the United States is regarded as being bred in the US. In some cases, most notably in the Thoroughbred breeding industry, American- and Canadian-bred horses may also be described by the state or province in which they are foaled. Some breeds denote the country, or state, where conception took place as the origin of the foal. Similarly, the "breeder", is the person who owned or leased the mare at the time of foaling. That individual may not have had anything to do with the mating of the mare. It is important to review each breed registry's rules to determine which applies to any specific foal. In the horse breeding industry, the term "half-brother" or "half-sister" only describes horses which have the same dam, but different sires. Horses with the same sire but different dams are simply said to be "by the same sire", and no sibling relationship is implied. "Full" (or "own") siblings have both the same dam and the same sire. The terms paternal half-sibling, and maternal half-sibling are also often used. Three-quarter siblings are horses out of the same dam, and are by sires that are either half-brothers (i.e. same dam) or who are by the same sire. Thoroughbreds and Arabians are also classified through the "distaff" or direct female line, known as their "family" or "tail female" line, tracing back to their taproot foundation bloodstock or the beginning of their respective stud books. The female line of descent always appears at the bottom of a tabulated pedigree and is therefore often known as the bottom line. In addition, the maternal grandfather of a horse has a special term: damsire. "Linebreeding" technically is the duplication of fourth-generation or more distant ancestors. However, the term is often used more loosely, describing horses with duplication of ancestors closer than the fourth generation. It also is sometimes used as a euphemism for the practice of inbreeding, a practice that is generally frowned upon by horse breeders, though used by some in an attempt to fix certain traits. Estrous cycle of the mare See also: Horse anatomy § Reproductive system Stallion checking a mare in estrus. The mare welcomes the stallion by lowering her rear and lifting her tail. The estrous cycle (also spelled oestrous) controls when a mare is sexually receptive toward a stallion, and helps to physically prepare the mare for conception. It generally occurs during the spring and summer months, although some mares may be sexually receptive into the late fall, and is controlled by the photoperiod (length of the day), the cycle first triggered when the days begin to lengthen. The estrous cycle lasts about 19–22 days, with the average being 21 days. As the days shorten, the mare returns to a period when she is not sexually receptive, known as anestrus. Anestrus – occurring in the majority of, but not all, mares – prevents the mare from conceiving in the winter months, as that would result in her foaling during the harshest part of the year, a time when it would be most difficult for the foal to survive. This cycle contains 2 phases: Estrus, or Follicular, phase: 5–7 days in length, when the mare is sexually receptive to a stallion. Estrogen is secreted by the follicle. Ovulation occurs in the final 24–48 hours of estrus. Diestrus, or Luteal, phase: 14–15 days in length, the mare is not sexually receptive to the stallion. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Depending on breed, on average, 16% of mares have double ovulations, allowing them to twin, though this does not affect the length of time of estrus or diestrus. Effects on the reproductive system during the estrous cycle Changes in hormone levels can have great effects on the physical characteristics of the reproductive organs of the mare, thereby preparing, or preventing, her from conceiving. Uterus: increased levels of estrogen during estrus cause edema within the uterus, making it feel heavier, and the uterus loses its tone. This edema decreases following ovulation, and the muscular tone increases. High levels of progesterone do not cause edema within the uterus. The uterus becomes flaccid during anestrus. Cervix: the cervix starts to relax right before estrus occurs, with maximal relaxation around the time of ovulation. The secretions of the cervix increase. High progesterone levels (during diestrus) cause the cervix to close and become toned. Vagina: the portion of the vagina near the cervix becomes engorged with blood right before estrus. The vagina becomes relaxed and secretions increase. Vulva: relaxes right before estrus begins. Becomes dry, and closes more tightly, during diestrus. Hormones involved in the estrous cycle, during foaling, and after birth The cycle is controlled by several hormones which regulate the estrous cycle, the mare's behavior, and the reproductive system of the mare. The cycle begins when the increased day length causes the pineal gland to reduce the levels of melatonin, thereby allowing the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH. GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone): secreted by the hypothalamus, causes the pituitary to release two gonadotrophins: LH and FSH. LH (Luteinizing hormone): levels are highest 2 days following ovulation, then slowly decrease over 4–5 days, dipping to their lowest levels 5–16 days after ovulation. Stimulates maturation of the follicle, which then in turn secretes estrogen. Unlike most mammals, the mare does not have an increase of LH right before ovulation. FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone): secreted by the pituitary, causes the ovarian follicle to develop. Levels of FSH rise slightly at the end of estrus, but have their highest peak about 10 days before the next ovulation. FSH is inhibited by inhibin (see below), at the same time LH and estrogen levels rise, which prevents immature follicles from continuing their growth. Mares may however have multiple FSH waves during a single estrous cycle, and diestrus follicles resulting from a diestrus FSH wave are not uncommon, particularly in the height of the natural breeding season. Estrogen: secreted by the developing follicle, it causes the pituitary gland to secrete more LH (therefore, these 2 hormones are in a positive feedback loop). Additionally, it causes behavioral changes in the mare, making her more receptive toward the stallion, and causes physical changes in the cervix, uterus, and vagina to prepare the mare for conception (see above). Estrogen peaks 1–2 days before ovulation, and decreases within 2 days following ovulation. Inhibin: secreted by the developed follicle right before ovulation, "turns off" FSH, which is no longer needed now that the follicle is larger. Progesterone: prevents conception and decreases sexual receptibility of the mare to the stallion. Progesterone is therefore lowest during the estrus phase, and increases during diestrus. It decreases 12–15 days after ovulation, when the corpus luteum begins to decrease in size. Prostaglandin: secreted by the endrometrium 13–15 days following ovulation, causes luteolysis and prevents the corpus luteum from secreting progesterone eCG – equine chorionic gonadotropin – also called PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin): chorionic gonadotropins secreted if the mare conceives. First secreted by the endometrial cups around the 36th day of gestation, peaking around day 60, and decreasing after about 120 days of gestation. Also help to stimulate the growth of the fetal gonads. Prolactin: stimulates lactation Oxytocin: stimulates the uterus to contract Breeding and gestation While horses in the wild mate and foal in mid to late spring, in the case of horses domestically bred for competitive purposes, especially horse racing, it is desirable that they be born as close to January 1 in the northern hemisphere or August 1 in the southern hemisphere as possible, so as to be at an advantage in size and maturity when competing against other horses in the same age group. When an early foal is desired, barn managers will put the mare "under lights" by keeping the barn lights on in the winter to simulate a longer day, thus bringing the mare into estrus sooner than she would in nature. Mares signal estrus and ovulation by urination in the presence of a stallion, raising the tail and revealing the vulva. A stallion, approaching with a high head, will usually nicker, nip and nudge the mare, as well as sniff her urine to determine her readiness for mating. Once fertilized, the oocyte (egg) remains in the oviduct for approximately 5.5 more days, and then descends into the uterus. The initial single cell combination is already dividing and by the time of entry into the uterus, the egg might have already reached the blastocyst stage. The gestation period lasts for about eleven months, or about 340 days (normal average range 320–370 days). During the early days of pregnancy, the conceptus is mobile, moving about in the uterus until about day 16 when "fixation" occurs. Shortly after fixation, the embryo proper (so called up to about 35 days) will become visible on trans-rectal ultrasound (about day 21) and a heartbeat should be visible by about day 23. After the formation of the endometrial cups and early placentation is initiated (35–40 days of gestation) the terminology changes, and the embryo is referred to as a fetus. True implantation – invasion into the endometrium of any sort – does not occur until about day 35 of pregnancy with the formation of the endometrial cups, and true placentation (formation of the placenta) is not initiated until about day 40-45 and not completed until about 140 days of pregnancy. The fetus's sex can be determined by day 70 of the gestation using ultrasound. Halfway through gestation the fetus is the size of between a rabbit and a beagle. The most dramatic fetal development occurs in the last 3 months of pregnancy when 60% of fetal growth occurs. Colts are carried on average about 4 days longer than fillies. Care of the pregnant mare Domestic mares receive specific care and nutrition to ensure that they and their foals are healthy. Mares are given vaccinations against diseases such as the Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1) virus (which can cause miscarriage) as well as vaccines for other conditions that may occur in a given region of the world. Pre-foaling vaccines are recommended 4–6 weeks prior to foaling to maximize the immunoglobulin content of the colostrum in the first milk. Mares are dewormed a few weeks prior to foaling, as the mare is the primary source of parasites for the foal. Mares can be used for riding or driving during most of their pregnancy. Exercise is healthy, though should be moderated when a mare is heavily in foal. Exercise in excessively high temperatures has been suggested as being detrimental to pregnancy maintenance during the embryonic period; however ambient temperatures encountered during the research were in the region of 100 degrees F and the same results may not be encountered in regions with lower ambient temperatures. During the first several months of pregnancy, the nutritional requirements do not increase significantly since the rate of growth of the fetus is very slow. However, during this time, the mare may be provided supplemental vitamins and minerals, particularly if forage quality is questionable. During the last 3–4 months of gestation, rapid growth of the fetus increases the mare's nutritional requirements. Energy requirements during these last few months, and during the first few months of lactation are similar to those of a horse in full training. Trace minerals such as copper are extremely important, particularly during the tenth month of pregnancy, for proper skeletal formation. Many feeds designed for pregnant and lactating mares provide the careful balance required of increased protein, increased calories through extra fat as well as vitamins and minerals. Overfeeding the pregnant mare, particularly during early gestation, should be avoided, as excess weight may contribute to difficulties foaling or fetal/foal related problems. Foaling A mare in the early stages of labor Mares due to foal are usually separated from other horses, both for the benefit of the mare and the safety of the soon-to-be-delivered foal. In addition, separation allows the mare to be monitored more closely by humans for any problems that may occur while giving birth. In the northern hemisphere, a special foaling stall that is large and clutter free is frequently used, particularly by major breeding farms. Originally, this was due in part to a need for protection from the harsh winter climate present when mares foal early in the year, but even in moderate climates, such as Florida, foaling stalls are still common because they allow closer monitoring of mares. Smaller breeders often use a small pen with a large shed for foaling, or they may remove a wall between two box stalls in a small barn to make a large stall. In the milder climates seen in much of the southern hemisphere, most mares foal outside, often in a paddock built specifically for foaling, especially on the larger stud farms. Many stud farms worldwide employ technology to alert human managers when the mare is about to foal, including webcams, closed-circuit television, or assorted types of devices that alert a handler via a remote alarm when a mare lies down in a position to foal. On the other hand, some breeders, particularly those in remote areas or with extremely large numbers of horses, may allow mares to foal out in a field amongst a herd, but may also see higher rates of foal and mare mortality in doing so. Most mares foal at night or early in the morning, and prefer to give birth alone when possible. Labor is rapid, often no more than 30 minutes, and from the time the feet of the foal appear to full delivery is often only about 15 to 20 minutes. Once the foal is born, the mare will lick the newborn foal to clean it and help blood circulation. In a very short time, the foal will attempt to stand and get milk from its mother. A foal should stand and nurse within the first hour of life. To create a bond with her foal, the mare licks and nuzzles the foal, enabling her to distinguish the foal from others. Some mares are aggressive when protecting their foals, and may attack other horses or unfamiliar humans that come near their newborns. After birth, a foal's navel is dipped in antiseptic to prevent infection. The foal is sometimes given an enema to help clear the meconium from its digestive tract. The newborn is monitored to ensure that it stands and nurses without difficulty. While most horse births happen without complications, many owners have first aid supplies prepared and a veterinarian on call in case of a birthing emergency. People who supervise foaling should also watch the mare to be sure that she passes the placenta in a timely fashion, and that it is complete with no fragments remaining in the uterus. Retained fetal membranes can cause a serious inflammatory condition (endometritis) and/or infection. If the placenta is not removed from the stall after it is passed, a mare will often eat it, an instinct from the wild, where blood would attract predators. Foal care A foal with its mother, or dam Foals develop rapidly, and within a few hours a wild foal can travel with the herd. In domestic breeding, the foal and dam are usually separated from the herd for a while, but within a few weeks are typically pastured with the other horses. A foal will begin to eat hay, grass and grain alongside the mare at about 4 weeks old; by 10–12 weeks the foal requires more nutrition than the mare's milk can supply. Foals are typically weaned at 4–8 months of age, although in the wild a foal may nurse for a year. How breeds develop See also: List of horse breedsThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Horse breeding" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Beyond the appearance and conformation of a specific type of horse, breeders aspire to improve physical performance abilities. This concept, known as matching "form to function," has led to the development of not only different breeds, but also families or bloodlines within breeds that are specialists for excelling at specific tasks. For example, the Arabian horse of the desert naturally developed speed and endurance to travel long distances and survive in a harsh environment, and domestication by humans added a trainable disposition to the animal's natural abilities. In the meantime, in northern Europe, the locally adapted heavy horse with a thick, warm coat was domesticated and put to work as a farm animal that could pull a plow or wagon. This animal was later adapted through selective breeding to create a strong but rideable animal suitable for the heavily armored knight in warfare. Then, centuries later, when people in Europe wanted faster horses than could be produced from local horses through simple selective breeding, they imported Arabians and other oriental horses to breed as an outcross to the heavier, local animals. This led to the development of breeds such as the Thoroughbred, a horse taller than the Arabian and faster over the distances of a few miles required of a European race horse or light cavalry horse. Another cross between oriental and European horses produced the Andalusian, a horse developed in Spain that was powerfully built, but extremely nimble and capable of the quick bursts of speed over short distances necessary for certain types of combat as well as for tasks such as bullfighting. Later, the people who settled America needed a hardy horse that was capable of working with cattle. Thus, Arabians and Thoroughbreds were crossed on Spanish horses, both domesticated animals descended from those brought over by the Conquistadors, and feral horses such as the Mustangs, descended from the Spanish horse, but adapted by natural selection to the ecology and climate of the west. These crosses ultimately produced new breeds such as the American Quarter Horse and the Criollo of Argentina. In Canada, the Canadian Horse descended from the French stock Louis XIV sent to Canada in the late 17th century. The initial shipment, in 1665, consisted of two stallions and twenty mares from the Royal Stables in Normandy and Brittany, the centre of French horse breeding. Only 12 of the 20 mares survived the trip. Two more shipments followed, one in 1667 of 14 horses (mostly mares, but with at least one stallion), and one in 1670 of 11 mares and a stallion. The shipments included a mix of draft horses and light horses, the latter of which included both pacing and trotting horses. The exact origins of all the horses are unknown, although the shipments probably included Bretons, Normans, Arabians, Andalusians and Barbs. In modern times, these breeds themselves have since been selectively bred to further specialize at certain tasks. One example of this is the American Quarter Horse. Once a general-purpose working ranch horse, different bloodlines now specialize in different events. For example, larger, heavier animals with a very steady attitude are bred to give competitors an advantage in events such as team roping, where a horse has to start and stop quickly, but also must calmly hold a full-grown steer at the end of a rope. On the other hand, for an event known as cutting, where the horse must separate a cow from a herd and prevent it from rejoining the group, the best horses are smaller, quick, alert, athletic and highly trainable. They must learn quickly, have conformation that allows quick stops and fast, low turns, and the best competitors have a certain amount of independent mental ability to anticipate and counter the movement of a cow, popularly known as "cow sense." Another example is the Thoroughbred. While most representatives of this breed are bred for horse racing, there are also specialized bloodlines suitable as show hunters or show jumpers. The hunter must have a tall, smooth build that allows it to trot and canter smoothly and efficiently. Instead of speed, value is placed on appearance and upon giving the equestrian a comfortable ride, with natural jumping ability that shows bascule and good form. A show jumper, however, is bred less for overall form and more for power over tall fences, along with speed, scope, and agility. This favors a horse with a good galloping stride, powerful hindquarters that can change speed or direction easily, plus a good shoulder angle and length of neck. A jumper has a more powerful build than either the hunter or the racehorse. History of horse breeding The history of horse breeding goes back millennia. Though the precise date is in dispute, humans could have domesticated the horse as far back as approximately 4500 BCE. However, evidence of planned breeding has a more blurry history. It is well known, for example, that the Romans did breed horses and valued them in their armies, but little is known regarding their breeding and husbandry practices: all that remains are statues and artwork. Mankind has plenty of equestrian statues of Roman emperors, horses are mentioned in the Odyssey by Homer, and hieroglyphics and paintings left behind by Egyptians tell stories of pharaohs hunting elephants from chariots. Nearly nothing is known of what became of the horses they bred for hippodromes, for warfare, or even for farming. One of the earliest people known to document the breedings of their horses were the Bedouin of the Middle East, the breeders of the Arabian horse. While it is difficult to determine how far back the Bedouin passed on pedigree information via an oral tradition, there were written pedigrees of Arabian horses by CE 1330. The Akhal-Teke of West-Central Asia is another breed with roots in ancient times that was also bred specifically for war and racing. The nomads of the Mongolian steppes bred horses for several thousand years as well, and the Caspian horse is believed to be a very close relative of Ottoman horses from the earliest origins of the Turks in Central Asia. The types of horse bred varied with culture and with the times. The uses to which a horse was put also determined its qualities, including smooth amblers for riding, fast horses for carrying messengers, heavy horses for plowing and pulling heavy wagons, ponies for hauling cars of ore from mines, packhorses, carriage horses and many others. Medieval Europe bred large horses specifically for war, called destriers. These horses were the ancestors of the great heavy horses of today, and their size was preferred not simply because of the weight of the armor, but also because a large horse provided more power for the knight's lance. Weighing almost twice as much as a normal riding horse, the destrier was a powerful weapon in battle meant to act like a giant battering ram that could quite literally run down men on an enemy line. On the other hand, during this same time, lighter horses were bred in northern Africa and the Middle East, where a faster, more agile horse was preferred. The lighter horse suited the raids and battles of desert people, allowing them to outmaneuver rather than overpower the enemy. When Middle Eastern warriors and European knights collided in warfare, the heavy knights were frequently outmaneuvered. The Europeans, however, responded by crossing their native breeds with "oriental" type horses such as the Arabian, Barb, and Turkoman horse This cross-breeding led both to a nimbler war horse, such as today's Andalusian horse, but also created a type of horse known as a Courser, a predecessor to the Thoroughbred, which was used as a message horse. During the Renaissance, horses were bred not only for war, but for haute ecole riding, derived from the most athletic movements required of a war horse, and popular among the elite nobility of the time. Breeds such as the Lipizzan and the now extinct Neapolitan horse were developed from Spanish-bred horses for this purpose, and also became the preferred mounts of cavalry officers, who were derived mostly from the ranks of the nobility. It was during this time that firearms were developed, and so the light cavalry horse, a faster and quicker war horse, was bred for "shoot and run" tactics rather than the shock action as in the Middle Ages. Fine horses usually had a well muscled, curved neck, slender body, and sweeping mane, as the nobility liked to show off their wealth and breeding in paintings of the era. After Charles II retook the British throne in 1660, horse racing, which had been banned by Cromwell, was revived. The Thoroughbred was developed 40 years later, bred to be the ultimate racehorse, through the lines of three foundation Arabian stallions and one Turkish horse. In the 18th century, James Burnett, Lord Monboddo noted the importance of selecting appropriate parentage to achieve desired outcomes of successive generations. Monboddo worked more broadly in the abstract thought of species relationships and evolution of species. The Thoroughbred breeding hub in Lexington, Kentucky was developed in the late 18th century, and became a mainstay in American racehorse breeding. The 17th and 18th centuries saw more of a need for fine carriage horses in Europe, bringing in the dawn of the warmblood. The warmblood breeds have been exceptionally good at adapting to changing times, and from their carriage horse beginnings they easily transitioned during the 20th century into a sport horse type. Today's warmblood breeds, although still used for competitive driving, are more often seen competing in show jumping or dressage. The Thoroughbred continues to dominate the horse racing world, although its lines have been more recently used to improve warmblood breeds and to develop sport horses. The French saddle horse is an excellent example as is the Irish Sport Horse, the latter being an unusual combination between a Thoroughbred and a draft breed. The American Quarter Horse was developed early in the 18th century, mainly for quarter racing (racing ¼ of a mile). Colonists did not have racetracks or any of the trappings of Europe that the earliest Thoroughbreds had at their disposal, so instead the owners of Quarter Horses would run their horses on roads that lead through town as a form of local entertainment. As the USA expanded West, the breed went with settlers as a farm and ranch animal, and "cow sense" was particularly valued: their use for herding cattle increased on rough, dry terrain that often involved sitting in the saddle for long hours. However, this did not mean that the original ¼-mile races that colonists held ever went out of fashion, so today there are three types: the stock horse type, the racer, and the more recently evolving sport type. The racing type most resembles the finer-boned ancestors of the first racing Quarter Horses, and the type is still used for ¼-mile races. The stock horse type, used in western events and as a farm and patrol animal is bred for a shorter stride, an ability to stop and turn quickly, and an unflappable attitude that remains calm and focused even in the face of an angry charging steer. The first two are still to this day bred to have a combination of explosive speed that exceeds the Thoroughbred on short distances clocked as high as 55 mph, but they still retain the gentle, calm, and kindly temperament of their ancestors that makes them easily handled. The Canadian horse's origin corresponds to shipments of French horses, some of which came from Louis XIV's own stable and most likely were Baroque horses meant to be gentlemen's mounts. These were ill-suited to farm work and to the hardscrabble life of the New World, so like the Americans, early Canadians crossed their horses with natives escapees. In time they evolved along similar lines as the Quarter Horse to the South as both the US and Canada spread westward and needed a calm and tractable horse versatile enough to carry the farmer's son to school but still capable of running fast and running hard as a cavalry horse, a stockhorse, or a horse to pull a conestoga wagon. Other horses from North America retained a hint of their mustang origins by being either derived from stock that Native Americans bred that came in a rainbow of color, like the Appaloosa and American Paint Horse, with those East of the Mississippi River increasingly bred to impress and mimic the trends of the upper classes of Europe: The Tennessee Walking Horse and Saddlebred were originally plantation horses bred for their gait and comfortable ride in the saddle as a plantation master would survey his vast lands like an English lord. Horses were needed for heavy draft and carriage work until replaced by the automobile, truck, and tractor. After this time, draft and carriage horse numbers dropped significantly, though light riding horses remained popular for recreational pursuits. Draft horses today are used on a few small farms, but today are seen mainly for pulling and plowing competitions rather than farm work. Heavy harness horses are now used as an outcross with lighter breeds, such as the Thoroughbred, to produce the modern warmblood breeds popular in sport horse disciplines, particularly at the Olympic level. Deciding to breed a horse Breeding a horse is an endeavor where the owner, particularly of the mare, will usually need to invest considerable time and money. For this reason, a horse owner needs to consider several factors, including: Does the proposed breeding animal have valuable genetic qualities to pass on? Is the proposed breeding animal in good physical health, fertile, and able to withstand the rigors of reproduction? For what purpose will the foal be used? Is there a market for the foal if the owner does not wish to keep the foal for its entire life? What is the anticipated economic benefit, if any, to the owner of the ensuing foal? What is the anticipated economic benefit, if any, to the owner(s) of the sire and dam or the foal? Does the owner of the mare have the expertise to properly manage the mare through gestation and parturition? Does the owner of the potential foal have the expertise to properly manage and train a young animal once it is born? There are value judgements involved in considering whether an animal is suitable breeding stock, hotly debated by breeders. Additional personal beliefs may come into play when considering a suitable level of care for the mare and ensuing foal, the potential market or use for the foal, and other tangible and intangible benefits to the owner. If the breeding endeavor is intended to make a profit, there are additional market factors to consider, which may vary considerably from year to year, from breed to breed, and by region of the world. In many cases, the low end of the market is saturated with horses, and the law of supply and demand thus allows little or no profit to be made from breeding unregistered animals or animals of poor quality, even if registered. The minimum cost of breeding for a mare owner includes the stud fee, and the cost of proper nutrition, management and veterinary care of the mare throughout gestation, parturition, and care of both mare and foal up to the time of weaning. Veterinary expenses may be higher if specialized reproductive technologies are used or health complications occur. Making a profit in horse breeding is often difficult. While some owners of only a few horses may keep a foal for purely personal enjoyment, many individuals breed horses in hopes of making some money in the process. A rule of thumb is that a foal intended for sale should be worth three times the cost of the stud fee if it were sold at the moment of birth. From birth forward, the costs of care and training are added to the value of the foal, with a sale price going up accordingly. If the foal wins awards in some form of competition, that may also enhance the price. On the other hand, without careful thought, foals bred without a potential market for them may wind up being sold at a loss, and in a worst-case scenario, sold for "salvage" value—a euphemism for sale to slaughter as horsemeat. Therefore, a mare owner must consider their reasons for breeding, asking hard questions of themselves as to whether their motivations are based on either emotion or profit and how realistic those motivations may be. Choosing breeding stock A stallion with a proven competition record is one criterion for being a suitable sire. The stallion should be chosen to complement the mare, with the goal of producing a foal that has the best qualities of both animals, yet avoids having the weaker qualities of either parent. Generally, the stallion should have proven himself in the discipline or sport the mare owner wishes for the "career" of the ensuing foal. Mares should also have a competition record showing that they also have suitable traits, though this does not happen as often. Some breeders consider the quality of the sire to be more important than the quality of the dam. However, other breeders maintain that the mare is the most important parent. Because stallions can produce far more offspring than mares, a single stallion can have a greater overall impact on a breed. Research from Nagoya University supports the belief that the most important factor affecting a thoroughbred's race performance is the quality of its sire, whereas the effect of the age of its broodmare is negligible. However, the mare may have a greater influence on an individual foal because its physical characteristics influence the developing foal in the womb and the foal also learns habits from its dam when young. Foals may also learn the "language of intimidation and submission" from their dam, and this imprinting may affect the foal's status and rank within the herd. Many times, a mature horse will achieve status in a herd similar to that of its dam; the offspring of dominant mares become dominant themselves. See also: Horse behavior A purebred horse is usually worth more than a horse of mixed breeding, though this matters more in some disciplines than others. The breed of the horse is sometimes secondary when breeding for a sport horse, but some disciplines may prefer a certain breed or a specific phenotype of horse. Sometimes, purebred bloodlines are an absolute requirement: For example, most racehorses in the world must be recorded with a breed registry in order to race. Bloodlines are often considered, as some bloodlines are known to cross well with others. If the parents have not yet proven themselves by competition or by producing quality offspring, the bloodlines of the horse are often a good indicator of quality and possible strengths and weaknesses. Some bloodlines are known not only for their athletic ability, but could also carry a conformational or genetic defect, poor temperament, or for a medical problem. Some bloodlines are also fashionable or otherwise marketable, which is an important consideration should the mare owner wish to sell the foal. Horse breeders also consider conformation, size and temperament. All of these traits are heritable, and will determine if the foal will be a success in its chosen discipline. The offspring, or "get", of a stallion are often excellent indicators of his ability to pass on his characteristics, and the particular traits he actually passes on. Some stallions are fantastic performers but never produce offspring of comparable quality. Others sire fillies of great abilities but not colts. At times, a horse of mediocre ability sires foals of outstanding quality. Mare owners also look into the question of if the stallion is fertile and has successfully "settled" (i.e. impregnated) mares. A stallion may not be able to breed naturally, or old age may decrease his performance. Mare care boarding fees and semen collection fees can be a major cost. Costs related to breeding Breeding a horse can be an expensive endeavor, whether breeding a backyard competition horse or the next Olympic medalist. Costs may include: The stud and booking fee Fees for collecting, handling, and transporting semen (if AI is used and semen is shipped) Mare exams: to determine if she is healthy enough to breed, to determine when she ovulates, and (if AI is used) to inseminate her Mare transport, care, and board if the mare is bred live cover at the stallion's residence Veterinary bills to keep the pregnant mare healthy while in foal Possible veterinary bills during pregnancy or foaling should something go wrong Veterinary bills for the foal for its first exam a few days following foaling Stud fees are determined by the quality of the stallion, his performance record, the performance record of his get (offspring), as well as the sport and general market that the animal is standing for. The highest stud fees are generally for racing Thoroughbreds, which may charge from two to three thousand dollars for a breeding to a new or unproven stallion, to several hundred thousand dollars for a breeding to a proven producer of stakes winners. Stallions in other disciplines often have stud fees that begin in the range of $1,000 to $3,000, with top contenders who produce champions in certain disciplines able to command as much as $20,000 for one breeding. The lowest stud fees to breed to a grade horse or an animal of low-quality pedigree may only be $100–$200, but there are trade-offs: the horse will probably be unproven, and likely to produce lower-quality offspring than a horse with a stud fee that is in the typical range for quality breeding stock. As a stallion's career, either performance or breeding, improves, his stud fee tends to increase in proportion. If one or two offspring are especially successful, winning several stakes races or an Olympic medal, the stud fee will generally greatly increase. Younger, unproven stallions will generally have a lower stud fee earlier on in their careers. To help decrease the risk of financial loss should the mare die or abort the foal while pregnant, many studs have a live foal guarantee (LFG) – also known as "no foal, free return" or "NFFR" - allowing the owner to have a free breeding to their stallion the next year. However, this is not offered for every breeding. Covering the mare An artificial vagina, used to collect semen There are two general ways to "cover" or breed the mare: Live cover: the mare is brought to the stallion's residence and is covered "live" in the breeding shed. She may also be turned out in a pasture with the stallion for several days to breed naturally ('pasture bred'). The former situation is often preferred, as it provides a more controlled environment, allowing the breeder to ensure that the mare was covered, and places the handlers in a position to remove the horses from one another should one attempt to kick or bite the other. However, this causes more stress for the mare as she feels like she is being forced to undergo this procedure. Artificial Insemination (AI): the mare is inseminated by a veterinarian or an equine reproduction manager, using either fresh, cooled or frozen semen. After the mare is bred or artificially inseminated, she is checked using ultrasound 14–16 days later to see if she "took", and is pregnant. A second check is usually performed at 28 days. If the mare is not pregnant, she may be bred again during her next cycle. It is considered safe to breed a mare to a stallion of much larger size. Because of the mare's type of placenta and its attachment and blood supply, the foal will be limited in its growth within the uterus to the size of the mare's uterus, but will grow to its genetic potential after it is born. Test breedings have been done with draft horse stallions bred to small mares with no increase in the number of difficult births. Live cover When breeding live cover, the mare is usually boarded at the stud. She may be "teased" several times with a stallion that will not breed to her, usually with the stallion being presented to the mare over a barrier. Her reaction to the teaser, whether hostile or passive, is noted. A mare that is in heat will generally tolerate a teaser (although this is not always the case), and may present herself to him, holding her tail to the side. A veterinarian may also determine if the mare is ready to be bred, by ultrasound or palpating daily to determine if ovulation has occurred. Live cover can also be done in liberty on a paddock or on pasture, although due to safety and efficacy concerns, it is not common at professional breeding farms. When it has been determined that the mare is ready, both the mare and intended stud will be cleaned. The mare will then be presented to the stallion, usually with one handler controlling the mare and one or more handlers in charge of the stallion. Multiple handlers are preferred, as the mare and stallion can be easily separated should there be any trouble. The Jockey Club, the organization that oversees the Thoroughbred industry in the United States, requires all registered foals to be bred through live cover. Artificial insemination, listed below, is not permitted. Similar rules apply in other countries, such as Australia. By contrast, the U.S. standardbred industry allows registered foals to be bred by live cover, or by artificial insemination (AI) with fresh or frozen (not dried) semen. No other artificial fertility treatment is allowed. In addition, foals bred via AI of frozen semen may only be registered if the stallion's sperm was collected during his lifetime, and used no later than the calendar year of his death or castration. Artificial insemination Whereas the various national Thoroughbred associations typically require live cover, by 2009 most horse breeds allowed for the artificial insemination of mares with cooled, frozen or even fresh semen. Artificial insemination (AI) has several advantages over live cover, and has a very similar conception rate: The mare and stallion never have to come in contact with each other, which therefore reduces breeding accidents, such as the mare kicking the stallion. AI opens up the world to international breeding, as semen may be shipped across continents to mares that would otherwise be unable to breed to a particular stallion. A mare also does not have to travel to the stallion, so the process is less stressful on her, and if she already has a foal, the foal does not have to travel. AI allows more mares to be bred from one stallion, as the ejaculate may be split between mares. AI reduces the chance of spreading sexually transmitted diseases between mare and stallion. AI allows mares or stallions with health issues, such as sore hocks which may prevent a stallion from mounting, to continue to breed. Frozen semen may be stored and used to breed mares even after the stallion is dead, allowing his lines to continue. However, the semen of some stallions does not freeze well. Some breed registries may not permit the registration of foals resulting from the use of frozen semen after the stallion's death, although other large registries accept such usage and provide registrations. The overall trend is toward permitting use of frozen semen after the death of the stallion. A stallion is usually trained to mount a phantom (or dummy) mare, although a live mare may be used, and he is most commonly collected using an artificial vagina (AV) which is heated to simulate the vagina of the mare. The AV has a filter and collection area at one end to capture the semen, which can then be processed in a lab. The semen may be chilled or frozen and shipped to the mare owner or used to breed mares "on-farm". When the mare is in heat, the person inseminating introduces the semen directly into her uterus using a syringe and pipette. Advanced reproductive techniques The Thoroughbred industry does not allow AI or embryo transplant. Often an owner does not want to take a valuable competition mare out of training to carry a foal. This presents a problem, as the mare will usually be quite old by the time she is retired from her competitive career, at which time it is more difficult to impregnate her. Other times, a mare may have physical problems that prevent or discourage breeding. However, there are now several options for breeding these mares. These options also allow a mare to produce multiple foals each breeding season, instead of the usual one. Therefore, mares may have an even greater value for breeding. Embryo transfer: This relatively new method involves flushing out the mare's fertilized embryo a few days following insemination, and transferring to a surrogate mare, which has been synchronized to be in the same phase of the estrous cycle as the donor mare. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT): The mare's ovum and the stallion's sperm are deposited in the oviduct of a surrogate dam. This technique is very useful for subfertile stallions, as fewer sperm are needed, so a stallion with a low sperm count can still successfully breed. Egg transfer: An oocyte is removed from the mare's follicle and transferred into the oviduct of the recipient mare, who is then bred. This is best for mares with physical problems, such as an obstructed oviduct, that prevent breeding. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): Used in horses due to lack of successful co-incubation of female and male gametes in simple IVF. A plug of the zona pellucida is removed and a single sperm cell is injected into the ooplasm of the mature oocyte. An advantage of ICSI over IVF is that lower quality sperm can be used since the sperm does not have to penetrate the zona pellucida. The success rate of ICSI is 23-44% blastocyst development. The world's first cloned horse, Prometea, was born in 2003. Other notable instances of horse cloning are: In 2006, Scamper, an extremely successful barrel racing horse, a gelding, was cloned. The resulting stallion, Clayton, became the first cloned horse to stand at stud in the U.S. In 2007, a renowned show jumper and Thoroughbred, Gem Twist, was cloned by Frank Chapot and his family. In September 2008, Gemini was born. Other clones followed, leading to the development of a breeding line from Gem Twist. In 2010, the first lived equine cloned of a Criollo horse was born in Argentina, and was the first horse clone produced in Latin America. In the same year a cloned polo horse was sold for $800,000 - the highest known price ever paid for a polo horse. In 2013, the world-famous polo star Adolfo Cambiaso helped his high-handicap team La Dolfina win the Argentine National Open, scoring nine goals in the 16-11 match. Two of those he scored atop a horse named Show Me, a clone, and the first to ride onto the Argentine pitch. See also Domestication of the horse Endometrosis Evolution of the horse Glossary of equestrian terms Pedigree chart Thoroughbred breeding theories References ^ "Breeding Terms". The Pennsylvania Horse Racing Association. Retrieved 2023-02-03. ^ a b Montgomery, E.S, "The Thoroughbred", Arco, New York, 1973 ISBN 0-668-02824-6 ^ AJC & VRC, "Australian Stud Book", Vol. 31, Ramsay Ware Stockland Pty. Ltd., North Melbourne, 1980 ^ "Equine Info Exchange - Breeding". www.equineinfoexchange.com. Retrieved 2019-06-11. ^ Stratton, Charles, The International Horseman's Dictionary, Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, 1978, ISBN 0-7018-0590-0 ^ Summerhayes, RS, Encyclopaedia for Horsemen, Warne & Co, London & New York, 1966 ^ a b de Bourg, Ross, "The Australian and New Zealand Thoroughbred", Nelson, West Melbourne, 1980, ISBN 0-17-005860-3 ^ a b Napier, Miles, "Blood Will Tell", JA Allen & Co, London, 1977 ^ "Basics of Life". The Horse. 2006-12-01. Retrieved 2019-06-11. ^ Juan C. Samper (1 January 2009). Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4160-5234-0. ^ The Australian Racing Board uses August 1 as its standard cutoff date, but also uses the date of conception to determine age. A foal born on or after July 1 of a given calendar year is included in the birth cohort of that calendar year if his or her dam was covered no later than August 31 of the previous calendar year. See "Rule AR.46" (PDF). Australian Rules of Racing. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2010-08-03. ^ Hura, V; et al. (October 1997). "The effect of some factors on gestation length in nonius breed mares in Slovakia (Egyes tényezõk hatása a nóniusz fajta vemhességének idõtartamára)". Proceedings of Roundtable Conference on Animal Biotechnology. XIII. Retrieved 2008-04-22. ^ "Vaccination and Passive Transfer". American Association of Equine Practitioners. ^ "Expectant Mare: Assuring the Health and Well-Being of the Pregnant Mare" Archived 2008-04-15 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Horse - breeding". ESDAW. Retrieved 2019-06-11. ^ Mortensen C, Choi YH, Hinrichs K, Ing N, Kraemer D, Vogelsang S, Vogelsang M. 2006. Effects of exercise on embryo recovery rates and embryo quality in the horse. Animal Repro. Sci. 94:395-397 ^ "Nutritional Management of Pregnant and Lactating Mares". purinamills.com. ^ Preparation for Foaling by Brad Dowling BVSc MVetClinStud FACVSc Archived 2011-02-07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2011-2-7 ^ Delbridge, Arthur. The Macquarie Dictionary, 2nd ed., Macquarie Library, North Ryde, 1991, p. 1274 ^ "Foaling video on an Australian stud farm". nbntv.com.au. Archived from the original on 2009-08-09. ^ "Which Thoroughbred Best Fits My Needs?". Expert how-to for English Riders. Retrieved 2018-10-13. ^ Lewis, Barbara S. "Egyptian Arabians: The Mystique Unfolded". Arabians. Pyramid Arabians. Archived from the original on 2006-05-08. Retrieved 2006-05-10. ^ Inoue, Sota. Influence of broodmare aging on its offspring's racing performance. PLOS ONE, 2022; 17 (7): e0271535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271535 ^ McGreevy, Paul. Equine Behaviour – A Guide For Veterinarians and Equine Scientists. ^ McGreevy, Paul (2012). Equine Behavior: a guide for Veterinarian and Equine Scientist. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 378 pp. ISBN 978-0-7020-4337-6. ^ Stanford, Dr. David, Woodside Equine Clinic, Ashland, VA ^ Section V, Rule 1, Part D, The American Stud Book Principal Rules and Requirements. The Jockey Club, 2011. Accessed 2011-02-15. ^ See Rule AR.15C, Australian Rules of Racing, which explicitly prohibits human manipulation of the breeding process. ^ Rule 26, Section 6, Rules and Regulations of the United States Trotting Association 2009. United States Trotting Association, 2009. Accessed 2011-02-15. ^ a b Squires, E.L. (2009). "Changes in Equine Reproduction: Have They Been Good or Bad for the Horse Industry?". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 29 (5): 268–273. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.184. ^ "AI (Artificial Insemination)". Equine-Reproduction.com. Retrieved June 1, 2024. ^ "Embryo Transfer" Archived 2008-04-15 at the Wayback Machine ^ Galli, Cesare, Roberto Duchi, Silvia Colleoni, Irina Lagutina, Giovanna Lazzari. Ovum pick up, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and somatic cell nuclear transfer in cattle, buffalo and horses: from the research laboratory to clinical practice. Theriogenology 81 (2014); 138-151. ^ Katrin Hinrichs. Update on equine ICSI and cloning. Theriogenology 64 (2005); 535-541. ^ Shaoni Bhattacharya (August 6, 2003). "World's First Cloned Horse is Born". Retrieved 2012-05-30. ^ "Brown, Liz. "Scamper Clone Offered for Commercial Breeding" The Horse, online edition, November 15, 2008". Thehorse.com. 2008-11-15. Retrieved 2012-12-11. ^ "Clone of top jumper Gem Twist born". horsetalk.co.nz. September 17, 2008. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. ^ "Gemini CL xx". Superior Equine Sires, Inc. ^ "Murka's Gem". The Chronicle of the Horse. ^ Andrés Gambini; Javier Jarazo; Ramiro Olivera; Daniel F. Salamone (2012). "Equine Cloning: In Vitro and In Vivo Development of Aggregated Embryos". Biol Reprod. 87 (1): 15, 1–9. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.098855. hdl:11336/16296. PMID 22553223. ^ Cohen, Haley (31 July 2015). "How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo". VFNews. Vanity Fair. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ Alexander, Harriet (8 December 2014). "Argentina's polo star Adolfo Cambiaso - the greatest sportsman you've never heard of?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ Ryan Bell (10 December 2013). "Game of Clones". Outside Online. ^ Six cloned horses help rider win prestigious polo match - Jon Cohen, Science Magazine, 13 December 2016 Further reading Riegal, Ronald J. DMV, and Susan E. Hakola DMV. Illustrated Atlas of Clinical Equine Anatomy and Common Disorders of the Horse Vol. II. Equistar Publication, Limited. Marysville, OH. Copyright 2000. vteHorsesEquine science andmanagement Anatomy Behavior Breeding Conformation Coat color Genome Gait Management Nutrition Valuation Slaughter Equestrianismand sport Glossary of equestrian terms Horse industry List of equestrian sports Horse tack Bit Bridle Saddle Harness English riding Western riding Driving Horse training Horse racing Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics medalists venues Horse show Equitation Therapy History Evolution Domestication Middle Ages Ancient and Imperial China Britain Indian subcontinent North America Warfare East Asia Napoleonic Wars American Civil War World War I World War II Horse breeds and types Horse breeds Draft horse Feral horse Gaited horses Mountain and moorland pony breeds Sport horse Stock horse Warmblood Wild horse Culture Art Burial Fiction Hippomancy Mythology Centaur Chinese Nordic Unicorn White horses Winged horse Sacrifice Symbolism Worship Lists of horse-related topics Category vteBreeds and cultivars Lists of breeds Lists of cultivars Methods Backcrossing Crossbreed Inbreeding Marker-assisted selection Mutation breeding Outcrossing Preservation breeding Selective breeding Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection) Hybrid Purebred Animal breeds Cat Cattle Chicken Dog breeding Donkey Duck Goat Goose Guinea pig Horse breeding Pig Pigeon breeding Rabbit Sheep Turkey Water buffalo Backyard breeder Breed standard Breeding back Breeding pair Breeding program Captive breeding Designer crossbreed Plant cultivars Apple Japanese Banana Basil Callistemon Canna Cannabis Capsicum Cherimoya Citrus hybrids Coffee Cucumber Gazania Grape Grevillea Hop Mango Narcissus (daffodils) Nemesia Nepenthes Olives Onion Pear Rice Rose breeders cultivars Strawberry Sweet potato Sweetcorn Tomato Venus flytrap Selection methodsand genetics Culling Marker-assisted selection Natural selection balancing directional disruptive negative selective sweep stabilizing Selection methods in plant breeding Genotype Phenotype Dominance Codominance Epistasis Dwarfing Heterosis Outbreeding depression Inbreeding depression Recessive trait Sex linkage F1 hybrid Other Breed registry Breeder Germline Heirloom plant Landrace Rare breed Tree breeding Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"selective breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"},{"link_name":"purebred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purebred"},{"link_name":"breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breed"},{"link_name":"domesticated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication"}],"text":"Horse breeding is reproduction in horses, and particularly the human-directed process of selective breeding of animals, particularly purebred horses of a given breed. Planned matings can be used to produce specifically desired characteristics in domesticated horses. Furthermore, modern breeding management and technologies can increase the rate of conception, a healthy pregnancy, and successful foaling.","title":"Horse breeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion_(horse)"},{"link_name":"mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"selective breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed"},{"link_name":"colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montgomery-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montgomery-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stratton-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EfH-6"},{"link_name":"sibling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibling"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Bourg-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Napier-8"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbreds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"Arabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse"},{"link_name":"foundation bloodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock"},{"link_name":"stud books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_registry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Napier-8"},{"link_name":"maternal grandfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_grandfather"},{"link_name":"damsire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/damsire"},{"link_name":"Linebreeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebreeding"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Bourg-7"},{"link_name":"euphemism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism"},{"link_name":"inbreeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding"}],"text":"The male parent of a horse, a stallion, is commonly known as the sire and the female parent, the mare, is called the dam.[1] Both are genetically important, as each parent genes can be existent with a 50% probability in the foal. Contrary to popular misuse, \"colt\" refers to a young male horse only; \"filly\" is a young female. Though many horse owners may simply breed a family mare to a local stallion in order to produce a companion animal, most professional breeders use selective breeding to produce individuals of a given phenotype, or breed. Alternatively, a breeder could, using individuals of differing phenotypes, create a new breed with specific characteristics.A horse is \"bred\" where it is foaled (born). Thus a colt conceived in England but foaled in the United States is regarded as being bred in the US.[2][3] In some cases, most notably in the Thoroughbred breeding industry, American- and Canadian-bred horses may also be described by the state or province in which they are foaled. Some breeds denote the country, or state, where conception took place as the origin of the foal.[4]Similarly, the \"breeder\", is the person who owned or leased the mare at the time of foaling. That individual may not have had anything to do with the mating of the mare.[2][5] It is important to review each breed registry's rules to determine which applies to any specific foal.In the horse breeding industry, the term \"half-brother\" or \"half-sister\" only describes horses which have the same dam, but different sires.[6] Horses with the same sire but different dams are simply said to be \"by the same sire\", and no sibling relationship is implied.[7] \"Full\" (or \"own\") siblings have both the same dam and the same sire. The terms paternal half-sibling, and maternal half-sibling are also often used. Three-quarter siblings are horses out of the same dam, and are by sires that are either half-brothers (i.e. same dam) or who are by the same sire.[8]Thoroughbreds and Arabians are also classified through the \"distaff\" or direct female line, known as their \"family\" or \"tail female\" line, tracing back to their taproot foundation bloodstock or the beginning of their respective stud books. The female line of descent always appears at the bottom of a tabulated pedigree and is therefore often known as the bottom line.[8] In addition, the maternal grandfather of a horse has a special term: damsire.\"Linebreeding\" technically is the duplication of fourth-generation or more distant ancestors.[7] However, the term is often used more loosely, describing horses with duplication of ancestors closer than the fourth generation. It also is sometimes used as a euphemism for the practice of inbreeding, a practice that is generally frowned upon by horse breeders, though used by some in an attempt to fix certain traits.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horse anatomy § Reproductive system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_anatomy#Reproductive_system"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astutus_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"estrous cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrous_cycle"},{"link_name":"sexually receptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_receptive"},{"link_name":"photoperiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiod"},{"link_name":"estrous cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrous_cycle"},{"link_name":"anestrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anestrus"},{"link_name":"Estrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"},{"link_name":"Ovulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation"},{"link_name":"corpus luteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_luteum"},{"link_name":"progesterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone"}],"text":"See also: Horse anatomy § Reproductive systemStallion checking a mare in estrus. The mare welcomes the stallion by lowering her rear and lifting her tail.The estrous cycle (also spelled oestrous) controls when a mare is sexually receptive toward a stallion, and helps to physically prepare the mare for conception. It generally occurs during the spring and summer months, although some mares may be sexually receptive into the late fall, and is controlled by the photoperiod (length of the day), the cycle first triggered when the days begin to lengthen. The estrous cycle lasts about 19–22 days, with the average being 21 days. As the days shorten, the mare returns to a period when she is not sexually receptive, known as anestrus. Anestrus – occurring in the majority of, but not all, mares – prevents the mare from conceiving in the winter months, as that would result in her foaling during the harshest part of the year, a time when it would be most difficult for the foal to survive.This cycle contains 2 phases:Estrus, or Follicular, phase: 5–7 days in length, when the mare is sexually receptive to a stallion. Estrogen is secreted by the follicle. Ovulation occurs in the final 24–48 hours of estrus.\nDiestrus, or Luteal, phase: 14–15 days in length, the mare is not sexually receptive to the stallion. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone.Depending on breed, on average, 16% of mares have double ovulations, allowing them to twin, though this does not affect the length of time of estrus or diestrus.","title":"Estrous cycle of the mare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samper2009-10"}],"sub_title":"Effects on the reproductive system during the estrous cycle","text":"Changes in hormone levels can have great effects on the physical characteristics of the reproductive organs of the mare, thereby preparing, or preventing, her from conceiving.Uterus: increased levels of estrogen during estrus cause edema within the uterus, making it feel heavier, and the uterus loses its tone. This edema decreases following ovulation, and the muscular tone increases. High levels of progesterone do not cause edema within the uterus. The uterus becomes flaccid during anestrus.\nCervix: the cervix starts to relax right before estrus occurs, with maximal relaxation around the time of ovulation. The secretions of the cervix increase. High progesterone levels (during diestrus) cause the cervix to close and become toned.\nVagina: the portion of the vagina near the cervix becomes engorged with blood right before estrus. The vagina becomes relaxed and secretions increase.[9]\nVulva: relaxes right before estrus begins. Becomes dry, and closes more tightly, during diestrus.[10]","title":"Estrous cycle of the mare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pineal gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland"},{"link_name":"melatonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin"},{"link_name":"hypothalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"Gonadotropin releasing hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin_releasing_hormone"},{"link_name":"Luteinizing hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone"},{"link_name":"Follicle-stimulating hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone"},{"link_name":"Estrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"},{"link_name":"Inhibin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibin"},{"link_name":"Progesterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone"},{"link_name":"corpus luteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_luteum"},{"link_name":"Prostaglandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin"},{"link_name":"equine chorionic gonadotropin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_chorionic_gonadotropin"},{"link_name":"Prolactin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin"},{"link_name":"Oxytocin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin"}],"sub_title":"Hormones involved in the estrous cycle, during foaling, and after birth","text":"The cycle is controlled by several hormones which regulate the estrous cycle, the mare's behavior, and the reproductive system of the mare. The cycle begins when the increased day length causes the pineal gland to reduce the levels of melatonin, thereby allowing the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH.GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone): secreted by the hypothalamus, causes the pituitary to release two gonadotrophins: LH and FSH.\nLH (Luteinizing hormone): levels are highest 2 days following ovulation, then slowly decrease over 4–5 days, dipping to their lowest levels 5–16 days after ovulation. Stimulates maturation of the follicle, which then in turn secretes estrogen. Unlike most mammals, the mare does not have an increase of LH right before ovulation.\nFSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone): secreted by the pituitary, causes the ovarian follicle to develop. Levels of FSH rise slightly at the end of estrus, but have their highest peak about 10 days before the next ovulation. FSH is inhibited by inhibin (see below), at the same time LH and estrogen levels rise, which prevents immature follicles from continuing their growth. Mares may however have multiple FSH waves during a single estrous cycle, and diestrus follicles resulting from a diestrus FSH wave are not uncommon, particularly in the height of the natural breeding season.\nEstrogen: secreted by the developing follicle, it causes the pituitary gland to secrete more LH (therefore, these 2 hormones are in a positive feedback loop). Additionally, it causes behavioral changes in the mare, making her more receptive toward the stallion, and causes physical changes in the cervix, uterus, and vagina to prepare the mare for conception (see above). Estrogen peaks 1–2 days before ovulation, and decreases within 2 days following ovulation.\nInhibin: secreted by the developed follicle right before ovulation, \"turns off\" FSH, which is no longer needed now that the follicle is larger.\nProgesterone: prevents conception and decreases sexual receptibility of the mare to the stallion. Progesterone is therefore lowest during the estrus phase, and increases during diestrus. It decreases 12–15 days after ovulation, when the corpus luteum begins to decrease in size.\nProstaglandin: secreted by the endrometrium 13–15 days following ovulation, causes luteolysis and prevents the corpus luteum from secreting progesterone\neCG – equine chorionic gonadotropin – also called PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin): chorionic gonadotropins secreted if the mare conceives. First secreted by the endometrial cups around the 36th day of gestation, peaking around day 60, and decreasing after about 120 days of gestation. Also help to stimulate the growth of the fetal gonads.\nProlactin: stimulates lactation\nOxytocin: stimulates the uterus to contract","title":"Estrous cycle of the mare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"vulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulva"},{"link_name":"stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion_(horse)"},{"link_name":"sniff her urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flehmen_response"},{"link_name":"oocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte"},{"link_name":"oviduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviduct"},{"link_name":"uterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus"},{"link_name":"blastocyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocyst"},{"link_name":"gestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"},{"link_name":"conceptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptus"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"endometrial cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial_cup"},{"link_name":"fetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus"},{"link_name":"placentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentation"},{"link_name":"rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beagle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"While horses in the wild mate and foal in mid to late spring, in the case of horses domestically bred for competitive purposes, especially horse racing, it is desirable that they be born as close to January 1 in the northern hemisphere or August 1 in the southern hemisphere as possible,[11] so as to be at an advantage in size and maturity when competing against other horses in the same age group. When an early foal is desired, barn managers will put the mare \"under lights\" by keeping the barn lights on in the winter to simulate a longer day, thus bringing the mare into estrus sooner than she would in nature. Mares signal estrus and ovulation by urination in the presence of a stallion, raising the tail and revealing the vulva. A stallion, approaching with a high head, will usually nicker, nip and nudge the mare, as well as sniff her urine to determine her readiness for mating.Once fertilized, the oocyte (egg) remains in the oviduct for approximately 5.5 more days, and then descends into the uterus. The initial single cell combination is already dividing and by the time of entry into the uterus, the egg might have already reached the blastocyst stage.The gestation period lasts for about eleven months, or about 340 days (normal average range 320–370 days). During the early days of pregnancy, the conceptus is mobile, moving about in the uterus until about day 16 when \"fixation\" occurs. Shortly after fixation, the embryo proper (so called up to about 35 days) will become visible on trans-rectal ultrasound (about day 21) and a heartbeat should be visible by about day 23. After the formation of the endometrial cups and early placentation is initiated (35–40 days of gestation) the terminology changes, and the embryo is referred to as a fetus. True implantation – invasion into the endometrium of any sort – does not occur until about day 35 of pregnancy with the formation of the endometrial cups, and true placentation (formation of the placenta) is not initiated until about day 40-45 and not completed until about 140 days of pregnancy. The fetus's sex can be determined by day 70 of the gestation using ultrasound. Halfway through gestation the fetus is the size of between a rabbit and a beagle. The most dramatic fetal development occurs in the last 3 months of pregnancy when 60% of fetal growth occurs.Colts are carried on average about 4 days longer than fillies.[12]","title":"Breeding and gestation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhinopneumonitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_herpesvirus_1"},{"link_name":"immunoglobulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin"},{"link_name":"colostrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostrum"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"nutritional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_nutrition"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"lactating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation"}],"sub_title":"Care of the pregnant mare","text":"Domestic mares receive specific care and nutrition to ensure that they and their foals are healthy. Mares are given vaccinations against diseases such as the Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1) virus (which can cause miscarriage) as well as vaccines for other conditions that may occur in a given region of the world. Pre-foaling vaccines are recommended 4–6 weeks prior to foaling to maximize the immunoglobulin content of the colostrum in the first milk.[13] Mares are dewormed a few weeks prior to foaling, as the mare is the primary source of parasites for the foal.[14]Mares can be used for riding or driving during most of their pregnancy. Exercise is healthy, though should be moderated when a mare is heavily in foal.[15] Exercise in excessively high temperatures has been suggested as being detrimental to pregnancy maintenance during the embryonic period;[16] however ambient temperatures encountered during the research were in the region of 100 degrees F and the same results may not be encountered in regions with lower ambient temperatures.[original research?]During the first several months of pregnancy, the nutritional requirements do not increase significantly since the rate of growth of the fetus is very slow. However, during this time, the mare may be provided supplemental vitamins and minerals, particularly if forage quality is questionable. During the last 3–4 months of gestation, rapid growth of the fetus increases the mare's nutritional requirements. Energy requirements during these last few months, and during the first few months of lactation are similar to those of a horse in full training. Trace minerals such as copper are extremely important, particularly during the tenth month of pregnancy, for proper skeletal formation.[17] Many feeds designed for pregnant and lactating mares provide the careful balance required of increased protein, increased calories through extra fat as well as vitamins and minerals. Overfeeding the pregnant mare, particularly during early gestation, should be avoided, as excess weight may contribute to difficulties foaling or fetal/foal related problems.","title":"Breeding and gestation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_gives_birth_to_Tia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_(enclosure)"},{"link_name":"paddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(agriculture)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD-19"},{"link_name":"stud farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_farm"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"webcams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam"},{"link_name":"closed-circuit television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television"},{"link_name":"enema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enema"},{"link_name":"meconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meconium"},{"link_name":"veterinarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarian"},{"link_name":"placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta"},{"link_name":"uterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus"},{"link_name":"endometritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometritis"}],"text":"A mare in the early stages of laborMares due to foal are usually separated from other horses, both for the benefit of the mare and the safety of the soon-to-be-delivered foal. In addition, separation allows the mare to be monitored more closely by humans for any problems that may occur while giving birth. In the northern hemisphere, a special foaling stall that is large and clutter free is frequently used, particularly by major breeding farms. Originally, this was due in part to a need for protection from the harsh winter climate present when mares foal early in the year, but even in moderate climates, such as Florida, foaling stalls are still common because they allow closer monitoring of mares. Smaller breeders often use a small pen with a large shed for foaling, or they may remove a wall between two box stalls in a small barn to make a large stall. In the milder climates seen in much of the southern hemisphere, most mares foal outside, often in a paddock[18][19] built specifically for foaling, especially on the larger stud farms.[20] Many stud farms worldwide employ technology to alert human managers when the mare is about to foal, including webcams, closed-circuit television, or assorted types of devices that alert a handler via a remote alarm when a mare lies down in a position to foal.On the other hand, some breeders, particularly those in remote areas or with extremely large numbers of horses, may allow mares to foal out in a field amongst a herd, but may also see higher rates of foal and mare mortality in doing so.Most mares foal at night or early in the morning, and prefer to give birth alone when possible. Labor is rapid, often no more than 30 minutes, and from the time the feet of the foal appear to full delivery is often only about 15 to 20 minutes. Once the foal is born, the mare will lick the newborn foal to clean it and help blood circulation. In a very short time, the foal will attempt to stand and get milk from its mother. A foal should stand and nurse within the first hour of life.To create a bond with her foal, the mare licks and nuzzles the foal, enabling her to distinguish the foal from others. Some mares are aggressive when protecting their foals, and may attack other horses or unfamiliar humans that come near their newborns.After birth, a foal's navel is dipped in antiseptic to prevent infection. The foal is sometimes given an enema to help clear the meconium from its digestive tract. The newborn is monitored to ensure that it stands and nurses without difficulty. While most horse births happen without complications, many owners have first aid supplies prepared and a veterinarian on call in case of a birthing emergency. People who supervise foaling should also watch the mare to be sure that she passes the placenta in a timely fashion, and that it is complete with no fragments remaining in the uterus. Retained fetal membranes can cause a serious inflammatory condition (endometritis) and/or infection. If the placenta is not removed from the stall after it is passed, a mare will often eat it, an instinct from the wild, where blood would attract predators.","title":"Foaling"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finnhorse_mare_with_foal.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Foal care","text":"A foal with its mother, or damFoals develop rapidly, and within a few hours a wild foal can travel with the herd. In domestic breeding, the foal and dam are usually separated from the herd for a while, but within a few weeks are typically pastured with the other horses. A foal will begin to eat hay, grass and grain alongside the mare at about 4 weeks old; by 10–12 weeks the foal requires more nutrition than the mare's milk can supply. Foals are typically weaned at 4–8 months of age, although in the wild a foal may nurse for a year.","title":"Foaling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of horse breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds"},{"link_name":"conformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_conformation"},{"link_name":"Arabian horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse"},{"link_name":"domestication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm"},{"link_name":"plow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plow"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_horse"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Arabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse"},{"link_name":"outcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcross"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_horse"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"bullfighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfighting"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"Conquistadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadors"},{"link_name":"feral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral"},{"link_name":"Mustangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(horse)"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"American Quarter Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse"},{"link_name":"Criollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"in Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Normandy"},{"link_name":"American Quarter Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse"},{"link_name":"ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch"},{"link_name":"team roping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_roping"},{"link_name":"steer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle#Terminology"},{"link_name":"cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(sport)"},{"link_name":"cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"show hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_hunter"},{"link_name":"show jumpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_jumping"},{"link_name":"bascule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascule_(horse)"},{"link_name":"show jumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_jumping"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"See also: List of horse breedsBeyond the appearance and conformation of a specific type of horse, breeders aspire to improve physical performance abilities. This concept, known as matching \"form to function,\" has led to the development of not only different breeds, but also families or bloodlines within breeds that are specialists for excelling at specific tasks.For example, the Arabian horse of the desert naturally developed speed and endurance to travel long distances and survive in a harsh environment, and domestication by humans added a trainable disposition to the animal's natural abilities. In the meantime, in northern Europe, the locally adapted heavy horse with a thick, warm coat was domesticated and put to work as a farm animal that could pull a plow or wagon. This animal was later adapted through selective breeding to create a strong but rideable animal suitable for the heavily armored knight in warfare.Then, centuries later, when people in Europe wanted faster horses than could be produced from local horses through simple selective breeding, they imported Arabians and other oriental horses to breed as an outcross to the heavier, local animals. This led to the development of breeds such as the Thoroughbred, a horse taller than the Arabian and faster over the distances of a few miles required of a European race horse or light cavalry horse. Another cross between oriental and European horses produced the Andalusian, a horse developed in Spain that was powerfully built, but extremely nimble and capable of the quick bursts of speed over short distances necessary for certain types of combat as well as for tasks such as bullfighting.Later, the people who settled America needed a hardy horse that was capable of working with cattle. Thus, Arabians and Thoroughbreds were crossed on Spanish horses, both domesticated animals descended from those brought over by the Conquistadors, and feral horses such as the Mustangs, descended from the Spanish horse, but adapted by natural selection to the ecology and climate of the west. These crosses ultimately produced new breeds such as the American Quarter Horse and the Criollo of Argentina. In Canada, the Canadian Horse descended from the French stock Louis XIV sent to Canada in the late 17th century.[6] The initial shipment, in 1665, consisted of two stallions and twenty mares from the Royal Stables in Normandy and Brittany, the centre of French horse breeding.[7] Only 12 of the 20 mares survived the trip. Two more shipments followed, one in 1667 of 14 horses (mostly mares, but with at least one stallion), and one in 1670 of 11 mares and a stallion. The shipments included a mix of draft horses and light horses, the latter of which included both pacing and trotting horses.[1] The exact origins of all the horses are unknown, although the shipments probably included Bretons, Normans, Arabians, Andalusians and Barbs.In modern times, these breeds themselves have since been selectively bred to further specialize at certain tasks. One example of this is the American Quarter Horse. Once a general-purpose working ranch horse, different bloodlines now specialize in different events. For example, larger, heavier animals with a very steady attitude are bred to give competitors an advantage in events such as team roping, where a horse has to start and stop quickly, but also must calmly hold a full-grown steer at the end of a rope. On the other hand, for an event known as cutting, where the horse must separate a cow from a herd and prevent it from rejoining the group, the best horses are smaller, quick, alert, athletic and highly trainable. They must learn quickly, have conformation that allows quick stops and fast, low turns, and the best competitors have a certain amount of independent mental ability to anticipate and counter the movement of a cow, popularly known as \"cow sense.\"Another example is the Thoroughbred. While most representatives of this breed are bred for horse racing, there are also specialized bloodlines suitable as show hunters or show jumpers. The hunter must have a tall, smooth build that allows it to trot and canter smoothly and efficiently. Instead of speed, value is placed on appearance and upon giving the equestrian a comfortable ride, with natural jumping ability that shows bascule and good form.A show jumper, however, is bred less for overall form and more for power over tall fences, along with speed, scope, and agility. This favors a horse with a good galloping stride, powerful hindquarters that can change speed or direction easily, plus a good shoulder angle and length of neck. A jumper has a more powerful build than either the hunter or the racehorse.[21]","title":"How breeds develop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Bedouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Arabian horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse"},{"link_name":"oral tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pyramid_Society-22"},{"link_name":"Akhal-Teke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhal-Teke"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Caspian horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_horse"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"destriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrier"},{"link_name":"\"oriental\" type horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_horse"},{"link_name":"Arabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Barb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Turkoman horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_horse"},{"link_name":"Andalusian horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_horse"},{"link_name":"Courser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courser_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"haute ecole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_dressage"},{"link_name":"Lipizzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipizzan"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_horse"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock"},{"link_name":"Arabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse"},{"link_name":"James Burnett, Lord Monboddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"warmblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmblood"},{"link_name":"competitive driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_driving"},{"link_name":"show jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_jumping"},{"link_name":"dressage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressage"},{"link_name":"French saddle horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selle_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"Irish Sport Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sport_Horse"},{"link_name":"American Quarter Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse"},{"link_name":"Canadian horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_horse"},{"link_name":"Appaloosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa"},{"link_name":"American Paint Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Paint_Horse"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Walking Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Walking_Horse"},{"link_name":"Saddlebred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddlebred"},{"link_name":"carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"warmblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmblood"},{"link_name":"sport horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_horse"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"The history of horse breeding goes back millennia. Though the precise date is in dispute, humans could have domesticated the horse as far back as approximately 4500 BCE. However, evidence of planned breeding has a more blurry history. It is well known, for example, that the Romans did breed horses and valued them in their armies, but little is known regarding their breeding and husbandry practices: all that remains are statues and artwork. Mankind has plenty of equestrian statues of Roman emperors, horses are mentioned in the Odyssey by Homer, and hieroglyphics and paintings left behind by Egyptians tell stories of pharaohs hunting elephants from chariots. Nearly nothing is known of what became of the horses they bred for hippodromes, for warfare, or even for farming.One of the earliest people known to document the breedings of their horses were the Bedouin of the Middle East, the breeders of the Arabian horse. While it is difficult to determine how far back the Bedouin passed on pedigree information via an oral tradition, there were written pedigrees of Arabian horses by CE 1330.[22] The Akhal-Teke of West-Central Asia is another breed with roots in ancient times that was also bred specifically for war and racing. The nomads of the Mongolian steppes bred horses for several thousand years as well, and the Caspian horse is believed to be a very close relative of Ottoman horses from the earliest origins of the Turks in Central Asia.The types of horse bred varied with culture and with the times. The uses to which a horse was put also determined its qualities, including smooth amblers for riding, fast horses for carrying messengers, heavy horses for plowing and pulling heavy wagons, ponies for hauling cars of ore from mines, packhorses, carriage horses and many others.Medieval Europe bred large horses specifically for war, called destriers. These horses were the ancestors of the great heavy horses of today, and their size was preferred not simply because of the weight of the armor, but also because a large horse provided more power for the knight's lance. Weighing almost twice as much as a normal riding horse, the destrier was a powerful weapon in battle meant to act like a giant battering ram that could quite literally run down men on an enemy line.On the other hand, during this same time, lighter horses were bred in northern Africa and the Middle East, where a faster, more agile horse was preferred. The lighter horse suited the raids and battles of desert people, allowing them to outmaneuver rather than overpower the enemy. When Middle Eastern warriors and European knights collided in warfare, the heavy knights were frequently outmaneuvered. The Europeans, however, responded by crossing their native breeds with \"oriental\" type horses such as the Arabian, Barb, and Turkoman horse This cross-breeding led both to a nimbler war horse, such as today's Andalusian horse, but also created a type of horse known as a Courser, a predecessor to the Thoroughbred, which was used as a message horse.During the Renaissance, horses were bred not only for war, but for haute ecole riding, derived from the most athletic movements required of a war horse, and popular among the elite nobility of the time. Breeds such as the Lipizzan and the now extinct Neapolitan horse were developed from Spanish-bred horses for this purpose, and also became the preferred mounts of cavalry officers, who were derived mostly from the ranks of the nobility. It was during this time that firearms were developed, and so the light cavalry horse, a faster and quicker war horse, was bred for \"shoot and run\" tactics rather than the shock action as in the Middle Ages. Fine horses usually had a well muscled, curved neck, slender body, and sweeping mane, as the nobility liked to show off their wealth and breeding in paintings of the era.After Charles II retook the British throne in 1660, horse racing, which had been banned by Cromwell, was revived. The Thoroughbred was developed 40 years later, bred to be the ultimate racehorse, through the lines of three foundation Arabian stallions and one Turkish horse.In the 18th century, James Burnett, Lord Monboddo noted the importance of selecting appropriate parentage to achieve desired outcomes of successive generations. Monboddo worked more broadly in the abstract thought of species relationships and evolution of species. The Thoroughbred breeding hub in Lexington, Kentucky was developed in the late 18th century, and became a mainstay in American racehorse breeding.The 17th and 18th centuries saw more of a need for fine carriage horses in Europe, bringing in the dawn of the warmblood. The warmblood breeds have been exceptionally good at adapting to changing times, and from their carriage horse beginnings they easily transitioned during the 20th century into a sport horse type. Today's warmblood breeds, although still used for competitive driving, are more often seen competing in show jumping or dressage.The Thoroughbred continues to dominate the horse racing world, although its lines have been more recently used to improve warmblood breeds and to develop sport horses. The French saddle horse is an excellent example as is the Irish Sport Horse, the latter being an unusual combination between a Thoroughbred and a draft breed.The American Quarter Horse was developed early in the 18th century, mainly for quarter racing (racing ¼ of a mile). Colonists did not have racetracks or any of the trappings of Europe that the earliest Thoroughbreds had at their disposal, so instead the owners of Quarter Horses would run their horses on roads that lead through town as a form of local entertainment. As the USA expanded West, the breed went with settlers as a farm and ranch animal, and \"cow sense\" was particularly valued: their use for herding cattle increased on rough, dry terrain that often involved sitting in the saddle for long hours.However, this did not mean that the original ¼-mile races that colonists held ever went out of fashion, so today there are three types: the stock horse type, the racer, and the more recently evolving sport type. The racing type most resembles the finer-boned ancestors of the first racing Quarter Horses, and the type is still used for ¼-mile races. The stock horse type, used in western events and as a farm and patrol animal is bred for a shorter stride, an ability to stop and turn quickly, and an unflappable attitude that remains calm and focused even in the face of an angry charging steer. The first two are still to this day bred to have a combination of explosive speed that exceeds the Thoroughbred on short distances clocked as high as 55 mph, but they still retain the gentle, calm, and kindly temperament of their ancestors that makes them easily handled.The Canadian horse's origin corresponds to shipments of French horses, some of which came from Louis XIV's own stable and most likely were Baroque horses meant to be gentlemen's mounts. These were ill-suited to farm work and to the hardscrabble life of the New World, so like the Americans, early Canadians crossed their horses with natives escapees. In time they evolved along similar lines as the Quarter Horse to the South as both the US and Canada spread westward and needed a calm and tractable horse versatile enough to carry the farmer's son to school but still capable of running fast and running hard as a cavalry horse, a stockhorse, or a horse to pull a conestoga wagon.Other horses from North America retained a hint of their mustang origins by being either derived from stock that Native Americans bred that came in a rainbow of color, like the Appaloosa and American Paint Horse, with those East of the Mississippi River increasingly bred to impress and mimic the trends of the upper classes of Europe: The Tennessee Walking Horse and Saddlebred were originally plantation horses bred for their gait and comfortable ride in the saddle as a plantation master would survey his vast lands like an English lord.Horses were needed for heavy draft and carriage work until replaced by the automobile, truck, and tractor. After this time, draft and carriage horse numbers dropped significantly, though light riding horses remained popular for recreational pursuits. Draft horses today are used on a few small farms, but today are seen mainly for pulling and plowing competitions rather than farm work. Heavy harness horses are now used as an outcross with lighter breeds, such as the Thoroughbred, to produce the modern warmblood breeds popular in sport horse disciplines, particularly at the Olympic level.","title":"History of horse breeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"},{"link_name":"parturition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parturition"},{"link_name":"value judgements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_judgement"},{"link_name":"supply and demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand"},{"link_name":"stud fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_fee"},{"link_name":"nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_nutrition"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_care"},{"link_name":"veterinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine"},{"link_name":"horsemeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsemeat"}],"text":"Breeding a horse is an endeavor where the owner, particularly of the mare, will usually need to invest considerable time and money. For this reason, a horse owner needs to consider several factors, including:Does the proposed breeding animal have valuable genetic qualities to pass on?\nIs the proposed breeding animal in good physical health, fertile, and able to withstand the rigors of reproduction?\nFor what purpose will the foal be used?\nIs there a market for the foal if the owner does not wish to keep the foal for its entire life?\nWhat is the anticipated economic benefit, if any, to the owner of the ensuing foal?\nWhat is the anticipated economic benefit, if any, to the owner(s) of the sire and dam or the foal?\nDoes the owner of the mare have the expertise to properly manage the mare through gestation and parturition?\nDoes the owner of the potential foal have the expertise to properly manage and train a young animal once it is born?There are value judgements involved in considering whether an animal is suitable breeding stock, hotly debated by breeders. Additional personal beliefs may come into play when considering a suitable level of care for the mare and ensuing foal, the potential market or use for the foal, and other tangible and intangible benefits to the owner.If the breeding endeavor is intended to make a profit, there are additional market factors to consider, which may vary considerably from year to year, from breed to breed, and by region of the world. In many cases, the low end of the market is saturated with horses, and the law of supply and demand thus allows little or no profit to be made from breeding unregistered animals or animals of poor quality, even if registered.The minimum cost of breeding for a mare owner includes the stud fee, and the cost of proper nutrition, management and veterinary care of the mare throughout gestation, parturition, and care of both mare and foal up to the time of weaning. Veterinary expenses may be higher if specialized reproductive technologies are used or health complications occur.Making a profit in horse breeding is often difficult. While some owners of only a few horses may keep a foal for purely personal enjoyment, many individuals breed horses in hopes of making some money in the process.A rule of thumb is that a foal intended for sale should be worth three times the cost of the stud fee if it were sold at the moment of birth. From birth forward, the costs of care and training are added to the value of the foal, with a sale price going up accordingly. If the foal wins awards in some form of competition, that may also enhance the price.On the other hand, without careful thought, foals bred without a potential market for them may wind up being sold at a loss, and in a worst-case scenario, sold for \"salvage\" value—a euphemism for sale to slaughter as horsemeat.Therefore, a mare owner must consider their reasons for breeding, asking hard questions of themselves as to whether their motivations are based on either emotion or profit and how realistic those motivations may be.","title":"Deciding to breed a horse"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Totilas.jpg"},{"link_name":"stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"imprinting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprinting_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Horse behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_behavior"},{"link_name":"sport horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_horse"},{"link_name":"breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"purebred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purebred"},{"link_name":"racehorses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"breed registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_registry"},{"link_name":"get","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_(animal)"},{"link_name":"semen collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen_collection"}],"text":"A stallion with a proven competition record is one criterion for being a suitable sire.The stallion should be chosen to complement the mare, with the goal of producing a foal that has the best qualities of both animals, yet avoids having the weaker qualities of either parent. Generally, the stallion should have proven himself in the discipline or sport the mare owner wishes for the \"career\" of the ensuing foal. Mares should also have a competition record showing that they also have suitable traits, though this does not happen as often.Some breeders consider the quality of the sire to be more important than the quality of the dam. However, other breeders maintain that the mare is the most important parent. Because stallions can produce far more offspring than mares, a single stallion can have a greater overall impact on a breed. Research from Nagoya University supports the belief that the most important factor affecting a thoroughbred's race performance is the quality of its sire, whereas the effect of the age of its broodmare is negligible.[23] However, the mare may have a greater influence on an individual foal because its physical characteristics influence the developing foal in the womb and the foal also learns habits from its dam when young. Foals may also learn the \"language of intimidation and submission\" from their dam, and this imprinting may affect the foal's status and rank within the herd.[24][25] Many times, a mature horse will achieve status in a herd similar to that of its dam; the offspring of dominant mares become dominant themselves.See also: Horse behaviorA purebred horse is usually worth more than a horse of mixed breeding, though this matters more in some disciplines than others. The breed of the horse is sometimes secondary when breeding for a sport horse, but some disciplines may prefer a certain breed or a specific phenotype of horse. Sometimes, purebred bloodlines are an absolute requirement: For example, most racehorses in the world must be recorded with a breed registry in order to race.Bloodlines are often considered, as some bloodlines are known to cross well with others. If the parents have not yet proven themselves by competition or by producing quality offspring, the bloodlines of the horse are often a good indicator of quality and possible strengths and weaknesses. Some bloodlines are known not only for their athletic ability, but could also carry a conformational or genetic defect, poor temperament, or for a medical problem. Some bloodlines are also fashionable or otherwise marketable, which is an important consideration should the mare owner wish to sell the foal.Horse breeders also consider conformation, size and temperament. All of these traits are heritable, and will determine if the foal will be a success in its chosen discipline. The offspring, or \"get\", of a stallion are often excellent indicators of his ability to pass on his characteristics, and the particular traits he actually passes on. Some stallions are fantastic performers but never produce offspring of comparable quality. Others sire fillies of great abilities but not colts. At times, a horse of mediocre ability sires foals of outstanding quality.Mare owners also look into the question of if the stallion is fertile and has successfully \"settled\" (i.e. impregnated) mares. A stallion may not be able to breed naturally, or old age may decrease his performance. Mare care boarding fees and semen collection fees can be a major cost.","title":"Choosing breeding stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbreds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"grade horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_horse"},{"link_name":"globalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias"},{"link_name":"live foal guarantee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_foal_guarantee"}],"text":"Breeding a horse can be an expensive endeavor, whether breeding a backyard competition horse or the next Olympic medalist. Costs may include:The stud and booking fee\nFees for collecting, handling, and transporting semen (if AI is used and semen is shipped)\nMare exams: to determine if she is healthy enough to breed, to determine when she ovulates, and (if AI is used) to inseminate her\nMare transport, care, and board if the mare is bred live cover at the stallion's residence\nVeterinary bills to keep the pregnant mare healthy while in foal\nPossible veterinary bills during pregnancy or foaling should something go wrong\nVeterinary bills for the foal for its first exam a few days following foalingStud fees are determined by the quality of the stallion, his performance record, the performance record of his get (offspring), as well as the sport and general market that the animal is standing for.The highest stud fees are generally for racing Thoroughbreds, which may charge from two to three thousand dollars for a breeding to a new or unproven stallion, to several hundred thousand dollars for a breeding to a proven producer of stakes winners. Stallions in other disciplines often have stud fees that begin in the range of $1,000 to $3,000, with top contenders who produce champions in certain disciplines able to command as much as $20,000 for one breeding. The lowest stud fees to breed to a grade horse or an animal of low-quality pedigree may only be $100–$200, but there are trade-offs: the horse will probably be unproven, and likely to produce lower-quality offspring than a horse with a stud fee that is in the typical range for quality breeding stock.[globalize]As a stallion's career, either performance or breeding, improves, his stud fee tends to increase in proportion. If one or two offspring are especially successful, winning several stakes races or an Olympic medal, the stud fee will generally greatly increase. Younger, unproven stallions will generally have a lower stud fee earlier on in their careers.To help decrease the risk of financial loss should the mare die or abort the foal while pregnant, many studs have a live foal guarantee (LFG) – also known as \"no foal, free return\" or \"NFFR\" - allowing the owner to have a free breeding to their stallion the next year. However, this is not offered for every breeding.","title":"Costs related to breeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%BCnstliche_Vagina.jpg"},{"link_name":"artificial vagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_vagina"},{"link_name":"Artificial Insemination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Insemination"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"draft horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_horse"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"An artificial vagina, used to collect semenThere are two general ways to \"cover\" or breed the mare:Live cover: the mare is brought to the stallion's residence and is covered \"live\" in the breeding shed. She may also be turned out in a pasture with the stallion for several days to breed naturally ('pasture bred'). The former situation is often preferred, as it provides a more controlled environment, allowing the breeder to ensure that the mare was covered, and places the handlers in a position to remove the horses from one another should one attempt to kick or bite the other. However, this causes more stress for the mare as she feels like she is being forced to undergo this procedure.\nArtificial Insemination (AI): the mare is inseminated by a veterinarian or an equine reproduction manager, using either fresh, cooled or frozen semen.After the mare is bred or artificially inseminated, she is checked using ultrasound 14–16 days later to see if she \"took\", and is pregnant. A second check is usually performed at 28 days. If the mare is not pregnant, she may be bred again during her next cycle.It is considered safe to breed a mare to a stallion of much larger size. Because of the mare's type of placenta and its attachment and blood supply, the foal will be limited in its growth within the uterus to the size of the mare's uterus, but will grow to its genetic potential after it is born. Test breedings have been done with draft horse stallions bred to small mares with no increase in the number of difficult births.[26]","title":"Covering the mare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"teaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaser_(animal)"},{"link_name":"The Jockey Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jockey_Club"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thoroughbred_Rules_for_Registration-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"standardbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardbred_horse"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standardbred_AI-29"}],"sub_title":"Live cover","text":"When breeding live cover, the mare is usually boarded at the stud. She may be \"teased\" several times with a stallion that will not breed to her, usually with the stallion being presented to the mare over a barrier. Her reaction to the teaser, whether hostile or passive, is noted. A mare that is in heat will generally tolerate a teaser (although this is not always the case), and may present herself to him, holding her tail to the side. A veterinarian may also determine if the mare is ready to be bred, by ultrasound or palpating daily to determine if ovulation has occurred. Live cover can also be done in liberty on a paddock or on pasture, although due to safety and efficacy concerns, it is not common at professional breeding farms.When it has been determined that the mare is ready, both the mare and intended stud will be cleaned. The mare will then be presented to the stallion, usually with one handler controlling the mare and one or more handlers in charge of the stallion. Multiple handlers are preferred, as the mare and stallion can be easily separated should there be any trouble.The Jockey Club, the organization that oversees the Thoroughbred industry in the United States, requires all registered foals to be bred through live cover. Artificial insemination, listed below, is not permitted.[27] Similar rules apply in other countries, such as Australia.[28]By contrast, the U.S. standardbred industry allows registered foals to be bred by live cover, or by artificial insemination (AI) with fresh or frozen (not dried) semen. No other artificial fertility treatment is allowed. In addition, foals bred via AI of frozen semen may only be registered if the stallion's sperm was collected during his lifetime, and used no later than the calendar year of his death or castration.[29]","title":"Covering the mare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JEVS200905-30"},{"link_name":"Artificial insemination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_insemination"},{"link_name":"live cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_cover"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JEVS200905-30"},{"link_name":"artificial vagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_vagina"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Artificial insemination","text":"Whereas the various national Thoroughbred associations typically require live cover, by 2009 most horse breeds allowed for the artificial insemination of mares with cooled, frozen or even fresh semen.[30]Artificial insemination (AI) has several advantages over live cover, and has a very similar conception rate:[30]The mare and stallion never have to come in contact with each other, which therefore reduces breeding accidents, such as the mare kicking the stallion.\nAI opens up the world to international breeding, as semen may be shipped across continents to mares that would otherwise be unable to breed to a particular stallion.\nA mare also does not have to travel to the stallion, so the process is less stressful on her, and if she already has a foal, the foal does not have to travel.\nAI allows more mares to be bred from one stallion, as the ejaculate may be split between mares.\nAI reduces the chance of spreading sexually transmitted diseases between mare and stallion.\nAI allows mares or stallions with health issues, such as sore hocks which may prevent a stallion from mounting, to continue to breed.\nFrozen semen may be stored and used to breed mares even after the stallion is dead, allowing his lines to continue. However, the semen of some stallions does not freeze well. Some breed registries may not permit the registration of foals resulting from the use of frozen semen after the stallion's death, although other large registries accept such usage and provide registrations. The overall trend is toward permitting use of frozen semen after the death of the stallion.A stallion is usually trained to mount a phantom (or dummy) mare, although a live mare may be used, and he is most commonly collected using an artificial vagina (AV) which is heated to simulate the vagina of the mare. The AV has a filter and collection area at one end to capture the semen, which can then be processed in a lab. The semen may be chilled or frozen and shipped to the mare owner or used to breed mares \"on-farm\". When the mare is in heat, the person inseminating introduces the semen directly into her uterus using a syringe and pipette.[31]","title":"Covering the mare"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_Thornton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"Embryo transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo_transfer"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"oocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte"},{"link_name":"zona pellucida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_pellucida"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Prometea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometea"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Scamper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scamper_(horse)"},{"link_name":"barrel racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_racing"},{"link_name":"gelding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelding"},{"link_name":"stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion"},{"link_name":"stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_(animal)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-36"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"Gem Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem_Twist"},{"link_name":"Frank Chapot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Chapot"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Criollo horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_horse"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoloHorses-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambiaso-42"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Cambiaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Cambiaso"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Advanced reproductive techniques","text":"The Thoroughbred industry does not allow AI or embryo transplant.Often an owner does not want to take a valuable competition mare out of training to carry a foal. This presents a problem, as the mare will usually be quite old by the time she is retired from her competitive career, at which time it is more difficult to impregnate her. Other times, a mare may have physical problems that prevent or discourage breeding. However, there are now several options for breeding these mares. These options also allow a mare to produce multiple foals each breeding season, instead of the usual one. Therefore, mares may have an even greater value for breeding.Embryo transfer: This relatively new method involves flushing out the mare's fertilized embryo a few days following insemination, and transferring to a surrogate mare, which has been synchronized to be in the same phase of the estrous cycle as the donor mare.[32]\nGamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT): The mare's ovum and the stallion's sperm are deposited in the oviduct of a surrogate dam. This technique is very useful for subfertile stallions, as fewer sperm are needed, so a stallion with a low sperm count can still successfully breed.\nEgg transfer: An oocyte is removed from the mare's follicle and transferred into the oviduct of the recipient mare, who is then bred. This is best for mares with physical problems, such as an obstructed oviduct, that prevent breeding.\nIntracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): Used in horses due to lack of successful co-incubation of female and male gametes in simple IVF. A plug of the zona pellucida is removed and a single sperm cell is injected into the ooplasm of the mature oocyte. An advantage of ICSI over IVF is that lower quality sperm can be used since the sperm does not have to penetrate the zona pellucida. The success rate of ICSI is 23-44% blastocyst development.[33][34]The world's first cloned horse, Prometea, was born in 2003.[35] Other notable instances of horse cloning are:In 2006, Scamper, an extremely successful barrel racing horse, a gelding, was cloned. The resulting stallion, Clayton, became the first cloned horse to stand at stud in the U.S.[36]\nIn 2007, a renowned show jumper and Thoroughbred, Gem Twist, was cloned by Frank Chapot and his family.[37] In September 2008, Gemini was born.[38] Other clones followed, leading to the development of a breeding line from Gem Twist.[39]\nIn 2010, the first lived equine cloned of a Criollo horse was born in Argentina, and was the first horse clone produced in Latin America.[40] In the same year a cloned polo horse was sold for $800,000 - the highest known price ever paid for a polo horse.[41]\nIn 2013, the world-famous[42] polo star Adolfo Cambiaso helped his high-handicap team La Dolfina win the Argentine National Open, scoring nine goals in the 16-11 match. Two of those he scored atop a horse named Show Me, a clone, and the first to ride onto the Argentine pitch.[43][44]","title":"Covering the mare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Horse_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_topics"},{"link_name":"Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_anatomy"},{"link_name":"Behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_behavior"},{"link_name":"Breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Conformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_conformation"},{"link_name":"Coat color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_coat_color"},{"link_name":"Genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_genome"},{"link_name":"Gait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_gait"},{"link_name":"Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_management"},{"link_name":"Nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_nutrition"},{"link_name":"Valuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_valuation"},{"link_name":"Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_slaughter"},{"link_name":"Equestrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"Glossary of equestrian terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms"},{"link_name":"Horse industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_industry"},{"link_name":"List of equestrian sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports"},{"link_name":"Horse 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selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"balancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_selection"},{"link_name":"directional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_selection"},{"link_name":"disruptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_selection"},{"link_name":"negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)"},{"link_name":"selective sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_sweep"},{"link_name":"stabilizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizing_selection"},{"link_name":"Selection methods in plant breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction"},{"link_name":"Genotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype"},{"link_name":"Phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"Dominance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"Codominance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codominance"},{"link_name":"Epistasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis"},{"link_name":"Dwarfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfing"},{"link_name":"Heterosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis"},{"link_name":"Outbreeding depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreeding_depression"},{"link_name":"Inbreeding depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding_depression"},{"link_name":"Recessive trait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recessive_trait"},{"link_name":"Sex linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_linkage"},{"link_name":"F1 hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_hybrid"},{"link_name":"Breed registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_registry"},{"link_name":"Breeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeder"},{"link_name":"Germline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline"},{"link_name":"Heirloom plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heirloom_plant"},{"link_name":"Landrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrace"},{"link_name":"Rare breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_breed"},{"link_name":"Tree breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_breeding"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1265288#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4045524-5"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542112205171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003003006"}],"text":"Riegal, Ronald J. DMV, and Susan E. Hakola DMV. Illustrated Atlas of Clinical Equine Anatomy and Common Disorders of the Horse Vol. II. Equistar Publication, Limited. Marysville, OH. Copyright 2000.vteHorsesEquine science andmanagement\nAnatomy\nBehavior\nBreeding\nConformation\nCoat color\nGenome\nGait\nManagement\nNutrition\nValuation\nSlaughter\nEquestrianismand sport\nGlossary of equestrian terms\nHorse industry\nList of equestrian sports\nHorse tack\nBit\nBridle\nSaddle\nHarness\nEnglish riding\nWestern riding\nDriving\nHorse training\nHorse racing\nEquestrian events at the Summer Olympics\nmedalists\nvenues\nHorse show\nEquitation\nTherapy\nHistory\nEvolution\nDomestication\nMiddle Ages\nAncient and Imperial China\nBritain\nIndian subcontinent\nNorth America\nWarfare\nEast Asia\nNapoleonic Wars\nAmerican Civil War\nWorld War I\nWorld War II\nHorse breeds and types\nHorse breeds\nDraft horse\nFeral horse\nGaited horses\nMountain and moorland pony breeds\nSport horse\nStock horse\nWarmblood\nWild horse\nCulture\nArt\nBurial\nFiction\nHippomancy\nMythology\nCentaur\nChinese\nNordic\nUnicorn\nWhite horses\nWinged horse\nSacrifice\nSymbolism\nWorship\n\nLists of horse-related topics CategoryvteBreeds and cultivars\nLists of breeds\nLists of cultivars\nMethods\nBackcrossing\nCrossbreed\nInbreeding\nMarker-assisted selection\nMutation breeding\nOutcrossing\nPreservation breeding\nSelective breeding\nSmart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)\nHybrid\nPurebred\nAnimal breeds\nCat\nCattle\nChicken\nDog\nbreeding\nDonkey\nDuck\nGoat\nGoose\nGuinea pig\nHorse\nbreeding\nPig\nPigeon\nbreeding\nRabbit\nSheep\nTurkey\nWater buffalo\nBackyard breeder\nBreed standard\nBreeding back\nBreeding pair\nBreeding program\nCaptive breeding\nDesigner crossbreed\nPlant cultivars\nApple\nJapanese\nBanana\nBasil\nCallistemon\nCanna\nCannabis\nCapsicum\nCherimoya\nCitrus\nhybrids\nCoffee\nCucumber\nGazania\nGrape\nGrevillea\nHop\nMango\nNarcissus (daffodils)\nNemesia\nNepenthes\nOlives\nOnion\nPear\nRice\nRose\nbreeders\ncultivars\nStrawberry\nSweet potato\nSweetcorn\nTomato\nVenus flytrap\nSelection methodsand genetics\nCulling\nMarker-assisted selection\nNatural selection\nbalancing\ndirectional\ndisruptive\nnegative\nselective sweep\nstabilizing\nSelection methods in plant breeding\nGenotype\nPhenotype\nDominance\nCodominance\nEpistasis\nDwarfing\nHeterosis\nOutbreeding depression\nInbreeding depression\nRecessive trait\nSex linkage\nF1 hybrid\nOther\nBreed registry\nBreeder\nGermline\nHeirloom plant\nLandrace\nRare breed\nTree breedingAuthority control databases: National \nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Stallion checking a mare in estrus. The mare welcomes the stallion by lowering her rear and lifting her tail.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Astutus_2.jpg/220px-Astutus_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A mare in the early stages of labor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Baby_gives_birth_to_Tia.jpg/200px-Baby_gives_birth_to_Tia.jpg"},{"image_text":"A foal with its mother, or dam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Finnhorse_mare_with_foal.jpg/220px-Finnhorse_mare_with_foal.jpg"},{"image_text":"A stallion with a proven competition record is one criterion for being a suitable sire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Totilas.jpg/170px-Totilas.jpg"},{"image_text":"An artificial vagina, used to collect semen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/K%C3%BCnstliche_Vagina.jpg/200px-K%C3%BCnstliche_Vagina.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Thoroughbred industry does not allow AI or embryo transplant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Andrew_Thornton.jpg/170px-Andrew_Thornton.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Domestication of the horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse"},{"title":"Endometrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrosis"},{"title":"Evolution of the horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse"},{"title":"Glossary of equestrian terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms"},{"title":"Pedigree chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_chart"},{"title":"Thoroughbred breeding theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred_breeding_theories"}]
[{"reference":"\"Breeding Terms\". The Pennsylvania Horse Racing Association. Retrieved 2023-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://pennhorseracing.com/glossary/category/breeding/","url_text":"\"Breeding Terms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Equine Info Exchange - Breeding\". www.equineinfoexchange.com. Retrieved 2019-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equineinfoexchange.com/index.php/horse-racing/breedingracing","url_text":"\"Equine Info Exchange - Breeding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Basics of Life\". The Horse. 2006-12-01. Retrieved 2019-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehorse.com/127989/basics-of-life/","url_text":"\"Basics of Life\""}]},{"reference":"Juan C. Samper (1 January 2009). Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4160-5234-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=14-EHWvwIoEC&q=estrus+OR+diestrus","url_text":"Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-5234-0","url_text":"978-1-4160-5234-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Rule AR.46\" (PDF). Australian Rules of Racing. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2010-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.australianracingboard.com.au/uploadimg/Rules260909.pdf","url_text":"\"Rule AR.46\""}]},{"reference":"Hura, V; et al. (October 1997). \"The effect of some factors on gestation length in nonius breed mares in Slovakia (Egyes tényezõk hatása a nóniusz fajta vemhességének idõtartamára)\". Proceedings of Roundtable Conference on Animal Biotechnology. XIII. Retrieved 2008-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oai.hu/kerekasztal/XIII./hura.htm","url_text":"\"The effect of some factors on gestation length in nonius breed mares in Slovakia (Egyes tényezõk hatása a nóniusz fajta vemhességének idõtartamára)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vaccination and Passive Transfer\". American Association of Equine Practitioners.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aaep.org/vaccination_passivetransfer.htm","url_text":"\"Vaccination and Passive Transfer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horse - breeding\". ESDAW. Retrieved 2019-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esdaw.eu/horse---breeding.html","url_text":"\"Horse - breeding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nutritional Management of Pregnant and Lactating Mares\". purinamills.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://horse.purinamills.com/products/pregnantlactatingmare.asp","url_text":"\"Nutritional Management of Pregnant and Lactating Mares\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foaling video on an Australian stud farm\". nbntv.com.au. Archived from the original on 2009-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090809204940/http://www.nbntv.com.au/index.php/2008/08/01/horsing-around-stud-style/#more-4997/","url_text":"\"Foaling video on an Australian stud farm\""},{"url":"http://www.nbntv.com.au/index.php/2008/08/01/horsing-around-stud-style/#more-4997/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Which Thoroughbred Best Fits My Needs?\". Expert how-to for English Riders. Retrieved 2018-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://practicalhorsemanmag.com/health-archive/which_thoroughbred_061008-11584","url_text":"\"Which Thoroughbred Best Fits My Needs?\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Barbara S. \"Egyptian Arabians: The Mystique Unfolded\". Arabians. Pyramid Arabians. Archived from the original on 2006-05-08. Retrieved 2006-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060508005004/http://www.pyramidarabians.com/news/articles/arabianmystique.html","url_text":"\"Egyptian Arabians: The Mystique Unfolded\""},{"url":"http://www.pyramidarabians.com/news/articles/arabianmystique.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGreevy, Paul (2012). Equine Behavior: a guide for Veterinarian and Equine Scientist. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 378 pp. ISBN 978-0-7020-4337-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-4337-6","url_text":"978-0-7020-4337-6"}]},{"reference":"Squires, E.L. (2009). \"Changes in Equine Reproduction: Have They Been Good or Bad for the Horse Industry?\". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 29 (5): 268–273. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.184.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0737080609004493","url_text":"\"Changes in Equine Reproduction: Have They Been Good or Bad for the Horse Industry?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jevs.2009.04.184","url_text":"10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.184"}]},{"reference":"\"AI (Artificial Insemination)\". Equine-Reproduction.com. Retrieved June 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://equine-reproduction.com/articles/mares/artificial-insemination","url_text":"\"AI (Artificial Insemination)\""}]},{"reference":"Shaoni Bhattacharya (August 6, 2003). \"World's First Cloned Horse is Born\". Retrieved 2012-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4026-worlds-first-cloned-horse-is-born.html","url_text":"\"World's First Cloned Horse is Born\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brown, Liz. \"Scamper Clone Offered for Commercial Breeding\" The Horse, online edition, November 15, 2008\". Thehorse.com. 2008-11-15. Retrieved 2012-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=13107","url_text":"\"Brown, Liz. \"Scamper Clone Offered for Commercial Breeding\" The Horse, online edition, November 15, 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clone of top jumper Gem Twist born\". horsetalk.co.nz. September 17, 2008. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120707044237/http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/news/2008/09/105.shtml#axzz4G2nfuyfG","url_text":"\"Clone of top jumper Gem Twist born\""},{"url":"http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/news/2008/09/105.shtml#axzz4G2nfuyfG","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gemini CL xx\". Superior Equine Sires, Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.superiorequinesires.com/stallion.php?Gemini-CL-xx-1020","url_text":"\"Gemini CL xx\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murka's Gem\". The Chronicle of the Horse.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronofhorse.com/classifieds/murkas-gem/","url_text":"\"Murka's Gem\""}]},{"reference":"Andrés Gambini; Javier Jarazo; Ramiro Olivera; Daniel F. Salamone (2012). \"Equine Cloning: In Vitro and In Vivo Development of Aggregated Embryos\". Biol Reprod. 87 (1): 15, 1–9. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.098855. hdl:11336/16296. PMID 22553223.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1095%2Fbiolreprod.112.098855","url_text":"\"Equine Cloning: In Vitro and In Vivo Development of Aggregated Embryos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1095%2Fbiolreprod.112.098855","url_text":"10.1095/biolreprod.112.098855"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F16296","url_text":"11336/16296"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22553223","url_text":"22553223"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Haley (31 July 2015). \"How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo\". VFNews. Vanity Fair. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/07/polo-horse-cloning-adolfo-cambiaso","url_text":"\"How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Harriet (8 December 2014). \"Argentina's polo star Adolfo Cambiaso - the greatest sportsman you've never heard of?\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/polo/11279663/Argentinas-polo-star-Adolfo-Cambiaso-the-greatest-sportsman-youve-never-heard-of.html","url_text":"\"Argentina's polo star Adolfo Cambiaso - the greatest sportsman you've never heard of?\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/polo/11279663/Argentinas-polo-star-Adolfo-Cambiaso-the-greatest-sportsman-youve-never-heard-of.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ryan Bell (10 December 2013). \"Game of Clones\". Outside Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outsideonline.com/news-from-the-field/Game-of-Clones.html","url_text":"\"Game of Clones\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Souza
Dennis Souza
["1 References","2 External links"]
Brazilian footballer (born 1980) In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is de Souza and the second or paternal family name is Guedes. Dênis SouzaPersonal informationFull name Dênis de Souza GuedesDate of birth (1980-01-09) January 9, 1980 (age 44)Place of birth São Paulo, BrazilHeight 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Position(s) DefenderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2000 Matsubara 0 (0)2000–2004 Roda JC 0 (0)2000–2001 → K.R.C. Harelbeke (loan) 39 (2)2002–2003 → Mons (loan) 25 (1)2003–2004 → Beringen-Heusden-Zolder (loan) 31 (0)2004 Standard Liège 0 (0)2004–2006 Mons 24 (1)2006–2007 Charleroi 16 (2)2007–2009 Barnsley 78 (2)2009–2010 Al-Sailiya Sport Club 29 (4)2010–2011 Doncaster Rovers 8 (0)2011–2013 OFI Crete 39 (3)2013–2014 Apollon Smyrni 1 (0)2014–2016 Wiltz 48 (2) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Dennis Souza de Guedes, known as simply Dennis Souza (born 9 January 1980) is a former Brazilian footballer. Souza was signed by Barnsley in August 2007 following a trial with the club. He quickly became a fixture a centre-back, and an instant favourite with the Oakwell fans. He scored two goals for Barnsley in the league, both against promotion challengers Bristol City. He also played in the memorable victories over Premier League sides Liverpool and Chelsea in the 2007-08 FA Cup. On July 1, 2009, Souza signed for Qatari outfit Al-Sailiya Sports club on a two-year contract. After his contract was terminated, he joined Doncaster Rovers as a free agent on November 9, 2010. He was released from the club on May 20, 2011. On 31 August 2011, he joined Super League Greece side OFI Crete on a two-year contract. On 30 June 2013, after a quick negotiation, Souza decided not to renew his contract with Ofi Crete and is at the moment free agent. References ^ "Barnsley 3–0 Bristol City". BBC. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2010. ^ "Bristol City 3–2 Barnsley". BBC. 22 December 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2010. ^ "Liverpool 1-2 Barnsley". BBC. 16 February 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2014. ^ "Barnsley 1-0 Chelsea". BBC. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2014. ^ "Dennis Heads to Qatar". Barnsley Mad. 2009-07-01. Archived from the original on 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2009-07-01. External links Dennis Souza profile at barnsleyfc.co.uk Dennis Souza at Soccerbase This biographical article related to a Brazilian association football defender born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Barnsley 3–0 Bristol City\". BBC. 2 October 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/7019668.stm","url_text":"\"Barnsley 3–0 Bristol City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Bristol City 3–2 Barnsley\". BBC. 22 December 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/7145717.stm","url_text":"\"Bristol City 3–2 Barnsley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool 1-2 Barnsley\". BBC. 16 February 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/7224063.stm","url_text":"\"Liverpool 1-2 Barnsley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Barnsley 1-0 Chelsea\". BBC. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/7272810.stm","url_text":"\"Barnsley 1-0 Chelsea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Heads to Qatar\". Barnsley Mad. 2009-07-01. Archived from the original on 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2009-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091120210221/http://www.barnsley-mad.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW","url_text":"\"Dennis Heads to Qatar\""},{"url":"http://www.barnsley-mad.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=452261","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tin
Black tin
["1 References"]
Tin ore This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A lump of "black tin", so called because of its color; in this case it is cassiterite from Cornwall Black tin is the raw ore of tin, usually cassiterite, as sold by a tin mine to a smelting company. After mining, the ore must be concentrated by several processes to reduce the amount of gangue it contains before it can be sold. It contrasts with white tin, which is the refined, metallic tin produced after smelting. The term "black tin" was historically associated with tin mining in Devon and Cornwall. References Cornwall portal Chambers's encyclopædia: A dictionary of universal knowledge. 1868. p. 448. Blanchard, Ian (2005). Mining, Metallurgy, and Minting in the Middle Ages: Continuing Afro-European Supremacy, 1250-1450. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 1526. ISBN 9783515087049. Carew, Richard (1811). Carew's Survey of Cornwall: To which are added, notes illustrative of its history and antiquities. p. 40. Rickard, William (1859). The miner's manual of arithmetic and surveying ...: With a compendium of mensuration and a concise treatise on practical geometry and plane trigonometry; also a course of mine surveying ... Together with levelling and land surveying. p. 38. This article about mining is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cassiterite-253925.jpg"},{"link_name":"cassiterite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"cassiterite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite"},{"link_name":"tin mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_mine"},{"link_name":"smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"gangue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangue"},{"link_name":"white tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_tin"},{"link_name":"refined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refining"},{"link_name":"tin mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_mining"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"}],"text":"A lump of \"black tin\", so called because of its color; in this case it is cassiterite from CornwallBlack tin is the raw ore of tin, usually cassiterite, as sold by a tin mine to a smelting company. After mining, the ore must be concentrated by several processes to reduce the amount of gangue it contains before it can be sold. It contrasts with white tin, which is the refined, metallic tin produced after smelting.The term \"black tin\" was historically associated with tin mining in Devon and Cornwall.","title":"Black tin"}]
[{"image_text":"A lump of \"black tin\", so called because of its color; in this case it is cassiterite from Cornwall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cassiterite-253925.jpg/220px-Cassiterite-253925.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quassel_IRC
Quassel IRC
["1 Structure","2 Features","3 See also","4 References"]
Cross-platform IRC client Quassel IRCScreenshot of Quassel IRC on Arch Linux with KDE Plasma 5, 2022.Developer(s)Quassel IRC TeamInitial release0.3.0 August 27, 2008 (2008-08-27)Stable release0.14.0  / 1 January 2022 Repositorygithub.com/quassel/quassel Written inC++Operating systemmacOS, Unix-like, WindowsPlatformCross-platformTypeIRC clientLicenseGPL-2.0-only or GPL-3.0-onlyWebsitequassel-irc.org  Quassel IRC, or Quassel, is a graphical, distributed, cross-platform IRC client, introduced in 2008. It is released under the GNU General Public License version 2 and version 3, for GNU and Unix-like operating systems, macOS, and Microsoft Windows. It has also been ported to OS/2 Warp due to its cross-platform nature. Since the release of Kubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) Quassel is Kubuntu's default IRC client. Quassel uses the Qt application framework. Structure Quassel is based on a client–server model. The core application uses a LAN or the Internet to connect to one or more clients, and also various IRC servers. The client does not communicate with the IRC server directly; it does so through the core. This way, the connection to the IRC network is maintained by the core, even though no clients are using it. A monolith version of the application is also supported; which acts like a normal IRC client, with no separation between core and client. Android (Quasseldroid) and iOS (iQuassel) clients are also available. This system is similar to what Irssi, WeeChat with GNU Screen, and Smuxi use. Features The Quasseldroid Android app, which can connect to a Quassel core Quassel allows simultaneous connections to multiple IRC servers. Different identities can be created, and used on one or more of the servers the core connects to. These identities each contain default nicknames, fallback nicknames, away messages and so on. Each identity can be assigned to one or more servers. Quassel stores discussion history in either a PostgreSQL or a SQLite database. When scrolling up through the chat window, older sections of chat are loaded automatically from stored logs. In this way, one can seamlessly view logs of past discussions. Aliases, command shortcuts, are also available; with these, a user can create an alias for a long command with many parameters. The connection between the client and the core can be encrypted using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), and proxies are supported. In a 2009 roundup of large IRC clients for Tom's Hardware, Adam Overa described Quassel as being "fully featured" with "tons of options", and said "even new users should have no problem connecting to servers and finding channels using the GUI tools for server presets and channel lists." See also Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients References ^ "Happy New Year - With Quassel 0.14.0!". 1 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022. ^ . 1 January 2022 https://github.com/quassel/quassel/releases/tag/0.14.0. Retrieved 3 January 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "Quassel IRC". GitHub. 22 October 2021. ^ "Changelog" Archived 2013-05-06 at the Wayback Machine. Quassel-IRC.org. ^ "Kubuntu 9.04 Out in the Wild". Kubuntu.org. 23 April 2009, retrieved 27 November 2009. ^ a b c Overa, Adam (October 19, 2009). "Large IRC Clients". Tom's Hardware. ^ a b "10 of the Best Free Linux IRC Clients : Quassel IRC". LinuxLinks.com. August 30, 2009. ^ Koschinski, Janne Mareike. "Quasseldroid". Retrieved 17 Dec 2018. ^ "iQuassel". ^ "A Guide to Efficiently Using Irssi and Screen". ^ "About - Smuxi". ^ "About Quassel IRC". Quassel-IRC.org vteInternet Relay Chat (IRC) Comparison of clients Common terms BNC Bot DoS attack Flood Netsplit Operator Script IRCd Services Takeover Related protocols IRCX MSN Chat CTCP DCC XDCC Ident Networks DALnet EFnet Freenode GameSurge IRCnet Libera Chat OFTC QuakeNet Rizon RusNet SlashNET Snoonet Undernet Technology Eggdrop Infobot BitlBee ZNC UnrealIRCd See also List of commands Subculture Jarkko Oikarinen ClientsmacOS Colloquy Fire Homer Ircle Linkinus Snak Microsoft Windows Bersirc mIRC Microsoft Comic Chat PIRCH Shareaza Visual IRC Unix-like ircII Ii Cross-platform Ayttm BitchX Irssi Konversation KVIrc LeafChat naim Nettalk Smuxi WeeChat HexChat PJIRC Quassel IRC Multi-IM Centericq Empathy Kopete Miranda NG Pidgin Trillian Web-based CGI:IRC PJIRC Mibbit Web browser components ChatZilla Mozilla Application Suite Mozilla Thunderbird Library and plug-ins ERC rcirc Category
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[{"title":"Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_clients"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottiyam
Kottiyam
["1 Geographical location","2 Kottiyam town and Adichanalloor Panchayath","3 Institutions for higher education","4 Hospitals","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 8°51′44″N 76°40′12″E / 8.86222°N 76.67000°E / 8.86222; 76.67000This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Kerala, IndiaKottiyamTownKottiyam TownCoordinates: 8°51′44″N 76°40′12″E / 8.86222°N 76.67000°E / 8.86222; 76.67000CountryIndiaStateKeralaDistrictKollamGovernment • TypePanchayath • BodyAdichanalloor, MayyanadLanguages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN691571Telephone code0474Vehicle registrationKL-02Nearest cityKollam (Quilon)Lok Sabha constituencyKollam Village Bank in Kottiyam Kottiyam is a suburban town located at the southern end of Kollam city in Kollam district, Kerala, India. The town is home to many popular educational institutions, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, and retail stores. Kottiyam is strategically located and therefore a regular stopover for long-distance travellers wishing to freshen up during their journeys. Geographical location Kottiyam is on the National Highway 66 between Kazhakoottam town and Kollam City. There are regular bus services from Kollam City. It is at a distance of around 12 km (7.5 mi) from the City of Kollam and 11 km (6.8 mi) from Paravur Town. The nearest major railway station is Kollam Junction.Mayyanad and Paravur railway stations are closer, but some passenger trains and a few express trains have halt there. The nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport, 60 km (37 mi) Kottiyam town and Adichanalloor Panchayath A major portion of Kottiyam town is located in Adichanalloor Panchayath. Adichanalloor is a special grade Grama Panchayath in Kollam Institutions for higher education OGTM Skills Academy, Kottiyam] S.N Polytechnic College, Kottiyam Travancore Medical College Hospital, Kollam N. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences Hospitals Travancore Medical College Hospital, Kollam N. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences References ^ OGTM Kaushal Kendra External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kottiyam. OGTM Skills Academy Kottiyam IIIIER GoI. History of kottiyam video by rising Kottiyam Holy Cross Hospital Prasens Innovative Solutions The King's School G-TEC Education Kottiyam vteKollam districtCity corporations Kollam Municipalities Paravur Karunagapally Punalur Kottarakkara Revenue divisional office Kollam Punalur TalukasandvillagesKollam Sakthikulangara Thrikkadavoor Thrikkaruva Mandrothuruth East Kallada Mulavana Perinad Panayam Kilikollur Mangad Kottamkara Elampallur Nedumpana Pallimon Thrikkovilvattom Thazhuthala Vadakkevila Mundakkal Eravipuram Mayyanad Adichanallur Meenad Chirakkara Paravur Kottappuram(Paravur) Poothakkulam Parippally Kalluvathukkal Kollam East Kollam West Kottarakkara Pavithreswaram Puthur Ezhukone Kareepra Neduvathoor Kulakkada Kalayapuram Mylom Melila Chakkuvarakkal Vettikkavala Kottarakkara Ummannur Valakom Elamad Odanavattom Veliyam Pooyappally Velinallur Nilamel Chadayamangalam Kottukkal Ittiva Kadakkal Kummil Mankode Chithara Punalur Punalur Karavaloor Anchal Edamulakkal Arakkal Valaikode Edamon Aryankavu Thenmala Kulathupuzha Yeroor Pathady Alayamon Thinkalkarikkam Ayiranelloor Channapetta Karunagappally Alappad Ochira Adinad Karunagappally Thazhava Manappally Pavumba Thodiyoor Kallalibhagom Thevalakkara Chavara Neendakara Clappana Kulasekharapuram Chavara Thekkumbhagom Ayanivelikulangara Panmana Vadakumthala Kunnathur Sooranad North Sooranad South Mynagappally Sasthamkotta Poruvazhi Kunnathur West Kallada Pathanapuram Chenkilathu Kundayam Manchalloor Pathanapuram Pattazhy Pattazhy Vadakkekkara Pidavoor Piravanthoor Punnala Thalavoor Vilakudy
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Malabar_Gramin_Bank_Kottiyam_Branch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kollam city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"},{"link_name":"Kollam district, Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam_district,_Kerala"}],"text":"Town in Kerala, IndiaVillage Bank in KottiyamKottiyam is a suburban town located at the southern end of Kollam city in Kollam district, Kerala, India. The town is home to many popular educational institutions, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, and retail stores. Kottiyam is strategically located and therefore a regular stopover for long-distance travellers wishing to freshen up during their journeys.","title":"Kottiyam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Highway 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_66_(India)"},{"link_name":"Kazhakoottam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazhakoottam"},{"link_name":"Kollam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"},{"link_name":"the City of Kollam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"},{"link_name":"Paravur Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam"},{"link_name":"Mayyanad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayyanad"},{"link_name":"Paravur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trivandrum International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrum_International_Airport"}],"text":"Kottiyam is on the National Highway 66 between Kazhakoottam town and Kollam City. There are regular bus services from Kollam City. It is at a distance of around 12 km (7.5 mi) from the City of Kollam and 11 km (6.8 mi) from Paravur Town.The nearest major railway station is Kollam Junction.Mayyanad and Paravur railway stations are closer, but some passenger trains and a few express trains have halt there. The nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport, 60 km (37 mi)","title":"Geographical location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adichanalloor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adichanalloor"},{"link_name":"Kollam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"}],"text":"A major portion of Kottiyam town is located in Adichanalloor Panchayath. Adichanalloor is a special grade Grama Panchayath in Kollam","title":"Kottiyam town and Adichanalloor Panchayath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"S.N Polytechnic College, Kottiyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.N_Polytechnic_College,_Kottiyam"},{"link_name":"Travancore Medical College Hospital, Kollam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore_Medical_College_Hospital,_Kollam"},{"link_name":"N. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._S._Memorial_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences"}],"text":"OGTM Skills Academy, Kottiyam][1]\nS.N Polytechnic College, Kottiyam\nTravancore Medical College Hospital, Kollam\nN. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences","title":"Institutions for higher education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travancore Medical College Hospital, Kollam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore_Medical_College_Hospital,_Kollam"},{"link_name":"N. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._S._Memorial_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences"}],"text":"Travancore Medical College Hospital, Kollam\nN. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences","title":"Hospitals"}]
[{"image_text":"Village Bank in Kottiyam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/North_Malabar_Gramin_Bank_Kottiyam_Branch.jpg/231px-North_Malabar_Gramin_Bank_Kottiyam_Branch.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Azerbaijan_Cup
2017–18 Azerbaijan Cup
["1 First round","2 Second round","3 Quarter-finals","4 Semi-finals","5 Final","6 Scorers","7 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2017–18 Azerbaijan Cup" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Football tournament season 2017–18 Azerbaijan CupTournament detailsCountryAzerbaijanTeams18Final positionsChampionsKeşlaRunner-upGabalaTournament statisticsMatches played24Goals scored68 (2.83 per match)Top goal scorer(s)Filip Ozobić (4)← 2016–172018–19 → The 2017–18 Azerbaijan Cup was the 26th season of the annual cup competition in Azerbaijan. The final was played on 28 May 2018. First round The first round games were drawn on 6 October 2017. Ağsu (2) v Mil-Muğan (2) 11 October 2017 Match 1Ağsu (2)0–1 Mil-Muğan (2) Agsu15:00 AZST (UTC+5) Report V.Alibabayev  78' V.Mehraliyev 80' A.Babazade  82' Stadium: Agsu City StadiumAttendance: 80Referee: Ravan Hamzazade MOIK Baku (2) v Turan-Tovuz (2) 11 October 2017 Match 2 MOIK Baku (2) 2–1Turan-Tovuz (2)Baku15:00 AZST (UTC+5) I.Ibrahimli 15' T.Muradov  34' M.Aliyev  57' G.Ibrahimov 85' Report E.Samadov 41' E.Taghiyev  81' Stadium: FC Baku Training BaseAttendance: 100Referee: Orkhan Mammadov Second round The two winners of the first round progressed to the Second round, which was also drawn on 6 October 2017. Gabala (1) v Mil-Muğan (2) 29 November 2017 Match 3 Gabala (1) 8–0Mil-Muğan (2)Gabala14:00 AZT (UTC+4) Huseynov 30' (pen.) Qurbanov 42' Ozobić 45+1', 58', 84' U.Isgandarov 52' H.Hajiyev  64' 85' Ehiosun 73' Report J.Hasanov  29' A.Babazade  45' S.Babayev  55'  83' V.Mehraliyev  75' E.Mammadov  77' Stadium: Gabala City StadiumAttendance: 400Referee: Ziya Nasirov Shuvalan (2) v Sabail (1) 29 November 2017 Match 4Shuvalan (2)1–2 Sabail (1) Baku13:30 AZT (UTC+4) E.Hasanaliyev 10' T.Narimanov  79' O.Safiyaroglu  81' M.Hashimli  86' V.Abdullayev  88' Report A.Huseynov 60' 81' N.Novruzov  67' Statie 78' Stadium: AZAL ArenaAttendance: 100Referee: Fariz Yusifov Zira (1) v Khazar Baku (2) 29 November 2017 Match 10 Zira (1) 3–0Khazar Baku (2)Baku16:00 AZT (UTC+4) A.Shemonayev  30' S.Guliyev  45' Isgandarli 58', 83' O.Aliyev 80' M.Bayramov  86' Report E.Rəhimzadə  62' M.Teymurov  72' Stadium: Zira Olympic Sport Complex StadiumAttendance: 500Referee: Orkhan Mammadov Neftchi Baku (1) v Zagatala (2) 28 November 2017 Match 5 Neftchi Baku (1) 5–0Zagatala (2)Baku17:00 AZT (UTC+4) Segovia 8', 35', 54' A.Krivotsyuk  24' Bargas 50' Mahmudov 59' Report E.Süleymanov  24' Stadium: Bakcell ArenaAttendance: 300Referee: Rashad Ahmadov MOIK Baku (2) v Keşla (1) 29 November 2017 Match 6MOIK Baku (2)0–3 Keşla (1) Baku13:30 AZT (UTC+4) J.Hacıyev  41' Report Scarlatache 41' Fardjad-Azad  43' M.Abbasov 65' M.Gayaly  79' R.Maharramli 80' Stadium: FC Baku Training BaseAttendance: 200Referee: Ravan Hamzazade Kapaz (1) v Bine (2) 29 November 2017 Match 7 Kapaz (1) 3–0Bine (2)Baku13:30 AZT (UTC+4) S.Rahimov  39' 83' (pen.) T.Rzayev  59' K.Diniyev  65' I.Safarzade 66', 71' Report B.Soltanov  62' J.Rähimli  83' Stadium: Dalga ArenaAttendance: 50Referee: Nail Naghiyev Qarabağ (1) v Qaradağ Lökbatan (2) 28 November 2017 Match 8 Qarabağ (1) 2–0Qaradağ Lökbatan (2)Baku16:00 AZT (UTC+4) Ismayilov 57' Henrique 81' Report M.Rahimov  66' Stadium: Azersun ArenaAttendance: 900Referee: Ramil Diniyev Sumgayit (1) v Sabah (2) 29 November 2017 Match 9 Sumgayit (1) 3–0Sabah (2)Sumgayit16:00 AZT (UTC+4) K.Mirzayev 49' Yunanov 68', 73' B.Hasanalizade  77' Report Stadium: Kapital Bank ArenaAttendance: 300Referee: Elvin Asgarov Quarter-finals The eight winners from the second round are drawn into four two-legged ties. Gabala (1) v Sabail (1) 11 December 2017 Match 11 1st leg Gabala (1) 1–0Sabail (1)Gabala16:00 AZT (UTC+4) Joseph-Monrose 59' J.Huseynov 76' Stanković  90+3' Report Stadium: Gabala City StadiumAttendance: 400Referee: Ravan Hamzazade Sabail (1) v Gabala (1) 15 December 2017 Match 11 2nd legSabail (1)2–4 (2–5 agg.) Gabala (1) Baku16:00 AZT (UTC+4) Popovici 16' Nadirov  37' Tagaýew 78' Report Ozobić 22' Qurbanov  24' 44' Koné 56' 59' Dabo 75' Abbasov  77' Stadium: Bayil ArenaAttendance: 250Referee: Ingilab Mammadov Zira (1) v Neftchi Baku (1) 10 December 2017 Match 12 1st legZira (1)1–0 Neftchi Baku (1) Baku16:00 AZT (UTC+4) Mustafayev  40' A.Shemonayev  43' S.Guliyev  60' Manga 86' Gadze  88' Report Abışov  88' Mirzabeyov  90+1' Stadium: Zira Olympic Sport Complex StadiumAttendance: 1,000Referee: Ingilab Mammadov Neftchi Baku (1) v Zira (1) 14 December 2017 Match 12 2nd leg Neftchi Baku (1) 2–0 (2–1 agg.)Zira (1)Baku19:00 AZT (UTC+4) Bargas 37' M.Abbasov 45+2' Report Stadium: Bakcell ArenaReferee: Fariz Yusifov Keşla (1) v Kapaz (1) 10 December 2017 Match 13 1st leg Keşla (1) 2–0Kapaz (1)Baku14:00 AZT (UTC+4) Fardjad-Azad 18' R.Məhərrəmli 41' Guliyev  58' Scarlatache  62' S.Alkhasov  62' M.Abbasov  69' F.Bayramov  81' Report Jalilov  39' I.Safarzade  90+2' Stadium: Inter ArenaAttendance: 1,000Referee: Rauf Jabbarov Kapaz (1) v Keşla (1) 14 December 2017 Match 13 2nd legKapaz (1)2–3 (2–5 agg.) Keşla (1) GanjaAZT (UTC+4) I.Sadigov  36' S.Rahimov 48' 90+4' S.Diallo  68' K.Abdullazade 80' Report M.Abbasov 34', 85' Fardjad-Azad 82' E.Aliyev  90+1' Stadium: Ganja City StadiumAttendance: 700Referee: Orkhan Mammadov Qarabağ (1) v Sumgayit (1) 11 December 2017 Match 14 1st legQarabağ (1)2–1 Sumgayit (1) Baku19:00 AZT (UTC+4) Richard 57' Henrique 85' Report Eyyubov 23' A.Salahli  51' Valiyev  88' Stadium: Azersun ArenaAttendance: 450Referee: Ramil Diniyev Sumgayit (1) v Qarabağ (1) 15 December 2017 Match 14 2nd leg Sumgayit (1) 2–0 (3–2 agg.)Qarabağ (1)Sumqayit19:00 AZT (UTC+4) K.Mirzayev 22' B.Hasanalizade  51' M.Cənnətov  88' Yunanov 90' 90' Report Guerrier  58' Rzeźniczak  63' Míchel  87' Stadium: Kapital Bank ArenaAttendance: 1,326Referee: Rahim Hasanov Semi-finals The four winners from the quarter-finals were drawn into two two-legged ties. Gabala (1) v Neftchi Baku (1) 12 April 2018 Match 15 1st leg Gabala (1) 1–2Neftchi Baku (1)Qabala19:00 AZST (UTC+5) Ozobić  68' G.Aliyev  88' Joseph-Monrose 90+1' Report Gómez 29' Alaskarov 45' 86' R.Azizli  90+3' Stadium: Gabala City StadiumAttendance: 2,800Referee: Ingilab Məmmədov Neftchi Baku (1) v Gabala (1) 18 April 2018 Match 15 2nd legNeftchi Baku (1)1–3 (3–4 agg.) Gabala (1) BakuAZST (UTC+5) Mustivar 9' Meza  46' Abışov  59' Herrera  84' Report Dabo 20', 30' Abbasov  38' Joseph-Monrose  41' Qurbanov  45' Huseynov 60' (pen.) Ramaldanov  88' Stadium: Bakcell ArenaAttendance: 6,000Referee: Rauf Jabbarov Keşla (1) v Sumgayit (1) 12 April 2018 Match 16 1st leg Keşla (1) 1–0Sumgayit (1)Baku17:00 AZST (UTC+5) Javadov  58' Meza 90+2' Report V.Beybalayev  20' E.Shahverdiyev  85' Stadium: Inter ArenaAttendance: 800Referee: Rahim Həsənov Sumgayit (1) v Keşla (1) 18 April 2018 Match 16 2nd legSumgayit (1)1–1 (1–2 agg.) Keşla (1) Sumqayit18:00 AZST (UTC+5) Imamverdiyev 64' B.Hasanalizade  72' V.Beybalayev  81' Report Sohna  50' Meza 61' F.Bayramov  65' Stadium: Kapital Bank ArenaAttendance: 1,300Referee: Aliyar Ağayev Final 28 May 201821:00 AZST (UTC+4) Keşla (1)1–0Gabala (1) Fardjad-Azad 71' Report Gabala City Stadium, GabalaAttendance: 4,500Referee: Rauf Jabarov Scorers 4 goals: Filip Ozobić 3 goals: Bagaliy Dabo Mirsahib Abbasov Pardis Fardjad-Azad Amil Yunanov Daniel Segovia 2 goals: Javid Huseynov Ruslan Qurbanov Steeven Joseph-Monrose Ilyas Safarzade Shahriyar Rahimov Rafael Maharramli César Meza Colli Hugo Bargas Pedro Henrique Kamal Mirzayev Vusal Isgandarli 1 goals: Hajiaga Hajiyev Ulvi Isgandarov Famoussa Koné Ekigho Ehiosun Kamran Abdullazade Adrian Scarlatache Vasif Mehraliyev Ismayil Ibrahimli Garib Ibrahimov Lucas Gómez Mirabdulla Abbasov Namik Alaskarov Emin Mahmudov Soni Mustivar Afran Ismayilov Richard Aslan Huseynov Ayrton Statie Alexandru Popovici Elman Tagaýew Elvin Hasanaliev Rashad Eyyubov Javid Imamverdiyev Elnur Samadov Orkhan Aliyev David Manga References ^ a b c d e "Azərbaycan kubokunun püşkü atıldı - YENİLƏNİB". apasport.az/. apasport.az. Archived from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017. vteAzerbaijan CupSeasons 1992 1993 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 Finals 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 List of finals Winning managers vte2017–18 in Azerbaijani football « 2016–17 2018–19 » Domestic leagues Azerbaijan Premier League Azerbaijan First Division Domestic cups Azerbaijan Cup European competitions Champions League Europa League Related to national team 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (Group C) Club seasonsPremier League Gabala Kapaz Keşla Neftchi Qarabağ Səbail Sumgayit Zira Summer 2017 transfers Winter 2017–18 transfers vte2017–18 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus '17 '18 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia '17 '18 Faroe Islands '17 '18 Finland '17 '18 France Georgia '17 '18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland '17 '18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '17 '18 Kosovo Latvia '17 '18 Lithuania '17 '18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova '17 '18 Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '17 '18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '17 '18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '17 '18 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '17 '18 Finland France Georgia '17 '18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland '17 '18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '17 '18 Kosovo Latvia '17 '18 Liechtenstein Lithuania '17 '18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '17 '18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '17 '18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England France Iceland '17 '18 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland '17 '18 Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic & Slovakia England Estonia '17 '18 Faroe Islands France Georgia '17 '18 Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania '17 '18 Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '17 '18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '17 '18 Romania Russia San Marino Spain Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play-off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase International competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup UEFA qualification 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2019 Euro Under-21 qualification 2018 Euro Under-19 qualification 2018 Euro Under-17 qualification
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Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalga_Arena"},{"link_name":"Qarabağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraba%C4%9F_FK"},{"link_name":"Qaradağ Lökbatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarada%C4%9F_L%C3%B6kbatan_FK"},{"link_name":"Qarabağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraba%C4%9F_FK"},{"link_name":"Qaradağ Lökbatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarada%C4%9F_L%C3%B6kbatan_FK"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"AZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Ismayilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afran_Ismayilov"},{"link_name":"Henrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Henrique_Konzen"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/28/azerbaijan/cup/fk-karabakh-agdam/neftchi-ism-baki/2626108/?ICID=HP_MS_18_01"},{"link_name":"Azersun Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azersun_Arena"},{"link_name":"Sumgayit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgayit_FK"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_FK"},{"link_name":"Sumgayit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgayit_FK"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_FK"},{"link_name":"Sumgayit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumqayit"},{"link_name":"AZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Yunanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amil_Yunanov"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/29/azerbaijan/cup/fk-khazar-sumgayet/azerbaijan-sabah-fk/2626109/?ICID=PL_MS_07"},{"link_name":"Kapital Bank Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapital_Bank_Arena"}],"text":"The two winners of the first round progressed to the Second round, which was also drawn on 6 October 2017.[1]Gabala (1) v Mil-Muğan (2)\n29 November 2017 Match 3 Gabala (1) 8–0Mil-Muğan (2)Gabala14:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nHuseynov 30' (pen.) Qurbanov 42' Ozobić 45+1', 58', 84' U.Isgandarov 52' H.Hajiyev  64' 85' Ehiosun 73'\nReport\nJ.Hasanov  29' A.Babazade  45' S.Babayev  55'  83' V.Mehraliyev  75' E.Mammadov  77'\nStadium: Gabala City StadiumAttendance: 400Referee: Ziya NasirovShuvalan (2) v Sabail (1)\n29 November 2017 Match 4Shuvalan (2)1–2 Sabail (1) Baku13:30 AZT (UTC+4)\nE.Hasanaliyev 10' T.Narimanov  79' O.Safiyaroglu  81' M.Hashimli  86' V.Abdullayev  88'\nReport\nA.Huseynov 60' 81' N.Novruzov  67' Statie 78'\nStadium: AZAL ArenaAttendance: 100Referee: Fariz YusifovZira (1) v Khazar Baku (2)\n29 November 2017 Match 10 Zira (1) 3–0Khazar Baku (2)Baku16:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nA.Shemonayev  30' S.Guliyev  45' Isgandarli 58', 83' O.Aliyev 80' M.Bayramov  86'\nReport\nE.Rəhimzadə  62' M.Teymurov  72'\nStadium: Zira Olympic Sport Complex StadiumAttendance: 500Referee: Orkhan MammadovNeftchi Baku (1) v Zagatala (2)\n28 November 2017 Match 5 Neftchi Baku (1) 5–0Zagatala (2)Baku17:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nSegovia 8', 35', 54' A.Krivotsyuk  24' Bargas 50' Mahmudov 59'\nReport\nE.Süleymanov  24'\nStadium: Bakcell ArenaAttendance: 300Referee: Rashad AhmadovMOIK Baku (2) v Keşla (1)\n29 November 2017 Match 6MOIK Baku (2)0–3 Keşla (1) Baku13:30 AZT (UTC+4)\nJ.Hacıyev  41'\nReport\nScarlatache 41' Fardjad-Azad  43' M.Abbasov 65' M.Gayaly  79' R.Maharramli 80'\nStadium: FC Baku Training BaseAttendance: 200Referee: Ravan HamzazadeKapaz (1) v Bine (2)\n29 November 2017 Match 7 Kapaz (1) 3–0Bine (2)Baku13:30 AZT (UTC+4)\nS.Rahimov  39' 83' (pen.) T.Rzayev  59' K.Diniyev  65' I.Safarzade 66', 71'\nReport\nB.Soltanov  62' J.Rähimli  83'\nStadium: Dalga ArenaAttendance: 50Referee: Nail NaghiyevQarabağ (1) v Qaradağ Lökbatan (2)\n28 November 2017 Match 8 Qarabağ (1) 2–0Qaradağ Lökbatan (2)Baku16:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nIsmayilov 57' Henrique 81'\nReport\nM.Rahimov  66'\nStadium: Azersun ArenaAttendance: 900Referee: Ramil DiniyevSumgayit (1) v Sabah (2)\n29 November 2017 Match 9 Sumgayit (1) 3–0Sabah (2)Sumgayit16:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nK.Mirzayev 49' Yunanov 68', 73' B.Hasanalizade  77'\nReport\n\nStadium: Kapital Bank ArenaAttendance: 300Referee: Elvin Asgarov","title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Azerbaijan_Cup_Draw-1"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala_FK"},{"link_name":"Sabail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99bail_FK"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala_FK"},{"link_name":"Sabail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99bail_FK"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabala"},{"link_name":"AZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Monrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeven_Joseph-Monrose"},{"link_name":"J.Huseynov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javid_Huseynov"},{"link_name":"Stanković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojislav_Stankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/11/azerbaijan/cup/fk-qabala/sabail/2693781/?ICID=HP_MS_18_01"},{"link_name":"Gabala City Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala_City_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sabail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99bail_FK"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala_FK"},{"link_name":"Sabail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99bail_FK"},{"link_name":"agg.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoff_format#Total_points_series_(aggregate)"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala_FK"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"AZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Popovici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Adrian_Popovici"},{"link_name":"Nadirov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BCqar_Nadirov"},{"link_name":"Tagaýew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elman_Taga%C3%BDew"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/15/azerbaijan/cup/sabail/fk-qabala/2693785/?ICID=HP_MS_13_01"},{"link_name":"Ozobić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Ozobi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Qurbanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Qurbanov"},{"link_name":"Koné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famoussa_Kon%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Dabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaliy_Dabo"},{"link_name":"Abbasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfan_Abbasov"},{"link_name":"Bayil Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayil_Arena"},{"link_name":"Zira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zira_FK"},{"link_name":"Neftchi Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neft%C3%A7i_PFK"},{"link_name":"Zira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zira_FK"},{"link_name":"Neftchi Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neft%C3%A7i_PFK"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"AZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Mustafayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vugar_Mustafayev"},{"link_name":"Manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Manga"},{"link_name":"Gadze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gadze"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/10/azerbaijan/cup/zira/fk-neftchi/2693782/?ICID=HP_MS_32_02"},{"link_name":"Abışov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Ab%C4%B1%C5%9Fov"},{"link_name":"Mirzabeyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahammad_Mirzabeyov"},{"link_name":"Zira Olympic Sport Complex Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zira_Olympic_Sport_Complex_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Neftchi Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neft%C3%A7i_PFK"},{"link_name":"Zira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zira_FK"},{"link_name":"Neftchi Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neft%C3%A7i_PFK"},{"link_name":"agg.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoff_format#Total_points_series_(aggregate)"},{"link_name":"Zira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zira_FK"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"AZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Bargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Bargas"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/14/azerbaijan/cup/fk-neftchi/zira/2693786/?ICID=HP_MS_06_02"},{"link_name":"Bakcell Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakcell_Arena"},{"link_name":"Keşla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fla_FK"},{"link_name":"Kapaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapaz_PFK"},{"link_name":"Keşla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fla_FK"},{"link_name":"Kapaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapaz_PFK"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"AZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Fardjad-Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardis_Fardjad-Azad"},{"link_name":"Guliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarlan_Guliyev"},{"link_name":"Scarlatache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Scarlatache"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/10/azerbaijan/cup/fc-inter-baki/fk-ganja/2693783/?ICID=HP_MS_32_01"},{"link_name":"Jalilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tural_Jalilov"},{"link_name":"Inter Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Arena"},{"link_name":"Kapaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapaz_PFK"},{"link_name":"Keşla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fla_FK"},{"link_name":"Kapaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapaz_PFK"},{"link_name":"agg.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoff_format#Total_points_series_(aggregate)"},{"link_name":"Keşla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fla_FK"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"AZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/14/azerbaijan/cup/fk-ganja/fc-inter-baki/2693787/?ICID=HP_MS_06_01"},{"link_name":"Fardjad-Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardis_Fardjad-Azad"},{"link_name":"Ganja City Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja_City_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Qarabağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraba%C4%9F_FK"},{"link_name":"Sumgayit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgayit_FK"},{"link_name":"Qarabağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraba%C4%9F_FK"},{"link_name":"Sumgayit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgayit_FK"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"AZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Almeida_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Henrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Henrique_Konzen"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/11/azerbaijan/cup/fk-karabakh-agdam/fk-khazar-sumgayet/2693784/?ICID=HP_MS_18_02"},{"link_name":"Eyyubov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashad_Eyyubov"},{"link_name":"Valiyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhad_Valiyev"},{"link_name":"Azersun Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azersun_Arena"},{"link_name":"Sumgayit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgayit_FK"},{"link_name":"Qarabağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraba%C4%9F_FK"},{"link_name":"Sumgayit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgayit_FK"},{"link_name":"agg.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoff_format#Total_points_series_(aggregate)"},{"link_name":"Qarabağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraba%C4%9F_FK"},{"link_name":"Sumqayit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumqayit"},{"link_name":"AZT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Yunanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amil_Yunanov"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/15/azerbaijan/cup/fk-khazar-sumgayet/fk-karabakh-agdam/2693788/?ICID=HP_MS_13_02"},{"link_name":"Guerrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilde-Donald_Guerrier"},{"link_name":"Rzeźniczak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Rze%C5%BAniczak"},{"link_name":"Míchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADchel_(footballer,_born_1985)"},{"link_name":"Kapital Bank Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapital_Bank_Arena"}],"text":"The eight winners from the second round are drawn into four two-legged ties.[1]Gabala (1) v Sabail (1)\n11 December 2017 Match 11 1st leg Gabala (1) 1–0Sabail (1)Gabala16:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nJoseph-Monrose 59' J.Huseynov 76' Stanković  90+3'\nReport\n\nStadium: Gabala City StadiumAttendance: 400Referee: Ravan HamzazadeSabail (1) v Gabala (1)\n15 December 2017 Match 11 2nd legSabail (1)2–4 (2–5 agg.) Gabala (1) Baku16:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nPopovici 16' Nadirov  37' Tagaýew 78'\nReport\nOzobić 22' Qurbanov  24' 44' Koné 56' 59' Dabo 75' Abbasov  77'\nStadium: Bayil ArenaAttendance: 250Referee: Ingilab MammadovZira (1) v Neftchi Baku (1)\n10 December 2017 Match 12 1st legZira (1)1–0 Neftchi Baku (1) Baku16:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nMustafayev  40' A.Shemonayev  43' S.Guliyev  60' Manga 86' Gadze  88'\nReport\nAbışov  88' Mirzabeyov  90+1'\nStadium: Zira Olympic Sport Complex StadiumAttendance: 1,000Referee: Ingilab MammadovNeftchi Baku (1) v Zira (1)\n14 December 2017 Match 12 2nd leg Neftchi Baku (1) 2–0 (2–1 agg.)Zira (1)Baku19:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nBargas 37' M.Abbasov 45+2'\nReport\n\nStadium: Bakcell ArenaReferee: Fariz YusifovKeşla (1) v Kapaz (1)\n10 December 2017 Match 13 1st leg Keşla (1) 2–0Kapaz (1)Baku14:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nFardjad-Azad 18' R.Məhərrəmli 41' Guliyev  58' Scarlatache  62' S.Alkhasov  62' M.Abbasov  69' F.Bayramov  81'\nReport\nJalilov  39' I.Safarzade  90+2'\nStadium: Inter ArenaAttendance: 1,000Referee: Rauf JabbarovKapaz (1) v Keşla (1)\n14 December 2017 Match 13 2nd legKapaz (1)2–3 (2–5 agg.) Keşla (1) GanjaAZT (UTC+4)\nI.Sadigov  36' S.Rahimov 48' 90+4' S.Diallo  68' K.Abdullazade 80'\nReport\nM.Abbasov 34', 85' Fardjad-Azad 82' E.Aliyev  90+1'\nStadium: Ganja City StadiumAttendance: 700Referee: Orkhan MammadovQarabağ (1) v Sumgayit (1)\n11 December 2017 Match 14 1st legQarabağ (1)2–1 Sumgayit (1) Baku19:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nRichard 57' Henrique 85'\nReport\nEyyubov 23' A.Salahli  51' Valiyev  88'\nStadium: Azersun ArenaAttendance: 450Referee: Ramil DiniyevSumgayit (1) v Qarabağ (1)\n15 December 2017 Match 14 2nd leg Sumgayit (1) 2–0 (3–2 agg.)Qarabağ (1)Sumqayit19:00 AZT (UTC+4)\nK.Mirzayev 22' B.Hasanalizade  51' M.Cənnətov  88' Yunanov 90' 90'\nReport\nGuerrier  58' Rzeźniczak  63' Míchel  87'\nStadium: Kapital Bank ArenaAttendance: 1,326Referee: Rahim Hasanov","title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Azerbaijan_Cup_Draw-1"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala_FK"},{"link_name":"Neftchi Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neft%C3%A7i_PFK"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala_FK"},{"link_name":"Neftchi 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Bank Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapital_Bank_Arena"}],"text":"The four winners from the quarter-finals were drawn into two two-legged ties.[1]Gabala (1) v Neftchi Baku (1)\n12 April 2018 Match 15 1st leg Gabala (1) 1–2Neftchi Baku (1)Qabala19:00 AZST (UTC+5)\nOzobić  68' G.Aliyev  88' Joseph-Monrose 90+1'\nReport\nGómez 29' Alaskarov 45' 86' R.Azizli  90+3'\nStadium: Gabala City StadiumAttendance: 2,800Referee: Ingilab MəmmədovNeftchi Baku (1) v Gabala (1)\n18 April 2018 Match 15 2nd legNeftchi Baku (1)1–3 (3–4 agg.) Gabala (1) BakuAZST (UTC+5)\nMustivar 9' Meza  46' Abışov  59' Herrera  84'\nReport\nDabo 20', 30' Abbasov  38' Joseph-Monrose  41' Qurbanov  45' Huseynov 60' (pen.) Ramaldanov  88'\nStadium: Bakcell ArenaAttendance: 6,000Referee: Rauf JabbarovKeşla (1) v Sumgayit (1)\n12 April 2018 Match 16 1st leg Keşla (1) 1–0Sumgayit (1)Baku17:00 AZST (UTC+5)\nJavadov  58' Meza 90+2'\nReport\nV.Beybalayev  20' E.Shahverdiyev  85'\nStadium: Inter ArenaAttendance: 800Referee: Rahim HəsənovSumgayit (1) v Keşla (1)\n18 April 2018 Match 16 2nd legSumgayit (1)1–1 (1–2 agg.) Keşla (1) Sumqayit18:00 AZST (UTC+5)\nImamverdiyev 64' B.Hasanalizade  72' V.Beybalayev  81'\nReport\nSohna  50' Meza 61' F.Bayramov  65'\nStadium: Kapital Bank ArenaAttendance: 1,300Referee: Aliyar Ağayev","title":"Semi-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AZST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"UTC+4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B04:00"},{"link_name":"Keşla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fla_FK"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala_FK"},{"link_name":"Fardjad-Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardis_Fardjad-Azad"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pfl.az/news/7482/"},{"link_name":"Gabala City Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala_City_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabala"}],"text":"28 May 201821:00 AZST (UTC+4)\nKeşla (1)1–0Gabala (1)\nFardjad-Azad 71'\nReport\n\nGabala City Stadium, GabalaAttendance: 4,500Referee: Rauf Jabarov","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Filip Ozobić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Ozobi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Bagaliy Dabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaliy_Dabo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Pardis Fardjad-Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardis_Fardjad-Azad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Amil Yunanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amil_Yunanov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Daniel Segovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lucas_Segovia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Javid Huseynov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javid_Huseynov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Ruslan Qurbanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Qurbanov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Steeven Joseph-Monrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeven_Joseph-Monrose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"César Meza Colli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Meza_Colli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Hugo Bargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Bargas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Pedro Henrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Henrique_Konzen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Vusal Isgandarli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vusal_Isgandarli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Famoussa Koné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famoussa_Kon%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Ekigho Ehiosun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekigho_Ehiosun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Adrian Scarlatache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Scarlatache"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Lucas Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Emanuel_G%C3%B3mez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Namik Alaskarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namik_Alaskarov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Emin Mahmudov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emin_Mahmudov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Soni Mustivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soni_Mustivar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Afran Ismayilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afran_Ismayilov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Almeida_de_Oliveira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao"},{"link_name":"Ayrton Statie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrton_Statie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Popovici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Adrian_Popovici"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Elman Tagaýew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elman_Taga%C3%BDew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Rashad Eyyubov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashad_Eyyubov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Javid Imamverdiyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javid_Imamverdiyev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"David Manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Manga"}],"text":"4 goals:Filip Ozobić3 goals:Bagaliy Dabo\n Mirsahib Abbasov\n Pardis Fardjad-Azad\n Amil Yunanov\n Daniel Segovia2 goals:Javid Huseynov\n Ruslan Qurbanov\n Steeven Joseph-Monrose\n Ilyas Safarzade\n Shahriyar Rahimov\n Rafael Maharramli\n César Meza Colli\n Hugo Bargas\n Pedro Henrique\n Kamal Mirzayev\n Vusal Isgandarli1 goals:Hajiaga Hajiyev\n Ulvi Isgandarov\n Famoussa Koné\n Ekigho Ehiosun\n Kamran Abdullazade\n Adrian Scarlatache\n Vasif Mehraliyev\n Ismayil Ibrahimli\n Garib Ibrahimov\n Lucas Gómez\n Mirabdulla Abbasov\n Namik Alaskarov\n Emin Mahmudov\n Soni Mustivar\n Afran Ismayilov\n Richard\n Aslan Huseynov\n Ayrton Statie\n Alexandru Popovici\n Elman Tagaýew\n Elvin Hasanaliev\n Rashad Eyyubov\n Javid Imamverdiyev\n Elnur Samadov\n Orkhan Aliyev\n David Manga","title":"Scorers"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiNet
MultiNet
["1 References","2 External links","3 Footnotes"]
"Multinet" redirects here. For the gas operator in Australia, see Multinet Gas. Multilayered extended semantic networks (MultiNets) are both a knowledge representation paradigm and a language for meaning representation of natural language expressions that has been developed by Prof. Dr. Hermann Helbig on the basis of earlier Semantic Networks. It is used in a question-answering application for German called InSicht. It is also used to create a tutoring application developed by the university of University of Hagen to teach MultiNet to knowledge engineers. MultiNet is claimed to be one of the most comprehensive and thoroughly described knowledge representation systems. It specifies conceptual structures by means of about 140 predefined relations and functions, which are systematically characterized and underpinned by a formal axiomatic apparatus. Apart from their relational connections, the concepts are embedded in a multidimensional space of layered attributes and their values. Another characteristic of MultiNet distinguishing it from simple semantic networks is the possibility to encapsulate whole partial networks and represent the resulting conceptual capsule as a node of higher order, which itself can be an argument of relations and functions. MultiNet has been used in practical NLP applications such as natural language interfaces to the Internet or question answering systems over large semantically annotated corpora with millions of sentences. MultiNet is also a cornerstone of the commercially available search engine SEMPRIA-Search, where it is used for the description of the computational lexicon and the background knowledge, for the syntactic-semantic analysis, for logical answer finding, as well as for the generation of natural language answers. MultiNet is supported by a set of software tools and has been used to build large semantically based computational lexicons. The tools include a semantic interpreter WOCADI, which translates natural language expressions (phrases, sentences, texts) into formal MultiNet expressions, a workbench MWR+ for the knowledge engineer (comprising modules for automatic knowledge acquisition and reasoning), and a workbench LIA+ for the computer lexicographer supporting the creation of large semantically based computational lexica. References Hermann Helbig, Die semantische Struktur natürlicher Sprache - Wissensrepräsentation mit MultiNet. Springer, Heidelberg, 2001. Hermann Helbig. Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language, (2006) Springer, Berlin Sven Hartrumpf, Hermann Helbig, Johannes Leveling, Rainer Osswald. An Architecture for Controlling Simple Language in Web Pages, eMinds: International Journal on Human-Computer Interaction, 1(2), 2006. Sven Hartrumpf, Hermann Helbig, Tim vor der Brück, Christian Eichhorn: SemDupl: Semantic-based Duplicate Identification (2011) External links MultiNet and its software environment Footnotes ^ Hartrumpf, Sven (2004). "Question Answering using Sentence Parsing and Semantic Network Matching" (PDF). QACLEF. This programming-language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_Plank_Road
Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road
["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°11′04″N 77°22′36″W / 37.1844°N 77.3767°W / 37.1844; -77.37671864 battle of the American Civil War in Petersburg, Virginia Battle of Jerusalem Plank RoadPart of the American Civil WarDateJune 21, 1864 (1864-06-21) – June 23, 1864 (1864-06-23)LocationPetersburg, VirginiaResult InconclusiveBelligerents United States (Union) CSA (Confederacy)Commanders and leaders David B. BirneyHoratio G. Wright A. P. HillWilliam MahoneUnits involved II CorpsVI Corps Third CorpsStrength 27,000 8,000Casualties and losses 2,962 572 vteSiege of Petersburg† 1st Petersburg 2nd Petersburg Jerusalem Plank Road Wilson–Kautz Raid Staunton River Bridge Sappony Church 1st Ream's Station 1st Deep Bottom Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 2nd Ream's Station Beefsteak Raid Chaffin's Farm Peebles' Farm Vaughan Road Darbytown & New Market Roads Darbytown Road Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road Boydton Plank Road Trent's Reach Hatcher's Run Fort Stedman † also known as Richmond–Petersburg campaign The Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road, also known as the First Battle of the Weldon Railroad, took place during the American Civil War fought June 21–23, 1864, near Petersburg, Virginia. It was the first of a series of battles during the Siege of Petersburg aimed at extending the Union siege lines to the west and cutting the rail lines supplying Petersburg. Two infantry corps of the Union Army of the Potomac attempted to sever the Weldon Railroad, but were attacked and driven off by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia's Third Corps, principally the division of Brig. Gen. William Mahone. The inconclusive battle left the Weldon Railroad temporarily in Confederate hands, but the Union Army began to extend its fortifications to the west, starting to increase the pressure of the siege. Background After the assaults on Petersburg the previous week failed to capture the city, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant reluctantly decided on a siege of Petersburg, defended by Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (although closely supervised by his superior, Grant), entrenched east of the city, running from near the Jerusalem Plank Road (present-day U.S. Route 301, Crater Road) to the Appomattox River. Grant's first objective was to secure the three remaining open rail lines that served Petersburg and the Confederate capital of Richmond: the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad; the South Side Railroad, which reached to Lynchburg in the west; and the Petersburg Railroad, also called the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad, which led to Weldon, North Carolina, and connected to the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad which led to the Confederacy's only remaining major port, Wilmington, North Carolina. Grant decided on a wide-ranging cavalry raid (the Wilson-Kautz Raid) against the South Side and Weldon railroads, but he also directed that a significant infantry force be sent against the Weldon closer to his current position. Meade selected the II Corps, temporarily commanded by Maj. Gen. David B. Birney while Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock was suffering from his lingering wound incurred at Gettysburg, and the VI Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright. The positions in the trench lines occupied by these two corps were to be filled in by units of the Army of the James that would be moved from Bermuda Hundred. Union headquarters at Jerusalem plank road, sketched by Alfred Waud Headquarters of General Meade, by Alfred Waud As the Union troops were rearranging their lines on June 21 in preparation for their mission against the railroad, they received a surprise visitor, President Abraham Lincoln, who had traveled by water and landed at City Point, Grant's newly established headquarters. He told Grant, "I just thought I would jump aboard a boat and come down and see you. I don't expect I can do any good, and in fact I'm afraid I may do some harm, but I'll just put myself under your orders and if you find me doing anything wrong just send me right away." After discussing strategy with Grant, Lincoln visited some of the VI Corps troops who would participate in the upcoming battle. Battle Siege of Petersburg, movements against the railroads and A. P. Hill's counterattack, June 21–22   Confederate   Union On June 21, elements of the II Corps probed toward the railroad and skirmished with Confederate cavalry. The plan of attack was that both the II and VI Corps would cross the Jerusalem Plank Road and then pivot northwest about 2 miles (3.2 km) to reach the railroad. Difficult terrain—swamps and thickets—slowed their advance and by the morning of June 22, a gap opened up between the two corps. While the II Corps began pivoting as planned, the VI Corps encountered Confederate troops from Maj. Gen. Cadmus Wilcox's division of Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill's corps and they began to entrench rather than advance. Brig. Gen. William Mahone, another division commander in Hill's corps, observed that the gap between the two Union corps was widening, creating a prime target. Brig. Gen. William Mahone Mahone had been a railroad engineer before the war and had personally surveyed this area south of Petersburg, so he was familiar with a ravine that could be used to hide the approach of a Confederate attack column. Robert E. Lee approved Mahone's plan and at 3 p.m. on June 22, Mahone's men emerged in the rear of the II Corps division of Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow, catching them by surprise. A soldier wrote, "The attack was to the Union troops more than a surprise. It was an astonishment." With a wild yell which rang out shrill and fierce through the gloomy pines, Mahone's men burst upon the flank—a pealing volley, which roared along the whole front—a stream of wasting fire, under which the adverse left fell as one man—and the bronzed veterans swept forward, shriveling up Barlow's division as lightning shrivels the dead leaves of autumn. Diary of W. Gordon McCabe, artilleryman in Mahone's division Barlow's division quickly collapsed under the surprise assault. The division of Brig. Gen. John Gibbon, which had erected earthworks, was also surprised by an attack from the rear and many of the regiments ran for safety. Mahone sent an urgent message to Wilcox, asking him to join in the attack; but Wilcox was concerned about the VI Corps men to his front and the two regiments he sent in support arrived too late to make a difference. The II Corps troops rallied around earthworks that they had constructed on the night of June 21 and stabilized their lines. Darkness ended the fighting. On June 23, the II Corps advanced to retake its lost ground, but the Confederates had pulled back, abandoning the earthworks they had captured. Under orders from General Meade, the VI Corps sent out a heavy skirmish line after 10 a.m. in a second attempt to reach the Weldon Railroad. Men from Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Grant's 1st Vermont Brigade had begun tearing up track when they were attacked by a larger force of Confederate infantry. Numerous Vermonters were taken prisoner and only about half a mile (0.8 km) of track had been destroyed when they were chased away. Meade repeatedly urged Horatio G. Wright to move forward and engage the enemy, but Wright refused to move, concerned that his corps would suffer the same reverses as the II Corps the previous day. At 7:35 p.m., Meade gave up and told Wright, "Your delay has been fatal." Meade's aide Theodore Lyman wrote, "On this particular occasion Wright showed himself totally unfit to command a corps." Aftermath Map of Jerusalem Plank Road Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program Union casualties were 2,962, Confederate 572. The battle was inconclusive, with advantages gained on both sides. The Confederates were able to retain control of the Petersburg Railroad. The Federals were able to destroy a short segment of the railroad before being driven off, but more importantly, the siege lines were stretched further to the west, a strategy Grant would continue until the spring of 1865. Other segments of the Petersburg Railroad were destroyed by the Wilson-Kautz Raid and more would fall to the Union Army during the Battle of Globe Tavern (or the Second Battle of the Weldon Railroad) in August, although Lee could ship supplies by wagon from the Weldon where it reached Stony Creek Station. In an expedition of December 7–11, Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren destroyed an additional 16 miles (26 km) of track, rendering the Weldon Railroad unable to supply Petersburg. Notes ^ "Battle Summary". National Park Service. Retrieved 9 October 2017. has "Union extended lines" as the result; the CWSAC Report Update has the result as a Confederate victory. ^ a b CWSAC Report Update ^ a b c Kennedy, 354. Trudeau, p. 78, lists the Union II Corps casualties as 650 killed and wounded, 1,742 captured; VI Corps casualties as 150. on the Confederate side, Trudeau, p. 80, lists Mahone's casualties as 421, Wilcox's 151. ^ Salmon, p. 406, considers the Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road to be the initial action of the Wilson-Kautz raid of June 22–30, but this is not a convention widely accepted by other historians. ^ Trudeau, p. 65. Despite Hancock's incapacitation, he chose to accompany the column. ^ Salmon, p. 406; Trudeau, pp. 63–65. ^ Trudeau, pp. 65–66. ^ Kennedy, pp. 353–354; Salmon, p. 408; Eicher, p. 690; Trudeau, pp. 69–70. ^ Kennedy, p. 354; Trudeau, pp. 72–74; Salmon, pp. 406–408. ^ Trudeau, p. 74. ^ Salmon, p. 408; Kennedy, p. 354; Trudeau, pp. 74–80. ^ Trudeau, pp. 80–81. ^ Kennedy, pp. 354, 357; Trudeau, p. 263; Salmon, p. 426. References Davis, William C., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1986. ISBN 0-8094-4776-2. Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5. Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. OCLC 5890637. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website. Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. ISBN 0-395-74012-6. Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8117-2868-4. Trudeau, Noah Andre. The Last Citadel: Petersburg, Virginia, June 1864 – April 1865. El Dorado Hills: Savas Beatie LLC, 2014. ISBN 978-1611212129. National Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update Further reading Cross, David Faris. A Melancholy Affair at the Weldon Railroad: The Vermont Brigade, June 23, 1864. White Mane Publishing Company, 2003. ISBN 978-1-57249-332-2. Greene, A. Wilson. A Campaign of Giants: The Battle for Petersburg. Vol. 1: From the Crossing of the James to the Crater. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. ISBN 978-1-4696-3857-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road. John Horn Map of Jerusalem Plank Road: June 22, 1864 37°11′04″N 77°22′36″W / 37.1844°N 77.3767°W / 37.1844; -77.3767
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Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)"},{"link_name":"William Mahone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mahone"}],"text":"1864 battle of the American Civil War in Petersburg, VirginiavteSiege of Petersburg†\n1st Petersburg\n2nd Petersburg\nJerusalem Plank Road\nWilson–Kautz Raid\nStaunton River Bridge\nSappony Church\n1st Ream's Station\n1st Deep Bottom\nCrater\n2nd Deep Bottom\nGlobe Tavern\n2nd Ream's Station\nBeefsteak Raid\nChaffin's Farm\nPeebles' Farm\nVaughan Road\nDarbytown & New Market Roads\nDarbytown Road\nFair Oaks & Darbytown Road\nBoydton Plank Road\nTrent's Reach\nHatcher's Run\nFort Stedman\n† also known as Richmond–Petersburg campaignThe Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road, also known as the First Battle of the Weldon Railroad, took place during the American Civil War fought June 21–23, 1864, near Petersburg, Virginia. It was the first of a series of battles during the Siege of Petersburg aimed at extending the Union siege lines to the west and cutting the rail lines supplying Petersburg. Two infantry corps of the Union Army of the Potomac attempted to sever the Weldon Railroad, but were attacked and driven off by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia's Third Corps, principally the division of Brig. Gen. William Mahone. The inconclusive battle left the Weldon Railroad temporarily in Confederate hands, but the Union Army began to extend its fortifications to the west, starting to increase the pressure of the siege.","title":"Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"assaults on Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. 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Birney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Birney"},{"link_name":"Winfield S. Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"VI Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"Horatio G. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_G._Wright"},{"link_name":"Army of the James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_James"},{"link_name":"Bermuda Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Head_quarters_near_Jerusalem_%22pike%22,_A._of_P._LCCN2004660695.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfred Waud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Headquarters_of_Genl_Meade_of_Jerusalem_Plank_road_LCCN2004660974.jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"City Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"After the assaults on Petersburg the previous week failed to capture the city, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant reluctantly decided on a siege of Petersburg, defended by Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (although closely supervised by his superior, Grant), entrenched east of the city, running from near the Jerusalem Plank Road (present-day U.S. Route 301, Crater Road) to the Appomattox River.Grant's first objective was to secure the three remaining open rail lines that served Petersburg and the Confederate capital of Richmond: the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad; the South Side Railroad, which reached to Lynchburg in the west; and the Petersburg Railroad, also called the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad, which led to Weldon, North Carolina, and connected to the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad which led to the Confederacy's only remaining major port, Wilmington, North Carolina. Grant decided on a wide-ranging cavalry raid (the Wilson-Kautz Raid)[4] against the South Side and Weldon railroads, but he also directed that a significant infantry force be sent against the Weldon closer to his current position. Meade selected the II Corps, temporarily commanded by Maj. Gen. David B. Birney while Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock was suffering from his lingering wound incurred at Gettysburg,[5] and the VI Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright. The positions in the trench lines occupied by these two corps were to be filled in by units of the Army of the James that would be moved from Bermuda Hundred.[6]Union headquarters at Jerusalem plank road, sketched by Alfred WaudHeadquarters of General Meade, by Alfred WaudAs the Union troops were rearranging their lines on June 21 in preparation for their mission against the railroad, they received a surprise visitor, President Abraham Lincoln, who had traveled by water and landed at City Point, Grant's newly established headquarters. He told Grant, \"I just thought I would jump aboard a boat and come down and see you. I don't expect I can do any good, and in fact I'm afraid I may do some harm, but I'll just put myself under your orders and if you find me doing anything wrong just send me right away.\" After discussing strategy with Grant, Lincoln visited some of the VI Corps troops who would participate in the upcoming battle.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petersburg_June21-22.png"},{"link_name":"Cadmus Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmus_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"A. P. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Hill"},{"link_name":"William Mahone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mahone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_mahone_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis C. Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"John Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lewis A. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_A._Grant"},{"link_name":"1st Vermont Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Vermont_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Siege of Petersburg, movements against the railroads and A. P. Hill's counterattack, June 21–22   Confederate   UnionOn June 21, elements of the II Corps probed toward the railroad and skirmished with Confederate cavalry. The plan of attack was that both the II and VI Corps would cross the Jerusalem Plank Road and then pivot northwest about 2 miles (3.2 km) to reach the railroad. Difficult terrain—swamps and thickets—slowed their advance and by the morning of June 22, a gap opened up between the two corps. While the II Corps began pivoting as planned, the VI Corps encountered Confederate troops from Maj. Gen. Cadmus Wilcox's division of Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill's corps and they began to entrench rather than advance. Brig. Gen. William Mahone, another division commander in Hill's corps, observed that the gap between the two Union corps was widening, creating a prime target.[8]Brig. Gen. William MahoneMahone had been a railroad engineer before the war and had personally surveyed this area south of Petersburg, so he was familiar with a ravine that could be used to hide the approach of a Confederate attack column. Robert E. Lee approved Mahone's plan and at 3 p.m. on June 22, Mahone's men emerged in the rear of the II Corps division of Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow, catching them by surprise. A soldier wrote, \"The attack was to the Union troops more than a surprise. It was an astonishment.\"[9]With a wild yell which rang out shrill and fierce through the gloomy pines, Mahone's men burst upon the flank—a pealing volley, which roared along the whole front—a stream of wasting fire, under which the adverse left fell as one man—and the bronzed veterans swept forward, shriveling up Barlow's division as lightning shrivels the dead leaves of autumn.\n\n\nDiary of W. Gordon McCabe, artilleryman in Mahone's division[10]Barlow's division quickly collapsed under the surprise assault. The division of Brig. Gen. John Gibbon, which had erected earthworks, was also surprised by an attack from the rear and many of the regiments ran for safety. Mahone sent an urgent message to Wilcox, asking him to join in the attack; but Wilcox was concerned about the VI Corps men to his front and the two regiments he sent in support arrived too late to make a difference. The II Corps troops rallied around earthworks that they had constructed on the night of June 21 and stabilized their lines. Darkness ended the fighting.[11]On June 23, the II Corps advanced to retake its lost ground, but the Confederates had pulled back, abandoning the earthworks they had captured. Under orders from General Meade, the VI Corps sent out a heavy skirmish line after 10 a.m. in a second attempt to reach the Weldon Railroad. Men from Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Grant's 1st Vermont Brigade had begun tearing up track when they were attacked by a larger force of Confederate infantry. Numerous Vermonters were taken prisoner and only about half a mile (0.8 km) of track had been destroyed when they were chased away. Meade repeatedly urged Horatio G. Wright to move forward and engage the enemy, but Wright refused to move, concerned that his corps would suffer the same reverses as the II Corps the previous day. At 7:35 p.m., Meade gave up and told Wright, \"Your delay has been fatal.\" Meade's aide Theodore Lyman wrote, \"On this particular occasion Wright showed himself totally unfit to command a corps.\"[12]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Plank_Road_Battlefield_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Battlefield Protection Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Protection_Program"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casualties-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Globe Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern"},{"link_name":"Stony Creek Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Creek,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Gouverneur K. Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Map of Jerusalem Plank Road Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection ProgramUnion casualties were 2,962, Confederate 572.[3] The battle was inconclusive, with advantages gained on both sides. The Confederates were able to retain control of the Petersburg Railroad. The Federals were able to destroy a short segment of the railroad before being driven off, but more importantly, the siege lines were stretched further to the west, a strategy Grant would continue until the spring of 1865. Other segments of the Petersburg Railroad were destroyed by the Wilson-Kautz Raid and more would fall to the Union Army during the Battle of Globe Tavern (or the Second Battle of the Weldon Railroad) in August, although Lee could ship supplies by wagon from the Weldon where it reached Stony Creek Station. In an expedition of December 7–11, Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren destroyed an additional 16 miles (26 km) of track, rendering the Weldon Railroad unable to supply Petersburg.[13]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-result_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Battle Summary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/va065.htm"},{"link_name":"CWSAC Report Update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/abpp/CWSII/VirginiaBattlefieldProfiles/Jerusalem%20Plank%20Road%20to%20Kernstown%20II.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cwsac_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cwsac_2-1"},{"link_name":"CWSAC Report Update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/abpp/CWSII/VirginiaBattlefieldProfiles/Jerusalem%20Plank%20Road%20to%20Kernstown%20II.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-casualties_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-casualties_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-casualties_3-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"}],"text":"^ \"Battle Summary\". National Park Service. Retrieved 9 October 2017. has \"Union extended lines\" as the result; the CWSAC Report Update has the result as a Confederate victory.\n\n^ a b CWSAC Report Update\n\n^ a b c Kennedy, 354. Trudeau, p. 78, lists the Union II Corps casualties as 650 killed and wounded, 1,742 captured; VI Corps casualties as 150. on the Confederate side, Trudeau, p. 80, lists Mahone's casualties as 421, Wilcox's 151.\n\n^ Salmon, p. 406, considers the Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road to be the initial action of the Wilson-Kautz raid of June 22–30, but this is not a convention widely accepted by other historians.\n\n^ Trudeau, p. 65. Despite Hancock's incapacitation, he chose to accompany the column.\n\n^ Salmon, p. 406; Trudeau, pp. 63–65.\n\n^ Trudeau, pp. 65–66.\n\n^ Kennedy, pp. 353–354; Salmon, p. 408; Eicher, p. 690; Trudeau, pp. 69–70.\n\n^ Kennedy, p. 354; Trudeau, pp. 72–74; Salmon, pp. 406–408.\n\n^ Trudeau, p. 74.\n\n^ Salmon, p. 408; Kennedy, p. 354; Trudeau, pp. 74–80.\n\n^ Trudeau, pp. 80–81.\n\n^ Kennedy, pp. 354, 357; Trudeau, p. 263; Salmon, p. 426.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57249-332-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57249-332-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4696-3857-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3857-7"}],"text":"Cross, David Faris. A Melancholy Affair at the Weldon Railroad: The Vermont Brigade, June 23, 1864. White Mane Publishing Company, 2003. ISBN 978-1-57249-332-2.\nGreene, A. Wilson. A Campaign of Giants: The Battle for Petersburg. Vol. 1: From the Crossing of the James to the Crater. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. ISBN 978-1-4696-3857-7.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Union headquarters at Jerusalem plank road, sketched by Alfred Waud","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Head_quarters_near_Jerusalem_%22pike%22%2C_A._of_P._LCCN2004660695.jpg/200px-Head_quarters_near_Jerusalem_%22pike%22%2C_A._of_P._LCCN2004660695.jpg"},{"image_text":"Headquarters of General Meade, by Alfred Waud","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Headquarters_of_Genl_Meade_of_Jerusalem_Plank_road_LCCN2004660974.jpg/200px-Headquarters_of_Genl_Meade_of_Jerusalem_Plank_road_LCCN2004660974.jpg"},{"image_text":"Siege of Petersburg, movements against the railroads and A. P. Hill's counterattack, June 21–22   Confederate   Union","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Petersburg_June21-22.png/220px-Petersburg_June21-22.png"},{"image_text":"Brig. Gen. William Mahone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/William_mahone_2.jpg/220px-William_mahone_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Jerusalem Plank Road Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jerusalem_Plank_Road_Battlefield_Virginia.jpg/305px-Jerusalem_Plank_Road_Battlefield_Virginia.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Battle Summary\". National Park Service. Retrieved 9 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/va065.htm","url_text":"\"Battle Summary\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Marcgrave
Georg Marcgrave
["1 Life","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links","5 Further reading"]
German naturalist and astronomer (1610–1643) Fronttpage of Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (1648) Georg Marcgrave (originally German: Georg Marggraf, also spelled "Marcgraf" "Markgraf") (1610 – 1644) was a German naturalist and astronomer, whose posthumously published Historia Naturalis Brasiliae was a major contribution to early modern science. Life Born in Liebstadt in the Electorate of Saxony, Marcgrave studied botany, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine in Germany and Switzerland until 1636 when he journeyed to Leiden in the Netherlands. In 1637, he was appointed astronomer of a company being formed to sail to the Dutch Brazil. He was accompanied by Willem Piso, a physician. He afterward entered the service of Dutch Brazil's governor, Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, whose patronage provided him with the means of exploring a considerable part of Brazil. He arrived in Brazil in early 1638 and undertook the first zoological, botanical, and astronomical expedition there, exploring various parts of the colony to study its natural history and geography. Traveling later to the coast of Guinea, he fell a victim to the climate. Publications His large map of Brazil, an important event in cartography, was published in 1647. According to Cuvier, Marcgrave was the most able and most precise of all those who described the natural history of remote countries during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He was the co-author (with Willem Piso) of Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, a single volume work on the botany and zoology of Brazil, that has had lasting influence in the history of science. The standard author abbreviation Marcgr. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. References ^ Neil Safier, "Beyond Brazilian Nature: The Editorial Itineraries of Marcgraf and Piso's Historia Naturalis Brasiliae" in Michiel Van Groesen, ed. The Legacy of Dutch Brazil. New York: Cambridge University Press 2014, pp. 168-186. ^ a b Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Marggraf, George" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. ^ Facsimile of original 1648 manuscript ^ International Plant Names Index.  Marcgr. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georg Marggraf. Historia naturalis Brasiliae on Biodiversity Heritage Library Account of Piso and Marcgrave to promote sale of a digitalized version of Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. Further reading Darmstaedter, L. (1928) Georg Marcgrave und Wilhelm Piso, die ersten Erforscher Brasiliens, Velhagen Klasings Monatshefte. 1928. pp. 649–654. Holthuis, L.B. (1991) Marcgraf's (1648) Brazilian Crustacea Zoologische Verhandelingen, Vol. 268 p. 1-123 PDF Whitehead, P.J.P. (1979) "The biography of Georg Marcgraf (1610-1643/4) by his brother Christian, translated by James Petiver" in J. Soc. Biblphy nat. Hist., 9:301-314. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Argentina Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Australia Netherlands Portugal Academics International Plant Names Index Artists Scientific illustrators RKD Artists People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Historia-Naturalis-Brasiliae.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Markgraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgraf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fronttpage of Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (1648)Georg Marcgrave (originally German: Georg Marggraf, also spelled \"Marcgraf\" \"Markgraf\") (1610 – 1644) was a German naturalist and astronomer, whose posthumously published Historia Naturalis Brasiliae was a major contribution to early modern science.[1]","title":"Georg Marcgrave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liebstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebstadt"},{"link_name":"Electorate of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Willem Piso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Piso"},{"link_name":"Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maurice,_Prince_of_Nassau-Siegen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appletons-2"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appletons-2"}],"text":"Born in Liebstadt in the Electorate of Saxony, Marcgrave studied botany, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine in Germany and Switzerland until 1636 when he journeyed to Leiden in the Netherlands.In 1637, he was appointed astronomer of a company being formed to sail to the Dutch Brazil. He was accompanied by Willem Piso, a physician. He afterward entered the service of Dutch Brazil's governor, Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, whose patronage provided him with the means of exploring a considerable part of Brazil.[2] He arrived in Brazil in early 1638 and undertook the first zoological, botanical, and astronomical expedition there, exploring various parts of the colony to study its natural history and geography. Traveling later to the coast of Guinea, he fell a victim to the climate.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography"},{"link_name":"Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"Willem Piso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Piso"},{"link_name":"Historia Naturalis Brasiliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Naturalis_Brasiliae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"history of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"His large map of Brazil, an important event in cartography, was published in 1647. According to Cuvier, Marcgrave was the most able and most precise of all those who described the natural history of remote countries during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.He was the co-author (with Willem Piso) of Historia Naturalis Brasiliae,[3] a single volume work on the botany and zoology of Brazil, that has had lasting influence in the history of science.The standard author abbreviation Marcgr. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[4]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darmstaedter, L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Darmstaedter"},{"link_name":"Holthuis, L.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipke_Holthuis"},{"link_name":"Zoologische Verhandelingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologische_Verhandelingen"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/317726"},{"link_name":"Whitehead, P.J.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_James_Palmer_Whitehead&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Petiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Petiver"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64016#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/181200/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000066536917"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/17374288"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjBd3qRJRkDQYmpDWRypxC"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13484988m"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13484988m"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000025438"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614886206706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118941011"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272871005171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14380138"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n86846260"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36588654"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070728577"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/130121"},{"link_name":"International Plant Names Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Marcgr."},{"link_name":"Scientific illustrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=1516"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/436562"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118941011.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1308052"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60338nt"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/112031226"}],"text":"Darmstaedter, L. (1928) Georg Marcgrave und Wilhelm Piso, die ersten Erforscher Brasiliens, Velhagen Klasings Monatshefte. 1928. pp. 649–654.\nHolthuis, L.B. (1991) Marcgraf's (1648) Brazilian Crustacea Zoologische Verhandelingen, Vol. 268 p. 1-123 PDF\nWhitehead, P.J.P. (1979) \"The biography of Georg Marcgraf (1610-1643/4) by his brother Christian, translated by James Petiver\" in J. Soc. Biblphy nat. Hist., 9:301-314.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nArgentina\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nAustralia\nNetherlands\nPortugal\nAcademics\nInternational Plant Names Index\nArtists\nScientific illustrators\nRKD Artists\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). \"Marggraf, George\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)","url_text":"Fiske, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Marggraf,_George","url_text":"\"Marggraf, George\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index.  Marcgr.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Marcgr.","url_text":"Marcgr"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Wirth
Günther Wirth
["1 External links","2 References"]
German footballer (1933–2020) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (January 2022) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Günther Wirth (Fußballspieler)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Günther Wirth Personal informationDate of birth (1933-01-09)9 January 1933Place of birth Dresden, GermanyDate of death 13 November 2020(2020-11-13) (aged 87)Position(s) StrikerYouth career1943–1945 Guts Muts Dresden1945–1951 SG Johannstadt Dresden1951 BSG VVB Tabak Dresden1951 HSG Wissenschaft KarlshorstSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1951–1954 Motor Oberschöneweide 83 (41)1954–1965 Vorwärts Berlin 209 (44)1965–1966 Vorwärts Berlin II International career1954–1962 East Germany 28 (11) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Günther Wirth (9 January 1933 – 13 November 2020) was a German footballer who made 254 East German top-flight appearances (64 goals), and played 28 matches with 11 goals for the East Germany national team. He died on 13 November 2020 after a long illness. External links Günther Wirth at fussballdaten.de (in German) References ^ Matthias Arnhold (1 May 2014). "Günther Wirth - Matches and Goals in Oberliga". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 9 May 2014. ^ Matthias Arnhold (12 February 2009). "Günther Wirth - Goals in International Matches". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 9 May 2014. ^ "Früherer DDR-Nationalspieler Günther Wirth verstorben" . RTL.de (in German). 25 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020. This biographical article related to association football in Germany, about a forward born in the 1930s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_verge
Anal canal
["1 Structure","1.1 Relations","2 Function","3 Additional images","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Functional segment of the large intestine This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anal canal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Anal canalAnatomy of the anus and rectumCoronal section through the anal canal. B. Cavity of urinary bladder V.D. Ductus deferens. S.V. Seminal vesicle. R. Second part of rectum. A.C. Anal canal. L.A. Levator ani. I.S. Sphincter ani internus. E.S. Sphincter ani externus.DetailsPrecursorHindgut, proctodeumArterySuperior rectal artery (above pectinate line) and inferior rectal artery (below line)VeinSuperior rectal vein (above pectinate line) and Inferior rectal vein (below line)NerveAutonomic inferior hypogastric plexus (above pectinate line) and somatic inferior rectal nerves (below line)LymphSuperficial inguinal lymph node (below pectinate line) and internal iliac lymph nodes (above line)IdentifiersLatincanalis analisMeSHD001003TA98A05.7.05.001TA23009FMA15703Anatomical terminology The anal canal is the part that connects the rectum to the anus, located below the level of the pelvic diaphragm. It is located within the anal triangle of the perineum, between the right and left ischioanal fossa. As the final functional segment of the bowel, it functions to regulate release of excrement by two muscular sphincter complexes. The anus is the aperture at the terminal portion of the anal canal. Structure In humans, the anal canal is approximately 2.5 to 4 cm (0.98 to 1.57 in) long, from the anorectal junction to the anus. It is directed downwards and backwards. It is surrounded by inner involuntary and outer voluntary sphincters which keep the lumen closed in the form of an anteroposterior slit. The canal is differentiated from the rectum by a transition along the internal surface from endodermal to skin-like ectodermal tissue. The anal canal is traditionally divided into two segments, upper and lower, separated by the pectinate line (also known as the dentate line): upper zone (zona columnaris) mucosa is lined by simple columnar epithelium features longitudinal folds or elevations of tunica mucosa which are joined inferiorly by folds of mucous membrane known as anal valves supplied by the superior rectal artery (a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery) lower zone divided into two smaller zones, separated by a white line known as the Hilton's line: zona hemorrhagica - lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium zona cutanea - lined stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, which blends with the surrounding perianal skin supplied by the inferior rectal artery (a branch of the internal pudendal artery) The anal verge refers to the distal end of the anal canal, a transitional zone between the epithelium of the anal canal and the perianal skin. It should not be confused with the pectinate line between the upper and lower zones within the anal canal. The anal gland secretes lymphal discharge and built-up fecal matter from the colon lining. In some animals this gland expungement can be done routinely every 24–36 months to prevent infection and fistula formation. Relations The ischioanal fossa are on each side of the anal canal. The perianal space surrounds the anal canal below the white line. The submucous space of the canal lies above the white line between the mucous membrane and internal anal sphincter muscle. Function The external anal sphincter muscle is the voluntary muscle that surrounds and adheres to the anus at the lower margin of the anal canal. This muscle is in a state of tonic contraction, but during defecation, it relaxes to allow the release of feces. Movement of the feces is also controlled by the involuntarily controlled internal anal sphincter, which is an extension of the circular muscle surrounding the anal canal. It relaxes to expel feces from the rectum and anal canal. Additional images Anatomy of the anus and rectum Left levator ani from within The interior of the anal canal and lower part of the rectum Median sagittal section of male pelvis Median sagittal section of female pelvis See also This article uses anatomical terminology. Anal columns Anal sinuses Anal sex References ^ Madoff, Robert D.; Melton-Meax, Genevieve B. (2020). "136. Diseases of the rectum and anus". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 933. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. ^ "Anal canal". ^ Anal+Canal at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ^ "Anal Canal - Location, Function and Pictures". External links Pelvis at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) Anatomy figure: 44:05-00 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center — "The rectum and anal canal in the male pelvis" vteAnatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouthUpperPharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pyriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands crop Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cells Parietal cells Gastric chief cells Enterochromaffin-like cells LowerSmall intestineMicroanatomy Intestinal villi Microvilli Intestinal glands Enterocytes Enteroendocrine cells Goblet cells Paneth cells Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer's patches Microfold cells Large intestineCecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica
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As the final functional segment of the bowel, it functions to regulate release of excrement by two muscular sphincter complexes. The anus is the aperture at the terminal portion of the anal canal.","title":"Anal canal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"lumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"endodermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodermal"},{"link_name":"ectodermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectodermal"},{"link_name":"pectinate line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinate_line"},{"link_name":"simple columnar epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium"},{"link_name":"mucous membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane"},{"link_name":"anal valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_valves"},{"link_name":"superior rectal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_rectal_artery"},{"link_name":"inferior mesenteric artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_artery"},{"link_name":"Hilton's line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersphincteric_groove"},{"link_name":"stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium"},{"link_name":"stratified squamous keratinized epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium"},{"link_name":"inferior rectal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_rectal_artery"},{"link_name":"internal pudendal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_pudendal_artery"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium"},{"link_name":"perianal skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianal_skin"},{"link_name":"anal gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_gland"},{"link_name":"fecal matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces"},{"link_name":"colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine"},{"link_name":"fistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fistula"}],"text":"In humans, the anal canal is approximately 2.5 to 4 cm (0.98 to 1.57 in) long, from the anorectal junction to the anus.[2][3][4] It is directed downwards and backwards. It is surrounded by inner involuntary and outer voluntary sphincters which keep the lumen closed in the form of an anteroposterior slit.The canal is differentiated from the rectum by a transition along the internal surface from endodermal to skin-like ectodermal tissue.The anal canal is traditionally divided into two segments, upper and lower, separated by the pectinate line (also known as the dentate line):upper zone (zona columnaris)\nmucosa is lined by simple columnar epithelium\nfeatures longitudinal folds or elevations of tunica mucosa which are joined inferiorly by folds of mucous membrane known as anal valves\nsupplied by the superior rectal artery (a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery)\nlower zone\ndivided into two smaller zones, separated by a white line known as the Hilton's line:\nzona hemorrhagica - lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium\nzona cutanea - lined stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, which blends with the surrounding perianal skin\nsupplied by the inferior rectal artery (a branch of the internal pudendal artery)The anal verge refers to the distal end of the anal canal, a transitional zone between the epithelium of the anal canal and the perianal skin. It should not be confused with the pectinate line between the upper and lower zones within the anal canal.The anal gland secretes lymphal discharge and built-up fecal matter from the colon lining. In some animals this gland expungement can be done routinely every 24–36 months to prevent infection and fistula formation.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ischioanal fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischioanal_fossa"},{"link_name":"perianal space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perianal_space&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"internal anal sphincter muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_anal_sphincter_muscle"}],"sub_title":"Relations","text":"The ischioanal fossa are on each side of the anal canal.\nThe perianal space surrounds the anal canal below the white line.\nThe submucous space of the canal lies above the white line between the mucous membrane and internal anal sphincter muscle.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"external anal sphincter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_anal_sphincter"},{"link_name":"tonic contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanic_contraction"},{"link_name":"defecation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defecation"},{"link_name":"feces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces"}],"text":"The external anal sphincter muscle is the voluntary muscle that surrounds and adheres to the anus at the lower margin of the anal canal. This muscle is in a state of tonic contraction, but during defecation, it relaxes to allow the release of feces.Movement of the feces is also controlled by the involuntarily controlled internal anal sphincter, which is an extension of the circular muscle surrounding the anal canal. It relaxes to expel feces from the rectum and anal canal.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anorectum-en.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray404.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1080.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1228.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1230.png"}],"text":"Anatomy of the anus and rectum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeft levator ani from within\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe interior of the anal canal and lower part of the rectum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedian sagittal section of male pelvis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedian sagittal section of female pelvis","title":"Additional images"}]
[]
[{"title":"anatomical terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology"},{"title":"Anal columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_columns"},{"title":"Anal sinuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_sinuses"},{"title":"Anal sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_sex"}]
[{"reference":"Madoff, Robert D.; Melton-Meax, Genevieve B. (2020). \"136. Diseases of the rectum and anus\". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 933. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA933","url_text":"\"136. Diseases of the rectum and anus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-55087-1","url_text":"978-0-323-55087-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Anal canal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knowyourbody.net/anal-canal.html","url_text":"\"Anal canal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anal Canal - Location, Function and Pictures\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knowyourbody.net/anal-canal.html","url_text":"\"Anal Canal - Location, Function and Pictures\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Vibrations
Video Vibrations
["1 Hosts","2 Popular segments","3 Music Intros","4 References"]
Video Vibrations was a 4-hour-long daily video block that showcased popular music videos. It was one of BET's early video shows. The show aired October 1, 1984 until 1997, when it was changed to Vibrations. It was developed to appeal to black audiences and show a wider array of black music than MTV or other networks at the time. The first video on Video Vibrations was Prince's When Doves Cry. In the beginning, due to a limited supply of videos from black artists, popular mainstream white artists with crossover appeal were also featured in the lineup. As the supply of videos from black artists expanded, so did BET's position as an influential voice of the music industry. Hosts The show was hosted by a VJ speaking offscreen. All 3 hosts were prominent in radio as well. Alvin "The Unseen VJ" Jones (1984-1991), one of BET's other first VJ's,alongside Donnie Simpson. "Captain" Paul Porter (1991-1996). Lorenzo "Ice Tea" Thomas (1996-1997) Popular segments Rap Week - a segment dedicated to hip-hop and rap. Numerous artists were interviewed as well. This was also the inspiration for Alvin Jones to create Rap City. The show went off the air in 2008. The Monday Music Marathon - a showcase of music videos by one artist or genre. Music Intros The program did not use a theme song or used any recorded tracks until 1991, when they used the single "Mindflux" from the British act N-Joi as their "theme song" for their intros and breaks up until they left the air in 1997. References ^ Harris, Christopher (2017-02-07). "BET's Rap City: An Oral History of TV's Longest-Running Hip-Hop Show". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-08-08. ^ Keyes, Cheryl Lynette (2004). Rap Music and Street Consciousness. University of Illinois Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-252-07201-7. ^ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1992-05-30. p. 101. ^ Pulley, Brett (2005-10-05). The Billion Dollar BET: Robert Johnson and the Inside Story of Black Entertainment Television. John Wiley & Sons. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-471-73597-7. vteBET original programmingCurrent Tales (since 2017) The Oval (since 2019) Sistas (since 2019) Tyler Perry's House of Payne (since 2020) Tyler Perry's Assisted Living (since 2020) After Happily Ever After (since 2022) Black + Iconic (since 2023) America in Black (since 2023) The Wine Down with Mary J. Blige (since 2023) Ms. Pat Settles It (since 2023) Former1980s and 1990s debuts Bobby Jones Gospel (1980–2016) Black College Football (1981–2005) Video Soul (1981–96) Video Vibrations (1984–97) Midnight Love (1985–2005) Video LP (1985–93) Rap City (1989–2008) Teen Summit (1989–2002) Screen Scene (1990–97) Planet Groove (1996–99) ABL on BET (1996–98) Cita's World (1999–2003) 2000s debuts 106 & Park (2000–14) BET.com Countdown (2001–06) BET: Uncut (2001–06) Access Granted (2001–09) BET's Top 25 (2001–08) The Center (2003–07) Hey Monie! (2003) College Hill (2004–09) BET Style (2004–06) Keyshia Cole: The Way It Is (2006–08) Hotwyred (2006–07) The Black Carpet (2006–08) The 5ive (2007) Take the Cake (2007) Baldwin Hills (2007–09) Sunday Best (2007–21) Iron Ring (2008) The Deal (2008–10) Brothers to Brutha (2008) Harlem Heights (2009) Tiny and Toya (2009–10) The Mo'Nique Show (2009–11) 2010s debuts The Michael Vick Project (2010) The Family Crews (2010–11) Let's Stay Together (2011–14) The Game (2011–15) Black Panther (2011) Reed Between the Lines (2011) Keyshia & Daniel: Family First (2012) Real Husbands of Hollywood (2013–16) Second Generation Wayans (2013) Being Mary Jane (2013–19) Just Keke (2014) Nellyville (2014–15) Roc Nation Sports Live Boxing (2015) The Book of Negroes (2015) Keyshia Cole: All In (2015) Punk'd (2015) Zoe Ever After (2016) Chasing Destiny (2016) Criminals at Work (2016) The New Edition Story (2017) Madiba (2017) The Quad (2017–18) Time: The Kalief Browder Story (2017) Rebel (2017) 50 Central (2017) The Comedy Get Down (2017) The Rundown with Robin Thede (2017–18) Hit the Floor (2018) In Contempt (2018) The Grand Hustle (2018) The Family Business (2018–19) Boomerang (2019–20) American Soul (2019–20) Games People Play (2019–21) 2020s debuts Twenties (2020–21) Boiling Point (2021) Disrupt & Dismantle (2021) BET Presents: The Encore (2021) Klutch Academy (2021) The Murder Inc Story (2022) Haus of Vicious (2022) Welcome to Rap City (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"When Doves Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Doves_Cry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The first video on Video Vibrations was Prince's When Doves Cry. In the beginning, due to a limited supply of videos from black artists, popular mainstream white artists with crossover appeal were also featured in the lineup. As the supply of videos from black artists expanded, so did BET's position as an influential voice of the music industry.[4]","title":"Video Vibrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television"},{"link_name":"Donnie Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Simpson"}],"text":"The show was hosted by a VJ speaking offscreen. All 3 hosts were prominent in radio as well.Alvin \"The Unseen VJ\" Jones (1984-1991), one of BET's other first VJ's,alongside Donnie Simpson.\n\"Captain\" Paul Porter (1991-1996).\nLorenzo \"Ice Tea\" Thomas (1996-1997)","title":"Hosts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_music"},{"link_name":"Rap City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_City_(BET_program)"}],"text":"Rap Week - a segment dedicated to hip-hop and rap. Numerous artists were interviewed as well. This was also the inspiration for Alvin Jones to create Rap City. The show went off the air in 2008.\nThe Monday Music Marathon - a showcase of music videos by one artist or genre.","title":"Popular segments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mindflux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindflux"},{"link_name":"N-Joi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Joi"}],"text":"The program did not use a theme song or used any recorded tracks until 1991, when they used the single \"Mindflux\" from the British act N-Joi as their \"theme song\" for their intros and breaks up until they left the air in 1997.","title":"Music Intros"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Harris, Christopher (2017-02-07). \"BET's Rap City: An Oral History of TV's Longest-Running Hip-Hop Show\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/rap-city-an-oral-history-of-tvs-longest-running-hip-hop-show-192012/","url_text":"\"BET's Rap City: An Oral History of TV's Longest-Running Hip-Hop Show\""}]},{"reference":"Keyes, Cheryl Lynette (2004). Rap Music and Street Consciousness. University of Illinois Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-252-07201-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HRmRqtD6oPgC&dq=%22Video+Vibrations%22+BET&pg=PA101","url_text":"Rap Music and Street Consciousness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07201-7","url_text":"978-0-252-07201-7"}]},{"reference":"Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1992-05-30. p. 101.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jg8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Video+Vibrations%22+BET&pg=PA41-IA9","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Pulley, Brett (2005-10-05). The Billion Dollar BET: Robert Johnson and the Inside Story of Black Entertainment Television. John Wiley & Sons. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-471-73597-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6uQo0R2cUL0C&dq=%22Video+Vibrations%22+BET&pg=PA60","url_text":"The Billion Dollar BET: Robert Johnson and the Inside Story of Black Entertainment Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73597-7","url_text":"978-0-471-73597-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_de_Semana
Friend de Semana
["1 Background","2 Music video","3 Charts","4 Release history","5 References"]
2020 song by Danna Paola, Luísa Sonza and Aitana "Friend de Semana"Single by Danna Paola featuring Luísa Sonza and Aitanafrom the album K.O. LanguageSpanishReleasedOctober 30, 2020Genre Dance-pop teen pop Length3:29LabelUniversal MusicSongwriter(s) Aitana Ocaña Arthur Marqués Danna Paola Luísa Sonza Mango Nabález Pedro Malaver Turbay Producer(s) Mango Nabález Danna Paola singles chronology "Don't Go" (2020) "Friend de Semana" (2020) "Calla Tú" (2021) Luísa Sonza singles chronology "Quebrar Seu Coração"(2020) "Friend de Semana"(2020) "Câncer"(2020) Aitana singles chronology "Corazón Sin Vida"(2020) "Friend de Semana"(2020) "11 Razones"(2020) "Friend de Semana" is a song recorded by Mexican singer and actress Danna Paola in collaboration with Brazilian singer Luísa Sonza and Spanish singer Aitana. Written by both performers alongside Arthur Marqués, Pedro Malaver, Mango and Nabález and produced by the latter two, the song was released on October 30, 2020 through Universal Music as a single off Paola's compilation extended play Friend de Semana, released on that same day. It was also featured in Paola's sixth studio album K.O. (2021) Background On October 24, all three performers began teasing the collaboration on Twitter. The track was officially confirmed two days later. Music video Due to international travel restrictions to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the music video had to be filmed remotedly, with all performers being at their home country. The music video revolves around a high school in which Paola is the principal, Sonza the physical education teacher and Aitana a physics professor. Charts Chart (2020) Peakposition Mexico Airplay (Billboard) 16 Release history Country Date Format Label Various October 30, 2020 Digital downloadstreaming Universal Music References ^ "Confirmada la nueva colaboración de Aitana, Danna Paola y Luísa Sonza". CADENA 100 (in Spanish). 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-12-13. ^ "Exclusiva: Luísa Sonza, Danna Paola e Aitana revelam parte mais difícil de 'Friend de Semana'". TodaTeen (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2020-11-11. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2020-12-13. ^ Cooperativa.cl. " Danna Paola, Luisa Sonza y Aitana cautivan en "Friend de Semana"". Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-12-13. ^ "Chart Search". Billboard. Retrieved 2020-12-13. vteDanna Paola Awards Discography Albums Danna Paola Sie7e + K.O. Extended plays Danna Paola Singles "Mundo de caramelo" "Ruleta" "Friend de Semana" "Santería" Featured songs "Mexico" Related María Belén Amy, la niña de la mochila azul Atrévete a soñar ¿Quién es quién? La Doña Elite vteAitanaDiscographyAlbums Spoiler 11 Razones Alpha Video releases Play Tour: En Directo Extended plays Tráiler Singles "Lo malo" "Teléfono" "Vas a quedarte" "Nada Sale Mal" "Con la miel en los labios" "Me Quedo" "+" "Enemigos" "Más De Lo Que Aposté" "Corazón Sin Vida" "11 Razones" "Mon Amour (Remix)" "Formentera" Featured singles "Presiento" "Si Tú La Quieres" "Friend de Semana" "Mariposas" "Resilient (Tiësto Remix)" Tours Play Tour 11 Razones Tour Alpha Tour Television Operación Triunfo (series 9) vteLuísa Sonza Discography Songs Albums Doce 22 Escândalo Íntimo Singles "Melhor Sozinha" "Anaconda" "Café da Manhã" "Cachorrinhas" "Campo de Morango" "Penhasco2" "Chico" Featured singles "Friend de Semana" "Cry About It Later" Promotional singles "Penhasco" Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexica"},{"link_name":"Danna Paola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danna_Paola"},{"link_name":"Luísa Sonza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Sonza"},{"link_name":"Aitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitana_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Universal Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"K.O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.O._(album)"}],"text":"\"Friend de Semana\" is a song recorded by Mexican singer and actress Danna Paola in collaboration with Brazilian singer Luísa Sonza and Spanish singer Aitana. Written by both performers alongside Arthur Marqués, Pedro Malaver, Mango and Nabález and produced by the latter two, the song was released on October 30, 2020 through Universal Music as a single off Paola's compilation extended play Friend de Semana, released on that same day. It was also featured in Paola's sixth studio album K.O. (2021)","title":"Friend de Semana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"On October 24, all three performers began teasing the collaboration on Twitter.[1] The track was officially confirmed two days later.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Due to international travel restrictions to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the music video had to be filmed remotedly, with all performers being at their home country. The music video revolves around a high school in which Paola is the principal, Sonza the physical education teacher and Aitana a physics professor.[3]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Confirmada la nueva colaboración de Aitana, Danna Paola y Luísa Sonza\". CADENA 100 (in Spanish). 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2020-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cadena100.es/musica/noticias/confirmada-nueva-colaboracion-aitana-danna-paola-luisa-sonza-20201026_963114","url_text":"\"Confirmada la nueva colaboración de Aitana, Danna Paola y Luísa Sonza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusiva: Luísa Sonza, Danna Paola e Aitana revelam parte mais difícil de 'Friend de Semana'\". TodaTeen (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2020-11-11. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2020-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210115200118/https://todateen.uol.com.br/exclusiva-luisa-sonza-danna-paola-e-aitana-revelam-parte-mais-dificil-de-friend-de-semana/","url_text":"\"Exclusiva: Luísa Sonza, Danna Paola e Aitana revelam parte mais difícil de 'Friend de Semana'\""},{"url":"http://todateen.uol.com.br/exclusiva-luisa-sonza-danna-paola-e-aitana-revelam-parte-mais-dificil-de-friend-de-semana/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cooperativa.cl. \"[Video] Danna Paola, Luisa Sonza y Aitana cautivan en \"Friend de Semana\"\". Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/entretencion/musica/danna-paola-luisa-sonza-y-aitana-cautivan-en-friend-de-semana/2020-10-30/124724.html","url_text":"\"[Video] Danna Paola, Luisa Sonza y Aitana cautivan en \"Friend de Semana\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Search\". Billboard. Retrieved 2020-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artistname=Aitana&charttitle=&label=&formatName=&chartcode=MEX","url_text":"\"Chart Search\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVB_Anniversary_Award_for_Most_Popular_Female_Character
TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Female Character
["1 Winners and nominees","1.1 2000s","1.2 2010s","1.3 2020s","2 Award record","3 See also","4 External links"]
TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Female CharacterAwarded for"Popular Performance by an Actress in a Television Role"CountryHong KongPresented byTelevision Broadcasts Limited (TVB)First awarded2006Currently held byAmy Fan Yik Man - Come Home Love: Lo and Behold (2022)Websitehttp://birthday.tvb.com/ The TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Female Character is one of the TVB Anniversary Awards presented annually by Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) to recognize an actress who has delivered a popular performance in a Hong Kong television drama role throughout the designated year. The My Favourite Female Television Role (我最喜愛的電視女角色) was not introduced to the awards ceremony until 2006, nine years after its establishment. In 2013, the name was changed to Most Popular Female Television Role (最受歡迎電視女角色). The original equivalent of the award was called My Favourite Television Roles of the Year (本年度我最喜愛的電視角色), which was created in 2003. The award was given to 12 winners for both actors and actresses. In 2006, the award was divided into two separate gender categories and reduced to one specific winner. The 2019 awards ceremony was the first and only ceremony to have two winners tied for Most Popular Female Character. Winners and nominees Charmaine Sheh won in 2006 for her performance in Maidens' Vow. She won again in 2010 for her portrayal of Princess Chiu-yeung in Can't Buy Me Love. Louise Lee is the oldest winner. She won in 2008 for her portrayal of Chung Siu-hor in Moonlight Resonance. Myolie Wu won in 2011 for her portrayal of Kris Wong in Ghetto Justice. Kate Tsui won in 2012 for her portrayal of Pat Chan in Highs and Lows. Grace Wong won in 2016 for her portrayal of Fa Man in A Fist Within Four Walls. Selena Lee won in 2019 for her performance in Barrack O'Karma. Miriam Yeung won in 2019 for her portrayal of Lam Fei in Wonder Women. TVB nominates at least ten actresses for the category each year. The following table lists only the actresses who have made it to the top five nominations during the designated awards ceremony. There were no top five nominations from 2012 to 2014. Table key † Indicates the winner 2000s Year Actress Drama Role(s) 2006 (10th) Charmaine Sheh † Maidens' Vow Ngai Yu-fung / Wang Chi-kwan / Jenny Pak / Tai Sze-ka Niki Chow Under the Canopy of Love Fiona Ko Sheren Tang La Femme Desperado Hilda Hoi Gigi Lai The Dance of Passion Kai Ming-fung Myolie Wu To Grow with Love Tina Ho 2007(11th) Susanna Kwan † Heart of Greed Wong Sau-kam Charmaine Sheh Glittering Days Chu Yuk-lan Louise Lee Heart of Greed Ling Hau Linda Chung Heart of Greed Sheung Choi-sum Gigi Lai The Ultimate Crime Fighter Wong Jing-ying 2008(12th) Louise Lee † Moonlight Resonance Chung Siu-hor Charmaine Sheh Word Twisters' Adventures Naplan Ching-ching Susanna Kwan Moonlight Resonance Chung Siu-sa Fala Chen Moonlight Resonance Kam Wing-Hing Linda Chung Legend of the Demigods Gai Choi-chi (Sister Ho Choi) 2009(13th) Tavia Yeung † Beyond the Realm of Conscience Yiu Kam-ling Teresa Mo Off Pedder Yan Sheung Sheren Tang Rosy Business Hong Po-kei Charmaine Sheh You're Hired Lam Miu-miu Beyond the Realm of Conscience Lau Sam-ho 2010s Year Actress Drama Role(s) 2010(14th) Charmaine Sheh † Can't Buy Me Love Princess Chiu-yeung Tavia Yeung The Mysteries of Love Tsui Siu-lai Teresa Mo Some Day Tseng Kiu Linda Chung Can't Buy Me Love Ng Sei-tak Sheren Tang No Regrets Cheng Kau-mui (Miss Kau) 2011(15th) Myolie Wu † Ghetto Justice Kris Wong Linda Chung Yes, Sir. Sorry, Sir! Carman "Miss Cool" Koo Fala Chen Lives of Omission WSIP Jodie "Madam Jo" Chau Maggie Cheung Ho-yee Forensic Heroes III Dr. Mandy Chung Aimee Chan Forensic Heroes III Angel Chiang 2012(16th) Kate Tsui † Highs and Lows Pat Chan Tavia Yeung The Hippocratic Crush Fan Tze Yu Silver Spoon, Sterling Shackles Hong Tze Kwan Myolie Wu Ghetto Justice II Kris Wong Michelle Yim The Confidant Empress Dowager Cixi 2013(17th) Kristal Tin † Brother's Keeper Yiu Man-ying Fala Chen Triumph in the Skies II Holiday Ho Linda Chung Brother's Keeper Rachel Cheuk Tavia Yeung The Hippocratic Crush II Fan Tze Yu Kate Tsui Bounty Lady Jennifer Shing 2014(18th) Charmaine Sheh † Line Walker Ting Siu-ka Priscilla Wong Swipe Tap Love Yu Chor Kin Kristal Tin Black Heart White Soul Tam Mei Ching Linda Chung Tiger Cubs II Chung Wai Yan Ivana Wong Come On, Cousin Lam Suet 2015(19th) Kristal Tin † Ghost of Relativity May Suen Priscilla Wong Madam Cutie On Duty Apple Fa Linda Chung Limelight Years Szeto Tik-tik Nancy Wu Ghost of Relativity Gin Keung Alice Chan Lord of Shanghai Yiu Gwai-sang 2016(20th) Grace Wong † A Fist Within Four Walls Fa Man Natalie Tong Speed of Life Yiu Yiu Tracy Chu Over Run Over Ling Sun-fung Joyce Tang House of Spirits Po Yan Nancy Wu A Fist Within Four Walls Tiu Lan 2017(21st) Sisley Choi † Legal Mavericks Deanie "Dino" Chiu Natalie Tong My Unfair Lady Cherry Ling Nancy Wu The Unholy Alliance Yuen Ching-yan Mandy Wong The Exorcist's Meter Chong Chi-yeuk Ali Lee My Ages Apart Paris Sheung 2018(22nd) Alice Chan † Deep in the Realm of Conscience Princess Taiping Mandy Wong Threesome Fong Yi Yan (Evie) / Piña Colada / Sau Mak Mak Nancy Wu Deep in the Realm of Conscience Empress Wang (Xuanzong) Ali Lee Who Wants a Baby? Ellen Tong Grace Wong OMG, Your Honour Ophelia Mok 2019(23rd) Selena Lee † Barrack O'Karma Coco Yeung / Alexandra "Alex" Cheung Miriam Yeung † Wonder Women Lam Fei Mandy Lam Come Home Love: Lo and Behold Linda Lung Natalie Tong Big White Duel Zoe So Rebecca Zhu Wonder Women Ma Si-lui 2020s Year Actress Drama Role(s) 2020(24th) Katy Kung † Hong Kong Love Stories Katy Yau Hoi Kei Ali Lee Death By Zero Chin Hoeng Sai Winki Lai Al Cappuccino Chiang Chin-Ha Kelly Cheung The Witness Chris Lee Chung Ying Sisley Choi Line Walker: Bull Fight Dau Nga Hei 2021(25th) Ali Lee † Beauty and the Boss Amelia Wong Lai-Mei Joyce Tang Come Home Love: Lo and Behold Hung Sheung Sin Lesley Chiang Liza Rosina Lam Sinister Beings Ma Wing-Sze Linda Chung Kids' Lives Matter Eman Cheung Yi-Sum 2022 (26th) Amy Fan Yik Man † Come Home Love: Lo and Behold Cindy Pak Tin Ngo Moon Lau The War of Beauties Lee Ching-Yi Elena Kong Get On A Flat Karen Mok Man-Wai Rosita Kwok Get On A Flat Che Chin Chin Erica Chan Hello Missfortune Poon Siu-Yu Award record Double winner Wins Actress 1 Selena Li,Miriam Yeung Most wins Wins Actress 3 Charmaine Sheh 2 Kristal Tin Most top 5 nominations Nominations Actress 7 Charmaine Sheh Linda Chung 5 Tavia Yeung Age superlatives Record Actress TV drama Age (in years) Oldest winner Louise Lee Moonlight Resonance 58 Oldest top 5 nominee Youngest winner Sisley Choi Legal Mavericks 26 Youngest top 5 nominee Linda Chung Heart of Greed 23 See also List of Asian television awards External links Anniversary Awards myTV SUPER vteTVB Anniversary AwardsMerit awards Best Drama Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Most Improved Male Artiste Most Improved Female Artiste Most Promising Newcomer Best Male Host Best Female Host Best TV Theme Song Best Variety Show Best Informative Programme Best Dressed Male Artiste Best Dressed Female Artiste Special awards Lifetime Achievement Award Professional Actors Award Retired awards Most Popular Male Character Most Popular Female Character Most Popular On-Screen Partnership Most Abhorrent Role Most Unforgettable Actors Most Unforgettable Actresses Excellence Award Favourite On-Screen Partnership (Non-drama) Favourite Television Characters Best Overseas Drama China's Favourite TVB Actor China's Favourite TVB Actress Best Original Show Best Trailer Best Variety or Informative Programme Best Special Feature Best Performance Most Admirable Programme TVB.com Popularity Award Award ceremonies 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2012 2017 Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) vteTVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Female Character Charmaine Sheh (2006) Susanna Kwan (2007) Louise Lee (2008) Tavia Yeung (2009) Charmaine Sheh (2010) Myolie Wu (2011) Kate Tsui (2012) Kristal Tin (2013) Charmaine Sheh (2014) Kristal Tin (2015) Grace Wong (2016) Sisley Choi (2017) Alice Chan (2018) Selena Lee and Miriam Yeung (2019) Katy Kung (2020) Ali Lee (2021) Amy Fan (2022)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TVB Anniversary Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVB_Anniversary_Awards"},{"link_name":"Television Broadcasts Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Broadcasts_Limited"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong television drama role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Television_Broadcasts_Limited"}],"text":"The TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Female Character is one of the TVB Anniversary Awards presented annually by Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) to recognize an actress who has delivered a popular performance in a Hong Kong television drama role throughout the designated year. The My Favourite Female Television Role (我最喜愛的電視女角色) was not introduced to the awards ceremony until 2006, nine years after its establishment. In 2013, the name was changed to Most Popular Female Television Role (最受歡迎電視女角色).The original equivalent of the award was called My Favourite Television Roles of the Year (本年度我最喜愛的電視角色), which was created in 2003. The award was given to 12 winners for both actors and actresses. In 2006, the award was divided into two separate gender categories and reduced to one specific winner. The 2019 awards ceremony was the first and only ceremony to have two winners tied for Most Popular Female Character.","title":"TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Female Character"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheh20190611.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charmaine Sheh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmaine_Sheh"},{"link_name":"Maidens' Vow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidens%27_Vow"},{"link_name":"Can't Buy Me Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love_(2010_TV_series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lee_Sze_Kei_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Louise Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Lee"},{"link_name":"Moonlight Resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight_Resonance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MyolieWu2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Myolie Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myolie_Wu"},{"link_name":"Ghetto Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_Justice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kate_Tsui_Tsz-shan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kate Tsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Tsui"},{"link_name":"Highs and Lows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highs_and_Lows"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grace_Wong.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grace Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Wong"},{"link_name":"Fa Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A_Fist_Within_Four_Walls_characters#Fa_Man"},{"link_name":"A Fist Within Four Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fist_Within_Four_Walls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selenali_1223_EPC7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Selena Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Lee_(actress)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miriam_Yeung_from_%22i%27m_livin%27_it%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2019_(49013943711).jpg"},{"link_name":"Miriam Yeung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Yeung"}],"text":"Charmaine Sheh won in 2006 for her performance in Maidens' Vow. She won again in 2010 for her portrayal of Princess Chiu-yeung in Can't Buy Me Love.Louise Lee is the oldest winner. She won in 2008 for her portrayal of Chung Siu-hor in Moonlight Resonance.Myolie Wu won in 2011 for her portrayal of Kris Wong in Ghetto Justice.Kate Tsui won in 2012 for her portrayal of Pat Chan in Highs and Lows.Grace Wong won in 2016 for her portrayal of Fa Man in A Fist Within Four Walls.Selena Lee won in 2019 for her performance in Barrack O'Karma.Miriam Yeung won in 2019 for her portrayal of Lam Fei in Wonder Women.TVB nominates at least ten actresses for the category each year. The following table lists only the actresses who have made it to the top five nominations during the designated awards ceremony. There were no top five nominations from 2012 to 2014.","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000s","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selena Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Li"},{"link_name":"Miriam Yeung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Yeung"},{"link_name":"Charmaine Sheh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmaine_Sheh"},{"link_name":"Kristal Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal_Tin"},{"link_name":"Charmaine Sheh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmaine_Sheh"},{"link_name":"Linda Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Chung"},{"link_name":"Tavia Yeung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavia_Yeung"}],"text":"Double winner\n\n\n\nWins\n\nActress\n\n\n1\n\nSelena Li,Miriam Yeung\n\n\nMost wins\n\n\n\nWins\n\nActress\n\n\n3\n\nCharmaine Sheh\n\n\n2\n\nKristal Tin\n\n\n\nMost top 5 nominations\n\n\n\nNominations\n\nActress\n\n\n7\n\nCharmaine Sheh\n\n\nLinda Chung\n\n\n5\n\nTavia YeungAge superlatives","title":"Award record"}]
[{"image_text":"Charmaine Sheh won in 2006 for her performance in Maidens' Vow. She won again in 2010 for her portrayal of Princess Chiu-yeung in Can't Buy Me Love.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sheh20190611.jpg/150px-Sheh20190611.jpg"},{"image_text":"Louise Lee is the oldest winner. She won in 2008 for her portrayal of Chung Siu-hor in Moonlight Resonance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lee_Sze_Kei_1.JPG/150px-Lee_Sze_Kei_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Myolie Wu won in 2011 for her portrayal of Kris Wong in Ghetto Justice.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/MyolieWu2007.jpg/150px-MyolieWu2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kate Tsui won in 2012 for her portrayal of Pat Chan in Highs and Lows.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kate_Tsui_Tsz-shan.jpg/150px-Kate_Tsui_Tsz-shan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grace Wong won in 2016 for her portrayal of Fa Man in A Fist Within Four Walls.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Grace_Wong.jpg/150px-Grace_Wong.jpg"},{"image_text":"Selena Lee won in 2019 for her performance in Barrack O'Karma.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Selenali_1223_EPC7.jpg/150px-Selenali_1223_EPC7.jpg"},{"image_text":"Miriam Yeung won in 2019 for her portrayal of Lam Fei in Wonder Women.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Miriam_Yeung_from_%22i%27m_livin%27_it%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2019_%2849013943711%29.jpg/150px-Miriam_Yeung_from_%22i%27m_livin%27_it%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2019_%2849013943711%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Asian television awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_television_awards"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamogenin
Yamogenin
["1 References"]
Yamogenin Names IUPAC name (25S)-Spirost-5-en-3β-ol Systematic IUPAC name (2S,4aR,4bS,6aS,6bR,7S,8R,9aS,10aS,10bS)-4a,5′,6a,7-Tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,6a,6b,7,9a,10,10a,10b,11-hexadecahydrospiroindenofuran-8,2′-oxan]-2-ol Identifiers CAS Number 512-06-1 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL400807 Y ChemSpider 390476 Y PubChem CID 441900 UNII M487OD4XW3 Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID60903922 InChI InChI=1S/C27H42O3/c1-16-7-12-27(29-15-16)17(2)24-23(30-27)14-22-20-6-5-18-13-19(28)8-10-25(18,3)21(20)9-11-26(22,24)4/h5,16-17,19-24,28H,6-15H2,1-4H3/t16-,17-,19-,20+,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27+/m0/s1 YKey: WQLVFSAGQJTQCK-CAKNJAFZSA-N YInChI=1S/C27H42O3/c1-16-7-12-27(29-15-16)17(2)24-23(30-27)14-22-20-6-5-18-13-19(28)8-10-25(18,3)21(20)9-11-26(22,24)4/h5,16-17,19-24,28H,6-15H2,1-4H3/t16-,17-,19-,20+,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27+/m0/s1Key: WQLVFSAGQJTQCK-CAKNJAFZSA-N SMILES C1CC2((3(O2)C43(CC54CC=C65(CC(C6)O)C)C)C)OC1 Properties Chemical formula C27H42O3 Molar mass 414.630 g·mol−1 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Yamogenin is a chemical compound of the class called sapogenins. It is found in the herb fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and other plants. References ^ CID 441900 from PubChem ^ Hardman, Roland; Sofowora, Ezekiel Abayomi (1970). "Isolation and characterization of yamogenin from balanites aegyptiaca". Phytochemistry. 9 (3): 645–649. Bibcode:1970PChem...9..645H. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85706-4. vteSaponin GlycosidesSapogenin (aglycone)Steroidal (C27 skeleton) Diosgenin Yamogenin Sarsasapogenin Triterpene (C30 skeleton)Tetracyclic Lanostane Dammarane Pentacyclic Lupane Oleanane Hederagenin Enoxolone Maslinic acid Ursane Hopane Glycone Monosaccharide Oligosaccharide This article about an alcohol is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"sapogenins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapogenin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"fenugreek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenugreek"}],"text":"Chemical compoundYamogenin is a chemical compound of the class called sapogenins.[2] It is found in the herb fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and other plants.","title":"Yamogenin"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hardman, Roland; Sofowora, Ezekiel Abayomi (1970). \"Isolation and characterization of yamogenin from balanites aegyptiaca\". Phytochemistry. 9 (3): 645–649. Bibcode:1970PChem...9..645H. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85706-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970PChem...9..645H","url_text":"1970PChem...9..645H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2800%2985706-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85706-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=512-06-1","external_links_name":"512-06-1"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%5BC%40H%5D1CC%5BC%40%40%5D2%28%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D3%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O2%29C%5BC%40%40H%5D4%5BC%40%40%5D3%28CC%5BC%40H%5D5%5BC%40H%5D4CC%3DC6%5BC%40%40%5D5%28CC%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C6%29O%29C%29C%29C%29OC1","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL400807","external_links_name":"ChEMBL400807"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.390476.html","external_links_name":"390476"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/441900","external_links_name":"441900"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/M487OD4XW3","external_links_name":"M487OD4XW3"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID60903922","external_links_name":"DTXSID60903922"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=470634551&page2=Yamogenin","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/441900","external_links_name":"CID 441900"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970PChem...9..645H","external_links_name":"1970PChem...9..645H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2800%2985706-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85706-4"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamogenin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcoul
Parcoul
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 45°12′21″N 0°02′11″E / 45.2058°N 0.0364°E / 45.2058; 0.0364Part of Parcoul-Chenaud in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, FranceParcoulPart of Parcoul-ChenaudLocation of Parcoul ParcoulShow map of FranceParcoulShow map of Nouvelle-AquitaineCoordinates: 45°12′21″N 0°02′11″E / 45.2058°N 0.0364°E / 45.2058; 0.0364CountryFranceRegionNouvelle-AquitaineDepartmentDordogneArrondissementPérigueuxCantonMontpon-MénestérolCommuneParcoul-ChenaudArea114.17 km2 (5.47 sq mi)Population (2019)427 • Density30/km2 (78/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal code24410Elevation22–109 m (72–358 ft) (avg. 50 m or 160 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Parcoul (French pronunciation: ) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Parcoul-Chenaud. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%1962474—    1968432−8.9%1975421−2.5%1982377−10.5%1990363−3.7%1999411+13.2%2008359−12.7% See also Communes of the Dordogne department References ^ Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019, INSEE ^ Arrêté préfectoral 14 December 2015 (in French) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parcoul. Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data This Dordogne geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[paʁkul]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Dordogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordogne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Parcoul-Chenaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcoul-Chenaud"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Part of Parcoul-Chenaud in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, FranceParcoul (French pronunciation: [paʁkul]) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Parcoul-Chenaud.[2]","title":"Parcoul"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Dordogne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Dordogne_department"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Parcoul&params=45.2058_N_0.0364_E_type:city(427)_region:FR-NAQ","external_links_name":"45°12′21″N 0°02′11″E / 45.2058°N 0.0364°E / 45.2058; 0.0364"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Parcoul&params=45.2058_N_0.0364_E_type:city(427)_region:FR-NAQ","external_links_name":"45°12′21″N 0°02′11″E / 45.2058°N 0.0364°E / 45.2058; 0.0364"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011070/ensemble.pdf","external_links_name":"Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019"},{"Link":"http://www.dordogne.gouv.fr/content/download/18042/140254/file/RAA%20d%C3%A9cembre%202015%20n%C2%B0%203.pdf","external_links_name":"Arrêté préfectoral"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/236160521","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15251962h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15251962h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parcoul&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regal_Records_(1920)
Regal Records (1920)
["1 References","2 See also"]
Spanish Regal Record Regal Records was a Spanish record label from the late 1920s, which was linked to USA Columbia Records. References ^ William H. Young; Nancy K. Young (2005). Music of the Great Depression. ABC-CLIO. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-0-313-33230-2. See also List of record labels Regal Records (disambiguation) This article about a Spanish record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Della_Rocco
The Boondock Saints
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Casting and funding","4 Release","4.1 Home media","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","6 Documentary","7 Sequels","8 Comic book","9 Video game","10 References","11 External links"]
1999 film by Troy Duffy The Boondock SaintsTheatrical release posterDirected byTroy DuffyWritten byTroy DuffyProduced by Elie Samaha Lloyd Segan Rob Fried Chris Brinker Starring Willem Dafoe Sean Patrick Flanery Norman Reedus David Della Rocco Billy Connolly CinematographyAdam KaneEdited byBill DeRondeMusic byJeff DannaProductioncompanies Franchise Pictures Brood Syndicate Fried Films Lloyd Segan Company Chris Brinker Productions Distributed byIndican PicturesRelease dates November 19, 1999 (1999-11-19) (Denmark) January 21, 2000 (2000-01-21) (United States) Running time108 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$6 millionBox office$30,471 The Boondock Saints is a 1999 American vigilante action thriller film written and directed by Troy Duffy in his feature directorial debut. Starring Willem Dafoe, Sean Patrick Flanery, Norman Reedus, David Della Rocco, and Billy Connolly, the film follows Irish fraternal twin brothers Connor and Murphy MacManus (Flanery and Reedus), who become vigilantes after killing two members of the Russian mafia in self defense. After both experience an epiphany, the twins, together with their best friend "Funny Man" Rocco (Rocco), set out on a mission to rid Boston of the criminal underworld in the name of God, all the while being pursued by FBI Special Agent Paul Smecker (Dafoe). Duffy, who had never written a screenplay before, said he was inspired by personal experience while living with his brother Taylor in Los Angeles. Initially regarded as one of the hottest scripts in Hollywood, the film had a troubled production. Miramax Films dropped the project in 1997 before Franchise Pictures acquired the rights the following year. Principal photography began in Boston and Toronto on August 10, 1998, and concluded on September 26. The theatrical release of The Boondock Saints was significantly affected by the Columbine High School massacre, which had taken place just two weeks before test screenings. Amidst concerns that the film would inspire copycat crimes, it was given a limited release in only five theaters across the United States on January 21, 2000. Consequently, the film was a box office failure and received negative reviews from critics, with criticism aimed at its perceived glorification of vigilante justice and violence. Despite this, The Boondock Saints became a cult classic through word of mouth and its home video release, ultimately grossing $50 million in sales. A successful 2006 theatrical rerelease lead to a sequel, The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day (2009), with Flanery, Reedus, Connolly, and Rocco reprising their roles, and Dafoe making an uncredited cameo appearance. Overnight (2003), a documentary about the making of the film, was also released. A third film is currently in development, with Flanery and Reedus expected to return. Plot In Boston, Irish American fraternal twin brothers Connor and Murphy MacManus attend Mass, where the priest mentions the fate of Kitty Genovese. Later, while Connor and Murphy are celebrating Saint Patrick's Day with friends, three Russian mobsters arrive and try to shut down the pub so they can demolish it for the valuable land underneath. Despite Connor and Murphy's attempt to talk them down, a brawl ensues, in which the Russians are defeated and humiliated. The next morning, when two of the Russians seek revenge, the brothers beat them to death in self-defense. FBI Special Agent Paul Smecker is assigned to the case and finds that the police and the press see the MacManus twins as heroes. The duo turn themselves in at a police station, where Smecker interviews them. After the twins retell their incident to Smecker, he declines to press charges and allows them to spend the night in a holding cell to avoid attention from the media. That night, they receive a "calling" from God telling them to hunt down wicked men so that the innocent will flourish. Connor learns that a local hotel is hosting a meeting of the Russian mob. Having equipped themselves with weaponry from an underground gun dealer, the twins kill nine Russian mobsters, while Rocco, a friend of the twins and errand boy for local mafia boss Giuseppe "Papa Joe" Yakavetta, surprises them after being sent by his boss to carry out a hit. Realizing that he was set up, Rocco agrees to help Connor and Murphy. That night, they hunt down and kill Vincenzo Lapazzi, Papa Joe's underboss, at a peep show. Falsely believing that Rocco is behind the murders, Papa Joe hires the legendary hitman, "Il Duce", to deal with the problem. Rocco takes revenge on his former crew and convinces the twins to shoot up a gambling den so he can execute a criminal he was once forced to assist in a heinous crime. The three men are then ambushed by Il Duce. Although they manage to escape, the three men suffer serious wounds, including the loss of Rocco's finger. Hours later, as the police secure the crime scene, the investigation seems futile since the twins covered their tracks by spraying any blood left behind with ammonia. However, Smecker happens upon Rocco's finger and analyzes it, eventually tracing the clues back to Rocco and his allies. This leaves Smecker in a difficult conundrum; he struggles with the choice of whether to prosecute the three men or join them in their cause as he believes they are doing the right thing. After getting drunk at a gay bar and subsequently taking advice from a reluctant priest, Smecker decides to help the trio. Later, the twins and Rocco inform Smecker that they plan to assassinate Papa Joe at his mansion, but Smecker learns that they are walking into a trap. The twins are captured, and Rocco is shot and killed by Papa Joe. As Papa Joe leaves, Smecker arrives in drag and tries to rescue them before being knocked unconscious by Il Duce. While the twins say their family prayer over Rocco, Il Duce enters the room and prepares to open fire. However, he instead finishes the prayer – revealing he is the twins' father and deciding to join his sons in their mission. Three months later, Papa Joe is on trial for the third time. However, the reporters on-scene anticipate his acquittal. The twins and Il Duce, aided by Smecker, Dolly, Duffy and Greenly, infiltrate the courthouse and take the spectators hostage. Unmasked, they make a speech stating that they intend to eradicate evil wherever they find it before reciting their family prayer and publicly executing Papa Joe. The media dubs the three as "the Saints". Cast Norman Reedus (left), Troy Duffy (center), and Sean Patrick Flanery (right) at Drexel University in Philadelphia Willem Dafoe as Paul Smecker, a brilliant but emotionally troubled FBI special agent assigned to the murders linked to the MacManus twins. Sean Patrick Flanery as Connor MacManus, one-half of the MacManus twins. He has a tattoo on his left hand that reads "Veritas" ("truth" in Latin). He is more sensible and rational than his brother, and often tries to carefully plan out their missions; however, he usually and foolishly bases his plans on the plots of classic action movies. Connor frequently references John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Charles Bronson. Norman Reedus as Murphy MacManus, the other half of the MacManus twins. He has a tattoo on his right hand that reads "Aequitas" ("justice/equality" in Latin). He seems to be the more emotional and hot-headed of the two; however, Murphy is usually shown to be exasperated by his brother's inept planning and displays a stronger sense of adaptability and cool headedness in difficult situations. David Della Rocco as David 'The Funny Man' Della Rocco, a henchman of the Yakavetta clan until Papa Joe sets him up to be killed, and a loyal friend of the MacManus twins. Billy Connolly as Noah 'Il Duce' MacManus, the father of Connor and Murphy and a famous mob assassin. He is released from prison by Yakavetta to confront the twins and Rocco, only to assist the twins after learning who they are. Bob Marley as Detective David Greenly, a marginally competent Boston Police Department detective assigned to the gang murders. David Ferry as Detective "Dolly" Alapopskalius, a detective partnered with Greenly and Duffy. Brian Mahoney as Detective Duffy, a detective partnered with Greenly and Dolly. Richard Fitzpatrick as The Chief of the Boston Police Department. Carlo Rota as Giuseppe 'Papa Joe' Yakavetta, a leader of a powerful mafia in Boston. Ron Jeremy as Vincenzo Lapazzi, Yakavetta's right-hand man. Carmen DiStefano as Augustus DiStephano, a retired mobster who helps Papa Joe get Il Duce out of prison. He is secretly one of Smecker's informants. Gerard Parkes as "Doc" McGinty, the owner of an Irish-themed pub who has Tourette syndrome with coprolalia. Tom Barnett as the Irish gun dealer who supplies the Saints with guns. Lauren Piech as Donna, Rocco's junkie girlfriend. Gina Sorell as Rayvie, Donna's junkie friend. Dick Callahan as Sal, a restaurant owner and associate of the Yakavetta family. He is killed by Rocco in anger over his set-up. Angelo Tucci as Vinnie, Rocco's associate and one of his victims. Sergio Di Zio as Oly, Rocco's associate who also winds up dead at his hands. Kevin Chapman as Chappy, one of Papa Joe's caporegimes. Markus Parilo as Sick Mob Man, a professional cleaner of the Yakavetta syndicate and a victim of the Saints. Layton Morrison as Vladdy, a Russian Mafia soldier slain by Connor. Scott Griffith as Ivan Checkov, a Russian Mafia soldier who is also killed by Connor. Viktor Pedtchenko as Yuri Petrov, the Russian Mafia boss who becomes the first high-profile mobster to be executed by the Saints. Troy Duffy as Man In Bar On St. Patrick's Day. Production Troy Duffy's screenplay was inspired by his disgust at seeing a drug dealer taking money from a corpse across the hall from his apartment. Duffy, who was working as a bartender and bouncer, had never written a screenplay before. Duffy completed the screenplay in fall of 1996 and passed it to a producer's assistant at New Line Cinema to be read by a senior executive. The screenplay changed hands through multiple studios and Duffy was approached by multiple producers for the rights. In March 1997, he was contracted by Paramount Pictures for $500,000, and later in the month, Miramax Films won a bidding war to buy The Boondock Saints. The studio offered $450,000 to Duffy to write and direct the film. The documentary Overnight (2003), which chronicled Duffy's "rags-to-riches-to-rags" story, showed that the script was worth $300,000, and the film itself was originally given a $15 million budget by Miramax's Harvey Weinstein. Duffy's band The Brood would do the soundtrack, and as a bonus, Miramax offered to buy and throw in co-ownership of J. Sloan's, where Duffy worked. Overnight showed that Duffy frequently exhibited abrasive behavior, causing tension for many people involved in the project. Filming of The Boondock Saints was scheduled for the coming autumn in Boston. Casting and funding Duffy sought to cast Stephen Dorff and Mark Wahlberg as the brothers, though Wahlberg passed for Boogie Nights (1997). The director also wanted to cast Billy Connolly and Kenneth Branagh in the film, with Branagh playing FBI Agent Paul Smecker. Duffy also expressed interest in casting Brendan Fraser, Nicky Katt, and Ewan McGregor, with two of them as the brothers, but no decisions were finalized. The director later sought Patrick Swayze to play Smecker, but Miramax preferred Sylvester Stallone (with whom the studio had an existing relationship), Bill Murray, or Mike Myers. Kevin Spacey and Robert De Niro were also considered for the role of Smecker. Before pre-production work was supposed to begin in Boston in December 1997, Miramax pulled out of the project. Producer Lloyd Segan said that the project had stalled because of casting and location problems. While Duffy was able to keep the writer's fee of $300,000, the studio required the reimbursement of the $150,000 director's fee and the $700,000 advance to develop the project. The independent studio Franchise Pictures sought to finance the project once other elements were in place. Duffy approached Sean Patrick Flanery and Norman Reedus to play the brothers, and Willem Dafoe to play the FBI agent. Having found someone to back the film, filming began in Toronto, with the final scenes being filmed in Boston. The name of Duffy's band, The Brood, was changed to The Boondock Saints, following the movie's release. The film featured two songs from the band: "Holy Fool", which played during Rocco's tavern shootout, and "Pipes", which played during the credits. Release The Boondock Saints had a very limited theatrical release through Indican Pictures showing the film in 2000 on only five screens in the United States for several weeks. However, the original unrated version of the film was later re-released in theaters on May 22, 2006. Duffy later funded screenings of the film with help from Blockbuster Video. "Indican Pictures and Blockbuster saved us They agreed to take it on exclusively, and from there the rest is history." According to Troy Duffy on his audio commentary of the film on DVD, the film's distributor allowed the limited screening in the United States because of the then-recent Columbine High School massacre and the pending Blockbuster exclusive. The film was shown on major foreign screens (most notably in Japan) with success. Blockbuster released The Boondock Saints as a "Blockbuster Exclusive", a collection of independent direct-to-video films. The Boondock Saints gained a following mostly due to word-of-mouth publicity and was a bestseller when released on DVD. Despite its success, Duffy and Indican Pictures never saw any of the profits from DVD distribution, having signed away the DVD rights to 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment as part of the settlement with Franchise Pictures. According to Duffy, neither he, his producers, nor his principal cast got paid. He sued Franchise Pictures and other undisclosed companies for royalties of the first film and rights to the sequel. After a lengthy lawsuit, Troy Duffy, his producers, and the principal cast received an undisclosed amount of The Boondock Saints royalties, as well as the sequel rights. Home media The Boondock Saints has been released numerous times on DVD, including an import on March 13, 2001, and an uncut Japanese release published by Toshiba Entertainment, whose special features include anamorphic widescreen, audio commentary, trailers, and interviews with the Japanese media. On May 23, 2006, The Boondock Saints Collector's Edition was published and released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on DVD, as well as Universal Media Disc for the PlayStation Portable. The special features include English and Spanish subtitles, commentary by Billy Connolly and Troy Duffy, deleted scenes, and outtakes. It also featured the film's trailer, cast and crew filmographies, and a printable script of the film. 20th Century Fox and Duffy showed an interest in doing a new audio commentary for the special release, but he was unable to because of unresolved legal issues. Reception On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 27% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's consensus calls the film, "A juvenile, ugly movie that represents the worst tendencies of directors channeling Tarantino." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 44 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club described the film, in his review of the DVD, as "less a proper action-thriller" than "a series of gratuitously violent setpieces strung together with only the sketchiest semblance of a plot". Rabin went on to describe the film as "all style and no substance, a film so gleeful in its endorsement of vigilante justice that it almost veers (or ascends) into self-parody." Robert Koehler of Variety wrote in his review: "A belated entry in the hipster crime movie movement that began with Reservoir Dogs, Troy Duffy's Boondock Saints mixes blood and Catholic-tinged vigilante justice in excessive portions for sometimes wacky and always brutal effect. more interested in finding fresh ways to stage execution scenes than in finding meaning behind the human urge for self-appointed righting of wrongs." Koehler also described Flanery and Reedus as "curiously stolid and blank", while praising supporting actors Connolly, Dafoe, and Rota for making the most of their screen time. Koehler also praised the tech personnel: "This uneven exercise in pacing and cutting is abetted by an eclectic score by Jeff Danna and whiz lensing by Adam Kane. Other tech credits fire bull's-eyes." Film critics have taken note of the film's extreme violence and "slow-motion bloodletting". Box office In its original run, the film only earned $30,471 at five theaters. It later developed a cult following and has grossed about $50 million in domestic video sales. Documentary Main article: Overnight (2003 film) The documentary film Overnight was released in 2003, following the story of Troy Duffy during his negotiations with Miramax over The Boondock Saints script, as well as his band's struggles to secure a recording contract. Duffy's abrasive behavior strained his relationships with friends and people in the film industry and ultimately led to Miramax pulling out of the project, leaving the film to be made by another studio at half the originally proposed budget. Sequels Main article: The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day Main article: The Boondock Saints 3 After numerous delays, Troy Duffy shot a sequel, The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day, in which the MacManus twins return to Boston in order to continue their reign of vengeance. It was released October 30, 2009. In an October 27, 2009, article, director Duffy and actor Connolly mention details regarding a possible third film. They maintained that "it is slowly in the works and is still just an idea". Duffy insists that he wants to get a few more of his films done before returning to the Boondock Saints. Duffy also added that the proposed working title for the third film would be called "Boondock Saints III: Saints Preserve Us". Again, on February 26, 2013, Duffy stated that he was getting together with Reedus and Flanery to resume talks about The Boondock Saints 3, in hopes that they could make the film a reality for fans. As of July 2013, Duffy has confirmed in an interview that he is working on the script for the third film, and possibly a TV series, later named as The Boondock Saints: Origins. On September 3, 2014, the third film, subtitled Legion, was revealed to be in pre-production. In 2017, Flanery tweeted that he and Reedus had walked away from The Boondock Saints 3. While he did not elaborate on much, he suggested that the "unethical" production of the project caused their departure. In November 2021, a third Boondock Saints film was officially announced, with Reedus and Flanery reprising their roles as Connor and Murphy MacManus and Duffy returning to direct. Production was slated to begin in May 2022. In March 2024, Thunder Road Films, Dragonfly Films and Impossible Dream Entertainment announced a "reimagining" of the franchise, with Reedus and Flanery reprising their roles and serving as executive producers, although Duffy would not return as director. Comic book A two-part comic-book story, serving as a companion to the movie sequel, was released in May 2010. The series is written by Troy Duffy, produced by Innfusion Inc., and released through 12 Gauge Comics. The book focuses on a more in-depth version of Il Duce's back story, as well as telling the story of the brothers during a hit they performed that is not featured in the film. It was paired with a minibook that was featured on the official Boondock Saints website that told a ministory that takes place before the strip-club scene from the first film. These will eventually be released in one single graphic novel. The Boondock Saints: In Nomine Patris was written with J.B. Love and published in November 2011. Video game A video game was supposed to be made based on the film, but was later cancelled. The characters of Connor and Murphy would feature in the side scroller Broforce, which released in 2015. References ^ "Boondock Saints - Credits". BFI Film & Television Database. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2014. ^ "Boondock Saints". BFI Film & Television Database. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2014. ^ a b The Boondock Saints at Box Office Mojo ^ a b c Finch, Amy (November 2, 1998). "Boondock Saints". filmvault.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2009 – via Boston Phoenix. ^ Lamble, Ryan (September 13, 2013). "Looking back at the infamous The Boondock Saints". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020. ^ Dobbs, G. Michael (2014). Fifteen Minutes With...: 40 Years of Interviews. BearManor Media. p. 289. ISBN 978-1593935924. ^ "Boondock Saints, the infamous Cult Classic". Detroitbuzz.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2006. ^ Wolford, Bryan (March 22, 2023). "The Boondock Saints: WTF Happened to this Movie?". JoBlo. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ a b c "Fast rise, hard fall -- all 'Overnight'". RogerEbert.com. November 18, 2004. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2006. ^ Waxman, Sharon (April 14, 1997). "Forward Fast: Hollywood's suddenly drunk on a bartender's idea". The Washington Post. ^ "Overnight". Filethirteen.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2006. Retrieved November 28, 2006. ^ "The Fall of Troy". LAcitybeat.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2006. Retrieved November 28, 2006. ^ Johnson, Jason B. (April 1, 1997). "Hub-to-Hollywood dream comes true for scriptwriter". Boston Globe. ^ O'Toole, Lesley (December 4, 1997). "Hollywood's young guns". The Times. ^ a b Waxman, Sharon (April 10, 1998). "The two faces of Hollywood: A screenwriter's success story had a happy ending. Then someone changed the script". The Washington Post. ^ Raposa, Laura (December 13, 1997). "Miramax 'Saints' hits devil of a snag". Boston Herald. ^ "The Boondock Saints Soundtrack". theost.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ a b c "Boondock Saints and Troy Duffy". Moviefreak.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2006. ^ Troy Duffy. DVD-Audio commentary (DVD). 20th Century Fox May 21, 2002 release. ^ "The Boondock Saints - Releases". AllMovie. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ a b "The Boondock Saints (Unrated Special Edition) 20th Century Fox 2006". Amazon. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2006. ^ Gilchrist, Todd (May 15, 2006). "Interview: Troy Duffy". IGN. Archived from the original on October 7, 2006. Retrieved December 2, 2006. ^ "The Boondock Saints Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2022. ^ "The Boondock Saints Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved March 20, 2022. ^ Rabin, Nathan (March 29, 2002). "The Boondock Saints". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2006. ^ a b Koehler, Robert (January 21, 2000). "Boondock Saints". Variety. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2006. ^ Simon, Brent. "Boondock Saints". Entertainment Today. Archived from the original on May 1, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2006 – via Rotten Tomatoes. ^ a b Anderson, John (October 18, 2009). "Back to the Boondocks, Defiantly". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2009. ^ "The Riveting 2003 Documentary Overnight Is a Spectacular Symphony of Schadenfreude". nathanrabin.com. April 19, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ Rabin, Nathan (August 30, 2017). "The Boondock Saints Is Bad, but the Scathing Documentary About Its Toxic Director Is Mesmerizing". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ "Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day Movie Trailer - Trailer #1". IGN. September 2, 2009. Archived from the original on September 5, 2009. Retrieved September 2, 2009. ^ Romano, Nick (April 27, 2017). "The Boondock Saints returning with Origins TV series". EW.com. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2018. ^ "The Boondock Saints 3 Title and Plot Revealed". Cinema Blend. September 3, 2014. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014. ^ Flanery, Sean Patrick (May 7, 2017). "ANNOUNCEMENT about #BoondockSaints from myself and @wwwbigbaldhead attached. Hope this clarifies" (Tweet). Archived from the original on August 27, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020 – via Twitter. ^ Cotter, Padraig (May 24, 2019). "The Boondock Saints 3 Updates: Will The Sequel Happen?". screenrant.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020. ^ Leeman, Zachary (May 22, 2017). "'Boondock Saints' Stars Left the Franchise". LifeZette. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2021. ^ "Boondock Saints 3 with Original Stars Happening, Filming Starts May 2022". Screen Rant. November 2021. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr (March 21, 2024). "'The Boondock Saints' Are Back; Norman Reedus, Sean Patrick Flanery Return As Boston Vigilantes As Thunder Road & Dragonfly Films Take Reins". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 21, 2024. ^ "Title : Home". 12 Gauge Comics. Archived from the original on March 3, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010. ^ Esposito, Joey (November 15, 2011). "Boondock Saints Graphic Novel Exclusive Look". IGN. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2018. ^ Rougeau, Michael (March 11, 2012). ""The Boondock Saints Video Game" Is Official". Complex. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. ^ BroForce Review External links Wikiquote has quotations related to The Boondock Saints. Official website The Boondock Saints at IMDb The Boondock Saints at AllMovie The Official Boondock Saints's channel on YouTube Film School Rejects: 39 Things We Learned From The Boondock Saints' Commentary Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Portals: Film United States Crime 1990s
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante_film"},{"link_name":"action thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Troy Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Duffy"},{"link_name":"feature directorial debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_directorial_debuts"},{"link_name":"Willem Dafoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Dafoe"},{"link_name":"Sean Patrick Flanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Patrick_Flanery"},{"link_name":"Norman Reedus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Reedus"},{"link_name":"Billy Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Connolly"},{"link_name":"Russian mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"FBI Special Agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_agent"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmvault-4"},{"link_name":"Miramax Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax_Films"},{"link_name":"Franchise Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchise_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Columbine High School massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cult classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_following"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondock_Saints_II:_All_Saints_Day"},{"link_name":"Overnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overnight_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RE-9"}],"text":"The Boondock Saints is a 1999 American vigilante action thriller film written and directed by Troy Duffy in his feature directorial debut. Starring Willem Dafoe, Sean Patrick Flanery, Norman Reedus, David Della Rocco, and Billy Connolly, the film follows Irish fraternal twin brothers Connor and Murphy MacManus (Flanery and Reedus), who become vigilantes after killing two members of the Russian mafia in self defense. After both experience an epiphany, the twins, together with their best friend \"Funny Man\" Rocco (Rocco), set out on a mission to rid Boston of the criminal underworld in the name of God, all the while being pursued by FBI Special Agent Paul Smecker (Dafoe).Duffy, who had never written a screenplay before, said he was inspired by personal experience while living with his brother Taylor in Los Angeles.[4] Initially regarded as one of the hottest scripts in Hollywood, the film had a troubled production. Miramax Films dropped the project in 1997 before Franchise Pictures acquired the rights the following year.[5] Principal photography began in Boston and Toronto on August 10, 1998, and concluded on September 26.The theatrical release of The Boondock Saints was significantly affected by the Columbine High School massacre, which had taken place just two weeks before test screenings. Amidst concerns that the film would inspire copycat crimes, it was given a limited release in only five theaters across the United States on January 21, 2000.[6] Consequently, the film was a box office failure and received negative reviews from critics, with criticism aimed at its perceived glorification of vigilante justice and violence. Despite this, The Boondock Saints became a cult classic through word of mouth and its home video release, ultimately grossing $50 million in sales.[7][8]A successful 2006 theatrical rerelease lead to a sequel, The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day (2009), with Flanery, Reedus, Connolly, and Rocco reprising their roles, and Dafoe making an uncredited cameo appearance. Overnight (2003), a documentary about the making of the film, was also released.[9] A third film is currently in development, with Flanery and Reedus expected to return.","title":"The Boondock Saints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Irish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"Kitty Genovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Kitty_Genovese"},{"link_name":"Saint Patrick's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"underboss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underboss"},{"link_name":"peep show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_show"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"gay bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bar"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(entertainment)"}],"text":"In Boston, Irish American fraternal twin brothers Connor and Murphy MacManus attend Mass, where the priest mentions the fate of Kitty Genovese. Later, while Connor and Murphy are celebrating Saint Patrick's Day with friends, three Russian mobsters arrive and try to shut down the pub so they can demolish it for the valuable land underneath. Despite Connor and Murphy's attempt to talk them down, a brawl ensues, in which the Russians are defeated and humiliated. The next morning, when two of the Russians seek revenge, the brothers beat them to death in self-defense.FBI Special Agent Paul Smecker is assigned to the case and finds that the police and the press see the MacManus twins as heroes. The duo turn themselves in at a police station, where Smecker interviews them. After the twins retell their incident to Smecker, he declines to press charges and allows them to spend the night in a holding cell to avoid attention from the media. That night, they receive a \"calling\" from God telling them to hunt down wicked men so that the innocent will flourish.Connor learns that a local hotel is hosting a meeting of the Russian mob. Having equipped themselves with weaponry from an underground gun dealer, the twins kill nine Russian mobsters, while Rocco, a friend of the twins and errand boy for local mafia boss Giuseppe \"Papa Joe\" Yakavetta, surprises them after being sent by his boss to carry out a hit. Realizing that he was set up, Rocco agrees to help Connor and Murphy. That night, they hunt down and kill Vincenzo Lapazzi, Papa Joe's underboss, at a peep show.Falsely believing that Rocco is behind the murders, Papa Joe hires the legendary hitman, \"Il Duce\", to deal with the problem. Rocco takes revenge on his former crew and convinces the twins to shoot up a gambling den so he can execute a criminal he was once forced to assist in a heinous crime. The three men are then ambushed by Il Duce. Although they manage to escape, the three men suffer serious wounds, including the loss of Rocco's finger.Hours later, as the police secure the crime scene, the investigation seems futile since the twins covered their tracks by spraying any blood left behind with ammonia. However, Smecker happens upon Rocco's finger and analyzes it, eventually tracing the clues back to Rocco and his allies. This leaves Smecker in a difficult conundrum; he struggles with the choice of whether to prosecute the three men or join them in their cause as he believes they are doing the right thing. After getting drunk at a gay bar and subsequently taking advice from a reluctant priest, Smecker decides to help the trio.Later, the twins and Rocco inform Smecker that they plan to assassinate Papa Joe at his mansion, but Smecker learns that they are walking into a trap. The twins are captured, and Rocco is shot and killed by Papa Joe. As Papa Joe leaves, Smecker arrives in drag and tries to rescue them before being knocked unconscious by Il Duce. While the twins say their family prayer over Rocco, Il Duce enters the room and prepares to open fire. However, he instead finishes the prayer – revealing he is the twins' father and deciding to join his sons in their mission.Three months later, Papa Joe is on trial for the third time. However, the reporters on-scene anticipate his acquittal. The twins and Il Duce, aided by Smecker, Dolly, Duffy and Greenly, infiltrate the courthouse and take the spectators hostage. Unmasked, they make a speech stating that they intend to eradicate evil wherever they find it before reciting their family prayer and publicly executing Papa Joe. The media dubs the three as \"the Saints\".","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Troy_Duffy,_Sean_Patrick_Flanery,_Norman_Reedus,_Boondock_Saints_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Willem Dafoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Dafoe"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"special agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_agent"},{"link_name":"Sean Patrick Flanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Patrick_Flanery"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"Charles Bronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bronson"},{"link_name":"Norman Reedus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Reedus"},{"link_name":"Billy Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Connolly"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Boston Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"David Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ferry_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Carlo Rota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rota"},{"link_name":"mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Ron Jeremy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Jeremy"},{"link_name":"Gerard Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Parkes"},{"link_name":"Tourette syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome"},{"link_name":"coprolalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprolalia"},{"link_name":"Sergio Di Zio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Di_Zio"},{"link_name":"Kevin Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Chapman"},{"link_name":"caporegimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caporegime"},{"link_name":"cleaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixer_(person)"},{"link_name":"Russian Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia"},{"link_name":"Troy Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Duffy"}],"text":"Norman Reedus (left), Troy Duffy (center), and Sean Patrick Flanery (right) at Drexel University in PhiladelphiaWillem Dafoe as Paul Smecker, a brilliant but emotionally troubled FBI special agent assigned to the murders linked to the MacManus twins.\nSean Patrick Flanery as Connor MacManus, one-half of the MacManus twins. He has a tattoo on his left hand that reads \"Veritas\" (\"truth\" in Latin). He is more sensible and rational than his brother, and often tries to carefully plan out their missions; however, he usually and foolishly bases his plans on the plots of classic action movies. Connor frequently references John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Charles Bronson.\nNorman Reedus as Murphy MacManus, the other half of the MacManus twins. He has a tattoo on his right hand that reads \"Aequitas\" (\"justice/equality\" in Latin). He seems to be the more emotional and hot-headed of the two; however, Murphy is usually shown to be exasperated by his brother's inept planning and displays a stronger sense of adaptability and cool headedness in difficult situations.\nDavid Della Rocco as David 'The Funny Man' Della Rocco, a henchman of the Yakavetta clan until Papa Joe sets him up to be killed, and a loyal friend of the MacManus twins.\nBilly Connolly as Noah 'Il Duce' MacManus, the father of Connor and Murphy and a famous mob assassin. He is released from prison by Yakavetta to confront the twins and Rocco, only to assist the twins after learning who they are.\nBob Marley as Detective David Greenly, a marginally competent Boston Police Department detective assigned to the gang murders.\nDavid Ferry as Detective \"Dolly\" Alapopskalius, a detective partnered with Greenly and Duffy.\nBrian Mahoney as Detective Duffy, a detective partnered with Greenly and Dolly.\nRichard Fitzpatrick as The Chief of the Boston Police Department.\nCarlo Rota as Giuseppe 'Papa Joe' Yakavetta, a leader of a powerful mafia in Boston.\nRon Jeremy as Vincenzo Lapazzi, Yakavetta's right-hand man.\nCarmen DiStefano as Augustus DiStephano, a retired mobster who helps Papa Joe get Il Duce out of prison. He is secretly one of Smecker's informants.\nGerard Parkes as \"Doc\" McGinty, the owner of an Irish-themed pub who has Tourette syndrome with coprolalia.\nTom Barnett as the Irish gun dealer who supplies the Saints with guns.\nLauren Piech as Donna, Rocco's junkie girlfriend.\nGina Sorell as Rayvie, Donna's junkie friend.\nDick Callahan as Sal, a restaurant owner and associate of the Yakavetta family. He is killed by Rocco in anger over his set-up.\nAngelo Tucci as Vinnie, Rocco's associate and one of his victims.\nSergio Di Zio as Oly, Rocco's associate who also winds up dead at his hands.\nKevin Chapman as Chappy, one of Papa Joe's caporegimes.\nMarkus Parilo as Sick Mob Man, a professional cleaner of the Yakavetta syndicate and a victim of the Saints.\nLayton Morrison as Vladdy, a Russian Mafia soldier slain by Connor.\nScott Griffith as Ivan Checkov, a Russian Mafia soldier who is also killed by Connor.\nViktor Pedtchenko as Yuri Petrov, the Russian Mafia boss who becomes the first high-profile mobster to be executed by the Saints.\nTroy Duffy as Man In Bar On St. Patrick's Day.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troy Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Duffy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmvault-4"},{"link_name":"New Line Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Miramax Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax_Films"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forward-10"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Overnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overnight_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RE-9"},{"link_name":"Harvey Weinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hub-13"}],"text":"Troy Duffy's screenplay was inspired by his disgust at seeing a drug dealer taking money from a corpse across the hall from his apartment. Duffy, who was working as a bartender and bouncer, had never written a screenplay before.[4]Duffy completed the screenplay in fall of 1996 and passed it to a producer's assistant at New Line Cinema to be read by a senior executive. The screenplay changed hands through multiple studios and Duffy was approached by multiple producers for the rights. In March 1997, he was contracted by Paramount Pictures for $500,000, and later in the month, Miramax Films won a bidding war to buy The Boondock Saints. The studio offered $450,000 to Duffy to write and direct the film.[10] The documentary Overnight (2003), which chronicled Duffy's \"rags-to-riches-to-rags\" story,[9] showed that the script was worth $300,000, and the film itself was originally given a $15 million budget by Miramax's Harvey Weinstein.[11] Duffy's band The Brood would do the soundtrack, and as a bonus, Miramax offered to buy and throw in co-ownership of J. Sloan's, where Duffy worked.[12] Overnight showed that Duffy frequently exhibited abrasive behavior, causing tension for many people involved in the project. Filming of The Boondock Saints was scheduled for the coming autumn in Boston.[13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Dorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dorff"},{"link_name":"Mark Wahlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg"},{"link_name":"Boogie Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nights"},{"link_name":"Billy Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Connolly"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Branagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Brendan Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Nicky Katt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Katt"},{"link_name":"Ewan McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Patrick Swayze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Swayze"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"},{"link_name":"Bill Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Murray"},{"link_name":"Mike Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Myers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faces-15"},{"link_name":"Kevin Spacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Spacey"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"independent studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film#North_American_Indie-producing_studios"},{"link_name":"Franchise Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchise_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faces-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmvault-4"},{"link_name":"The Boondock Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondock_Saints_(band)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Casting and funding","text":"Duffy sought to cast Stephen Dorff and Mark Wahlberg as the brothers, though Wahlberg passed for Boogie Nights (1997). The director also wanted to cast Billy Connolly and Kenneth Branagh in the film, with Branagh playing FBI Agent Paul Smecker.[14] Duffy also expressed interest in casting Brendan Fraser, Nicky Katt, and Ewan McGregor, with two of them as the brothers, but no decisions were finalized. The director later sought Patrick Swayze to play Smecker, but Miramax preferred Sylvester Stallone (with whom the studio had an existing relationship), Bill Murray, or Mike Myers.[15] Kevin Spacey and Robert De Niro were also considered for the role of Smecker. Before pre-production work was supposed to begin in Boston in December 1997, Miramax pulled out of the project. Producer Lloyd Segan said that the project had stalled because of casting and location problems.[16] While Duffy was able to keep the writer's fee of $300,000, the studio required the reimbursement of the $150,000 director's fee and the $700,000 advance to develop the project.The independent studio Franchise Pictures sought to finance the project once other elements were in place. Duffy approached Sean Patrick Flanery and Norman Reedus to play the brothers, and Willem Dafoe to play the FBI agent.[15] Having found someone to back the film, filming began in Toronto, with the final scenes being filmed in Boston.[4] The name of Duffy's band, The Brood, was changed to The Boondock Saints, following the movie's release. The film featured two songs from the band: \"Holy Fool\",[17] which played during Rocco's tavern shootout, and \"Pipes\", which played during the credits.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"very limited theatrical release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_theatrical_release"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MF-18"},{"link_name":"Blockbuster Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_LLC"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MF-18"},{"link_name":"audio commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_commentary"},{"link_name":"Columbine High School massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MF-18"},{"link_name":"direct-to-video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video"},{"link_name":"word-of-mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word-of-mouth"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RE-9"}],"text":"The Boondock Saints had a very limited theatrical release through Indican Pictures showing the film in 2000 on only five screens in the United States for several weeks. However, the original unrated version of the film was later re-released in theaters on May 22, 2006.[18] Duffy later funded screenings of the film with help from Blockbuster Video. \"Indican Pictures and Blockbuster saved us [...] They agreed to take it on exclusively, and from there the rest is history.\"[18] According to Troy Duffy on his audio commentary of the film on DVD, the film's distributor allowed the limited screening in the United States because of the then-recent Columbine High School massacre and the pending Blockbuster exclusive.[19] The film was shown on major foreign screens (most notably in Japan) with success.[18] Blockbuster released The Boondock Saints as a \"Blockbuster Exclusive\", a collection of independent direct-to-video films. The Boondock Saints gained a following mostly due to word-of-mouth publicity and was a bestseller when released on DVD. Despite its success, Duffy and Indican Pictures never saw any of the profits from DVD distribution, having signed away the DVD rights to 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment as part of the settlement with Franchise Pictures.[9] According to Duffy, neither he, his producers, nor his principal cast got paid. He sued Franchise Pictures and other undisclosed companies for royalties of the first film and rights to the sequel. After a lengthy lawsuit, Troy Duffy, his producers, and the principal cast received an undisclosed amount of The Boondock Saints royalties, as well as the sequel rights.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"anamorphic widescreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen"},{"link_name":"Japanese media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Universal Media Disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amazon-21"},{"link_name":"deleted scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deleted_scene"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amazon-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-22"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The Boondock Saints has been released numerous times on DVD, including an import on March 13, 2001, and an uncut Japanese release published by Toshiba Entertainment, whose special features include anamorphic widescreen, audio commentary, trailers, and interviews with the Japanese media.[20] On May 23, 2006, The Boondock Saints Collector's Edition was published and released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on DVD, as well as Universal Media Disc for the PlayStation Portable.[21] The special features include English and Spanish subtitles, commentary by Billy Connolly and Troy Duffy, deleted scenes, and outtakes. It also featured the film's trailer, cast and crew filmographies, and a printable script of the film.[21] 20th Century Fox and Duffy showed an interest in doing a new audio commentary for the special release, but he was unable to because of unresolved legal issues.[22]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Reservoir Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koehler-26"},{"link_name":"Jeff Danna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Danna"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koehler-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 27% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's consensus calls the film, \"A juvenile, ugly movie that represents the worst tendencies of directors channeling Tarantino.\"[23] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 44 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[24]Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club described the film, in his review of the DVD, as \"less a proper action-thriller\" than \"a series of gratuitously violent setpieces strung together with only the sketchiest semblance of a plot\". Rabin went on to describe the film as \"all style and no substance, a film so gleeful in its endorsement of vigilante justice that it almost veers (or ascends) into self-parody.\"[25] Robert Koehler of Variety wrote in his review: \"A belated entry in the hipster crime movie movement that began with Reservoir Dogs, Troy Duffy's Boondock Saints mixes blood and Catholic-tinged vigilante justice in excessive portions for sometimes wacky and always brutal effect. [The film is] more interested in finding fresh ways to stage execution scenes than in finding meaning behind the human urge for self-appointed righting of wrongs.\"[26]Koehler also described Flanery and Reedus as \"curiously stolid and blank\", while praising supporting actors Connolly, Dafoe, and Rota for making the most of their screen time. Koehler also praised the tech personnel: \"This uneven exercise in pacing and cutting is abetted by an eclectic score by Jeff Danna and whiz lensing by Adam Kane. Other tech credits fire bull's-eyes.\"[26]Film critics have taken note of the film's extreme violence and \"slow-motion bloodletting\".[27]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytwww-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytwww-28"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"In its original run, the film only earned $30,471 at five theaters.[28] It later developed a cult following and has grossed about $50 million in domestic video sales.[28]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Overnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overnight_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Miramax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The documentary film Overnight was released in 2003, following the story of Troy Duffy during his negotiations with Miramax over The Boondock Saints script, as well as his band's struggles to secure a recording contract. Duffy's abrasive behavior strained his relationships with friends and people in the film industry and ultimately led to Miramax pulling out of the project, leaving the film to be made by another studio at half the originally proposed budget.[29][30]","title":"Documentary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_trailer-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Thunder Road Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Road_Films"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"After numerous delays, Troy Duffy shot a sequel, The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day, in which the MacManus twins return to Boston in order to continue their reign of vengeance. It was released October 30, 2009.In an October 27, 2009, article, director Duffy and actor Connolly mention details regarding a possible third film. They maintained that \"it is slowly in the works and is still just an idea\". Duffy insists that he wants to get a few more of his films done before returning to the Boondock Saints. Duffy also added that the proposed working title for the third film would be called \"Boondock Saints III: Saints Preserve Us\".[31]Again, on February 26, 2013, Duffy stated that he was getting together with Reedus and Flanery to resume talks about The Boondock Saints 3, in hopes that they could make the film a reality for fans.As of July 2013, Duffy has confirmed in an interview that he is working on the script for the third film, and possibly a TV series, later named as The Boondock Saints: Origins.[32]On September 3, 2014, the third film, subtitled Legion, was revealed to be in pre-production.[33]In 2017, Flanery tweeted that he and Reedus had walked away from The Boondock Saints 3. While he did not elaborate on much, he suggested that the \"unethical\" production of the project caused their departure.[34][35][36]In November 2021, a third Boondock Saints film was officially announced, with Reedus and Flanery reprising their roles as Connor and Murphy MacManus and Duffy returning to direct. Production was slated to begin in May 2022.[37] In March 2024, Thunder Road Films, Dragonfly Films and Impossible Dream Entertainment announced a \"reimagining\" of the franchise, with Reedus and Flanery reprising their roles and serving as executive producers, although Duffy would not return as director.[38]","title":"Sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"A two-part comic-book story, serving as a companion to the movie sequel, was released in May 2010. The series is written by Troy Duffy, produced by Innfusion Inc., and released through 12 Gauge Comics.[39] The book focuses on a more in-depth version of Il Duce's back story, as well as telling the story of the brothers during a hit they performed that is not featured in the film. It was paired with a minibook that was featured on the official Boondock Saints website that told a ministory that takes place before the strip-club scene from the first film. These will eventually be released in one single graphic novel. The Boondock Saints: In Nomine Patris was written with J.B. Love and published in November 2011.[40]","title":"Comic book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"side scroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game"},{"link_name":"Broforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broforce"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"A video game was supposed to be made based on the film, but was later cancelled.[41] The characters of Connor and Murphy would feature in the side scroller Broforce, which released in 2015.[42]","title":"Video game"}]
[{"image_text":"Norman Reedus (left), Troy Duffy (center), and Sean Patrick Flanery (right) at Drexel University in Philadelphia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Troy_Duffy%2C_Sean_Patrick_Flanery%2C_Norman_Reedus%2C_Boondock_Saints_2.jpg/220px-Troy_Duffy%2C_Sean_Patrick_Flanery%2C_Norman_Reedus%2C_Boondock_Saints_2.jpg"}]
null
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Hope this clarifies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827165646/https://twitter.com/seanflanery/status/861044771695067137","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Cotter, Padraig (May 24, 2019). \"The Boondock Saints 3 Updates: Will The Sequel Happen?\". screenrant.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/boondock-saints-3-movie-updates-story-release/","url_text":"\"The Boondock Saints 3 Updates: Will The Sequel Happen?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200319024109/https://screenrant.com/boondock-saints-3-movie-updates-story-release/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leeman, Zachary (May 22, 2017). \"'Boondock Saints' Stars Left the Franchise\". LifeZette. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. 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Retrieved March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/the-boondock-saints-norman-reedus-sean-patrick-flanery-return-thunder-road-dragonfly-films-reinvention-1235864646/","url_text":"\"'The Boondock Saints' Are Back; Norman Reedus, Sean Patrick Flanery Return As Boston Vigilantes As Thunder Road & Dragonfly Films Take Reins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Title : Home\". 12 Gauge Comics. Archived from the original on March 3, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100303182713/http://www.12gaugecomics.com/title/index/id/19","url_text":"\"Title : Home\""},{"url":"http://www.12gaugecomics.com/title/index/id/19","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Esposito, Joey (November 15, 2011). \"Boondock Saints Graphic Novel Exclusive Look\". IGN. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.ign.com/articles/2011/11/15/boondock-saints-graphic-novel-exclusive-look","url_text":"\"Boondock Saints Graphic Novel Exclusive Look\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730025551/https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/11/15/boondock-saints-graphic-novel-exclusive-look","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rougeau, Michael (March 11, 2012). \"\"The Boondock Saints Video Game\" Is Official\". Complex. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905180407/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2012/03/the-boondock-saints-video-game-is-official","url_text":"\"\"The Boondock Saints Video Game\" Is Official\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_Networks","url_text":"Complex"},{"url":"https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2012/03/the-boondock-saints-video-game-is-official","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_It!_2002
Microsoft Picture It!
["1 Versions","2 Editions","3 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Microsoft Picture It!" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Microsoft Picture It!Developer(s)MicrosoftStable release9 (9.0.912.0) Operating systemMicrosoft WindowsTypeGraphics softwareLicenseProprietary Microsoft Picture It! is a discontinued photo editing application created by Microsoft. Microsoft acquired the intellectual property rights and full U.S. trade registration from RomTech, later renamed eGames, and released Version 1.0 of the application in September 1996. Borrowing from the wizard user interface concepts of Microsoft Publisher, Picture It! was geared to make digital imaging easy for consumers. It was the first consumer imaging program to enable sprite creation, leveraging alpha masking (a concept published by Alvy Ray Smith, founder of Pixar, in 1978) while running on an 8 MB RAM Pentium computer. Microsoft purchased Altamira Software, the company owned by Alvy Ray Smith, in 1994 and made Smith a Microsoft employee. The Picture It! file format used the extension .MIX (Microsoft Image Extension). The .MIX extension was also used by Microsoft PhotoDraw although its format was incompatible with Picture It!. In 2001, Microsoft merged its Home Publishing product with Picture It! to create Picture It! Publishing. In 2003, Picture It! was significantly changed, expanded with more advanced editing features and rebranded as Microsoft Digital Image with the home publishing features removed and a focus exclusively on photo editing. Digital Image was also eventually discontinued in 2006 after the release of Windows Vista. Picture It! shipped in a number of editions and versions: Versions Picture It! 1.0 (1996) Picture It! 2.0 and Picture It! 2.0 Express (part of Microsoft Plus! 98) (1997) Picture It! 99 (3.0) (1998) - 2 disc set Picture It! 2000 (4.0) (1999) - 2 disc set Picture It! 2001 (5.0) - the last version to support Windows 95. (2000) - 7 disc set for Picture It! Publishing Platinum 2001 (with the merger of Picture It! and Microsoft Home Publishing) Picture It! 2002 (6.0) (2001) - 5 disc set for Publishing Platinum 2002 Picture It! 7.0 and Digital Image Pro 7.0 (2003) - 2 disc set Picture It! Premium 9, Digital Image Pro 9 and Digital Image Suite 9 (2004) - 2 disc set Picture It! Premium 10, Digital Image Pro 10 and Digital Image Suite 10 (2005) - 2 disc set Digital Image 2006 and Digital Image 2006 Anniversary Edition (2006) - 2 disc set Editions Picture It! Express - Scaled down edition of Picture It! Picture It! Photo and Photo Premium - Picture It! editions with only photo editing features Picture It! Publishing (Gold, Silver and Platinum editions) - Picture It! editions with photo editing as well as home publishing features Picture It! Print Studio and, Photo & Print Studio (UK editions of Picture It! Publishing) Picture It! Library - An image organizing application since version 9 Suite edition, which later became Digital Image Library and eventually some features went into Windows Live Photo Gallery Microsoft Greetings Workshop, later Microsoft Greetings (a scaled-down Picture It!-based application with only greeting card templates) - single CD References ^ Microsoft Press release announcing Picture It! 99 ^ Microsoft Press release announcing Picture It! 2000 ^ Microsoft Press release announcing Digital Image Suite 9
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Mac%C3%ADas
Daniela Macías
["1 Career","2 Achievements","2.1 Pan Am Championships","2.2 South American Games","2.3 BWF International Challenge/Series (27 titles, 24 runners-up)","3 References","4 External links"]
Peruvian badminton player Badminton playerDaniela MacíasPersonal informationBirth nameDaniela Macías BrandesCountryPeruBorn (1997-10-09) 9 October 1997 (age 26)Lima, PeruResidenceLima, PeruHeight1.69 m (5 ft 7 in)Weight57 kg (126 lb)Years active2010HandednessRightWomen's singles & doublesHighest ranking72 (WS 8 March 2018)41 (WD 19 October 2017)75 (XD 16 July 2015) Medal record Women's badminton Representing  Peru Pan Am Championships 2017 Havana Women's doubles 2013 Santo Domingo Women's doubles 2016 Campinas Women's singles 2016 Campinas Women's doubles 2016 Campinas Mixed team Pan Am Women's Team Championships 2018 Tacarigua Women's team South American Games 2018 Cochabamba Women's doubles 2018 Cochabamba Women's singles 2018 Cochabamba Mixed team BWF profile Daniela Macías Brandes (Spanish pronunciation: ; born 9 October 1997) is a Peruvian badminton player., Tokyo 2020 Olympian... Career In 2013, she won the bronze medal at the Pan Am Championships in the women's doubles partnering with Dánica Nishimura, then in 2016, she won the bronze medals in the women's singles, doubles and mixed team event. In 2013, she also won two gold medals at the XVII Bolivarian Games in the women's singles and in the mixed team event, and a bronze medal in the women's doubles partnering with Camila García. Then, in 2017, she won three gold medals at the XVIII Bolivarian Games in the women's singles, in the women's doubles partnering with Dánica Nishimura and in the mixed doubles with Mario Cuba. She also won a silver medal in the mixed team event. Daniela is 36 times Peruvian national champion. She won 1 silver medal and 4 bronze medals in Pan Am Championships as well as 2 gold, 1 silver and 8 bronze medals in Junior Pan Am Championships. She is also 10 times South American Singles Champion and 10 times in the women doubles and mixed events. . In 2014, she competed at the Nanjing Youth Olympic Games. Daniela qualified and competed in the Women Singles event in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. . Achievements Pan Am Championships Women's singles Year Venue Opponent Score Result 2016 Clube Fonte São Paulo, Campinas, Brazil Stéphanie Pakenham 18–21, 17–21 Bronze Women's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2013 Palacio de los Deportes Virgilio Travieso Soto,Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Dánica Nishimura Alex Bruce Phyllis Chan 5–21, 15–21 Bronze 2016 Clube Fonte São Paulo,Campinas, Brazil Dánica Nishimura Michelle Tong Josephine Wu 17–21, 19–21 Bronze 2017 Sports City Coliseum,Havana, Cuba Dánica Nishimura Michelle Tong Josephine Wu 11–21, 12–21 Silver South American Games Women's singles Year Venue Opponent Score Result 2018 Evo Morales Coliseum, Cochabamba, Bolivia Fabiana Silva 13–21, 20–22 Silver Women's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2018 Evo Morales Coliseum,Cochabamba, Bolivia Dánica Nishimura Fabiana Silva Luana Vicente 22–20, 21–10 Gold BWF International Challenge/Series (27 titles, 24 runners-up) Women's singles Year Tournament Opponent Score Result 2013 Giraldilla International Camilla García 15–21, 21–18, 12–21 Runner-up 2013 Guatemala International Berónica Vibieca 17–21, 15–21 Runner-up 2014 Colombia International Telma Santos 5–11, 6–11, 3–11 Runner-up 2014 Suriname International Dánica Nishimura 21–16, 21–12 Winner 2016 Giraldilla International Elisabeth Baldauf 11–21, 14–21 Runner-up 2017 Peru International Series Daniela Zapata 21–12, 21–7 Winner 2017 Yonex / K&D Graphics International Jamie Hsu 14–21, 12–21 Runner-up 2017 Carebaco International Jamie Subandhi 22–20, 23–25, 9–21 Runner-up 2017 Guatemala International Tahimara Oropeza 21–16, 22–20 Winner 2018 Jamaica International Jamie Hsu 20–22, 8–21 Runner-up 2018 Peru Future Series Fabiana Silva 21–14, 16–21, 21–17 Winner 2018 Suriname International Lianne Tan 10–21, 6–21 Runner-up 2018 El Salvador International Fabiana Silva 21–16, 21–14 Winner 2019 Giraldilla International Jordan Hart 17–21, 16–21 Runner-up 2019 Benin International Thet Htar Thuzar 21–17, 18–21, 14–21 Runner-up 2019 El Salvador International Haramara Gaitan 21–16, 14–21, 21–14 Winner 2020 Peru Future Series Momoka Kimura 14–21, 19–21 Runner-up Women's doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2011 Colombia International Dánica Nishimura Daneysha Santana Luz María Zornoza 12–21, 12–21 Runner-up 2012 Giraldilla International Luz María Zornoza Mislenis Chaviano Maria L. Hernández 16–21, 21–19, 21–14 Winner 2012 Brazil International Camilla García Nicole Grether Charmaine Reid 6–21, 15–21 Runner-up 2013 Giraldilla International Luz María Zornoza Camilla García Dánica Nishimura 21–17, 18–21, 20–22 Runner-up 2013 Argentina International Luz María Zornoza Paula B Pereira Lohaynny Vicente 11–21, 11–21 Runner-up 2014 Colombia International Dánica Nishimura Katherine Winder Luz María Zornoza 6–11, 10–11, 6–11 Runner-up 2014 Suriname International Dánica Nishimura Katherine Winder Luz María Zornoza 13–21, 14–21 Runner-up 2014 Santo Domingo Open Dánica Nishimura Berónica Vibieca Daigenis Saturria 14–21, 21–18, 21–16 Winner 2015 Brazil International Dánica Nishimura Lohaynny Vicente Luana Vicente 9–21, 11–21 Runner-up 2016 Giraldilla International Luz María Zornoza Yuvisleydis Ramirez Chapman Adaivis Robinson Garcia 21–3, 21–6 Winner 2017 Peru International Series Dánica Nishimura Inés Castillo Paula la Torre Regal 21–12, 21–10 Winner 2017 Peru International Dánica Nishimura Jaqueline Lima Sâmia Lima 21–19, 22–20 Winner 2017 Yonex / K&D Graphics International Dánica Nishimura Annie Xu Kerry Xu 11–21, 12–21 Runner-up 2017 Carebaco International Dánica Nishimura Nairoby Abigail Jiménez Licelott Sánchez 21–19, 21–12 Winner 2017 Internacional Mexicano Dánica Nishimura Ariel Lee Sydney Lee 21–6, 21–6 Winner 2017 Guatemala International Dánica Nishimura Noemi Almonte Bermary Polanco 21–12, 21–6 Winner 2018 Peru Future Series Dánica Nishimura Inés Castillo Paula la Torre Regal 21–16, 21–10 Winner 2018 Peru International Dánica Nishimura Inés Castillo Paula la Torre Regal 21–11, 21–10 Winner 2018 International Mexicano Dánica Nishimura Lohaynny Vicente Luana Vicente 25–23, 16–21, 11–21 Runner-up 2018 Suriname International Dánica Nishimura Diana Corleto Nikté Sotomayor 21–10, 21–12 Winner 2018 El Salvador International Dánica Nishimura Diana Corleto Nikté Sotomayor 21–18, 21–14 Winner 2019 Giraldilla International Dánica Nishimura Inés Castillo Paula la Torre Regal 21–9, 21–11 Winner 2019 Peru Future Series Dánica Nishimura Diana Corleto Nikté Sotomayor 17–21, 21–5, 21–14 Winner 2019 Benin International Dánica Nishimura Doha Hany Hadia Hosny 21–19, 18–21, 21–12 Winner 2019 Guatemala International Dánica Nishimura Jaqueline Lima Sâmia Lima 19–21, 13–21 Runner-up 2019 Bahrain International Dánica Nishimura Suthinee Dansoonthornwong Kanyanat Sudchoeichom 18–21, 21–16, 21–17 Winner 2019 Algeria International Dánica Nishimura Doha Hany Hadia Hosny 21–13, 21–10 Winner 2019 Suriname International Dánica Nishimura Monyata Riviera Sabrina Scott 21–4, 21–7 Winner 2019 El Salvador International Dánica Nishimura Ana Lucía Albanés Michele Barrios 21–14, 21–8 Winner 2020 Uganda International Dánica Nishimura Meghana Jakkampudi Poorvisha S. Ram 17–21, 22–20, 14–21 Runner-up 2020 Jamaica International Dánica Nishimura Sayaka Hobara Rena Miyaura 3–21, 7–21 Runner-up 2020 Peru Future Series Dánica Nishimura Inés Castillo Paula la Torre Regal 21–19, 20–22, 21–19 Winner Mixed doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2015 Colombia International Daniel la Torre Regal Alex Yuwan Tjong Fabiana Silva 19–21, 21–19, 14–21 Runner-up 2019 Giraldilla International Mario Cuba José Guevara Inés Castillo 21–12, 21–19 Winner   BWF International Challenge tournament   BWF International Series tournament   BWF Future Series tournament References ^ "Players: Daniela Macias". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ "Badminton-Athlete Profile: Macias Daniela". results.toronto2015.org. Toronto 2015 Pan Am. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ "Daniela Macias y Dánica Nishimura logran medalla de bronce en Panamericano de Bádminton". www.generaccion.com (in Spanish). Grupo Generaccion. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ "Perú gana medalla de bronce en Panamericano de Bádminton". www.andina.com.pe (in Spanish). Agencia Peruana de Noticias. Retrieved 11 October 2016. ^ "Juegos Bolivarianos: Daniela Macías gana medalla de oro en bádminton". rpp.pe (in Spanish). Radio Programas del Perú. Retrieved 23 March 2017. ^ "BOLIVARIANOS: TRES MEDALLAS DE ORO PARA EL BÁDMINTON EN EL OCTAVO DÍA". www.ipd.gob.pe. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. ^ "Clasifica a Nanjing". diariouno.pe (in Spanish). Diario Uno. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniela Macías. Daniela Macías at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com Daniela Macías at BWFbadminton.com Daniela Macías at Olympics.com Daniela Macías at Olympedia Daniela Macías at the Toronto 2015 Pan American Games (archived)
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Neilson
Julia Neilson
["1 Life and career","1.1 Early stage career","1.2 Later years","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
English actress (1868–1957) Julia NeilsonNielson in Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall, 1907Born(1868-06-12)12 June 1868St Pancras, London, EnglandDied27 May 1957(1957-05-27) (aged 88)Hampstead, London, EnglandOccupationActressSpouseFred TerryChildren2 Julia Emilie Neilson (12 June 1868 – 27 May 1957) was an English actress best known for her numerous performances as Lady Blakeney in The Scarlet Pimpernel, for her roles in many tragedies and historical romances, and for her portrayal of Rosalind in a long-running production of As You Like It. After establishing her reputation in a series of plays by W. S. Gilbert in 1888, Neilson joined the company of Herbert Beerbohm Tree, where she remained for five years, meeting her future husband, Fred Terry (brother to actresses Kate, Ellen, Marion and Florence Terry and great uncle of John Gielgud). With Terry, she played in London and on tour for nearly three decades. She was the mother of the actress Phyllis Neilson-Terry and actor Dennis Neilson-Terry. Life and career Neilson was born in London, the only child of Alexander Ritchie Neilson, a jeweller, and his wife, Emilie Davis, a member of a family of five Jewish sisters, many of whose offspring became actresses. Neilson's parents divorced shortly after her birth, and her father soon died, leaving her mother to struggle to support her child. Her mother much later married a solicitor, William Morris, the widower of the actress Florence Terry, elder sister of the actor Fred Terry, who had, by that time, married Neilson. Neilson was an indifferent student. At the age of twelve, she was sent to a boarding school in Wiesbaden, Germany, where she learned to speak French and German and began to study music, discovering that she excelled at this. She returned to England to enter the Royal Academy of Music in 1884, at the age of fifteen, to study piano. She soon discovered that she had a talent as a singer, winning the Llewellyn Thomas Gold Medal (1885), the Westmoreland Scholarship (1886) and the Sainton Dolby Prize (1886). While at the Academy, in 1887, she sang at the St James's Hall and also played roles in amateur theatre. Early stage career The Era Almanack, 1894 Neilson met the dramatist W. S. Gilbert, who cast her in her first professional stage appearance in March 1888. She played Cynisca in a charity matinée of his play, Pygmalion and Galatea, at the Lyceum Theatre, and later that year, in the same play, she was the lead character, Galatea, in a similar matinée at the Savoy Theatre. Gilbert suggested that the statuesque young woman concentrate her career on acting rather than singing, and he coached her on acting. Her next role was Lady Hilda in a revival of Gilbert's Broken Hearts. Gilbert wrote the lyrics to a short song for her to sing during Act I, and she proposed that a fellow student of hers at the Royal Academy, Edward German, should set it to music. She then played Selene in a revival of Gilbert's The Wicked World. In November 1888, she created the role of Ruth Redmayne in Rutland Barrington's production of Gilbert's Brantinghame Hall. These roles led to an invitation for Neilson to join Herbert Beerbohm Tree's company, in which she toured in Captain Swift, The Red Lamp and The Merry Wives of Windsor. She remained with Tree's company for five years at the Haymarket Theatre as a tragedienne, beginning with the role of Julie de Noirville in A Man's Shadow, which opened in September 1889. In 1891, Neilson married another actor in the company, Fred Terry, the brother of Gilbert's former protégée, Marion Terry (and the actresses Kate, Ellen and Florence Terry). Neilson and her husband appeared together in Sydney Grundy's translation of the French play A Village Priest and numerous other productions together with Tree's company, including Beau Austin, Hamlet, Peril and Gilbert's Comedy and Tragedy (1890). She also played Drusilla Ives in The Dancing Girl (1891) by Henry Arthur Jones, and Terry and Neilson's daughter Phyllis was born in 1892. Neilson was soon back on stage as Lady Isobel in Jones's The Tempter (1893), and created the role of Hester Worsley in Oscar Wilde's A Woman of No Importance (1893). A review of Neilson's performance in the play Ballad Monger in 1890 declared: Postcard photo, 1890s Miss Neilson's really wonderful singing took the curtain up on the very keynote of the beautiful and pathetic play. And to her singing no higher tribute can be paid. One of these days, we do not doubt, it will be possible to write in the same strain about her acting. In that there is splendid promise. And the promise will come the more near to performance when she is a trifle less conscious of her remarkable physical beauty, and of the fact that she has been to some extent rushed into her present position. In June 1894, Neilson and Terry appeared together in Shall We Forgive Her? by Frank Harvey at the Adelphi Theatre, with Neilson as Grace. The next year, she played Lady Chiltern in Wilde's comedy An Ideal Husband at the Haymarket under the management of Lewis Waller. She gave birth to her second child, Dennis, in October 1895. Two months later, the family travelled to America to perform with John Hare's company. There they played together in New York in The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith by Arthur Wing Pinero, with Neilson as Agnes. In 1896, they returned to England where, at the St James's Theatre, Neilson played Princess Flavia in The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope, remaining at that theatre for two years. There she played Rosalind in the extremely successful run of As You Like It (in which role she toured North America in 1895 and 1910). She played the title role in Pinero's The Princess and the Butterfly in 1897. Her husband appeared with her in The Tree of Knowledge and other plays from October 1897 until the summer of 1898; her roles included Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing. Next, they appeared in The Gipsy Earl. Again with Tree's company, now at Her Majesty's Theatre, Neilson was Constance in King John (1899) (and appeared in an early short silent movie recreating King John's death scene at the end of the play) and Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1900). They then toured in As You Like It. Neilson and Fred Terry in Henry of Navarre, 1909 Later years The couple entered into management together in 1900, producing and starring in Sweet Nell of Old Drury by Paul Kester. They would continue to produce plays together for the next 30 years, most notably, The Scarlet Pimpernel (1905 at the New Theatre), which they also starred in and, with J. M. Barstow, adapted for the stage from Baroness Orczy's manuscript. Despite scathing reviews from the critics, the play was a record-breaking hit and played for more than 2,000 performances, then enjoying numerous revivals. Neilson, c. 1920, by R. G. Eves Neilson's roles also included the title role in Kester's adaptation of Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall (1907). Neilson's and Terry's productions continued to favour historical romances or comedy melodramas, including Henry of Navarre by William Devereux (1909 at the New Theatre). Henry and Sweet Nell became their signature pieces during many tours of the British provinces and during their US tour in 1910. They also produced and starred with much success in For Sword or Song by Robert Legge and Louis Calvert (1903), Dorothy o' the Hall by Paul Kester and Charles Major (1906), The Popinjay by Boyle Lawrence and Frederick Mouillot (1911), Mistress Wilful by Ernest Hendrie (1915), The Borderer (1921), The Marlboroughs (1924), and The Wooing of Katherine Parr by William Devereux (1926). They also starred in A Wreath of a Hundred Roses (1922), which was a masque by Louis N. Parker at the Duke's Hall to celebrate the Royal Academy's centenary. In 1926, Neilson starred alongside Lawrence Grossmith in a revival of Henry of Navarre, which toured the provinces. She later starred in This Thing Called Love in 1929. Her son Dennis died of pneumonia in 1932, and her husband, Fred Terry, died in 1933. Neilson retired from the stage after a run as Josephine Popinot in the revival of the farce Vintage Wine by Seymour Hicks and Ashley Dukes at Daly's Theatre. In 1938, she was given a testimonial luncheon to mark her fiftieth anniversary as a performer. Neilson made a brief return to the stage in 1944 to play Lady Rutven in The Widow of 40 by Heron Carvic. She wrote a memoir entitled, This For Remembrance, which gives an account of her life in the theatre business. Her children with Terry, Phyllis and Dennis, were both actors. Her first cousin was the actress Hilda Hanbury, whose descendants became the Fox acting dynasty. Neilson died in a hospital in Hampstead, London, after a fall at her home, in 1957 at the age of 88. She was cremated at Golders Green, and she and her husband are both buried at Hampstead Cemetery in London. See also Terry family Neilson-Terry Guild of Dramatic Art Notes ^ a b c d e f g h Roy, Donald. "Neilson, Julia Emilie (1868–1957)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 7 January 2010 ^ Beerbohm Tree's New Play; The Tempter, The New York Times, 21 September 1893, p. 4 ^ Nelson, Alec (pseudonym of Edward Aveling). "Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling 1890", www.marxists.org, Eleanor Marx Archive, accessed 7 January 2009 ^ Fyfe, Hamilton. Arthur Wing Pinero, Playwright: a Study, 1902, p. 247 ^ "London Theatre Gossip", The New York Times, 1 July 1899, p. 7 ^ "Theatre Royal This Day – Miss Julia Neilson and Mr. Fred Terry", Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advisor, 28 November 1900, p. 1 ^ "Miss Julia Neilson at the Theatre Royal Tonight", Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advisor, 5 September 1905, p. 1 ^ "For Sword or Song", The New York Times, 22 January 1903, p. 9 ^ "Amusements and Exhibitions", Western Daily Press, 21 November 1924, p. 4 ^ "Amusements at the Theatre Royal", Nottingham Evening Post, 13 September 1926, p. 7 ^ "Amusements and Exhibitions", Western Daily Press, 21 November 1929, p. 6 ^ "Dennis Neilson-Terry Dead in South Africa", The New York Times, 15 July 1932, p. 15 ^ "By Cable and Courier", The New York Times, 20 May 1934, p. 11 ^ "Emilia Fox". Who Do You Think You Are?. Series 8. Episode 5. 7 September 2011. BBC One. ^ "Julia Neilson-Terry, 88; Well-Known Actress on Stage in Britain, 1888–1944, Dies", The New York Times, 28 May 1957, p. 32 References Neilson, Julia. This for remembrance (1940) Who was who in the theatre, 1912–1976, vol.3 (1978) Reid, E. and H. Compton, eds. The dramatic peerage Parker, J. ed., The green room book, or, Who's who on the stage (1909) Terry, Fred. "My wife and I", Strand Magazine, issue 49 (1915), pp. 635–42 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julia Neilson. Photos and link to biography of Neilson at the "Stage Beauty" website Profiles and portraits of Neilson and her daughter Postcards and photos of Neilson Information and photos of Terry and Neilson Brief biography of Neilson Lists some of Neilson's roles Julia Neilson at Find a Grave This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Italy United States Other SNAC vteHanbury & Neilson family treeThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John Albert Davis(c.1818–c.1885)Julia Keesing(c.1818–c.1895)Benjamin Terry(1817–1896)Sarah Ballard(1819–1892) Matthew Hanbury(1841–1911)Elizabeth Davis(1845–1916)Jane Davis(1852–1920)Charles Kerin(1847–1886)Alexander Neilson(1840–1889)Emilie Davis(1848–1941)William Morris(1856–19??)Florence Terry(1856–1896) Josephine Davis(1850–1898)Abraham Jamieson(1844–????)Louisa Davis(1856–1909)Solomon Jacobson(1844–19??) Abraham Guedalla(1874–1940)Lily Hanbury(1873–1908)Hilda Louise Alcock(1875–1961)Arthur William Fox(1870–1956)Julia Neilson(1868–1957)Fred Terry(1863–1933) Florence Jamieson(1880–19??)Nora Kerin(1881–1970)Eileen Kerin(1885–1933)Hilda Jacobson(1882–1954) Angela Worthington(1912–1999)Robin Fox(1913–1971)Cecil King-Ogden(c.1893-19??)Phyllis Neilson-Terry (1892–1977)Heron Carvic(1911–1980)Dennis Neilson-Terry(1895–1932)Mary Glynne(1895–1954) Edward Fox(born 1937)James Fox(born 1939)Robert Fox(born 1952)Geoffrey Keen(1916–2005)Hazel Terry (1918–1974) Notes: ^ The family members who were actors, or associated with the theatre, are highlighted in amber Family tree of the Hanbury and Neilson families vteTerry family tree Benjamin Terry(1817–96)Sarah Ballard(1819–92) Kate Terry(1844–1924)Arthur Lewis(1824–1901)George Terry(1852–1928)Marion Terry(1853–1930)Charles Terry(1857–1933)Margaret Pratt(1862–1941)Fred Terry(1863–1933)Julia Neilson(1868–1957) Dame Ellen Terry(1847–1928)Edward Godwin (1833–86)William Morris(1856–19??)Florence Terry(1856–96) Frank Gielgud(1860–1949)Kate Terry-Lewis(1868–1958)Mabel Terry-Lewis (1872–1957)Edmund Gwenn(1877–1959)Minnie Terry(1882–1964)Horace Terry(1887–1957)Beatrice Terry(1890–1970)Phyllis Neilson-Terry (1892–1977) Edith Craig (1869–1947)Helen Gibson(1872–1949)Gordon Craig(1872–1966)Elena Meo(1879–1957)Jack Morris(1887–19??)Olive Terry(1884–1969)Sir Charles Hawtrey(1858–1923)Dennis Neilson-Terry(1895–1932)Mary Glynne(1895–1954) Val Gielgud (1900–81)Sir John Gielgud(1904–2000)Rosemary Gordon Craig(1894–19??)Robin Craig(1895–1992)Anthony Hawtrey(1909–54)Geoffrey Keen(1916–2005)Hazel Terry (1918–74) Lewis Gielgud(1894–1953)Zita Gordon(1911–2006)Eleanor Gielgud(1907–98)Edward Carrick(1905–98)Helen Godfrey(1899–1960) Maina Gielgud(born 1945)Helen Craig(born 1934)Jemma Hyde(born 1939) Notes: ^ The family members who were actors, or associated with the theatre, are highlighted in amber ^ a b c d e f Law, Jonathan (2013). The Methuen Drama Dictionary of the Theatre. A&C Black. ISBN 9781408145913. ^ "Charles Terry". Ancestry. Retrieved 21 February 2016. ^ Roy, Donald. "Neilson, Julia Emilie (1868–1957)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 7 January 2010 ^ a b c "Edward William Godwin". The Elmbridge Hundred. Retrieved 21 February 2016. Family tree of the Terry family
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"The Scarlet Pimpernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarlet_Pimpernel"},{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"W. S. Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Herbert Beerbohm Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Beerbohm_Tree"},{"link_name":"Fred Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Terry"},{"link_name":"Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Terry"},{"link_name":"Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Terry"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Terry"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Neilson-Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Neilson-Terry"},{"link_name":"Dennis Neilson-Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Neilson-Terry"}],"text":"Julia Emilie Neilson (12 June 1868 – 27 May 1957)[1] was an English actress best known for her numerous performances as Lady Blakeney in The Scarlet Pimpernel, for her roles in many tragedies and historical romances, and for her portrayal of Rosalind in a long-running production of As You Like It.After establishing her reputation in a series of plays by W. S. Gilbert in 1888, Neilson joined the company of Herbert Beerbohm Tree, where she remained for five years, meeting her future husband, Fred Terry (brother to actresses Kate, Ellen, Marion and Florence Terry and great uncle of John Gielgud). With Terry, she played in London and on tour for nearly three decades. She was the mother of the actress Phyllis Neilson-Terry and actor Dennis Neilson-Terry.","title":"Julia Neilson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Terry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"St James's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Hall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"}],"text":"Neilson was born in London, the only child of Alexander Ritchie Neilson, a jeweller, and his wife, Emilie Davis, a member of a family of five Jewish sisters, many of whose offspring became actresses. Neilson's parents divorced shortly after her birth, and her father soon died, leaving her mother to struggle to support her child. Her mother much later married a solicitor, William Morris, the widower of the actress Florence Terry, elder sister of the actor Fred Terry, who had, by that time, married Neilson.[1]Neilson was an indifferent student. At the age of twelve, she was sent to a boarding school in Wiesbaden, Germany, where she learned to speak French and German and began to study music, discovering that she excelled at this. She returned to England to enter the Royal Academy of Music in 1884, at the age of fifteen, to study piano. She soon discovered that she had a talent as a singer, winning the Llewellyn Thomas Gold Medal (1885), the Westmoreland Scholarship (1886) and the Sainton Dolby Prize (1886). While at the Academy, in 1887, she sang at the St James's Hall and also played roles in amateur theatre.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miss_Julia_Neilson_1894.jpg"},{"link_name":"W. S. Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Pygmalion and Galatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_and_Galatea_(play)"},{"link_name":"Lyceum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"Savoy Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Broken Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Edward German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_German"},{"link_name":"The Wicked World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wicked_World"},{"link_name":"Rutland Barrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland_Barrington"},{"link_name":"Brantinghame Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantinghame_Hall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Herbert Beerbohm Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Beerbohm_Tree"},{"link_name":"The Merry Wives of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Haymarket Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fred Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Terry"},{"link_name":"Marion Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Terry"},{"link_name":"Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Terry"},{"link_name":"Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Terry"},{"link_name":"Sydney Grundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Grundy"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Henry Arthur Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Jones"},{"link_name":"Phyllis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Neilson-Terry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"A Woman of No Importance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Woman_of_No_Importance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julia_Neilson_w_book.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adelphi Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre"},{"link_name":"An Ideal Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband"},{"link_name":"Lewis Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Waller"},{"link_name":"John Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hare_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wing Pinero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wing_Pinero"},{"link_name":"St James's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"The Prisoner of Zenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Zenda"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hope"},{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"The Princess and the Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Much Ado About Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing"},{"link_name":"Her Majesty's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neilson-Terry-Henry-of-Navarre-1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fred Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Terry"}],"sub_title":"Early stage career","text":"The Era Almanack, 1894Neilson met the dramatist W. S. Gilbert, who cast her in her first professional stage appearance in March 1888. She played Cynisca in a charity matinée of his play, Pygmalion and Galatea, at the Lyceum Theatre, and later that year, in the same play, she was the lead character, Galatea, in a similar matinée at the Savoy Theatre. Gilbert suggested that the statuesque young woman concentrate her career on acting rather than singing, and he coached her on acting. Her next role was Lady Hilda in a revival of Gilbert's Broken Hearts. Gilbert wrote the lyrics to a short song for her to sing during Act I, and she proposed that a fellow student of hers at the Royal Academy, Edward German, should set it to music. She then played Selene in a revival of Gilbert's The Wicked World. In November 1888, she created the role of Ruth Redmayne in Rutland Barrington's production of Gilbert's Brantinghame Hall.[1]These roles led to an invitation for Neilson to join Herbert Beerbohm Tree's company, in which she toured in Captain Swift, The Red Lamp and The Merry Wives of Windsor. She remained with Tree's company for five years at the Haymarket Theatre as a tragedienne, beginning with the role of Julie de Noirville in A Man's Shadow, which opened in September 1889.[citation needed]In 1891, Neilson married another actor in the company, Fred Terry, the brother of Gilbert's former protégée, Marion Terry (and the actresses Kate, Ellen and Florence Terry). Neilson and her husband appeared together in Sydney Grundy's translation of the French play A Village Priest and numerous other productions together with Tree's company, including Beau Austin, Hamlet, Peril and Gilbert's Comedy and Tragedy (1890). She also played Drusilla Ives in The Dancing Girl (1891) by Henry Arthur Jones, and Terry and Neilson's daughter Phyllis was born in 1892. Neilson was soon back on stage as Lady Isobel in Jones's The Tempter (1893),[2] and created the role of Hester Worsley in Oscar Wilde's A Woman of No Importance (1893).[1]A review of Neilson's performance in the play Ballad Monger in 1890 declared:Postcard photo, 1890sMiss Neilson's really wonderful singing took the curtain up on the very keynote of the beautiful and pathetic play. And to her singing no higher tribute can be paid. One of these days, we do not doubt, it will be possible to write in the same strain about her acting. In that there is splendid promise. And the promise will come the more near to performance when she is a trifle less conscious of her remarkable physical beauty, and of the fact that she has been to some extent rushed into her present position.[3]In June 1894, Neilson and Terry appeared together in Shall We Forgive Her? by Frank Harvey at the Adelphi Theatre, with Neilson as Grace. The next year, she played Lady Chiltern in Wilde's comedy An Ideal Husband at the Haymarket under the management of Lewis Waller. She gave birth to her second child, Dennis, in October 1895. Two months later, the family travelled to America to perform with John Hare's company. There they played together in New York in The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith by Arthur Wing Pinero, with Neilson as Agnes.In 1896, they returned to England where, at the St James's Theatre, Neilson played Princess Flavia in The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope, remaining at that theatre for two years. There she played Rosalind in the extremely successful run of As You Like It (in which role she toured North America in 1895 and 1910). She played the title role in Pinero's The Princess and the Butterfly in 1897.[4]Her husband appeared with her in The Tree of Knowledge and other plays from October 1897 until the summer of 1898; her roles included Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing. Next, they appeared in The Gipsy Earl. Again with Tree's company, now at Her Majesty's Theatre, Neilson was Constance in King John (1899) (and appeared in an early short silent movie recreating King John's death scene at the end of the play)[5] and Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1900). They then toured in As You Like It.[1]Neilson and Fred Terry in Henry of Navarre, 1909","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweet Nell of Old Drury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Nell_of_Old_Drury"},{"link_name":"Paul Kester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kester"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Scarlet Pimpernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarlet_Pimpernel"},{"link_name":"New Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Baroness Orczy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness_Orczy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julia_Neilson,_circa_1920.jpg"},{"link_name":"R. G. Eves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Grenville_Eves"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Vernon_of_Haddon_Hall"},{"link_name":"Louis Calvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Calvert"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charles Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Major_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"masque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masque"},{"link_name":"Louis N. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_N._Parker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Grossmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Grossmith"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Seymour Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hicks"},{"link_name":"Ashley Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Dukes"},{"link_name":"Daly's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daly%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Heron Carvic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Carvic"},{"link_name":"Phyllis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Neilson-Terry"},{"link_name":"Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Neilson-Terry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Hilda Hanbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Hanbury"},{"link_name":"Fox acting dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Fox_family"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Golders Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Later years","text":"The couple entered into management together in 1900, producing and starring in Sweet Nell of Old Drury by Paul Kester.[6] They would continue to produce plays together for the next 30 years, most notably, The Scarlet Pimpernel (1905 at the New Theatre), which they also starred in and, with J. M. Barstow, adapted for the stage from Baroness Orczy's manuscript.[7] Despite scathing reviews from the critics, the play was a record-breaking hit and played for more than 2,000 performances, then enjoying numerous revivals.Neilson, c. 1920, by R. G. EvesNeilson's roles also included the title role in Kester's adaptation of Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall (1907). Neilson's and Terry's productions continued to favour historical romances or comedy melodramas, including Henry of Navarre by William Devereux (1909 at the New Theatre). Henry and Sweet Nell became their signature pieces during many tours of the British provinces and during their US tour in 1910. They also produced and starred with much success in For Sword or Song by Robert Legge and Louis Calvert (1903),[8] Dorothy o' the Hall by Paul Kester and Charles Major (1906), The Popinjay by Boyle Lawrence and Frederick Mouillot (1911), Mistress Wilful by Ernest Hendrie (1915), The Borderer (1921), The Marlboroughs (1924),[9] and The Wooing of Katherine Parr by William Devereux (1926). They also starred in A Wreath of a Hundred Roses (1922), which was a masque by Louis N. Parker at the Duke's Hall to celebrate the Royal Academy's centenary.[1] In 1926, Neilson starred alongside Lawrence Grossmith in a revival of Henry of Navarre, which toured the provinces.[10] She later starred in This Thing Called Love in 1929.[11]Her son Dennis died of pneumonia in 1932,[12] and her husband, Fred Terry, died in 1933. Neilson retired from the stage after a run as Josephine Popinot in the revival of the farce Vintage Wine by Seymour Hicks and Ashley Dukes at Daly's Theatre.[13] In 1938, she was given a testimonial luncheon to mark her fiftieth anniversary as a performer. Neilson made a brief return to the stage in 1944 to play Lady Rutven in The Widow of 40 by Heron Carvic. She wrote a memoir entitled, This For Remembrance, which gives an account of her life in the theatre business. Her children with Terry, Phyllis and Dennis, were both actors.[1] Her first cousin was the actress Hilda Hanbury, whose descendants became the Fox acting dynasty.[14]Neilson died in a hospital in Hampstead, London, after a fall at her home, in 1957 at the age of 88. She was cremated at Golders Green, and she and her husband are both buried at Hampstead Cemetery in London.[15]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-7"},{"link_name":"\"Neilson, Julia Emilie (1868–1957)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35196"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling 1890\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marxists.org/archive/eleanor-marx/1890/theatre.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wing Pinero, Playwright: a Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/arthurwingpiner00fyfegoog/page/n261"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Who Do You Think You Are?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h Roy, Donald. \"Neilson, Julia Emilie (1868–1957)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 7 January 2010\n\n^ Beerbohm Tree's New Play; The Tempter, The New York Times, 21 September 1893, p. 4\n\n^ Nelson, Alec (pseudonym of Edward Aveling). \"Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling 1890\", www.marxists.org, Eleanor Marx Archive, accessed 7 January 2009\n\n^ Fyfe, Hamilton. Arthur Wing Pinero, Playwright: a Study, 1902, p. 247\n\n^ \"London Theatre Gossip\", The New York Times, 1 July 1899, p. 7\n\n^ \"Theatre Royal This Day – Miss Julia Neilson and Mr. Fred Terry\", Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advisor, 28 November 1900, p. 1\n\n^ \"Miss Julia Neilson at the Theatre Royal Tonight\", Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advisor, 5 September 1905, p. 1\n\n^ \"For Sword or Song\", The New York Times, 22 January 1903, p. 9\n\n^ \"Amusements and Exhibitions\", Western Daily Press, 21 November 1924, p. 4\n\n^ \"Amusements at the Theatre Royal\", Nottingham Evening Post, 13 September 1926, p. 7\n\n^ \"Amusements and Exhibitions\", Western Daily Press, 21 November 1929, p. 6\n\n^ \"Dennis Neilson-Terry Dead in South Africa\", The New York Times, 15 July 1932, p. 15\n\n^ \"By Cable and Courier\", The New York Times, 20 May 1934, p. 11\n\n^ \"Emilia Fox\". Who Do You Think You Are?. Series 8. Episode 5. 7 September 2011. BBC One.\n\n^ \"Julia Neilson-Terry, 88; Well-Known Actress on Stage in Britain, 1888–1944, Dies\", The New York Times, 28 May 1957, p. 32","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Era Almanack, 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Miss_Julia_Neilson_1894.jpg/170px-Miss_Julia_Neilson_1894.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postcard photo, 1890s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Julia_Neilson_w_book.jpg/220px-Julia_Neilson_w_book.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neilson and Fred Terry in Henry of Navarre, 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Neilson-Terry-Henry-of-Navarre-1909.jpg/170px-Neilson-Terry-Henry-of-Navarre-1909.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neilson, c. 1920, by R. G. Eves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Julia_Neilson%2C_circa_1920.jpg/170px-Julia_Neilson%2C_circa_1920.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Terry family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_family"},{"title":"Neilson-Terry Guild of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilson-Terry_Guild_of_Dramatic_Art"}]
[{"reference":"\"Emilia Fox\". Who Do You Think You Are?. Series 8. Episode 5. 7 September 2011. BBC One.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(British_TV_series)","url_text":"Who Do You Think You Are?"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman","url_text":"Gilman, D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Law, Jonathan (2013). The Methuen Drama Dictionary of the Theatre. A&C Black. ISBN 9781408145913.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oXMsAQAAQBAJ&q=Kate+Terry+1924&pg=PT1041","url_text":"The Methuen Drama Dictionary of the Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408145913","url_text":"9781408145913"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Terry\". Ancestry. Retrieved 21 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.co.uk/genealogy/records/charles-terry_2438702","url_text":"\"Charles Terry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edward William Godwin\". The Elmbridge Hundred. Retrieved 21 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.elmbridgehundred.org.uk/biographies/biography.asp?id=430","url_text":"\"Edward William Godwin\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35196","external_links_name":"\"Neilson, Julia Emilie (1868–1957)\""},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/eleanor-marx/1890/theatre.htm","external_links_name":"\"Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling 1890\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/arthurwingpiner00fyfegoog/page/n261","external_links_name":"Arthur Wing Pinero, Playwright: a Study"},{"Link":"http://www.stagebeauty.net/th-frames.html?http&&&www.stagebeauty.net/neilson/neilson-j.html","external_links_name":"Photos and link to biography of Neilson"},{"Link":"http://www.ram.ac.uk/museum/dh-portraits.htm","external_links_name":"Profiles and portraits of Neilson and her daughter"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060910172333/http://shakespeare.emory.edu/actordisplay.cfm?actorid=133","external_links_name":"Postcards and photos of Neilson"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215935/http://www.collectorspost.com/cgi-bin/ShopLoader.cgi?Actors%2Ffred_terry.html","external_links_name":"Information and photos of Terry and Neilson"},{"Link":"http://www.xs4all.nl/~androom/index.htm?biography/p008519.htm","external_links_name":"Brief biography of Neilson"},{"Link":"http://library.kent.ac.uk/library/special/icons/playbills/playdat1.htm","external_links_name":"Lists some of Neilson's roles"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/42471665","external_links_name":"Julia Neilson"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1837127/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000050890815","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22007500","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxMPTXmXV7TJhmw88Bfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149184204","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149184204","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV215512","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92029449","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n044rr","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oXMsAQAAQBAJ&q=Kate+Terry+1924&pg=PT1041","external_links_name":"The Methuen Drama Dictionary of the Theatre"},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.co.uk/genealogy/records/charles-terry_2438702","external_links_name":"\"Charles Terry\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35196","external_links_name":"\"Neilson, Julia Emilie (1868–1957)\","},{"Link":"http://people.elmbridgehundred.org.uk/biographies/biography.asp?id=430","external_links_name":"\"Edward William Godwin\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_Residential_Historic_District
Greenfield Residential Historic District
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 39°47′07″N 85°46′23″W / 39.78528°N 85.77306°W / 39.78528; -85.77306Historic district in Indiana, United States United States historic placeGreenfield Residential Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district West Main near the Riley Birthplace, August 2012Show map of IndianaShow map of the United StatesLocationRoughly bounded by Hendricks, South, and Wood Sts., and Boyd Ave., Greenfield, IndianaCoordinates39°47′07″N 85°46′23″W / 39.78528°N 85.77306°W / 39.78528; -85.77306Area187.12 acres (75.72 ha)Built1880 (1880)ArchitectFelt, John H.Architectural styleGreek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Neoclassical, Mission Revival, Bungalow/CraftsmanNRHP reference No.11000909Added to NRHPDecember 15, 2011 Greenfield Residential Historic District is a national historic district located at Greenfield, Hancock County, Indiana. The district encompasses 523 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 15 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Greenfield. It developed between about 1880 and 1947, and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Neoclassical, Mission Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Charles Barr House and James Whitcomb Riley House. Other notable buildings are St. Michael's Catholic Church (1898), Shiloh Primitive Baptist Church (c. 1900), Chair Factory (c. 1880), Friends Meeting House (c. 1890), and two Lustron houses (c. 1947). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. References ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 12/12/11 through 12/16/11. National Park Service. December 23, 2011. ^ "Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)" (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved April 1, 2016. Note: This includes Candace S. Hudziak (March 2011). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Greenfield Residential Historic District" (PDF). Retrieved April 1, 2016. and Accompanying photographs. vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in IndianaTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Adams Allen Bartholomew Benton Blackford Boone Brown Carroll Cass Clark Clay Clinton Crawford Daviess Dearborn Decatur DeKalb Delaware Dubois Elkhart Fayette Floyd Fountain Franklin Fulton Gibson Grant Greene Hamilton Hancock Harrison Hendricks Henry Howard Huntington Jackson Jasper Jay Jefferson Jennings Johnson Knox Kosciusko LaGrange Lake LaPorte Lawrence Madison Marion: Center Township Marion: Other Marshall Martin Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Newton Noble Ohio Orange Owen Parke Perry Pike Porter Posey Pulaski Putnam Randolph Ripley Rush St. Joseph Scott Shelby Spencer Starke Steuben Sullivan Switzerland Tippecanoe Tipton Union Vanderburgh Vermillion Vigo Wabash Warren Warrick Washington Wayne Wells White Whitley Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property This article about a property in Hancock County, Indiana on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_district_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Hancock County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Italianate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianate_architecture"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture"},{"link_name":"Colonial Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mission Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Bungalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalow"},{"link_name":"American Craftsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Craftsman"},{"link_name":"Charles Barr House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barr_House"},{"link_name":"James Whitcomb Riley House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Birthplace_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Lustron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHAARD-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-1"}],"text":"Historic district in Indiana, United StatesUnited States historic placeGreenfield Residential Historic District is a national historic district located at Greenfield, Hancock County, Indiana. The district encompasses 523 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 15 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Greenfield. It developed between about 1880 and 1947, and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Neoclassical, Mission Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Charles Barr House and James Whitcomb Riley House. Other notable buildings are St. Michael's Catholic Church (1898), Shiloh Primitive Baptist Church (c. 1900), Chair Factory (c. 1880), Friends Meeting House (c. 1890), and two Lustron houses (c. 1947).[2]It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.[1]","title":"Greenfield Residential Historic District"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 12/12/11 through 12/16/11. National Park Service. December 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20111223.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)\" (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved April 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/welcome.html","url_text":"\"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)\""}]},{"reference":"Candace S. Hudziak (March 2011). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Greenfield Residential Historic District\" (PDF). Retrieved April 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/25dab/N/Greenfield_Residential_HD,_Hancock_Co.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Greenfield Residential Historic District\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulottunga_I
Kulottunga I
["1 Birth and early life","2 Accession","2.1 Sakkarakottam","3 Conflict on Southern India","3.1 Western Chalukya conflicts","3.2 Pandya campaign","4 Conflict in Eastern India","4.1 Vengi","4.2 Kalinga wars","5 Revolt in Sri Lanka","6 Overseas trade","7 Extent of the empire","8 Administration","9 Family and personal life","9.1 Royal House","10 Religious attitude","11 Art and architecture","12 Inscriptions","13 References","14 Bibliography"]
Chola Emperor from 1070 to 1122 Kulottunga IRajakesarivarman, Chakravarti, Rajanarayana, Tribhuvana Chakravarti, Konerinmaikondaan, Sungam Thavirtha Cholan, Jayadhara, VirudarajabhayankaraSculpture of Kulottunga I at Nataraja Temple.Chola EmperorReignc. June 1070 – c. 1122PredecessorAthirajendraSuccessorVikramaEastern Chalukya EmperorReignc. 1061 – c. 1118PredecessorRajaraja NarendraSuccessorVikramaditya VIKing of KadaramReignc. 1070 – c. 1090PredecessorAthirajendraSuccessorPosition abolished (Tribhuwanaraja as King of Melayu)King of AnuradhapuraKing of DakkinadesaKing of RuhunaReignc. 1070 (few months)PredecessorAthirajendraSuccessorVijayabahu IBornRajendra Chalukya1025Chelluru, Vengi, Chola Empire ( modern day Rayavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India)Died1122(1122-00-00) (aged 96–97)Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Chola Empire (modern day Jayankondam, Tamil Nadu, India)QueenDinaChintamaniMadurantakiThyagavalli Elisai Vallabhi SolakulavalliyārIssue Rajaraja Chodaganga Vira Chola Vikrama Chola Suttamalli Ammangai Alvar Regnal nameKō Rājakēsarivarman alias Chakravarti Kulōttunga ChōladevaDynastyChola (mother's side) Eastern Chalukya (father's side)FatherRajaraja NarendraMotherAmangai DeviReligionHinduismSignature Kulottunga I (/kʊˈloʊtʊŋɡə/; Middle Tamil: Kulōttuṅka Cōḻaṉ; Classical Sanskrit: Kulottuṅgā Cōḷa; 1025–1122) also spelt Kulothunga (lit. 'The Exalter of His Race'), born Rajendra Chalukya (Telugu: Rājēndra Cāḷukyuḍu), was a Chola Emperor who reigned from 1070 to 1122 succeeding his cousin Athirajendra Chola. He also served as the Eastern Chalukya monarch from 1061 to 1118, succeeding his father Rajaraja Narendra. He is related to the Chola dynasty through his mother's side and the Eastern Chalukyas through his father's side. His mother, Ammangaidevi, was a Chola princess and the daughter of emperor Rajendra I. His father was king Rajaraja Narendra of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty who was the nephew of Rajendra and maternal grandson of Rajaraja I. According to historian Sailendra Nath Sen, his accession marked the beginning of a new era and ushered in a period of internal peace and benevolent administration. Kulottunga had diplomatic relations with the northern Indian city Kannauj and also with distant countries like Cambodia, Srivijaya, Khmer, Pagan (Burma) and China. He established Chola overlordship over the Srivijayan province of Kedah in Malay Peninsula. An inscription in a Taoist temple in Guangzhou, dated to 1079, declares Kulottunga, King of Chulien (Chola) to be the supreme chief of the Land of San-fo-tsi (Srivijaya). According to Tan Yeok Seong, the editor of the inscription, Kulottunga ruled both the Chola and Srivijayan kingdoms. In the small Leyden grant that is dated to 1090, the king of Kadaram (Srivijaya) is mentioned as a vassal of Kulottunga. Like his predecessors, Kulottunga was a patron of arts and literature and the much celebrated Tamil poem Kalingattuparani was composed during his rule by poet Jayamkondaan who lived in his court. His records also testify to the highly organised system of fiscal and local administration. During his reign Kulottunga carried out a massive land survey that formed the basis for taxation. Kulatunga died around 1122 around the age of 97, although this is disputed. This makes him one of the longest living monarchs in the Middle Ages. He was succeeded by his son Vikrama Chola. According to historian Nilakanta Sastri, Kulottunga avoided unnecessary wars and evinced a true regard for the well-being of his subjects. He had a long and prosperous reign characterized by unparalleled success that laid the foundation for the well being of the empire for the next 150 years. Birth and early life Chola Kings and Emperors Early CholasEllalan205 BCE– c. 161 BCEKulakkottanIlamchetchenniKarikalaNedunkilliNalankilliKillivalavanKopperuncholanKochchengananPerunarkilli Interregnum (c. 200 – c. 848 CE) Medieval Cholas Vijayalaya 848–871? Aditya I 871–907 Parantaka I 907–955 Rajaditya Chola 935–949 Gandaraditya 949–962 Arinjaya 955–956 Parantaka II (Sundara) 950–980 Aditya II (Karikala) 966–971 Uttama 971–987 Rajaraja I 985–1014 Rajendra I 1012–1044 Rajadhiraja 1018–1054 Rajendra II 1051–1063 Rajamahendra 1060–1063 Virarajendra 1063–1070 Athirajendra 1067–1070 Later Cholas Kulothunga I 1070–1120 Vikrama 1118–1135 Kulothunga II 1133–1150 Rajaraja II 1146–1173 Rajadhiraja II 1166–1178 Kulothunga III 1178–1218 Rajaraja III 1216–1256 Rajendra III 1246–1279 Related Related dynasties Telugu Chodas of Andhra Chodagangas of Kalinga Nidugal Cholas of Karnataka Rajahnate of Cebu Rajahnate of Sanmalan Chola society Ganges Expedition Chola government Chola military Chola Navy Chola art and architecture Chola literature Flag of Chola Great Living Chola Temples Solesvara Temples Poompuhar Uraiyur Melakadambur Gangaikonda Cholapuram Thanjavur Tiruvarur Legendary early Chola kings vte Kulottunga was born under the star of Pusya around 1025. The details of the king's family and parentage are available from a number of grants and plates like the one from Chelluru (a village in Rayavaram Mandalam of Konaseema district) that was issued by his son, prince Vira Chola, and from literary works, such as the famous poem Kalingattupparani. Kulottunga was the maternal grandson of Emperor Rajendra Chola I through the latter's daughter Ammangadevi. His father was the Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra who himself was the son of Kundavai, the younger sister of Rajendra Chola I and the daughter of Rajaraja I. Rajaraja Narendra married princess Ammangadevi, the daughter of his maternal uncle, Rajendra Chola I of the solar ra. The latter is described as "the ornament of the race of the sun" in the Chellur plates of Vira Chola. The poem Kalingattuparani gives the details of Kulottunga's birth in the canto "Avataram" (incarnation), wherein his mother is described as belonging to the solar race and his father to the lunar ra. Kulottunga is described as an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu in the canto. An excerpt from the poem reads: Vishnu appeared again in the royal womb of the queen of him of the race of the moon which dispels all darkness, ... Rajaraja's gracious Lakshmi (queen) who was of the rival race of the sun. As a Chola prince he conquered the Sri Vijaya province Kedah and Chakrakota province (Bastar-Kalahandi district-Koraput region) on behalf of his maternal uncle, emperor Virarajendra Chola, in the 11th century. Accession According to the Tamil poem Kalingattuparani, Kulottunga was brought up in the court of Rajendra Chola I in Gangaikondacholapuram. During his youth, Kulottunga participated in many wars, serving alongside both Rajendra Chola I and his successors, Rajadhiraja I, Rajendra Chola II and Virarajendra Chola. During this period, he engaged in the northern campaigns of the empire in and around Sakkarakottam and Vayiragaram where he secured several victories and proved his mettle in warfare. The Sakkarakottam area is identified with the present day Bastar-Kalahandi district-Koraput region which together formed the Chakrakota province back in medieval times. According to Kalingattuparani, it was around this time that Mannar-Mannavan, that is, the "king of kings", suddenly died and the empire was thrown into a state of anarchy until Abhaya, that is Kulottunga, returned and restored order. The Teki, Chellur and Pithapuram grants of Kulottunga's sons, dated in the 17th, 21st and 23rd years of the king's reign, state that in the absence of the king's father, Rajaraja Narendra, Kulottunga was first crowned as the lord of Vengi where he obtained great fame. As per the plates. the king was later crowned in the Chola Rajya, a position said to be not less exalted than Devendra (Indra). These events are narrated as a flashback story in the Chellur grant, wherein Kulottunga explains to his son, prince Vira Chola, that he left Vengi to his (Kulottunga's) paternal uncle (Vijayaditya) as he (Kulottunga) desired the Chola kingdom. Other sources like Vikramankadevacharita, a work on the western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI by his court poet Bilhana, and Vikraman Solan Ula, a work on Kulottunga's son and successor Vikrama Chola by poet Ottakoothar, corroborate these events more or less and both works agree that there was a king between Virarajendra Chola and Kulottunga. This king has been identified with Adhirajendra and it is after the death of this Chola king that the kingdom was thrown into a state of anarchy. According to Vikramankadevacharita, Kulottunga got dislodged from Vengi due to some confusion in the Chola kingdom after the death of Virarajendra Chola. Even during the time of Virarajendra Chola, Vikramaditya VI and the Eastern Ganga king Rajaraja Devendravarman both supported Vijayaditya, the paternal uncle of Kulottunga, in his claim to the Vengi kingdom. Kulottunga is then said to have marched south to the Chola capital. Bilhana goes on to state that his patron, Vikramaditya VI, tried stopping Kulottunga from ascending the Chola throne by instead installing Adhirajendra (Vikramaditya's brother-in-law) as king. However this arrangement was short-lived and Kulottunga eventually succeeded in capturing the throne. Historian Nilakanta Sastri argues against the theories proposed by Fleet and other similar historians, about a hostile invasion of the Chola empire by Kulottunga. In Sastri's words, "the work Vikramankadevacarita does not contain the remotest suggestion that Kulottunga put his rivals out of the way by secret murder or even by open fighting". Ottakoothar's Vikrama Cholan Ula mentions Kulottunga's reign:The first Kulothunga Chola conquered the Pandya king with his fish banner and the Chera king with his bow banner. He defeated his enemy kings in Kanthalurchalai, two times and took over the lands of Konganam and Karnataka. Defeating warriors on the battlefield, he subdued the valor of the Marata kings. His rule spread until the northern lands. He removed and crushed poverty and reduced taxes. His wheel of dharma encircled the world surrounded by the ocean. He, the king Abhaya Chola decorated with his shining Athi garland and gave grace to his land. Such is the glory of the father of Vikrama Chola.— Ottakoothar, Vikrama Cholan Ula, verse 24 Kulottunga's own inscriptions also speak of the lack of leadership in the Chola country before ascension and in his records the king claims that he rightfully inherited the excellent crown of the Cholas. The king's epigraphs poetically claim that he ascended the throne to prevent the goddess Lakshmi of Southern region from becoming common property (an allusion to the illegitimate claims to the throne and meddling of affairs by kings of rival kingdoms), and to remove the loneliness of the goddess of the Chola country adorned by river Ponni (an allusion to the power vacuum in the empire). Thus it was under these circumstances that Kulottunga ascended the Chola throne in 1070 and established himself by soon overcoming the threats to the Chola Empire. According to Sastri, Kulottunga was in his teens or barely into his twenties when he ascended the throne. Military campaigns Sakkarakottam Mural depicting the story of Shiva and Parvati. When Kulottunga was still a prince, he participated in many of the northern campaigns of his predecessor Virarajendra Chola. In the fifth year of his reign Virarajendra Chola dispatched his army to Kalinga and beyond it to Sakkarakottam. These expeditions appear to have been led by Kulottunga, who in his inscriptions claims that while he was still heir-apparent, he overcame the treachery of his enemies and by the strength of his arm and sword captured herds of elephants at Vayiragaram, conquered Sakkarakottam and graciously took tribute from the king of Dhara. Vayiragaram is identified with Wairagarh, a few miles off Bastar in the Chanda district and Sakkarakottam is the area in and around Bastar-Kalahandi-Koraput region which was called as the Chakrakota mandala in medieval times. Dhara is the Nagavanshi king Dharavarsha who was the ruler of Sakkarakottam during this period. The "treachery" that Kulottunga speaks of is an allusion to the internal politics of the empire and the schemes of his rivals who sought to deny him his rightful inheritan. According to Sastri, in spite of these setbacks, Kulottunga was successful in carving out a small principality for himself, north of Vengi, for Kulottunga claims that he gently raised the goddess of the earth residing in the "Land of the rising sun" and placed her under the shade of his parasol just like god Vishnu, who in his Varaha avatar lifted the earth. Conflict on Southern India Western Chalukya conflicts Main article: Chola-Chalukya wars Kudala sangama, the site of many a battle between the Cholas and Chalukyas during the period of Virarajendra Chola The Western Chalukya-Chola rivalry goes back to the beginning of the 10th century. The Western Chalukyas waged many wars with the Chola emperors and on each occasion the wars ended with the Cholas chasing their rivals, the Chalukyas, out of the battlefield, occupying their capital, with death of their generals or feudatories and levying tribute. Tailapa II and his son Satyashraya, who were opponents of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, ended up being defeated at Annigeri and at Kogali respectively, Jayasimha was defeated in Kadambalige, Ahavamalla Someshwara I suffered defeats many a time at the hands of Rajadhiraja Chola, and lost his brother Jayasingan in battle with Rajendra Chola II. After Rajadhiraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola II, their brother Virarajendra Chola defeated Ahavamalla Someshwara I on not less than five occasions. Virarajendra Chola also put to flight the latter's two sons, Vikkalan (Vikramaditya VI) and Singanan (Jayasimha III), multiple times in the battles of Kudala sangama. Virarajendra Chola also defeated the eldest son of Ahavamalla Someshwara I, and crown-prince Someshwara II in Kampili, and spoiled his coronation ceremony. Ahavamalla Someshwara I seems to have died in the reign of Virarajendra Chola as there is no mention of him in Kulottunga's records. This is evident from a record of Virarajendra Chola, who in his fifth year states that unable to bear the disgrace of his earlier defeats, Ahavamalla Someshwara I wrote a letter to the Chola calling for war, but in the end never showed up and instead fled and plunged himself into the ocean. This is conceded in Bilhana's Vikramankadevacharita, a work on the life of Vikramaditya VI who claims that Ahavamalla Someshwara I died around this time by committing ritual suicide by drowning himself in the Tungabhadra. Upon his father's death, Vikramaditya VI approached Virarajendra and sued for peace and the Chola agreed as he saw in him an ally to counter and nullify the crown-prince Someshvara II. Accordingly, the Chola offered his daughter's hand in marriage, bestowed upon him the Rattapadi-seven-and-a-half-lakh country and made him the Vallabha (Chalukyan king). Vikramaditya readily accepted the deal for he had his own plans to overthrow his elder brother, which he would eventually accomplish and then usurp the throne. There was also another contender, Vijayaditya, on whom Virarajendra had bestowed Vengi towards the end of his reign. Some historians identify this Vijayaditya with the Eastern Chalukyan prince and half-brother of Rajaraja Narendra while others like Venkayya suggest that this person was yet another younger brother of Vikramaditya VI. That this Vijayaditya was an ally of Vikramaditya VI is evident from an inscription of Rajadhiraja Chola I. So at the end of Virarajendra reign, Kulottunga found himself facing Vikkalan (Vikramaditya VI), the latter's younger brother Singanan (Jayasimha), their elder brother Someshwara II and their younger brother or ally Vijayaditya. It was clear from the time Kulottunga ascended the throne that a confrontation with the Western Chalukyas was imminent as Vikramaditya VI could never accept the union of the Chola and Vengi kingdoms under the same ruler, let alone Kulottunga accession, for it simply meant an enemy too powerful. Kulottunga knew this from the very beginning and accordingly made preparations for the showdown. In 1075-76, the war began with the incursion of the Chalukyan forces into the Chola territories and the two armies met in the Kolar district. What followed was the Chola counter-attack popularly known as the Nangili episode. In the ensuing battle, the Chalukyan army was completely routed and chased by the Chola forces from the rocky roads of Nangili all the way to the Tungabhadra via Manalur. Vikramaditya is said to have retreated hastily and fled, leaving behind the corpses of his dead elephants along the way. Kulottunga captured a thousand elephants at Navilai and conquered two provinces the Gangamandalam (the province of the Western Ganga dynasty) and Singanam as a direct result of this war. Navilai has been identified with Navale-nadu in the Mysore district, and Singanam referred to the region of Jayasimha, the younger brother of Vikramaditya VI. The word Konkana desam (country of Konkan) is substituted for the word Singanam in some of the records. Kulottunga, in his records, claims that at the end of this war, he broke the pride of Vikramaditya VI and that Vikkalan (Vikramaditya VI) and Singanan (Jayasimha) had nowhere to retreat except to plunge into the western ocean. Some other records of Kulottunga state that Vikramaditya VI fled back to his own dominion (north of the Tungabhadra), his pride broken, and that he (Vikramaditya VI) was happy to be there as the Chalukya did not go to war with the Chola for a long time. This is conceded by Bilhana in the Vikramankadevacarita, wherein he states that after these initial wars, there was a long period of peace (about half a century) between the two kingdoms. Pandya campaign Corrections by M. G. S. Narayanan on K. A. Nilakanta Sastri are employed.Podiyil Mountains (conquered by Kulottunga around 1077-81 AD)Once he finished dealing with Vikramaditya VI, Kulottunga turned his attention to the south and first took up the cause of bringing the ancient Pandimandalam, the country of the Pandyas, into his fold. The Pandya country never reconciled to the Chola overlordship and its rulers were a constant source of trouble for the Chola emperors. The Pandyas made use of the confusion in the Chola country during the accession of Kulottunga and tried once again to reassert their independence. Back in the days of Rajendra Chola I, the Pandya country was ruled over by Chola-Pandya viceroys, but by the time of Kulottunga, this system had ceased to exist and "Five Pandya" princes from the old line rose against the king. Kulottunga could not take this situation lightly as the loss of the Pandya territories meant a serious threat to the existence of the Chola kingdom itself. As soon as the Chalukyan war ended, Kulottunga turned all his energy to the suppression of the revolts in the Pandya territory (c. 1077-1081 AD). According to the Cholapuram inscription (1100 AD) the Cholas marched south with a huge army, conquered the Pandya country, the forests were the Five Pandya entered as refugees, the Pearl Fisheries, the Podiyil and Sahya Mountains, and Kanya Kumari and fixed the boundaries of the South Country (the Pandya country) at Kottar. Another inscription of his, in Sanskrit (undated) from Chidambaram, gives a similar account, where the king is said to have overcome the Five Pandyas with the help of a huge army, burnt down the fort at Kottar, and erected a pillar of victory at Kanya Kumari (and thus "making the rebel vassal kings obedient"). Kulottunga's Kerala campaign is now dated c. 1097 (it was initially assumed that the 1077-81 campaign also covered the rebelling Keralas). The Chera Perumal kings, who like their Pandyan neighbours, had followed suit and rebelled against their Chola overlords. Naralokavira Kalinga Rayan, a commander of the Pandya-Chola forces, lead a Chola thrust into Kerala and captured the port of Quilon. It seems that the Chera Perumals tried to recover the port Quilon soon afterwards. The eventual southern boundary of the Chola influence was located at Kottar. By c. 1100, Kulottunga had successfully subjugated rebelling southern regions as far as the Pandya country, annexed the Pearl Fishery Coast, the ancient Podiyil mountains (in present-day Tirunelveli), and "fixed his southern boundary" at Kottar. He did away with the old system of appointing Chola-Pandya viceroys and instead built multiple cantonments as far south as Kottar, and heavily garrisoned the strategically important locations of the southern dominions. These units were in charge of protecting his interests and collecting tribute but did not interfere with the internal administration of the conquered territories, a responsibility which he left to the native chiefs and feudatories. His inscriptions belonging to this period are found in Cholapuram, Agastheeswaram, Suchindram, Variyur, Kanyakumari and Kottar. Conflict in Eastern India Vengi An artist's impression: Kulothunga I receiving a letter from Vikramaditya VI.An artist's impression: Kulottunga Chola instructs the surveyors CE. 1086 The Vengi kingdom was a bone of contention between the Cholas, the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani and the Eastern Gangas from the times of Rajaraja Chola I. It was a site for proxy war during the times of Virarajendra Chola, who managed to wrest control of it from the Western Chalukyas and bestowed it on Vijayaditya, the paternal uncle of Kulottunga. It is unclear as to why Kulottunga was overlooked in the accession of Vengi as he would have been the rightful heir. On the other hand, it is of interest to note that Vijayaditya had briefly sided with Rajaraja Devendravarman of the Eastern Gangas. So, Virarajendra Chola agreed to bestow the Vengi kingdom on Kulottunga's paternal uncle Vijayaditya to avoid fighting wars on two fronts, that is, to avoid engaging both the Western Chalukyas and the Eastern Gangas. In any case, Kulottunga was generous enough to let his paternal uncle, the usurper Vijayaditya, to rule over Vengi even after he ascended the Chola throne. During this period in 1073, the Vengi kingdom was invaded by the Kalachuri king Yakshakarna of Tripuri. However, this was merely a raid in search of riches rather than an invasion for territorial gains, and the intruders were repulsed by Vijayaditya. After the death of Vijayaditya in 1077, Kulottunga brought the Vengi province directly under his control and appointed his sons to rule over it. Rajaraja Chodaganga, the eldest son of Kulottunga, was first appointed as viceroy but as per inscriptions, the prince did not feel at home and returned to the Chola dominions in the south within a year. According to the Teki plates of Rajaraja Chodaganga, the Vengi province under him lay between Manneru in the Nellore district in the south and Mahendragiri in Ganjam district in the north. Rajaraja Chodaganga was followed by his brother Vira Chola who ruled for six years until 1084. The Chellur plates of Vira Chola state that he was crowned in the city of Jagannatha (Jagannatha-nagari). The two princes once again governed the Vengi province alternately for a period of five years and four years respectively. They were then followed by their brother Vikrama Chola who ruled over the region until he was made heir apparent in 1118. According to the Pithapuram pillar inscription of Mallapadeva, dated 1202, the Vengi province became devoid of a ruler and fell into a state of anarchy when Vikrama Chola left for the Chola dominions in the south towards the end of Kulottunga's reign. Vikramaditya VI used this opportunity to occupy Vengi during this period. However, this invasion was short lived and Vikrama Chola recaptured the province and annexed it to the Chola empire as soon as he ascended the throne. Kalinga wars Main article: Chola invasion of Kalinga (1097) Main article: Chola invasion of Kalinga (1110) Extreme points of Kalinga, as mentioned in the historical records The kingdom of Kalinga was not a single region but rather three distinct countries called Utkala or Odra (north and north-eastern parts of Odisha), Kosala or Dakshina Kosala (south-west Odisha and Chhattisgarh) and Kalinga proper. This region comprised the whole of present-day Odisha and northern part of Andhra Pradesh. These three regions together were referred to as Trikalinga. The Kalinga kingdom bordered the northern part of Vengi and therefore it was only natural for the different rulers of Kalinga to try and expand into the Eastern Chalukya territory or in the case of Kulottunga, the northern-eastern part of the Chola dominions. During the 11th century, the Kalinga kingdom was ruled by the Eastern Ganga dynasty who invariably became involved in Vengi and thereby indirectly in the Chola politics. The records of Kulottunga contain descriptions of two Kalinga wars. Prior to these wars, Kulottunga's forces was decimated by Rajaraja Deva of the Eastern Ganga dynasty and Kulottunga was forced to marry his daughter (or sister) to Rajaraja Deva. Kulottunga was also forced to put his sons as the Viceroy of Kalinga. Rajaraja Deva died in 1078 and Kulottunga's sons were in-charge of the adolescent Anantavarman Chodaganga, Rajaraja Deva's son. The first war seems to have occurred before 1096 as Kulottunga first claims to have conquered Kalinga in a record dated in the 26th year of his reign. The first Kalinga war seems to have been brought about by Kalinga's aggression against Vengi. The war resulted in the annexation of the southern part of Kalinga to the Chola kingdom. This is evident from the Teki plates of Kulottunga's son, Rajaraja Chodaganga, whose dominions included the region up to Mahendragiri in the Ganjam district in the north. The second invasion took place a few years later, sometime before the 33rd year of the king's reign, and is the subject of the Kalingattuparani. This expedition was led by his general Karunakara Tondaiman who defeated the Kalinga ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. Anantavarman was the son of Rajaraja Devendravarman and Chola princess Rajasundari, described as the daughter of Rajendra Chola. The identification of Anantavarman's maternal grandfather is a controversial topic. Some historians like Sastri identify this Rajendra Chola with Virarajendra Chola while others like Kielhorn identify this king as Kulottunga. According to the poem Kalingattuparani, this relationship did not stop Kulottunga from invading Kalinga and causing Anantavarman to flee. The Chola army is said to have returned with vast booty from this campaign. This fact is also borne out by an inscription of the king from the Bhimeswara temple in Draksharama. It is dated in the 33rd year of the king's reign and states that an officer of the king, titled variously as Pallavaraja and Vanduvaraja, reduced the whole of Kalinga to ashes, destroyed the Ganga Devendravarman in battle with the aid of the Kosala army, and planted a pillar of victory in the Odra frontier so as to raise aloft the fame of his king, Kulottunga Chola. This chief is none other than Karunakara Tondaiman as he is said to be from Thirunaraiyur nadu and the lord of Vandai as in the poem. His personal name is given as Thiruvarangan and is said to be the son of Sirilango of Vandalanjeri in Thirunaraiyur nadu. He is described as a sad-vaishnava (good vaishnavite) and is said to have built a Vishnu temple made of black stone in Alavely. According to the poem, the reason for the second war was a response to the default of Kalinga in its payment of annual tributes to Kulottunga by Anantavarman. Another view, by some historians like Venkayya is that, Kulottunga took up the expedition in order to help his relative Anantavarman against North Kalinga rebels. Yet another view is that, Devendravarman belonged to a collateral line of the Eastern Ganga dynasty and had opposed the accession of Kulottunga's relative Anantavarman. There is an inscription of Kulottunga from the Bhimeswara temple in Godavari district that describes a gift by the son of Anantavarmadeva. So it would seem that the latter was a vassal or at least in friendly terms with Kulottunga for sometime. Revolt in Sri Lanka Main article: Battle of Koppam Velakkara in Polonnaruwa written in Tamil and Sanskrit by Kulottunga declaring Kingdom of Ruhuna independent of Chola rule. c. 1070 CE According to the Mahavamsa, the Cholas were driven out of Lanka in the 15th year of Vijayabahu which coincides with the accession date of Kulottunga. Therefore, it would seem that the Sinhalese king took the opportunity to attack the Chola forces in the island nation at a time when the kingdom under Kulottunga was dealing with multiple revolts and attacks in the mainland. In 1070, Vijayabahu attacked the Chola forces from his enclave in the Rohana district and defeated them. He sent two armies, one from Mahanagakula via Dakkinadesa, and the other via the well known route along Mahavali-Ganga. These armies defeated the Chola forces or what was left of them and captured Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa. After his victory over the Cholas, Vijayabahu got himself anointed in Anuradhapura. A few months later he moved to Polonnaruwa, renamed it as Vijayarajapura, made it his capital, and declared himself king of the island nation. Unlike the epigraphs of his predecessors, like Rajaraja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I and Rajadhiraja Chola I, that describe the details of their expeditions to the island nation, Kulottunga's inscriptions are generally silent in regards to Lanka or with regards to any campaigns or wars against the Sinhalese rulers. According to Sastri, Kulottunga was content with keeping the Chola empire from disintegrating on the mainland and was not that affected with the loss of the island nation. It is of interest to note that Vijayabahu married Lilavati, the daughter of Jagatipala, a former ruler of Rohana, after she escaped from the Cholas and returned to the island kingdom. Jagatipala was originally a prince of Ayodhya who had migrated to Lanka and become ruler of Rohana. He was slain on the battlefield during the Lankan expeditions of Kulottunga's predecessor, Rajadhiraja Chola I, when the Sinhalese kingdom lost four crowns in quick succession. At that time, this princess along with her aunt or mother was taken captive by the Chola forces. These events are described in great detail in the Mahavamsa and in an inscription of Rajadhiraja Chola I. Overseas trade Srivijaya empire around 8th century Kulottunga maintained overseas contacts with kingdoms of Sri Vijaya, China and Khmer Empire. The renaming of the famous harbor of Visakhapattanam in Andhra Pradesh as Kulottungacolapattanam also indicates his interest in trade with foreign countries across the Bay of Bengal. In 1077, king Chulien (Chola) Ti-hua-kialo sent an embassy to Chinese court for promoting trade. Sastri identifies this Chola ruler with Kulottunga. This trading venture seems to have ended profitably for the Cholas and they returned with over 81,000 strings of copper cash and many more valuables. The Khmer king Suryavarman II, builder of the famous Angkor Wat, sent a mission to the Chola dynasty and presented a precious stone to Kulottunga in 1114. According to Burmese accounts, Kyanzittha, the ruler of Pagan (Burma) met with the Chola royal family by sending an ambassador to the Chola emperor. In an inscription in Pagan, he even claims to have converted the Chola to Buddhism through a personal letter written on gold foils. An artistic depiction of Kulothunga Chola with description of all the items. These items are from different parts of the world and shows how globalised the world was.Clearer image without the description of items. There is also evidence to suggest that Kulottunga, in his youth (1063 CE), was in Sri Vijaya,: 148  restoring order and maintaining Chola influence in that area. Virarajendra Chola states in his inscription, dated in the 7th year of his reign, that he conquered Kadaram and gave it back to its king who came and worshiped his feet. These expeditions were led by Kulottunga to help the Sailendra king who had sought the help of Virarajendra Chola. An inscription of Canton mentions Ti-hua-kialo as the ruler of Sri Vijaya. According to historians, this ruler is the same as the Chola ruler Ti-hua-kialo (identified with Kulottunga) mentioned in the Song annals and who sent an embassy to China. According to Tan Yeok Song, the editor of the Sri Vijayan inscription of Canton, Kulottunga stayed in Kadaram after the naval expedition of 1067 and reinstalled its king before returning to South India and ascending the throne. Trade relations and cultural contacts established during the reigns of Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I were actively maintained by Kulottunga and his successors. In 1089, the ruler of Sri Vijaya sent two ambassadors to Kulottunga's court, requesting him to renew the old grants to the Buddhist monastery (Chudamani Vihara) in Nagapattinam that was built during the period of Rajaraja Chola I. Extent of the empire Bronze Kasu of Kulottunga, depicting a boar. The Chola kingdom remained formidable under Kulottunga in his 45th regnal year (c. 1115 CE). Except for the loose hold over Lanka, the rest of the empire remained intact. The boundary between the Cholas and the Western Chalukyas was as always the Tungabhadra river. The hold over Vengi was quite firm, and Dakkina Kosala (south-west Kalinga) and some parts of Kalinga (proper) including the capital Kalinganagara, the modern Mukhalingam in the Srikakulam district, was under the Chola rule. Port Quilon, on the Malabar Coast, was recovered by prince Vikrama Chola sometime between c. 1102 and c. 1118. Towards the end of Kulottunga's reign, when his son Vikrama Chola, the viceroy of Vengi left south for the latter's coronation, the northern half of the Vengi kingdom seems to have slipped from his hands and gone to the Western Chalukya empire under Vikramaditya VI. According to some historians, during this period, Kulottunga also lost the province of Gangavadi, the province of the Western Gangas, to Hoysala Vishnuvardhana. The latter seems to have attacked and defeated the Chola Viceroy, Adigaiman, the controller of the Kongu and Kannada country. Administration Ruins of the ancient city of Gangaikonda Cholapuram An Inscription preposing the name of Visakhapatnam to be changed to "Kulothunga Cholapatnam." c. 1083 CE Kulottunga's capital was Gangaikondacholapuram. Kanchi was next in importance and had a palace and an "abhisheka mandapam" (royal bathing hall) from where the king issued many of his charters. The king's inscriptions speak of a highly organized form of fiscal and local administration. He carried out a massive land survey which formed the basis for taxation. He promoted free trade by abolishing tolls or transit duties and came to be known as "Sungamtavirrton", that is, "one who abolished tolls". Kulottunga did away with the old system of appointing Chola-Pandya viceroys in the southern territories. The king, instead built military cantonments that were in charge of protecting his interests and collecting tribute, but did not interfere with the internal administration of the conquered territories, a responsibility which he left to the native chiefs and feudatories. Kulottunga was ably assisted in his campaigns and internal administration by his officials some of whom were; Karunakara Tondaiman, described as the minister and warrior of Abhaya; Solakon who distinguished himself in the campaigns in the west against the Kongos, Gangas and Mahrattas; the Brahmin Kannan of great fortress; Vanan (possibly the Bana Vanavaraiyan also called Suttamallan Mudikondan) who is said to be dexterous in the use of his beautiful bow in battle; the general Naralokaviran alias Kalingar-kon who distinguished himself in the Pandya and south Kerala wars; Kadava: Vailava, the lord of Chedi (Malayaman) country; Senapati (General) Anantapala; the Irungovel chieftain, Adavallan Gangaikonda Cholan alias Irungolan; the royal secretary ("Tirumandira-olai"), Arumoli-Vilupparaiyar; and the accountant, Arumoli-Porkari. Gonka I, a vassal from the Velanati Chodas family was greatly responsible for the political stability of the Chola power in the Vengi region. In appreciation of his services, the emperor conferred on Gonka I the lordship over 6000 villages on the southern bank of the Krishna River. Family and personal life Family of Kulottunga I Panchavan MahadeviRajaraja ITribhuvana MahadeviShaktivarman Iunknown wife Araiyan RajarajanRajendra IMukkokilan AdigalVimaladitya{{{Kundavai}}} Rajadhiraja IRajendra IIVirarajendra CholaArulmolinangaiAmangai DeviRajaraja Narendra Rajaraja DevendravarmanRajasundariAthirajendra CholaRajendra Kulottunga IMadhurandhagi Anantavarman ChodagangaRajaraja ChodagangaVira CholaVikrama Chola Royal House Kulottunga's chief queen was Dinachintamani, others being Elisaivallabhi and Thiyagavalli. Copper-plate grants state that Kulottunga married Madurantaki, the daughter of Rajendradeva of the Solar ra, and had by her seven sons. According to some historians, she is identical with Dinachintamani. She seems to have died sometime before the thirtieth year of Kulottunga. Thiyagavalli took the place of the chief queen upon Dinachintamani's demise. The poem Kalingattupparani mentions Thiyagavalli together with Elisai Vallabhi (also known as Elulagudayal). It also states that Thiyagavalli enjoyed equal authority with the king. Another queen, called Solakulavalliyār, is also mentioned in inscriptions. She was instrumental in renewing the grant of Anaimangalam in favour of the Buddhist Chulamani Vihara at Nagapattinam. He also seems to have married a Pallava princess called Kadavan-Mahadevi. Epigraphs mention three of his sons, Rajaraja Chodaganga, Vira Chola and Vikrama Chola, of which Rajaraja was the eldest. A younger sister of the king is known to us from a very old inscription in the Nataraja temple at Chidambaram. The inscription gives the king three names, namely Kulottunga, Jayadhara and Rajendra. The epigraph states that Rajarajan-Kundavai-Alvar, the younger sister of Kulottunga gilded the Nataraja shrine and gifted a gold vessel, a mirror and made arrangements for the ablutions of the deity (Abishekam). It further states that the king of Kamboja exhibited a stone before the glorious Chola king and by the king's order the stone was placed in front of the main deity of the Nataraja temple. A daughter of Kulottunga I called Ammangai-Alvar and as Periya Nachiyar is known to us from an inscription of Kulottunga Chola III (referred to in the inscription as Virarajendradeva). Religious attitude Nataraja Temple in ChidambaramThe empire under Kulottunga encouraged both Saivism and Vaishnavism. The king and his family members continued to make endowments to the Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram. He was tolerant towards other religions, like Buddhism, and renewed the grants made to the Chudamani Vihara, the Buddhist monastery at Nagapattinam. Historians dispute the identification of Krimikanta Chola, the persecutor of Vaishnavite acharya Ramanuja, with Kulottunga. One of the reasons for this disagreement is because, Ramanuja is said to have returned to the Chola kingdom from Hoysala Vishnuvardhana's court after an exile of 12 years (upon the Chola king's death), whereas Kulottunga ruled for 52 years. Some scholars are of the opinion that Kulottunga was secular through his early and middle years and persecuted Vaishnavites towards the end of his reign, succumbing to Saivite pressure. There is reason to believe that the king encouraged Vaishnavism during the later years as his records mention him giving gifts to the Vishnu shrines. For example, he visited the Ulagalandaperumal temple in Kanchipuram with his two queens, Tribuhavanamudaiyal and Solakulavalli, and made benefactions in the 40th year of his reign. Art and architecture Melakadambur-Karakkoil Gold Fanam of Kulottunga I depicts a Rooster. Roosters were rarely depicted in Chola Art Kulottunga was a patron of arts and architecture. The poet-laureate Jayamkondar is said to have adorned his court. The composition of the famous poem Kalingattuparani is attributed to him. Some scholars consider the poet Kambar to be a contemporary of Kulottunga I and the Ramavataram is said to have been composed during his rule. Others place him during the reign of Kulottunga II or III. Likewise a few believe that Ottakoothar, the author of the three Ulas namely the Kulothunga Cholan Ula, Vikraman Chola Ula and Rajaraja Cholan Ula, lived during his reign while others place him during the reign of his successors viz. Vikrama Chola, Kulottunga II and Rajaraja II. Kulothunga I and his son expanded the Chidambaram Nataraja Temple expanse sixfold. The construction of the Amritaghateswarar Shiva temple in Melakadambur was also attributed to the reign of Kulothunga. It is called as Karakkoil, and is perhaps the earliest shrine built in the shape of a chariot with wheels, and drawn by spirited horses. The temple contains an inscription of the king, dated in the 43rd year of his reign, corresponding to 1113. During his time, Kulottunga Chozhapuram, now called Thungapuram, was a site of intense religious activity. The streets in the city are laid out like Madurai (square shape), hence it is called as Siru (small) Madurai. Kulottunga constructed two temples in Siru Madurai, one called Sokkanathar temple for Lord Siva, and the other, a Vishnu shrine called Lord Vinava Perumal Temple or Varadaraja perumal temple. Kulottunga was also on friendly terms with the Gahadavala kings of central India, who had Lord Surya for their tutelary deity. Later, inspired by his visits to the Gahadavala kingdom, Kulottunga built several temples dedicated to the Sun God, especially the Suryanar temples at Pudukkottai and Nagapattinam. Inscriptions Kulottunga's inscriptions mostly begin with the introduction "pugal madu vilanga" or "pugal sunda punari". The former gives details about his conquest over Cheras, Pandyas and Vikramaditya VI while the latter is even more detailed and includes the details of his early life, viz., his heroics in Chakrakotta and Vayiragram and how he came about to wear the excellent crown of jewels of the Chola country. An inscription from Kanchi beginning with the introduction "Pugal madu" mentions his birth star as Pushya. Another inscription of the king, from the Tripurantakesvara temple in Chingleput district, mentions the resale of some lands that were bought in the second year of Virarajendra Chola. In his early years, the king styled himself as Rajakesarivarman alias Rajendracholadeva. We have an inscription of the king from Kolar dated in the second year of his reign. He is called Rajakesarivarman alias Rajendra Chola deva and it mentions his heroics in Sakkarakottam and Vayiragaram. It states that an officer of the king called Virasikhamani Muvendavelar inspected a temple in Kuvalala nadu, a district of Vijayarajendra-mandalam and appointed a committee. There is another inscription from the Brahmapurisvara Temple in Tiruvottiyur, dated in the third year of his reign, wherein he is styled as Rajakesarivarman alias Rajendracholadeva. It states that Muvendavelar, an officer of the king, and a native of Aridayamangalam in Mudichonadu, a sub-division of Kalyanapuramkonda-sola-valanadu, bought some lands and donated them for feeding a Brahmana and a Sivayogin. The names Vijayarajendra-mandalam and Kalyanapuramgonda-sola-valanadu are significant and evidently named after Kulottunga's predecessor, Rajadhiraja Chola I, who sacked the Western Chalukya capital Kalyanapuram towards the end of his reign. Rajadhiraja Chola I then assumed the title Vijayarajendra after performing the "Virabhiseka" (anointment of heroes). References ^ Balasubrahmanyam, S.R. "Chapter I - Kulottunga I (a.d. 1070 to 1125)". ^ S. R. Balasubrahmanyam, B. Natarajan, Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran. Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280), Parts 1070-1280. Mudgala Trust, 1979. p. 151.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Government Of Madras Staff, Government of Madras. Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Upto 1938. Asian Educational Services, 1942 - Nellore (India : District). p. 39. ^ P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services. p. 49. ISBN 978-81-206-0151-2. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 46–49. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (5 August 2017). "Kulottunga I (a.d. 1070 to 1125) ". www.wisdomlib.org. 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Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History : 5,000 Years of Religious History. ABC-CLIO, 15-Jan-2014 - Reference. p. 697. ^ C. Mookka Reddy. The Tirumal̤avāḍi Temple: History and Culture Through the Ages. B.R. Publishing Corporation, 1986. p. 40. ^ Archaeological Survey of India, India. Dept. of Archaeology. Epigraphia Indica, Volume 22, Volumes 13-14 of : New imperial series, India Archaeological Survey. Manager of Publications, 1984. p. 269. ^ K. A. N. Sastri (1955). The Cōḷas. University of Madras. p. 591. ^ Ananthacharya Indological Research Institute. Rāja Rāja, the great: seminar proceedings, Issue 18 of Ananthacharya Indological Research Institute series. Ananthacharya Indological Research Institute, 1987. p. 24. ^ S. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1977). Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070). Oriental Press. p. 289. ISBN 9789060236079. ^ Eugen Hultzsch; Hosakote Krishna Sastri; Archaeological Survey of India; V. Venkayya. South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2), Volume 10 of Archaeological survey of India, Volume 3, Parts 1-2 of South Indian Inscriptions, Archaeological Survey of India. Director General, Archaeological Survey of India. p. 138. ^ S. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1977). Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070). Oriental Press. p. 321. ISBN 9789060236079. ^ P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-206-0151-2. ^ Madras (India : State). Public Department, Madras (India : State). Home Department, Madras (India : State). Finance Department, India. Manager, Government of India Central Publication Branch, India. Manager of Publications. Annual Report on South-Indian Epigraphy. p. 20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ S. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1977). Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070). Oriental Press. p. 335. ISBN 9789060236079. ^ Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi. Gangaikondacholapuram. State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu, 1970 - Gangaikondacholapuram (India). p. 8. Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kulothunga I. B. Venkataraman (1976). Temple art under the Chola queens. Thomson Press (India), Publication Division. K. A. N. Sastri (1937). The Cōḷas. Vol. 2, Part 1. University of Madras. —————— (1955). The Cōḷas. University of Madras. P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0151-2. Balasubrahmanyam, S. R. (1977). Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070). Oriental Press. ISBN 9789060236079. Preceded byAthirajendra Chola Chola 1070-1122 CE Succeeded byVikrama Chola
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/kʊˈloʊtʊŋɡə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Middle Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tamil"},{"link_name":"Classical Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Telugu:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_Empire"},{"link_name":"Athirajendra Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athirajendra_Chola"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sen2-5"},{"link_name":"Eastern Chalukya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas"},{"link_name":"Rajaraja Narendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaraja_Narendra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rajendra I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I"},{"link_name":"Rajaraja I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization-8"},{"link_name":"Kannauj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_empire"},{"link_name":"Pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pagan"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Untouchables_Ancient_p.116-9"},{"link_name":"Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola"},{"link_name":"Srivijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola"},{"link_name":"Srivijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Kalingattuparani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalingattuparani"},{"link_name":"Jayamkondaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayamkondar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_Literature_p.209-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Untouchables_Ancient_p.116-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Untouchables_Ancient_p.116-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Vikrama Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikrama_Chola"},{"link_name":"Nilakanta Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilakanta_Sastri"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Chola Emperor from 1070 to 1122Kulottunga I (/kʊˈloʊtʊŋɡə/; Middle Tamil: Kulōttuṅka Cōḻaṉ; Classical Sanskrit: Kulottuṅgā Cōḷa; 1025–1122) also spelt Kulothunga (lit. 'The Exalter of His Race'), born Rajendra Chalukya (Telugu: Rājēndra Cāḷukyuḍu), was a Chola Emperor who reigned from 1070 to 1122 succeeding his cousin Athirajendra Chola.[5] He also served as the Eastern Chalukya monarch from 1061 to 1118, succeeding his father Rajaraja Narendra.[6][7] He is related to the Chola dynasty through his mother's side and the Eastern Chalukyas through his father's side. His mother, Ammangaidevi, was a Chola princess and the daughter of emperor Rajendra I. His father was king Rajaraja Narendra of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty who was the nephew of Rajendra and maternal grandson of Rajaraja I. According to historian Sailendra Nath Sen, his accession marked the beginning of a new era and ushered in a period of internal peace and benevolent administration.[8]Kulottunga had diplomatic relations with the northern Indian city Kannauj and also with distant countries like Cambodia, Srivijaya, Khmer, Pagan (Burma) and China.[9] He established Chola overlordship over the Srivijayan province of Kedah in Malay Peninsula.[10] An inscription in a Taoist temple in Guangzhou, dated to 1079, declares Kulottunga, King of Chulien (Chola) to be the supreme chief of the Land of San-fo-tsi (Srivijaya). According to Tan Yeok Seong, the editor of the inscription, Kulottunga ruled both the Chola and Srivijayan kingdoms.[11] In the small Leyden grant that is dated to 1090, the king of Kadaram (Srivijaya) is mentioned as a vassal of Kulottunga.[12] Like his predecessors, Kulottunga was a patron of arts and literature and the much celebrated Tamil poem Kalingattuparani was composed during his rule by poet Jayamkondaan who lived in his court.[13] His records also testify to the highly organised system of fiscal and local administration.[14][9] During his reign Kulottunga carried out a massive land survey that formed the basis for taxation.[14][9]Kulatunga died around 1122 around the age of 97, although this is disputed.[15] This makes him one of the longest living monarchs in the Middle Ages. He was succeeded by his son Vikrama Chola. According to historian Nilakanta Sastri, Kulottunga avoided unnecessary wars and evinced a true regard for the well-being of his subjects. He had a long and prosperous reign characterized by unparalleled success that laid the foundation for the well being of the empire for the next 150 years.[16]","title":"Kulottunga I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pusya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushya"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"Chelluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelluru"},{"link_name":"Rayavaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayavaram,_Konaseema_district"},{"link_name":"Konaseema district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konaseema_district"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rajendra Chola I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rajaraja I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_I"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sri Vijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Vijaya"},{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah"},{"link_name":"Bastar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastar_district"},{"link_name":"Kalahandi district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahandi_district"},{"link_name":"Virarajendra Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virarajendra_Chola"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Kulottunga was born under the star of Pusya around 1025.[15][17] The details of the king's family and parentage are available from a number of grants and plates like the one from Chelluru (a village in Rayavaram Mandalam of Konaseema district) that was issued by his son, prince Vira Chola, and from literary works, such as the famous poem Kalingattupparani.[18][19] Kulottunga was the maternal grandson of Emperor Rajendra Chola I through the latter's daughter Ammangadevi.[20][21] His father was the Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra who himself was the son of Kundavai, the younger sister of Rajendra Chola I and the daughter of Rajaraja I. Rajaraja Narendra married princess Ammangadevi, the daughter of his maternal uncle, Rajendra Chola I of the solar ra. The latter is described as \"the ornament of the race of the sun\" in the Chellur plates of Vira Chola. The poem Kalingattuparani gives the details of Kulottunga's birth in the canto \"Avataram\" (incarnation), wherein his mother is described as belonging to the solar race and his father to the lunar ra.[22] Kulottunga is described as an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu in the canto.[23] An excerpt from the poem reads:Vishnu appeared again in the royal womb of the queen of him of the race of the moon which dispels all darkness, ... Rajaraja's gracious Lakshmi (queen) who was of the rival race of the sun.[24]As a Chola prince he conquered the Sri Vijaya province Kedah and Chakrakota province (Bastar-Kalahandi district-Koraput region) on behalf of his maternal uncle, emperor Virarajendra Chola, in the 11th century.[25][26][27]","title":"Birth and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalingattuparani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalingattuparani"},{"link_name":"Bastar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastar_district"},{"link_name":"Kalahandi district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahandi_district"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pabitra_Mohana_N%C4%81%E1%BA%8Faka_25-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Vengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengi"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Vikramaditya VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI"},{"link_name":"Bilhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilhana"},{"link_name":"Vikrama Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikrama_Chola"},{"link_name":"Ottakoothar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottakoothar"},{"link_name":"Adhirajendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athirajendra_Chola"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Nilakanta Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilakanta_Sastri"},{"link_name":"Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Faithfull_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ottakoothar's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottakoothar"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0415_01.pdf-38"},{"link_name":"Ponni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveri"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColasPages291292-40"}],"text":"According to the Tamil poem Kalingattuparani, Kulottunga was brought up in the court of Rajendra Chola I in Gangaikondacholapuram. During his youth, Kulottunga participated in many wars, serving alongside both Rajendra Chola I and his successors, Rajadhiraja I, Rajendra Chola II and Virarajendra Chola. During this period, he engaged in the northern campaigns of the empire in and around Sakkarakottam and Vayiragaram where he secured several victories and proved his mettle in warfare. The Sakkarakottam area is identified with the present day Bastar-Kalahandi district-Koraput region which together formed the Chakrakota province back in medieval times.[28] According to Kalingattuparani, it was around this time that Mannar-Mannavan, that is, the \"king of kings\", suddenly died and the empire was thrown into a state of anarchy until Abhaya, that is Kulottunga, returned and restored order.[29][30]The Teki, Chellur and Pithapuram grants of Kulottunga's sons, dated in the 17th, 21st and 23rd years of the king's reign, state that in the absence of the king's father, Rajaraja Narendra, Kulottunga was first crowned as the lord of Vengi where he obtained great fame. As per the plates. the king was later crowned in the Chola Rajya, a position said to be not less exalted than Devendra (Indra).[31] These events are narrated as a flashback story in the Chellur grant, wherein Kulottunga explains to his son, prince Vira Chola, that he left Vengi to his (Kulottunga's) paternal uncle (Vijayaditya) as he (Kulottunga) desired the Chola kingdom.[32]Other sources like Vikramankadevacharita, a work on the western Chalukya Vikramaditya VI by his court poet Bilhana, and Vikraman Solan Ula, a work on Kulottunga's son and successor Vikrama Chola by poet Ottakoothar, corroborate these events more or less and both works agree that there was a king between Virarajendra Chola and Kulottunga. This king has been identified with Adhirajendra and it is after the death of this Chola king that the kingdom was thrown into a state of anarchy. According to Vikramankadevacharita, Kulottunga got dislodged from Vengi due to some confusion in the Chola kingdom after the death of Virarajendra Chola. Even during the time of Virarajendra Chola, Vikramaditya VI and the Eastern Ganga king Rajaraja Devendravarman both supported Vijayaditya, the paternal uncle of Kulottunga, in his claim to the Vengi kingdom.[33] Kulottunga is then said to have marched south to the Chola capital. Bilhana goes on to state that his patron, Vikramaditya VI, tried stopping Kulottunga from ascending the Chola throne by instead installing Adhirajendra (Vikramaditya's brother-in-law) as king. However this arrangement was short-lived and Kulottunga eventually succeeded in capturing the throne.[34][35][36] Historian Nilakanta Sastri argues against the theories proposed by Fleet and other similar historians, about a hostile invasion of the Chola empire by Kulottunga. In Sastri's words, \"the work Vikramankadevacarita does not contain the remotest suggestion that Kulottunga put his rivals out of the way by secret murder or even by open fighting\".[37]Ottakoothar's Vikrama Cholan Ula mentions Kulottunga's reign:The first Kulothunga Chola conquered the Pandya king with his fish banner and the Chera king with his bow banner. He defeated his enemy kings in Kanthalurchalai, two times and took over the lands of Konganam and Karnataka. Defeating warriors on the battlefield, he subdued the valor of the Marata kings. \nHis rule spread until the northern lands. He removed and crushed poverty and reduced taxes. His wheel of dharma encircled the world surrounded by the ocean. He, the king Abhaya Chola decorated\nwith his shining Athi garland and gave grace to his land.\n\nSuch is the glory of the father of Vikrama Chola.[38]— Ottakoothar, Vikrama Cholan Ula, verse 24Kulottunga's own inscriptions also speak of the lack of leadership in the Chola country before ascension and in his records the king claims that he rightfully inherited the excellent crown of the Cholas. The king's epigraphs poetically claim that he ascended the throne to prevent the goddess Lakshmi of Southern region from becoming common property (an allusion to the illegitimate claims to the throne and meddling of affairs by kings of rival kingdoms), and to remove the loneliness of the goddess of the Chola country adorned by river Ponni (an allusion to the power vacuum in the empire).[39] Thus it was under these circumstances that Kulottunga ascended the Chola throne in 1070 and established himself by soon overcoming the threats to the Chola Empire. According to Sastri, Kulottunga was in his teens or barely into his twenties when he ascended the throne.[40] Military campaigns","title":"Accession"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_temple_de_Shiva_Nataraja_(Chidambaram,_Inde)_(14032663924).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pabitra_Mohana_N%C4%81%E1%BA%8Faka_25-28"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Varaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaha"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColasPages291292-40"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Sakkarakottam","text":"Mural depicting the story of Shiva and Parvati.When Kulottunga was still a prince, he participated in many of the northern campaigns of his predecessor Virarajendra Chola. In the fifth year of his reign Virarajendra Chola dispatched his army to Kalinga and beyond it to Sakkarakottam.[41][42] These expeditions appear to have been led by Kulottunga, who in his inscriptions claims that while he was still heir-apparent, he overcame the treachery of his enemies and by the strength of his arm and sword captured herds of elephants at Vayiragaram, conquered Sakkarakottam and graciously took tribute from the king of Dhara.[43] Vayiragaram is identified with Wairagarh, a few miles off Bastar in the Chanda district and Sakkarakottam is the area in and around Bastar-Kalahandi-Koraput region which was called as the Chakrakota mandala in medieval times.[28] Dhara is the Nagavanshi king Dharavarsha who was the ruler of Sakkarakottam during this period.[44] The \"treachery\" that Kulottunga speaks of is an allusion to the internal politics of the empire and the schemes of his rivals who sought to deny him his rightful inheritan. According to Sastri, in spite of these setbacks, Kulottunga was successful in carving out a small principality for himself, north of Vengi, for Kulottunga claims that he gently raised the goddess of the earth residing in the \"Land of the rising sun\" and placed her under the shade of his parasol just like god Vishnu, who in his Varaha avatar lifted the earth.[40][45]","title":"Accession"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Conflict on Southern India"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kudala_Sangama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kudala sangama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudala_sangama"},{"link_name":"Virarajendra Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virarajendra_Chola"},{"link_name":"Western Chalukya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tailapa II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailapa_II"},{"link_name":"Satyashraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyashraya"},{"link_name":"Ahavamalla Someshwara I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someshwara_I"},{"link_name":"Rajadhiraja Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Kudala sangama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudalasangama"},{"link_name":"Someshwara II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someshvara_II"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"ritual suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_methods#Ritual_suicide"},{"link_name":"Tungabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungabhadra"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Kolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolar"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Western Ganga dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Western Chalukya conflicts","text":"Kudala sangama, the site of many a battle between the Cholas and Chalukyas during the period of Virarajendra CholaThe Western Chalukya-Chola rivalry goes back to the beginning of the 10th century. The Western Chalukyas waged many wars with the Chola emperors and on each occasion the wars ended with the Cholas chasing their rivals, the Chalukyas, out of the battlefield, occupying their capital, with death of their generals or feudatories and levying tribute. Tailapa II and his son Satyashraya, who were opponents of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, ended up being defeated at Annigeri and at Kogali respectively, Jayasimha was defeated in Kadambalige, Ahavamalla Someshwara I suffered defeats many a time at the hands of Rajadhiraja Chola, and lost his brother Jayasingan in battle with Rajendra Chola II.[46]After Rajadhiraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola II, their brother Virarajendra Chola defeated Ahavamalla Someshwara I on not less than five occasions. Virarajendra Chola also put to flight the latter's two sons, Vikkalan (Vikramaditya VI) and Singanan (Jayasimha III), multiple times in the battles of Kudala sangama. Virarajendra Chola also defeated the eldest son of Ahavamalla Someshwara I, and crown-prince Someshwara II in Kampili, and spoiled his coronation ceremony.[47][48][49] Ahavamalla Someshwara I seems to have died in the reign of Virarajendra Chola as there is no mention of him in Kulottunga's records. This is evident from a record of Virarajendra Chola, who in his fifth year states that unable to bear the disgrace of his earlier defeats, Ahavamalla Someshwara I wrote a letter to the Chola calling for war, but in the end never showed up and instead fled and plunged himself into the ocean.[50] This is conceded in Bilhana's Vikramankadevacharita, a work on the life of Vikramaditya VI who claims that Ahavamalla Someshwara I died around this time by committing ritual suicide by drowning himself in the Tungabhadra.[51] Upon his father's death, Vikramaditya VI approached Virarajendra and sued for peace and the Chola agreed as he saw in him an ally to counter and nullify the crown-prince Someshvara II. Accordingly, the Chola offered his daughter's hand in marriage, bestowed upon him the Rattapadi-seven-and-a-half-lakh country and made him the Vallabha (Chalukyan king). Vikramaditya readily accepted the deal for he had his own plans to overthrow his elder brother, which he would eventually accomplish and then usurp the throne.[52] There was also another contender, Vijayaditya, on whom Virarajendra had bestowed Vengi towards the end of his reign.[53] Some historians identify this Vijayaditya with the Eastern Chalukyan prince and half-brother of Rajaraja Narendra while others like Venkayya suggest that this person was yet another younger brother of Vikramaditya VI.[54][55] That this Vijayaditya was an ally of Vikramaditya VI is evident from an inscription of Rajadhiraja Chola I. So at the end of Virarajendra reign, Kulottunga found himself facing Vikkalan (Vikramaditya VI), the latter's younger brother Singanan (Jayasimha), their elder brother Someshwara II and their younger brother or ally Vijayaditya.[56]It was clear from the time Kulottunga ascended the throne that a confrontation with the Western Chalukyas was imminent as Vikramaditya VI could never accept the union of the Chola and Vengi kingdoms under the same ruler, let alone Kulottunga accession, for it simply meant an enemy too powerful. Kulottunga knew this from the very beginning and accordingly made preparations for the showdown.[57] In 1075-76, the war began with the incursion of the Chalukyan forces into the Chola territories and the two armies met in the Kolar district. What followed was the Chola counter-attack popularly known as the Nangili episode. In the ensuing battle, the Chalukyan army was completely routed and chased by the Chola forces from the rocky roads of Nangili all the way to the Tungabhadra via Manalur.[58] Vikramaditya is said to have retreated hastily and fled, leaving behind the corpses of his dead elephants along the way.[59][60] Kulottunga captured a thousand elephants at Navilai and conquered two provinces the Gangamandalam (the province of the Western Ganga dynasty) and Singanam as a direct result of this war. Navilai has been identified with Navale-nadu in the Mysore district, and Singanam referred to the region of Jayasimha, the younger brother of Vikramaditya VI. The word Konkana desam (country of Konkan) is substituted for the word Singanam in some of the records.[61] Kulottunga, in his records, claims that at the end of this war, he broke the pride of Vikramaditya VI and that Vikkalan (Vikramaditya VI) and Singanan (Jayasimha) had nowhere to retreat except to plunge into the western ocean. Some other records of Kulottunga state that Vikramaditya VI fled back to his own dominion (north of the Tungabhadra), his pride broken, and that he (Vikramaditya VI) was happy to be there as the Chalukya did not go to war with the Chola for a long time.[62][63] This is conceded by Bilhana in the Vikramankadevacarita, wherein he states that after these initial wars, there was a long period of peace (about half a century) between the two kingdoms.[64][65]","title":"Conflict on Southern India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M. G. S. Narayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan"},{"link_name":"K. A. Nilakanta Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pothigai_Hills_Range.jpg"},{"link_name":"Podiyil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothigai"},{"link_name":"Pandyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandya"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-68"},{"link_name":"Kanya Kumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Chidambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-68"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-70"},{"link_name":"Chera Perumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chera_Perumal"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-70"},{"link_name":"Naralokavira Kalinga Rayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naralokaviran"},{"link_name":"Quilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-70"},{"link_name":"Tirunelveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirunelveli_district"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orissagazette-71"},{"link_name":"Agastheeswaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agastheeswaram"},{"link_name":"Suchindram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchindram"},{"link_name":"Kanyakumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Pandya campaign","text":"Corrections by M. G. S. Narayanan on K. A. Nilakanta Sastri are employed.Podiyil Mountains (conquered by Kulottunga around 1077-81 AD)Once he finished dealing with Vikramaditya VI, Kulottunga turned his attention to the south and first took up the cause of bringing the ancient Pandimandalam, the country of the Pandyas, into his fold. The Pandya country never reconciled to the Chola overlordship and its rulers were a constant source of trouble for the Chola emperors. The Pandyas made use of the confusion in the Chola country during the accession of Kulottunga and tried once again to reassert their independence.[66]Back in the days of Rajendra Chola I, the Pandya country was ruled over by Chola-Pandya viceroys, but by the time of Kulottunga, this system had ceased to exist and \"Five Pandya\" princes from the old line rose against the king.[67] Kulottunga could not take this situation lightly as the loss of the Pandya territories meant a serious threat to the existence of the Chola kingdom itself. As soon as the Chalukyan war ended, Kulottunga turned all his energy to the suppression of the revolts in the Pandya territory (c. 1077-1081 AD).[68] According to the Cholapuram inscription (1100 AD) the Cholas marched south with a huge army, conquered the Pandya country, the forests were the Five Pandya entered as refugees, the Pearl Fisheries, the Podiyil and Sahya Mountains, and Kanya Kumari and fixed the boundaries of the South Country (the Pandya country) at Kottar.[69] Another inscription of his, in Sanskrit (undated) from Chidambaram, gives a similar account, where the king is said to have overcome the Five Pandyas with the help of a huge army, burnt down the fort at Kottar, and erected a pillar of victory at Kanya Kumari (and thus \"making the rebel vassal kings obedient\").[70]Kulottunga's Kerala campaign is now dated c. 1097 (it was initially assumed that the 1077-81 campaign also covered the rebelling Keralas).[68][70] The Chera Perumal kings, who like their Pandyan neighbours, had followed suit and rebelled against their Chola overlords.[70] Naralokavira Kalinga Rayan, a commander of the Pandya-Chola forces, lead a Chola thrust into Kerala and captured the port of Quilon.[70] It seems that the Chera Perumals tried to recover the port Quilon soon afterwards. The eventual southern boundary of the Chola influence was located at Kottar.[70]By c. 1100, Kulottunga had successfully subjugated rebelling southern regions as far as the Pandya country, annexed the Pearl Fishery Coast, the ancient Podiyil mountains (in present-day Tirunelveli), and \"fixed his southern boundary\" at Kottar.[70] He did away with the old system of appointing Chola-Pandya viceroys and instead built multiple cantonments as far south as Kottar, and heavily garrisoned the strategically important locations of the southern dominions. These units were in charge of protecting his interests and collecting tribute but did not interfere with the internal administration of the conquered territories, a responsibility which he left to the native chiefs and feudatories.[71] His inscriptions belonging to this period are found in Cholapuram, Agastheeswaram, Suchindram, Variyur, Kanyakumari and Kottar.[72]","title":"Conflict on Southern India"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Conflict in Eastern India"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vikramanka_chalukya_sends_a_friendly_letter_to_Kulottunga_Chola.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vikramaditya VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kulothunga_Chola_instructs_the_surveyors_A.D._1086.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization-8"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization-8"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Nellore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellore"},{"link_name":"Ganjam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganjam"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancientindia-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Vengi","text":"An artist's impression: Kulothunga I receiving a letter from Vikramaditya VI.An artist's impression: Kulottunga Chola instructs the surveyors CE. 1086The Vengi kingdom was a bone of contention between the Cholas, the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani and the Eastern Gangas from the times of Rajaraja Chola I. It was a site for proxy war during the times of Virarajendra Chola, who managed to wrest control of it from the Western Chalukyas and bestowed it on Vijayaditya, the paternal uncle of Kulottunga.[8] It is unclear as to why Kulottunga was overlooked in the accession of Vengi as he would have been the rightful heir. On the other hand, it is of interest to note that Vijayaditya had briefly sided with Rajaraja Devendravarman of the Eastern Gangas.[73] So, Virarajendra Chola agreed to bestow the Vengi kingdom on Kulottunga's paternal uncle Vijayaditya to avoid fighting wars on two fronts, that is, to avoid engaging both the Western Chalukyas and the Eastern Gangas.[74] In any case, Kulottunga was generous enough to let his paternal uncle, the usurper Vijayaditya, to rule over Vengi even after he ascended the Chola throne.[8] During this period in 1073, the Vengi kingdom was invaded by the Kalachuri king Yakshakarna of Tripuri. However, this was merely a raid in search of riches rather than an invasion for territorial gains, and the intruders were repulsed by Vijayaditya.[75]After the death of Vijayaditya in 1077, Kulottunga brought the Vengi province directly under his control and appointed his sons to rule over it. Rajaraja Chodaganga, the eldest son of Kulottunga, was first appointed as viceroy but as per inscriptions, the prince did not feel at home and returned to the Chola dominions in the south within a year.[76][77] According to the Teki plates of Rajaraja Chodaganga, the Vengi province under him lay between Manneru in the Nellore district in the south and Mahendragiri in Ganjam district in the north.[78] Rajaraja Chodaganga was followed by his brother Vira Chola who ruled for six years until 1084. The Chellur plates of Vira Chola state that he was crowned in the city of Jagannatha (Jagannatha-nagari).[79] The two princes once again governed the Vengi province alternately for a period of five years and four years respectively. They were then followed by their brother Vikrama Chola who ruled over the region until he was made heir apparent in 1118.[citation needed] According to the Pithapuram pillar inscription of Mallapadeva, dated 1202, the Vengi province became devoid of a ruler and fell into a state of anarchy when Vikrama Chola left for the Chola dominions in the south towards the end of Kulottunga's reign. Vikramaditya VI used this opportunity to occupy Vengi during this period. However, this invasion was short lived and Vikrama Chola recaptured the province and annexed it to the Chola empire as soon as he ascended the throne.[citation needed]","title":"Conflict in Eastern India"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/5/19.5/84/en"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Anantavarman Chodaganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantavarman_Chodaganga"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancientindia-78"},{"link_name":"Karunakara Tondaiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karunakara_Tondaiman"},{"link_name":"Anantavarman Chodaganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantavarman_Chodaganga"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_Literature_p.209-13"},{"link_name":"Draksharama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draksharama"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"vaishnavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavite"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Kalinga wars","text":"Extreme points of Kalinga, as mentioned in the historical recordsThe kingdom of Kalinga was not a single region but rather three distinct countries called Utkala or Odra (north and north-eastern parts of Odisha), Kosala or Dakshina Kosala (south-west Odisha and Chhattisgarh) and Kalinga proper. This region comprised the whole of present-day Odisha and northern part of Andhra Pradesh.[80] These three regions together were referred to as Trikalinga.[81] The Kalinga kingdom bordered the northern part of Vengi and therefore it was only natural for the different rulers of Kalinga to try and expand into the Eastern Chalukya territory or in the case of Kulottunga, the northern-eastern part of the Chola dominions. During the 11th century, the Kalinga kingdom was ruled by the Eastern Ganga dynasty who invariably became involved in Vengi and thereby indirectly in the Chola politics.[82]The records of Kulottunga contain descriptions of two Kalinga wars. Prior to these wars, Kulottunga's forces was decimated by Rajaraja Deva of the Eastern Ganga dynasty and Kulottunga was forced to marry his daughter (or sister) to Rajaraja Deva. Kulottunga was also forced to put his sons as the Viceroy of Kalinga. Rajaraja Deva died in 1078 and Kulottunga's sons were in-charge of the adolescent Anantavarman Chodaganga, Rajaraja Deva's son. \nThe first war seems to have occurred before 1096 as Kulottunga first claims to have conquered Kalinga in a record dated in the 26th year of his reign.[83] The first Kalinga war seems to have been brought about by Kalinga's aggression against Vengi. The war resulted in the annexation of the southern part of Kalinga to the Chola kingdom. This is evident from the Teki plates of Kulottunga's son, Rajaraja Chodaganga, whose dominions included the region up to Mahendragiri in the Ganjam district in the north.[78]The second invasion took place a few years later, sometime before the 33rd year of the king's reign, and is the subject of the Kalingattuparani. This expedition was led by his general Karunakara Tondaiman who defeated the Kalinga ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. Anantavarman was the son of Rajaraja Devendravarman and Chola princess Rajasundari, described as the daughter of Rajendra Chola. The identification of Anantavarman's maternal grandfather is a controversial topic. Some historians like Sastri identify this Rajendra Chola with Virarajendra Chola while others like Kielhorn identify this king as Kulottunga.[84][85] According to the poem Kalingattuparani, this relationship did not stop Kulottunga from invading Kalinga and causing Anantavarman to flee. The Chola army is said to have returned with vast booty from this campaign.[14][13] This fact is also borne out by an inscription of the king from the Bhimeswara temple in Draksharama. It is dated in the 33rd year of the king's reign and states that an officer of the king, titled variously as Pallavaraja and Vanduvaraja, reduced the whole of Kalinga to ashes, destroyed the Ganga Devendravarman in battle with the aid of the Kosala army, and planted a pillar of victory in the Odra frontier so as to raise aloft the fame of his king, Kulottunga Chola. This chief is none other than Karunakara Tondaiman as he is said to be from Thirunaraiyur nadu and the lord of Vandai as in the poem.[86][87] His personal name is given as Thiruvarangan and is said to be the son of Sirilango of Vandalanjeri in Thirunaraiyur nadu. He is described as a sad-vaishnava (good vaishnavite) and is said to have built a Vishnu temple made of black stone in Alavely.[88]According to the poem, the reason for the second war was a response to the default of Kalinga in its payment of annual tributes to Kulottunga by Anantavarman. Another view, by some historians like Venkayya is that, Kulottunga took up the expedition in order to help his relative Anantavarman against North Kalinga rebels.[89] Yet another view is that, Devendravarman belonged to a collateral line of the Eastern Ganga dynasty and had opposed the accession of Kulottunga's relative Anantavarman.[90] There is an inscription of Kulottunga from the Bhimeswara temple in Godavari district that describes a gift by the son of Anantavarmadeva. So it would seem that the latter was a vassal or at least in friendly terms with Kulottunga for sometime.[91]","title":"Conflict in Eastern India"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polonnaruwa_Velaikkara_Slab_Inscription.jpg"},{"link_name":"Velakkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velakkara"},{"link_name":"Polonnaruwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonnaruwa"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ruhuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Ruhuna"},{"link_name":"Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mahavamsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavamsa"},{"link_name":"Vijayabahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayabahu"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Anuradhapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapura"},{"link_name":"Polonnaruwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonnaruwa"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Ayodhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"text":"Velakkara in Polonnaruwa written in Tamil and Sanskrit by Kulottunga declaring Kingdom of Ruhuna independent of Chola rule. c. 1070 CEAccording to the Mahavamsa, the Cholas were driven out of Lanka in the 15th year of Vijayabahu which coincides with the accession date of Kulottunga.[92] Therefore, it would seem that the Sinhalese king took the opportunity to attack the Chola forces in the island nation at a time when the kingdom under Kulottunga was dealing with multiple revolts and attacks in the mainland. In 1070, Vijayabahu attacked the Chola forces from his enclave in the Rohana district and defeated them. He sent two armies, one from Mahanagakula via Dakkinadesa, and the other via the well known route along Mahavali-Ganga. These armies defeated the Chola forces or what was left of them and captured Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa.[93] After his victory over the Cholas, Vijayabahu got himself anointed in Anuradhapura. A few months later he moved to Polonnaruwa, renamed it as Vijayarajapura, made it his capital, and declared himself king of the island nation.[94]Unlike the epigraphs of his predecessors, like Rajaraja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I and Rajadhiraja Chola I, that describe the details of their expeditions to the island nation, Kulottunga's inscriptions are generally silent in regards to Lanka or with regards to any campaigns or wars against the Sinhalese rulers. According to Sastri, Kulottunga was content with keeping the Chola empire from disintegrating on the mainland and was not that affected with the loss of the island nation.[95]It is of interest to note that Vijayabahu married Lilavati, the daughter of Jagatipala, a former ruler of Rohana, after she escaped from the Cholas and returned to the island kingdom.[96] Jagatipala was originally a prince of Ayodhya who had migrated to Lanka and become ruler of Rohana. He was slain on the battlefield during the Lankan expeditions of Kulottunga's predecessor, Rajadhiraja Chola I, when the Sinhalese kingdom lost four crowns in quick succession.[97] At that time, this princess along with her aunt or mother was taken captive by the Chola forces. These events are described in great detail in the Mahavamsa and in an inscription of Rajadhiraja Chola I.[98]","title":"Revolt in Sri Lanka"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Srivijaya_Empire.svg"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suvarnadipa-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Suryavarman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryavarman_II"},{"link_name":"Angkor Wat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Kyanzittha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanzittha"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suvarnadipa-100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_image_of_Kulothunga_Chola_with_description_of_all_the_items.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_image_of_Kulothunga_Chola_with_items_from_different_parts_of_the_globe.png"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coedes-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Sailendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suvarnadipa-100"},{"link_name":"Nagapattinam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagapattinam"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"text":"Srivijaya empire around 8th centuryKulottunga maintained overseas contacts with kingdoms of Sri Vijaya, China and Khmer Empire.[99] The renaming of the famous harbor of Visakhapattanam in Andhra Pradesh as Kulottungacolapattanam also indicates his interest in trade with foreign countries across the Bay of Bengal.[100] In 1077, king Chulien (Chola) Ti-hua-kialo sent an embassy to Chinese court for promoting trade. Sastri identifies this Chola ruler with Kulottunga.[101] This trading venture seems to have ended profitably for the Cholas and they returned with over 81,000 strings of copper cash and many more valuables. The Khmer king Suryavarman II, builder of the famous Angkor Wat, sent a mission to the Chola dynasty and presented a precious stone to Kulottunga in 1114.[102] According to Burmese accounts, Kyanzittha, the ruler of Pagan (Burma) met with the Chola royal family by sending an ambassador to the Chola emperor. In an inscription in Pagan, he even claims to have converted the Chola to Buddhism through a personal letter written on gold foils.[100]An artistic depiction of Kulothunga Chola with description of all the items. These items are from different parts of the world and shows how globalised the world was.Clearer image without the description of items.There is also evidence to suggest that Kulottunga, in his youth (1063 CE), was in Sri Vijaya,[103]: 148  restoring order and maintaining Chola influence in that area. Virarajendra Chola states in his inscription, dated in the 7th year of his reign, that he conquered Kadaram and gave it back to its king who came and worshiped his feet.[104] These expeditions were led by Kulottunga to help the Sailendra king who had sought the help of Virarajendra Chola.[105] An inscription of Canton mentions Ti-hua-kialo as the ruler of Sri Vijaya. According to historians, this ruler is the same as the Chola ruler Ti-hua-kialo (identified with Kulottunga) mentioned in the Song annals and who sent an embassy to China. According to Tan Yeok Song, the editor of the Sri Vijayan inscription of Canton, Kulottunga stayed in Kadaram after the naval expedition of 1067 and reinstalled its king before returning to South India and ascending the throne.[100]Trade relations and cultural contacts established during the reigns of Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I were actively maintained by Kulottunga and his successors. In 1089, the ruler of Sri Vijaya sent two ambassadors to Kulottunga's court, requesting him to renew the old grants to the Buddhist monastery (Chudamani Vihara) in Nagapattinam that was built during the period of Rajaraja Chola I.[106]","title":"Overseas trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kulothunga_chola_coin.jpg"},{"link_name":"boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Srikakulam district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikakulam_district"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Quilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-70"},{"link_name":"Vikrama Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikrama_Chola"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vishnuvardhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuvardhana"},{"link_name":"Kongu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongu_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"text":"Bronze Kasu of Kulottunga, depicting a boar.The Chola kingdom remained formidable under Kulottunga in his 45th regnal year (c. 1115 CE). Except for the loose hold over Lanka, the rest of the empire remained intact. The boundary between the Cholas and the Western Chalukyas was as always the Tungabhadra river.[107] The hold over Vengi was quite firm, and Dakkina Kosala (south-west Kalinga) and some parts of Kalinga (proper) including the capital Kalinganagara, the modern Mukhalingam in the Srikakulam district, was under the Chola rule.[108] Port Quilon, on the Malabar Coast, was recovered by prince Vikrama Chola sometime between c. 1102 and c. 1118.[70]Towards the end of Kulottunga's reign, when his son Vikrama Chola, the viceroy of Vengi left south for the latter's coronation, the northern half of the Vengi kingdom seems to have slipped from his hands and gone to the Western Chalukya empire under Vikramaditya VI.[citation needed] According to some historians, during this period, Kulottunga also lost the province of Gangavadi, the province of the Western Gangas, to Hoysala Vishnuvardhana. The latter seems to have attacked and defeated the Chola Viceroy, Adigaiman, the controller of the Kongu and Kannada country.[109]","title":"Extent of the empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruined_Marvel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gangaikonda Cholapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tamil_Stone_Inscription,_1083_A.D.jpg"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam"},{"link_name":"Kanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchi"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orissagazette-71"},{"link_name":"Bana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bana_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Naralokaviran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naralokaviran"},{"link_name":"Malayaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayaman"},{"link_name":"Irungovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irukkuvel"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Gonka I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonka_I"},{"link_name":"Velanati Chodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velanati_Chodas"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-118"},{"link_name":"Krishna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-118"}],"text":"Ruins of the ancient city of Gangaikonda CholapuramAn Inscription preposing the name of Visakhapatnam to be changed to \"Kulothunga Cholapatnam.\" c. 1083 CEKulottunga's capital was Gangaikondacholapuram. Kanchi was next in importance and had a palace and an \"abhisheka mandapam\" (royal bathing hall) from where the king issued many of his charters.[110][111] The king's inscriptions speak of a highly organized form of fiscal and local administration. He carried out a massive land survey which formed the basis for taxation.[citation needed] He promoted free trade by abolishing tolls or transit duties and came to be known as \"Sungamtavirrton\", that is, \"one who abolished tolls\".[112] Kulottunga did away with the old system of appointing Chola-Pandya viceroys in the southern territories. The king, instead built military cantonments that were in charge of protecting his interests and collecting tribute, but did not interfere with the internal administration of the conquered territories, a responsibility which he left to the native chiefs and feudatories.[71]Kulottunga was ably assisted in his campaigns and internal administration by his officials some of whom were; Karunakara Tondaiman, described as the minister and warrior of Abhaya; Solakon who distinguished himself in the campaigns in the west against the Kongos, Gangas and Mahrattas; the Brahmin Kannan of great fortress; Vanan (possibly the Bana Vanavaraiyan also called Suttamallan Mudikondan) who is said to be dexterous in the use of his beautiful bow in battle; the general Naralokaviran alias Kalingar-kon who distinguished himself in the Pandya and south Kerala wars; Kadava: Vailava, the lord of Chedi (Malayaman) country; Senapati (General) Anantapala; the Irungovel chieftain, Adavallan Gangaikonda Cholan alias Irungolan; the royal secretary (\"Tirumandira-olai\"), Arumoli-Vilupparaiyar; and the accountant, Arumoli-Porkari.[113][114][115][116][117] Gonka I, a vassal from the Velanati Chodas family was greatly responsible for the political stability of the Chola power in the Vengi region.[118] In appreciation of his services, the emperor conferred on Gonka I the lordship over 6000 villages on the southern bank of the Krishna River.[118]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Pallava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelloregazetteer-3"},{"link_name":"Nataraja temple at Chidambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Kulottunga Chola III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulottunga_Chola_III"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"}],"sub_title":"Royal House","text":"Kulottunga's chief queen was Dinachintamani, others being Elisaivallabhi and Thiyagavalli.[119] Copper-plate grants state that Kulottunga married Madurantaki, the daughter of Rajendradeva of the Solar ra, and had by her seven sons.[120] According to some historians, she is identical with Dinachintamani.[121] She seems to have died sometime before the thirtieth year of Kulottunga. Thiyagavalli took the place of the chief queen upon Dinachintamani's demise. The poem Kalingattupparani mentions Thiyagavalli together with Elisai Vallabhi (also known as Elulagudayal). It also states that Thiyagavalli enjoyed equal authority with the king.[122] Another queen, called Solakulavalliyār, is also mentioned in inscriptions. She was instrumental in renewing the grant of Anaimangalam in favour of the Buddhist Chulamani Vihara at Nagapattinam.[123] He also seems to have married a Pallava princess called Kadavan-Mahadevi.[124] Epigraphs mention three of his sons, Rajaraja Chodaganga, Vira Chola and Vikrama Chola, of which Rajaraja was the eldest.[3] A younger sister of the king is known to us from a very old inscription in the Nataraja temple at Chidambaram. The inscription gives the king three names, namely Kulottunga, Jayadhara and Rajendra. The epigraph states that Rajarajan-Kundavai-Alvar, the younger sister of Kulottunga gilded the Nataraja shrine and gifted a gold vessel, a mirror and made arrangements for the ablutions of the deity (Abishekam). It further states that the king of Kamboja exhibited a stone before the glorious Chola king and by the king's order the stone was placed in front of the main deity of the Nataraja temple.[125][126] A daughter of Kulottunga I called Ammangai-Alvar and as Periya Nachiyar is known to us from an inscription of Kulottunga Chola III (referred to in the inscription as Virarajendradeva).[127]","title":"Family and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_Tank_in_Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nataraja Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"Chidambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varadarajatemple-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jayyar220-129"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_India"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavite"},{"link_name":"Ramanuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanuja"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Saivite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varadarajatemple-128"}],"text":"Nataraja Temple in ChidambaramThe empire under Kulottunga encouraged both Saivism and Vaishnavism.[128] The king and his family members continued to make endowments to the Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram.[129] He was tolerant towards other religions, like Buddhism, and renewed the grants made to the Chudamani Vihara, the Buddhist monastery at Nagapattinam.[130]Historians dispute the identification of Krimikanta Chola, the persecutor of Vaishnavite acharya Ramanuja, with Kulottunga. One of the reasons for this disagreement is because, Ramanuja is said to have returned to the Chola kingdom from Hoysala Vishnuvardhana's court after an exile of 12 years (upon the Chola king's death), whereas Kulottunga ruled for 52 years.[131][132][133] Some scholars are of the opinion that Kulottunga was secular through his early and middle years and persecuted Vaishnavites towards the end of his reign, succumbing to Saivite pressure.[134] There is reason to believe that the king encouraged Vaishnavism during the later years as his records mention him giving gifts to the Vishnu shrines. For example, he visited the Ulagalandaperumal temple in Kanchipuram with his two queens, Tribuhavanamudaiyal and Solakulavalli, and made benefactions in the 40th year of his reign.[128]","title":"Religious attitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Profile_view,_Amrithakadeswarar_temple_Melakadambur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melakadambur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melakadambur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kulottunga_I_Gold_Coin.png"},{"link_name":"Rooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Kambar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambar_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Ramavataram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramavataram"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Vikrama Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikrama_Chola"},{"link_name":"Kulottunga II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_II"},{"link_name":"Rajaraja II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaraja_II"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Chidambaram Nataraja Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Amritaghateswarar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela_Kadambur_Amirthakadeswarar_Temple"},{"link_name":"Melakadambur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melakadambur"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Thungapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thungapuram"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"Lord Siva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Siva"},{"link_name":"Lord Vinava Perumal Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thungapuram"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FaithsAcrossTime-140"},{"link_name":"Gahadavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahadavala_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Lord Surya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Surya"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FaithsAcrossTime-140"}],"text":"Melakadambur-KarakkoilGold Fanam of Kulottunga I depicts a Rooster. Roosters were rarely depicted in Chola ArtKulottunga was a patron of arts and architecture. The poet-laureate Jayamkondar is said to have adorned his court. The composition of the famous poem Kalingattuparani is attributed to him.[135] Some scholars consider the poet Kambar to be a contemporary of Kulottunga I and the Ramavataram is said to have been composed during his rule. Others place him during the reign of Kulottunga II or III.[136] Likewise a few believe that Ottakoothar, the author of the three Ulas namely the Kulothunga Cholan Ula, Vikraman Chola Ula and Rajaraja Cholan Ula, lived during his reign while others place him during the reign of his successors viz. Vikrama Chola, Kulottunga II and Rajaraja II.[137]\nKulothunga I and his son expanded the Chidambaram Nataraja Temple expanse sixfold.[138]The construction of the Amritaghateswarar Shiva temple in Melakadambur was also attributed to the reign of Kulothunga. It is called as Karakkoil, and is perhaps the earliest shrine built in the shape of a chariot with wheels, and drawn by spirited horses. The temple contains an inscription of the king, dated in the 43rd year of his reign, corresponding to 1113.[139] During his time, Kulottunga Chozhapuram, now called Thungapuram, was a site of intense religious activity. The streets in the city are laid out like Madurai (square shape), hence it is called as Siru (small) Madurai. Kulottunga constructed two temples in Siru Madurai, one called Sokkanathar temple for Lord Siva, and the other, a Vishnu shrine called Lord Vinava Perumal Temple or Varadaraja perumal temple.[140]Kulottunga was also on friendly terms with the Gahadavala kings of central India, who had Lord Surya for their tutelary deity. Later, inspired by his visits to the Gahadavala kingdom, Kulottunga built several temples dedicated to the Sun God, especially the Suryanar temples at Pudukkottai and Nagapattinam.[140]","title":"Art and architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Pushya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushya"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Chingleput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingleput"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Brahmapurisvara Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmapurisvarar_Temple,_Thiruppattur"},{"link_name":"Tiruvottiyur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruvottiyur"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Rajadhiraja Chola I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola_I"},{"link_name":"Kalyanapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavakalyan"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"text":"Kulottunga's inscriptions mostly begin with the introduction \"pugal madu vilanga\" or \"pugal sunda punari\". The former gives details about his conquest over Cheras, Pandyas and Vikramaditya VI while the latter is even more detailed and includes the details of his early life, viz., his heroics in Chakrakotta and Vayiragram and how he came about to wear the excellent crown of jewels of the Chola country.[141][142] An inscription from Kanchi beginning with the introduction \"Pugal madu\" mentions his birth star as Pushya.[143][144] Another inscription of the king, from the Tripurantakesvara temple in Chingleput district, mentions the resale of some lands that were bought in the second year of Virarajendra Chola.[145]In his early years, the king styled himself as Rajakesarivarman alias Rajendracholadeva. We have an inscription of the king from Kolar dated in the second year of his reign. He is called Rajakesarivarman alias Rajendra Chola deva and it mentions his heroics in Sakkarakottam and Vayiragaram. It states that an officer of the king called Virasikhamani Muvendavelar inspected a temple in Kuvalala nadu, a district of Vijayarajendra-mandalam and appointed a committee.[146][147] There is another inscription from the Brahmapurisvara Temple in Tiruvottiyur, dated in the third year of his reign, wherein he is styled as Rajakesarivarman alias Rajendracholadeva. It states that Muvendavelar, an officer of the king, and a native of Aridayamangalam in Mudichonadu, a sub-division of Kalyanapuramkonda-sola-valanadu, bought some lands and donated them for feeding a Brahmana and a Sivayogin.[148][149] The names Vijayarajendra-mandalam and Kalyanapuramgonda-sola-valanadu are significant and evidently named after Kulottunga's predecessor, Rajadhiraja Chola I, who sacked the Western Chalukya capital Kalyanapuram towards the end of his reign. Rajadhiraja Chola I then assumed the title Vijayarajendra after performing the \"Virabhiseka\" (anointment of heroes).[150][151]","title":"Inscriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kulothunga I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kulothunga_I"},{"link_name":"Temple art under the Chola queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kSJUAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"K. A. N. Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri"},{"link_name":"The Cōḷas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0aWCAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Cōḷas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eg9uAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"South Indian Shrines: Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oYJptwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-206-0151-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0151-2"},{"link_name":"Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dufVAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789060236079","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789060236079"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kulothunga I.B. Venkataraman (1976). Temple art under the Chola queens. Thomson Press (India), Publication Division.\nK. A. N. Sastri (1937). The Cōḷas. Vol. 2, Part 1. University of Madras.\n—————— (1955). The Cōḷas. University of Madras.\nP. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0151-2.\nBalasubrahmanyam, S. R. (1977). Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070). Oriental Press. ISBN 9789060236079.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Mural depicting the story of Shiva and Parvati.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Le_temple_de_Shiva_Nataraja_%28Chidambaram%2C_Inde%29_%2814032663924%29.jpg/220px-Le_temple_de_Shiva_Nataraja_%28Chidambaram%2C_Inde%29_%2814032663924%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kudala sangama, the site of many a battle between the Cholas and Chalukyas during the period of Virarajendra Chola","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kudala_Sangama.jpg/210px-Kudala_Sangama.jpg"},{"image_text":"Podiyil Mountains (conquered by Kulottunga around 1077-81 AD)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Pothigai_Hills_Range.jpg/220px-Pothigai_Hills_Range.jpg"},{"image_text":"Velakkara in Polonnaruwa written in Tamil and Sanskrit by Kulottunga declaring Kingdom of Ruhuna independent of Chola rule. c. 1070 CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Polonnaruwa_Velaikkara_Slab_Inscription.jpg/200px-Polonnaruwa_Velaikkara_Slab_Inscription.jpg"},{"image_text":"Srivijaya empire around 8th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Srivijaya_Empire.svg/220px-Srivijaya_Empire.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Bronze Kasu of Kulottunga, depicting a boar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kulothunga_chola_coin.jpg/250px-Kulothunga_chola_coin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ruins of the ancient city of Gangaikonda Cholapuram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ruined_Marvel.jpg/220px-Ruined_Marvel.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Inscription preposing the name of Visakhapatnam to be changed to \"Kulothunga Cholapatnam.\" c. 1083 CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tamil_Stone_Inscription%2C_1083_A.D.jpg/220px-Tamil_Stone_Inscription%2C_1083_A.D.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Temple_Tank_in_Nataraja_Temple%2C_Chidambaram.jpg/220px-Temple_Tank_in_Nataraja_Temple%2C_Chidambaram.jpg"},{"image_text":"Melakadambur-Karakkoil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Profile_view%2C_Amrithakadeswarar_temple_Melakadambur.jpg/220px-Profile_view%2C_Amrithakadeswarar_temple_Melakadambur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gold Fanam of Kulottunga I depicts a Rooster. Roosters were rarely depicted in Chola Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kulottunga_I_Gold_Coin.png/220px-Kulottunga_I_Gold_Coin.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Balasubrahmanyam, S.R. \"Chapter I - Kulottunga I (a.d. 1070 to 1125)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/later-chola-temples/d/doc211946.html#:~:text=Kulotlunga%20I's%20reign%20began%20sometime,Western%20Chalukyan%20ruler%20Somcsvara%201.","url_text":"\"Chapter I - Kulottunga I (a.d. 1070 to 1125)\""}]},{"reference":"S. R. Balasubrahmanyam, B. Natarajan, Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran. Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280), Parts 1070-1280. Mudgala Trust, 1979. p. 151.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Government Of Madras Staff, Government of Madras. Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Upto 1938. Asian Educational Services, 1942 - Nellore (India : District). p. 39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services. p. 49. ISBN 978-81-206-0151-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oYJptwEACAAJ","url_text":"South Indian Shrines: Illustrated"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0151-2","url_text":"978-81-206-0151-2"}]},{"reference":"Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 46–49. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4","url_text":"978-9-38060-734-4"}]},{"reference":"www.wisdomlib.org (5 August 2017). \"Kulottunga I (a.d. 1070 to 1125) [Chapter I]\". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/later-chola-temples/d/doc211946.html","url_text":"\"Kulottunga I (a.d. 1070 to 1125) [Chapter I]\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION\". rmc.ap.gov.in. Retrieved 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://rmc.ap.gov.in/about/rajahmundry_history","url_text":"\"RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION\""}]},{"reference":"Sailendra Nath Sen. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International, 1999 - India. p. 485.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja. Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009. p. 71.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Benjamin Lewis Rice. Mysore Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2. Government Press, 1930. p. 1030.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kesavapany, K.; Kulke, Hermann; Sakhuja, Vijay (eds.). Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa : Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia (Tamil ed.). ISBN 978-981-4345-32-3. OCLC 1100455056. Kulatunga was 43 during revolts in srivijaya in 1068, therefore he was born around 1025","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1100455056","url_text":"Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa : Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4345-32-3","url_text":"978-981-4345-32-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100455056","url_text":"1100455056"}]},{"reference":"K. A. N. Sastri (1955). The Cōḷas. University of Madras. p. 301.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri","url_text":"K. A. N. 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Printed by the superintendent, Gov't press, 1899. p. 127.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pabitra Mohana Nāẏaka. The Voice of Silence: Sonepur Durbar and Indian Cultural Traditions. Orissa Sahitya Akademi, 2001 - Sonepur (Princely State). p. 25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"N. Ramesan. Copper Plate Inscriptions of the State Museum, Issue 29. Government of Andhra Pradesh - Deccan (India). p. 93.","urls":[]},{"reference":"South Indian Inscriptions: Tamil inscriptions of Rajaraja, Rajendra-Chola, and others in the Rajarajesvara Temple at Tanjavur. Archæological Survey of India, India. Department of Archaeology. p. 231.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andhra Pradesh Government Museum, N. Ramesan. Copper Plate Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh Government Museum, Hyderabad, Issue 29. Government of Andhra Pradesh, 1972. p. 92.","urls":[]},{"reference":"N. Ramesan. Copper Plate Inscriptions of the State Museum, Issue 29. Government of Andhra Pradesh - Deccan (India). pp. 92, 103.","urls":[]},{"reference":"C. R. Srinivasan. Kanchipuram Through the Ages. Agam Kala Prakashan, 1979 - Conjeevaram, India. p. 102.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Indian History Congress. 12 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100038","url_text":"Proceedings of the Indian History Congress"}]},{"reference":"Asoke Kumar Majumdar. Concise History of Ancient India: Political history. Munshiram Manoharlal, 1977 - India. p. 459.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bangalore Suryanarain Row (1993). A History of Vijayanagar: The Never to be Forgotten Empire, Part 1. Asian Educational Services, 1993. p. 39. ISBN 9788120608603.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyvijayanag00sury","url_text":"A History of Vijayanagar: The Never to be Forgotten Empire, Part 1"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyvijayanag00sury/page/n65","url_text":"39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120608603","url_text":"9788120608603"}]},{"reference":"Sastri, K.A Nilakanta. Colas. Madras, 1955. p. 291.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Benjamin Lewis Rice. Mysore Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2. Government Press, 1930 - Karnataka (India). p. 1107.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K. A. N. Sastri (1955). The Cōḷas. University of Madras. pp. 291–292.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri","url_text":"K. A. N. 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Government Press, 1930 - Karnataka (India). p. 1075.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tamil Civilization: Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University, Volume 3. Tamil University, 1985 - India, South. p. 134.","urls":[]},{"reference":"P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services. p. 471. ISBN 978-81-206-0151-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oYJptwEACAAJ","url_text":"South Indian Shrines: Illustrated"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0151-2","url_text":"978-81-206-0151-2"}]},{"reference":"Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar. History of Ancient India. Seema Publications, 1980 - India. p. 126.","urls":[]},{"reference":"F. R. Hemingway. Tanjore Gazetteer. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002 - Thanjāvūr (India : District). p. 27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Prabhakar Narayan Kawthekar. Bilhana. Sahitya Akademi, 1995. p. 62.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Krishna Murari. The Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇi, from circa 973 AD. to 1200 AD.: based mainly on epigraphical sources. Concept Pub. Co., 1977 - History. p. 100.","urls":[]},{"reference":"M. Krishna Kumari. Rule Of The Chalukya-Cholas In Andhradesa. B.R. Pub. Corp., 01-Sep-1985 - Andhra Pradesh (India). p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ghulam Yazdani. The Early history of the Deccan, Volume 2. Oriental Reprint, 1982 - Deccan (India). p. 491.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eugen Hultzsch. South-Indian inscriptions..., Volume 29. Printed by the superintendent, Gov't press, 1899 - Inscriptions, Sanskrit. p. 65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lalit Kala Akademi. Lalit Kalā, Issue 10. Lalit Kala Akademi., 1961 - Art, Asian. p. 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K. A. N. Sastri (1955). The Cōḷas. University of Madras. pp. 307–308.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri","url_text":"K. A. N. 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University of Madras. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri","url_text":"K. A. N. Sastri"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0aWCAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Cōḷas"}]},{"reference":"Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam Committee. Tirumalai-Tirupati Dēvasthānam Epigraphical Series: Early inscriptions. Printed at Sri Mahant's Dévasthānam Press, 1931 - Inscriptions. p. 38.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar. History of Ancient India. Seema Publications, 1980 - India. p. 145.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Manabendu Banerjee. Historicity in Sanskrit Historical Kāvyas: A Study in Sanskrit Historical Kāvyas in the Light of Contemporary Inscriptions, Coins, Archaeological Evidences, Foreign Travellors' Accounts Etc. Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, 2004 - Epic poetry, Sanskrit. p. 145.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi, R. Nagaswamy. Tamil Coins: A Study. Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology, 1981 - Coins, Indic. p. 93.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Govindan Thirumavalavan. Political, Social, and Cultural History of the Chōl̲ās as Gleaned from Ulā Literature. Ezhilagam Publishers, 1991 - History. p. 71.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K. A. N. Sastri (1937). The Cōḷas. Vol. 2, Part 1. University of Madras. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri","url_text":"K. A. N. Sastri"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0aWCAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Cōḷas"}]},{"reference":"Orissa (India), Nilamani Senapati, N. K. Sahu. Orissa District Gazetteers: Kanniyakumari District - Page 68. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press-Orissa (India). p. 68.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Madras (India : State), B. S. Baliga, B. S. Baliga (Rao Bahadur.). Madras District Gazetteers: Kanniyakumari District. Superintendent, Government Press, Tamil Nadu (India). p. 68.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andhra Pradesh (India). Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Vizianagram. Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press; [copies can be from: Government Publication Bureau, Andhra Pradesh], 2000 - Andhra Pradesh (India). p. 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"F. R. Hemingway. Tanjore Gazetteer. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002 - Thanjāvūr (India : District). p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"T. V. Kuppuswamy (Prof.); Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni. History of Tamilakam. Darkness at horizon. Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira, 1995 - History. p. 325.","urls":[]},{"reference":"F. R. Hemingway. Godavari district gazetteer. Asian Educational Services, 2000 - History. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Government Of Madras Staff, Government of Madras. Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Upto 1938. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveney_District
Waveney District
["1 Politics","2 List of communities","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°28′59″N 1°45′22″E / 52.4831°N 1.7561°E / 52.4831; 1.7561Former non-metropolitan district in England Non-metropolitan district in EnglandWaveney DistrictNon-metropolitan districtTown Hall, the district headquarters in LowestoftWaveney shown within Suffolk and EnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomConstituent countryEnglandRegionEast of EnglandNon-metropolitan countySuffolkStatusNon-metropolitan districtAdmin HQLowestoftEstablished1 April 1974Merged31 March 2019Government • TypeNon-metropolitan district council • BodyWaveney District Council • LeadershipLeader & Cabinet ( ) • MPsPeter Aldous Therese CoffeyArea • Total143.0 sq mi (370.4 km2)Population (2018) • Total117,900 • Density820/sq mi (320/km2) • Ethnicity98.8% WhiteTime zoneUTC0 (GMT) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)ONS code42UHGSS codeE07000206OS grid referenceTM5500193916Websitewww.waveney.gov.uk Waveney was a local government district in Suffolk, England, named after the River Waveney that formed its north-east border. The district council was based in Lowestoft, the major settlement in Waveney. The other towns in the district were Beccles, Bungay, Halesworth and Southwold. The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, as a merger of the municipal boroughs of Beccles, Lowestoft and Southwold, along with Bungay and Halesworth urban districts, Wainford Rural District and part of Lothingland Rural District. The population of the district at the 2011 Census was 115,254. The last elections to the council were held on 7 May 2015, the second election after the council moved to a Whole Council election system, meaning all 48 council seats were contested. Before the 2011 elections the council was under Conservative Party control. Waveney district was merged with Suffolk Coastal district on 1 April 2019 to form the new East Suffolk district. At the 2011 election the Conservatives had lost overall control, with both it and the Labour party represented by 23 councillors, the balance of the council being made up of one Green Party and one Independent councillor. A series of procedural moves led to the formation of a Conservative-led administration. At the 2015 election the Conservatives won an absolute majority, with 27 seats, with Labour winning 20 and the Green Party 1. Politics Main article: Waveney local elections List of communities Outside of Lowestoft there are 59 towns and civil parishes in Waveney: All Saints and St Nicholas, South Elmham Barnby Barsham Beccles (town) Benacre Blundeston Blyford Brampton with Stoven Bungay (town) Carlton Colville Corton Covehithe Ellough Flixton, Lothingland Flixton, The Saints Frostenden Gisleham Halesworth (town) Henstead with Hulver Street Holton Kessingland Lound Lowestoft (town) Mettingham Mutford North Cove Oulton Oulton Broad Redisham Reydon Ringsfield Rumburgh Rushmere Shadingfield Shipmeadow Somerleyton, Ashby and Herringfleet Sotherton Sotterley South Cove Southwold (town) Spexhall St Andrew, Ilketshall St Cross, South Elmham St James, South Elmham St John, Ilketshall St Lawrence, Ilketshall St Margaret, Ilketshall St Margaret, South Elmham St Mary, South Elmham St Michael, South Elmham St Peter, South Elmham Uggeshall Wangford with Henham Westhall Weston Willingham St Mary Wissett Worlingham Wrentham References ^ "Local Authority population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 August 2016. ^ Changing to Whole Council Elections – Explanatory Document, Waveney District Council, 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2011. ^ Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (24 May 2018). "The East Suffolk (Local Government Changes) Order 2018". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 August 2018. ^ Waveney, BBC news, 6 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-06. ^ 'Battle for power at Waveney District Council', Eastern Daily Press, 10 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-12. ^ Colin Law is new leader, Waveney District Council, 25 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-06. ^ New leader chosen for Waveney District Council, Eastern Daily Press, 26 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-06. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waveney. Waveney District Council vteWaveneyTowns Beccles Bungay Carlton Colville Halesworth Lowestoft Southwold Civil parishes All Saints and St Nicholas, South Elmham Barnby Barsham Benacre Blundeston Blyford Brampton with Stoven Corton Covehithe Ellough Flixton (Lothingland) Flixton (the Saints) Frostenden Gisleham Henstead with Hulver Street Holton Kessingland Lound Mettingham Mutford North Cove Oulton Oulton Broad Redisham Reydon Ringsfield Rumburgh Rushmere Shadingfield Shipmeadow Somerleyton, Ashby and Herringfleet Sotherton Sotterley South Cove Spexhall St Andrew, Ilketshall St Cross, South Elmham St James, South Elmham St John, Ilketshall St Lawrence, Ilketshall St Margaret, Ilketshall St Margaret, South Elmham St Mary, South Elmham otherwise Homersfield St Michael, South Elmham St Peter, South Elmham Uggeshall Wangford with Henham Westhall Weston Willingham St Mary Wissett Worlingham Wrentham See also: Waveney (UK Parliament constituency) Waveney local elections vte Former local government areas in SuffolkPre-1974Municipal boroughs Aldeburgh Beccles Bury St Edmunds Eye Lowestoft Southwold Rural districts Blyth Blything Bosmere and Claydon Brandon Clare Cosford Deben East Stow Gipping Hartismere Hoxne Lothingland Melford Mildenhall Moulton Mutford and Lothingland Plomesgate Samford Thedwastre Thingoe Wainford Wangford Woodbridge Urban districts Bungay Felixstowe Glemsford Hadleigh Halesworth Haverhill Leiston cum Sizewell Newmarket Oulton Broad Saxmundham Stowmarket Woodbridge Post-1974 Forest Heath St Edmundsbury Suffolk Coastal Waveney Authority control databases VIAF 52°28′59″N 1°45′22″E / 52.4831°N 1.7561°E / 52.4831; 1.7561
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local government district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"River Waveney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Waveney"},{"link_name":"Lowestoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft"},{"link_name":"Beccles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beccles"},{"link_name":"Bungay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungay,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Halesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halesworth"},{"link_name":"Southwold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwold"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"municipal boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_borough"},{"link_name":"Beccles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipal_Borough_of_Beccles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lowestoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipal_Borough_of_Lowestoft&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southwold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipal_Borough_of_Southwold&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bungay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bungay_Urban_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Halesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halesworth_Urban_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"urban districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Wainford Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainford_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Lothingland Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothingland_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"last elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Waveney_District_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fouryearelec-2"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Suffolk Coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_Coastal"},{"link_name":"East Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Suffolk_(district)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Labour party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc11-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edp10may11-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wdc25may11-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edp26may11-7"}],"text":"Former non-metropolitan district in EnglandNon-metropolitan district in EnglandWaveney was a local government district in Suffolk, England, named after the River Waveney that formed its north-east border. The district council was based in Lowestoft, the major settlement in Waveney. The other towns in the district were Beccles, Bungay, Halesworth and Southwold.The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, as a merger of the municipal boroughs of Beccles, Lowestoft and Southwold, along with Bungay and Halesworth urban districts, Wainford Rural District and part of Lothingland Rural District. The population of the district at the 2011 Census was 115,254.[1] The last elections to the council were held on 7 May 2015, the second election after the council moved to a Whole Council election system, meaning all 48 council seats were contested.[2] Before the 2011 elections the council was under Conservative Party control.Waveney district was merged with Suffolk Coastal district on 1 April 2019 to form the new East Suffolk district.[3]At the 2011 election the Conservatives had lost overall control, with both it and the Labour party represented by 23 councillors, the balance of the council being made up of one Green Party and one Independent councillor.[4][5] A series of procedural moves led to the formation of a Conservative-led administration.[6][7] At the 2015 election the Conservatives won an absolute majority, with 27 seats, with Labour winning 20 and the Green Party 1.","title":"Waveney District"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Outside of Lowestoft there are 59 towns and civil parishes in Waveney:","title":"List of communities"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Local Authority population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=6275299&c=Waveney&d=13&e=62&g=6467411&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1471276079859&enc=1","url_text":"\"Local Authority population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (24 May 2018). \"The East Suffolk (Local Government Changes) Order 2018\". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2018/640/contents/made","url_text":"\"The East Suffolk (Local Government Changes) Order 2018\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Waveney_District&params=52.4831_N_1.7561_E_type:adm3rd_dim:35000_region:GB-SFK","external_links_name":"52°28′59″N 1°45′22″E / 52.4831°N 1.7561°E / 52.4831; 1.7561"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Waveney_District&params=52.483362_N_1.754224_E_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"TM5500193916"},{"Link":"http://www.waveney.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"www.waveney.gov.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=6275299&c=Waveney&d=13&e=62&g=6467411&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1471276079859&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Local Authority population 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.waveney.gov.uk/site/scripts/download.php?fileID=129","external_links_name":"Changing to Whole Council Elections – Explanatory Document"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2018/640/contents/made","external_links_name":"\"The East Suffolk (Local Government Changes) Order 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/election2011/council/html/42uh.stm","external_links_name":"Waveney"},{"Link":"http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/update_battle_for_power_at_waveney_district_council_1_887640","external_links_name":"'Battle for power at Waveney District Council'"},{"Link":"http://www.waveney.gov.uk/site/scripts/news_article.php?newsID=142","external_links_name":"Colin Law is new leader"},{"Link":"http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/new_leader_chosen_for_waveney_district_council_1_904096","external_links_name":"New leader chosen for Waveney District Council"},{"Link":"http://www.waveney.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"Waveney District Council"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/241877447","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Waveney_District&params=52.4831_N_1.7561_E_type:adm3rd_dim:35000_region:GB-SFK","external_links_name":"52°28′59″N 1°45′22″E / 52.4831°N 1.7561°E / 52.4831; 1.7561"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Yuanquan
Xu Yuanquan
["1 References"]
In this Chinese name, the family name is Xu. Xu YuanquanXu Yuanquan as pictured in The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese DignitariesBorn1885 or 1886Huanggang, HubeiDied1960Taipei, TaiwanAllegianceBeiyang governmentRepublic of ChinaService/branchNational Pacification ArmyNational Revolutionary ArmyCommands held48th Division10th Army2nd Army26th Army GroupBattles/wars Northern Expedition Central Plains War Battle of Xuchang Chinese Civil War Second encirclement campaign against the Honghu Soviet Second Sino-Japanese War Battle of Nanking Battle of Xuzhou Battle of Wuhan AwardsOrder of the Sacred Tripod Xu Yuanquan (徐源泉; Hsü Yüan-ch'üan; c. 1885–1960) was a Kuomintang general. He was born in Huanggang, Hubei. An eyewitness to the Wuchang Uprising, he was a subordinate of Zhang Zongchang before joining the Kuomintang. He was commander of the 48th Division of the Nationalist forces in 1930. In 1933 he was commanding the Tenth Army, stationed in Changsha, and he was involved in the opium trade. References ^ "China Yearbook". Google Books. 1947. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ "Who's who in China". Google Books. 1936. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ Free China Review. Vol. 13. Taiwan. 1963. p. 20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Chinese Engine Hides Its Smoke". Popular Science. 116 (6): 29. June 1930. ^ Brook, Timothy and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, ed. (2000). Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 284. ISBN 0-520-22009-9. Biography This biographical article related to the military of China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"China Yearbook\". Google Books. 1947. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y7kAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hsu+Yuan-chuan&pg=PA659","url_text":"\"China Yearbook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Who's who in China\". Google Books. 1936. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F29xAAAAMAAJ&q=Hsu+Yuan-chuan","url_text":"\"Who's who in China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Free China Review. Vol. 13. Taiwan. 1963. p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x23VAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+second+Wuchang+eyewitness+is+Legislator+Hsu+Yuan-chuan%22","url_text":"Free China Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Engine Hides Its Smoke\". Popular Science. 116 (6): 29. June 1930.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gSkDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Hsu+Yuan-chuan%22&pg=PA29","url_text":"\"Chinese Engine Hides Its Smoke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science","url_text":"Popular Science"}]},{"reference":"Brook, Timothy and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, ed. (2000). Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 284. ISBN 0-520-22009-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xQk97ET1aQMC&q=%22Xu+Yuanquan%22&pg=PA284","url_text":"Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22009-9","url_text":"0-520-22009-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y7kAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hsu+Yuan-chuan&pg=PA659","external_links_name":"\"China Yearbook\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F29xAAAAMAAJ&q=Hsu+Yuan-chuan","external_links_name":"\"Who's who in China\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x23VAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+second+Wuchang+eyewitness+is+Legislator+Hsu+Yuan-chuan%22","external_links_name":"Free China Review"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gSkDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Hsu+Yuan-chuan%22&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Engine Hides Its Smoke\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xQk97ET1aQMC&q=%22Xu+Yuanquan%22&pg=PA284","external_links_name":"Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952"},{"Link":"http://www.generals.dk/general/Xu_Yuanquan/_/China.html","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xu_Yuanquan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_laissez_faire
Collective laissez-faire
["1 See also","2 References"]
Policy emphasizing trade union bargaining Collective laissez faire is a term in legal and economic theory used to refer to the policy of a government to leave trade unions and employers free to collectively bargain with one another, with limited government intervention and oversight. It is predicated on the idea that parties of equal bargaining strength will agree to optimal solutions for economic production and as a matter of fairness. See also Legal abstentionism UK labour law References O Kahn-Freund, 'Labour Law' in M Ginsberg (ed), Law and Opinion in England in the 20th Century (Stevens 1959) KD Ewing, 'The State and Industrial Relations: 'Collective Laissez-Faire' Revisited' (1998) 5 Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 1
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_theory"},{"link_name":"trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"collectively bargain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining"},{"link_name":"economic production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_(economics)"}],"text":"Collective laissez faire is a term in legal and economic theory used to refer to the policy of a government to leave trade unions and employers free to collectively bargain with one another, with limited government intervention and oversight. It is predicated on the idea that parties of equal bargaining strength will agree to optimal solutions for economic production and as a matter of fairness.","title":"Collective laissez-faire"}]
[]
[{"title":"Legal abstentionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_abstentionism"},{"title":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Delaware
Interstate 95 in Delaware
["1 Route description","1.1 Delaware Turnpike","1.2 Wilmington Expressway","2 Tolls","3 Services","4 History","4.1 Planning and construction","4.2 Improvements","5 Exit list","6 Auxiliary routes","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Route map: Section of Interstate Highway in New Castle County, Delaware, United States This article is about the section of Interstate 95 in Delaware. For the entire route, see Interstate 95. Interstate 95I-95 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by DelDOTLength23.43 mi (37.71 km)Existed1956–presentHistoryFirst section opened in 1963, completed in 1968NHSEntire routeMajor junctionsSouth end I-95 at Maryland border near NewarkMajor intersections DE 896 in Newark DE 273 in Christiana DE 1 / DE 7 / DE 58 in Christiana I-295 / I-495 / US 202 / DE 141 near Newport DE 4 / DE 9 in Wilmington DE 52 in Wilmington US 202 / DE 202 in Wilmington DE 3 near Bellefonte I-495 / DE 92 in Claymont North end I-95 at Pennsylvania border in Claymont LocationCountryUnited StatesStateDelawareCountiesNew Castle Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future Delaware State Route System List Byways ← DE 92→ DE 100← I-495I-895→ DE 896 Interstate 95 (I-95) is an Interstate Highway running along the East Coast of the United States from Miami, Florida, north to the Canada–United States border in Houlton, Maine. In the state of Delaware, the route runs for 23.43 miles (37.71 km) across the Wilmington area in northern New Castle County from the Maryland state line near Newark northeast to the Pennsylvania state line in Claymont. I-95 is the only primary Interstate Highway that enters Delaware, although it also has two auxiliary routes within the state (I-295 and I-495). Between the Maryland state line and Newport, I-95 follows the Delaware Turnpike (also known as the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway), a toll road with a mainline toll plaza near the state line. Near Newport, the Interstate has a large interchange with Delaware Route 141 (DE 141) and the southern termini of I-295 and I-495. I-95 becomes the Wilmington Expressway from here to the Pennsylvania state line and heads north through Wilmington concurrent with U.S. Route 202 (US 202). Past Wilmington, I-95 continues northeast to Claymont, where I-495 rejoins the route right before the Pennsylvania state line. Plans for a road along the I-95 corridor through Wilmington to the Pennsylvania state line predate the Interstate Highway System. After the Delaware Memorial Bridge was built in 1951, the Delaware Turnpike was proposed between the bridge approach near Farnhurst (present-day interchange between I-95 and I-295) and the Maryland state line near Newark in order to alleviate traffic congestion on parallel US 40. With the creation of the Interstate Highway System in 1956, both these roads were incorporated into I-95. Construction on the Delaware Turnpike began in 1957 and ended in 1963. Construction on building I-95 through Wilmington began in the early 1960s. I-95 was completed from Newport north to downtown Wilmington in 1966 and from Wilmington north to the Pennsylvania state line in 1968. Between 1978 and 1980, I-95 was temporarily rerouted along the I-495 bypass route while the South Wilmington Viaduct was reconstructed; during this time, the route through Wilmington was designated as Interstate 895 (I-895). Improvements continue to be made to the highway including widening projects and reconstruction of sections of the road and interchanges. Route description Delaware Turnpike Delaware TurnpikeLocationNewark–NewportLength13.34 mi (21.47 km)Existed1963–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Delaware TurnpikeKML is not from Wikidata I-95 enters Delaware from Maryland southwest of the city of Newark in New Castle County. From the state line, the highway heads east (north) as the Delaware Turnpike (John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway), a six-lane freeway, through wooded areas. Not far from the Maryland state line, the road crosses Muddy Run before it comes to the Newark mainline toll plaza. I-95 widens to eight lanes and reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with DE 896, which heads north to Newark and the University of Delaware and south to Glasgow. Following this interchange, the Interstate Highway crosses the Christina River and runs between industrial areas to the north and farm fields to the south, coming to bridges over Norfolk Southern Railway's Delmarva Secondary railroad line and DE 72 without access. The road heads through more woodland with nearby suburban development as it curves northeast, with the median widening for the Biden Welcome Center service plaza accessible from both directions. A short distance later, I-95 reaches a modified cloverleaf interchange with DE 273 west of Christiana. The freeway continues northeast and comes to a modified cloverleaf interchange with the DE 1/DE 7 freeway to the northwest of the Christiana Mall; this interchange serves as the northern terminus of DE 1. This interchange has flyover ramps from southbound I-95 to southbound DE 1/DE 7 and from northbound DE 1/DE 7 to northbound I-95; the northbound ramp splits onto both sides of the northbound lanes of I-95. The interchange with DE 1/DE 7 also has access to the Christiana Mall via ramps connecting to Mall Road. I-95 northbound past the DE 896 interchange near NewarkPast this interchange, I-95 widens to 10 lanes and passes under DE 58, with a ramp from southbound I-95 to DE 58 that provides the missing connection between southbound I-95 and northbound DE 7. The highway continues through woods before heading through Churchman's Marsh, where it crosses the Christina River. After this bridge, I-95 has a northbound ramp to Airport Road that serves to provide access to southbound US 202/DE 141. At this point, the lanes of the Interstate split further apart, and the northbound ramp for I-295 and northbound DE 141 exits off to parallel the northbound lanes of I-95. The ramp to northbound I-295 has two lanes while northbound I-95 carries four lanes. After this, I-95 crosses US 202/DE 141 at an interchange, at which point US 202 becomes concurrent with I-95. Upon crossing US 202/DE 141, the ramp to northbound DE 141 from the northbound I-295 ramp splits off while the ramp from US 202/DE 141 to northbound I-95 merges in from the left. Southbound, a collector–distributor road serves to provide access between I-95 and US 202/DE 141. Not far after encountering US 202/DE 141, I-295 splits off to the southeast, with the northbound entrance from I-295, the southbound exit to I-295, and the southbound entrance from I-295 on the left side of the road. At this point, the Delaware Turnpike comes to its northern terminus. After I-295, I-95/US 202 turns north and comes to a northbound exit and southbound entrance with the southern terminus of I-495, which bypasses the city of Wilmington to the east. Wilmington Expressway I-95/US 202 northbound past the DE 52 exit in Wilmington Following the I-495 interchange, the median narrows and I-95/US 202 heads northeast through marshland as the six-lane Wilmington Expressway, crossing the Christina River. The freeway comes to bridges over Norfolk Southern Railway's Shellpot Secondary railroad line and Little Mill Creek as it continues through more wetlands west of the Russell W. Peterson Urban Wildlife Refuge, with Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line running parallel a short distance to the northwest. The road enters Wilmington and curves to the north, passing to the west of Daniel S. Frawley Stadium, which is home of the Wilmington Blue Rocks baseball team, and the Chase Center on the Riverfront convention center as it heads west of the Wilmington Riverfront. I-95/US 202 heads toward downtown Wilmington and crosses onto a viaduct, passing over Norfolk Southern Railway's Wilmington & Northern Running Track and the Northeast Corridor before coming to an interchange with DE 4 and DE 48 that provides access to the downtown area and the Wilmington Riverfront. At this point, the four-lane freeway continues northeast, with one-way northbound North Adams Street to the east and one-way southbound North Jackson Street to the west serving as frontage roads. I-95/US 202 continues through residential areas to the west of downtown Wilmington and passes over DE 9, with a southbound exit. Farther northeast, the freeway heads into an alignment below street level and comes to an interchange with DE 52. Past this interchange, the road heads to the north and crosses Brandywine Creek, heading through Brandywine Park, which is a part of the Wilmington State Parks complex. The freeway curves northeast again and passes under CSX Transportation's Philadelphia Subdivision railroad line before reaching a modified cloverleaf interchange with the northern terminus of DE 202 at the northern edge of Wilmington, at which point US 202 splits from I-95 to head north along Concord Pike. I-95 northbound at the DE 92 interchange in Claymont Past US 202, I-95 leaves Wilmington for the suburban Brandywine Hundred area and continues northeast as a four-lane road, passing southeast of the Rock Manor Golf Club and running along the northwest side of the CSX Transportation line. The freeway heads across Matson Run before it curves east to pass over the railroad tracks. The roadway continues through wooded areas to the south of the CSX Transportation tracks, crossing Shellpot Creek and coming to a diamond interchange with DE 3 northwest of the town of Bellefonte. After this exit, I-95 and the rail line curve to the northeast and continue through woodland with nearby residential areas, passing northwest of Bellevue State Park and crossing Stoney Creek. The highway crosses Perkins Run before it reaches a northbound exit and southbound entrance with Harvey Road southeast of the villages of Arden, Ardentown, and Ardencroft. Past this interchange, the freeway curves east away from the CSX Transportation tracks and winds northeast near suburban neighborhoods in Claymont. In Claymont, the Interstate comes to a diamond interchange with DE 92, at which point I-495 also merges onto the northbound direction of the interstate via a southbound exit and northbound entrance. The southbound exit to DE 92 is via the I-495 interchange while all other ramps of the DE 92 interchange connect directly to I-95. Following the interchange, I-95 passes to the west of the former Tri-State Mall before it crosses the state line into Pennsylvania. The southbound exit from I-95 to I-495 is located in Pennsylvania, 132 feet (40 m) before the Delaware state line. I-95 in Delaware has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 205,868 vehicles at the I-295 interchange near Newport to a low of 56,903 vehicles at the DE 92 interchange in Claymont. As part of the Interstate Highway System, the entire length of I-95 in Delaware is a part of the National Highway System, a network of roadways important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. Tolls Newark mainline toll plaza I-95 has a mainline toll plaza along the Delaware Turnpike near the Maryland state line in Newark. Cash or E-ZPass is accepted for payment of tolls. The plaza is staffed by toll collectors and also features high-speed E-ZPass lanes. The toll for passenger vehicles costs $4.00 both northbound and southbound. When the highway first opened in 1963, the toll at the toll plaza near the state line was $0.30 (equivalent to $2.99 in 2023). Prior to 1976, ramp tolls were collected at the DE 896, DE 273, and DE 7 interchanges. The ramp tolls required exact change, and many motorists were caught by police evading the tolls because they did not have the proper change. In 1970, an attempt was made to use the honor system for motorists without the proper change at the tollbooth to pay the tolls by mailing them. However, it was discontinued after a month because most motorists did not mail in their tolls. In 1976, Governor Sherman W. Tribbitt signed House Bill 1278, which was sponsored by Representative Gerard A. Cain. This bill called for the elimination of the three ramp tolls while keeping the mainline toll plaza near the Maryland state line. The ramp tolls stopped being collected on October 1, 1976. In 1981, plans were announced to demolish the former toll booths at the DE 273 and DE 7 interchanges; however, the DE 896 interchange toll booths were to remain to collect tolls from trucks. The mainline toll plaza was planned to be closed on July 1, 1981, after the bonds to construct the road were paid off, but was kept by "Operation Overhaul", a $93-million (equivalent to $264 million in 2023) project by Governor Pete du Pont that would use the tolls collected at the toll plaza to fund improvements to the turnpike along with other roads in the state of Delaware. In the middle of 2011, reconstruction of the Delaware Turnpike toll plaza was completed in a $32.6-million (equivalent to $43.6 million in 2023) project funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, adding high-speed E-ZPass lanes. On March 17, 2020, cash tolls were suspended at the mainline toll plaza along I-95 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with all tolls collected electronically through the high-speed E-ZPass lanes and motorists without E-ZPass billed by mail; cash tolls resumed on May 21, 2020. Services "Delaware House" redirects here. For the legislative body, see Delaware House of Representatives. Biden Welcome Center The Biden Welcome Center (formerly Delaware Welcome Center and also referred to as Delaware House) service plaza is located in the median of I-95 between the DE 896 and DE 273 interchanges east of Newark, with access from both directions of the highway. The service plaza offers a Sunoco gas station, electric vehicle charging stations, a convenience store, multiple fast-food restaurants, a visitor center, and retail options including a store called Postcards from Delaware that sells Delaware-related merchandise. There is also a Tesla Supercharger station at the Biden Welcome Center. The Biden Welcome Center is run by Applegreen. When the Delaware Turnpike opened in 1963, a Hot Shoppes restaurant and an Esso service station were located along the road in the median. In 1964, a proposal was made to build a truck stop and motel next to the existing facilities. The truck stop proposal was off and on for several years until a truck stop was built just across the state line in Maryland in 1975. In 1983, Hot Shoppes was replaced by Roy Rogers and Bob's Big Boy in order to offer both sit-down dining and fast food. This was the largest Roy Rogers and Bob's Big Boy location at the time and restaurant namesake Roy Rogers and Lieutenant Governor Mike Castle were in attendance for the opening. In September 2009, the Delaware Welcome Center was closed for a reconstruction project that built a new service plaza building, new gas pumps, new truck parking, and an improved visitor center. The renovated service plaza opened in June 2010 at a cost of $35 million (equivalent to $47.8 million in 2023). On September 17, 2018, the service plaza was renamed the Biden Welcome Center in honor of the Biden family, a Delaware political family that includes US Senator, 47th Vice President, and subsequently 46th President, Joe Biden. A renaming ceremony was held, with Governor John Carney and members of the Biden family (including Joe Biden) in attendance. At the ceremony, Governor Carney signed a bill formally renaming the service plaza. History Planning and construction In 1948, the Wilmington Transportation Study proposed two new roads running between the southern end of Wilmington and the Pennsylvania state line to improve traffic flow in the Wilmington area. Route A followed the current alignment of I-95 while Route B bypassed the city to the east along the current alignment of I-495. Plans for building Route A were made in 1950 but were deferred a year later due to opposition. I-95 southbound at the DE 1/DE 7 interchange in Christiana Following the completion of the Delaware Memorial Bridge connecting to the New Jersey Turnpike in 1951, through traffic coming from the bridge led to significant congestion on US 13 and US 40. As a result of this, suggestions were made in 1954 for a limited-access road to be constructed leading to the bridge that would alleviate congestion on US 40. In 1956, the Interstate Highway System was created, with two routes proposed along the current alignment of I-95. FAI-1 was proposed to run from the Maryland state line east to an interchange west of Farnhurst while FAI-2 was proposed between this interchange and the Pennsylvania state line through the western part of Wilmington. The corridor following FAI-1 and FAI-2 would become designated as part of I-95, an Interstate Highway running along the East Coast of the US. FAI-1 was originally planned as a free Interstate Highway using federal funds; however, the road would not have been completed until 1967 under this plan. As a result, the state of Delaware financed the road with bond issues and would build it as a toll road called the Delaware Turnpike. The first construction contracts for the Delaware Turnpike were awarded in 1957, with construction soon following that year. Construction began on building a new bridge over US 13/US 40 at the Farnhurst interchange in 1958 that would connect the Delaware Turnpike to the I-295/US 40 approach to the Delaware Memorial Bridge. The same year, plans were made for several bridges along I-95. In 1959, work began on rebuilding the Farnhurst interchange to Interstate Highway standards. The same year, recommendations were made for the design and right-of-way acquisition along the planned route of I-95 as well as the construction of several contracts between the Maryland border and Farnhurst along the Delaware Turnpike, including the interchange with DE 41/DE 141 and between I-95, I-295, and I-495 near the Christina River. The proposed routing for I-95 through Wilmington would take it through the central core between Adams and Jackson streets. Locals tried to fight routing I-95 through the central core and instead suggested routing it along Bancroft Parkway to the west or the present-day route of I-495 to the east. However, the lame-duck Republican-controlled city council approved routing I-95 along Adams and Jackson streets in 1957. The demolition of homes began in January 1959. A year later, construction began on overpasses and ramps at the Farnhurst interchange. The same year, suggestions were made to build I-95 across the Christina Marsh as well as construct the bridges over the Christina River and the Pennsylvania Railroad in Wilmington. A contract was awarded for the Christina River interchange in 1961. By 1961, all construction contracts along the Delaware Turnpike had been completed except for the DE 41/DE 141 interchange and the Christina River interchange. In 1962, the I-95 bridges over the Christina River, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and Little Mill Creek were finished while plans were made for the South Wilmington Viaduct that would cross over several railroad tracks belonging to the Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, and Reading railroads. The same year, the roadway was built between the Christina River interchange and the South Wilmington Viaduct. The new northbound lanes of DE 41/DE 141 through the I-95 interchange opened in November 1962. The southbound lanes of DE 41/DE 141 opened in June 1964, enabling directional flow of DE 41/DE 141 through the interchange. In September 1963, construction work on the turnpike was halted by picketing workers. Sign at the Biden Welcome Center commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Delaware Turnpike in 2013 The Delaware Turnpike, along with the connecting Northeast Expressway in Maryland, was dedicated by President John F. Kennedy, Delaware Governor Elbert N. Carvel, and Maryland Governor J. Millard Tawes in a ceremony at the state line on November 14, 1963, in which a ribbon-cutting took place and a replica Mason–Dixon line crownstone was unveiled. The Delaware Turnpike was opened to traffic at midnight on November 15, 1963. The first motorist to pay a toll on the turnpike was Omero C. Catan, also known as "Mr. First", of Teaneck, New Jersey, who marked this occasion as the 517th first moment he achieved. The completion of the Delaware Turnpike allowed motorists to travel from Washington, D.C. to Boston without having to stop at a traffic light. Construction of the Delaware Turnpike cost $30 million (equivalent to $229 million in 2023). Following the opening of the turnpike, traffic levels on US 40 and US 301 fell by 40 to 50 percent. The rerouting of traffic to the Delaware Turnpike led to the reduction in profits for businesses along US 13 and US 40, with several businesses forced to close. Meanwhile, the Delaware Turnpike saw more traffic volume than originally projected. Eight days after dedicating the toll road, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. As a result, both the Delaware Turnpike and the Northeast Expressway were renamed the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway in his honor in December 1963. On the one-year anniversary of the dedication of the Delaware Turnpike on November 14, 1964, a memorial service and wreath laying in honor of Kennedy was held at the state line, with Governor Carvel in attendance. I-95 northbound past the Harvey Road interchange in Claymont The remainder of I-95 between the Christina River interchange and the Pennsylvania state line was built as a non-tolled freeway. In April 1964, construction contracts were awarded for bridges at the Christina River interchange that would carry I-95 and I-495 traffic over I-295. In mid-1964, construction on the South Wilmington Viaduct began. In June of that year, the substructure of the I-95 bridge over the Brandywine Creek was completed. In August 1964, construction began on the I-95 interchange with Naamans Road and the northern terminus of I-495 in Claymont. In 1965, construction was underway to build the below-surface alignment of I-95 between Fourth Street and the Brandywine Creek in Wilmington. The construction of I-95 through Wilmington resulted in the demolition of 360 to 370 homes in the West Side neighborhood between Adams and Jackson streets. The construction of the highway led to the decline of the residential and commercial base in Wilmington. Work was also underway on the portion of I-95 northeast of Wilmington, which would parallel the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In 1966, I-95 was completed and opened to traffic between the Christina River interchange with I-295 and I-495 and downtown Wilmington, where ramps connected the highway to Maryland and Lancaster avenues. The completion of this section of I-95 provided an uninterrupted freeway connection between Wilmington and Baltimore. The ramps to downtown Wilmington were added as a compromise of building the freeway through the city and would bring economic development to the Wilmington Riverfront. In August 1968, I-95 between the South Wilmington Viaduct and US 202 was completed and opened to traffic. On November 1, 1968, the freeway was opened between US 202 and the Pennsylvania state line. With this, the entire length of I-95 in Delaware was constructed, making Delaware the third state to complete its section of I-95. Improvements Interstate 895LocationNewport–ClaymontLength10.78 mi (17.35 km)Existed1979–1980 In November 1968, work began to widen the Delaware Turnpike from four to six lanes to handle increasing traffic volumes. The widening project was completed in December 1969, one year ahead of schedule. In 1969, a plan was made to widen the turnpike between DE 896 and DE 273 to 10 lanes and between DE 273 and DE 141 to 12 lanes in a 3–3–3–3 local–express lane configuration. This was later scaled down to a proposal to widen the road to eight lanes total. The widening of the Delaware Turnpike to eight lanes occurred in the 1980s. From 1971 to 1978, a north–south extension of the Delaware Turnpike running south to Dover was studied. This extension of the turnpike evolved into a "Relief Route" for US 13 and was built as DE 1 between 1987 and 2003. On June 28, 1978, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved rerouting I-95 along the I-495 alignment. However, AASHTO disapproved renumbering the alignment of I-95 through Wilmington as I-595. On October 27 of that year, AASHTO gave conditional approval for I-95 through Wilmington to be designated as I-195 from I-95 near Newport north to US 202 while the route from US 202 north to I-95 in Claymont would become I-395. I-895 was designated along the conditionally approved route of I-195 and I-395 on June 25, 1979. In 1980, the South Wilmington Viaduct was reconstructed. On November 14, 1980, I-95 and I-495 were returned to their original alignments, with I-895 decommissioned. US 202 was designated concurrent with I-95 through Wilmington in 1984. In 2000, I-95 was completely rebuilt between US 202/DE 202 and the Pennsylvania state line. The reconstruction completely tore apart the concrete pavement and replaced it with asphalt and also improved drainage and rebuilt bridges. In April 2000, the southbound lanes were closed, with the lanes between DE 3 and US 202/DE 202 reopening in May and the remainder reopening soon after. In July, the northbound lanes were closed, with the lanes reopening between US 202/DE 202 and DE 3 in September and the remainder reopening in October. During the closure, through traffic was detoured to I-495. I-95 northbound at the DE 273 interchange near ChristianaIn 2003, construction began on a new bridge carrying DE 58 over I-95 to replace the previous bridge, which was over 40 years old and experienced deterioration. Construction of the new bridge, which cost $17 million (equivalent to $24.7 million in 2023), was originally planned to be finished in late 2005 but completion was delayed to late 2006. The new bridge carrying DE 58 over I-95 was built to accommodate future widening of I-95. In May 2007, construction began to widen I-95 between the DE 1/DE 7 and US 202/DE 141 interchanges from eight to ten lanes due to rising traffic levels and increased development. The widening project was completed in November 2008. Traffic congestion at the cloverleaf interchange with DE 1/DE 7 in Christiana led to the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT) to improve the interchange. The project included adding flyover connecting ramps from northbound DE 1 to northbound I-95 and from southbound I-95 to southbound DE 1 which allowed for easier merging patterns and the elimination of lengthy backups on the former ramp design. Construction of a new "ring access road" around Christiana Mall began in February 2011 and was completed in March 2012, with a newly built bridge over DE 1, just south of the I-95 interchange. The ramp from southbound I-95 to southbound DE 1/DE 7 opened on August 27, 2013, and the ramp from northbound DE 1/DE 7 to northbound I-95 opened on October 17, 2013, with a ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Governor Jack Markell and DelDOT Secretary Shailen Bhatt. In December 2011, a project began to improve the interchange between I-95 and US 202/DE 202 in order to reduce congestion. The project widened the ramp between northbound I-95 and northbound US 202 to two lanes, the ramp between southbound US 202 and southbound I-95 was extended to modern standards, and the ramp between southbound I-95 and southbound DE 202 was relocated from a cloverleaf loop to a directional ramp that intersects DE 202 at a signalized intersection. In addition, the interchange ramps were repaved and bridges were rehabilitated. The project was finished in July 2015, months behind schedule due to the closure of I-495 in 2014. On August 7, 2015, a dedication ceremony to mark the completion of the project was held, with Governor Markell, Senator Tom Carper, and DelDOT Secretary Jennifer Cohan in attendance. The project, which cost over $33 million (equivalent to $41.5 million in 2023), was 80-percent funded by the federal government. On June 2, 2014, the I-495 bridge over the Christina River was closed after it was discovered that four support columns were tilting. During this closure, traffic from I-495 was detoured onto I-95, and several major roads in the Wilmington area experienced increased traffic congestion. The southbound lanes of I-495 reopened on July 31, a month earlier than expected, and the northbound lanes of I-495 reopened on August 23. I-95 northbound at split with I-295 northbound near Newport In 2016, a project began to improve the interchange with DE 141. The project reconstructed the bridges that carry DE 141 over I-95 and added safety improvements to the interchange ramps. In June 2016, the ramp from northbound I-95 to northbound DE 141 closed until June 2017 to allow for reconstruction of the bridge along northbound DE 141. Construction on improving the interchange along with the adjacent section of DE 141 was completed in December 2021. DelDOT completely rebuilt I-95 from the southern end of I-495 to the Brandywine Creek bridge in Wilmington in a $200-million project beginning in February 2021. Several overpasses were repaired and new guardrails were installed. The southbound entrance ramp from South Jackson Street was demolished and the entrance from 2nd Street was rebuilt. At times during construction, the highway was reduced to two lanes of traffic. Construction was finished in November 2022, months ahead of schedule. On April 6, 2023, a ceremony marking the completion of the project was held, with Governor Carney, Senators Carper and Chris Coons, Representative Lisa Blunt Rochester, Wilmington Mayor Mike Purzycki, and DelDOT Secretary Nicole Majeski in attendance. On March 15, 2021, a construction project began that will improve the DE 273 interchange by realigning ramps and widening DE 273 through the interchange. Construction on this interchange improvement is planned to be completed in 2023. There are plans to reconstruct the interchange with DE 896 by adding two flyovers and realigning ramps in order to improve safety and congestion at the interchange. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on May 1, 2023, with Governor Carney, Senator Carper, Representative Blunt Rochester, and DelDOT Secretary Majeski in attendance. The reconstruction project, which is projected to cost $143 million, began on May 7, 2023, and is planned to be completed in 2026. The project received a $57-million grant from the US Department of Transportation which allowed construction to begin earlier than originally planned. In March 2021, a group of state lawmakers led by Representative Sherry Dorsey Walker pushed for US Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg, and, by proxy, President Joe Biden, to endorse a plan to add a freeway lid on top of I-95 through Wilmington and construct an urban park on top of the highway, reuniting neighborhoods that were divided when the highway was constructed. In April 2021, Wilmington city council unanimously approved backing the plan for constructing an urban park over I-95 through the city. Exit list The entire route is in New Castle County. LocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes Newark0.000.00– I-95 south (John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway) – BaltimoreContinuation into Maryland 0.540.87Newark Toll Plaza 2.343.771 DE 896 – Newark, MiddletownSigned as exits 1A (south) and 1B (north) southbound; last southbound exit before toll; access to University of Delaware 5.108.21Biden Welcome Center Christiana6.6310.673 DE 273 – Newark, Christiana, DoverSigned as exits 3A (east) and 3B (west) northbound; signed for Christiana southbound, Dover northbound 7.89–8.1312.70–13.084 DE 1 south / DE 7 / DE 58 / Mall Road – Christiana, Dover, Churchmans Crossing, BeachesSigned as exits 4A (south) and 4B (north); DE 1 exit 165C; DE 7 exits 165B-A; access to Christiana Hospital and Delaware Park Newport10.56–11.7516.99–18.915 US 202 south / DE 141 to US 13 – New Castle, NewportSouthern end of US 202 concurrency; signed as exits 5A (south) and 5B (north); no northbound access to DE 141 north; US 202/US 13 not signed northbound 11.7518.91– I-295 north / DE 141 north to N.J. Turnpike north – Delaware Memorial Bridge, New Jersey, New York, NewportNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of I-295 12.6520.36– I-495 north – Port of Wilmington, PhiladelphiaNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of I-495 Transition between Delaware Turnpike and Wilmington Expressway 13.3421.475C I-295 north – Delaware Memorial Bridge, New CastleSouthbound exit and northbound entrance Wilmington14.7823.796 DE 4 (Maryland Avenue) / Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (DE 48)No southbound exit; to DE 9; access to Wilmington station and Wilmington Riverfront 15.4524.86 DE 9 (Fourth Street) / Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (DE 48)Southbound exit and entrance; to DE 4; access to Wilmington station 15.6825.237 DE 52 (Delaware Avenue)Signed as exits 7A (south) and 7B (north) southbound; access to Downtown Wilmington and Brandywine Valley Attractions 16.9727.318 US 202 north (Concord Pike) / DE 202 south – Wilmington, West ChesterNorthern end of US 202 concurrency; DE 202 not signed; access to Wilmington and Nemours Children's hospitals and Brandywine Valley Attractions Bellefonte19.1230.779 DE 3 (Marsh Road)Access to Bellevue State Park Claymont21.3034.2810Harvey RoadNorthbound exit and southbound entrance 23.10–23.4337.18–37.7111 DE 92 (Naamans Road) – ClaymontNo southbound exit I-495 south – Port of Wilmington, BaltimoreSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; northern terminus of I-495; exit number not signed 23.4337.71– I-95 north (Delaware Expressway) – Chester, PhiladelphiaContinuation into Pennsylvania 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus      Incomplete access       Tolled Auxiliary routes I-95 has two auxiliary routes that are located within the state of Delaware. I-295 runs from I-95 near Newport east (north) to the Delaware Memorial Bridge, where it crosses the Delaware River into New Jersey. Once in New Jersey, I-295 intersects the southern terminus of the New Jersey Turnpike and continues northeast a bypass route of Philadelphia parallel to the New Jersey Turnpike. I-295 loops to the north of Trenton, and enters Pennsylvania, heading south (west) and reaching its terminus at I-95 in Bristol Township. I-495 is a bypass of Wilmington to the east. I-495 heads north from I-95 south of Wilmington near Newport, passing the Port of Wilmington and running along the Delaware River, before merging back in with I-95 just before the Pennsylvania state line in Claymont. See also U.S. Roads portal References ^ Starks, Edward (January 27, 2022). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. 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Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 28, 2014. ^ Bureau of Maintenance and Operations (January 2015). Roadway Management System Straight Line Diagrams (Report) (2015 ed.). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 30, 2015. Delaware County (PDF) ^ National Highway System: Delaware (PDF) (Map). Federal Highway Administration. 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2012. ^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2012. ^ "Toll Calculator- I-95 Newark Toll Plaza". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 16, 2021. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ a b Marshall, Steve (August 9, 1981). "Those old toll booths on I-95 coming down". Sunday News Journal. Wilmington, DE. ^ Wilson, Charles P. (September 30, 1973). "Unmanned Toll Stations Lose $25,000". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 6-E. ^ "Pike honor system will be discontinued". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. July 2, 1970. ^ Felton, John (July 30, 1976). "Law removes 3 pike tolls - well...almost". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. p. 3. ^ "Toll-Free Newark's Cheers Misdirected, GOP Claims". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. October 1, 1976. p. 4. ^ a b c d e f Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series. ^ Loeb, Vernon (March 25, 1979). "What the (I-95) traffic will bear in Delaware". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 1-B. ^ "TRAFFIC ALERT - New Highway Speed E-ZPass Lanes at I-95 Newark Toll Plaza Operational for the July 4th Holiday Weekend". Delaware Department of Transportation. June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011. ^ "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 28, 2018. ^ Gamard, Sarah (March 16, 2020). "No cash at toll booths: Delaware drivers to be sent into EZPass lanes; bill will come in mail". The News Journal. Wilmington, DE. Retrieved January 23, 2023. ^ Perez, Nick (May 22, 2020). "Delaware's toll plazas resume cash collection". The News Journal. Wilmington, DE. Retrieved January 23, 2023. ^ "The Best Rest Stops Along I-95". Trenton, NJ: WPST. November 21, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2020. ^ a b "Delaware Welcome Center Travel Plaza". HMSHost. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ a b "Delaware Rest Areas - I-95 Rest/Service Area". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 29, 2018. ^ "Supercharger". Tesla. Retrieved January 22, 2017. ^ Frank, William P. (July 8, 1964). "Truck stop ok'd for turnpike". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. ^ a b Clements, Nan (November 12, 1978). "The turnpike is 15 and still growing". Sunday News Journal. Wilmington, DE. p. F-7. ^ a b Soulsman, Gary (May 12, 1983). "Rootin,' tootin' booster". The Evening Journal. Wilmington, DE. p. D1. ^ Grant, Tom (September 25, 1986). "Fast food a winner along I-95". The Compass. p. 1. ^ "Delaware Welcome Center Travel Plaza Closes Tuesday for Renovations". Delaware Department of Transportation. September 3, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ "HMSHost Previews Delaware Welcome Center, Restaurants and Stores on June 18, 2010". HMSHost. June 18, 2010. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ Peterson, Josephine (September 17, 2018). "I-95 Welcome center renamed after Bidens". The News Journal. Wilmington, DE. Retrieved September 17, 2018. ^ "Report of the State Highway Department" (PDF) (1950 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. July 1, 1950: 27–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Report of the State Highway Department" (PDF) (1951 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. July 1, 1951: 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b "Report of the State Highway Department" (PDF) (1954 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. July 1, 1954: 84. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Report of the State Highway Department" (PDF) (1956 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. July 1, 1956: 8, 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (November 10, 1963). "Another North-South Highway Link". The New York Times. ^ a b "Report of the State Highway Department of the State of Delaware" (PDF) (1961 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. 1961: 28, 59. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Delaware State Highway Department Annual Report" (PDF) (1958 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. 1958: 40–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Delaware State Highway Department Annual Report" (PDF) (1959 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. March 1, 1960: 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Delaware State Highway Department Annual Report" (PDF) (1959 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. March 1, 1960: 17. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Delaware State Highway Department Annual Report" (PDF) (1960 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. August 1, 1960: 6. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Delaware State Highway Department Annual Report" (PDF) (1960 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. August 1, 1960: 14. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b "Report of the State Highway Department of the State of Delaware" (PDF) (1962 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. 1962: 59, 93. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c "Annual Report" (PDF) (1964 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. 1964: 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Annual Report Delaware State Highway Department" (PDF) (1963 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. December 31, 1964: 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Turnpike Work Halted by Pickets". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. September 26, 1963. ^ Frank, William P. (November 15, 1963). "JFK dedicates Del., Md. turnpikes". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. p. 1. ^ a b "Kennedy Memorial Service Marks Turnpike Anniversary". The Sunday Bulletin. Philadelphia, PA. November 15, 1964. p. 3. ^ "Mr. First nets 517th on turnpike". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. November 15, 1963. p. 3. ^ "Pike Diverts 40-50 Pct. of Cars From 40, 301". The Evening Journal. Wilmington, DE. December 23, 1963. ^ Parks, Jr., James P. (November 29, 1963). "Pike pull pinches merchants". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. p. 3. ^ "U.S. 40 merchants bemoan lost trade". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. November 15, 1964. ^ Frank, William P. (November 13, 1964). "Turnpike Beats All Predictions". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. ^ "'Turnpike' Signs Stay on Kennedy Highway". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. December 17, 1963. p. 3. ^ a b "Annual Report" (PDF) (1965 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. 1965: 33. Retrieved November 11, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Annual Report" (PDF) (1966 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. 1966: 12. Retrieved November 11, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b "Annual Report" (PDF) (1968 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. June 30, 1968: 20. Retrieved November 11, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Annual Report" (PDF) (1969 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. June 30, 1969: 8. Retrieved November 11, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (June 25, 1979). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda Showing Action Taken by the Executive Committee" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 501. Retrieved November 13, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ a b Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (November 14, 1980). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 519. Retrieved November 13, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ a b "Turnpike wider, so barriers go". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. December 24, 1969. ^ Mueller, Alan (December 23, 1969). "Plan to widen turnpike strip is discussed". The Morning News. Wilmington, DE. p. 2. ^ "State Route 1 Project Timeline". Internet Archives WayBack Machine. Delaware Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on June 24, 2003. Retrieved October 16, 2014. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (June 29, 1978). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda Showing Action Taken by the Executive Committee" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 496. Retrieved November 13, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (October 28, 1978). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda Showing Action Taken by the Executive Committee" (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 497. Retrieved November 13, 2014 – via Wikisource. ^ Federal Highway Administration (2012). "NBI Structure Number: 1748 059". National Bridge Inventory. Federal Highway Administration. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (December 7, 1984). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 546. Retrieved October 15, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ Delaware Department of Transportation (1985). Official State Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ a b c "I-95 Planning and Survival Guide to be Distributed Tuesday, January 25, 2000". Delaware Department of Transportation. January 21, 2000. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ a b c "First Segment of I-95 Southbound Reconstruction". Delaware Department of Transportation. May 19, 2000. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "Transportation Secretary Canby Announces Closure". Delaware Department of Transportation. July 6, 2000. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "I-95 Northbound from Route 202 to Marsh Road Will Open to Local Traffic for Friday AM Rush Hour". Delaware Department of Transportation. September 21, 2000. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "I-95 Corridor Projects - Churchman's Road Bridge Over I-95". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 12, 2014. ^ "I-95 Corridor Projects - I-95 Mainline Widening". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 12, 2014. ^ "Major improvements underway to Route 1 and I-95 interchange". Newark Post. December 9, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2012. ^ "I-95 Corridor Projects – SR1 / I-95 Interchange". Delaware Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012. ^ "Christiana Mall Road Bridge to be Rebuilt". Delaware Department of Transportation. February 21, 2011. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2012. ^ "New Christiana Mall Road Bridge open". Newark Post. March 8, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012. ^ Chang, David (August 27, 2013). "New Flyover Ramp Provides Easier Commute for Del. Drivers". Philadelphia, PA: WCAU-TV. Retrieved September 18, 2013. ^ "Major Improvements Completed on I-95/SR-1 Interchange". Delaware Department of Transportation. October 17, 2013. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013. ^ "I-95 and U.S. Route 202 Interchange Project Completion Ceremony" (Press release). Delaware Department of Transportation. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015. ^ "I-495 Closed at Bridge Over Christina River". Philadelphia: WCAU-TV. June 2, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014. ^ "I-495 bridge closure means weeks of traffic chaos". The News Journal. Wilmington, DE. June 12, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014. ^ "Damaged Delaware bridge on I-495 partially reopens". Harrisburg, PA: WHTM-TV. Associated Press. July 31, 2014. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014. ^ "All I-495 lanes open". The News Journal. Wilmington, DE. August 23, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014. ^ "SR 141 and I-95 Ramp Interchange Project - Project Overview". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 25, 2016. ^ "Traffic Alert - SR 141 and I-95 Ramp Interchange Project Will Require the Closure of Exit 5B" (Press release). Delaware Department of Transportation. June 24, 2016. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016. ^ "New Castle County - DelDOT Announces Completion of Route 141 Projects" (Press release). Delaware Department of Transportation. December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021. ^ a b "5 things you need to know about massive I-95 project through Wilmington". The News Journal. Wilmington, DE. October 9, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2019. ^ a b "I-95 Restore the Corridor Wilmington". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 1, 2021. ^ Irizarry, Joe (November 17, 2022). "Corridor restored; Major construction on I-95 completed months ahead of schedule". Dover, DE: WDDE. Retrieved January 25, 2023. ^ "DelDOT Marks End of I-95 Restore the Corridor Project". State of Delaware. April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023. ^ "Traffic Alert - Highway Safety Improvements Project, Route 273 and I-95 Interchange Improvements Project to Begin" (Press release). Delaware Department of Transportation. March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021. ^ "Project: HSIP NCC, SR 273 and I-95 Interchange Improvement". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 28, 2023. ^ a b c "$143 million I-95-896 interchange project gets $57 million fed grant that moves up construction date to fall 2022". Delaware Business Now. June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020. ^ a b "Project: I-95 and SR 896 Interchange". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 28, 2023. ^ "DelDOT Breaks Ground on I-95/896 Interchange Improvements Project". State of Delaware. May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023. ^ Eichmann, Mark (March 23, 2021). "Wilmington lawmakers appeal to feds for I-95 cap to reunite the city". Philadelphia, PA: WHYY. Retrieved July 3, 2021. ^ Eichmann, Mark (April 25, 2021). "Wilmington council backs plan to cap I-95 and create a park". Philadelphia, PA: WHYY. Retrieved July 3, 2021. ^ New Jersey State Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). New Jersey Department of Transportation. 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2014. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Interstate 95 in DelawareKML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 95 in Delaware. I-95 at AARoads.com I-95 Widening Delaware Roads - I-95 The Roads of Metro Philadelphia: Delaware Turnpike (I-95) The Roads of Metro Philadelphia: Wilmington Expressway (I-95) Interstate 95 Previous state:Maryland Delaware Next state:Pennsylvania vteAuxiliary routes of Interstate 95 Florida 195 295 395 595 7952 Georgia Business North Carolina 295 4951 795 Business Virginia 195 295 395 495 5951 8951 District of Columbia 1952 295 395 495 695 Maryland 195 295 395 495 5954 695 795 895 Delaware 295 495 8951 Pennsylvania 295 3951 4951 6953 8953 New Jersey 195 295 4951 6953 8953 New York 295 495 695 8951 Connecticut 395 Rhode Island 195 295 8953 Massachusetts 195 295 395 495 6953 8953 Maine 195 295 395 4954 1Former 2Future 3Unbuilt 4Unsigned
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Interstate 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway"},{"link_name":"East Coast of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Canada–United States border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"Houlton, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houlton,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"New Castle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Claymont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymont,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"I-295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_295_(Delaware%E2%80%93Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"I-495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"toll road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"},{"link_name":"toll plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_plaza"},{"link_name":"Delaware Route 141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_141"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_202_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Delaware Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Memorial_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Farnhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnhurst,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"US 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"creation of the Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956"}],"text":"Section of Interstate Highway in New Castle County, Delaware, United StatesThis article is about the section of Interstate 95 in Delaware. For the entire route, see Interstate 95.Interstate 95 (I-95) is an Interstate Highway running along the East Coast of the United States from Miami, Florida, north to the Canada–United States border in Houlton, Maine. In the state of Delaware, the route runs for 23.43 miles (37.71 km) across the Wilmington area in northern New Castle County from the Maryland state line near Newark northeast to the Pennsylvania state line in Claymont. I-95 is the only primary Interstate Highway that enters Delaware, although it also has two auxiliary routes within the state (I-295 and I-495). Between the Maryland state line and Newport, I-95 follows the Delaware Turnpike (also known as the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway), a toll road with a mainline toll plaza near the state line. Near Newport, the Interstate has a large interchange with Delaware Route 141 (DE 141) and the southern termini of I-295 and I-495. I-95 becomes the Wilmington Expressway from here to the Pennsylvania state line and heads north through Wilmington concurrent with U.S. Route 202 (US 202). Past Wilmington, I-95 continues northeast to Claymont, where I-495 rejoins the route right before the Pennsylvania state line.Plans for a road along the I-95 corridor through Wilmington to the Pennsylvania state line predate the Interstate Highway System. After the Delaware Memorial Bridge was built in 1951, the Delaware Turnpike was proposed between the bridge approach near Farnhurst (present-day interchange between I-95 and I-295) and the Maryland state line near Newark in order to alleviate traffic congestion on parallel US 40. With the creation of the Interstate Highway System in 1956, both these roads were incorporated into I-95. Construction on the Delaware Turnpike began in 1957 and ended in 1963. Construction on building I-95 through Wilmington began in the early 1960s. I-95 was completed from Newport north to downtown Wilmington in 1966 and from Wilmington north to the Pennsylvania state line in 1968. Between 1978 and 1980, I-95 was temporarily rerouted along the I-495 bypass route while the South Wilmington Viaduct was reconstructed; during this time, the route through Wilmington was designated as Interstate 895 (I-895). Improvements continue to be made to the highway including widening projects and reconstruction of sections of the road and interchanges.","title":"Interstate 95 in Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Delaware_Turnpike&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Delaware_Turnpike&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Delaware Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Delaware_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"New Castle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway"},{"link_name":"Muddy Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Run_(Christina_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"toll plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_plaza"},{"link_name":"partial cloverleaf interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange"},{"link_name":"DE 896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_896"},{"link_name":"University of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Christina River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_River"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"DE 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_72"},{"link_name":"Biden Welcome Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_Welcome_Center"},{"link_name":"cloverleaf interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange"},{"link_name":"DE 273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_273"},{"link_name":"Christiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiana,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_1"},{"link_name":"DE 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_7"},{"link_name":"Christiana Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiana_Mall"},{"link_name":"flyover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpass"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-07-23_17_48_31_View_north_along_Interstate_95_(Delaware_Turnpike)_just_north_of_Exit_1_in_Coochs_Bridge,_New_Castle_County,_Delaware.jpg"},{"link_name":"DE 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_58"},{"link_name":"US 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_202_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_141"},{"link_name":"I-295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_295_(Delaware%E2%80%93Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"collector–distributor road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collector%E2%80%93distributor_road"},{"link_name":"I-495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-7"}],"sub_title":"Delaware Turnpike","text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Delaware TurnpikeKML is not from WikidataI-95 enters Delaware from Maryland southwest of the city of Newark in New Castle County. From the state line, the highway heads east (north) as the Delaware Turnpike (John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway), a six-lane freeway, through wooded areas. Not far from the Maryland state line, the road crosses Muddy Run before it comes to the Newark mainline toll plaza. I-95 widens to eight lanes and reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with DE 896, which heads north to Newark and the University of Delaware and south to Glasgow. Following this interchange, the Interstate Highway crosses the Christina River and runs between industrial areas to the north and farm fields to the south, coming to bridges over Norfolk Southern Railway's Delmarva Secondary railroad line and DE 72 without access. The road heads through more woodland with nearby suburban development as it curves northeast, with the median widening for the Biden Welcome Center service plaza accessible from both directions. A short distance later, I-95 reaches a modified cloverleaf interchange with DE 273 west of Christiana. The freeway continues northeast and comes to a modified cloverleaf interchange with the DE 1/DE 7 freeway to the northwest of the Christiana Mall; this interchange serves as the northern terminus of DE 1. This interchange has flyover ramps from southbound I-95 to southbound DE 1/DE 7 and from northbound DE 1/DE 7 to northbound I-95; the northbound ramp splits onto both sides of the northbound lanes of I-95. The interchange with DE 1/DE 7 also has access to the Christiana Mall via ramps connecting to Mall Road.[6][7]I-95 northbound past the DE 896 interchange near NewarkPast this interchange, I-95 widens to 10 lanes and passes under DE 58, with a ramp from southbound I-95 to DE 58 that provides the missing connection between southbound I-95 and northbound DE 7. The highway continues through woods before heading through Churchman's Marsh, where it crosses the Christina River. After this bridge, I-95 has a northbound ramp to Airport Road that serves to provide access to southbound US 202/DE 141. At this point, the lanes of the Interstate split further apart, and the northbound ramp for I-295 and northbound DE 141 exits off to parallel the northbound lanes of I-95. The ramp to northbound I-295 has two lanes while northbound I-95 carries four lanes. After this, I-95 crosses US 202/DE 141 at an interchange, at which point US 202 becomes concurrent with I-95. Upon crossing US 202/DE 141, the ramp to northbound DE 141 from the northbound I-295 ramp splits off while the ramp from US 202/DE 141 to northbound I-95 merges in from the left. Southbound, a collector–distributor road serves to provide access between I-95 and US 202/DE 141. Not far after encountering US 202/DE 141, I-295 splits off to the southeast, with the northbound entrance from I-295, the southbound exit to I-295, and the southbound entrance from I-295 on the left side of the road. At this point, the Delaware Turnpike comes to its northern terminus. After I-295, I-95/US 202 turns north and comes to a northbound exit and southbound entrance with the southern terminus of I-495, which bypasses the city of Wilmington to the east.[6][7]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-07-23_18_12_13_View_north_along_Interstate_95_and_U.S._Route_202_(Wilmington_Expressway)_just_north_of_Exit_7_in_Wilmington,_New_Castle_County,_Delaware.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shellpot Secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellpot_Branch"},{"link_name":"Little Mill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mill_Creek_(Christina_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Northeast Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Daniel S. Frawley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_S._Frawley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wilmington Blue Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Blue_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Chase Center on the Riverfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Center_on_the_Riverfront"},{"link_name":"Wilmington Riverfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Riverfront"},{"link_name":"DE 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_4"},{"link_name":"DE 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_48"},{"link_name":"one-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_traffic"},{"link_name":"frontage roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontage_road"},{"link_name":"DE 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_9"},{"link_name":"DE 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_52"},{"link_name":"Brandywine Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywine_Creek_(Christina_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Brandywine Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywine_Park"},{"link_name":"Wilmington State Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_State_Parks"},{"link_name":"CSX Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"DE 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_202"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-07-23_18_24_17_View_north_along_Interstate_95_(Wilmington_Expressway)_at_Exit_11_(Delaware_State_Route_92,_Naamans_Road,_Claymont)_in_Claymont,_New_Castle_County,_Delaware.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brandywine Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywine_Hundred"},{"link_name":"Matson Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matson_Run"},{"link_name":"Shellpot Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellpot_Creek"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"DE 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Bellefonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellefonte,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Bellevue State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue_State_Park_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Stoney Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoney_Creek_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Perkins Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkins_Run_(Delaware_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Ardentown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardentown,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Ardencroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardencroft,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Claymont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymont,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_92"},{"link_name":"Tri-State Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-State_Mall"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOT_SLD-8"},{"link_name":"annual average daily traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_average_daily_traffic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelDOT-2"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Wilmington Expressway","text":"I-95/US 202 northbound past the DE 52 exit in WilmingtonFollowing the I-495 interchange, the median narrows and I-95/US 202 heads northeast through marshland as the six-lane Wilmington Expressway, crossing the Christina River. The freeway comes to bridges over Norfolk Southern Railway's Shellpot Secondary railroad line and Little Mill Creek as it continues through more wetlands west of the Russell W. Peterson Urban Wildlife Refuge, with Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line running parallel a short distance to the northwest. The road enters Wilmington and curves to the north, passing to the west of Daniel S. Frawley Stadium, which is home of the Wilmington Blue Rocks baseball team, and the Chase Center on the Riverfront convention center as it heads west of the Wilmington Riverfront. I-95/US 202 heads toward downtown Wilmington and crosses onto a viaduct, passing over Norfolk Southern Railway's Wilmington & Northern Running Track and the Northeast Corridor before coming to an interchange with DE 4 and DE 48 that provides access to the downtown area and the Wilmington Riverfront. At this point, the four-lane freeway continues northeast, with one-way northbound North Adams Street to the east and one-way southbound North Jackson Street to the west serving as frontage roads. I-95/US 202 continues through residential areas to the west of downtown Wilmington and passes over DE 9, with a southbound exit. Farther northeast, the freeway heads into an alignment below street level and comes to an interchange with DE 52. Past this interchange, the road heads to the north and crosses Brandywine Creek, heading through Brandywine Park, which is a part of the Wilmington State Parks complex. The freeway curves northeast again and passes under CSX Transportation's Philadelphia Subdivision railroad line before reaching a modified cloverleaf interchange with the northern terminus of DE 202 at the northern edge of Wilmington, at which point US 202 splits from I-95 to head north along Concord Pike.[6][7]I-95 northbound at the DE 92 interchange in ClaymontPast US 202, I-95 leaves Wilmington for the suburban Brandywine Hundred area and continues northeast as a four-lane road, passing southeast of the Rock Manor Golf Club and running along the northwest side of the CSX Transportation line. The freeway heads across Matson Run before it curves east to pass over the railroad tracks. The roadway continues through wooded areas to the south of the CSX Transportation tracks, crossing Shellpot Creek and coming to a diamond interchange with DE 3 northwest of the town of Bellefonte. After this exit, I-95 and the rail line curve to the northeast and continue through woodland with nearby residential areas, passing northwest of Bellevue State Park and crossing Stoney Creek. The highway crosses Perkins Run before it reaches a northbound exit and southbound entrance with Harvey Road southeast of the villages of Arden, Ardentown, and Ardencroft. Past this interchange, the freeway curves east away from the CSX Transportation tracks and winds northeast near suburban neighborhoods in Claymont. In Claymont, the Interstate comes to a diamond interchange with DE 92, at which point I-495 also merges onto the northbound direction of the interstate via a southbound exit and northbound entrance. The southbound exit to DE 92 is via the I-495 interchange while all other ramps of the DE 92 interchange connect directly to I-95. Following the interchange, I-95 passes to the west of the former Tri-State Mall before it crosses the state line into Pennsylvania.[6][7] The southbound exit from I-95 to I-495 is located in Pennsylvania, 132 feet (40 m) before the Delaware state line.[7][8]I-95 in Delaware has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 205,868 vehicles at the I-295 interchange near Newport to a low of 56,903 vehicles at the DE 92 interchange in Claymont.[2] As part of the Interstate Highway System, the entire length of I-95 in Delaware is a part of the National Highway System,[9] a network of roadways important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.[10]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-95_NB_at_Newark_Toll_Plaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"toll plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_plaza"},{"link_name":"E-ZPass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-ZPass"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelDOTtolls-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj111413-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj8981-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inq93073-14"},{"link_name":"honor system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_system"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sherman W. Tribbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_W._Tribbitt"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn73076-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn10176-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj8981-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-18"},{"link_name":"Pete du Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_du_Pont"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-18"},{"link_name":"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldot62811-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Newark mainline toll plazaI-95 has a mainline toll plaza along the Delaware Turnpike near the Maryland state line in Newark. Cash or E-ZPass is accepted for payment of tolls. The plaza is staffed by toll collectors and also features high-speed E-ZPass lanes. The toll for passenger vehicles costs $4.00 both northbound and southbound.[11]When the highway first opened in 1963, the toll at the toll plaza near the state line was $0.30 (equivalent to $2.99 in 2023[12]).[4] Prior to 1976, ramp tolls were collected at the DE 896, DE 273, and DE 7 interchanges.[13] The ramp tolls required exact change, and many motorists were caught by police evading the tolls because they did not have the proper change.[14] In 1970, an attempt was made to use the honor system for motorists without the proper change at the tollbooth to pay the tolls by mailing them. However, it was discontinued after a month because most motorists did not mail in their tolls.[15] In 1976, Governor Sherman W. Tribbitt signed House Bill 1278, which was sponsored by Representative Gerard A. Cain. This bill called for the elimination of the three ramp tolls while keeping the mainline toll plaza near the Maryland state line.[16] The ramp tolls stopped being collected on October 1, 1976.[17]In 1981, plans were announced to demolish the former toll booths at the DE 273 and DE 7 interchanges; however, the DE 896 interchange toll booths were to remain to collect tolls from trucks.[13] The mainline toll plaza was planned to be closed on July 1, 1981, after the bonds to construct the road were paid off, but was kept by \"Operation Overhaul\", a $93-million (equivalent to $264 million in 2023[18]) project by Governor Pete du Pont that would use the tolls collected at the toll plaza to fund improvements to the turnpike along with other roads in the state of Delaware.[19] In the middle of 2011, reconstruction of the Delaware Turnpike toll plaza was completed in a $32.6-million (equivalent to $43.6 million in 2023[18]) project funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, adding high-speed E-ZPass lanes.[20][21] On March 17, 2020, cash tolls were suspended at the mainline toll plaza along I-95 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with all tolls collected electronically through the high-speed E-ZPass lanes and motorists without E-ZPass billed by mail; cash tolls resumed on May 21, 2020.[22][23]","title":"Tolls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaware House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_House_of_Representatives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delaware_Welcome_Center_DE1.jpg"},{"link_name":"service plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_plaza"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-7"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sunoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunoco"},{"link_name":"electric vehicle charging stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_station"},{"link_name":"convenience store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store"},{"link_name":"fast-food restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-food_restaurant"},{"link_name":"visitor center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_center"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmshost-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldotrestarea-26"},{"link_name":"Tesla Supercharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Applegreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applegreen"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hmshost-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldotrestarea-26"},{"link_name":"Hot Shoppes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Shoppes"},{"link_name":"Esso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso"},{"link_name":"truck stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_stop"},{"link_name":"motel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motel"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snj111278-29"},{"link_name":"Roy Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rogers_Restaurants"},{"link_name":"Bob's Big Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%27s_Big_Boy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ej51283-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Roy Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Mike Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Castle"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ej51283-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-18"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Biden family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_family"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"John Carney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carney_(Delaware_politician)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"\"Delaware House\" redirects here. For the legislative body, see Delaware House of Representatives.Biden Welcome CenterThe Biden Welcome Center (formerly Delaware Welcome Center and also referred to as Delaware House) service plaza is located in the median of I-95 between the DE 896 and DE 273 interchanges east of Newark, with access from both directions of the highway.[6][7][24] The service plaza offers a Sunoco gas station, electric vehicle charging stations, a convenience store, multiple fast-food restaurants, a visitor center, and retail options including a store called Postcards from Delaware that sells Delaware-related merchandise.[25][26] There is also a Tesla Supercharger station at the Biden Welcome Center.[27] The Biden Welcome Center is run by Applegreen.[25][26]When the Delaware Turnpike opened in 1963, a Hot Shoppes restaurant and an Esso service station were located along the road in the median. In 1964, a proposal was made to build a truck stop and motel next to the existing facilities.[28] The truck stop proposal was off and on for several years until a truck stop was built just across the state line in Maryland in 1975.[29] In 1983, Hot Shoppes was replaced by Roy Rogers and Bob's Big Boy in order to offer both sit-down dining and fast food.[30][31] This was the largest Roy Rogers and Bob's Big Boy location at the time and restaurant namesake Roy Rogers and Lieutenant Governor Mike Castle were in attendance for the opening.[30] In September 2009, the Delaware Welcome Center was closed for a reconstruction project that built a new service plaza building, new gas pumps, new truck parking, and an improved visitor center.[32] The renovated service plaza opened in June 2010 at a cost of $35 million (equivalent to $47.8 million in 2023[18]).[33]On September 17, 2018, the service plaza was renamed the Biden Welcome Center in honor of the Biden family, a Delaware political family that includes US Senator, 47th Vice President, and subsequently 46th President, Joe Biden. A renaming ceremony was held, with Governor John Carney and members of the Biden family (including Joe Biden) in attendance. At the ceremony, Governor Carney signed a bill formally renaming the service plaza.[34]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1950_report-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1951_report-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-07-24_10_09_45_View_south_along_Interstate_95_(Delaware_Turnpike)_at_Exit_4A_(Delaware_State_Route_1_SOUTH,_Delaware_State_Route_7_SOUTH,_Mall_Road,_Dover,_Beaches)_in_Christiana,_New_Castle_County,_Delaware.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"US 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1954_report-37"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj111413-4"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1954_report-37"},{"link_name":"created","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956"},{"link_name":"Farnhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnhurst,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956_report-38"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interstatemap-3"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt111063-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1961_report-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1958_report-41"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_standards"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1959_report-42"},{"link_name":"right-of-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"DE 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1959_report2-43"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj111413-4"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1960_report-44"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1960_report2-45"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1961_report-40"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962_report-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1964_report-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1963_report-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1964_report-47"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn92663-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021-06-05_07_45_36_Sign_marking_the_50th_Anniversary_Celebration_of_the_Delaware_Turnpike-John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Highway_at_the_Delaware_House_Service_Area_along_Interstate_95_(Delaware_Turnpike)_in_New_Castle_County,_Delaware.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northeast Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Expressway_(Baltimore)"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Elbert N. Carvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbert_N._Carvel"},{"link_name":"J. Millard Tawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Millard_Tawes"},{"link_name":"Mason–Dixon line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn111563-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin111564-51"},{"link_name":"Teaneck, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaneck,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn1115632-52"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj111413-4"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ej122363-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn112963-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn111564-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn111364-56"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj111413-4"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn121763-57"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin111564-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-95_NB_from_Harvey_Road_overpass.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962_report-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1964_report-47"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1965_report-58"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj111413-4"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1965_report-58"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1966_report-59"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj111413-4"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1968_report-60"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ej11168-5"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1968_report-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1969_report-61"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ej11168-5"}],"sub_title":"Planning and construction","text":"In 1948, the Wilmington Transportation Study proposed two new roads running between the southern end of Wilmington and the Pennsylvania state line to improve traffic flow in the Wilmington area. Route A followed the current alignment of I-95 while Route B bypassed the city to the east along the current alignment of I-495.[35] Plans for building Route A were made in 1950 but were deferred a year later due to opposition.[36]I-95 southbound at the DE 1/DE 7 interchange in ChristianaFollowing the completion of the Delaware Memorial Bridge connecting to the New Jersey Turnpike in 1951, through traffic coming from the bridge led to significant congestion on US 13 and US 40.[37] As a result of this, suggestions were made in 1954 for a limited-access road to be constructed leading to the bridge that would alleviate congestion on US 40.[4][37] In 1956, the Interstate Highway System was created, with two routes proposed along the current alignment of I-95. FAI-1 was proposed to run from the Maryland state line east to an interchange west of Farnhurst while FAI-2 was proposed between this interchange and the Pennsylvania state line through the western part of Wilmington.[38] The corridor following FAI-1 and FAI-2 would become designated as part of I-95, an Interstate Highway running along the East Coast of the US.[3] FAI-1 was originally planned as a free Interstate Highway using federal funds; however, the road would not have been completed until 1967 under this plan. As a result, the state of Delaware financed the road with bond issues and would build it as a toll road called the Delaware Turnpike.[39]The first construction contracts for the Delaware Turnpike were awarded in 1957, with construction soon following that year.[40] Construction began on building a new bridge over US 13/US 40 at the Farnhurst interchange in 1958 that would connect the Delaware Turnpike to the I-295/US 40 approach to the Delaware Memorial Bridge. The same year, plans were made for several bridges along I-95.[41] In 1959, work began on rebuilding the Farnhurst interchange to Interstate Highway standards.[42] The same year, recommendations were made for the design and right-of-way acquisition along the planned route of I-95 as well as the construction of several contracts between the Maryland border and Farnhurst along the Delaware Turnpike, including the interchange with DE 41/DE 141 and between I-95, I-295, and I-495 near the Christina River.[43] The proposed routing for I-95 through Wilmington would take it through the central core between Adams and Jackson streets. Locals tried to fight routing I-95 through the central core and instead suggested routing it along Bancroft Parkway to the west or the present-day route of I-495 to the east. However, the lame-duck Republican-controlled city council approved routing I-95 along Adams and Jackson streets in 1957. The demolition of homes began in January 1959.[4]A year later, construction began on overpasses and ramps at the Farnhurst interchange.[44] The same year, suggestions were made to build I-95 across the Christina Marsh as well as construct the bridges over the Christina River and the Pennsylvania Railroad in Wilmington.[45] A contract was awarded for the Christina River interchange in 1961.[40] By 1961, all construction contracts along the Delaware Turnpike had been completed except for the DE 41/DE 141 interchange and the Christina River interchange. In 1962, the I-95 bridges over the Christina River, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and Little Mill Creek were finished while plans were made for the South Wilmington Viaduct that would cross over several railroad tracks belonging to the Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, and Reading railroads.[46] The same year, the roadway was built between the Christina River interchange and the South Wilmington Viaduct.[47] The new northbound lanes of DE 41/DE 141 through the I-95 interchange opened in November 1962.[48] The southbound lanes of DE 41/DE 141 opened in June 1964, enabling directional flow of DE 41/DE 141 through the interchange.[47] In September 1963, construction work on the turnpike was halted by picketing workers.[49]Sign at the Biden Welcome Center commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Delaware Turnpike in 2013The Delaware Turnpike, along with the connecting Northeast Expressway in Maryland, was dedicated by President John F. Kennedy, Delaware Governor Elbert N. Carvel, and Maryland Governor J. Millard Tawes in a ceremony at the state line on November 14, 1963, in which a ribbon-cutting took place and a replica Mason–Dixon line crownstone was unveiled.[50][51] The Delaware Turnpike was opened to traffic at midnight on November 15, 1963. The first motorist to pay a toll on the turnpike was Omero C. Catan, also known as \"Mr. First\", of Teaneck, New Jersey, who marked this occasion as the 517th first moment he achieved.[52] The completion of the Delaware Turnpike allowed motorists to travel from Washington, D.C. to Boston without having to stop at a traffic light. Construction of the Delaware Turnpike cost $30 million (equivalent to $229 million in 2023[18]).[4] Following the opening of the turnpike, traffic levels on US 40 and US 301 fell by 40 to 50 percent.[53] The rerouting of traffic to the Delaware Turnpike led to the reduction in profits for businesses along US 13 and US 40, with several businesses forced to close.[54][55] Meanwhile, the Delaware Turnpike saw more traffic volume than originally projected.[56] Eight days after dedicating the toll road, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. As a result, both the Delaware Turnpike and the Northeast Expressway were renamed the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway in his honor in December 1963.[4][57] On the one-year anniversary of the dedication of the Delaware Turnpike on November 14, 1964, a memorial service and wreath laying in honor of Kennedy was held at the state line, with Governor Carvel in attendance.[51]I-95 northbound past the Harvey Road interchange in ClaymontThe remainder of I-95 between the Christina River interchange and the Pennsylvania state line was built as a non-tolled freeway.[46] In April 1964, construction contracts were awarded for bridges at the Christina River interchange that would carry I-95 and I-495 traffic over I-295. In mid-1964, construction on the South Wilmington Viaduct began. In June of that year, the substructure of the I-95 bridge over the Brandywine Creek was completed.[47] In August 1964, construction began on the I-95 interchange with Naamans Road and the northern terminus of I-495 in Claymont. In 1965, construction was underway to build the below-surface alignment of I-95 between Fourth Street and the Brandywine Creek in Wilmington.[58] The construction of I-95 through Wilmington resulted in the demolition of 360 to 370 homes in the West Side neighborhood between Adams and Jackson streets. The construction of the highway led to the decline of the residential and commercial base in Wilmington.[4] Work was also underway on the portion of I-95 northeast of Wilmington, which would parallel the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.[58] In 1966, I-95 was completed and opened to traffic between the Christina River interchange with I-295 and I-495 and downtown Wilmington, where ramps connected the highway to Maryland and Lancaster avenues. The completion of this section of I-95 provided an uninterrupted freeway connection between Wilmington and Baltimore.[59] The ramps to downtown Wilmington were added as a compromise of building the freeway through the city and would bring economic development to the Wilmington Riverfront.[4] In August 1968, I-95 between the South Wilmington Viaduct and US 202 was completed and opened to traffic.[60] On November 1, 1968, the freeway was opened between US 202 and the Pennsylvania state line.[5][60][61] With this, the entire length of I-95 in Delaware was constructed, making Delaware the third state to complete its section of I-95.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj111413-4"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn122469-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn122469-64"},{"link_name":"local–express lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lane"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn122369-65"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snj111278-29"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj111413-4"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR1timeline-66"},{"link_name":"American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aashto1979S-62"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBI_1980-69"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aashto1980A-63"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1985_map-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldot12100-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldot51900-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldot12100-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldot51900-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldot12100-72"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldot7600-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldot92100-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deldot51900-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-95_NB_from_DE_273_overpass.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-18"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Delaware Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Jack Markell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Markell"},{"link_name":"Shailen Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shailen_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcau82713-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Tom Carper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-18"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-07-23_18_00_32_View_north_along_Interstate_95_(Delaware_Turnpike)_at_the_exit_for_Interstate_295_(TO_New_Jersey_Turnpike,_Delaware_Memorial_Bridge,_New_Jersey,_New_York)_in_Duross_Heights,_New_Castle_County,_Delaware.jpg"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj10918-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-restore-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnj10918-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-restore-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Chris Coons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Coons"},{"link_name":"Lisa Blunt Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Blunt_Rochester"},{"link_name":"Mike Purzycki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Purzycki"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbn61720-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95896project-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbn61720-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95896project-99"},{"link_name":"US Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbn61720-98"},{"link_name":"Sherry Dorsey Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Dorsey_Walker"},{"link_name":"US Secretary of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Secretary_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Pete Buttigieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg"},{"link_name":"freeway lid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway_lid"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"Improvements","text":"In November 1968, work began to widen the Delaware Turnpike from four to six lanes to handle increasing traffic volumes.[4][64] The widening project was completed in December 1969, one year ahead of schedule.[64] In 1969, a plan was made to widen the turnpike between DE 896 and DE 273 to 10 lanes and between DE 273 and DE 141 to 12 lanes in a 3–3–3–3 local–express lane configuration.[65] This was later scaled down to a proposal to widen the road to eight lanes total.[29] The widening of the Delaware Turnpike to eight lanes occurred in the 1980s.[4] From 1971 to 1978, a north–south extension of the Delaware Turnpike running south to Dover was studied. This extension of the turnpike evolved into a \"Relief Route\" for US 13 and was built as DE 1 between 1987 and 2003.[66]On June 28, 1978, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved rerouting I-95 along the I-495 alignment. However, AASHTO disapproved renumbering the alignment of I-95 through Wilmington as I-595.[67] On October 27 of that year, AASHTO gave conditional approval for I-95 through Wilmington to be designated as I-195 from I-95 near Newport north to US 202 while the route from US 202 north to I-95 in Claymont would become I-395.[68] I-895 was designated along the conditionally approved route of I-195 and I-395 on June 25, 1979.[62] In 1980, the South Wilmington Viaduct was reconstructed.[69] On November 14, 1980, I-95 and I-495 were returned to their original alignments, with I-895 decommissioned.[63] US 202 was designated concurrent with I-95 through Wilmington in 1984.[70][71]In 2000, I-95 was completely rebuilt between US 202/DE 202 and the Pennsylvania state line.[72] The reconstruction completely tore apart the concrete pavement and replaced it with asphalt and also improved drainage and rebuilt bridges.[73] In April 2000, the southbound lanes were closed, with the lanes between DE 3 and US 202/DE 202 reopening in May and the remainder reopening soon after.[72][73] In July, the northbound lanes were closed, with the lanes reopening between US 202/DE 202 and DE 3 in September and the remainder reopening in October.[72][74][75] During the closure, through traffic was detoured to I-495.[73]I-95 northbound at the DE 273 interchange near ChristianaIn 2003, construction began on a new bridge carrying DE 58 over I-95 to replace the previous bridge, which was over 40 years old and experienced deterioration. Construction of the new bridge, which cost $17 million (equivalent to $24.7 million in 2023[18]), was originally planned to be finished in late 2005 but completion was delayed to late 2006. The new bridge carrying DE 58 over I-95 was built to accommodate future widening of I-95.[76] In May 2007, construction began to widen I-95 between the DE 1/DE 7 and US 202/DE 141 interchanges from eight to ten lanes due to rising traffic levels and increased development. The widening project was completed in November 2008.[77] Traffic congestion at the cloverleaf interchange with DE 1/DE 7 in Christiana led to the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT) to improve the interchange. The project included adding flyover connecting ramps from northbound DE 1 to northbound I-95 and from southbound I-95 to southbound DE 1 which allowed for easier merging patterns and the elimination of lengthy backups on the former ramp design.[78][79] Construction of a new \"ring access road\" around Christiana Mall began in February 2011[80] and was completed in March 2012, with a newly built bridge over DE 1, just south of the I-95 interchange.[81] The ramp from southbound I-95 to southbound DE 1/DE 7 opened on August 27, 2013, and the ramp from northbound DE 1/DE 7 to northbound I-95 opened on October 17, 2013, with a ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Governor Jack Markell and DelDOT Secretary Shailen Bhatt.[82][83]In December 2011, a project began to improve the interchange between I-95 and US 202/DE 202 in order to reduce congestion. The project widened the ramp between northbound I-95 and northbound US 202 to two lanes, the ramp between southbound US 202 and southbound I-95 was extended to modern standards, and the ramp between southbound I-95 and southbound DE 202 was relocated from a cloverleaf loop to a directional ramp that intersects DE 202 at a signalized intersection. In addition, the interchange ramps were repaved and bridges were rehabilitated. The project was finished in July 2015, months behind schedule due to the closure of I-495 in 2014. On August 7, 2015, a dedication ceremony to mark the completion of the project was held, with Governor Markell, Senator Tom Carper, and DelDOT Secretary Jennifer Cohan in attendance. The project, which cost over $33 million (equivalent to $41.5 million in 2023[18]), was 80-percent funded by the federal government.[84]On June 2, 2014, the I-495 bridge over the Christina River was closed after it was discovered that four support columns were tilting.[85] During this closure, traffic from I-495 was detoured onto I-95, and several major roads in the Wilmington area experienced increased traffic congestion.[86] The southbound lanes of I-495 reopened on July 31,[87] a month earlier than expected, and the northbound lanes of I-495 reopened on August 23.[88]I-95 northbound at split with I-295 northbound near NewportIn 2016, a project began to improve the interchange with DE 141. The project reconstructed the bridges that carry DE 141 over I-95 and added safety improvements to the interchange ramps.[89] In June 2016, the ramp from northbound I-95 to northbound DE 141 closed until June 2017 to allow for reconstruction of the bridge along northbound DE 141.[90] Construction on improving the interchange along with the adjacent section of DE 141 was completed in December 2021.[91]DelDOT completely rebuilt I-95 from the southern end of I-495 to the Brandywine Creek bridge in Wilmington in a $200-million project beginning in February 2021.[92][93] Several overpasses were repaired and new guardrails were installed. The southbound entrance ramp from South Jackson Street was demolished and the entrance from 2nd Street was rebuilt. At times during construction, the highway was reduced to two lanes of traffic.[92][93] Construction was finished in November 2022, months ahead of schedule.[94] On April 6, 2023, a ceremony marking the completion of the project was held, with Governor Carney, Senators Carper and Chris Coons, Representative Lisa Blunt Rochester, Wilmington Mayor Mike Purzycki, and DelDOT Secretary Nicole Majeski in attendance.[95]On March 15, 2021, a construction project began that will improve the DE 273 interchange by realigning ramps and widening DE 273 through the interchange.[96] Construction on this interchange improvement is planned to be completed in 2023.[97] There are plans to reconstruct the interchange with DE 896 by adding two flyovers and realigning ramps in order to improve safety and congestion at the interchange.[98][99] A groundbreaking ceremony was held on May 1, 2023, with Governor Carney, Senator Carper, Representative Blunt Rochester, and DelDOT Secretary Majeski in attendance.[100] The reconstruction project, which is projected to cost $143 million, began on May 7, 2023, and is planned to be completed in 2026.[98][99] The project received a $57-million grant from the US Department of Transportation which allowed construction to begin earlier than originally planned.[98]In March 2021, a group of state lawmakers led by Representative Sherry Dorsey Walker pushed for US Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg, and, by proxy, President Joe Biden, to endorse a plan to add a freeway lid on top of I-95 through Wilmington and construct an urban park on top of the highway, reuniting neighborhoods that were divided when the highway was constructed.[101] In April 2021, Wilmington city council unanimously approved backing the plan for constructing an urban park over I-95 through the city.[102]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Castle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware"}],"text":"The entire route is in New Castle County.","title":"Exit list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"auxiliary routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_auxiliary_Interstate_Highways"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-6"},{"link_name":"I-295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_295_(Delaware%E2%80%93Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Delaware Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Memorial_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bristol Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-6"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"I-495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Port of Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Wilmington_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Claymont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymont,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-6"}],"text":"I-95 has two auxiliary routes that are located within the state of Delaware.[6] I-295 runs from I-95 near Newport east (north) to the Delaware Memorial Bridge, where it crosses the Delaware River into New Jersey. Once in New Jersey, I-295 intersects the southern terminus of the New Jersey Turnpike and continues northeast a bypass route of Philadelphia parallel to the New Jersey Turnpike. I-295 loops to the north of Trenton, and enters Pennsylvania, heading south (west) and reaching its terminus at I-95 in Bristol Township.[6][103] I-495 is a bypass of Wilmington to the east. I-495 heads north from I-95 south of Wilmington near Newport, passing the Port of Wilmington and running along the Delaware River, before merging back in with I-95 just before the Pennsylvania state line in Claymont.[6]","title":"Auxiliary routes"}]
[{"image_text":"I-95 northbound past the DE 896 interchange near Newark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2022-07-23_17_48_31_View_north_along_Interstate_95_%28Delaware_Turnpike%29_just_north_of_Exit_1_in_Coochs_Bridge%2C_New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware.jpg/220px-2022-07-23_17_48_31_View_north_along_Interstate_95_%28Delaware_Turnpike%29_just_north_of_Exit_1_in_Coochs_Bridge%2C_New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware.jpg"},{"image_text":"I-95/US 202 northbound past the DE 52 exit in Wilmington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/2022-07-23_18_12_13_View_north_along_Interstate_95_and_U.S._Route_202_%28Wilmington_Expressway%29_just_north_of_Exit_7_in_Wilmington%2C_New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"I-95 northbound at the DE 92 interchange in Claymont","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2022-07-23_18_24_17_View_north_along_Interstate_95_%28Wilmington_Expressway%29_at_Exit_11_%28Delaware_State_Route_92%2C_Naamans_Road%2C_Claymont%29_in_Claymont%2C_New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Newark mainline toll plaza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/I-95_NB_at_Newark_Toll_Plaza.jpg/220px-I-95_NB_at_Newark_Toll_Plaza.jpg"},{"image_text":"Biden Welcome Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Delaware_Welcome_Center_DE1.jpg/220px-Delaware_Welcome_Center_DE1.jpg"},{"image_text":"I-95 southbound at the DE 1/DE 7 interchange in Christiana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/2022-07-24_10_09_45_View_south_along_Interstate_95_%28Delaware_Turnpike%29_at_Exit_4A_%28Delaware_State_Route_1_SOUTH%2C_Delaware_State_Route_7_SOUTH%2C_Mall_Road%2C_Dover%2C_Beaches%29_in_Christiana%2C_New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sign at the Biden Welcome Center commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Delaware Turnpike in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021-06-05_07_45_36_Sign_marking_the_50th_Anniversary_Celebration_of_the_Delaware_Turnpike-John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Highway_at_the_Delaware_House_Service_Area_along_Interstate_95_%28Delaware_Turnpike%29_in_New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"I-95 northbound past the Harvey Road interchange in Claymont","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/I-95_NB_from_Harvey_Road_overpass.jpeg/220px-I-95_NB_from_Harvey_Road_overpass.jpeg"},{"image_text":"I-95 northbound at the DE 273 interchange near Christiana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/I-95_NB_from_DE_273_overpass.jpeg/220px-I-95_NB_from_DE_273_overpass.jpeg"},{"image_text":"I-95 northbound at split with I-295 northbound near Newport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2022-07-23_18_00_32_View_north_along_Interstate_95_%28Delaware_Turnpike%29_at_the_exit_for_Interstate_295_%28TO_New_Jersey_Turnpike%2C_Delaware_Memorial_Bridge%2C_New_Jersey%2C_New_York%29_in_Duross_Heights%2C_New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]
[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}]
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Wilmington, DE.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clements, Nan (November 12, 1978). \"The turnpike is 15 and still growing\". Sunday News Journal. Wilmington, DE. p. F-7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Soulsman, Gary (May 12, 1983). \"Rootin,' tootin' booster\". The Evening Journal. Wilmington, DE. p. D1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grant, Tom (September 25, 1986). \"Fast food a winner along I-95\". The Compass. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Delaware Welcome Center Travel Plaza Closes Tuesday for Renovations\". Delaware Department of Transportation. September 3, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/public.ejs?command=PublicNewsDisplay&id=3472&month=9&year=2009","url_text":"\"Delaware Welcome Center Travel Plaza Closes Tuesday for Renovations\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMSHost Previews Delaware Welcome Center, Restaurants and Stores on June 18, 2010\". HMSHost. June 18, 2010. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. 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(November 10, 1963). \"Another North-South Highway Link\". The New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Report of the State Highway Department of the State of Delaware\" (PDF) (1961 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. 1961: 28, 59. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213601/http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1961/annual_1961_engr.pdf","url_text":"\"Report of the State Highway Department of the State of Delaware\""},{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1961/annual_1961_engr.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Delaware State Highway Department Annual Report\" (PDF) (1958 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. 1958: 40–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. 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Drivers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Improvements Completed on I-95/SR-1 Interchange\". Delaware Department of Transportation. October 17, 2013. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192722/http://www.deldot.gov/home/newsroom/release.shtml?id=4933","url_text":"\"Major Improvements Completed on I-95/SR-1 Interchange\""},{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/home/newsroom/release.shtml?id=4933","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"I-95 and U.S. Route 202 Interchange Project Completion Ceremony\" (Press release). Delaware Department of Transportation. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/home/newsroom/release.shtml?id=5646","url_text":"\"I-95 and U.S. Route 202 Interchange Project Completion Ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-495 Closed at Bridge Over Christina River\". Philadelphia: WCAU-TV. June 2, 2014. 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Dover, DE: WDDE. Retrieved January 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delawarepublic.org/delaware-headlines/2022-11-17/corridor-restored-major-construction-on-i-95-completed-months-ahead-of-schedule","url_text":"\"Corridor restored; Major construction on I-95 completed months ahead of schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"DelDOT Marks End of I-95 Restore the Corridor Project\". State of Delaware. April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.delaware.gov/2023/04/06/deldot-marks-end-of-i-95-restore-the-corridor-project/","url_text":"\"DelDOT Marks End of I-95 Restore the Corridor Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic Alert - Highway Safety Improvements Project, Route 273 and I-95 Interchange Improvements Project to Begin\" (Press release). Delaware Department of Transportation. March 4, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashi-Agano_Station
Higashi-Agano Station
["1 Lines","2 Station layout","2.1 Platforms","3 History","4 Passenger statistics","5 Surrounding area","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°53′33″N 139°15′37″E / 35.8925°N 139.2604°E / 35.8925; 139.2604Railway station in Hannō, Saitama Prefecture, Japan SI30Higashi-Agano Station東吾野駅Higashi-Agano Station building in 2009General informationLocation229 Hirado, Hannō-shi, Saitama-ken 357-0211JapanCoordinates35°53′33″N 139°15′37″E / 35.8925°N 139.2604°E / 35.8925; 139.2604Operated by Seibu RailwayLine(s) Seibu Ikebukuro LineDistance53.8 km from IkebukuroPlatforms1 island platformOther informationStation codeSI30HistoryOpened10 September 1929Previous namesKoshū (to 1933)PassengersFY2019456 (Daily) Services Preceding station Seibu Following station AganoSI31Terminus Ikebukuro LineLocal Musashi-YokoteSI29towards Ikebukuro LocationHigashi-Agano StationLocation within Saitama PrefectureShow map of Saitama PrefectureHigashi-Agano StationHigashi-Agano Station (Japan)Show map of Japan Higashi-Agano Station (東吾野駅, Higashi-Agano-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Hannō, Saitama, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Seibu Railway. Lines Higashi-Agano Station is served by the Seibu Ikebukuro Line and is 53.8 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at Ikebukuro. Station layout The station consists of one island platform serving two tracks, connected to the station building by a level crossing. Platforms 1  Seibu Ikebukuro Line for Hannō, Tokorozawa, and Ikebukuro 2  Seibu Ikebukuro Line for Agano and Seibu-Chichibu History The station opened on 10 September 1929 as Koshū Station (虎秀駅). It was renamed to its present name on 1 March 1933. Station numbering was introduced on all Seibu Railway lines during fiscal 2012, with Higashi-Agano Station becoming "SI30". Passenger statistics In fiscal 2019, the station was the 88th busiest on the Seibu network with an average of 456 passengers daily. The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below. Fiscal year Daily average 2009 662 2010 588 2011 664 2012 588 2013 532 Surrounding area National Route 299 Higashi-Agano Post Office See also List of railway stations in Japan References ^ Terada, Hirokazu (July 2002). データブック日本の私鉄 . Japan: Neko Publishing. p. 201. ISBN 4-87366-874-3. ^ 西武線全駅で駅ナンバリングを導入します (PDF). News Release (in Japanese). Japan: Seibu Railway. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 22 February 2013. ^ 駅別乗降人員(2019年度1日平均 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Seibu Railway. Retrieved 6 January 2021. ^ a b 駅別乗降人員　2010（平成22）年度　1日平均 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Seibu Railway. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2014. ^ 駅別乗降人員　2011（平成23）年度　1日平均 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Seibu Railway. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2014. ^ a b 駅別乗降人員　2013（平成25）年度　1日平均 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Seibu Railway. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014. External links Media related to Higashi-Agano Station at Wikimedia Commons Seibu Railway station information(in Japanese) vteStations of the Seibu Ikebukuro Line/Seibu Chichibu Line Ikebukuro Shiinamachi Higashi-Nagasaki Ekoda Sakuradai Nerima Nakamurabashi Fujimidai Nerima-Takanodai Shakujii-kōen Ōizumi-gakuen Hōya Hibarigaoka Higashi-Kurume Kiyose Akitsu Tokorozawa Nishi-Tokorozawa Kotesashi Sayamagaoka Musashi-Fujisawa Inariyama-kōen Irumashi Bushi Motokaji Hannō Higashi-Hannō Koma Musashi-Yokote Higashi-Agano Agano Nishi-Agano Shōmaru Ashigakubo Yokoze Seibu-Chichibu
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[]
[{"title":"List of railway stations in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Japan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_There
All There
["1 Music video","2 In popular culture","3 Charts","4 Certifications","5 References"]
2016 single by Jeezy featuring Bankroll Fresh"All There"Single by Jeezy featuring Bankroll Freshfrom the album Trap or Die 3 ReleasedOctober 6, 2016GenreHip hopLength3:18LabelCTE WorldDef JamSongwriter(s)Jay JenkinsTrentavious WhiteDwayne RichardsonProducer(s)D. RichJeezy singles chronology "Let Em Know" (2016) "All There" (2016) "Everytime" (2016) Bankroll Fresh singles chronology "Dirty Game (Keep Your Eyez Open)"(2016) "All There"(2016) "Street"(2016) Music video"All There" on YouTube "All There" is a song by American rapper Jeezy featuring late American rapper Bankroll Fresh. It was released on October 6, 2016, as the second single from Jeezy's seventh studio album, Trap or Die 3 (2016). The track was produced by D. Rich. Music video The music video for "All There" (Directed By Pilot Industries) premiered on October 6, 2016, via WorldStarHipHop. It was uploaded to Jeezy's official VEVO channel on October 31, 2016. In popular culture In March 2018, the song was played in the second episode of comedy-drama television series Atlanta's second season. Charts Chart (2016) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) 8 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 50 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) 2× Platinum 2,000,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b "Jeezy - All There Feat. Bankroll Fresh". HotNewHipHop. October 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2018. ^ "Video: Jeezy feat. Bankroll Fresh – 'All There'". Rap-Up. October 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2018. ^ "Jeezy, Flying Lotus & More Artists Heard On 'Atlanta's' 'Sportin' Waves' Episode". Vibe. March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018. ^ "Jeezy Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 11, 2018. ^ "Jeezy Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 11, 2018. ^ "American single certifications – Jeezy – All There". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved July 12, 2023. vteJeezyDiscographyStudio albums Let's Get It: Thug Motivation 101 Thug Motivation 102: The Inspiration The Recession TM:103 Hustlerz Ambition Seen It All: The Autobiography Church in These Streets Trap or Die 3 Pressure TM104: The Legend of the Snowman The Recession 2 I Might Forgive... But I Don't Forget Mixtapes 1,000 Grams The Real Is Back The Real Is Back 2 It's tha World Boss Yo Life Up Gang Collaboration albums Boyz n da Hood Cold Summer Singles "And Then What" "Soul Survivor" "Go Crazy" "My Hood" "I Luv It" "Go Getta" "Dreamin'" "Put On" "Vacation" "Crazy World" "My President" "Who Dat" "Lose My Mind" "Ballin'" "F.A.M.E." "I Do" "Leave You Alone" "R.I.P." "Seen It All" "All There" Featured songs "Icy" "Get Throwed" "Say I" "Grew Up a Screw Up" "Top Back (Remix)" "Diamonds" "5000 Ones" "I'm So Hood (Remix)" "100 Million" "Love in This Club" "Side Effects" "Louie" "Out Here Grindin" "I'm So Paid" "Never Ever" "Amazing" "Better Believe It" "I'm Goin' In" "Hard" "Put Your Hands Up" "(Ha Ha) Slow Down" "We in This Bitch" "Hold On (Shut Up)" "Champion" "My Homies Still" "Major Distribution" "Show Out" "Pour It Up (Remix)" "Act Right" "My Nigga" "Money Can't Buy" Collaborative singles "Dem Boyz" "White Girl" Related topics Boyz n da Hood U.S.D.A. CTE World Jeannie Mai
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Findlay_(disambiguation)
James Findlay
["1 Politicians","2 Others","3 See also"]
James Findlay may refer to: Politicians James Findlay (MP) (1833–1923), Canadian Member of Parliament James Findlay (British Columbia politician) (1854–1924), mayor of Vancouver James Findlay (Cincinnati mayor) (1770–1835), mayor of Cincinnati; member of United States Congress Others James Findlay (swimmer) (1954–2015), Australian Olympic swimmer James Leslie Findlay (1868–1952), Scottish soldier and architect James Lloyd Findlay (1895–1983), Royal New Zealand Air Force officer See also James Finlay, Scottish rugby player James Finlay Bangladesh, a shipping and tea business James Finley (disambiguation) James Finlayson (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Wilmers
Robert G. Wilmers
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 References"]
American billionaire banker Robert G. WilmersBornRobert George Wilmers(1934-04-20)April 20, 1934New York, U.S.DiedDecember 17, 2017(2017-12-17) (aged 83)New York City, U.S.EducationPhillips Exeter AcademyAlma materHarvard CollegeTitleChairman and CEO, M&T BankTerm1983–2017SpouseElisabeth Wilmers Robert George "Bob" Wilmers (April 20, 1934 – December 16, 2017) was an American billionaire banker. He was the chairman and CEO of M&T Bank from 1983 until his death in 2017, except for an 18-month break in 2005 - 2006. Early life and education Robert George Wilmers was born in New York on April 20, 1934, as one of three children to Charles Wilmers, an executive with the Belgium utility holding company, Sofina, who would eventually become its president, and his wife Cecilia. He grew up in New York City and Belgium. His sister Mary-Kay Wilmers is the editor of the London Review of Books, the well-known literary journal. He graduated from the Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard College (1956), and attended the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. Career He started his career at Bankers Trust Co. in 1962, served in New York City government under mayor John Lindsay as a financial official in the 1960s, then went on to work at Morgan Guaranty Trust Company. He served as chairman and CEO of M&T Bank and its subsidiary, Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (M&T Bank) since 1983. In 1992, the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Management named Wilmers Niagara Frontier Executive of the Year. In 1991, the Greater Buffalo Chamber of Commerce named him Western New Yorker of the Year. He received honorary degrees from Canisius College (1988), Niagara University (1991) and the State University of New York at Buffalo (2004). He was cited by The Buffalo News in 1987 and 1994 as a Citizen of the Year. Wilmers retired as CEO in 2005 but returned 18 months later after his successor, Robert Sadler, stepped down from the post and later received the 2005 American Banker Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2008, Wilmers was awarded Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the President of France. In December 2011, he was named Banker of the Year by American Banker. He purchased Chateau Haut-Bailly, a winery in Bordeaux, France, in 1998. He served as chairman of the Empire State Development Corporation from 2008 to 2009, chairman of the New York State Bankers Association in 2002 and as a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1993 to 1998. In 2011, he was named "banker of the year" by American Banker. In 2016, together with several partners, he purchased a group of newspapers in western New England, including The Berkshire Eagle of Pittsfield, MA. In January 2017, the rising value of bank stocks meant that Wilmers had become a billionaire. Personal life and death His widow Elisabeth Wilmers is French, and they owned Château Haut-Bailly from 1998 until his death, as well as the nearby property Château Le Pape from 2012 onwards. Wilmers died at his home in New York City on December 16, 2017. The cause of death was a heart attack while recovering from a recent surgery. References ^ a b c d e f Stocks. "Stocks - Bloomberg". Investing.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved 2017-01-28. ^ a b c "Robert Wilmers - Forbes". Forbes. 25 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-06-25. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ Joe Nocera, The Good Banker, The New York Times, May 30, 2011 ^ McLannahan, Ben (17 December 2017). "Longest serving US bank chief and industry figure dies". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-11. ^ "Robert Wilmers Children | All banking is local - tribunedigital-baltimoresun". Articles.baltimoresun.com. 2002-11-17. Retrieved 2017-01-28. ^ a b c d Peters, Andy (17 December 2017). "Robert Wilmers, longtime M&T chairman and CEO, dies at 83". American Banker. ^ Matthew Monks, A Throwback Approach Keeps Wilmers, M&T on Top, American Banker, November 30, 2011 ^ a b Frank, Mitch (March 2018). "Bob Wilmers, Banker and Chateau Haut-Bailly Owner". Wine Spectator: 16. ^ "American Banker Names Robert G. Wilmers of M&T; Bank Corp. Banker of the Year". www.marketwired.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2022. ^ "Robert G. Wilmers, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer - M&T Bank Newsroom". Newsroom.mtb.com. Retrieved 19 November 2017. ^ Fanto, Clarence (22 April 2016). "The Berkshire Eagle returning to local ownership". The Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ Tom Metcalf (2017-01-19). "The Bank Rally Mints a New Billionaire Banker". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Retrieved 2017-01-28. ^ "aujourdhui | Château Haut Bailly". Chateau-haut-bailly.com. 1998-07-30. Retrieved 2017-01-28. ^ "M&T Bank Chairman Bob Wilmers dies". 17 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017. ^ "Eagle co-owner Bob Wilmers dies; was CEO and chairman of M&T Bank". 17 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"billionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billionaire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-2"},{"link_name":"M&T Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26T_Bank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nocera-3"}],"text":"Robert George \"Bob\" Wilmers (April 20, 1934 – December 16, 2017) was an American billionaire banker.[1][2] He was the chairman and CEO of M&T Bank from 1983 until his death in 2017, except for an 18-month break in 2005 - 2006.[1][2][3]","title":"Robert G. Wilmers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sofina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mary-Kay Wilmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary-Kay_Wilmers"},{"link_name":"London Review of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Review_of_Books"},{"link_name":"Phillips Exeter Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AB-6"},{"link_name":"Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek-1"}],"text":"Robert George Wilmers was born in New York[4] on April 20, 1934, as one of three children to Charles Wilmers, an executive with the Belgium utility holding company, Sofina, who would eventually become its president, and his wife Cecilia. He grew up in New York City and Belgium.[5] His sister Mary-Kay Wilmers is the editor of the London Review of Books, the well-known literary journal.He graduated from the Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard College (1956),[6] and attended the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bankers Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankers_Trust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AB-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek-1"},{"link_name":"John Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AB-6"},{"link_name":"Morgan Guaranty Trust Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek-1"},{"link_name":"State University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Canisius College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canisius_College"},{"link_name":"Niagara University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_University"},{"link_name":"State University of New York at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"The Buffalo News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buffalo_News"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AB-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American_Banker-7"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Empire State Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"American Banker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Banker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Berkshire Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Berkshire_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg1-12"}],"text":"He started his career at Bankers Trust Co. in 1962,[6][1] served in New York City government under mayor John Lindsay as a financial official in the 1960s,[6] then went on to work at Morgan Guaranty Trust Company.He served as chairman and CEO of M&T Bank[1][2] and its subsidiary, Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (M&T Bank) since 1983.[1]In 1992, the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Management named Wilmers Niagara Frontier Executive of the Year. In 1991, the Greater Buffalo Chamber of Commerce named him Western New Yorker of the Year. He received honorary degrees from Canisius College (1988), Niagara University (1991) and the State University of New York at Buffalo (2004). He was cited by The Buffalo News in 1987 and 1994 as a Citizen of the Year. Wilmers retired as CEO in 2005 but returned 18 months later after his successor, Robert Sadler, stepped down from the post[6] and later received the 2005 American Banker Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2008, Wilmers was awarded Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the President of France. In December 2011, he was named Banker of the Year by American Banker.[7]He purchased Chateau Haut-Bailly, a winery in Bordeaux, France, in 1998.[8]He served as chairman of the Empire State Development Corporation from 2008 to 2009, chairman of the New York State Bankers Association in 2002 and as a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1993 to 1998.[citation needed]In 2011, he was named \"banker of the year\" by American Banker.[9][10]In 2016, together with several partners, he purchased a group of newspapers in western New England, including The Berkshire Eagle of Pittsfield, MA.[11]In January 2017, the rising value of bank stocks meant that Wilmers had become a billionaire.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Château Haut-Bailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Haut-Bailly"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"His widow Elisabeth Wilmers is French, and they owned Château Haut-Bailly from 1998 until his death, as well as the nearby property Château Le Pape from 2012 onwards.[13]Wilmers died at his home in New York City on December 16, 2017.[14][15] The cause of death was a heart attack while recovering from a recent surgery.[8]","title":"Personal life and death"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Stocks. \"Stocks - Bloomberg\". Investing.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved 2017-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130407214017/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=272287&ticker=MTB","url_text":"\"Stocks - Bloomberg\""},{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=272287&ticker=MTB","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Wilmers - Forbes\". Forbes. 25 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-06-25. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130625035124/http://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-wilmers/","url_text":"\"Robert Wilmers - Forbes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-wilmers/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McLannahan, Ben (17 December 2017). \"Longest serving US bank chief and industry figure dies\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211/https://www.ft.com/content/7df51836-e367-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da","url_text":"\"Longest serving US bank chief and industry figure dies\""},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/7df51836-e367-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Wilmers Children | All banking is local - tribunedigital-baltimoresun\". Articles.baltimoresun.com. 2002-11-17. Retrieved 2017-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-11-17/business/0211160322_1_buffalo-bank-lake-erie","url_text":"\"Robert Wilmers Children | All banking is local - tribunedigital-baltimoresun\""}]},{"reference":"Peters, Andy (17 December 2017). \"Robert Wilmers, longtime M&T chairman and CEO, dies at 83\". American Banker.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanbanker.com/news/robert-wilmers-longtime-m-t-chairman-and-ceo-dies-at-83","url_text":"\"Robert Wilmers, longtime M&T chairman and CEO, dies at 83\""}]},{"reference":"Frank, Mitch (March 2018). \"Bob Wilmers, Banker and Chateau Haut-Bailly Owner\". Wine Spectator: 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"American Banker Names Robert G. Wilmers of M&T; Bank Corp. Banker of the Year\". www.marketwired.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031147/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/american-banker-names-robert-g-wilmers-of-mt-bank-corp-banker-of-the-year-1593500.htm","url_text":"\"American Banker Names Robert G. Wilmers of M&T; Bank Corp. Banker of the Year\""},{"url":"http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/american-banker-names-robert-g-wilmers-of-mt-bank-corp-banker-of-the-year-1593500.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert G. Wilmers, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer - M&T Bank Newsroom\". Newsroom.mtb.com. Retrieved 19 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.mtb.com/leadership-team/robert-g-wilmers.htm","url_text":"\"Robert G. Wilmers, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer - M&T Bank Newsroom\""}]},{"reference":"Fanto, Clarence (22 April 2016). \"The Berkshire Eagle returning to local ownership\". The Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved 23 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/the-berkshire-eagle-returning-to-local-ownership,189774?","url_text":"\"The Berkshire Eagle returning to local ownership\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Metcalf (2017-01-19). \"The Bank Rally Mints a New Billionaire Banker\". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Retrieved 2017-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-19/buffalo-banker-becomes-billionaire-as-trump-spurs-finance-rally","url_text":"\"The Bank Rally Mints a New Billionaire Banker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.","url_text":"Bloomberg"}]},{"reference":"\"aujourdhui | Château Haut Bailly\". Chateau-haut-bailly.com. 1998-07-30. Retrieved 2017-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chateau-haut-bailly.com/en/aujourdhui","url_text":"\"aujourdhui | Château Haut Bailly\""}]},{"reference":"\"M&T Bank Chairman Bob Wilmers dies\". 17 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://buffalonews.com/2017/12/17/mt-chairman-wilmers-has-died/","url_text":"\"M&T Bank Chairman Bob Wilmers dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eagle co-owner Bob Wilmers dies; was CEO and chairman of M&T Bank\". 17 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/eagle-co-owner-bob-wilmers-dies-was-ceo-and-chairman-of-mt-bank,527287","url_text":"\"Eagle co-owner Bob Wilmers dies; was CEO and chairman of M&T Bank\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130407214017/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=272287&ticker=MTB","external_links_name":"\"Stocks - Bloomberg\""},{"Link":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=272287&ticker=MTB","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130625035124/http://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-wilmers/","external_links_name":"\"Robert Wilmers - Forbes\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-wilmers/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/31/opinion/31nocera.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"The Good Banker"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211/https://www.ft.com/content/7df51836-e367-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da","external_links_name":"\"Longest serving US bank chief and industry figure dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/7df51836-e367-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-11-17/business/0211160322_1_buffalo-bank-lake-erie","external_links_name":"\"Robert Wilmers Children | All banking is local - tribunedigital-baltimoresun\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanbanker.com/news/robert-wilmers-longtime-m-t-chairman-and-ceo-dies-at-83","external_links_name":"\"Robert Wilmers, longtime M&T chairman and CEO, dies at 83\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanbanker.com/special-reports/176_13/best-in-banking-banker-of-the-year-wilmers-1044472-1.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"A Throwback Approach Keeps Wilmers, M&T on Top"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031147/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/american-banker-names-robert-g-wilmers-of-mt-bank-corp-banker-of-the-year-1593500.htm","external_links_name":"\"American Banker Names Robert G. Wilmers of M&T; Bank Corp. Banker of the Year\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/american-banker-names-robert-g-wilmers-of-mt-bank-corp-banker-of-the-year-1593500.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://newsroom.mtb.com/leadership-team/robert-g-wilmers.htm","external_links_name":"\"Robert G. Wilmers, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer - M&T Bank Newsroom\""},{"Link":"https://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/the-berkshire-eagle-returning-to-local-ownership,189774?","external_links_name":"\"The Berkshire Eagle returning to local ownership\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-19/buffalo-banker-becomes-billionaire-as-trump-spurs-finance-rally","external_links_name":"\"The Bank Rally Mints a New Billionaire Banker\""},{"Link":"https://www.chateau-haut-bailly.com/en/aujourdhui","external_links_name":"\"aujourdhui | Château Haut Bailly\""},{"Link":"https://buffalonews.com/2017/12/17/mt-chairman-wilmers-has-died/","external_links_name":"\"M&T Bank Chairman Bob Wilmers dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/eagle-co-owner-bob-wilmers-dies-was-ceo-and-chairman-of-mt-bank,527287","external_links_name":"\"Eagle co-owner Bob Wilmers dies; was CEO and chairman of M&T Bank\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_frother
Milk frother
["1 History","2 Process","3 Types","3.1 Manual","3.2 Handheld electric","3.3 Automatic","4 References"]
Utensil A battery powered milk frother wand Plunger type milk frother Use of a milk frother (handheld electric) A milk frother is a utensil for making milk froth, typically to be added to coffee (cappuccino, latte, etc.). It aerates the milk, creating a thick but light foam. Milk frothers were introduced through the use of espresso machines that contained steamed wands that would froth steamed milk. Although created in Italy, the espresso machine and steam wands were exported internationally to other countries, and frothed milk was introduced around the world. The tiny bubbles, which are formed during the aeration process of milk frothing, make the milk texture lighter and increase its volume. The air from milk frothers combined with the chemical properties in milk create the foamy texture of frothed milk. Milks with different protein and fat contents produce different types of foam. There are various types of milk foams based on the type of milk used in the process, and all yield different tastes and textures. There are three major types of milk frother: manual, handheld electric, and automatic. All devices use the process of adding air bubbles to the chemical properties of milk to create milk froth. History In the 1950s, espresso machines that were once native to Italy and their production of coffee were exported overseas to Mediterranean and British markets. There, the espresso based coffee drink "cappuccino" became more popular. Cappuccinos incorporated the use of frothed milk made through the steaming properties of espresso machines. Espresso machines contain a steam wand that heats milk and adds air to create the frothed milk that sits on top of cappuccinos. Cappuccinos became widely popular in Britain because of the exotic nature of milk froth and the used to make it. In the US, coffee drinking shifted from the use of brewed coffee, which was beginning to decline, to specialty coffees. In 1982, the Specialty Coffee Association of America promoted the increased use of espresso machines and Italian premium coffee. Artisan baristas began making elaborate drinks such as the caffè latte and cappuccinos that incorporated the use of the steaming wand to both steam and froth milk. Process Frothing milk involves a process that introduces air into the chemical properties of milk to create the light and airy product of frothed or foamed milk. Milk is made up of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. The fats and proteins determine the thickness and the flavor of the foam. Milk that contains a heavier amount of fats and protein, such as whole milk, will produce a richer and thicker texture. Contrastingly, frothing skim milk, which has significantly less amounts of fats and protein, will produce a lighter and thinner foam. The protein properties in milk are what create the foamy texture in frothed milk. Casein molecules (a type of protein) form the molecular structure micelle, which get broken up when air from a milk frother is introduced. The casein molecules gravitate to the air bubbles trapping the air and creating foam. Types Manual A manual frother consists of a perforated mesh plunger in a cylinder, similar to a French press, which is moved up and down by hand. It takes 10–20 seconds to double the volume of milk. The cup may have a narrow spout for making foam art. They can also be used as French presses for making tea or coffee. Handheld electric A battery-powered milk frother wand is a small electric mixer. It froths the milk by spinning its attachment. It can also beat eggs or whipping cream in small quantities. When the device is turned on, the whisk creates a vortex and injects air into the liquid. The foam maker is operated until the milk reaches the desired consistency. The handheld devices are supposed to do the frothing faster and better than manual tools. Automatic Automatic frothers run on electricity and provide a hands-free operation. They include a carafe, a power base, and a frothing disk. Most models are equipped with induction heating to warm the liquid. They operate with a press of a button and switch off automatically. Electric frothers are fast and provide high-quality foam. They have a large capacity to prepare multiple beverages. References ^ a b c d e f Jeníček, V. (2008-01-07). "World commodity trade in the globalisation processes". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika). 53 (3): 101–110. doi:10.17221/454-agricecon. ISSN 0139-570X. ^ "The Science of Frothing: How to Make Your Own Milk Foam". WonderHowTo. Retrieved 2022-01-22. ^ a b Levy, Michael (2003-01-01). "The effects of composition and processing of milk on foam characteristics as measured by steam frothing". LSU Master's Theses. ^ "Milk Frother". Retrieved 2018-11-26. ^ Kastner, Erica (2017-01-11). "8 Ways to Froth Milk". The Pioneer Woman. Retrieved 2019-02-27. ^ "How to use a Milk Frother". Retrieved 2018-11-26. ^ "What is a Milk Frother? (with pictures)". wiseGEEK. Retrieved 2019-02-27. ^ "What Is a Milk Frother and How Does It Work | MilkFrotherTop". milkfrothertop.com. Retrieved 2019-02-27. vteKitchen tools Kitchenware Cooking vessel Cookware and bakeware Cutlery Dishwashing Eating utensils Food preparation utensils Food storage container Tableware Teaware Apple corer (Apple cutter) Baster Beanpot Blowtorch Bottle opener Bowl Bread knife Browning tray Butter curler Cake and pie server Candy thermometer Can opener Cheese cutter Cheese knife Cheese slicer Cheesecloth Chef's knife Cherry pitter Chinois Chopsticks Citrus reamer Clay pot Cleaver Colander Mated colander pot Cookie cutter Cookie press Corkscrew Crab cracker Cutting board Edible tableware Egg piercer Egg poacher Egg separator Egg slicer Egg timer Fat separator Fillet knife Fish scaler Fish slice Flour sifter Food mill Funnel Garlic press Grapefruit knife Grater Gravy strainer Honey dipper Honing steel Ladle Lame Lemon squeezer Lobster pick Mandoline Measuring cup Measuring spoon Meat grinder Meat tenderizer Meat thermometer Melon baller Mezzaluna Herb chopper Microplane Milk frother Milk watcher Mortar and pestle Nutcracker Nutmeg grater Oven glove Pastry bag Pastry blender Pastry brush Pastry wheel Peel Peeler Pepper mill Pie bird Pizza cutter Potato masher Potato ricer Pot-holder Poultry shears Roller docker Rolling pin Salt and pepper shakers Scissors Scoop Sieve Slotted spoon Spatula Spider Strawberry huller Tamis Tomato knife Tongs Trussing needle Twine Weighing scale Whisk Wooden spoon Scraper Dough Zester Categories Kitchenware Commons Kitchen utensils Types of tools Cleaning Cutting and abrasive Forestry Garden Hand Kitchen Machine and metalworking Masonry Measuring and alignment Mining Power Woodworking
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milk_frother_wand_battery_powered.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melkklopper.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benutzung_eines_Milchaufsch%C3%A4umers.gif"},{"link_name":"cappuccino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappuccino"},{"link_name":"latte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latte"},{"link_name":"aerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration"}],"text":"A battery powered milk frother wandPlunger type milk frotherUse of a milk frother (handheld electric)A milk frother is a utensil for making milk froth, typically to be added to coffee (cappuccino, latte, etc.). It aerates the milk, creating a thick but light foam. Milk frothers were introduced through the use of espresso machines that contained steamed wands that would froth steamed milk. Although created in Italy, the espresso machine and steam wands were exported internationally to other countries, and frothed milk was introduced around the world.The tiny bubbles, which are formed during the aeration process of milk frothing, make the milk texture lighter and increase its volume. The air from milk frothers combined with the chemical properties in milk create the foamy texture of frothed milk. Milks with different protein and fat contents produce different types of foam. There are various types of milk foams based on the type of milk used in the process, and all yield different tastes and textures. There are three major types of milk frother: manual, handheld electric, and automatic. All devices use the process of adding air bubbles to the chemical properties of milk to create milk froth.","title":"Milk frother"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"}],"text":"In the 1950s, espresso machines that were once native to Italy and their production of coffee were exported overseas to Mediterranean and British markets.[1] There, the espresso based coffee drink \"cappuccino\" became more popular. Cappuccinos incorporated the use of frothed milk made through the steaming properties of espresso machines. Espresso machines contain a steam wand that heats milk and adds air to create the frothed milk that sits on top of cappuccinos.[1] Cappuccinos became widely popular in Britain because of the exotic nature of milk froth and the used to make it.[1]In the US, coffee drinking shifted from the use of brewed coffee, which was beginning to decline, to specialty coffees.[1] In 1982, the Specialty Coffee Association of America promoted the increased use of espresso machines and Italian premium coffee.[1] Artisan baristas began making elaborate drinks such as the caffè latte and cappuccinos that incorporated the use of the steaming wand to both steam and froth milk.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Frothing milk involves a process that introduces air into the chemical properties of milk to create the light and airy product of frothed or foamed milk.[2] Milk is made up of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. The fats and proteins determine the thickness and the flavor of the foam. Milk that contains a heavier amount of fats and protein, such as whole milk, will produce a richer and thicker texture.[3] Contrastingly, frothing skim milk, which has significantly less amounts of fats and protein, will produce a lighter and thinner foam. The protein properties in milk are what create the foamy texture in frothed milk. Casein molecules (a type of protein) form the molecular structure micelle, which get broken up when air from a milk frother is introduced. The casein molecules gravitate to the air bubbles trapping the air and creating foam.[3]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_press"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cookinfo-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Manual","text":"A manual frother consists of a perforated mesh plunger in a cylinder, similar to a French press, which is moved up and down by hand.[4] It takes 10–20 seconds to double the volume of milk. The cup may have a narrow spout for making foam art. They can also be used as French presses for making tea or coffee.[5]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_mixer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"whipping cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipped_cream"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Handheld electric","text":"A battery-powered milk frother wand is a small electric mixer.[6] It froths the milk by spinning its attachment. It can also beat eggs or whipping cream in small quantities. When the device is turned on, the whisk creates a vortex and injects air into the liquid. The foam maker is operated until the milk reaches the desired consistency. The handheld devices are supposed to do the frothing faster and better than manual tools.[citation needed]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"induction heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_heating"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"sub_title":"Automatic","text":"Automatic frothers run on electricity and provide a hands-free operation. They include a carafe, a power base, and a frothing disk. Most models are equipped with induction heating to warm the liquid.[7] They operate with a press of a button and switch off automatically. Electric frothers are fast and provide high-quality foam. They have a large capacity to prepare multiple beverages.[8]","title":"Types"}]
[{"image_text":"A battery powered milk frother wand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Milk_frother_wand_battery_powered.jpg/200px-Milk_frother_wand_battery_powered.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plunger type milk frother","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Melkklopper.jpg/200px-Melkklopper.jpg"},{"image_text":"Use of a milk frother (handheld electric)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Benutzung_eines_Milchaufsch%C3%A4umers.gif/220px-Benutzung_eines_Milchaufsch%C3%A4umers.gif"}]
null
[{"reference":"Jeníček, V. (2008-01-07). \"World commodity trade in the globalisation processes\". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika). 53 (3): 101–110. doi:10.17221/454-agricecon. ISSN 0139-570X.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.17221/454-agricecon","url_text":"\"World commodity trade in the globalisation processes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17221%2F454-agricecon","url_text":"10.17221/454-agricecon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0139-570X","url_text":"0139-570X"}]},{"reference":"\"The Science of Frothing: How to Make Your Own Milk Foam\". WonderHowTo. Retrieved 2022-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://food-hacks.wonderhowto.com/how-to/science-frothing-make-your-own-milk-foam-0160228/","url_text":"\"The Science of Frothing: How to Make Your Own Milk Foam\""}]},{"reference":"Levy, Michael (2003-01-01). \"The effects of composition and processing of milk on foam characteristics as measured by steam frothing\". LSU Master's Theses.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1017","url_text":"\"The effects of composition and processing of milk on foam characteristics as measured by steam frothing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milk Frother\". Retrieved 2018-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cooksinfo.com/milk-frother/","url_text":"\"Milk Frother\""}]},{"reference":"Kastner, Erica (2017-01-11). \"8 Ways to Froth Milk\". The Pioneer Woman. Retrieved 2019-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://thepioneerwoman.com/food-and-friends/8-ways-to-froth-milk/","url_text":"\"8 Ways to Froth Milk\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to use a Milk Frother\". Retrieved 2018-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nespresso.com/au/en/news/how-to-use-a-milk-frother","url_text":"\"How to use a Milk Frother\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is a Milk Frother? (with pictures)\". wiseGEEK. Retrieved 2019-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-milk-frother.htm","url_text":"\"What is a Milk Frother? (with pictures)\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is a Milk Frother and How Does It Work | MilkFrotherTop\". milkfrothertop.com. Retrieved 2019-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://milkfrothertop.com/what-is-milk-frother/","url_text":"\"What Is a Milk Frother and How Does It Work | MilkFrotherTop\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.17221/454-agricecon","external_links_name":"\"World commodity trade in the globalisation processes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17221%2F454-agricecon","external_links_name":"10.17221/454-agricecon"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0139-570X","external_links_name":"0139-570X"},{"Link":"https://food-hacks.wonderhowto.com/how-to/science-frothing-make-your-own-milk-foam-0160228/","external_links_name":"\"The Science of Frothing: How to Make Your Own Milk Foam\""},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1017","external_links_name":"\"The effects of composition and processing of milk on foam characteristics as measured by steam frothing\""},{"Link":"https://www.cooksinfo.com/milk-frother/","external_links_name":"\"Milk Frother\""},{"Link":"https://thepioneerwoman.com/food-and-friends/8-ways-to-froth-milk/","external_links_name":"\"8 Ways to Froth Milk\""},{"Link":"https://www.nespresso.com/au/en/news/how-to-use-a-milk-frother","external_links_name":"\"How to use a Milk Frother\""},{"Link":"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-milk-frother.htm","external_links_name":"\"What is a Milk Frother? (with pictures)\""},{"Link":"https://milkfrothertop.com/what-is-milk-frother/","external_links_name":"\"What Is a Milk Frother and How Does It Work | MilkFrotherTop\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturirangan
Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan
["1 Early life and education","1.1 Early life","1.2 Education","2 Key contributions","3 Honours and awards","4 Controversies","5 References","6 External links"]
Indian space scientist For other people named Krishnaswami, see Krishnaswami. In this Indian name, the name Krishnaswamy is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Kasturirangan. Krishnaswamy KasturiranganChairman, Indian Space Research OrganisationIn office1994 (1994) – 27 August 2003 (2003-08-27)Preceded byUdupi Ramachandra RaoSucceeded byG. Madhavan Nair Krishnaswamy KasturiranganBorn (1940-10-24) 24 October 1940 (age 83)Ernakulam, Kingdom of Cochin, British India(present day Kerala, India)NationalityIndianAlma materUniversity of Mumbai(Bachelor of Science)(Master of Science)Physical Research Laboratory(Doctor of Philosophy)AwardsPadma VibhushanScientific careerFieldsSpace ResearchInstitutionsNational Institute of Advanced StudiesIndian Space Research Organisation Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (born 24 October 1940) is an Indian space scientist who headed the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from 1994 to 2003. He is presently Chancellor of Central University of Rajasthan and NIIT University. He is the former chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University and the chairman of Karnataka Knowledge Commission. He is a former member of the Rajya Sabha (2003–09) and a former member of the now defunct Planning Commission of India. He was also the director of the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, from April 2004 to 2009. He is a recipient of the three major civilian awards from the Government of India: the Padma Shri, the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan. Early life and education Early life Kasturirangan was born on 24 October 1940, at Ernakulam in the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin, to C. M. Krishnaswamy Iyer and Visalakshi. Kasturirangan's forefathers hailed from Tamil Nadu and later settled down in different parts of Kerala; his maternal forefathers settled in Nallepalli Agraharam, in Chittur taluk, Palakkad district and his paternal forefathers settled in the town of Chalakudy, near Thrissur. Kasturirangan's maternal grandfather Sri Ananthanarayana Iyer completed his school and college education and became a sanitary inspector in Ernakulam. He was well-respected in the community for his discipline and integrity. He and his wife Narayani had four daughters and a son, the eldest of whom was Visalakshi. Kasturirangan's paternal grandfather, Chalakudy Manikam Iyer, being mindful of the importance of education, ensured that all his sons received a sound education up to graduation. Kasturirangan's father was a graduate in chemistry from Maharaja's College, Ernakulam. He worked in a variety of administrative capacities at Tata Airlines and retired as a senior accountant officer at the Indian Airlines Corporation. Kasturirangan and his brother Ravi spent their early childhood in Ernakulam in the care of their maternal grandparents after the death of their mother. At the age of ten, after the sudden death of his grandfather, he joined his father in Bombay (now Mumbai) along with his brother. Shortly after completing his PhD in 1969, Kasturirangan married Lakshmi. They have two sons, Rajesh and Sanjay. His wife died in 1991. Education Kasturirangan did his schooling at Sree Rama Varma High School. Kasturirangan graduated in science with honours from Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai, and obtained his Master of Science degree in physics from the University of Mumbai. He received his Doctorate Degree in experimental high energy astronomy in 1971, working at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad. He has published more than 240 papers in the areas of astronomy, space science and applications. Key contributions Kasturirangan served as Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation for 9 years, Chairman of Space Commission and Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Space, before laying down his office on 27 August 2003. In ISRO he served as the director of ISRO Satellite Centre, overseeing the development of new generation spacecraft, the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT-2), the Indian remote sensing satellites (IRS-1A and -1B) as well as scientific satellites. He was also the project director for India's first two experimental earth observation satellites, Bhaskara-I and II. Under his leadership, the programme witnessed several major milestones including the successful launching and operationalisation of the India's prestigious launch vehicles, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). Studies on the advanced version of the GSLV, GSLVMk-III, were also completed, including defining its full configuration. Further, he also oversaw the development and launching of THE remote sensing satellites, IRS-1C and IRS-1D, realisation of new generation INSAT communication satellites, besides ocean observation satellites IRS-P3 and -P4. He also led the initiative for India to enter the planetary exploration era by extensive studies leading to the definition of Chandrayaan-1. These efforts have put India as a pre-eminent space-faring nation among the handful of six countries that have major space programmes. As an astrophysicist, Kasturirangan's interests include research in high energy X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy, as well as optical astronomy. Defining India's most ambitious space based high-energy astronomy observatory and initiating related activities was also an important milestone under his leadership. He has made extensive and significant contributions to studies of cosmic X-ray and gamma ray sources and effect of cosmic X-rays in the lower atmosphere. Kasturirangan is head of a committee tasked with creating the National Education Policy 2020 for India. Later in September 2021, he was appointed as the head of a 12-member steering committee which would be responsible for developing a new National Curriculum Framework. This committee, having been given a tenure of 3 years, will be the guiding document for the development of textbooks, syllabi and teaching practices of schools across the country. Kasturirangan also serves as a member of the board of trustees of the Raman Research Institute Trust, Bengaluru. Honours and awards Kasturirangan is the recipient of honorary doctorates from 27 universities. Controversies He was the superior officer of ISRO when Nambi Narayanan was accused of selling secrets to Pakistan. Kasturirangan's lack of help to the latter was noted in the movie Rocketry: The Nambi Effect. References ^ "Dr. Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (1994–2003)". Indian Space Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ "Home | Central University of Rajasthan". ^ "Former ISRO chief Kasturirangan to take over as NIIT University chairperson". India Today. 23 November 2019. ^ "Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University". Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012. ^ "Planning Commission Organisation". Shivap. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2009. ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015. ^ Suresh, B. N., ed. (2021). Space and Beyond. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6510-0. ISBN 978-981-33-6509-4. S2CID 128034694. ^ "At 175, SRV School holds its head high". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College". ruiacollege.edu. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "Dr Kasturirangan, the mind behind the New Education Policy, used to head India's space agency". Business Insider. Retrieved 12 November 2020. ^ ISSN 1476-4687 ^ "K. Kasturirangan to head panel to develop new curriculum framework". The Hindu. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021. ^ "K Kasturirangan to head education ministry's panel to develop school curriculum". Hindustan Times. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021. ^ "Raman Research Institute". rri.res.in. Retrieved 19 November 2019. External links Dr. Kasturirangan's biodata at ISRO India's Space Enterprise : A Case Study in Strategic Thinking and Planning Archived 24 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine Government offices Preceded byU. R. Rao ISRO Chairman 1994–2003 Succeeded byG. Madhavan Nair vteRecipients of Padma VibhushanArts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Prabha Atre Amitabh Bachchan Teejan Bai M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati S. P. Balasubrahmanyam Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Chiranjeevi Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M. F. Husain Zakir Hussain Ilaiyaraaja Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R. K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Chhannulal Mishra Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D. K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Balwant Moreshwar Purandare Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S. H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M. S. Subbulakshmi K. G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K. J. Yesudas Civil service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T. N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P. N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M. S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H. V. R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhiya Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K. B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M. G. K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T. V. Rajeswar C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao V. K. R. V. Rao Bipin Rawat Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Harish Chandra Sarin Binay Ranjan Sen Homi Sethna Arjan Singh Harbaksh Singh Kirpal Singh Manmohan Singh Tarlok Singh Lallan Prasad Singh Balaram Sivaraman Chandrika Prasad Srivastava T. Swaminathan Arun Shridhar Vaidya Dharma Vira Narinder Nath Vohra Literature and education V. S. R. Arunachalam Jagdish Bhagwati Satyendra Nath Bose Tara Chand Suniti Kumar Chatterji D. P. Chattopadhyaya Bhabatosh Datta Avinash Dixit Mahasweta Devi John Kenneth Galbraith Sarvepalli Gopal Lakshman Shastri Joshi Kaka Kalelkar Dhondo Keshav Karve Gopinath Kaviraj Radheshyam Khemka Kuvempu O. N. V. Kurup Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Sitakant Mahapatra John Mathai Kotha Satchidananda Murthy Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Bal Ram Nanda R. K. Narayan P. Parameswaran Amrita Pritam K. N. Raj C. Rangarajan Raja Rao Ramoji Rao Hormasji Maneckji Seervai Rajaram Shastri Kalu Lal Shrimali Govindbhai Shroff Khushwant Singh Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey Mahadevi Varma Bashir Hussain Zaidi Medicine Jasbir Singh Bajaj B. K. Goyal Purshotam Lal A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar S. I. Padmavati Autar Singh Paintal Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti Balu Sankaran V. Shanta Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar Prakash Narain Tandon Brihaspati Dev Triguna M. S. Valiathan Dilip Mahalanabis Other Sunderlal Bahuguna B. K. S. Iyengar Rambhadracharya Ravi Shankar Vishwesha Teertha Jaggi Vasudev B. V. Doshi Public affairs L. K. Advani Montek Singh Ahluwalia Aruna Asaf Ali Fazal Ali Adarsh Sein Anand Madhav Shrihari Aney Parkash Singh Badal Sikander Bakht Milon K. Banerji Mirza Hameedullah Beg P. N. Bhagwati Raja Chelliah Chandra Kisan Daphtary Niren De C. D. Deshmukh Anthony Lancelot Dias Uma Shankar Dikshit Kazi Lhendup Dorjee George Fernandes P. B. Gajendragadkar Benjamin Gilman Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Zakir Husain V. R. Krishna Iyer Jagmohan Lakshmi Chand Jain Arun Jaitley Aditya Nath Jha Murli Manohar Joshi Anerood Jugnauth Mehdi Nawaz Jung Ali Yavar Jung Vijay Kelkar Hans Raj Khanna V. N. Khare Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jivraj Narayan Mehta V. K. Krishna Menon Hirendranath Mukherjee Ajoy Mukherjee Pranab Mukherjee Padmaja Naidu Venkaiah Naidu Gulzarilal Nanda Govind Narain Fali Sam Nariman Hosei Norota Nanabhoy Palkhivala K. Parasaran Hari Vinayak Pataskar Sunder Lal Patwa Sharad Pawar Naryana Raghvan Pillai Sri Prakasa N. G. Ranga Ravi Narayana Reddy Y. Venugopal Reddy Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq Lakshmi Sahgal P. A. Sangma M. C. Setalvad Kalyan Singh Karan Singh Nagendra Singh Swaran Singh Walter Sisulu Soli Sorabjee Kalyan Sundaram Sushma Swaraj Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Atal Bihari Vajpayee M. N. Venkatachaliah Kottayan Katankot Venugopal Jigme Dorji Wangchuck S. M. Krishna Mulayam Singh Yadav Science and engineering V. K. Aatre Salim Ali Norman Borlaug Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Rajagopala Chidambaram Charles Correa Satish Dhawan Anil Kakodkar A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Har Gobind Khorana Daulat Singh Kothari Verghese Kurien Raghunath Anant Mashelkar G. Madhavan Nair Roddam Narasimha Jayant Narlikar Rajendra K. Pachauri Benjamin Peary Pal Yash Pal I. G. Patel Venkatraman Ramakrishnan K. R. Ramanathan Raja Ramanna C. R. Rao C. N. R. Rao Palle Rama Rao Udupi Ramachandra Rao Vikram Sarabhai Man Mohan Sharma Obaid Siddiqi E. Sreedharan M. R. Srinivasan George Sudarshan M. S. Swaminathan Narinder Singh Kapany S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan Social work Baba Amte Pandurang Shastri Athavale Janaki Devi Bajaj Mirabehn Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Durgabai Deshmukh Nanaji Deshmukh Nirmala Deshpande Mohan Dharia U. N. Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta Sports Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Mary Kom Sachin Tendulkar Trade and industry Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal Anil Manibhai Naik N. R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J. R. D. Tata Ratan Tata Portal Category WikiProject vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Science & Engineering1950s Kshitish Ranjan Chakravorty (1954) Habib Rahman (1955) Laxman Mahadeo Chitale (1957) Ram Prakash Gehlote (1957) Krishnaswami Ramiah (1957) Bal Raj Nijhawan (1958) Benjamin Peary Pal (1958) Navalpakkam Parthasarthy (1958) Surendranath Kar (1959) Om Prakash Mathur (1959) Homi Sethna (1959) 1960s Anil Kumar Das (1960) A. S. Rao (1960) M. G. K. Menon (1961) Brahm Prakash (1961) Man Mohan Suri (1961) Paramananda Acharya (1964) Vishnu Madav Ghatage (1965) Satish Dhawan (1966) Maganbhai Ramchhodbhai Patel (1967) Hermenegild Santapau (1967) M. S. Swaminathan (1967) Guduru Venkatachalam (1967) Raja Ramanna (1968) Nautam Bhatt (1969) Amrik Singh Cheema (1969) T. V. Mahalingam (1969) 1970s P. R. Pisharoty (1970) Moti Lal Dhar (1971) Zafar Futehally (1971) Devendra Lal (1971) Charles Correa (1972) N. Kesava Panikkar (1973) Govind Swarup (1973) Achyut Kanvinde (1974) Suchitra Mitra (1974) C. N. R. Rao (1974) Sitaram Rao Valluri (1974) Rajagopala Chidambaram (1975) Shambhu Dayal Sinvhal (1976) B. R. Deodhar (1976) B. V. Doshi (1976) Atmaram Bhairav Joshi (1976) Janaki Ammal (1977) Jugal Kishore Choudhury (1977) Prafulla Kumar Jena (1977) Vishwa Gopal Jhingran (1977) Sibte Hasan Zaidi (1977) 1980s Hari Krishan Jain (1981) Gurcharan Singh Kalkat (1981) Dinkar Gangadhar Kelkar (1981) Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (1982) Satya Prakash (1982) V. Narayana Rao (1982) Saroj Raj Choudhury (1983) Hassan Nasiem Siddiquie (1983) María Renée Cura (1984) Vasant Gowarikar (1984) Pramod Kale (1984) Nilamber Pant (1984) Myneni Hariprasada Rao (1984) M. R. Srinivasan (1984) Predhiman Krishan Kaw (1985) P. V. S. Rao (1987) Ramadas P. Shenoy (1987) Saroj Ghose (1989) Palle Rama Rao (1989) 1990s Ram Narain Agarwal (1990) Laurie Baker (1990) M. R. Kurup (1990) Rakesh Bakshi (1991) B. L. Deekshatulu (1991) Narinder Kumar Gupta (1991) Shri Krishna Joshi (1991) Raghunath Anant Mashelkar (1991) Govindarajan Padmanaban (1991) Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna (1991) A. V. Rama Rao (1991) Ganeshan Venkataraman (1991) Madhava Ashish (1992) G. S. Venkataraman (1992) Kailash Sankhala (1992) Vinod Prakash Sharma (1992) Joseph Allen Stein (1992) Manmohan Attavar (1998) Priyambada Mohanty Hejmadi (1998) Anil Kakodkar (1998) Aditya Narayan Purohit (1998) V. K. Saraswat (1998) Asis Datta (1999) Indira Nath (1999) M. S. Ramakumar (1999) M. V. Rao (1999) S. K. Sikka (1999) 2000s Vijay P. Bhatkar (2000) D. D. Bhawalkar (2000) Gurdev Khush (2000) Parasu Ram Mishra (2000) Sandip Kumar Basu (2001) Bisweswar Bhattacharjee (2001) V. K. Chaturvedi (2001) Ketayun Ardeshir Dinshaw (2001) Prem Shanker Goel (2001) Goverdhan Mehta (2001) C. G. Krishnadas Nair (2001) M. S. Raghunathan (2001) Sanjaya Rajaram (2001) T. V. Ramakrishnan (2001) Thirumalachari Ramasami (2001) Dasika Durga Prasada Rao (2001) Paul Ratnasamy (2001) Ashoke Sen (2001) Bikash Sinha (2001) Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme (2001) A. S. Arya (2002) Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan (2002) Padmanabhan Balaram (2002) Dorairajan Balasubramanian (2002) Ramanath Cowsik (2002) Chaitanyamoy Ganguly (2002) Kota Harinarayana (2002) Ashok Jhunjhunwala (2002) Amitav Malik (2002) Katuru Narayana (2002) A. Sivathanu Pillai (2002) I. V. Subba Rao (2002) B. N. Suresh (2002) Asok Kumar Barua (2003) Shivram Bhoje (2003) Jai Bhagwan Chaudhary (2003) Sarvagya Singh Katiyar (2003) Gyan Chandra Mishra (2003) Jai Pal Mittal (2003) Sundaram Ramakrishnan (2003) Baburao Govindrao Shirke (2003) Mahendra Singh Sodha (2003) Nagarajan Vedachalam (2003) Satish Kumar Kaura (2004) Nalini Ranjan Mohanty (2004) T. S. Prahlad (2004) Vishweshwaraiah Prakash (2004) K. N. Shankara (2004) Lalji Singh (2004) Rajpal Singh Sirohi (2004) M. Vijayan (2004) Dipankar Banerjee (2005) Srikumar Banerjee (2005) Banwari Lal Chouksey (2005) Bhagavatula Dattaguru (2005) Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi (2005) Madhu Sudan Kanungo (2005) M. Mahadevappa (2005) Ramachandran Balasubramanian (2006) Harsh Gupta (2006) Seyed E. Hasnain (2006) Narendra Kumar (2006) B. V. Nimbkar (2006) Swaminathan Sivaram (2006) Thekkethil Kochandy Alex (2007) Rabi Narayan Bastia (2007) Dilip K. Biswas (2007) Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty (2007) Kiran Karnik (2007) Thanu Padmanabhan (2007) Baldev Raj (2007) Sudhir Kumar Sopory (2007) Khadg Singh Valdiya (2007) Kasturi Lal Chopra (2008) Joseph H. Hulse (2008) Bhavarlal Jain (2008) Kaleem Ullah Khan (2008) Sant Singh Virmani (2008) Pramod Tandon (2009) Goriparthi Narasimha Raju Yadav (2009) 2010s Vijay Prasad Dimri (2010) Pucadyil Ittoop John (2010) Palpu Pushpangadan (2010) M. R. S. Rao (2010) Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath (2010) Ponisseril Somasundaran (2010) M. Annamalai (2011) Moni Lal Bhoumik (2011) Coimbatore Narayana Rao Raghavendran (2011) Suman Sahai (2011) G. Shankar (2011) E. A. Siddiq (2011) Subra Suresh (2011) V. Adimurthy (2012) Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai (2012) Krishna Lal Chadha (2012) Virander Singh Chauhan (2012) Y. S. Rajan (2012) Jagadish Shukla (2012) Vijaypal Singh (2012) Lokesh Kumar Singhal (2012) Manindra Agrawal (2013) Mustansir Barma (2013) Avinash Chander (2013) Sanjay Govind Dhande (2013) Jayaraman Gowrishankar (2013) Sharad P. Kale (2013) Sankar Kumar Pal (2013) Deepak B. Phatak (2013) Mudundi Ramakrishna Raju (2013) Ajay K. Sood (2013) K. VijayRaghavan (2013) Sekhar Basu (2014) Madhavan Chandradathan (2014) Jayanta Kumar Ghosh (2014) Ravi Grover (2014) Ramakrishna V. Hosur (2014) E. D. Jemmis (2014) A. S. Kiran Kumar (2014) Ajay Kumar Parida (2014) M. Y. S. Prasad (2014) Brahma Singh (2014) Vinod K. Singh (2014) Govindan Sundararajan (2014) Subbiah Arunan (2015) Jacques Blamont (2015) N. Prabhakar (2015) Prahlada (2015) S. K. Shivakumar (2015) Mylswamy Annadurai (2016) Dipankar Chatterji (2016) Satish Kumar (2016) Onkar Nath Srivastava (2016) Veena Tandon (2016) G. D. Yadav (2016) Jitendra Nath Goswami (2017) Chintakindi Mallesham (2017) Amitava Roy (2018) Vikram Chandra Thakur (2018) Rajagopalan Vasudevan (2018) Manas Bihari Verma (2018) Uddhab Bharali (2019) Baldev Singh Dhillon (2019) Rohini Godbole (2019) Subhash Kak (2019) 2020s Raman Gangakhedkar (2020) Sujoy K. Guha (2020) K. S. Manilal (2020) Vashishtha Narayan Singh (2020) Thalappil Pradeep (2020) H. C. Verma (2020) Sudhir K. Jain (2020) Rattan Lal (2021) Subbanna Ayyappan (2022) Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (2022) Aditya Prasad Dash (2022) Moti Lal Madan (2022) Anil K. Rajvanshi (2022) Ajay Kumar Sonkar (2022) Jyantkumar Maganlal Vyas (2022) Khadar Valli Dudekula (2023) Modadugu Vijay Gupta (2023) Ganesh Nagappa Krishnarajanagara (2023) Arvind Kumar (2023) Mahendra Pal (2023) Bakshi Ram (2023) Sujatha Ramdorai (2023) Abbareddy Nageswara Rao (2023) vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (1990–1999)1990 Rajanikant Arole Bimal Kumar Bachhawat Purushottam Laxman Deshpande L. K. Doraiswamy Nikhil Ghosh B. K. Goyal Jasraj R. N. Malhotra Bimal Krishna Matilal Sumant Moolgaokar Hirendranath Mukherjee C. D. Narasimhaiah M. S. Narasimhan Kunwar Singh Negi Trilochan Pradhan N. Ram Sukumar Sen Arun Shourie Julius Silverman M. R. Srinivasan M. S. Valiathan 1991 Ebrahim Alkazi Lala Amarnath N. S. Bendre Shyam Benegal D. B. Deodhar Amjad Ali Khan Dilip Kumar Narayan Singh Manaklao Muthu Krishna Mani Ram Narayan Fali Sam Nariman Kapil Dev Manubhai Pancholi Shakuntala Paranjpye Bindeshwar Pathak Samta Prasad Basavaraj Rajguru Prathap C. Reddy Amala Shankar Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar (Kusumagraj) Kuthur Ramakrishnan Srinivasan Ale Ahmad Suroor Leslie Swindale Jiwan Singh Umranangal 1992 Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati Debu Chaudhuri Hariprasad Chaurasia Thayil John Cherian Ranjan Roy Daniel Virendra Dayal B. Saroja Devi Khem Singh Gill Vavilala Gopalakrishnayya Anna Hazare Hakim Abdul Hameed Jaggayya Girish Karnad Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Triloki Nath Khoshoo T. N. Krishnan Ramachandra Datatraya Lele Talat Mahmood Syed Abdul Malik Dalsukh Dahyabhai Malvania Sonal Mansingh M. Sarada Menon Naushad Setumadhavarao Pagadi Hasmukhbhai Parekh C. Narayana Reddy Mrinalini Sarabhai Gursaran Talwar Brihaspati Dev Triguna K. Venkatalakshamma C. R. Vyas 1998 U. R. Ananthamurthy Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya Satyapal Dang Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon H. K. Dua Hemlata Gupta K. M. Mathew G. Madhavan Nair Rajendra Singh Paroda G. B. Parulkar Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman Bhisham Sahni Vempati Chinna Satyam Laxmi Mall Singhvi V. M. Tarkunde Panangipalli Venugopal 1999 S. S. Badrinath Jacob Cherian Pushpalata Das Sohrab Pirojsha Godrej George Joseph Anil Kakodkar D. C. Kizhakemuri Ashok Kumar Vidya Niwas Mishra H. D. Shourie Shivmangal Singh Suman Ram Kinkar Upadhyay # Posthumous conferral 1954–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 vte Indian space programme Department of Space (DoS) Organisations Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU) Integrated Space Cell Defence Space Agency Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe) Programmes Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human Spaceflight Programme Satellites APPLE Aryabhata HAMSAT IMS-1 Megha-Tropiques NISAR SARAL South Asia Satellite Kalpana-1 Space observatories Astrosat Aditya-L1 XPoSat AstroSat-2 (proposed) Lunar andplanetary spacecraft Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan-2 Vikram lander Pragyan rover Chandrayaan-3 Vikram lander Pragyan rover Chandrayaan-4 (upcoming) Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (proposed) Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (proposed) Venus Orbiter Mission (proposed) Human spaceflight Indian human spaceflight programme SRE-1 SRE-II Gaganyaan CARE ISRO Space Station (proposed) Launch vehiclesActive Orbital PSLV Launches GSLV Launches LVM3 SSLV Suborbital Rohini ATV In development RLV Technology Demonstration Programme NGLV Retired SLV ASLV EnginesActive CE-7.5 CE-20 Vikas In development SCE-200 Spaceports Satish Dhawan Space Centre Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station under development Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport Research facilities Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre U R Rao Satellite Centre Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre ISRO Propulsion Complex Space Applications Centre ISRO Inertial Systems Unit Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems Human Space Flight Centre Development and Educational Communication Unit Communications Indian Deep Space Network Indian Space Science Data Centre ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network Master Control Facility National Remote Sensing Centre Legislation and policy Space Activities Bill Space policy of India Draft Spacecom Policy 2020 SpaceRP Policy 2020 Technology Transfer Policy and Guidelines Private companies Pixxel Skyroot Aerospace Sisir Radar Satellize AgniKul Cosmos Dhruva Space Bellatrix Aerospace TeamIndus Related SAGA-220 (supercomputer) Statio Shiv Shakti RESPOND List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions List of ISRO chairpersons vteRecipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Engineering Science1960s Homi Nusserwanji Sethna (1960) Man Mohan Suri (1962) Brahm Prakash (1963) Bal Raj Nijhawan (1964) Ayyagari Sambasiva Rao (1965) Jai Krishna (1966) Tanjore Ramachandra Anantharaman (1967) Kshitish Ranjan Chakravorty (1968) 1970s Amitabha Bhattacharyya (1971) Govind Swarup (1972) Rajindar Pal Wadhwa (1972) Man Mohan Sharma (1973) Roddam Narasimha (1974) Mangalore Anantha Pai (1974) Udipi Ramachandra Rao (1975) Rajinder Kumar (1976) Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman (1976) Digvijai Singh (1978) Sekharipuram Narayaniyer Seshadri (1978) Palle Rama Rao (1979) 1980s V. S. R. Arunachalam (1980) S. C. Dutta Roy (1981) R. A. Mashelkar (1982) K. Kasturirangan (1983) S. S. Sukhatme (1983) D. D. Bhawalkar (1984) Paul Ratnasamy (1984) P. R. Rao (1985) Manohar Lal Munjal (1986) Shrikant Lele (1987) B. D. Kulkarni (1988) Surendra Prasad (1988) Srikumar Banerjee (1989) G. V. Rao (1989) 1990s S. K. Pal (1990) Gangan Pratap (1990) J. B. Joshi (1991) Vivek Borkar (1992) Dipankar Banerjee (1993) S. K. Bhatia (1993) G. Sundarrajan (1994) Kamanio Chattopadhyay (1995) Devang Vipin Khakhar (1997) Ashok Jhunjhunwala (1998) Anurag Sharma (1998) 2000s Ashutosh Sharma (2002) Atul Chokshi (2003) Soumitro Banerjee (2003) Subhasis Chaudhuri (2004) Vivek Ranade (2004) V. Ramgopal Rao (2005) Kalyanmoy Deb (2005) Ashish Kishore Lele (2006) Sanjay Mittal (2006) Rama Govindarajan (2007) Budharaju Srinivasa Murty (2007) Ranjan Kumar Mallik (2008) Giridhar Madras (2009) Jayant Haritsa (2009) 2010s G. K. Ananthasuresh (2010) Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (2010) Sirshendu De (2011) Upadrasta Ramamurty (2011) Ravishankar Narayanan (2012) Y. Shanthi Pavan (2012) Bikramjit Basu (2013) Suman Chakraborty (2013) Soumen Chakrabarti (2014) S Venkata Mohan (2014) Yogesh Moreshwar Joshi (2015) Avinash Kumar Agarwal (2016) Venkata Narayana Padmanabhan (2016) Aloke Paul (2017) Neelesh B. Mehta (2017) Amit Agrawal (2018) Ashwin Gumaste (2018) Manik Varma (2019) 2020s Kinshuk Dasgupta (2020) Amol Arvindrao Kulkarni (2020) Debdeep Mukhopadhyay (2021) Dipti Ranjan Sahoo (2022) Rajnish Kumar (2022) vteShanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of KeralaBiological Sciences N. Balakrishnan Nair K. R. K. Easwaran M. Vijayan Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan Deepak T. Nair Chemical Sciences Manapurathu Verghese George E. D. Jemmis Kizhakeyil Lukose Sebastian K. George Thomas Gangadhar J. Sanjayan Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami P. N. Vinayachandran S. K. Satheesh S. Suresh Babu Engineering Sciences S. N. Seshadri Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Gundabathula Venkateswara Rao Mathematical Sciences Neithalath Mohan Kumar Medical Sciences G. Balakrish Nair Physical Sciences M. G. K. Menon P. K. Iyengar Subodh Raghunath Shenoy Thanu Padmanabhan (*)By birth - (#)By ethnicity - (!)By domicile Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Australia Netherlands People Trove
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishnaswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnaswami"},{"link_name":"Indian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Indian Space Research Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan_(1994-2003)-1"},{"link_name":"Central University of Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_University_of_Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NIIT University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIIT_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rajya Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Planning Commission of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Advanced Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Advanced_Studies"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Padma Vibhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-6"}],"text":"For other people named Krishnaswami, see Krishnaswami.In this Indian name, the name Krishnaswamy is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Kasturirangan.Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (born 24 October 1940) is an Indian space scientist who headed the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from 1994 to 2003.[1] He is presently Chancellor of Central University of Rajasthan[2] and NIIT University.[3] He is the former chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University[4] and the chairman of Karnataka Knowledge Commission.[5] He is a former member of the Rajya Sabha (2003–09) and a former member of the now defunct Planning Commission of India. He was also the director of the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, from April 2004 to 2009. He is a recipient of the three major civilian awards from the Government of India: the Padma Shri, the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan.[6]","title":"Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernakulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernakulam"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Chittur taluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittur_taluk"},{"link_name":"Palakkad district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakkad_district"},{"link_name":"Chalakudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalakudy"},{"link_name":"Thrissur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur"},{"link_name":"Ernakulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernakulam"},{"link_name":"Maharaja's College, Ernakulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja%27s_College,_Ernakulam"},{"link_name":"Tata Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Kasturirangan was born on 24 October 1940, at Ernakulam in the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin, to C. M. Krishnaswamy Iyer and Visalakshi. Kasturirangan's forefathers hailed from Tamil Nadu and later settled down in different parts of Kerala; his maternal forefathers settled in Nallepalli Agraharam, in Chittur taluk, Palakkad district and his paternal forefathers settled in the town of Chalakudy, near Thrissur. Kasturirangan's maternal grandfather Sri Ananthanarayana Iyer completed his school and college education and became a sanitary inspector in Ernakulam. He was well-respected in the community for his discipline and integrity. He and his wife Narayani had four daughters and a son, the eldest of whom was Visalakshi.Kasturirangan's paternal grandfather, Chalakudy Manikam Iyer, being mindful of the importance of education, ensured that all his sons received a sound education up to graduation. Kasturirangan's father was a graduate in chemistry from Maharaja's College, Ernakulam. He worked in a variety of administrative capacities at Tata Airlines and retired as a senior accountant officer at the Indian Airlines Corporation. Kasturirangan and his brother Ravi spent their early childhood in Ernakulam in the care of their maternal grandparents after the death of their mother. At the age of ten, after the sudden death of his grandfather, he joined his father in Bombay (now Mumbai) along with his brother.Shortly after completing his PhD in 1969, Kasturirangan married Lakshmi. They have two sons, Rajesh and Sanjay. His wife died in 1991.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sree Rama Varma High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sree_Rama_Varma_High_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ramnarain Ruia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnarain_Ruia_College"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"University of Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"high energy astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Physical Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Kasturirangan did his schooling at Sree Rama Varma High School.[8] Kasturirangan graduated in science with honours from Ramnarain Ruia College,[9] Mumbai, and obtained his Master of Science degree in physics from the University of Mumbai.[10] He received his Doctorate Degree in experimental high energy astronomy in 1971, working at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad. He has published more than 240 papers in the areas of astronomy, space science and applications.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Space"},{"link_name":"ISRO Satellite Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISRO_Satellite_centre"},{"link_name":"Indian National Satellite System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System"},{"link_name":"Indian remote sensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellite"},{"link_name":"IRS-1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS-1A"},{"link_name":"-1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS-1B"},{"link_name":"scientific satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_satellite"},{"link_name":"Bhaskara-I and II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"IRS-1C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS-1C"},{"link_name":"IRS-1D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS-1D"},{"link_name":"IRS-P3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS-P3"},{"link_name":"-P4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceansat-1"},{"link_name":"planetary exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_exploration"},{"link_name":"Chandrayaan-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1"},{"link_name":"high energy X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_X-rays"},{"link_name":"gamma-ray astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy"},{"link_name":"optical astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_astronomy"},{"link_name":"high-energy astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy"},{"link_name":"cosmic X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_X-ray_source"},{"link_name":"gamma ray sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_source"},{"link_name":"National Education Policy 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Education_Policy_2020"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Kasturirangan served as Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation for 9 years, Chairman of Space Commission and Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Space, before laying down his office on 27 August 2003. \nIn ISRO he served as the director of ISRO Satellite Centre, overseeing the development of new generation spacecraft, the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT-2), the Indian remote sensing satellites (IRS-1A and -1B) as well as scientific satellites. He was also the project director for India's first two experimental earth observation satellites, Bhaskara-I and II.Under his leadership, the programme witnessed several major milestones including the successful launching and operationalisation of the India's prestigious launch vehicles, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). Studies on the advanced version of the GSLV, GSLVMk-III, were also completed, including defining its full configuration. Further, he also oversaw the development and launching of THE remote sensing satellites, IRS-1C and IRS-1D, realisation of new generation INSAT communication satellites, besides ocean observation satellites IRS-P3 and -P4. He also led the initiative for India to enter the planetary exploration era by extensive studies leading to the definition of Chandrayaan-1. These efforts have put India as a pre-eminent space-faring nation among the handful of six countries that have major space programmes. As an astrophysicist, Kasturirangan's interests include research in high energy X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy, as well as optical astronomy. Defining India's most ambitious space based high-energy astronomy observatory and initiating related activities was also an important milestone under his leadership. He has made extensive and significant contributions to studies of cosmic X-ray and gamma ray sources and effect of cosmic X-rays in the lower atmosphere.Kasturirangan is head of a committee tasked with creating the National Education Policy 2020 for India.[11] Later in September 2021, he was appointed as the head of a 12-member steering committee which would be responsible for developing a new National Curriculum Framework. This committee, having been given a tenure of 3 years, will be the guiding document for the development of textbooks, syllabi and teaching practices of schools across the country.[12][13]Kasturirangan also serves as a member of the board of trustees of the Raman Research Institute Trust, Bengaluru.[14]","title":"Key contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honorary doctorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Kasturirangan is the recipient of honorary doctorates from 27 universities[citation needed].","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nambi Narayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambi_Narayanan"},{"link_name":"Rocketry: The Nambi Effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocketry:_The_Nambi_Effect"}],"text":"He was the superior officer of ISRO when Nambi Narayanan was accused of selling secrets to Pakistan. Kasturirangan's lack of help to the latter was noted in the movie Rocketry: The Nambi Effect.","title":"Controversies"}]
[]
null
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India Today. 23 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/former-isro-chief-kasturirangan-to-take-over-as-niit-university-chairperson-1621990-2019-11-23","url_text":"\"Former ISRO chief Kasturirangan to take over as NIIT University chairperson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University\". Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120507153954/http://www.jnu.ac.in/main.asp?sendval=Chancellor","url_text":"\"Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University\""},{"url":"http://www.jnu.ac.in/main.asp?sendval=Chancellor","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Planning Commission Organisation\". Shivap. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100304030932/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/orgn.html","url_text":"\"Planning Commission Organisation\""},{"url":"http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/orgn.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards\" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs,_Government_of_India","url_text":"Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India"},{"url":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Suresh, B. N., ed. (2021). Space and Beyond. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6510-0. ISBN 978-981-33-6509-4. S2CID 128034694.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-33-6510-0","url_text":"Space and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-33-6510-0","url_text":"10.1007/978-981-33-6510-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-33-6509-4","url_text":"978-981-33-6509-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128034694","url_text":"128034694"}]},{"reference":"\"At 175, SRV School holds its head high\". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/dec/22/at-175-srv-school-holds-its-head-high-1914814.html","url_text":"\"At 175, SRV School holds its head high\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College\". ruiacollege.edu. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ruiacollegealumni.com/jewel-of-ruia/","url_text":"\"Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Kasturirangan, the mind behind the New Education Policy, used to head India's space agency\". Business Insider. Retrieved 12 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/who-is-dr-kasturirangan-and-what-is-his-role-new-education-policy/slidelist/77412899.cms","url_text":"\"Dr Kasturirangan, the mind behind the New Education Policy, used to head India's space agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"K. Kasturirangan to head panel to develop new curriculum framework\". The Hindu. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/k-kasturirangan-to-head-panel-to-develop-new-curriculum-framework/article36597735.ece","url_text":"\"K. Kasturirangan to head panel to develop new curriculum framework\""}]},{"reference":"\"K Kasturirangan to head education ministry's panel to develop school curriculum\". Hindustan Times. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/k-kasturirangan-to-head-education-ministry-s-panel-to-develop-school-curriculum-101632286538801.html","url_text":"\"K Kasturirangan to head education ministry's panel to develop school curriculum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raman Research Institute\". rri.res.in. Retrieved 19 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rri.res.in/rri_trust.html","url_text":"\"Raman Research Institute\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquise_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9
Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Portrayals in film and television","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
French noble "Madame de Sévigné" redirects here. For the 2024 French historical drama film, see Madame de Sévigné (film). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) MadameMarie de Rabutin-ChantalMarquise de SévignéMarquise de Sévigné by Claude Lefèbvre (1665)Known forFrench Baroque woman of lettersBorn5 February 1626Paris, Kingdom of FranceDied17 April 1696(1696-04-17) (aged 70)Grignan, Kingdom of FranceNoble familyde ChantalSpouse(s)Henri de Sévigné, Marquis de SévignéIssueFrançoise-Marguerite de SévignéCharles de SévignéFatherCelse Bénigne de RabutinMotherMarie de Coulanges Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné (5 February 1626 – 17 April 1696), also widely known as Madame de Sévigné or Mme de Sévigné, was a French aristocrat, remembered for her letter-writing. Most of her letters, celebrated for their wit and vividness, were addressed to her daughter, Françoise-Marguerite de Sévigné. She is revered in France as one of the great icons of French 17th-century literature. Life Marie de Rabutin-Chantal was born in the fashionable Place des Vosges (then called the Place Royale), Paris, to an old and distinguished family from Burgundy. Her father, Celse Bénigne de Rabutin, baron de Chantal, was the son of Saint Jeanne Françoise de Chantal, a friend and disciple of Saint Francis de Sales; her mother was Marie de Coulanges. Her father was killed during the English attack on the Isle of Rhé in July 1627, which began the Anglo-French War of 1627-1629. His wife did not survive him by many years, and Marie was left an orphan at the age of seven. She then passed into the care of her maternal grandparents. When her grandfather, Philippe de Coulanges, died in 1636, her uncle, Christophe de Coulanges, abbé of Livry, became her guardian. She received a good education in his care and often referred to him in her correspondence as "le Bien Bon" . Marie de Rabutin-Chantal married Henri, marquis de Sévigné, a nobleman from Brittany allied to the oldest houses of that province, but of no great estate. The marriage took place on 4 August 1644, and the couple went almost immediately to the Sévigné manor house of Les Rochers, near Vitré (which she was to immortalize in her letters). She gave birth to a daughter, Françoise, on 10 October 1646 (whether at Les Rochers or in Paris is not certain), and to a son, Charles, at Les Rochers on 12 March 1648. Henri was a serial philanderer who spent money recklessly, but through her uncle's careful financial oversight Marie was able to keep much of her fortune separate. On 4 February 1651, Henri de Sévigné was mortally wounded in a duel with the Chevalier d'Albret after a quarrel over his mistress, Mme de Gondran, and died two days later. Though only twenty-four when her husband died, Mme de Sévigné never married again. Instead, she devoted herself to her children. She spent most of 1651 in retirement at Les Rochers, but returned to Paris that November. Thereafter, she divided her time between the city and the countryside. In Paris, she frequented salons, especially that of Nicolas Fouquet, superintendent of finances to King Louis XIV. Mme de Sévigné's most amusing correspondence before her daughter's marriage was addressed to her cousin and friend Roger de Bussy-Rabutin. However, in 1658, she quarrelled with him. On 29 January 1669, her daughter Françoise married François Adhémar de Monteil, comte de Grignan, a nobleman from Provence who had been married twice before. The couple intended to live in Paris, but Grignan was soon appointed as lieutenant governor of Provence, necessitating that they live there. Mme de Sévigné was very close to her daughter, and sent her the first of her famous letters on 6 February 1671. Their correspondence lasted until Mme de Sévigné's death. By 1673, Mme de Sévigné's letters were being copied and circulated. Therefore, she knew that her letters were semi-public documents and crafted them accordingly. The year 1676 saw several important events in Mme de Sévigné's life. For the first time she was seriously ill and did not thoroughly recover until she had visited Vichy. The letters depicting life at this 17th-century spa are among her best. The trial and execution of Madame de Brinvilliers took place that same year. This event figures in the letters. The following year, in 1677, she moved into the Hôtel Carnavalet and welcomed the whole Grignan family to it. She returned to Provence in October 1678. On 17 March 1680, she had the grief of losing La Rochefoucauld, the most eminent and one of her closest friends. The proportion of letters for the decade 1677–1687 is much smaller than that which represents the decade preceding it. In February 1684, her son Charles married Jeanne Marguerite de Mauron from Brittany. In the arrangements for this marriage, Mme de Sévigné divided all her fortune among her children and reserved for herself only part of the life interest. In 1688, the whole family was greatly excited by the first campaign of the young marquis de Grignan, Mme de Grignan's only son, who was sent splendidly equipped to the siege of Philippsburg. In the same year, Mme de Sévigné attended the Saint-Cyr performance of Racine's Esther, and some of her most amusing descriptions of court ceremonies and experiences date from this time. In 1689, she wrote positively of the preacher Antoine Anselme. The year 1693 saw the loss of two of her oldest friends: her cousin Roger de Bussy-Rabutin and Madame de La Fayette. There was a family connection between these two great writers: in 1650, Mme de La Fayette's mother, then widowed, married Renaud de Sévigné, uncle of the great letter writer. Another friend almost as intimate, Mme de Lavardin, followed in 1694. During an illness of her daughter in 1696, Mme de Sévigné caught a "fever" (possibly influenza or pneumonia), and died on 17 April at Grignan, and was buried there. Her daughter was not present during her illness. Works The title page of a 1745 English edition of Mme de Sévigné's letters. Madame de Sévigné corresponded with her daughter for nearly thirty years. A clandestine edition, containing twenty-eight letters or portions of letters, was published in 1725, followed by two others the next year. Pauline de Simiane, Mme de Sévigné's granddaughter, decided to officially publish her grandmother's correspondence. Working with the editor Denis-Marius Perrin of Aix-en-Provence, she published 614 letters in 1734–1737, then 772 letters in 1754. The letters were selected according to Mme de Simiane's instructions: she rejected those that dealt too closely with family matters, or those that seemed poorly written. The remaining letters were often rewritten in accordance with the style of the day. This raises a question of the letters' authenticity. Of the 1,120 known letters, only 15 percent are signed, the others having been destroyed soon after they were read. However, in 1873, some early manuscript copies of the letters, directly based on Mme de Sévigné's originals, were found in an antique shop. These accounted for about half of the letters to Mme de Grignan. Mme de Sévigné's letters play an important role in the novel In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust where they figure as the favorite reading of the narrator's grandmother, and, following her death, his mother. De Sévigné is the model for María, Marquesa de Montemayor, in Thornton Wilder's novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey. Portrayals in film and television Si Versailles m'était conté... (1954). Feature film written and directed by Sacha Guitry. Madame de Sévigné is played by Jeanne Boitel. La Marquise de Rabutin-Chantal Madame de Sévigné (TV). Madame de Sévigné is played by Claude Jade. D'Artagnan amoureux  (1977). TV series in five episodes, directed by Yannick Andréi. The young Marie de Rabutin-Chantal is played by Aniouta Florent. Madame de Sévigné: Idylle familiale (1979). Madame de Sévigné is played by Évelyne Grandjean. Madame de Sévigné à Grignan (2000). Documentary film directed by Claude Vernick. Sévigné (2005). Feature film written and directed by Marta Balletbò-Coll. In this film, the life of Júlia Berkowitz, a prestigious theatre director based in Barcelona, takes an unexpected turn when she decides to produce a play based on Madame de Sévigné. Berkowitz/ Sévigné is played by Anna Azcona. The film was awarded "Best Feature Film" at the 2005 edition of the Philadelphia Film Festival. Le Roi, l'Écureuil et la Couleuvre (2010, TV). Madame de Sévigné is played by Carole Richert. Notes ^ Tancock 1982, p. 8. ^ a b c Saintsbury 1911. ^ Tancock 1982, p. 9. ^ DeJean, Joan (Spring 2015). "Paris". Smithsonian Journeys. p. 25. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) ^ Tilley 2016, p. 154. References Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Madame de Sévigné" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Farrell, Michèle Longino (1991). Performing Motherhood: The Sévigné Correspondence. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0-87451-537-4.. Mossiker, Frances (1983). Madame de Sévigné: A Life and Letters. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-39441-472-0.. Montoya, Alicia C. "Madame Sévigné's Aristocratic Medievalism," in: Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William Calin Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, ed. Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 8–10. Sévigné, Madame de (1973–78). Correspondance. Texte établi, présenté et annoté par Roger Duchêne. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. 3 tomes.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Saintsbury, George (1911). "Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 727–731. Tancock, Leonard (1982). Madame de Sévigné Selected Letters. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14044-405-6. Tilley, Arthur Augustus (2016). Madame de Sévigné: Some Aspects of Her Life and Character. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-31662-004-5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné. Wikisource has original works by or about:Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné Wikiquote has quotations related to Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné. Works by Madame de Sévigné at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Madame de Sévigné at Internet Archive Works by Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) "Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de Sévigné". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists KulturNav MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
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She is revered in France as one of the great icons of French 17th-century literature.","title":"Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Place des Vosges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Vosges"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_(region)"},{"link_name":"baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"Saint Jeanne Françoise de Chantal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jane_Frances_de_Chantal"},{"link_name":"Saint Francis de Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_de_Sales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETancock19828-1"},{"link_name":"Isle of Rhé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Rh%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Anglo-French War of 1627-1629","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)"},{"link_name":"abbé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardian"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Vitré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitr%C3%A9,_Ille-et-Vilaine"},{"link_name":"Françoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Grignan"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETancock19829-3"},{"link_name":"salons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(gathering)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Fouquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Roger de Bussy-Rabutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Rabutin,_Comte_de_Bussy"},{"link_name":"François Adhémar de Monteil, comte de Grignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte_de_Grignan"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911-2"},{"link_name":"Vichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy"},{"link_name":"Madame de Brinvilliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Brinvilliers"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Carnavalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Carnavalet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911-2"},{"link_name":"Philippsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippsburg"},{"link_name":"Saint-Cyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_royale_de_Saint-Louis"},{"link_name":"Racine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Racine"},{"link_name":"Antoine Anselme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Anselme"},{"link_name":"Madame de La Fayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_La_Fayette"},{"link_name":"Grignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grignan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilley2016154-5"}],"text":"Marie de Rabutin-Chantal was born in the fashionable Place des Vosges (then called the Place Royale), Paris, to an old and distinguished family from Burgundy. Her father, Celse Bénigne de Rabutin, baron de Chantal, was the son of Saint Jeanne Françoise de Chantal, a friend and disciple of Saint Francis de Sales; her mother was Marie de Coulanges.[1] Her father was killed during the English attack on the Isle of Rhé in July 1627, which began the Anglo-French War of 1627-1629. His wife did not survive him by many years, and Marie was left an orphan at the age of seven. She then passed into the care of her maternal grandparents.\nWhen her grandfather, Philippe de Coulanges, died in 1636, her uncle, Christophe de Coulanges, abbé of Livry, became her guardian. She received a good education in his care and often referred to him in her correspondence as \"le Bien Bon\" [the very good].Marie de Rabutin-Chantal married Henri, marquis de Sévigné, a nobleman from Brittany allied to the oldest houses of that province, but of no great estate. The marriage took place on 4 August 1644, and the couple went almost immediately to the Sévigné manor house of Les Rochers, near Vitré (which she was to immortalize in her letters). She gave birth to a daughter, Françoise, on 10 October 1646 (whether at Les Rochers or in Paris is not certain), and to a son, Charles, at Les Rochers on 12 March 1648.[2]Henri was a serial philanderer who spent money recklessly, but through her uncle's careful financial oversight Marie was able to keep much of her fortune separate.[3] On 4 February 1651, Henri de Sévigné was mortally wounded in a duel with the Chevalier d'Albret after a quarrel over his mistress, Mme de Gondran, and died two days later. Though only twenty-four when her husband died, Mme de Sévigné never married again. Instead, she devoted herself to her children. She spent most of 1651 in retirement at Les Rochers, but returned to Paris that November. Thereafter, she divided her time between the city and the countryside. In Paris, she frequented salons, especially that of Nicolas Fouquet, superintendent of finances to King Louis XIV.Mme de Sévigné's most amusing correspondence before her daughter's marriage was addressed to her cousin and friend Roger de Bussy-Rabutin. However, in 1658, she quarrelled with him.On 29 January 1669, her daughter Françoise married François Adhémar de Monteil, comte de Grignan, a nobleman from Provence who had been married twice before. The couple intended to live in Paris, but Grignan was soon appointed as lieutenant governor of Provence, necessitating that they live there.[2] \nMme de Sévigné was very close to her daughter, and sent her the first of her famous letters on 6 February 1671. Their correspondence lasted until Mme de Sévigné's death.By 1673, Mme de Sévigné's letters were being copied and circulated. Therefore, she knew that her letters were semi-public documents and crafted them accordingly.The year 1676 saw several important events in Mme de Sévigné's life. For the first time she was seriously ill and did not thoroughly recover until she had visited Vichy. The letters depicting life at this 17th-century spa are among her best. The trial and execution of Madame de Brinvilliers took place that same year. This event figures in the letters.The following year, in 1677, she moved into the Hôtel Carnavalet[4] and welcomed the whole Grignan family to it. She returned to Provence in October 1678. On 17 March 1680, she had the grief of losing La Rochefoucauld, the most eminent and one of her closest friends. The proportion of letters for the decade 1677–1687 is much smaller than that which represents the decade preceding it. In February 1684, her son Charles married Jeanne Marguerite de Mauron from Brittany. In the arrangements for this marriage, Mme de Sévigné divided all her fortune among her children and reserved for herself only part of the life interest.[2]In 1688, the whole family was greatly excited by the first campaign of the young marquis de Grignan, Mme de Grignan's only son, who was sent splendidly equipped to the siege of Philippsburg. In the same year, Mme de Sévigné attended the Saint-Cyr performance of Racine's Esther, and some of her most amusing descriptions of court ceremonies and experiences date from this time. In 1689, she wrote positively of the preacher Antoine Anselme.The year 1693 saw the loss of two of her oldest friends: her cousin Roger de Bussy-Rabutin and Madame de La Fayette. There was a family connection between these two great writers: in 1650, Mme de La Fayette's mother, then widowed, married Renaud de Sévigné, uncle of the great letter writer. Another friend almost as intimate, Mme de Lavardin, followed in 1694.During an illness of her daughter in 1696, Mme de Sévigné caught a \"fever\" (possibly influenza or pneumonia), and died on 17 April at Grignan, and was buried there.[5] Her daughter was not present during her illness.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1745_de_Rabutin_Chantal_letters.jpg"},{"link_name":"In Search of Lost Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time"},{"link_name":"Marcel Proust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Proust"},{"link_name":"Thornton Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Wilder"},{"link_name":"The Bridge of San Luis Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey"}],"text":"The title page of a 1745 English edition of Mme de Sévigné's letters.Madame de Sévigné corresponded with her daughter for nearly thirty years. A clandestine edition, containing twenty-eight letters or portions of letters, was published in 1725, followed by two others the next year. Pauline de Simiane, Mme de Sévigné's granddaughter, decided to officially publish her grandmother's correspondence. Working with the editor Denis-Marius Perrin of Aix-en-Provence, she published 614 letters in 1734–1737, then 772 letters in 1754. The letters were selected according to Mme de Simiane's instructions: she rejected those that dealt too closely with family matters, or those that seemed poorly written. The remaining letters were often rewritten in accordance with the style of the day. This raises a question of the letters' authenticity.Of the 1,120 known letters, only 15 percent are signed, the others having been destroyed soon after they were read. However, in 1873, some early manuscript copies of the letters, directly based on Mme de Sévigné's originals, were found in an antique shop. These accounted for about half of the letters to Mme de Grignan.Mme de Sévigné's letters play an important role in the novel In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust where they figure as the favorite reading of the narrator's grandmother, and, following her death, his mother. De Sévigné is the model for María, Marquesa de Montemayor, in Thornton Wilder's novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Si Versailles m'était conté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Affairs_in_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Boitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Boitel"},{"link_name":"Claude Jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Jade"},{"link_name":"D'Artagnan amoureux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%27Artagnan_amoureux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Artagnan_amoureux"},{"link_name":"Marta Balletbò-Coll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Balletb%C3%B2-Coll"}],"text":"Si Versailles m'était conté... (1954). Feature film written and directed by Sacha Guitry. Madame de Sévigné is played by Jeanne Boitel.\nLa Marquise de Rabutin-Chantal\nMadame de Sévigné (TV). Madame de Sévigné is played by Claude Jade.\nD'Artagnan amoureux [fr] (1977). TV series in five episodes, directed by Yannick Andréi. The young Marie de Rabutin-Chantal is played by Aniouta Florent.\nMadame de Sévigné: Idylle familiale (1979). Madame de Sévigné is played by Évelyne Grandjean.\nMadame de Sévigné à Grignan (2000). Documentary film directed by Claude Vernick.\nSévigné (2005). Feature film written and directed by Marta Balletbò-Coll. In this film, the life of Júlia Berkowitz, a prestigious theatre director based in Barcelona, takes an unexpected turn when she decides to produce a play based on Madame de Sévigné. Berkowitz/ Sévigné is played by Anna Azcona. The film was awarded \"Best Feature Film\" at the 2005 edition of the Philadelphia Film Festival.\nLe Roi, l'Écureuil et la Couleuvre (2010, TV). Madame de Sévigné is played by Carole Richert.","title":"Portrayals in film and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETancock19828_1-0"},{"link_name":"Tancock 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTancock1982"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911_2-2"},{"link_name":"Saintsbury 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSaintsbury1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETancock19829_3-0"},{"link_name":"Tancock 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTancock1982"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"cite magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilley2016154_5-0"},{"link_name":"Tilley 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTilley2016"}],"text":"^ Tancock 1982, p. 8.\n\n^ a b c Saintsbury 1911.\n\n^ Tancock 1982, p. 9.\n\n^ DeJean, Joan (Spring 2015). \"Paris\". Smithsonian Journeys. p. 25. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)\n\n^ Tilley 2016, p. 154.","title":"Notes"}]
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null
[{"reference":"DeJean, Joan (Spring 2015). \"Paris\". Smithsonian Journeys. p. 25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Madame de Sévigné\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Madame_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9","url_text":"\"Madame de Sévigné\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Farrell, Michèle Longino (1991). Performing Motherhood: The Sévigné Correspondence. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0-87451-537-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-537-4","url_text":"978-0-87451-537-4"}]},{"reference":"Mossiker, Frances (1983). Madame de Sévigné: A Life and Letters. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-39441-472-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39441-472-0","url_text":"978-0-39441-472-0"}]},{"reference":"Saintsbury, George (1911). \"Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 727–731.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Saintsbury","url_text":"Saintsbury, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9,_Marie_de_Rabutin-Chantal,_Marquise_de","url_text":"Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Tancock, Leonard (1982). Madame de Sévigné Selected Letters. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14044-405-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14044-405-6","url_text":"978-0-14044-405-6"}]},{"reference":"Tilley, Arthur Augustus (2016). Madame de Sévigné: Some Aspects of Her Life and Character. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-31662-004-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31662-004-5","url_text":"978-1-31662-004-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de Sévigné\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iep.utm.edu/sevigne","url_text":"\"Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de Sévigné\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisako_Wakatake
Chisako Wakatake
["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Recognition","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
Japanese writer Chisako WakatakeWakatake in 2022Native name若竹 千佐子Born1954 (age 69–70)Tōno, Iwate, JapanOccupationWriterLanguageJapaneseAlma materIwate UniversityGenreFictionNotable worksOra ora de hitori igu moNotable awards Akutagawa Prize Bungei Prize Chisako Wakatake (若竹 千佐子, Wakatake Chisako, born 1954) is a Japanese writer. Her 2017 book Ora ora de hitori igu mo won the Akutagawa Prize and the Bungei Prize. Biography Wakatake was born in 1954 in Tōno, Iwate, Japan. She started writing while in school, but after graduating from Iwate University she worked briefly as a teacher, then married and became a housewife. While working at home Wakatake wrote occasionally and won a small local literary prize for a story she submitted, but she never seriously pursued a writing career. At the age of 55, after the death of her husband, she started writing full-time, drawing on her own experiences of age and loneliness. Wakatake's first book, Ora ora de hitori igu mo (I'll Live By Myself), about a Tōhoku dialect-speaking widow coping with life alone after the death of her husband, was published in 2017. Ora ora de hitori igu mo won the 54th Bungei Prize, making Wakatake the oldest recipient of the award, at age 63. Shortly thereafter it also won the 158th Akutagawa Prize, making Wakatake the second oldest recipient of the award. After winning the Akutagawa Prize, Wakatake visited her hometown of Tōno, Iwate, where she received a local citizens' honor recognizing her for raising awareness of the town throughout Japan. Critic Roland Kelts, writing for The Times Literary Supplement, has described the themes of Wakatake's work as "loneliness and repressed turmoil." Personal life Wakatake lives in Kisarazu, Chiba Prefecture. Recognition 2017 54th Bungei Prize 2018 158th Akutagawa Prize (2017下) Bibliography Ora ora de hitori igumo, Kawade Shobō Shinsha, 2017, ISBN 9784309026374 References ^ a b c 山内, 宏泰 (January 23, 2018). "芥川賞受賞・若竹千佐子インタビュー「子どもよりもまず自分。経験を重ねてわかったこと」". Bunshun Online (in Japanese). Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ "芥川賞に決まって　若竹千佐子　「どん底」の圧倒的な笑い". Sankei News (in Japanese). January 31, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b "第54回文藝賞受賞作　若竹千佐子「おらおらでひとりいぐも」に決定" (in Japanese). Kawade Shobo Shinsha. August 31, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ "フツーのおばちゃんから芥川賞作家になった若竹千佐子さん「才能じゃなく、経験値」山あり谷あり６３年". Sports Hochi (in Japanese). February 2, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ "VOX POPULI: Dealing with the loneliness of running a long-distance life". Asahi Shimbun. January 18, 2018. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b "Chisako Wakatake and Yuka Ishii win Akutagawa literary award; Yoshinobu Kadoi bags Naoki Prize". The Japan Times. January 17, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ "文芸賞 最年長・若竹千佐子さん「天にも昇る気持ち」". Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). October 31, 2017. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ 鹿糠, 亜裕美 (February 27, 2018). "芥川賞 若竹千佐子さん里帰り　岩手・遠野". Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ Kelts, Roland (June 20, 2018). "Japanese questions of the soul". The Times Literary Supplement. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ "芥川賞受賞者一覧" (in Japanese). 日本文学振興会. January 1, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018. vteList of Akutagawa Prize winners1935–1950 1935: Tatsuzō Ishikawa / None 1936: Oda Takeo and Tsuruta Tomoya / Jun Ishikawa and Tomisawa Uio 1937: Ozaki Kazuo / Ashihei Hino 1938: Nakayama Gishū / Nakazato Tsuneko 1939: Handa Yoshiyuki and Hase Ken / Samukawa Kotaro 1940: None / Sakurada Tsunehisa 1941: Tada Yukei / Shibaki Yoshiko 1942: None / Kuramitsu Toshio 1943: Ishizuka Kikuzo / Tonobe Kaoru 1944: Yagi Yoshinori and Ono Juzo / Shimizu Motoyoshi 1949: Kotani Tsuyoshi and Yuki Shigeko / Yasushi Inoue 1950: Tsuji Ryoichi / None 1951–1975 1951: Abe Kōbō and Ishikawa Toshimitsu / Hotta Yoshie 1952: None / Gomi Kosuke and Matsumoto Seichō 1953: Shōtarō Yasuoka / None 1954: Yoshiyuki Junnosuke / Kojima Nobuo and Shono Junzo 1955: Shūsaku Endō / Shintaro Ishihara 1956: Kondō Keitarō / None 1957: Kikumura Itaru / Takeshi Kaikō 1958: Kenzaburō Ōe / None 1959: Shiba Shiro / None 1960: Morio Kita / Miura Tetsuo 1961: None / Kōichirō Uno 1962: Kawamura Akira / None 1963: Goto Kiichi and Kōno Taeko / Tanabe Seiko 1964: Shiba Shou / None 1965: Tsumura Setsuko / Takai Yuichi 1966: None / Maruyama Kenji 1967: Oshiro Tatsuhiro / Kashiwabara Hyozo 1968: Maruya Saiichi and Oba Minako / None 1969: Shoji Kaoru and Takubo Hideo / KiyookaTakayuki 1970: Yoshida Tomoko and Komao Furuyama / Yoshikichi Furui 1971: None / Kaisei Ri and Mineo Higashi 1972: Hiroshi Hatayama and Akio Miyahara / Michiko Yamamoto and Shizuko Go 1973: Taku Miki / Kuninobu Noro and Atsushi Mori 1974: None / Keizo Hino and Hiro Sakata 1975: Kyoko Hayashi / Kenji Nakagami and Kazuo Okamatsu 1976–2000 1976: Ryū Murakami / None 1977: Masahiro Mita and Masuo Ikeda / Teru Miyamoto and Shuzo Taki 1978: Kiichiro Takahashi and Michitsuna Takahashi / None 1979: Yoshiko Shigekane and So Aono / Reiko Mori 1980: None / Katsuhiko Otsuji 1981: Rie Yoshiyuki / None 1982: None / Yukiko Kato and Jūrō Kara 1983: None / Jun Kasahara and Nobuko Takagi 1984: None / Satoko Kizaki 1985: None / Fumiko Kometani 1986: None / None 1987: Kiyoko Murata / Natsuki Ikezawa and Kiyohiro Miura 1988: Man Arai / Keishi Nagi and Lee Yangji 1989: None / Akira Ooka and Mieko Takizawa 1990: Noboru Tsujihara / Yōko Ogawa 1991: Yo Henmi and Anna Ogino / Eiko Matsumura 1992: Tomomi Fujiwara / Yoko Tawada 1993: Haruhiko Yoshimeki / Hikaru Okuizumi 1994: Mitsuhiro Muroi and Yoriko Shono / None 1995: Kazushi Hosaka / Matayoshi Eiki 1996: Hiromi Kawakami / Hitonari Tsuji and Miri Yu 1997: Shun Medoruma / None 1998: Mangetsu Hanamura and Shu Fujisawa / Keiichiro Hirano 1999: None / Gengetsu and Chiya Fujino 2000: Kō Machida and Hisaki Matsuura / Yuichi Seirai and Toshiyuki Horie 2001–2025 2001: Sokyu Genyu / Yu Nagashima 2002: Shuichi Yoshida / Tamaki Daido 2003: Man'ichi Yoshimura / Risa Wataya and Hitomi Kanehara 2004: Norio Mobu / Kazushige Abe 2005: Fuminori Nakamura / Akiko Itoyama 2006: Takami Itō / Nanae Aoyama 2007: Tetsushi Suwa / Mieko Kawakami 2008: Yang Yi / Kikuko Tsumura 2009: Ken'ichirō Isozaki / None 2010: Akiko Akazome / Mariko Asabuki and Kenta Nishimura 2011: None / Toh EnJoe and Shinya Tanaka 2012: Maki Kashimada / Natsuko Kuroda 2013: Kaori Fujino / Hiroko Oyamada 2014: Tomoka Shibasaki / Masatsugu Ono 2015: Keisuke Hada and Naoki Matayoshi / Yusho Takiguchi and Yukiko Motoya 2016: Sayaka Murata / Sumito Yamashita 2017: Shinsuke Numata / Chisako Wakatake and Yuka Ishii 2018: Hiroki Takahashi / Takahiro Ueda and Ryōhei Machiya 2019: Natsuko Imamura / Makoto Furukawa 2020: Haruka Tono and Haneko Takayama / Rin Usami 2021: Li Kotomi and Mai Ishizawa / Bunji Sunakawa 2022: Junko Takase / Iko Idogawa and Atsushi Satō 2023: Saō Ichikawa / Rie Kudan Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Japan Other IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2018_Lombok_earthquake
July 2018 Lombok earthquake
["1 Tectonic setting","2 Earthquake","3 Casualties","4 Aftermath","4.1 Search and rescue","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 8°14′24″S 116°30′29″E / 8.240°S 116.508°E / -8.240; 116.508Earthquake that occurred in July 2018 in Indonesia For the stronger earthquake a week later in the same place, see 5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake. July 2018 Lombok earthquakePresident Joko Widodo inspected the damage in the worst-hit area after an earthquake struck LombokUTC time2018-07-28 22:47:37ISC event615000905USGS-ANSSComCatLocal date29 July 2018 (2018-07-29)Local time06:47:37 WITADuration10–20 secondsMagnitude6.4 MwDepth14.0 km (8.7 mi)Epicenter8°14′24″S 116°30′29″E / 8.240°S 116.508°E / -8.240; 116.508FaultFlores Back Arc Thrust FaultTypeDip-slip (reverse)Areas affectedWest Nusa Tenggara, IndonesiaMax. intensityMMI VII (Very strong)LandslidesYesAftershocks564 Casualties20 dead401 injured10,062 displaced Map of 2018 Lombok earthquakes A Mw 6.4 earthquake struck the island of Lombok on the morning of 29 July 2018 at a shallow depth of 14 km (8.7 mi). Widespread damage was reported in the area, and authorities confirmed that 20 people were killed in the earthquake while hundreds were injured. The epicentre was located in Sembalun Subdistrict, East Lombok Regency. The earthquake was a foreshock to the larger Mw  6.9 earthquake which struck the island a week later. Tectonic setting Lombok lies on the destructive plate boundary between the Australian Plate and the Sunda Plate. To the east of Bali the plate boundary starts to involve a collision between the leading edge of the Australian continent and the eastern part of the Sunda Arc and the western end of the Banda Arc. In response to this collision, the arc itself has begun to be pushed over the back-arc Bali Basin along a major thrust fault, the 500 km (310 mi) long Flores Thrust. The Lombok earthquake has been attributed to movement along the Flores Thrust. Earthquake The earthquake struck on Sunday, at 06:47 local time, at a shallow depth of 6.4 km (4.0 mi). Residents reported severe shaking near the epicentre, with multiple structures reportedly collapsing. Dozens of houses were destroyed and widespread damage was reported. The shaking lasted 10–20 seconds. Local residents have said it was the strongest quake to have ever hit Lombok. The earthquake was felt as far away as Denpasar, Bali. In Karangasem Regency, Bali, a temple collapsed and a local court was damaged. Landslides struck the north portion of Mount Rinjani, where routes popular with hiking tourists are located. Authorities confirmed that 826 hikers were trapped on the mountain and waited to be rescued. In Selong, the capital of East Lombok Regency, dozens of patients were evacuated from dr. Soedjono regional hospital while in Sembalun a Community Health Centre was significantly damaged. Authorities confirmed that 276 moderate aftershocks from 5.0–5.5 Mw were recorded by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG). The largest aftershock at a magnitude 5.7 Mw recorded at 10:16 local time. On 3 August, officials confirmed that more than 500 aftershocks had been recorded. Casualties Authorities confirmed that a Malaysian tourist was killed by a falling wall. The Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) confirmed that 10 people were killed and 40 people were injured. The government confirmed that 18 Malaysians were affected by the earthquake. On the evening of 29 July, officials announced that the number of people who had been killed by the earthquake had risen to 16. Later the number rose to 17, then 20 on 5 August. Aftermath Shakemap for the July 2018 Lombok earthquake. In the aftermath of the earthquake, blackouts occurred throughout Lombok and telecommunications went down. The National Electricity Company (PLN) stated that they would temporarily cut the electricity in East Lombok Regency for examination. They later announced that normal operation would resume within hours. The government immediately closed the Mount Rinjani National Park. Hiking and other activities were banned in the area due to fear of landslides. Indonesian President Joko Widodo, who had planned to visit West Nusa Tenggara prior to the earthquake, ordered Muhammad Zainul Majdi, the Governor of West Nusa Tenggara to immediately deploy search and rescue personnel to the affected areas. Authorities stated on 29 July 2018, that East Lombok Regency had suffered the most damage. Sembalun District and Sambelia District were regarded as the worst affected areas in the regency. Hundreds of tents were set up while dozens of search and rescue personnel, including members from the Indonesian Armed Forces, police and other government institutions, were deployed onto the declared disaster zone. On 29 July 2018, Bali Red Cross announced that they would send medical experts and volunteers to Lombok. Indonesian Social Minister Idrus Marham confirmed that the government would send multiple aids to the victims. On 30 July, Joko Widodo, the Indonesian President, Muhammad Zainul Majdi the Governor of West Nusa Tenggara, and Idrus Marham, the Social Minister visited survivors and victims of the earthquake and sent condolences to the affected families. Majdi declared a state emergency for three days. They distributed books and other supplies to survivors and later examined the damage. Joko Widodo later announced that the government would help the victims rebuild their houses and infrastructures in Lombok. On 31 July he stated that the government would immediately provide compensation of at least 50 million rupiah for each damaged or destroyed building. The renovation of the damaged buildings would be assisted by the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Spokesman of the BNPB, Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, stated that more than 1,000 structures across Lombok were either damaged or destroyed. BMKG advised people not to enter their homes as more aftershocks are expected in the following days. The Malaysian government through their Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad have announced that aid would be sent to the Indonesian people who were affected by the earthquake, with Mercy Malaysia also began to distribute essential relief items for the victims. The Malaysian Global Peace Mission (GPM) deployed a team to identify the urgent needs of victims, with an initial RM10,000 aid, and an additional RM50,000 brought the following week by a second aid team. On 5 August 2018 a Mw 6.9 or 7.0 earthquake struck Lombok, prompting tsunami warnings. Search and rescue A SAR team at Mount Rinjani The Indonesian National Search and Rescue Agency (SAR) announced that there were two main locations where trapped hikers were located. The first one was in Segara Anak Lake while the second one was at the basecamp. As of 30 July more than 700 hikers were on the mountain, of whom 100 were from Thailand, the United States, and other countries. SAR stated that they had prepared two helicopters for the evacuation process and that at least 500 hikers had been evacuated from the mountain. There were confusions among officials on the number of hikers on the mountain, as it was reported that most hikers were not registered by their tour guides. Several media stated that around 600 hikers were on the mountain, while another stated that there were around 500 people. Officials later finalized the total number to more than 1,200 hikers of whom around 700 of them were foreigners from 26 countries, the majority are Thais. Government officials stated that around 300 Thais were on the mountain during the disaster. On 1 August, all 1,226 hikers had been rescued from the mountain. References ^ a b "Gempa di Sumbawa Akibat Sesar Naik Flores" (in Indonesian). Kabar24. 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ a b "Sebanyak 564 Gempa Susulan Guncang Lombok Hingga Sabtu, 4 Agustus 2018" (in Indonesian). Tribun News. Retrieved 7 August 2018. ^ a b c Liputan6.com. "Korban Jiwa Gempa Lombok Bertambah Jadi 20 Orang". liputan6.com. Retrieved 5 August 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Dampak Gempa Lombok: 17 Jiwa Meninggal dan 10 Ribu Orang Mengungsi - Tirto.ID". 5 August 2018. ^ ANSS. "Lelongken 2018: M 6.4 - 1km SW of Lelongken, Indonesia". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Asia Pacific: Multiple disasters affect millions in the region". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 August 2018. ^ "BMKG Nyatakan Gempa Lombok Magnitudo 7 sebagai yang Utama dari Gempa Pekan Lalu". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 5 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018. ^ ANSS: Lelongken 2018, Regional Information (accessed 30 July 2018). ^ "10 Detik Gempa 6,4 SR Mengguncang Lombok, Sejumlah Bangunan Dilaporkan Rusak" (in Indonesian). Tribun News. 29 July 2018. ^ "Gempa Lombok Terasa Hingga Sumbawa dan Bali". Kompas (in Indonesian). 29 July 2018. ^ "GEMPA LOMBOK TIMUR TERASA HINGGA KE BALI, BNPB: ADA KORBAN JIWA" (in Indonesian). Mojok. 29 July 2018. ^ "Dampak Gempa Lombok, Pura di Karangasem Bali Roboh" (in Indonesian). Okezone. 29 July 2018. ^ "Gempa Lombok, Banyak Pendaki Gunung Rinjani Diduga Menjadi Korban" (in Indonesian). Tempo. 29 July 2018. ^ "Gempa Lombok, 826 Wisatawan di Sembalun Menunggu Evakuasi" (in Indonesian). Kabar24. 29 July 2018. ^ "Gempa NTB-Bali: Pasien RSUD Selong Lombok Evakuasi Diri" (in Indonesian). Tirto. 29 July 2018. ^ "Indonesia earthquake: 10 dead on tourist island Lombok". BBC. 29 July 2018. ^ "Gempa Lombok, 1 Turis Malaysia Tewas". Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Korban Tewas Gempa Lombok Bertambah Jadi 10 Orang" (in Indonesian). Okezone. 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "18 wisatawan Malaysia terdampak gempa NTB, satu meninggal dunia" (in Indonesian). Antara. 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Korban Tewas Gempa Lombok Bertambah Jadi 16 Orang" (in Indonesian). Suara. 29 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Ada Gempa, PLN Padamkan Sebagian Wilayah NTB". Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Gempa Guncang NTB, Infrastruktur Listrik Aman". Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Pendakian ke Gunung Rinjani Ditutup Sementara Menyusul Longsor akibat Gempa di Lombok" (in Indonesian). Tribun News. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Jokowi Tetap Kunjungi NTB Meski Sempat Diguncang Gempa 6,4 SR". Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "TGB: Jokowi Instruksikan BNPB Tangani Dampak Gempa di NTB". Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Korban gempa NTB sementara dirawat di tenda pengungsian" (in Indonesian). Antara. 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "PMI Bali Siagakan Tim Medis untuk Bantu Tangani Gempa NTB". Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Gempa Lombok, Kemensos Langsung Kirim Bantuan Logistik dan Tagana" (in Indonesian). Gatra. 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Naik Heli, Jokowi dan TGB Kunjungi Lokasi Gempa di Lombok Timur". Detik (in Indonesian). 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "TGB Jenguk Korban Gempa di RS Soedjono Lombok Timur". Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Jokowi dan TGB Tinjau Rumah Roboh Akibat Gempa NTB". Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Gubernur NTB tetapkan tiga hari masa tanggap darurat gempa" (in Indonesian). Antara. 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Jokowi Bantu Renovasi Rumah Korban Gempa NTB Rp 50 Juta Per Unit". Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Gempa Lombok, TNI akan Bantu Perbaiki Rumah yang Rusak" (in Indonesian). Tempo. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Gempa Lombok: Setidaknya 14 orang meninggal dunia, 162 orang luka-luka, 1.000 lebih rumah rusak". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). BBC Indonesia. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "BMKG Imbau Masyarakat Tenang dan Waspada Gempa Susulan di Lombok" (in Indonesian). Tribun News. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Malaysia to send aid to Indonesian quake victims, says PM". Bernama. The Edge Markets. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ "Mercy sends aid to Lombok, Laos". The Sun. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ "Global Peace Mission to send survey team to Lombok". Bernama. The Malay Mail. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ "Indonesia issues tsunami warning after 7.0 quake off Lombok island". Reuters. 5 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018. ^ "M 6.9 - 3km SSE of Loloan, Indonesia". 5 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018. ^ "Tim Gabungan Lanjutkan Evakuasi Pendaki yang Terjebak di Rinjani". Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "2 Helikopter Disiagakan Evakuasi Ratusan Pendaki di Gunung Rinjani". Detik (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Total 723 WNA Turun Gunung Rinjani Pasca-Gempa Lombok" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ "WNA yang Terjebak di Rinjani Sebagian Besar WN Thailand" (in Indonesian). Kumparan. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ "300 Wisatawan Berhasil Dievakuasi dari Rinjani, Ini Reaksi Menpar" (in Indonesian). Okezone. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ "Gempa Lombok: Semua pendaki yang terjebak di Gunung Rinjani sudah dievakuasi" (in Indonesian). BBC Indonesia. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to July 2018 Lombok earthquake. The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event. ReliefWeb's main page for this event. vte← Earthquakes in 2018 →January Great Swan Island, Honduras (7.5, January 10) Arequipa, Peru (7.1, January 14) West Java, Indonesia (5.9, January 23) Kodiak, Alaska (7.9, January 23) February Hualien, Taiwan (6.4, February 6) Oaxaca, Mexico (7.2, February 16) Papua New Guinea (7.5, February 25) † May Hawaii (6.9, May 4) June Osaka, Japan (5.5, June 18) July Lombok, Indonesia (6.4, July 28) August Lombok, Indonesia (6.9, August 5) † Lakeba, Fiji (8.2, August 19) Lombok, Indonesia (6.9, August 19) Sucre, Venezuela (7.3, August 21) Sucre, Venezuela (5.8, August 22) September Tomakomai, Japan (6.6, September 5) † Central Sulawesi, Indonesia (7.5, September 28) † ‡ October Port-de-Paix, Haiti (5.9, October 7) East Java, Indonesia (6.0, October 11) Ionian Sea (6.8, October 25) November Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran (6.3, November 25) Anchorage, Alaska (7.1, November 30) † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year Dates for all earthquakes are in UTC vteEarthquakes in IndonesiaHistorical 1629 Banda Sea 1674 Ambon 1699 Java 1797 Sumatra 1815 Bali 1833 Sumatra 1834 Bogor 1843 Nias 1852 Banda Sea 1861 Sumatra 1867 Java 1899 Ceram 20th century 1907 Sumatra 1909 Kerinci 1913 Sulawesi–Mindanao 1917 Bali 1926 Padang Panjang 1931 Southwest Sumatra 1933 Sumatra 1935 Sumatra 1938 Banda Sea 1943 Alahan Panjang 1943 Central Java 1965 Ceram Sea 1968 Sulawesi 1969 Sulawesi 1976 Papua 1976 Bali 1977 Sumba 1979 Yapen 1979 Bali 1981 Irian Jaya 1982 Flores 1984 Northern Sumatra 1989 Irian Jaya 1991 Kalabahi 1992 Flores 1994 Liwa 1994 Java 1995 Timor 1995 Kerinci 1996 Sulawesi 1996 Biak 1998 North Maluku 1999 Sunda Strait 2000 Banggai Islands 2000 Enggano 2000s 2002 Sumatra February 2004 Nabire 2004 Alor November 2004 Nabire 2004 Indian Ocean 2005 Nias–Simeulue 2006 Yogyakarta 2006 Pangandaran March 2007 Sumatra September 2007 Sumatra 2008 Sulawesi 2008 Simeulue 2009 West Papua 2009 Talaud Islands 2009 West Java September 2009 Sumatra 2010s April 2010 Sumatra May 2010 Northern Sumatra 2010 Papua 2010 Mentawai 2011 Aceh Singkil Regency 2012 Indian Ocean 2013 Aceh 2016 Mentawai 2016 Aceh 2017 Java 2018 West Java July 2018 Lombok 5 August 2018 Lombok 19 August 2018 Lombok 2018 Sulawesi 2018 East Java 2019 Lombok 2019 North Maluku 2019 Sunda Strait 2019 Ambon 2020s 2021 West Sulawesi 2021 East Java 2021 Bali 2021 Flores 2022 West Sumatra 2022 West Java Related Sunda Trench Great Sumatran fault Sunda megathrust Sumatra Trench Palu-Koro Fault Flores Back Arc Thrust Fault
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_August_2018_Lombok_earthquake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_2018_Lombok_earthquake.svg"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"Lombok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombok"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"epicentre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicentre"},{"link_name":"East Lombok Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lombok_Regency"},{"link_name":"foreshock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshock"},{"link_name":"which struck the island a week later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_August_2018_Lombok_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Earthquake that occurred in July 2018 in IndonesiaFor the stronger earthquake a week later in the same place, see 5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake.Map of 2018 Lombok earthquakesA Mw 6.4 earthquake struck the island of Lombok on the morning of 29 July 2018 at a shallow depth of 14 km (8.7 mi).[5] Widespread damage was reported in the area, and authorities confirmed that 20 people were killed in the earthquake while hundreds were injured.[3][6]The epicentre was located in Sembalun Subdistrict, East Lombok Regency. The earthquake was a foreshock to the larger Mw  6.9 earthquake which struck the island a week later.[7]","title":"July 2018 Lombok earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"destructive plate boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_boundary"},{"link_name":"Australian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plate"},{"link_name":"Sunda Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Plate"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"continent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_crust"},{"link_name":"Sunda Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Arc"},{"link_name":"Banda Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Arc"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"back-arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc_basin"},{"link_name":"thrust fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_fault"},{"link_name":"Flores Thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_Back_Arc_Thrust_Fault"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kabar24-1"}],"text":"Lombok lies on the destructive plate boundary between the Australian Plate and the Sunda Plate. To the east of Bali the plate boundary starts to involve a collision between the leading edge of the Australian continent and the eastern part of the Sunda Arc and the western end of the Banda Arc.[8] In response to this collision, the arc itself has begun to be pushed over the back-arc Bali Basin along a major thrust fault, the 500 km (310 mi) long Flores Thrust. The Lombok earthquake has been attributed to movement along the Flores Thrust.[1]","title":"Tectonic setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Denpasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Karangasem Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karangasem_Regency"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mount Rinjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rinjani"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Selong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selong,_Lombok"},{"link_name":"East Lombok Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lombok_Regency"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Agency_for_Meteorology,_Climatology_and_Geophysics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Susulan-2"}],"text":"The earthquake struck on Sunday, at 06:47 local time, at a shallow depth of 6.4 km (4.0 mi). Residents reported severe shaking near the epicentre, with multiple structures reportedly collapsing. Dozens of houses were destroyed and widespread damage was reported. The shaking lasted 10–20 seconds.[9] Local residents have said it was the strongest quake to have ever hit Lombok. The earthquake was felt as far away as Denpasar, Bali.[10][11] In Karangasem Regency, Bali, a temple collapsed and a local court was damaged.[12]Landslides struck the north portion of Mount Rinjani, where routes popular with hiking tourists are located.[13] Authorities confirmed that 826 hikers were trapped on the mountain and waited to be rescued.[14]In Selong, the capital of East Lombok Regency, dozens of patients were evacuated from dr. Soedjono regional hospital while in Sembalun a Community Health Centre was significantly damaged.[15]Authorities confirmed that 276 moderate aftershocks from 5.0–5.5 Mw were recorded by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG). The largest aftershock at a magnitude 5.7 Mw recorded at 10:16 local time.[16] On 3 August, officials confirmed that more than 500 aftershocks had been recorded.[2]","title":"Earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Board_for_Disaster_Management"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-korban-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-3"}],"text":"Authorities confirmed that a Malaysian tourist was killed by a falling wall.[17] The Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) confirmed that 10 people were killed and 40 people were injured.[18] The government confirmed that 18 Malaysians were affected by the earthquake.[19]On the evening of 29 July, officials announced that the number of people who had been killed by the earthquake had risen to 16.[20] Later the number rose to 17, then 20 on 5 August.[3]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intensity_lombok.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Electricity Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Mount Rinjani National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rinjani_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Joko Widodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zainul Majdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zainul_Majdi"},{"link_name":"West Nusa Tenggara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Joko Widodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sutopo Purwo Nugroho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutopo_Purwo_Nugroho"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Mahathir Mohamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Mercy Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"a Mw 6.9 or 7.0 earthquake struck Lombok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_August_2018_Lombok_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Shakemap for the July 2018 Lombok earthquake.In the aftermath of the earthquake, blackouts occurred throughout Lombok and telecommunications went down. The National Electricity Company (PLN) stated that they would temporarily cut the electricity in East Lombok Regency for examination.[21] They later announced that normal operation would resume within hours.[22]The government immediately closed the Mount Rinjani National Park. Hiking and other activities were banned in the area due to fear of landslides.[23] Indonesian President Joko Widodo, who had planned to visit West Nusa Tenggara prior to the earthquake,[24] ordered Muhammad Zainul Majdi, the Governor of West Nusa Tenggara to immediately deploy search and rescue personnel to the affected areas.[25]Authorities stated on 29 July 2018, that East Lombok Regency had suffered the most damage. Sembalun District and Sambelia District were regarded as the worst affected areas in the regency. Hundreds of tents were set up while dozens of search and rescue personnel, including members from the Indonesian Armed Forces, police and other government institutions, were deployed onto the declared disaster zone.[26]\nOn 29 July 2018, Bali Red Cross announced that they would send medical experts and volunteers to Lombok.[27]\nIndonesian Social Minister Idrus Marham confirmed that the government would send multiple aids to the victims.[28]On 30 July, Joko Widodo, the Indonesian President, Muhammad Zainul Majdi the Governor of West Nusa Tenggara, and Idrus Marham, the Social Minister visited survivors and[29] victims of the earthquake and sent condolences to the affected families.[30][31] Majdi declared a state emergency for three days.[32] They distributed books and other supplies to survivors and later examined the damage. Joko Widodo later announced that the government would help the victims rebuild their houses and infrastructures in Lombok. On 31 July he stated that the government would immediately provide compensation of at least 50 million rupiah for each damaged or destroyed building.[33] The renovation of the damaged buildings would be assisted by the Indonesian National Armed Forces.[34]Spokesman of the BNPB, Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, stated that more than 1,000 structures across Lombok were either damaged or destroyed.[35] BMKG advised people not to enter their homes as more aftershocks are expected in the following days.[36]The Malaysian government through their Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad have announced that aid would be sent to the Indonesian people who were affected by the earthquake,[37] with Mercy Malaysia also began to distribute essential relief items for the victims.[38] The Malaysian Global Peace Mission (GPM) deployed a team to identify the urgent needs of victims, with an initial RM10,000 aid, and an additional RM50,000 brought the following week by a second aid team.[39]On 5 August 2018 a Mw 6.9 or 7.0 earthquake struck Lombok, prompting tsunami warnings.[40][41]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gempa_6.4_SR_Guncang_Lombok.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Rinjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rinjani"},{"link_name":"National Search and Rescue Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Search_and_Rescue_Agency"},{"link_name":"Segara Anak Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Segara_Anak"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Search and rescue","text":"A SAR team at Mount RinjaniThe Indonesian National Search and Rescue Agency (SAR) announced that there were two main locations where trapped hikers were located. The first one was in Segara Anak Lake while the second one was at the basecamp.[42] As of 30 July more than 700 hikers were on the mountain, of whom 100 were from Thailand, the United States, and other countries. SAR stated that they had prepared two helicopters for the evacuation process and that at least 500 hikers had been evacuated from the mountain.[43]There were confusions among officials on the number of hikers on the mountain, as it was reported that most hikers were not registered by their tour guides. Several media stated that around 600 hikers were on the mountain, while another stated that there were around 500 people. Officials later finalized the total number to more than 1,200 hikers of whom around 700 of them were foreigners[44] from 26 countries, the majority are Thais.[45] Government officials stated that around 300 Thais were on the mountain during the disaster.[46]On 1 August, all 1,226 hikers had been rescued from the mountain.[47]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of 2018 Lombok earthquakes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_2018_Lombok_earthquake.svg/220px-Map_of_2018_Lombok_earthquake.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Shakemap for the July 2018 Lombok earthquake.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Intensity_lombok.jpg/220px-Intensity_lombok.jpg"},{"image_text":"A SAR team at Mount Rinjani","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gempa_6.4_SR_Guncang_Lombok.jpg/220px-Gempa_6.4_SR_Guncang_Lombok.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Gempa di Sumbawa Akibat Sesar Naik Flores\" (in Indonesian). Kabar24. 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20180729/15/821799/gempa-di-sumbawa-akibat-sesar-naik-flores","url_text":"\"Gempa di Sumbawa Akibat Sesar Naik Flores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sebanyak 564 Gempa Susulan Guncang Lombok Hingga Sabtu, 4 Agustus 2018\" (in Indonesian). Tribun News. Retrieved 7 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2018/08/04/sebanyak-564-gempa-susulan-guncang-lombok-hingga-sabtu-4-agustus-2018","url_text":"\"Sebanyak 564 Gempa Susulan Guncang Lombok Hingga Sabtu, 4 Agustus 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Liputan6.com. \"Korban Jiwa Gempa Lombok Bertambah Jadi 20 Orang\". liputan6.com. 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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=July_2018_Lombok_earthquake&params=8.240_S_116.508_E_type:event","external_links_name":"8°14′24″S 116°30′29″E / 8.240°S 116.508°E / -8.240; 116.508"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=615000905","external_links_name":"615000905"},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us2000ggbs","external_links_name":"ComCat"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=July_2018_Lombok_earthquake&params=8.240_S_116.508_E_type:event","external_links_name":"8°14′24″S 116°30′29″E / 8.240°S 116.508°E / -8.240; 116.508"},{"Link":"https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20180729/15/821799/gempa-di-sumbawa-akibat-sesar-naik-flores","external_links_name":"\"Gempa di Sumbawa Akibat Sesar Naik Flores\""},{"Link":"http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2018/08/04/sebanyak-564-gempa-susulan-guncang-lombok-hingga-sabtu-4-agustus-2018","external_links_name":"\"Sebanyak 564 Gempa Susulan Guncang Lombok 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sebagai yang Utama dari Gempa Pekan Lalu\""},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us2000ggbs#region-info","external_links_name":"Regional Information"},{"Link":"http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2018/07/29/10-detik-gempa-64-sr-mengguncang-lombok-sejumlah-bangunan-dilaporkan-rusak","external_links_name":"\"10 Detik Gempa 6,4 SR Mengguncang Lombok, Sejumlah Bangunan Dilaporkan Rusak\""},{"Link":"https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/07/29/08021371/gempa-lombok-terasa-hingga-sumbawa-dan-bali","external_links_name":"\"Gempa Lombok Terasa Hingga Sumbawa dan Bali\""},{"Link":"https://mojok.co/red/rame/moknyus/gempa-lombok-timur-ada-korban-jiwa/","external_links_name":"\"GEMPA LOMBOK TIMUR TERASA HINGGA KE BALI, BNPB: ADA KORBAN JIWA\""},{"Link":"https://news.okezone.com/read/2018/07/29/340/1928866/dampak-gempa-lombok-pura-di-karangasem-bali-roboh","external_links_name":"\"Dampak Gempa Lombok, Pura di Karangasem Bali Roboh\""},{"Link":"https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1111503/gempa-lombok-banyak-pendaki-gunung-rinjani-diduga-menjadi-korban","external_links_name":"\"Gempa Lombok, Banyak Pendaki Gunung Rinjani Diduga Menjadi Korban\""},{"Link":"https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20180729/15/821810/gempa-lombok-826-wisatawan-di-sembalun-menunggu-evakuasi","external_links_name":"\"Gempa Lombok, 826 Wisatawan di Sembalun Menunggu Evakuasi\""},{"Link":"https://tirto.id/gempa-ntb-bali-pasien-rsud-selong-lombok-evakuasi-diri-cP6f","external_links_name":"\"Gempa NTB-Bali: Pasien RSUD Selong Lombok Evakuasi Diri\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44996035","external_links_name":"\"Indonesia earthquake: 10 dead on tourist island Lombok\""},{"Link":"https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/07/29/09534961/gempa-lombok-1-turis-malaysia-tewas","external_links_name":"\"Gempa Lombok, 1 Turis Malaysia Tewas\""},{"Link":"https://news.okezone.com/read/2018/07/29/340/1928851/korban-tewas-gempa-lombok-bertambah-jadi-10-orang","external_links_name":"\"Korban Tewas Gempa Lombok Bertambah Jadi 10 Orang\""},{"Link":"https://www.antaranews.com/berita/731058/18-wisatawan-malaysia-terdampak-gempa-ntb-satu-meninggal-dunia","external_links_name":"\"18 wisatawan Malaysia terdampak gempa NTB, satu meninggal dunia\""},{"Link":"https://www.suara.com/news/2018/07/29/202112/korban-tewas-gempa-lombok-bertambah-jadi-16-orang","external_links_name":"\"Korban Tewas Gempa Lombok Bertambah Jadi 16 Orang\""},{"Link":"https://finance.detik.com/energi/d-4139346/ada-gempa-pln-padamkan-sebagian-wilayah-ntb?_ga=2.161257787.745762937.1532839374-2122087196.1514282302","external_links_name":"\"Ada Gempa, PLN Padamkan Sebagian Wilayah 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Centre"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=615000905","external_links_name":"bibliography"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?event_id=615000905&out_format=IMS1.0&request=COMPREHENSIVE","external_links_name":"authoritative data"},{"Link":"https://reliefweb.int/disaster/eq-2018-000122-idn","external_links_name":"main page"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Game_(horse)
Big Game (horse)
["1 Background","2 Racing career","2.1 1941: two-year-old season","2.2 1942: three-year-old season","3 Assessment","4 Stud career","5 Pedigree","6 References"]
British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse Big GameBig Game and Gordon RichardsSireBahramGrandsireBlandfordDamMyrobellaDamsireTetratemaSexStallionFoaled1939CountryUnited KingdomColourBayBreederNational StudOwnerKing George VITrainerFred DarlingRecord9:8-0-0Major winsCoventry Stakes (1941)Champagne Stakes (1941)2000 Guineas (1942)Champion Stakes (1942) Big Game (1939–1963) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career that lasted from April 1941 to October 1942, the colt, who was owned by King George VI, ran nine times and won eight races. He was the best British two-year-old colt of his generation in 1941 when he was unbeaten in five starts. Two further wins the following spring including the 2000 Guineas at Newmarket took his unbeaten run to seven, but he suffered his first defeat when odds-on favourite for the wartime "New Derby". He won his only other race in the Champion Stakes before being retired to stud. Big Game's royal connections and racecourse success made him one of the most popular horses of his time. Background Big Game was a powerfully built dark bay horse standing 16.1 hands high, bred by the British National Stud and leased for his racing career to King George VI. He was sired by the unbeaten Triple Crown winner Bahram, out of Myrobella, an exceptionally fast filly who was rated the best British two-year-old of either sex in 1932. Myrobella was a member of the same thoroughbred family which produced the Epsom Derby winners Sansovino and Snow Knight. Big Game was sent into training with Fred Darling at Beckhampton in Wiltshire. Big Game's entire career took place during World War II during which horse racing in Britain was subject to many restrictions. Several major racecourses, including Epsom, Ascot and Doncaster, were closed for the duration of the conflict, either for safety reasons, or because they were being used by the military. Many important races were rescheduled to new dates and venues, often at short notice, and all five of the Classics were run at Newmarket. Racing career 1941: two-year-old season Big Game made his first public appearance in the five furlong Hurstbourne Stakes at his local course at Salisbury in April. He started favourite in a field of twenty runners and won easily, ridden by the Champion Jockey Gordon Richards. Richards sustained a badly broken leg when he was kicked by a horse at Salisbury in May, and Big Game was partnered his other races that year by Harry Wragg, a jockey whose tactical skill and timing led to his being nicknamed "The Head Waiter". The colt ran twice more over the same course and distance, recording easy wins in the Cranbourne Stakes and the Salisbury Plate. On his next appearance, he contested the Coventry Stakes, a race traditionally run at Royal Ascot, but rescheduled to Newmarket, where a crowd of around 15,000 saw him win by five lengths from the future Derby winner Watling Street. On his final start he moved up to six furlongs for the first time as he ran in the Champagne Stakes, which took place that year at Newbury instead of at its usual Doncaster venue. He defeated Watling Street again, but the margin on this occasion was only a short head, leading some to speculate that Big Game was a horse with stamina limitations who would struggle in the following year's Classics. In the Free Handicap, a ranking of the season's best British two-year-olds, he was the highest-rated colt on a mark of 132 pounds, placing him second overall behind his stable companion, the filly Sun Chariot (133). 1942: three-year-old season On his three-year-old debut, Big Game was tried over seven furlongs in a race at Salisbury and won impressively in a course record time. He was then moved up to one mile for the 2000 Guineas which was run that year on Newmarket's July course rather than the adjoining Rowley Mile. Travel restrictions, which meant that spectators had to walk several miles to reach the course, did not prevent a large attendance. Ridden by Richards, Big Game was made 8/11 favourite against thirteen opponents. He raced just behind the leaders before taking the lead from Ujiji two furlongs from the finish and going clear in the closing stages to win easily by four lengths from Watling Street and Gold Nib. The first "Royal" win in the race since Minoru in 1909 was reportedly received with "such cheering as had not before been heard in the venerable history of Newmarket" despite the fact that the King himself was not present. A month later, he returned to the July Course for the "New Derby", a wartime substitute for The Derby. Despite the doubts about his ability to cope with the mile and a half distance, he started at odds of 4/6, making him the shortest-priced "Derby" favourite since Gainsborough won at odds of 8/13 in 1918. The King and Queen, accompanied by Princess Elizabeth attended the race for the first time since the outbreak of the war, and anticipation of a royal victory was high. Any chance Big Game had of lasting the distance quickly evaporated as he became anxious and distressed in the preliminaries and then fought the attempts of Richards to restrain him, refusing to settle in the early stages of the race. He was beaten a long way from home and finished sixth of the thirteen runners behind Watling Street. The crowd was reportedly "stunned" by the outcome and greeted the winner in near silence. Big Game was provided with an opportunity to showcase his abilities over middle distances during the autumn season. He participated in the ten-furlong Champion Stakes, which took place on 11 September, a month earlier than its usual schedule. Taking the lead half, a mile before the finish line, he displayed a dominant performance and secured a decisive victory. The filly Afterthought and the colt Ujiji, who had previously finished ahead of him in the Derby, trailed behind him in this race. Following this triumph, Big Game was retired from racing and commenced his stud career at the Aislabie Stud. His stud fee was set at £250, marking the beginning of a new phase in his life. Assessment In their book A Century of Champions, Tony Morris and John Randall rated Big Game the fortieth best British racehorse of the 20th Century and the hundredth best in their global ranking. Stud career Big Game was based at the National Stud and proved to be a successful sire of winners, but not an outstanding one. His most important winners were the Classic-winning fillies Ambiguity (Epsom Oaks) and Queenpot (1000 Guineas) while the best of his colts was probably the unbeaten Combat. He was the damsire of Hethersett (St Leger) and Arctic Explorer (Eclipse Stakes) and was the Leading broodmare sire in Great Britain and Ireland in 1961 and 1962. His son Khorassan was a successful stallion in New Zealand where he sired Tulloch. he was put down on 1 July 1963 after being diagnosed as suffering from kidney failure. Pedigree Pedigree of Big Game (GB), bay stallion, 1939 SireBahram (GB)1932 Blandford1919 Swynford John o'Gaunt Canterbury Pilgrim Blanche White Eagle* Black Cherry Friar's Daughter1921 Friar Marcus Cicero Prim Nun Garron Lass Roseland Concertina DamMyrobella (GB)1930 Tetratema1917 The Tetrarch Roi Herode Vahren Scotch Gift Symington Maund Dolabella1911 White Eagle* Gallinule Merry Gal Gondolette Loved One Dongola (Family:6-e) Big Game was inbred 3x4 to White Eagle, meaning that this stallion appears in both the third and the fourth generations of his pedigree. References ^ a b Mortimer, Roger; Onslow, Richard; Willett, Peter (1978). Biographical Encyclopedia of British Flat Racing. Macdonald and Jane’s. ISBN 0-354-08536-0. ^ Morris, Tony; Randall, John (1990). Horse Racing: Records, Facts, Champions (Third ed.). Guinness Publishing. ISBN 0-85112-902-1. ^ a b "Fenella - Family 6-e". Bloodlines.net. Retrieved 2012-03-11. ^ "Frederick Darling". Horseracing History Online. Archived from the original on 2004-03-18. Retrieved 2012-03-11. ^ "Harry Wragg". Horseracing History Online. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2012-03-11. ^ "Ascot Opens Minus Frills". Leader-Post. 2 July 1941. Retrieved 2012-03-11. ^ "KING'S HORSES. Outstanding Derby Chance". Western Mail (Perth). 26 March 1942. Retrieved 2012-02-26. ^ "ENGLISH SPORTING LETTER". Townsville Daily Bulletin. 12 Mar 1942. Retrieved 2012-02-26. ^ "Br. King wins 2,000 Guineas race". Indian Express. 13 May 1942. Retrieved 2012-03-11. ^ "The King's Horse First in Classic". Montreal Gazette. 13 May 1942. Retrieved 2012-03-11. ^ Amanda Murray (2006). "All the King's Horses". Robson Books. p. 234. Retrieved 2012-03-12. ^ "THE DERBY. WATLING STREET WINS". The West Australian (Perth). 15 Jun 1942. Retrieved 2012-02-26. ^ "King's Horses Have Finished Racing". The Advertiser (Adelaide). 30 Sep 1942. Retrieved 2012-02-26. ^ Morris, Tony; Randall, John (1999). A Century of Champions. Portway Press. ISBN 1-90157015-0. ^ "Leading Broodmare Sires of Great Britain and Ireland". Tbheritage.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11. ^ "Big Game to be Put Down". Glasgow Herald. 4 July 1963. Retrieved 2012-03-12. vte2000 Guineas winners 1809 Wizard 1810 Hephestion 1811 Trophonius 1812 Cwrw 1813 Smolensko 1814 Olive 1815 Tigris 1816 Nectar 1817 Manfred 1818 Interpreter 1819 Antar 1820 Pindarrie 1821 Reginald 1822 Pastille ♥ 1823 Nicolo 1824 Schahriar 1825 Enamel 1826 Dervise 1827 Turcoman 1828 Cadland 1829 Patron 1830 Augustus 1831 Riddlesworth 1832 Archibald 1833 Clearwell 1834 Glencoe 1835 Ibrahim 1836 Bay Middleton 1837 Achmet 1838 Grey Momus 1839 The Corsair 1840 Crucifix ♥ 1841 Ralph 1842 Meteor 1843 Cotherstone 1844 The Ugly Buck 1845 Idas 1846 Sir Tatton Sykes 1847 Conyngham 1848 Flatcatcher 1849 Nunnykirk 1850 Pitsford 1851 Hernandez 1852 Stockwell 1853 West Australian ₩ 1854 The Hermit 1855 Lord of the Isles 1856 Fazzoletto 1857 Vedette 1858 Fitz-Roland 1859 The Promised Land 1860 The Wizard 1861 Diophantus 1862 The Marquis 1863 Macaroni 1864 General Peel 1865 Gladiateur ₩ 1866 Lord Lyon ₩ 1867 Vauban 1868 Formosa ♥ Moslem 1869 Pretender 1870 Macgregor 1871 Bothwell 1872 Prince Charlie 1873 Gang Forward 1874 Atlantic 1875 Camballo 1876 Petrarch 1877 Chamant 1878 Pilgrimage ♥ 1879 Charibert 1880 Petronel 1881 Peregrine 1882 Shotover ♥ 1883 Galliard 1884 Scot Free 1885 Paradox 1886 Ormonde ₩ 1887 Enterprise 1888 Ayrshire 1889 Enthusiast 1890 Surefoot 1891 Common ₩ 1892 Bona Vista 1893 Isinglass ₩ 1894 Ladas 1895 Kirkconnel 1896 St. Frusquin 1897 Galtee More ₩ 1898 Disraeli 1899 Flying Fox ₩ 1900 Diamond Jubilee ₩ 1901 Handicapper 1902 Sceptre 1903 Rock Sand ₩ 1904 St. Amant 1905 Vedas 1906 Gorgos 1907 Slieve Gallion 1908 Norman 1909 Minoru 1910 Neil Gow 1911 Sunstar 1912 Sweeper 1913 Louvois 1914 Kennymore 1915 Pommern ₩ 1916 Clarissimus 1917 Gay Crusader ₩ 1918 Gainsborough ₩ 1919 The Panther 1920 Tetratema 1921 Craig an Eran 1922 St Louis 1923 Ellangowan 1924 Diophon 1925 Manna 1926 Colorado 1927 Adam's Apple 1928 Flamingo 1929 Mr Jinks 1930 Diolite 1931 Cameronian 1932 Orwell 1933 Rodosto 1934 Colombo 1935 Bahram ₩ 1936 Pay Up 1937 Le Ksar 1938 Pasch 1939 Blue Peter 1940 Djebel 1941 Lambert Simnel 1942 Big Game 1943 Kingsway 1944 Garden Path ♥ 1945 Court Martial 1946 Happy Knight 1947 Tudor Minstrel 1948 My Babu 1949 Nimbus 1950 Palestine 1951 Ki Ming 1952 Thunderhead 1953 Nearula 1954 Darius 1955 Our Babu 1956 Gilles de Retz 1957 Crepello 1958 Pall Mall 1959 Taboun 1960 Martial 1961 Rockavon 1962 Privy Councillor 1963 Only For Life 1964 Baldric 1965 Niksar 1966 Kashmir 1967 Royal Palace 1968 Sir Ivor 1969 Right Tack 1970 Nijinsky ₩ 1971 Brigadier Gerard 1972 High Top 1973 Mon Fils 1974 Nonoalco 1975 Bolkonski 1976 Wollow 1977 Nebbiolo 1978 Roland Gardens 1979 Tap On Wood 1980 Known Fact 1981 To-Agori-Mou 1982 Zino 1983 Lomond 1984 El Gran Senor 1985 Shadeed 1986 Dancing Brave 1987 Don't Forget Me 1988 Doyoun 1989 Nashwan 1990 Tirol 1991 Mystiko 1992 Rodrigo de Triano 1993 Zafonic 1994 Mister Baileys 1995 Pennekamp 1996 Mark of Esteem 1997 Entrepreneur 1998 King of Kings 1999 Island Sands 2000 King's Best 2001 Golan 2002 Rock of Gibraltar 2003 Refuse To Bend 2004 Haafhd 2005 Footstepsinthesand 2006 George Washington 2007 Cockney Rebel 2008 Henrythenavigator 2009 Sea the Stars 2010 Makfi 2011 Frankel 2012 Camelot 2013 Dawn Approach 2014 Night of Thunder 2015 Gleneagles 2016 Galileo Gold 2017 Churchill 2018 Saxon Warrior 2019 Magna Grecia 2020 Kameko 2021 Poetic Flare 2022 Coroebus 2023 Chaldean 2024 Notable Speech Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners, ♥ = Filly
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"sire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breeding#Terminology"},{"link_name":"colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_(horse)"},{"link_name":"King George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI"},{"link_name":"2000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"Newmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"\"New Derby\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Champion Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Stakes"},{"link_name":"stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_farm"}],"text":"Big Game (1939–1963) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career that lasted from April 1941 to October 1942, the colt, who was owned by King George VI, ran nine times and won eight races. He was the best British two-year-old colt of his generation in 1941 when he was unbeaten in five starts. Two further wins the following spring including the 2000 Guineas at Newmarket took his unbeaten run to seven, but he suffered his first defeat when odds-on favourite for the wartime \"New Derby\". He won his only other race in the Champion Stakes before being retired to stud. Big Game's royal connections and racecourse success made him one of the most popular horses of his time.","title":"Big Game (horse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mortimer-1"},{"link_name":"National Stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Stud"},{"link_name":"Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing#English_Triple_Crowns"},{"link_name":"Bahram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Myrobella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrobella"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness-2"},{"link_name":"Sansovino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansovino_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Snow Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Knight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloodlines1-3"},{"link_name":"Fred Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Darling"},{"link_name":"Beckhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckhampton"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Epsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Classic_Races"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mortimer-1"}],"text":"Big Game was a powerfully built dark bay horse standing 16.1 hands high,[1] bred by the British National Stud and leased for his racing career to King George VI. He was sired by the unbeaten Triple Crown winner Bahram, out of Myrobella, an exceptionally fast filly who was rated the best British two-year-old of either sex in 1932.[2] Myrobella was a member of the same thoroughbred family which produced the Epsom Derby winners Sansovino and Snow Knight.[3] Big Game was sent into training with Fred Darling at Beckhampton in Wiltshire.[4]Big Game's entire career took place during World War II during which horse racing in Britain was subject to many restrictions. Several major racecourses, including Epsom, Ascot and Doncaster, were closed for the duration of the conflict, either for safety reasons, or because they were being used by the military. Many important races were rescheduled to new dates and venues, often at short notice, and all five of the Classics were run at Newmarket.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"furlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlong"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Champion Jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_flat_racing_Champion_Jockey"},{"link_name":"Gordon Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Richards_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Harry Wragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Wragg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Royal Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ascot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Watling Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watling_Street_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Champagne Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_Stakes_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Newbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)"},{"link_name":"filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filly"},{"link_name":"Sun Chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Chariot_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"1941: two-year-old season","text":"Big Game made his first public appearance in the five furlong Hurstbourne Stakes at his local course at Salisbury in April. He started favourite in a field of twenty runners and won easily, ridden by the Champion Jockey Gordon Richards. Richards sustained a badly broken leg when he was kicked by a horse at Salisbury in May, and Big Game was partnered his other races that year by Harry Wragg, a jockey whose tactical skill and timing led to his being nicknamed \"The Head Waiter\".[5] The colt ran twice more over the same course and distance, recording easy wins in the Cranbourne Stakes and the Salisbury Plate. On his next appearance, he contested the Coventry Stakes, a race traditionally run at Royal Ascot, but rescheduled to Newmarket, where a crowd of around 15,000[6] saw him win by five lengths from the future Derby winner Watling Street. On his final start he moved up to six furlongs for the first time as he ran in the Champagne Stakes, which took place that year at Newbury instead of at its usual Doncaster venue. He defeated Watling Street again, but the margin on this occasion was only a short head, leading some to speculate that Big Game was a horse with stamina limitations who would struggle in the following year's Classics.[7]In the Free Handicap, a ranking of the season's best British two-year-olds, he was the highest-rated colt on a mark of 132 pounds, placing him second overall behind his stable companion, the filly Sun Chariot (133).[8]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_odds"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Minoru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoru_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsborough_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth,_the_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Champion Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"1942: three-year-old season","text":"On his three-year-old debut, Big Game was tried over seven furlongs in a race at Salisbury and won impressively in a course record time. He was then moved up to one mile for the 2000 Guineas which was run that year on Newmarket's July course rather than the adjoining Rowley Mile. Travel restrictions, which meant that spectators had to walk several miles to reach the course, did not prevent a large attendance. Ridden by Richards, Big Game was made 8/11 favourite against thirteen opponents. He raced just behind the leaders before taking the lead from Ujiji two furlongs from the finish and going clear in the closing stages to win easily by four lengths from Watling Street and Gold Nib.[9] The first \"Royal\" win in the race since Minoru in 1909 was reportedly received with \"such cheering as had not before been heard in the venerable history of Newmarket\" despite the fact that the King himself was not present.[10]A month later, he returned to the July Course for the \"New Derby\", a wartime substitute for The Derby. Despite the doubts about his ability to cope with the mile and a half distance, he started at odds of 4/6, making him the shortest-priced \"Derby\" favourite since Gainsborough won at odds of 8/13 in 1918. The King and Queen, accompanied by Princess Elizabeth attended the race for the first time since the outbreak of the war, and anticipation of a royal victory was high. Any chance Big Game had of lasting the distance quickly evaporated as he became anxious and distressed in the preliminaries and then fought the attempts of Richards to restrain him, refusing to settle in the early stages of the race.[11] He was beaten a long way from home and finished sixth of the thirteen runners behind Watling Street. The crowd was reportedly \"stunned\" by the outcome and greeted the winner in near silence.[12]Big Game was provided with an opportunity to showcase his abilities over middle distances during the autumn season. He participated in the ten-furlong Champion Stakes, which took place on 11 September, a month earlier than its usual schedule. Taking the lead half, a mile before the finish line, he displayed a dominant performance and secured a decisive victory. The filly Afterthought and the colt Ujiji, who had previously finished ahead of him in the Derby, trailed behind him in this race. Following this triumph, Big Game was retired from racing and commenced his stud career at the Aislabie Stud. His stud fee was set at £250, marking the beginning of a new phase in his life. [13]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-century-14"}],"text":"In their book A Century of Champions, Tony Morris and John Randall rated Big Game the fortieth best British racehorse of the 20th Century and the hundredth best in their global ranking.[14]","title":"Assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambiguity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Epsom Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Oaks"},{"link_name":"Queenpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenpot"},{"link_name":"1000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"Combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Hethersett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hethersett_(horse)"},{"link_name":"St Leger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Leger_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Leading broodmare sire in Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_broodmare_sire_in_Great_Britain_%26_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulloch_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Big Game was based at the National Stud and proved to be a successful sire of winners, but not an outstanding one. His most important winners were the Classic-winning fillies Ambiguity (Epsom Oaks) and Queenpot (1000 Guineas) while the best of his colts was probably the unbeaten Combat. He was the damsire of Hethersett (St Leger) and Arctic Explorer (Eclipse Stakes) and was the Leading broodmare sire in Great Britain and Ireland in 1961 and 1962.[15] His son Khorassan was a successful stallion in New Zealand where he sired Tulloch. he was put down on 1 July 1963 after being diagnosed as suffering from kidney failure.[16]","title":"Stud career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding"}],"text":"Big Game was inbred 3x4 to White Eagle, meaning that this stallion appears in both the third and the fourth generations of his pedigree.","title":"Pedigree"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Mortimer, Roger; Onslow, Richard; Willett, Peter (1978). Biographical Encyclopedia of British Flat Racing. Macdonald and Jane’s. ISBN 0-354-08536-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-354-08536-0","url_text":"0-354-08536-0"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Tony; Randall, John (1990). Horse Racing: Records, Facts, Champions (Third ed.). Guinness Publishing. ISBN 0-85112-902-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-902-1","url_text":"0-85112-902-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Fenella - Family 6-e\". Bloodlines.net. Retrieved 2012-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family6e.htm","url_text":"\"Fenella - Family 6-e\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frederick Darling\". Horseracing History Online. Archived from the original on 2004-03-18. Retrieved 2012-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040318220640/http://www.horseracinghistory.co.uk/hrho/action/viewDocument?id=927","url_text":"\"Frederick Darling\""},{"url":"http://www.horseracinghistory.co.uk/hrho/action/viewDocument?id=927","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Harry Wragg\". Horseracing History Online. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2012-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928174640/http://www.horseracinghistory.co.uk/hrho/action/viewDocument?id=1201","url_text":"\"Harry Wragg\""},{"url":"http://www.horseracinghistory.co.uk/hrho/action/viewDocument?id=1201","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ascot Opens Minus Frills\". Leader-Post. 2 July 1941. Retrieved 2012-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XbpTAAAAIBAJ&pg=3192,90824&dq=big-game+newmarket&hl=en","url_text":"\"Ascot Opens Minus Frills\""}]},{"reference":"\"KING'S HORSES. Outstanding Derby Chance\". Western Mail (Perth). 26 March 1942. Retrieved 2012-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38421916?","url_text":"\"KING'S HORSES. Outstanding Derby Chance\""}]},{"reference":"\"ENGLISH SPORTING LETTER\". Townsville Daily Bulletin. 12 Mar 1942. Retrieved 2012-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63559552?","url_text":"\"ENGLISH SPORTING LETTER\""}]},{"reference":"\"Br. King wins 2,000 Guineas race\". Indian Express. 13 May 1942. Retrieved 2012-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N88-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3353,2939492&dq=big-game+newmarket&hl=en","url_text":"\"Br. King wins 2,000 Guineas race\""}]},{"reference":"\"The King's Horse First in Classic\". Montreal Gazette. 13 May 1942. Retrieved 2012-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o38tAAAAIBAJ&pg=4327,2383315&dq=big-game+newmarket&hl=en","url_text":"\"The King's Horse First in Classic\""}]},{"reference":"Amanda Murray (2006). \"All the King's Horses\". Robson Books. p. 234. Retrieved 2012-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-MTyOxUgWjsC&q=%22Big+Game%22+%22Champion+Stakes%22&pg=PA234","url_text":"\"All the King's Horses\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE DERBY. WATLING STREET WINS\". The West Australian (Perth). 15 Jun 1942. Retrieved 2012-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47336168?","url_text":"\"THE DERBY. WATLING STREET WINS\""}]},{"reference":"\"King's Horses Have Finished Racing\". The Advertiser (Adelaide). 30 Sep 1942. Retrieved 2012-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48885162?","url_text":"\"King's Horses Have Finished Racing\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Tony; Randall, John (1999). A Century of Champions. Portway Press. ISBN 1-90157015-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-90157015-0","url_text":"1-90157015-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Leading Broodmare Sires of Great Britain and Ireland\". Tbheritage.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbheritage.com/HistoricSires/LeadingSires/GBLeadingBSSires.html","url_text":"\"Leading Broodmare Sires of Great Britain and Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Game to be Put Down\". Glasgow Herald. 4 July 1963. Retrieved 2012-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hW5AAAAAIBAJ&pg=5167,561435&dq=big-game+champion-stakes&hl=en","url_text":"\"Big Game to be Put Down\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Hanhong
Liu Hanhong
["1 Background and rebellion against Tang","2 Takeover and rule of Zhedong/Yisheng","3 Defeat and death","4 Notes and references"]
Liu Hanhong (劉漢宏) (died 887?) was a warlord of the Chinese dynasty Tang dynasty who initially was a rebel against Tang but later accepted Tang titles and controlled Yisheng Circuit (義勝, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Eventually, he was defeated and captured by Qian Liu, and delivered to Qian's superior Dong Chang and executed. Background and rebellion against Tang It is not known when Liu Hanhong was born or his family background was, other than his family was from Yan Prefecture (兗州, in modern Jining, Shandong). In 879, he was serving at Jiangling under the chancellor Wang Duo, who was overseeing the operations against the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao when Wang, upon hearing of Huang's defeating of Wang's deputy Li Xi (李係) at Tan Prefecture (in modern Changsha, Hunan), became fearful, as at that time Wang had less than 10,000 men. He left Liu in charge of defending Jiangling and headed north himself, claiming to be rendezvousing Liu Jurong (劉巨容) the military governor (jiedushi) of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangyang, Hubei). As soon as Wang left Jiangling, however, Liu rebelled against the Tang imperial government and pillaged and burned Jiangling. Liu then took his troops north and became an anti-imperial government army. His army grew in force and, as of summer 880 was pillaging the region between Songzhou and Yan Prefectures. Then-reigning Emperor Xizong ordered the nearby circuits to launch troops to attack him, but was unable to effectuate much against him. He subsequently headed south and pillaged Shen (申州) and Guang (光州) (both in modern Xinyang, Henan) Prefectures. Later in the year, however, he offered to submit to the Tang imperial government, and Emperor Xizong made him the prefect of Su Prefecture (宿州, in modern Suzhou, Anhui). Takeover and rule of Zhedong/Yisheng However, it was said that Liu Hanhong was displeased that the imperial government made him only a prefectural prefect. Therefore, in 880, with the imperial government set to punish Liu Tao (柳瑫) the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Zhedong Circuit (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang) for unspecified offenses, the imperial government replaced Liu Tao with Liu Hanhong. Once Liu Hanhong took over Zhedong, he had designs on seizing neighboring Zhexi Circuit (浙西, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, also known as Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海)) as well. In 882, he sent his brother Liu Hanyou (劉漢宥) and officer Xin Yue (辛約) with 20,000 and stationed them at Xiling (西陵, in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Dong Chang the prefect of Hang Prefecture (杭州, in modern Hangzhou) sent his officer Qian Liu to resist Liu Hanyou and Xin. One foggy night, Qian took the opportunity to secretly cross the Qiantang River and attack the Zhedong camp, crushing the Zhedong army; Liu Hanyou and Xin fled. Later that year, Liu Hanhong made another attempt, sending his officer Wang Zhen (王鎮). Qian again made a surprise attack across the Qiantang against Wang and crushed him. Wang fled as well. As of spring 883, Liu Hanhong placed his troops at three bases, Huangling (黃嶺), Yanxia (嚴下), and Zhennü (貞女, all in modern Hangzhou). Qian launched an attack from Fuchun (富春, in modern Hangzhou), capturing Huangling, as well as the defenders of Yanxia and Zhennü. He then defeated Liu Hanhong's elite troops, stationed at Zhuji (諸暨, in modern Shaoxing), and Liu Hanhong fled. In winter 883, Liu Hanhong tried to again launch an attack against Dong through Xiling. Qian again crossed the Qiantang and attacked and defeated him. The defeat was so crushing that Liu Hanhong had to flee by putting on the disguise of a fisherman, including carrying a fisherman's knife. However, he then regrouped and again battled Qian, but was again defeated, and his brother Liu Hanrong (劉漢容) and Xin were killed. Meanwhile, throughout the years, Liu Hanhong had sent much tribute to Emperor Xizong, and Emperor Xizong, in late 883, promoted Zhedong Circuit with a new name of Yisheng (義勝), naming Liu Hanhong its military governor (jiedushi). In spring 884, the agrarian rebel Wang Zhen (王鎮, unclear whether the same Wang Zhen that Liu Hanhong had sent against Dong in 882) captured Huang Jie (黃碣) the prefect of Wu Prefecture (婺州, in modern Jinhua, Zhejiang), and surrendered to Qian. Liu Hanhong sent his officer Lou Lai (婁賚) to attack and kill Wang, replacing him. Qian responded by joining his forces with those of Jiang Gui (蔣瓌); they attacked Lou and captured him. Defeat and death In fall 886, Dong Chang offered to give Hang Prefecture to Qian Liu if Qian could capture Yisheng for him. Qian agreed, and pointed out that unless Liu Hanhong were destroyed, he would remain a danger for Hang Prefecture. Qiu thus took his army, cut through a mountainous route, and surprised the Yisheng troops by attacking them from the east. The Yisheng officer Bao Junfu (鮑君福) surrendered. Qian then engaged the rest of the Yisheng army and defeated them. He then captured Yisheng's capital Yue Prefecture (越州). Liu Hanhong fled to Tai Prefecture (台州, in modern Taizhou, Zhejiang). Qian executed Liu's mother and wife. Once Liu got to Tai Prefecture, the prefect of Tai, Du Xiong (杜雄), held a feast to welcome him and induced his troops to get drunk, and then captured him and delivered them to Dong, who executed him. Dong took over Yisheng Circuit, and yielded Hang Prefecture to Qian. Notes and references ^ Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter. ^ a b c d Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 256. ^ According to the Zizhi Tongjian, Liu Hanhong was captured and executed in the 12th month of the lunar year that roughly corresponds to 886; the 12th month, however, falls almost entirely within January 887. ^ a b c New Book of Tang, vol. 190. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 253. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 254. ^ a b c d e Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 255. New Book of Tang, vol. 190. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 253, 254, 255, 256.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Liu Hanhong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jining,_Shandong"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBT190-4"},{"link_name":"Jiangling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangling_County"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Wang Duo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Duo"},{"link_name":"Huang Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Chao"},{"link_name":"Tan Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzhou_(in_modern_Hunan)"},{"link_name":"Changsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"jiedushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi"},{"link_name":"Xiangyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangyang"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Songzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songzhou"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xizong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Xinyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinyang"},{"link_name":"Suzhou, Anhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou,_Anhui"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ253-5"}],"text":"It is not known when Liu Hanhong was born or his family background was, other than his family was from Yan Prefecture (兗州, in modern Jining, Shandong).[4] In 879, he was serving at Jiangling under the chancellor Wang Duo, who was overseeing the operations against the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao when Wang, upon hearing of Huang's defeating of Wang's deputy Li Xi (李係) at Tan Prefecture (in modern Changsha, Hunan), became fearful, as at that time Wang had less than 10,000 men. He left Liu in charge of defending Jiangling and headed north himself, claiming to be rendezvousing Liu Jurong (劉巨容) the military governor (jiedushi) of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangyang, Hubei). As soon as Wang left Jiangling, however, Liu rebelled against the Tang imperial government and pillaged and burned Jiangling. Liu then took his troops north and became an anti-imperial government army. His army grew in force and, as of summer 880 was pillaging the region between Songzhou and Yan Prefectures. Then-reigning Emperor Xizong ordered the nearby circuits to launch troops to attack him, but was unable to effectuate much against him. He subsequently headed south and pillaged Shen (申州) and Guang (光州) (both in modern Xinyang, Henan) Prefectures. Later in the year, however, he offered to submit to the Tang imperial government, and Emperor Xizong made him the prefect of Su Prefecture (宿州, in modern Suzhou, Anhui).[5]","title":"Background and rebellion against Tang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaoxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoxing"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBT190-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ254-6"},{"link_name":"Zhenjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenjiang"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Dong Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Chang_(warlord)"},{"link_name":"Qian Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Liu"},{"link_name":"Qiantang River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiantang_River"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ255-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ255-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ255-7"},{"link_name":"jiedushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ255-7"},{"link_name":"Jinhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinhua"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ255-7"}],"text":"However, it was said that Liu Hanhong was displeased that the imperial government made him only a prefectural prefect. Therefore, in 880, with the imperial government set to punish Liu Tao (柳瑫) the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Zhedong Circuit (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang) for unspecified offenses,[4] the imperial government replaced Liu Tao with Liu Hanhong.[6]Once Liu Hanhong took over Zhedong, he had designs on seizing neighboring Zhexi Circuit (浙西, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, also known as Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海)) as well. In 882, he sent his brother Liu Hanyou (劉漢宥) and officer Xin Yue (辛約) with 20,000 and stationed them at Xiling (西陵, in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Dong Chang the prefect of Hang Prefecture (杭州, in modern Hangzhou) sent his officer Qian Liu to resist Liu Hanyou and Xin. One foggy night, Qian took the opportunity to secretly cross the Qiantang River and attack the Zhedong camp, crushing the Zhedong army; Liu Hanyou and Xin fled. Later that year, Liu Hanhong made another attempt, sending his officer Wang Zhen (王鎮). Qian again made a surprise attack across the Qiantang against Wang and crushed him. Wang fled as well.[7]As of spring 883, Liu Hanhong placed his troops at three bases, Huangling (黃嶺), Yanxia (嚴下), and Zhennü (貞女, all in modern Hangzhou). Qian launched an attack from Fuchun (富春, in modern Hangzhou), capturing Huangling, as well as the defenders of Yanxia and Zhennü. He then defeated Liu Hanhong's elite troops, stationed at Zhuji (諸暨, in modern Shaoxing), and Liu Hanhong fled.[7]In winter 883, Liu Hanhong tried to again launch an attack against Dong through Xiling. Qian again crossed the Qiantang and attacked and defeated him. The defeat was so crushing that Liu Hanhong had to flee by putting on the disguise of a fisherman, including carrying a fisherman's knife. However, he then regrouped and again battled Qian, but was again defeated, and his brother Liu Hanrong (劉漢容) and Xin were killed.[7]Meanwhile, throughout the years, Liu Hanhong had sent much tribute to Emperor Xizong, and Emperor Xizong, in late 883, promoted Zhedong Circuit with a new name of Yisheng (義勝), naming Liu Hanhong its military governor (jiedushi).[7]In spring 884, the agrarian rebel Wang Zhen (王鎮, unclear whether the same Wang Zhen that Liu Hanhong had sent against Dong in 882) captured Huang Jie (黃碣) the prefect of Wu Prefecture (婺州, in modern Jinhua, Zhejiang), and surrendered to Qian. Liu Hanhong sent his officer Lou Lai (婁賚) to attack and kill Wang, replacing him. Qian responded by joining his forces with those of Jiang Gui (蔣瓌); they attacked Lou and captured him.[7]","title":"Takeover and rule of Zhedong/Yisheng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taizhou, Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ256-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ256-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBT190-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ256-2"}],"text":"In fall 886, Dong Chang offered to give Hang Prefecture to Qian Liu if Qian could capture Yisheng for him. Qian agreed, and pointed out that unless Liu Hanhong were destroyed, he would remain a danger for Hang Prefecture. Qiu thus took his army, cut through a mountainous route, and surprised the Yisheng troops by attacking them from the east. The Yisheng officer Bao Junfu (鮑君福) surrendered. Qian then engaged the rest of the Yisheng army and defeated them. He then captured Yisheng's capital Yue Prefecture (越州). Liu Hanhong fled to Tai Prefecture (台州, in modern Taizhou, Zhejiang).[2] Qian executed Liu's mother and wife. Once Liu got to Tai Prefecture, the prefect of Tai, Du Xiong (杜雄), held a feast to welcome him and induced his troops to get drunk, and then captured him and delivered them to Dong, who executed him.[2][4] Dong took over Yisheng Circuit, and yielded Hang Prefecture to Qian.[2]","title":"Defeat and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AS_1-0"},{"link_name":"Academia Sinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica"},{"link_name":"Chinese-Western Calendar Converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ256_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ256_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ256_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ256_2-3"},{"link_name":"Zizhi Tongjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian"},{"link_name":"vol. 256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7256"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBT190_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBT190_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBT190_4-2"},{"link_name":"New Book of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"vol. 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7190"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ253_5-0"},{"link_name":"vol. 253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7253"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ254_6-0"},{"link_name":"vol. 254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7254"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ255_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ255_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ255_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ255_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZZTJ255_7-4"},{"link_name":"vol. 255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7255"},{"link_name":"New Book of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"vol. 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7190"},{"link_name":"Zizhi Tongjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian"},{"link_name":"253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7253"},{"link_name":"254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7254"},{"link_name":"255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7255"},{"link_name":"256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7256"}],"text":"^ Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter.\n\n^ a b c d Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 256.\n\n^ According to the Zizhi Tongjian, Liu Hanhong was captured and executed in the 12th month of the lunar year that roughly corresponds to 886; the 12th month, however, falls almost entirely within January 887.\n\n^ a b c New Book of Tang, vol. 190.\n\n^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 253.\n\n^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 254.\n\n^ a b c d e Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 255.New Book of Tang, vol. 190.\nZizhi Tongjian, vols. 253, 254, 255, 256.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/","external_links_name":"Chinese-Western Calendar Converter"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosco_McQueen_Firefighter_Extreme
Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme
["1 Reception","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
1997 video gameRosco McQueen Firefighter ExtremeNorth American cover artDeveloper(s)Slippery Snake StudioPublisher(s)EU: Sony Computer Entertainment EuropeNA: PsygnosisPlatform(s)PlayStationReleaseEU: September 1997UK: November 1997NA: 9 October 1998Genre(s)ActionMode(s)Single-player Rosco McQueen: Firefighter Extreme (simply titled Rosco McQueen in Europe) is an action-genre video game for the PlayStation console. Rosco McQueen, a firefighter, is the protagonist of the game and he is visible from a 3rd-person perspective. McQueen must stop the game's villain Sylvester T. Square and his robotic minions. The overall objective of the game is to put out all fires before the building burns down. In the game, Rosco McQueen goes through 15 towering infernos, fighting fires along the way. During normal gameplay, McQueen puts out the fires with a hose attached to a carry-on waterpack and refills are gained by collecting water bottles. An axe is used to destroy robots, Deactivate Power Boxes, Activate switches and break down doors which hinder the path to the goal. The player must also watch out for the temperature: if it gets too hot, then the game ends. Stephen McFarlane was the lead games designer for the project and also contributing to Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts later in his career. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings57%Review scoresPublicationScoreCNET Gamecenter2/10Consoles +88%Electronic Gaming Monthly3.875/10Famitsu27/40Game Informer3/10GameRevolutionD−GameSpot5/10Hyper78%IGN4.5/10PlayStation Official Magazine – UK7/10 The game received mixed reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Josh Smith of GameSpot wrote in an early review that it "warrants a rental at best." GamePro said of the game: "Conceptually cool, Rosco McQueen ultimately goes up in smoke." Game Informer gave it a negative review nearly two months before the game was released Stateside. In Japan, where the game was ported and published by SCEI under the name Fire Panic: Mac no Rescue Daisakusen (ファイヤーパニック 〜マックのレスキュー大作戦〜, Faiyā Panikku 〜Makku no Resukyū Daisakusen〜, lit. "Fire Panic: Mac's Epic Rescue Battle") on 30 July 1998, Famitsu gave it a score of 27 out of 40. Notes ^ Four critics of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game each a score of 2/10, 4/10, 4.5/10, and 5/10. ^ GamePro gave the game 3/5 for graphics, 3.5/5 for sound, and two 1.5/5 scores for control and fun factor. References ^ a b "Rosco McQueen". Official UK PlayStation Magazine. No. 27. Future Publishing. 25 December 1997. p. 126. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ Muldoon, Moira (9 October 1998). "videogames.com's Calendar". GameSpot. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 16 January 2000. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ a b "Rosco McQueen: Firefighter Extreme for PlayStation". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ Ham, Tom (10 November 1998). "Roscoe McQueen: Firefighter Extreme". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on 16 August 2000. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Gia; Switch (October 1997). "Rosco McQueen". Consoles + (in French). No. 69. pp. 106–7. ^ Hsu, Dan; Boyer, Crispin; Davison, John; Smith, Shawn (October 1998). "Rosco McQueen " (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 111. Ziff Davis. p. 266. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ a b "ファイヤーパニック 〜マックのレスキュー大作戦〜 ". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ a b "Rosco McQueen ". Game Informer. No. 65. FuncoLand. September 1998. Archived from the original on 21 September 1999. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ Cooke, Mark (March 1999). "Rosco McQueen: Firefighter Extreme Review". GameRevolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ a b Smith, Josh (10 September 1998). "Roscoe McQueen: Firefighter Extreme Review ". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on 20 March 2005. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ Fish, Eliot (November 1997). "Rosco McQueen". Hyper. No. 49. Next Media Pty Ltd. pp. 66–67. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ Perry, Douglass C. (2 November 1998). "Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ Boba Fatt (October 1998). "Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme". GamePro. No. 121. IDG Entertainment. p. 176. Retrieved 21 November 2020. External links Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme at MobyGames This action game–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"firefighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighter"},{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fires"},{"link_name":"hose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose_(tubing)"},{"link_name":"water bottles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_bottles"},{"link_name":"axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe"},{"link_name":"goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_(goal)"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie:_Nuts_%26_Bolts"}],"text":"Rosco McQueen: Firefighter Extreme (simply titled Rosco McQueen in Europe) is an action-genre video game for the PlayStation console.Rosco McQueen, a firefighter, is the protagonist of the game and he is visible from a 3rd-person perspective. McQueen must stop the game's villain Sylvester T. Square and his robotic minions. The overall objective of the game is to put out all fires before the building burns down.In the game, Rosco McQueen goes through 15 towering infernos, fighting fires along the way. During normal gameplay, McQueen puts out the fires with a hose attached to a carry-on waterpack and refills are gained by collecting water bottles. An axe is used to destroy robots, Deactivate Power Boxes, Activate switches and break down doors which hinder the path to the goal. The player must also watch out for the temperature: if it gets too hot, then the game ends.Stephen McFarlane was the lead games designer for the project and also contributing to Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts later in his career.","title":"Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR-3"},{"link_name":"CNET Gamecenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET_Gamecenter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-8"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-9"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-11"},{"link_name":"Hyper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Official Magazine – UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Official_Magazine_%E2%80%93_UK"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPMUK-1"},{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR-3"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-11"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-9"},{"link_name":"SCEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-8"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings57%[3]Review scoresPublicationScoreCNET Gamecenter2/10[4]Consoles +88%[5]Electronic Gaming Monthly3.875/10[6][a]Famitsu27/40[7]Game Informer3/10[8]GameRevolutionD−[9]GameSpot5/10[10]Hyper78%[11]IGN4.5/10[12]PlayStation Official Magazine – UK7/10[1]The game received mixed reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.[3] Josh Smith of GameSpot wrote in an early review that it \"warrants a rental at best.\"[10] GamePro said of the game: \"Conceptually cool, Rosco McQueen ultimately goes up in smoke.\"[13][b] Game Informer gave it a negative review nearly two months before the game was released Stateside.[8] In Japan, where the game was ported and published by SCEI under the name Fire Panic: Mac no Rescue Daisakusen (ファイヤーパニック 〜マックのレスキュー大作戦〜, Faiyā Panikku 〜Makku no Resukyū Daisakusen〜, lit. \"Fire Panic: Mac's Epic Rescue Battle\") on 30 July 1998, Famitsu gave it a score of 27 out of 40.[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"}],"text":"^ Four critics of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game each a score of 2/10, 4/10, 4.5/10, and 5/10.\n\n^ GamePro gave the game 3/5 for graphics, 3.5/5 for sound, and two 1.5/5 scores for control and fun factor.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rosco McQueen\". Official UK PlayStation Magazine. No. 27. Future Publishing. 25 December 1997. p. 126. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/opm027/page/n123/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Rosco McQueen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Official_Magazine_%E2%80%93_UK","url_text":"Official UK PlayStation Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Muldoon, Moira (9 October 1998). \"videogames.com's Calendar\". GameSpot. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 16 January 2000. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000116125628/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_10/09_calendar/index.html","url_text":"\"videogames.com's Calendar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"},{"url":"http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_10/09_calendar/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosco McQueen: Firefighter Extreme for PlayStation\". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501093058/https://www.gamerankings.com/ps/198518-rosco-mcqueen-firefighter-extreme/index.html","url_text":"\"Rosco McQueen: Firefighter Extreme for PlayStation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/ps/198518-rosco-mcqueen-firefighter-extreme/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ham, Tom (10 November 1998). \"Roscoe McQueen: [sic] Firefighter Extreme\". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on 16 August 2000. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000816210248/http://www.gamecenter.com/Consoles/Sony/Roscoe/","url_text":"\"Roscoe McQueen: [sic] Firefighter Extreme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"},{"url":"http://www.gamecenter.com/Consoles/Sony/Roscoe/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gia; Switch (October 1997). \"Rosco McQueen\". Consoles + (in French). No. 69. pp. 106–7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hsu, Dan; Boyer, Crispin; Davison, John; Smith, Shawn (October 1998). \"Rosco McQueen [Firefighter Extreme]\" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 111. Ziff Davis. p. 266. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/1/1d/EGM_US_111.pdf","url_text":"\"Rosco McQueen [Firefighter Extreme]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"}]},{"reference":"\"ファイヤーパニック 〜マックのレスキュー大作戦〜 [PS]\". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=18165&redirect=no","url_text":"\"ファイヤーパニック 〜マックのレスキュー大作戦〜 [PS]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterbrain","url_text":"Enterbrain"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosco McQueen [Firefighter Extreme]\". Game Informer. No. 65. FuncoLand. September 1998. Archived from the original on 21 September 1999. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990921181733/http://www.gameinformer.com/cgi-bin/review.cgi?sys=psx&path=sep98&doc=rosco","url_text":"\"Rosco McQueen [Firefighter Extreme]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FuncoLand","url_text":"FuncoLand"},{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/cgi-bin/review.cgi?sys=psx&path=sep98&doc=rosco","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Mark (March 1999). \"Rosco McQueen: Firefighter Extreme Review\". GameRevolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/34050-rosco-mcqueen-firefighter-extreme-review","url_text":"\"Rosco McQueen: Firefighter Extreme Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution","url_text":"GameRevolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CraveOnline","url_text":"CraveOnline"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911060059/http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/rosco-mcqueen-firefighter-extreme","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Josh (10 September 1998). \"Roscoe McQueen: Firefighter Extreme Review [date mislabeled as \"May 2, 2000\"] [Japan Import]\". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on 20 March 2005. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/rosco-mcqueen-firefighter-extreme-review/1900-2546053/","url_text":"\"Roscoe McQueen: Firefighter Extreme Review [date mislabeled as \"May 2, 2000\"] [Japan Import]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ventures","url_text":"Red Ventures"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050320082142/http://www.gamespot.com/ps/action/roscomcqueenfe/review.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fish, Eliot (November 1997). \"Rosco McQueen\". Hyper. No. 49. Next Media Pty Ltd. pp. 66–67. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hyper-049/page/66/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Rosco McQueen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_(magazine)","url_text":"Hyper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextmedia","url_text":"Next Media Pty Ltd"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Douglass C. (2 November 1998). \"Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/11/03/rosco-mcqueen-firefighter-extreme","url_text":"\"Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Boba Fatt (October 1998). \"Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme\". GamePro. No. 121. IDG Entertainment. p. 176. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/GamePro_Issue_111_October_1998/page/n175/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG Entertainment"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKND
HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment
["1 Nicaragua Canal","2 Chief officers","3 Partners","4 References"]
Private infrastructure development firm HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co., Ltd. also known as HKND was a private infrastructure development firm that is registered in Hong Kong. HKND was founded in 2012 with the purpose to develop the Nicaragua Canal as a wider and deeper alternative to the Panama Canal. HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment is owned or controlled by the Chinese businessman Wang Jing. In 2014 it was announced that an IPO is being prepared to provide financing for the project but following financial difficulties, HKND finally closed its offices in April 2018. Nicaragua Canal The development of the Nicaragua Canal was the first project for HKND. The cost of the project is estimated to be US$40bn. or US$50bn. The Nicaraguan government approved the Master Concession Agreement with HKND on June 13, 2013, thereby granting the company "the sole rights to the HKND Group to plan, design, construct and thereafter to operate and manage the Nicaragua Grand Canal and other related projects, including ports, a free trade zone, an international airport and other infrastructure development projects." The agreement lasts for 50 years and is renewable for another 50 years. HKND would have paid the Government of Nicaragua US$10m annually. After ten years, Nicaragua would have received shares of HKND at intervals. The Master Concession Agreement has been criticized by some who argue that Nicaragua sold its sovereignty to a foreign-owned private company for a century. Further, the agreement was negotiated without transparency and national consensus. "All judicial, labour, fiscal and financial rights and sovereignty of the country (have been conceded) to Wang". While the reserves of the Nicaraguan National Bank serve as collateral on part of Nicaragua, HKND has no such potential liability. Further, there are concerns about environmental impact, and that legal rights of indigenous populations are being violated. Work was to start officially on December 22, 2014, and was scheduled to be completed by 2020, though construction never began. Following financial difficulties, HKND finally closed its offices in April 2018, leaving no forwarding address or telephone numbers to be reached. Chief officers Wang Jing is the chairman and chief executive officer of HKND. He managed and invested in various businesses, including infrastructure, mining, aviation and telecommunication. Other chief officers include Bill Wild as the chief project advisor, KK Lee as the deputy general manager, and Ronald MacLean-Abaroa, the former mayor of La Paz, as spokesperson. Partners HKND teamed with other companies for the canal project. A major partner was the state-owned China Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC), whose 4th Institute was in charge of designing the canal while the 11th Institute was to build it. State-owned Xugong Group Construction Machinery Co, one of China's biggest construction equipment manufacturers, would take a 1.5 to 3 percent stake in HKND and become the sole supplier of construction machinery. As of 2014 other partners include McKinsey & Co to conduct an economic feasibility study, Environmental Resources Management Ltd. to study environmental and social impact of the project, Studiebureau voor Bouwkunde en Expertises (SBE), a Belgium-based civil engineering firm for canal hydraulics, and MEC Mining, an Australia-based engineering consultant company. Also involved are McLarty Associates and the law firm Kirkland & Ellis. References ^ a b Ex-Billionaire Abandons Office in Prime Hong Kong Tower. Blake Schmidt, Bloomberg. 26 April 2018 ^ "Nicaragua Congress approves ocean-to-ocean canal plan". BBC News. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2018. ^ Data in Hong Kong Companies Registry ^ a b c Matthew Miller (May 4, 2014). "China's 'ordinary' billionaire behind grand Nicaragua canal plan". Reuters. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ "HKND". BN Americas. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ "Nicaragua canal developer HKND plans IPO –CEO". Reuters. December 23, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2015. ^ Baraniuk, Chris. "The rival to the Panama Canal that was never built". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2023-09-26. ^ a b "Project Background". HKND. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ a b "Nicaragua launches construction of inter-oceanic canal". BBC. December 23, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ "HKND: The man behind the Nicaragua Canal". Maritime-CEO. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ a b c Claudia Leon York (July 11, 2013). "Canal deal cripples Nicaraguan sovereignty, again: activist". South China Morning Post. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ Adriana Peralta (May 8, 2017). "Four Years Later, China-Backed Nicaragua Canal Struggles to Take Off the Ground". PanAm Post. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ "Team Members". HKND. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ Paul Boehler (December 23, 2014). "High-powered Nicaraguan canal delegation quietly visits mainland China". South China Morning Post. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closing-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-4"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Wang Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jing_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bna-5"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters14-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co., Ltd.[1][2][3] also known as HKND was a private infrastructure development firm that is registered in Hong Kong. HKND was founded in 2012[4] with the purpose to develop the Nicaragua Canal as a wider and deeper alternative to the Panama Canal. HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment is owned or controlled by the Chinese businessman Wang Jing.[5] In 2014 it was announced that an IPO is being prepared to provide financing for the project[6] but following financial difficulties, HKND finally closed its offices in April 2018.[7]","title":"HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicaragua Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hknd-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hknd-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maritime-10"},{"link_name":"Government of Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-york-11"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-york-11"},{"link_name":"Nicaraguan National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-york-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peralta-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closing-1"}],"text":"The development of the Nicaragua Canal was the first project for HKND. The cost of the project is estimated to be US$40bn.[8] or US$50bn.[9] The Nicaraguan government approved the Master Concession Agreement with HKND on June 13, 2013, thereby granting the company \"the sole rights to the HKND Group to plan, design, construct and thereafter to operate and manage the Nicaragua Grand Canal and other related projects, including ports, a free trade zone, an international airport and other infrastructure development projects.\"[8] The agreement lasts for 50 years and is renewable for another 50 years.[10] HKND would have paid the Government of Nicaragua US$10m annually.[11] After ten years, Nicaragua would have received shares of HKND at intervals.The Master Concession Agreement has been criticized by some[who?] who argue that Nicaragua sold its sovereignty to a foreign-owned private company for a century. Further, the agreement was negotiated without transparency and national consensus.[citation needed] \"All judicial, labour, fiscal and financial rights and sovereignty of the country (have been conceded) to Wang\".[11] While the reserves of the Nicaraguan National Bank serve as collateral on part of Nicaragua, HKND has no such potential liability.[citation needed] Further, there are concerns about environmental impact, and that legal rights of indigenous populations are being violated.[11]Work was to start officially on December 22, 2014, and was scheduled to be completed by 2020,[9] though construction never began.[12] Following financial difficulties, HKND finally closed its offices in April 2018, leaving no forwarding address or telephone numbers to be reached.[1]","title":"Nicaragua Canal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Wang Jing is the chairman and chief executive officer of HKND. He managed and invested in various businesses, including infrastructure, mining, aviation and telecommunication. Other chief officers include Bill Wild as the chief project advisor, KK Lee as the deputy general manager, and Ronald MacLean-Abaroa, the former mayor of La Paz, as spokesperson.[13]","title":"Chief officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Railway Construction Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway_Construction_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scmp-14"},{"link_name":"Xugong Group Construction Machinery Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCMG"},{"link_name":"construction machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_machinery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-4"},{"link_name":"McKinsey & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"SBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sbe.be/"},{"link_name":"Kirkland & Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland_%26_Ellis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-4"}],"text":"HKND teamed with other companies for the canal project. A major partner was the state-owned China Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC),[14] whose 4th Institute was in charge of designing the canal while the 11th Institute was to build it.State-owned Xugong Group Construction Machinery Co, one of China's biggest construction equipment manufacturers, would take a 1.5 to 3 percent stake in HKND and become the sole supplier of construction machinery.[4]As of 2014 other partners include McKinsey & Co to conduct an economic feasibility study, Environmental Resources Management Ltd. to study environmental and social impact of the project, Studiebureau voor Bouwkunde en Expertises (SBE), a Belgium-based civil engineering firm for canal hydraulics, and MEC Mining, an Australia-based engineering consultant company. Also involved are McLarty Associates and the law firm Kirkland & Ellis.[4]","title":"Partners"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Nicaragua Congress approves ocean-to-ocean canal plan\". BBC News. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-22899744","url_text":"\"Nicaragua Congress approves ocean-to-ocean canal plan\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew Miller (May 4, 2014). \"China's 'ordinary' billionaire behind grand Nicaragua canal plan\". Reuters. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-canal-insight-idUSBREA4309E20140504","url_text":"\"China's 'ordinary' billionaire behind grand Nicaragua canal plan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"HKND\". BN Americas. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bnamericas.com/company-profile/en/hknd-group-hknd","url_text":"\"HKND\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicaragua canal developer HKND plans IPO –CEO\". Reuters. December 23, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/nicaragua-canal-idUSL1N0U719820141223","url_text":"\"Nicaragua canal developer HKND plans IPO –CEO\""}]},{"reference":"Baraniuk, Chris. \"The rival to the Panama Canal that was never built\". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2023-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230825-the-rival-to-the-panama-canal-that-was-never-built","url_text":"\"The rival to the Panama Canal that was never built\""}]},{"reference":"\"Project Background\". HKND. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hknd-group.com/portal.php?mod=list&catid=42","url_text":"\"Project Background\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicaragua launches construction of inter-oceanic canal\". BBC. December 23, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-30584559","url_text":"\"Nicaragua launches construction of inter-oceanic canal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"HKND: The man behind the Nicaragua Canal\". Maritime-CEO. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150110183211/http://www.maritime-ceo.com/News/HKND:-The-man-behind-the-Nicaragua-Canal-/3w3c173.html","url_text":"\"HKND: The man behind the Nicaragua Canal\""},{"url":"http://www.maritime-ceo.com/News/HKND:-The-man-behind-the-Nicaragua-Canal-/3w3c173.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Claudia Leon York (July 11, 2013). \"Canal deal cripples Nicaraguan sovereignty, again: activist\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1280186/canal-deal-cripples-nicaraguan-sovereignty-again-activist","url_text":"\"Canal deal cripples Nicaraguan sovereignty, again: activist\""}]},{"reference":"Adriana Peralta (May 8, 2017). \"Four Years Later, China-Backed Nicaragua Canal Struggles to Take Off the Ground\". PanAm Post. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170823160624/https://panampost.com/adriana-peralta/2017/05/08/four-years-later-china-backed-nicaragua-canal-struggles-to-take-off-the-ground/","url_text":"\"Four Years Later, China-Backed Nicaragua Canal Struggles to Take Off the Ground\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PanAm_Post","url_text":"PanAm Post"},{"url":"https://panampost.com/adriana-peralta/2017/05/08/four-years-later-china-backed-nicaragua-canal-struggles-to-take-off-the-ground/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Team Members\". HKND. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hknd-group.com/portal.php?mod=list&catid=32","url_text":"\"Team Members\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Boehler (December 23, 2014). \"High-powered Nicaraguan canal delegation quietly visits mainland China\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1342513/high-powered-nicaraguan-canal-delegation-quietly-visits-mainland","url_text":"\"High-powered Nicaraguan canal delegation quietly visits mainland China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post","url_text":"South China Morning Post"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.sbe.be/","external_links_name":"SBE"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-26/nicaragua-canal-builder-abandons-office-in-prime-hong-kong-tower","external_links_name":"Ex-Billionaire Abandons Office in Prime Hong Kong Tower"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-22899744","external_links_name":"\"Nicaragua Congress approves ocean-to-ocean canal plan\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-canal-insight-idUSBREA4309E20140504","external_links_name":"\"China's 'ordinary' billionaire behind grand Nicaragua canal plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.bnamericas.com/company-profile/en/hknd-group-hknd","external_links_name":"\"HKND\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/nicaragua-canal-idUSL1N0U719820141223","external_links_name":"\"Nicaragua canal developer HKND plans IPO –CEO\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230825-the-rival-to-the-panama-canal-that-was-never-built","external_links_name":"\"The rival to the Panama Canal that was never built\""},{"Link":"http://hknd-group.com/portal.php?mod=list&catid=42","external_links_name":"\"Project Background\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-30584559","external_links_name":"\"Nicaragua launches construction of inter-oceanic canal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150110183211/http://www.maritime-ceo.com/News/HKND:-The-man-behind-the-Nicaragua-Canal-/3w3c173.html","external_links_name":"\"HKND: The man behind the Nicaragua Canal\""},{"Link":"http://www.maritime-ceo.com/News/HKND:-The-man-behind-the-Nicaragua-Canal-/3w3c173.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1280186/canal-deal-cripples-nicaraguan-sovereignty-again-activist","external_links_name":"\"Canal deal cripples Nicaraguan sovereignty, again: activist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170823160624/https://panampost.com/adriana-peralta/2017/05/08/four-years-later-china-backed-nicaragua-canal-struggles-to-take-off-the-ground/","external_links_name":"\"Four Years Later, China-Backed Nicaragua Canal Struggles to Take Off the Ground\""},{"Link":"https://panampost.com/adriana-peralta/2017/05/08/four-years-later-china-backed-nicaragua-canal-struggles-to-take-off-the-ground/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hknd-group.com/portal.php?mod=list&catid=32","external_links_name":"\"Team Members\""},{"Link":"http://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1342513/high-powered-nicaraguan-canal-delegation-quietly-visits-mainland","external_links_name":"\"High-powered Nicaraguan canal delegation quietly visits mainland China\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-breasted_parrotbill
Black-breasted parrotbill
["1 Gallery","2 References"]
Species of bird Black-breasted parrotbill Manas National Park, Assam, India Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Paradoxornithidae Genus: Paradoxornis Species: P. flavirostris Binomial name Paradoxornis flavirostrisGould, 1836 The black-breasted parrotbill (Paradoxornis flavirostris) is a 19 cm long, large, thick-billed parrotbill with black patches on the head-sides and throat. Formerly placed with the typical warblers in the Sylviidae (Jønsson & Fjeldså 2006), the parrotbills are now considered a distinct family, the Paradoxornithidae. The bird is more or less brown all over, with an extensive black area on upper breast and uniform rufous-buff remainder of underparts. The similar spot-breasted parrotbill, a close relative, has arrow-shaped spotting on breast and pale buff underparts. The voice is a gruff howh, jeehw or jahw, the song a rhythmic series, aw jahw jahw jahw and uhwi uhwi uhwi uhwi. Alternatively, a higher-pitched wi chi'chi'chi'chi'chi, wi yi'yi'yi'yi'yi; wi'uwi-uwi-uwi wi chu-chu-chu is given.(BLI 2006) Paradoxornis flavirostris is endemic to the Indian subcontinent and in modern times possibly the country of India, where it is known from the plains and foothills of the Brahmaputra valley in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. Historically, it was also recorded in Bangladesh and possibly eastern Nepal. It used to be a fairly widespread and locally common species. There are, however, recent records from only three disjunct locations, one in Arunachal Pradesh and two in Assam (one in Manas National Park and another in Dibru-Saikhowa National Park) (BLI 2006). Gallery Black-breasted parrotbill at Manas National Park, Assam, India Black-breasted parrotbill at Manas National Park, Assam, India References ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Paradoxornis flavirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22716795A94511015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22716795A94511015.en. BirdLife International (BLI) (2006): Species factsheet: Paradoxornis flavirostris. Retrieved 2007-APR-07. Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006): A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). Zool. Scripta 35(2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x (HTML abstract) Robson, C. (2007). Family Paradoxornithidae (Parrotbills) pp. 292–321 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 12. Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Taxon identifiersParadoxornis flavirostris Wikidata: Q3726378 Wikispecies: Paradoxornis flavirostris ARKive: paradoxornis-flavirostris Avibase: 664698E54E8A598A BirdLife: 22716795 BOW: blbpar2 CoL: 75N8T eBird: blbpar2 EoL: 920720 EURING: 13680 GBIF: 2493520 iNaturalist: 15361 IRMNG: 11059858 ITIS: 561819 IUCN: 22716795 Open Tree of Life: 3598200 Xeno-canto: Paradoxornis-flavirostris This Sylvioidea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parrotbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrotbill"},{"link_name":"typical warblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_warbler"},{"link_name":"Sylviidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylviidae"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Paradoxornithidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrotbill"},{"link_name":"spot-breasted parrotbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot-breasted_parrotbill"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra"},{"link_name":"Arunachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"}],"text":"The black-breasted parrotbill (Paradoxornis flavirostris) is a 19 cm long, large, thick-billed parrotbill with black patches on the head-sides and throat. Formerly placed with the typical warblers in the Sylviidae (Jønsson & Fjeldså 2006), the parrotbills are now considered a distinct family, the Paradoxornithidae.The bird is more or less brown all over, with an extensive black area on upper breast and uniform rufous-buff remainder of underparts. The similar spot-breasted parrotbill, a close relative, has arrow-shaped spotting on breast and pale buff underparts. The voice is a gruff howh, jeehw or jahw, the song a rhythmic series, aw jahw jahw jahw and uhwi uhwi uhwi uhwi. Alternatively, a higher-pitched wi chi'chi'chi'chi'chi, wi yi'yi'yi'yi'yi; wi'uwi-uwi-uwi wi chu-chu-chu is given.(BLI 2006)Paradoxornis flavirostris is endemic to the Indian subcontinent and in modern times possibly the country of India, where it is known from the plains and foothills of the Brahmaputra valley in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. Historically, it was also recorded in Bangladesh and possibly eastern Nepal. It used to be a fairly widespread and locally common species. There are, however, recent records from only three disjunct locations, one in Arunachal Pradesh and two in Assam (one in Manas National Park and another in Dibru-Saikhowa National Park) (BLI 2006).","title":"Black-breasted parrotbill"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-breasted_Parrotbill_AMSM1523.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manas National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-breasted_Parrotbill_AMSM1556.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manas National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"text":"Black-breasted parrotbill at Manas National Park, Assam, India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlack-breasted parrotbill at Manas National Park, Assam, India","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Paradoxornis flavirostris\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22716795A94511015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22716795A94511015.en.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22716795/94511015","url_text":"\"Paradoxornis flavirostris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22716795A94511015.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22716795A94511015.en"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Castillo
Emilio Castillo
["1 Background","2 Work with other artists","3 References","4 External links"]
American saxophone player and composer Emilio CastilloCastillo in 2010Background informationBorn (1950-09-24) September 24, 1950 (age 73)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.GenresSoul, funkOccupation(s)MusicianInstrumentsSaxophone, vocals, organ, guitarYears active1965 to presentMusical artist Emilio Castillo (born September 24, 1950) is an American saxophone player and composer, best known as the founder of the band Tower of Power. Background In 1965, Emilio Castillo took to music after he and his brother Jack were caught stealing by his father who told him he could stay in his room until he thought of something to 'Keep him off the street'. Castillo and his brother chose music. Emilio chose saxophone and Jack chose drums. He took lessons in saxophone, piano, and guitar, and also took lessons in music theory from one-time Dave Brubeck bass player Norman Bates. His first musical endeavor was in Extension Five which later became The Gotham City Crime Fighters due to the Batman craze at the time. He played both organ and sax. The group also consisted of his brother Jack on drums, Jody Lopez on guitar Frank “Rocco’ Houghton on bass (later going by the name of Francis Rocco Prestia), and Dave Genthner on vocals. In March, 1966 they released the song "Who Stole The Batmobile" After seeing Bay Area soul band The Spyders, Castillo switched to saxophone and formed 'The Motowns' playing soul music covers. After meeting baritone sax player Stephen "Doc" Kupka Castillo switched, on Kupka's suggestion, to performing original material and the band changed its name to 'Tower of Power'. The band recorded their first album, East Bay Grease, in 1970. Castillo has been with the band ever since, as leader and 2nd tenor saxophonist. He and Kupka are also responsible for writing many of the band's best-known songs. Work with other artists He contributed to the track "Shoo-Fly" which was on José Feliciano's For My Love...Mother Music, released in 1974. Castillo and Stephen Kupka worked with Frankie B., producing both sides of the 1982 single "I'm A Midnight Mover" which was written by Bobby Womack and Wilson Pickett". He provided background vocals on "Who Do You Love" which was on Carlos Santana's 1983 album Havana Moon. Along with Stephen Kupka, Castillo co-composed the music for the song "Que Nivel De Mujer" which appears on the Aries album by Luis Miguel, released in 1993. He also played tenor saxophone on the track. References ^ The Mercury News, July 31, 2011 - News, Profile: Tower of Power leader Emilio Castillo keeps Oakland soul band grooving By Jim Harrington ^ Michigan Association for Jazz Education - A Passion for Learning - Emilio Castillo's Music Craft Archived 2018-03-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ Horn Driven Radio, August 12, 2008 - Gotham City Crime Fighters ^ East Bay Times, January 20, 2006 - Did you know that Tower of Power was By Les Mahler ^ Discogs - José Feliciano – For My Love...Mother Music ^ Discogs - Frankie B. – I'm A Midnight Mover / I Got To Be Frank ^ Discogs - Carlos Santana – Havana Moon ^ Discogs - Luis Miguel – Aries External links Emilio Castillo info on the Tower of Power website Emilio Castillo NAMM Oral History Program Interview (2005) AllMusic: Emilio Castillo Discogs: Emilio Castillo vteTower of Power Emilio Castillo Stephen 'Doc' Kupka Roger Smith Adolfo Acosta Tom E. Politzer Jerry Cortez Marc van Wageningen Dave Richards Pete Antunes Jordan John Studio albums East Bay Grease (1970) Bump City (1972) Tower of Power (1973) Back to Oakland (1974) Urban Renewal (1975) In the Slot (1975) Ain't Nothin' Stoppin' Us Now (1977) We Came to Play! (1978) Back on the Streets (1979) Power (1987) Monster on a Leash (1991) T.O.P. (1993) Souled Out (1995) Rhythm & Business (1997) Step Up (2020) Notable singles "So Very Hard to Go" Live albums Live and in Living Color (1976) Direct (1981) Soul Vaccination: Live (1999) Former members Greg Adams Rocco Prestia David Garibaldi Lenny Williams Herman Matthews Lenny Pickett Mic Gillette Bruce Conte Michael Jeffries Victor Conte Richard Elliot Hubert Tubbs Euge Groove Brandon Fields Harry Kim Related articles Members Authority control databases International VIAF Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Tower of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Power"}],"text":"Musical artistEmilio Castillo (born September 24, 1950) is an American saxophone player and composer, best known as the founder of the band Tower of Power.","title":"Emilio Castillo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Dave Brubeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Brubeck"},{"link_name":"Norman Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Bates_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Francis Rocco Prestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Prestia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"soul music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"Stephen \"Doc\" Kupka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kupka"}],"text":"In 1965, Emilio Castillo took to music after he and his brother Jack were caught stealing by his father who told him he could stay in his room until he thought of something to 'Keep him off the street'. Castillo and his brother chose music. Emilio chose saxophone and Jack chose drums.[1]He took lessons in saxophone, piano, and guitar, and also took lessons in music theory from one-time Dave Brubeck bass player Norman Bates.[2] His first musical endeavor was in Extension Five which later became The Gotham City Crime Fighters due to the Batman craze at the time. He played both organ and sax. The group also consisted of his brother Jack on drums, Jody Lopez on guitar Frank “Rocco’ Houghton on bass (later going by the name of Francis Rocco Prestia), and Dave Genthner on vocals. In March, 1966 they released the song \"Who Stole The Batmobile\"[3][4]After seeing Bay Area soul band The Spyders, Castillo switched to saxophone and formed 'The Motowns' playing soul music covers.After meeting baritone sax player Stephen \"Doc\" Kupka Castillo switched, on Kupka's suggestion, to performing original material and the band changed its name to 'Tower of Power'. The band recorded their first album, East Bay Grease, in 1970. Castillo has been with the band ever since, as leader and 2nd tenor saxophonist. He and Kupka are also responsible for writing many of the band's best-known songs.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Feliciano's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bobby Womack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Womack"},{"link_name":"Wilson Pickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Pickett"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Carlos Santana's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Santana"},{"link_name":"Havana Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_Moon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aries_(album)"},{"link_name":"Luis Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Miguel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"He contributed to the track \"Shoo-Fly\" which was on José Feliciano's For My Love...Mother Music, released in 1974.[5]\nCastillo and Stephen Kupka worked with Frankie B., producing both sides of the 1982 single \"I'm A Midnight Mover\" which was written by Bobby Womack and Wilson Pickett\".[6] He provided background vocals on \"Who Do You Love\" which was on Carlos Santana's 1983 album Havana Moon.[7]\nAlong with Stephen Kupka, Castillo co-composed the music for the song \"Que Nivel De Mujer\" which appears on the Aries album by Luis Miguel, released in 1993. He also played tenor saxophone on the track.[8]","title":"Work with other artists"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2011/07/31/profile-tower-of-power-leader-emilio-castillo-keeps-oakland-soul-band-grooving/","external_links_name":"News, Profile: Tower of Power leader Emilio Castillo keeps Oakland soul band grooving By Jim Harrington"},{"Link":"http://miaje.org/ecastillo_top3.html","external_links_name":"A Passion for Learning - Emilio Castillo's Music Craft"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180329184538/http://miaje.org/ecastillo_top3.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hdrbanddirectory.com/2008/08/gotham-city-crime-fighters/","external_links_name":"Gotham City Crime Fighters"},{"Link":"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/01/20/did-you-know-that-tower-of-power-was-really-born-in-fremont/","external_links_name":"Did you know that Tower of Power was By Les Mahler"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Jos%C3%A9-Feliciano-For-My-LoveMother-Music/release/10157045","external_links_name":"José Feliciano – For My Love...Mother Music"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Frankie-B-Im-A-Midnight-Mover-I-Got-To-Be-Frank/release/941775","external_links_name":"Frankie B. – I'm A Midnight Mover / I Got To Be Frank"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Carlos-Santana-Havana-Moon/release/1332390","external_links_name":"Carlos Santana – Havana Moon"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Luis-Miguel-Aries/release/8631029","external_links_name":"Luis Miguel – Aries"},{"Link":"https://towerofpower.com/emilio-castillo","external_links_name":"Emilio Castillo info on the Tower of Power website"},{"Link":"https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/emilio-castillo","external_links_name":"Emilio Castillo"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/emilio-castillo-mn0000186500/credits","external_links_name":"AllMusic: Emilio Castillo"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/263002-Emilio-Castillo","external_links_name":"Discogs: Emilio Castillo"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/277079993","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5a1429ba-0b73-4e22-bb80-66aa27eae000","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko_Boman
Mirko Boman
["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
Croatian actor Mirko BomanBorn(1926-12-11)11 December 1926Zagreb, YugoslaviaDied30 August 2013(2013-08-30) (aged 86)Zagreb, CroatiaOccupationActorYears active1959-2002 Mirko Boman (11 December 1926 – 30 August 2013) was a Croatian actor. He appeared in more than fifty films from 1959 to 2002. Selected filmography Year Title Role Notes 1960 Slave of Rome Theod 1962 Treasure of the Silver Lake Gunstick Uncle 1964 Last of the Renegades Gunstick Uncle 1966 The One Eyed Soldiers The Mute 1969 When You Hear the Bells Partizan 1969 The Ravine The Tall Soldier 1976 The Rat Savior Employee References ^ "Mirko Boman - Osmrtnice.hr". External links Mirko Boman at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie This article about a Croatian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blakeway
Charles Blakeway
["1 Notes"]
Christianity portal The Ven. Charles Edward Blakeway (1868-1922) was Archdeacon of Stafford from 1911 until his death. Blakeway was educated at Shrewsbury School and Christ Church, Oxford; and ordained in 1897. He was an Assistant Master at Malvern College from 1898 until 1900; and Curate of Great Malvern from 1900 until 1902. After this, he held the living at Dunston from 1902 until 1914; and was Chaplain to the Bishop of Lichfield from 1913 until his death. Notes ^ The Archdeaconry Of Stafford. The Times (London, England), Wednesday, Aug 02, 1911; pg. 13; Issue 39653 ^ Archdeacon Blakeway. The Times (London, England), Friday, Jun 09, 1922; pg. 16; Issue 43053 ^ ‘BLAKEWAY, Ven. Charles Edward’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2015; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014 ; online edn, April 2014 accessed 22 Feb 2015 ^ Crockford's Clerical Directory p 138: London, H0race Cox, 1908 vteArchdeacons of Stafford and of LichfieldHigh Medieval(Stafford) Robert William Helias Ralph de Thamewood Alan Henry Marshal Alexander Henry de Loundres Helyas Robert of Gloucester William of York R. de Langdon Robert of Stafford Richard de Mepham Thomas de Cantilupe Adam Paine Rayner de Vichio/Florence Late Medieval(Stafford) John de Brunforte Robert de Patrika John Clarel William de Apeltre Roger de Depyng Richard de Birmingham Roger de Dorkyng John de Marisco William de Grenburgh John de Sulgrave John de Outheby Richard de Toppeclyve Henry Davyd John Fyton Thomas Barton John Fyton (again) William de Admondeston Ralph Prestbury Roger Wall John Wendesley Thomas Hawkins William Moggys William Duffield Edward Willughby John Wardroper Adam Grafton Geoffrey Blythe John Blythe Nicholas Heath John Redman Early modern(Stafford) John Dakyn Richard Walker Thomas Bickley Humphrey Tyndall John Fulnetby Martin Tinley Francis Coke Nathaniel Ellison Thomas Allen James Brooks Edmund Law John Carver William Brereton Robert Nares George Hodson Henry Moore Late modern(Stafford) John Iles Melville Scott Robert Hodgson Charles Blakeway Hugh Bright Robert Hodson William Parker Basil Stratton Richard Ninis (became Archdeacon of Lichfield) Lichfield Richard Ninis (previously Archdeacon of Stafford) George Frost Chris Liley Simon Baker Sue Weller (designate) vteDiocese of Lichfield Lichfield Cathedral Bishop's House, Lichfield St Mary's House, Lichfield Area scheme (1992–present) Office holders Michael Ipgrave, Bishop of Lichfield Sarah Bullock, area Bishop of Shrewsbury Matthew Parker, area Bishop of Stafford area Bishop of Wolverhampton (vacant) Jan McFarlane, Canon and honorary assistant bishop AEO: the Bishop suffragan of Oswestry & Rob Munro, Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet Dean of Lichfield (vacant) Sue Weller, Archdeacon of Lichfield Julian Francis, Archdeacon of Walsall Megan Smith, Archdeacon of Stoke Archdeacon of Salop (vacant) Provincial episcopal visitors Paul Thomas, Bishop suffragan of Oswestry Historic offices Archdeacon of Chester (12th century – 1541; erected into Chester diocese) Archdeacon of Stafford (12 C. – 1980; renamed to Lichfield archdeaconry) Archdeacon of Coventry (12 C. – 1837; moved to Worcester then erected into Coventry diocese) Archdeacon of Derby (12th C. – 1884; moved to Southwell then erected into Derby diocese) This biography of a United Kingdom religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article about person in connection with Christianity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Charles Edward Blakeway (1868-1922) was Archdeacon of Stafford from 1911[1] until his death.[2]Blakeway was educated at Shrewsbury School and Christ Church, Oxford;[3] and ordained in 1897.[4]He was an Assistant Master at Malvern College from 1898 until 1900; and Curate of Great Malvern from 1900 until 1902. 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it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Blakeway&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Christianity-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity-bio-stub"}],"text":"^ The Archdeaconry Of Stafford. The Times (London, England), Wednesday, Aug 02, 1911; pg. 13; Issue 39653\n\n^ Archdeacon Blakeway. The Times (London, England), Friday, Jun 09, 1922; pg. 16; Issue 43053\n\n^ ‘BLAKEWAY, Ven. Charles Edward’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2015; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014 ; online edn, April 2014 accessed 22 Feb 2015\n\n^ Crockford's Clerical Directory p 138: London, H0race Cox, 1908vteArchdeacons of Stafford and of LichfieldHigh Medieval(Stafford)\nRobert\nWilliam\nHelias\nRalph de Thamewood\nAlan\nHenry Marshal\nAlexander\nHenry de Loundres\nHelyas\nRobert of Gloucester\nWilliam of York\nR. de Langdon\nRobert of Stafford\nRichard de Mepham\nThomas de Cantilupe\nAdam Paine\nRayner de Vichio/Florence\nLate Medieval(Stafford)\nJohn de Brunforte\nRobert de Patrika\nJohn Clarel\nWilliam de Apeltre\nRoger de Depyng\nRichard de Birmingham\nRoger de Dorkyng\nJohn de Marisco\nWilliam de Grenburgh\nJohn de Sulgrave\nJohn de Outheby\nRichard de Toppeclyve\nHenry Davyd\nJohn Fyton\nThomas Barton\nJohn Fyton (again)\nWilliam de Admondeston\nRalph Prestbury\nRoger Wall\nJohn Wendesley\nThomas Hawkins\nWilliam Moggys\nWilliam Duffield\nEdward Willughby\nJohn Wardroper\nAdam Grafton\nGeoffrey Blythe\nJohn Blythe\nNicholas Heath\nJohn Redman\nEarly modern(Stafford)\nJohn Dakyn\nRichard Walker\nThomas Bickley\nHumphrey Tyndall\nJohn Fulnetby\nMartin Tinley\nFrancis Coke\nNathaniel Ellison\nThomas Allen\nJames Brooks\nEdmund Law\nJohn Carver\nWilliam Brereton\nRobert Nares\nGeorge Hodson\nHenry Moore\nLate modern(Stafford)\nJohn Iles\nMelville Scott\nRobert Hodgson\nCharles Blakeway\nHugh Bright\nRobert Hodson\nWilliam Parker\nBasil Stratton\nRichard Ninis (became Archdeacon of Lichfield)\nLichfield\nRichard Ninis (previously Archdeacon of Stafford)\nGeorge Frost\nChris Liley\nSimon Baker\nSue Weller (designate)vteDiocese of Lichfield\nLichfield Cathedral\nBishop's House, Lichfield\nSt Mary's House, Lichfield\nArea scheme (1992–present)\nOffice holders\nMichael Ipgrave, Bishop of Lichfield\nSarah Bullock, area Bishop of Shrewsbury\nMatthew Parker, area Bishop of Stafford\narea Bishop of Wolverhampton (vacant)\nJan McFarlane, Canon and honorary assistant bishop\nAEO: the Bishop suffragan of Oswestry & Rob Munro, Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet\nDean of Lichfield (vacant)\nSue Weller, Archdeacon of Lichfield\nJulian Francis, Archdeacon of Walsall\nMegan Smith, Archdeacon of Stoke\nArchdeacon of Salop (vacant)\nProvincial episcopal visitors\nPaul Thomas, Bishop suffragan of Oswestry\nHistoric offices\nArchdeacon of Chester (12th century – 1541; erected into Chester diocese)\nArchdeacon of Stafford (12 C. – 1980; renamed to Lichfield archdeaconry)\nArchdeacon of Coventry (12 C. – 1837; moved to Worcester then erected into Coventry diocese)\nArchdeacon of Derby (12th C. – 1884; moved to Southwell then erected into Derby diocese)This biography of a United Kingdom religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis biographical article about person in connection with Christianity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U193602,","external_links_name":"accessed 22 Feb 2015"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Blakeway&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Blakeway&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Sung-eun
U Sung-eun
["1 Personal life","2 Discography","2.1 Extended plays","2.2 Singles","2.3 Collaborations","2.4 Soundtrack appearances","3 References","4 External links"]
South Korean singer In this Korean name, the family name is Yoo. U Sung-eun유성은U Sung-eun in April 2012BornYoo Sung-eun (1989-04-26) April 26, 1989 (age 35)South KoreaOccupationSingerSpouse Louie ​(m. 2021)​Musical careerGenresK-popR&BballadInstrument(s)VocalsYears active2012–presentLabelsMusic WorksWebsitethemusicworks.co.kr/usungeun/introduce/ U Sung-eunHangul유성은Revised RomanizationYu Seong-eunMcCune–ReischauerYu Sŏngŭn Yoo Sung-eun (Hangul: 유성은, born April 26, 1989), stylized as U Sung-eun, is a South Korean singer. She was the runner-up on The Voice of Korea. She released her debut album, Be OK, on July 15, 2013. Personal life Yoo married rapper Louie of Geeks on July 11, 2021. Discography Extended plays Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales KOR Be OK Released: July 15, 2013 Label: The Music Works, CJ E&M Formats: CD, digital download 55 — 2nd Mini Album Released: October 12, 2015 Label: The Music Works, CJ E&M Formats: CD, digital download 54 Singles Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Album KOR "Be OK"(feat. Baechigi) 2013 4 KOR: 803,950 Be OK "Healing" 19 KOR: 189,627 Non-album singles "Have To Hurt Once Anyway" (어차피 한번은 아파야 해) 2015 22 KOR: 78,201 "Marihuana" (마리화나) 73 KOR: 31,066 "Nothing"(feat. Mamamoo's Moonbyul) 16 KOR: 128,199 2nd Mini Album "Jealousy" (질투)(feat. Kisum) 2016 34 KOR: 99,695 Non-album singles "Hug Me"(끌어안아줘)(feat. BTOB's Ilhoon) 2018 — — "Deep" 2019 — Departure "Runaway" (도망가요) 2020 — Non-album singles "Right On Time" (야 놀자) — "I’ll Listen" (들어줄게요) 2021 — Collaborations Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Album KOR "Love Virus" (사랑병)with BtoB 2012 74 KOR: 87,146 Non-album singles "Don't Hurt" (아프지마)with Yongjin 2013 — KOR: 30,014 "500 Days Of Summer" (500일의 Summer)with Rooftop House Studio 2016 — — "Winter of Dreams" (한 겨울날의 꿈)with Chonamzone 2021 — "We Between Spring" (봄 사이, 우리)with Lee seung woo, Prod. by Park Keun-tae — Soundtrack appearances Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Album KOR "Lose One's Way" (잠시 길을 잃다) 2012 69 KOR: 48,274 The Voice of Korea "Binari" (비나리) 53 KOR: 57,839 "Just A Feeling" — KOR: 32,217 "Game Over" — — "Woman Outside The Window" (창밖의 여자) — "Stand Up For You"with Son Seung-yeon, Woo Hye-mi, Ji Se-hee 94 KOR: 35,209 "Candy Kiss" (사탕키스) — — Childless Comfort OST "Because Love Grows" (사랑이 자라서) 2013 20 KOR: 119,455 Who Are You? OST "Twilight" 75 KOR: 30,458 The Suspicious Housekeeper OST "Soup" (사모곡) — — Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend "Beautiful Days" (아름다운 시절) 2014 — KOR: 17,208 Wonderful Days OST "I Really Love You" (정말 사랑합니다)with GB9 — KOR: 19,168 Cunning Single Lady OST "Trap"with Swings 27 KOR: 91,161 My Secret Hotel OST "Jasmine Flower" (말리꽃) 2015 19 KOR: 112,888 Persevere, Goo Hae-ra OST "I Love You" (널 사랑해) 63 KOR: 19,759 "A Short Wait" (작은 기다림)with Jung Jin-young — — "I'm in Love"with Jung Jin-young 71 KOR: 18,867 "Do You Know" (아시나요)with Kwak Si-yang — — "Maybe" (그랬나봐)with Ulala Session 63 KOR:22,883 "She is Smiling" (그녀가 웃잖아)with Jung Jin-young, Min Hyo-rin, Ulala Session — — "Love+" (사랑+)with Henry — "Oh You Yeah You" (오유야유) — KOR: 15,667 Second 20s OST "Beautiful Truth" (아름다운 사실) — — Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend "Many Many" (많이많이)with Truedy 2016 — Two Yoo Project Sugar Man OST "Four Beats" (네 박자) — Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend "Look at Me" (바라봐)with Na Yoon-kwon, Nine9, Linus's Blanket, Son Seung-yeon — Melody To Masterpiece OST "High School Reunion" (고등학교 동창회)with Hong Dae-kwang — "Congratulations" (축하해요)with Jhameel, Hong Dae-kwang — "By My Side" (내 곁에) — "Sometimes" (아주 가끔) 88 KOR: 19,600 The K2 OST "Home" (집으로)with Im Se-jun, Park Bo-ram, Suran — — Melody To Masterpiece OST "Confession" (참회록) — "I Love You, Be Happy" (사랑해 행복해)with KMS, Suran — "A Glass Of Soju" (소주 한잔)feat. Choi Seong-guk — Singderella "My Heart Hurts" (마음이 아파도) — Sing For You OST "You" — My Fair Lady OST "About Romance" (낭만에 대하여) 2017 — King of Mask Singer "You Are Like a Flower" (그대 꽃) — The Rebel OST "Waves" (파도)with Kisum — Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend "This Heart Back Here" (이 마음 다시 여기에) — "You Can Feel It" — Idol Drama Operation Team OST "Come Back" (돌아와)with Kisum — Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend "Hidden Tears" (가려진 눈물) — The Emperor: Owner of the Mask OST "The Moonlight Night in Shilla" (신라의 달밤)with Bonggu — Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend "Hong Kong Lady" (홍콩 아가씨)with Bonggu — "Fall in Love" — Two Cops OST "Unrequited Love" (짝사랑) 2018 — Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend "Hello" — Familiar Wife OST "Star (Little Prince)" (별 (Little Prince))with Loco — Memories of the Alhambra OST " Attention (New Acappella) (Prod. by Yoon Sang)" (사모곡)with Maytree, The Barberettes, Wing 2019 — Vocal Play Vol.5-CHEMISTRY "The Pierrot Laughs at Us" (삐에로는 우릴 보고 웃지 (Live))with Kwon Min-je — 2019 KSMF LIVE "Tears" (눈물) — MBC `Will you be #1 now?` Part.1 "Disturbance" (파란) with Giant Pink — Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend "About Romance" (낭만에 대하여) 2020 — Romantic Call Centre PART18 "My Story" (내 얘기를 들어줘) — Do Do Sol Sol La La Sol OST "Like an Indian Doll" (인디안 인형처럼) — Lotto Singer Episode 9 "I Live in Your Eyes" (너의 눈에 내가 살아) 2021 — She Would Never Know OST "I, actually" (사실) — The Sweet Blood X U SUNG EUN "I Wish My Heart Would Reach You" (내 마음이 너에게 닿았으면) — Oh My Ladylord OST "—" denotes releases that did not chart. References ^ "유성은 프로필" (in Korean). Naver. ^ "'보코' 유성은, 백지영 소속사 계약..."가능성 봤다"" (in Korean). Sports Chosun. August 9, 2012. ^ "백지영, 유성은 첫 미니앨범 비주얼 디렉터로 참여" (in Korean). Oh My Star News. July 15, 2013. ^ Kim Soo-jeong (July 11, 2021). "유성은♥긱스 루이, 오늘 결혼 "잘 살겠습니다!"". No Cut News (in Korean). Retrieved August 8, 2021. ^ Yoo Soo-kyung (July 11, 2021). "긱스 루이♥유성은, 오늘(11일) 결혼..."포근한 쉴 곳 돼주려 해"". Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved August 8, 2021. ^ "Gaon Album Chart". Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on March 26, 2015. ^ a b c "Gaon Digital Chart". Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. ^ "2013년 Download Chart". ^ "2013년 11월 Download Chart". ^ "2015년 02월 Download Chart". ^ "2015년 33주차 Download Chart". ^ "2015년 10월 Download Chart". ^ "2016년 04월 Download Chart". ^ "I’ll Listen" didn't enter Gaon Digital Chart, but peaked 66 position on the Gaon Download Chart: *2021년 13주차 Download Chart. ^ Cumulative sales of "Love Virus": "2012년 29주차 Download Chart". "2012년 30주차 Download Chart". ^ "2013년 19주차 Download Chart". ^ "Winter of Dreams" didn't enter Gaon Digital Chart, but peaked 132 position on the Gaon Download Chart: *2021년 06주차 Download Chart. ^ "2012년 16주차 Download Chart". ^ "2012년 18주차 Download Chart". ^ "2012년 20주차 Download Chart". ^ "2012년 22주차 Download Chart". ^ Cumulative sales of "Because Love Grows": "2013년 36주차 Download Chart". "2013년 37주차 Download Chart". "2013년 38주차 Download Chart". ^ "2013년 40주차 Download Chart". ^ a b "2014년 16주차 Download Chart". ^ "2013년 19주차 Download Chart". ^ Cumulative sales of "Jasmine Flower": "2015년 06주차 Download Chart". "2015년 2월 Download Chart". ^ "2015년 08주차 Download Chart". ^ "2015년 09주차 Download Chart". ^ "2015년 12주차 Download Chart". ^ "2015년 39주차 Download Chart". ^ "2016년 43주차 Download Chart". ^ "Star (Little Prince)" didn't enter Gaon Digital Chart, but peaked 82 position on the Gaon Download Chart: *2018년 50주차 Download Chart. ^ "I Live in Your Eyes" didn't enter Gaon Digital Chart, but peaked 74 position on the Gaon Download Chart: *2021년 07주차 Download Chart. ^ "I, actually" didn't enter Gaon Digital Chart, but peaked 152 position on the Gaon Download Chart: *2021년 20주차 Download Chart. ^ "I Wish My Heart Would Reach You" didn't enter Gaon Digital Chart, but peaked 98 position on the Gaon Download Chart: *2021년 20주차 Download Chart. External links Official website Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
null
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Retrieved August 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5586361","url_text":"\"유성은♥긱스 루이, 오늘 결혼 \"잘 살겠습니다!\"\""}]},{"reference":"Yoo Soo-kyung (July 11, 2021). \"긱스 루이♥유성은, 오늘(11일) 결혼...\"포근한 쉴 곳 돼주려 해\"\". Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved August 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021071110010001584","url_text":"\"긱스 루이♥유성은, 오늘(11일) 결혼...\"포근한 쉴 곳 돼주려 해\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankook_Ilbo","url_text":"Hankook Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaon Album Chart\". Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on March 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150326122745/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T","url_text":"\"Gaon Album Chart\""},{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaon Digital Chart\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_maaseudun_puolue
Finnish Rural Party
["1 History","1.1 Small Peasants' Party of Finland","1.2 Finnish Rural Party","2 Ideology","3 Prominent Ruralists","3.1 Chairmen","3.2 Party Secretaries","3.3 Deputy Chairpersons","3.4 Chairpersons of the parliamentary group","3.5 Party Congresses","4 Election results","4.1 Parliamentary elections","4.2 Presidential elections","5 References","6 External links"]
Former Finnish political party This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Finnish Rural Party" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Finnish. (June 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fi|Suomen Maaseudun Puolue}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Finnish Rural Party Suomen Maaseudun PuolueFounded1959Dissolved1995 (de facto)2003 (de jure)Split fromAgrarian LeagueSucceeded byFinns Party (de facto)HeadquartersHelsinkiIdeologyAgrarianismPopulismPolitical positionSyncreticPolitics of FinlandPolitical partiesElections The Finnish Rural Party (Finnish: Suomen maaseudun puolue, SMP; Swedish: Finlands landsbygdsparti, FLP) was an agrarian and populist political party in Finland. Starting as a breakaway faction of the Agrarian League in 1959 as the Small Peasants' Party of Finland (Suomen Pientalonpoikien Puolue), the party was identified with the person of Veikko Vennamo, a former Agrarian League Member of Parliament known for his opposition to the politics of President Urho Kekkonen. Vennamo was chairman of the Finnish Rural Party between 1959 and 1979. Support for the party was at its highest in the 1970s and 1980s, with its share of the votes reaching around 10 percent in some parliamentary elections. Between 1983 and 1990 the party took part in two coalition governments. In the 1990s, the party fell into financial trouble and was disbanded in 1995 (formally dissolved in 2003). It was succeeded by the Finns Party. History Veikko Vennamo The founder of the Finnish Rural Party was Veikko Vennamo, leader of a faction in the Agrarian League (which was renamed Centre Party in 1965). Vennamo resided as the head of The Department of Housing and Land Reform with relations to the Karelian refugees after the Continuation war. His schism with his own party had started when V. J. Sukselainen was elected the chairman of the Agrarian League. The relations between Vennamo and the Agrarian League's strong man Urho Kekkonen were icy at best, and after Kekkonen was elected president in 1956 Vennamo ran into serious disagreement with the party secretary, Arvo Korsimo, and was excluded from the parliamentary group. As a result, he immediately founded his own party in 1959. Small Peasants' Party of Finland In December 1957 Mr. Paavo Ojalehto from Northern Finland wrote a letter to the board of the members of the Agrarian League claiming, that the party secretary of the Agrarian League, Arvo Korsimo, did not meet the traditional moral values and did not appreciate chastity. The only member supporting Ojalehto's claim was Vennamo. Vennamo was not allowed to take part in party the parliamentary group of the Agragian League in the parliament of Finland for a set period of time in 1958. Small Peasants' Party of Finland (Suomen Pientalonpoikien Puolue) was registered in the end of 1958. The only MP of the party was Vennamo. The founders of the party were members of the Agrarian League. As Johannes Virolainen succeeded Sukselainen as the chairman of the Agrarian League and had the name of the Agrarian League changed to Center Party (Keskustapuolue) in 1965 to meet better the needs of the sons and daughters of the farmers, who sought work in the cities, towns and boroughs as an alternative to the emigration to Sweden. The Small Peasants Party of Finland emphasized its position of defending the small peasants agriculture on its behalf. In 1966 the party was renamed The Rural Party of Finland. Finnish Rural Party The Finnish Rural Party started as a protest movement, with support from the unemployed and small farmers. The state-sponsored resettlement of veterans of World War II and evacuees from ceded Karelia into independent small farms provided an independent power base to Vennamo, who was nationally well known, having served as director of the government resettlement agency since the end of the war. Vennamo was the honorary chairman of Asutusliitto, the resettler society, and the society was involved in early campaigning. For the newly founded party, the main carrying force was Vennamo, who was charismatic, a good orator and a skilled negotiator. When the party was split in 1972, the group room of the party in the Parliamentary building was also temporarily divided. The Rural Party won in its best showing with 18 seats in the Finnish parliament (which has 200 seats) in the 1970 election. The party got exactly the same amount of MPs in the next election in 1972, but was soon afterwards split in two as a majority of the parliamentary group, 12 members, resigned to establish a new party called the Finnish People's Unity Party (Suomen Kansan Yhtenäisyyden Puolue, SKYP). The party defectors accused Vennamo of autocratic leadership, while Vennamo accused the defectors of having been bought off with parliamentary party subsidies. Veikko Vennamo's son, Pekka Vennamo, became the party leader when his father retired in the 1980s. Vennamo Junior had neither the charisma nor the oratorical skills of his father. Other parties noticed this, and the Rural Party was taken into the cabinet in 1983. As a protest movement without a charismatic leader, burdened with ministers participating in unpopular coalitions, the party gradually lost political support. Agricultural changes proved hard for small farmers, who sold their farms and moved to the cities. The Social Democratic Party was seen as a more credible alternative for the unemployed. Finally, the declining support of the Rural Party forced Vennamo Junior to resign. Some of the party's former MPs joined the Centre Party or retired with Vennamo. The party's last chairman and MP Raimo Vistbacka (the only one elected in 1995) was among the founders of the Finns Party and became that party's first MP and chairman. The Rural Party's last party secretary Timo Soini likewise became the Finns Party's first party secretary. With the Finns Party's electoral success in the 2011 election three former Rural Party MPs returned to the parliament as Finns Party MPs (Anssi Joutsenlahti, Lea Mäkipää, Pentti Kettunen). It declared bankruptcy in 2003. Four supporters of the Rural Party of Finland, including Timo Soini and Raimo Vistbacka, established the Finns Party. The decision to establish this new party was made in a sauna in the village of Kalmari in the town of Saarijärvi. Ideology The party held anti-establishment or anti-elite views, and criticized other politicians and parties, the government, "bureaucrats", international corporations, academics, cultural elites and corruption, while idealizing the ordinary people and small-time entrepreneurs of the countryside. Vennamo attacked, for example, other members of the parliament for over-claiming daily allowances. The party was also anti-communist, and claimed established parties and the political leadership were too subservient to the Soviet Union. Vennamo was known for inventing and using pejorative terms, such as rötösherrat ("rotten gentlemen"), referring to allegedly corrupt politicians, and teoriaherrat ("theoretical gentlemen"), referring to academics allegedly lacking common sense. A slogan used by the party was Kyllä kansa tietää! ("Yes, the people know!"). The party professed to hold traditional Christian values, and, for example, opposed the decriminalization of homosexuality in 1971. Racism and xenophobia were not visibly part of the party's ideology. Prominent Ruralists Chairmen Veikko Vennamo (1959–1979) Pekka Vennamo (1979–1989) Heikki Riihijärvi (1989–1991) Tina Mäkelä (1991–1992) Raimo Vistbacka (1992–1995) Party Secretaries Köpi Luoma 1959–1960 Eino Poutiainen 1961–1970 Rainer Lemström 1970–1972 ja 1977–1979 Urpo Leppänen 1972–1977 ja 1979–1984 Aaro Niiranen 1984−1989 Tina Mäkelä 1989–1991 Reijo Rinne 1991−1992 Timo Soini 1992–1995 Deputy Chairpersons Tauno Lääperi 1959–? Aarne Jokela 1959–? Rainer Lemström 1. 1976–1977 Aune Rutonen 2. 1976–1982 Eino Poutiainen 1977–1979 Niilo Salpakari 1980–1982 Leo Lassila 1982–1983 Helvi Koskinen 1982–1985 Kalle Palosaari 1. 1983–1988 Lea Mäkipää 2. 1985– Timo Soini 1. 1991–1992 Toivo Satomaa 2. 1991– Marja-Leena Leppänen Jouko Kröger Chairpersons of the parliamentary group J. Juhani Kortesalmi (1979–1983, 1986–1987) Veikko Vennamo (1983–1986) Heikki Riihijärvi (1987) Urpo Leppänen (1987–1988) Sulo Aittoniemi (1988–1994) Lea Mäkipää (1994–1995) Raimo Vistbacka (1995) Party Congresses Perustava kokous (founding congress) 9.2.1959 Pieksämäki 1. puoluekokous (party congress) 29.–30.1959 Kiuruvesi 2. puoluekokous 3.–4.9.1960 Joensuu 3. puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1961 Jyväskylä 4. puoluekokous 16.–17.6.1962 Pieksämäki 5. puoluekokous 15.–16.6.1963 Seinäjoki 6. puoluekokous 13.–14.6.1964 Kuopio 7. puoluekokous 12.–13.6.1965 Oulu 8. puoluekokous 13.–14.8.1966 Tampere ylimääräinen puoluekokous (extraordinary party congress) 29.10.1966 Helsinki 9. puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1967 Helsinki 10. puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1968 Kajaani 11. puoluekokous 16.–17.8.1969 Pori 12. puoluekokous ?.8.1970 Lahti 13. puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1971 Oulu 14. puoluekokous 12.8.1972 Kouvola 15. puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1973 Mikkeli 16. puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1974 Turku 17. puoluekokous 1975 Jyväskylä 18. puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1976 Joensuu 19. puoluekokous 6.–7.8.1977 Oulu 20. puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1978 Tampere 21. puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1979 Pori 22. puoluekokous 1.–3.8.1980 Lahti 23. puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1981 Seinäjoki 24. puoluekokous 6.–8.8.1982 Lappeenranta 25. puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1983 Kuopio 26. puoluekokous 3.–5.8.1984 Turku 27. puoluekokous 2.–4.8.1985 Hyvinkää 28. puoluekokous 8.–10.8.1986 Jyväskylä 29. puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1987 Oulu 30. puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1988 Lahti 33. puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1991 Turku 34. puoluekokous 1.8.1993 Mikkeli 35. puoluekokous 3.–4.7.1994 Oulu Election results Parliamentary elections Finlands riksdag Date Votes Seats Position Size No. % ± pp No. ± 1962 49,773 2.16 New 0 / 200 New Extra-parliamentary 8th 1966 24,351 1.03 1.13 1 / 200 1 Opposition 8th 1970 265,939 10.49 9.46 18 / 200 17 Opposition 5th 1972 236,206 9.16 1.33 18 / 200 0 Opposition 5th 1975 98,815 3.59 5.57 2 / 200 16 Opposition 7th 1979 132,457 4.58 0.99 7 / 200 5 Opposition 6th 1983 288,711 9.69 5.11 17 / 200 10 Coalition (SDP–KESK–RKP–SMP) 5th 1987 181,938 6.32 3.37 9 / 200 8 Coalition (KOK–SDP–RKP–SMP) 5th 1991 132,133 4.85 1.47 7 / 200 2 Opposition 7th 1995 36,185 1.30 3.55 1 / 200 6 Opposition 10th Local Year Vote % Type 1960 2.7 Municipal 1964 1.4 Municipal 1968 7.3 Municipal 1972 5.0 Municipal 1976 2.1 Municipal 1980 3.0 Municipal 1984 5.3 Municipal 1988 3.6 Municipal 1992 2.4 Municipal Presidential elections Electoral college elections Year Candidate Votes for SMP electors Share of votes 1968 Veikko Vennamo 231,282 11.4% 1978 Veikko Vennamo 114,488 4.7% 1982 Veikko Vennamo 71,947 2.3% 1988 Mauno Koivisto (SDP candidate, also supported by SMP) 120,043 4.0% Direct elections Year Candidate Votes Share of votes 1994 Sulo Aittoniemi 30 622 (first round) 1.0% (first round) References ^ Christina Bergqvist (1 January 1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. pp. 319–. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4. ^ Zulianello, Mattia (2019). Anti-System Parties: From Parliamentary Breakthrough to Government. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-138-34679-6. ^ a b Anders Widfeldt: “A fourth phase of the extreme right? Nordic immigration-critical parties in a comparative context”. In: NORDEUROPAforum (2010:1/2), 7-31, http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/nordeuropaforum/2010-1/widfeldt-anders-7/XML/ ^ Mattiantero.puheenvuoro.uusisuomi.fi ^ Kalmarinkyla.net ^ Arter, David (18 January 2013). Scandinavian politics today: Second edition. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-84779-493-2. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ Strijker, Dirk; Voerman, Gerrit; Terluin, Ida (20 November 2015). Rural protest groups and populist political parties. Wageningen Academic Publishers. p. 220. ISBN 978-90-8686-807-0. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ Akkerman, Tjitske; Lange, Sarah L. de; Rooduijn, Matthijs (2016). Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?. Routledge. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-317-41978-5. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ Akkerman, Tjitske; Lange, Sarah L. de; Rooduijn, Matthijs (2016). Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-317-41978-5. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ Lazaridis, Gabriella; Campani, Giovanna (10 November 2016). Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis. Taylor & Francis. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-317-32606-9. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ a b c Raija Kaikkonen: Tina Mäkelä Smp:n johtoon Helsingin Sanomat 5.8.1991 ^ a b c Pekka Väisänen: Urpo Leppäsen paluuyritys sähköisti Smp:n puoluekokouksen Helsingin Sanomat 4.7.1993 ^ Raija Kaikkonen: Smp:lle uusi johtaja täpärässä äänestyksessä Helsingin Sanomat 2.8.1992 ^ Enävaara 1979 ^ Räisänen 1989 External links The New Radical Right Taking Shape in Finland, Kyösti Pekonen, Pertti Hynynen and Mari Kalliala; accessed 26 March 2011.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"agrarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarianism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergqvist1999-1"},{"link_name":"populist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"political party in Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"Agrarian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"Veikko Vennamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikko_Vennamo"},{"link_name":"Urho Kekkonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edoc.hu-berlin.de-3"},{"link_name":"Finns Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns_Party"}],"text":"The Finnish Rural Party (Finnish: Suomen maaseudun puolue, SMP; Swedish: Finlands landsbygdsparti, FLP) was an agrarian[1] and populist[2] political party in Finland. Starting as a breakaway faction of the Agrarian League in 1959 as the Small Peasants' Party of Finland (Suomen Pientalonpoikien Puolue), the party was identified with the person of Veikko Vennamo, a former Agrarian League Member of Parliament known for his opposition to the politics of President Urho Kekkonen. Vennamo was chairman of the Finnish Rural Party between 1959 and 1979.Support for the party was at its highest in the 1970s and 1980s, with its share of the votes reaching around 10 percent in some parliamentary elections.[3] Between 1983 and 1990 the party took part in two coalition governments. In the 1990s, the party fell into financial trouble and was disbanded in 1995 (formally dissolved in 2003). It was succeeded by the Finns Party.","title":"Finnish Rural Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veikkovennamo1988.jpg"},{"link_name":"Veikko Vennamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikko_Vennamo"},{"link_name":"Veikko Vennamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikko_Vennamo"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Karelian refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_of_Finnish_Karelia"},{"link_name":"Continuation war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_war"},{"link_name":"V. J. Sukselainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._J._Sukselainen"},{"link_name":"Urho Kekkonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Finland"}],"text":"Veikko VennamoThe founder of the Finnish Rural Party was Veikko Vennamo, leader of a faction in the Agrarian League (which was renamed Centre Party in 1965). Vennamo resided as the head of The Department of Housing and Land Reform with relations to the Karelian refugees after the Continuation war. His schism with his own party had started when V. J. Sukselainen was elected the chairman of the Agrarian League. The relations between Vennamo and the Agrarian League's strong man Urho Kekkonen were icy at best, and after Kekkonen was elected president in 1956 Vennamo ran into serious disagreement with the party secretary, Arvo Korsimo, and was excluded from the parliamentary group. As a result, he immediately founded his own party in 1959.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arvo Korsimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arvo_Korsimo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Johannes Virolainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Virolainen"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"sub_title":"Small Peasants' Party of Finland","text":"In December 1957 Mr. Paavo Ojalehto from Northern Finland wrote a letter to the board of the members of the Agrarian League claiming, that the party secretary of the Agrarian League, Arvo Korsimo, did not meet the traditional moral values and did not appreciate chastity. The only member supporting Ojalehto's claim was Vennamo. Vennamo was not allowed to take part in party the parliamentary group of the Agragian League in the parliament of Finland for a set period of time in 1958. Small Peasants' Party of Finland (Suomen Pientalonpoikien Puolue) was registered in the end of 1958. The only MP of the party was Vennamo.[4] The founders of the party were members of the Agrarian League.As Johannes Virolainen succeeded Sukselainen as the chairman of the Agrarian League and had the name of the Agrarian League changed to Center Party (Keskustapuolue) in 1965 to meet better the needs of the sons and daughters of the farmers, who sought work in the cities, towns and boroughs as an alternative to the emigration to Sweden. The Small Peasants Party of Finland emphasized its position of defending the small peasants agriculture on its behalf.In 1966 the party was renamed The Rural Party of Finland.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edoc.hu-berlin.de-3"},{"link_name":"ceded Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_of_Finnish_Karelia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMP-divided-Eduskunta-1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Finnish People's Unity Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Unity_Party"},{"link_name":"Pekka Vennamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekka_Vennamo"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Raimo Vistbacka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimo_Vistbacka"},{"link_name":"Finns Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns_Party"},{"link_name":"Timo Soini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Soini"},{"link_name":"2011 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Timo Soini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Soini"},{"link_name":"Raimo Vistbacka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimo_Vistbacka"},{"link_name":"Finns Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns_Party"},{"link_name":"sauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna"},{"link_name":"Kalmari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalmari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saarijärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarij%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Finnish Rural Party","text":"The Finnish Rural Party started as a protest movement, with support from the unemployed and small farmers.[3] The state-sponsored resettlement of veterans of World War II and evacuees from ceded Karelia into independent small farms provided an independent power base to Vennamo, who was nationally well known, having served as director of the government resettlement agency since the end of the war. Vennamo was the honorary chairman of Asutusliitto, the resettler society, and the society was involved in early campaigning. For the newly founded party, the main carrying force was Vennamo, who was charismatic, a good orator and a skilled negotiator.When the party was split in 1972, the group room of the party in the Parliamentary building was also temporarily divided.The Rural Party won in its best showing with 18 seats in the Finnish parliament (which has 200 seats) in the 1970 election. The party got exactly the same amount of MPs in the next election in 1972, but was soon afterwards split in two as a majority of the parliamentary group, 12 members, resigned to establish a new party called the Finnish People's Unity Party (Suomen Kansan Yhtenäisyyden Puolue, SKYP). The party defectors accused Vennamo of autocratic leadership, while Vennamo accused the defectors of having been bought off with parliamentary party subsidies.Veikko Vennamo's son, Pekka Vennamo, became the party leader when his father retired in the 1980s. Vennamo Junior had neither the charisma nor the oratorical skills of his father. Other parties noticed this, and the Rural Party was taken into the cabinet in 1983. As a protest movement without a charismatic leader, burdened with ministers participating in unpopular coalitions, the party gradually lost political support.Agricultural changes proved hard for small farmers, who sold their farms and moved to the cities. The Social Democratic Party was seen as a more credible alternative for the unemployed. Finally, the declining support of the Rural Party forced Vennamo Junior to resign. Some of the party's former MPs joined the Centre Party or retired with Vennamo. The party's last chairman and MP Raimo Vistbacka (the only one elected in 1995) was among the founders of the Finns Party and became that party's first MP and chairman. The Rural Party's last party secretary Timo Soini likewise became the Finns Party's first party secretary. With the Finns Party's electoral success in the 2011 election three former Rural Party MPs returned to the parliament as Finns Party MPs (Anssi Joutsenlahti, Lea Mäkipää, Pentti Kettunen).It declared bankruptcy in 2003. Four supporters of the Rural Party of Finland, including Timo Soini and Raimo Vistbacka, established the Finns Party. The decision to establish this new party was made in a sauna in the village of Kalmari in the town of Saarijärvi.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-establishment"},{"link_name":"anti-elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antielitism"},{"link_name":"anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"decriminalization of homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The party held anti-establishment or anti-elite views, and criticized other politicians and parties, the government, \"bureaucrats\", international corporations, academics, cultural elites and corruption, while idealizing the ordinary people and small-time entrepreneurs of the countryside. Vennamo attacked, for example, other members of the parliament for over-claiming daily allowances. The party was also anti-communist, and claimed established parties and the political leadership were too subservient to the Soviet Union.[6][7]Vennamo was known for inventing and using pejorative terms, such as rötösherrat (\"rotten gentlemen\"), referring to allegedly corrupt politicians, and teoriaherrat (\"theoretical gentlemen\"), referring to academics allegedly lacking common sense. A slogan used by the party was Kyllä kansa tietää! (\"Yes, the people know!\").[8]The party professed to hold traditional Christian values, and, for example, opposed the decriminalization of homosexuality in 1971. Racism and xenophobia were not visibly part of the party's ideology.[9][10]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Rural_Party&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"Veikko Vennamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikko_Vennamo"},{"link_name":"Pekka Vennamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekka_Vennamo"},{"link_name":"Heikki Riihijärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heikki_Riihij%C3%A4rvi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tina Mäkelä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tina_M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raimo Vistbacka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimo_Vistbacka"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Rural_Party&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Köpi Luoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6pi_Luoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eino Poutiainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eino_Poutiainen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rainer Lemström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Lemstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Urpo Leppänen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urpo_Lepp%C3%A4nen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aaro Niiranen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaro_Niiranen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tina Mäkelä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tina_M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reijo Rinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reijo_Rinne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Timo Soini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Soini"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Rural_Party&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Tauno Lääperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tauno_L%C3%A4%C3%A4peri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aarne Jokela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aarne_Jokela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rainer Lemström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Lemstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Aune Rutonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aune_Rutonen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eino Poutiainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eino_Poutiainen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niilo Salpakari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niilo_Salpakari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leo Lassila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Lassila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helvi Koskinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvi_Koskinen"},{"link_name":"Kalle Palosaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalle_Palosaari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lea Mäkipää","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_M%C3%A4kip%C3%A4%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Timo Soini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Soini"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaikkonen91-11"},{"link_name":"Toivo Satomaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toivo_Satomaa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaikkonen91-11"},{"link_name":"Marja-Leena Leppänen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marja-Leena_Lepp%C3%A4nen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v%C3%A4is%C3%A4nen93-12"},{"link_name":"Jouko Kröger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jouko_Kr%C3%B6ger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v%C3%A4is%C3%A4nen93-12"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Rural_Party&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"J. Juhani Kortesalmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Juhani_Kortesalmi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Veikko Vennamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikko_Vennamo"},{"link_name":"Heikki Riihijärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heikki_Riihij%C3%A4rvi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Urpo Leppänen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urpo_Lepp%C3%A4nen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sulo Aittoniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulo_Aittoniemi"},{"link_name":"Lea Mäkipää","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_M%C3%A4kip%C3%A4%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Raimo Vistbacka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimo_Vistbacka"}],"text":"Chairmen[edit]\nVeikko Vennamo (1959–1979)\nPekka Vennamo (1979–1989)\nHeikki Riihijärvi (1989–1991)\nTina Mäkelä (1991–1992)\nRaimo Vistbacka (1992–1995)\n\n\nParty Secretaries[edit]\nKöpi Luoma 1959–1960\nEino Poutiainen 1961–1970\nRainer Lemström 1970–1972 ja 1977–1979\nUrpo Leppänen 1972–1977 ja 1979–1984\nAaro Niiranen 1984−1989\nTina Mäkelä 1989–1991\nReijo Rinne 1991−1992\nTimo Soini 1992–1995Deputy Chairpersons[edit]\nTauno Lääperi 1959–?\nAarne Jokela 1959–?\nRainer Lemström 1. 1976–1977\nAune Rutonen 2. 1976–1982\nEino Poutiainen 1977–1979\nNiilo Salpakari 1980–1982\nLeo Lassila 1982–1983\nHelvi Koskinen 1982–1985\nKalle Palosaari 1. 1983–1988\nLea Mäkipää 2. 1985–\nTimo Soini 1. 1991–1992[11]\nToivo Satomaa 2. 1991–[11]\nMarja-Leena Leppänen[12]\nJouko Kröger[12]\n\n\nChairpersons of the parliamentary group[edit]\nJ. Juhani Kortesalmi (1979–1983, 1986–1987)\nVeikko Vennamo (1983–1986)\nHeikki Riihijärvi (1987)\nUrpo Leppänen (1987–1988)\nSulo Aittoniemi (1988–1994)\nLea Mäkipää (1994–1995)\nRaimo Vistbacka (1995)","title":"Prominent Ruralists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pieksämäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieks%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"Kiuruvesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiuruvesi"},{"link_name":"Joensuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joensuu"},{"link_name":"Jyväskylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Pieksämäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieks%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"Seinäjoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki"},{"link_name":"Kuopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio"},{"link_name":"Oulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Kajaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani"},{"link_name":"Pori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pori"},{"link_name":"Lahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahti"},{"link_name":"Oulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu"},{"link_name":"Kouvola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouvola"},{"link_name":"Mikkeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikkeli"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Jyväskylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Joensuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joensuu"},{"link_name":"Oulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Pori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pori"},{"link_name":"Lahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahti"},{"link_name":"Seinäjoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki"},{"link_name":"Lappeenranta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappeenranta"},{"link_name":"Kuopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Hyvinkää","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyvink%C3%A4%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Jyväskylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Oulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu"},{"link_name":"Lahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahti"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaikkonen91-11"},{"link_name":"Mikkeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikkeli"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaikkonen92-13"},{"link_name":"Oulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v%C3%A4is%C3%A4nen93-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Party Congresses","text":"Perustava kokous (founding congress) 9.2.1959 Pieksämäki\n1. puoluekokous (party congress) 29.–30.1959 Kiuruvesi\n2. puoluekokous 3.–4.9.1960 Joensuu\n3. puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1961 Jyväskylä\n4. puoluekokous 16.–17.6.1962 Pieksämäki\n5. puoluekokous 15.–16.6.1963 Seinäjoki\n6. puoluekokous 13.–14.6.1964 Kuopio\n7. puoluekokous 12.–13.6.1965 Oulu\n8. puoluekokous 13.–14.8.1966 Tampere\nylimääräinen puoluekokous (extraordinary party congress) 29.10.1966 Helsinki\n9. puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1967 Helsinki\n10. puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1968 Kajaani\n11. puoluekokous 16.–17.8.1969 Pori\n12. puoluekokous ?.8.1970 Lahti\n13. puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1971 Oulu\n14. puoluekokous 12.8.1972 Kouvola\n15. puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1973 Mikkeli\n16. puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1974 Turku\n\n\n17. puoluekokous 1975 Jyväskylä\n18. puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1976 Joensuu\n19. puoluekokous 6.–7.8.1977 Oulu\n20. puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1978 Tampere\n21. puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1979 Pori\n22. puoluekokous 1.–3.8.1980 Lahti\n23. puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1981 Seinäjoki\n24. puoluekokous 6.–8.8.1982 Lappeenranta\n25. puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1983 Kuopio\n26. puoluekokous 3.–5.8.1984 Turku\n27. puoluekokous 2.–4.8.1985 Hyvinkää\n28. puoluekokous 8.–10.8.1986 Jyväskylä\n29. puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1987 Oulu\n30. puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1988 Lahti\n33. puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1991 Turku[11]\n34. puoluekokous 1.8.1993 Mikkeli[13]\n35. puoluekokous 3.–4.7.1994 Oulu[12][14][15]","title":"Prominent Ruralists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"SDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"KESK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"RKP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"KOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_Party"},{"link_name":"SDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"RKP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960_Finnish_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Finnish_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_Finnish_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_Finnish_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976_Finnish_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980_Finnish_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1984_Finnish_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Finnish_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Finnish_municipal_elections"}],"sub_title":"Parliamentary elections","text":"Finlands riksdag\n\n\nDate\n\nVotes\n\nSeats\n\nPosition\n\nSize\n\n\nNo.\n\n%\n\n± pp\n\nNo.\n\n±\n\n\n1962\n\n49,773\n\n2.16\n\nNew\n\n0 / 200\n\nNew\n\nExtra-parliamentary\n\n8th\n\n\n1966\n\n24,351\n\n1.03\n\n 1.13\n\n1 / 200\n\n 1\n\nOpposition\n\n 8th\n\n\n1970\n\n265,939\n\n10.49\n\n 9.46\n\n18 / 200\n\n 17\n\nOpposition\n\n 5th\n\n\n1972\n\n236,206\n\n9.16\n\n 1.33\n\n18 / 200\n\n 0\n\nOpposition\n\n 5th\n\n\n1975\n\n98,815\n\n3.59\n\n 5.57\n\n2 / 200\n\n 16\n\nOpposition\n\n 7th\n\n\n1979\n\n132,457\n\n4.58\n\n 0.99\n\n7 / 200\n\n 5\n\nOpposition\n\n 6th\n\n\n1983\n\n288,711\n\n9.69\n\n 5.11\n\n17 / 200\n\n 10\n\nCoalition (SDP–KESK–RKP–SMP)\n\n 5th\n\n\n1987\n\n181,938\n\n6.32\n\n 3.37\n\n9 / 200\n\n 8\n\nCoalition (KOK–SDP–RKP–SMP)\n\n 5th\n\n\n1991\n\n132,133\n\n4.85\n\n 1.47\n\n7 / 200\n\n 2\n\nOpposition\n\n 7th\n\n\n1995\n\n36,185\n\n1.30\n\n 3.55\n\n1 / 200\n\n 6\n\nOpposition\n\n 10th\n\n\nLocal\n\n\nYear\n\nVote %\n\nType\n\n\n1960\n\n2.7\n\nMunicipal\n\n\n1964\n\n1.4\n\nMunicipal\n\n\n1968\n\n7.3\n\nMunicipal\n\n\n1972\n\n5.0\n\nMunicipal\n\n\n1976\n\n2.1\n\nMunicipal\n\n\n1980\n\n3.0\n\nMunicipal\n\n\n1984\n\n5.3\n\nMunicipal\n\n\n1988\n\n3.6\n\nMunicipal\n\n\n1992\n\n2.4\n\nMunicipal","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidential elections","title":"Election results"}]
[{"image_text":"Veikko Vennamo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Veikkovennamo1988.jpg/220px-Veikkovennamo1988.jpg"},{"image_text":"When the party was split in 1972, the group room of the party in the Parliamentary building was also temporarily divided.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SMP-divided-Eduskunta-1972.jpg/220px-SMP-divided-Eduskunta-1972.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Christina Bergqvist (1 January 1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. pp. 319–. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t8bfrJvsfJ8C&pg=PA319","url_text":"Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-00-12799-4","url_text":"978-82-00-12799-4"}]},{"reference":"Zulianello, Mattia (2019). Anti-System Parties: From Parliamentary Breakthrough to Government. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-138-34679-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-34679-6","url_text":"978-1-138-34679-6"}]},{"reference":"Arter, David (18 January 2013). Scandinavian politics today: Second edition. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-84779-493-2. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bXa5DwAAQBAJ&q=%22Finnish+Rural+Party%22+vennamo&pg=PT114","url_text":"Scandinavian politics today: Second edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-493-2","url_text":"978-1-84779-493-2"}]},{"reference":"Strijker, Dirk; Voerman, Gerrit; Terluin, Ida (20 November 2015). Rural protest groups and populist political parties. Wageningen Academic Publishers. p. 220. ISBN 978-90-8686-807-0. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RhPTDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Finnish+Rural+Party%22+vennamo&pg=PA220","url_text":"Rural protest groups and populist political parties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8686-807-0","url_text":"978-90-8686-807-0"}]},{"reference":"Akkerman, Tjitske; Lange, Sarah L. de; Rooduijn, Matthijs (2016). Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?. Routledge. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-317-41978-5. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ft8eDAAAQBAJ&q=%22rotten+gentlemen%22&pg=PA125","url_text":"Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41978-5","url_text":"978-1-317-41978-5"}]},{"reference":"Akkerman, Tjitske; Lange, Sarah L. de; Rooduijn, Matthijs (2016). Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-317-41978-5. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ft8eDAAAQBAJ&q=%22rotten+gentlemen%22&pg=PA125","url_text":"Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41978-5","url_text":"978-1-317-41978-5"}]},{"reference":"Lazaridis, Gabriella; Campani, Giovanna (10 November 2016). Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis. Taylor & Francis. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-317-32606-9. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EjolDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Finnish+Rural+Party%22+vennamo&pg=PA23","url_text":"Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32606-9","url_text":"978-1-317-32606-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Fanjul
Óscar Fanjul
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Spanish economist Óscar Fanjul MartínPersonal detailsBorn1949Santiago, Chile Óscar Fanjul Martín (born 1949, in Santiago) is a Spanish economist. Biography Fanjul was born in Santiago, Chile, in 1949. He started his professional career at the Instituto Nacional de Industria in 1972, and has also worked at the Confederación Española Cajas de Ahorros. He served during 1983 and 1984 as technical secretary general and undersecretary of the Ministry of Industry and Energy. He was the founder chairman and CEO of Repsol, S.A., from its creation in 1986 until 1996, and is currently honorary chairman of the company. Fanjul is currently the vice chairman of Omega Capital, a private investment firm in Spain, as well as an international advisor to Goldman Sachs. He is also a director of Acerinox, Lafarge (vice chairman), Deoleo (chairman), and Marsh & McLennan Companies. He is a former director of Unilever, the London Stock Exchange and Areva. Fanjul is a trustee of the es:Fundación Amigos del Museo del Prado. Fanjul holds a PhD in economics and is a professor at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He is also a visiting professor at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a member of the Trilateral Commission and has been a member of the Competitiveness Advisory Group to the president of the European Commission. He is also member of IESE's international advisory board (IAB). He subsequently held various positions of responsibility in companies such as Deoleo and Unilever. He is currently CEO of Omega Capital. He joined the Board of Directors of Ferrovial in July 2015. References ^ "Óscar Fanjul Martín". Businessweek. Retrieved October 5, 2013. ^ a b "Óscar Fanjul: alternate expert member of the Board of Directors". European Investment Bank. March 18, 2005. Retrieved October 5, 2013. ^ "Biography of Mr Oscar Fanjul". European Corporate Governance Institute. Retrieved October 5, 2013. ^ "Oscar Fanjul". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013. ^ Members of IESE's International Advisory Board, iese.edu ^ "Óscar Fanjul: alternate expert member of the Board of Directors". ^ "Oscar Fanjul cederá este viernes la presidencia de Deoleo a José María Vilas tras la entrada de CVC". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ "Perfil de Óscar Fanjul en Forbes". Forbes. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ "Óscar Fanjul entra en el consejo de Ferrovial como independiente". Expansión. 30 July 2015. Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Catalonia Germany Other SNAC
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandya_district
Mandya district
["1 Geography","1.1 Rivers","2 Administrative divisions","3 Economy","4 Transportation","5 Demographics","6 Notable people","7 Villages","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 12°31′N 76°54′E / 12.52°N 76.9°E / 12.52; 76.9This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Mandya. For the city, see Mandya. This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) District of Karnataka in IndiaMandya district "French Rock subdivision (1930-39)"District of KarnatakaLocation in KarnatakaMandya districtCoordinates: 12°31′N 76°54′E / 12.52°N 76.9°E / 12.52; 76.9Country IndiaStateKarnatakaDivisionMysuruEstablished1 July 1939HeadquartersMandyaTalukasMandyaMalavalliMaddurNagamangalaKrishnarajpet PandavapuraSrirangapatnaGovernment • Deputy CommissionerDr. Kumara (IAS) • Superintendent of PoliceYathish N (IPS)Area • Total4,961 km2 (1,915 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total1,805,769 • Density360/km2 (940/sq mi)Languages • OfficialKannadaTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)ISO 3166 codeIN-KA-MAVehicle registrationKA-11 (Mandya), KA-54 (Nagamangala)Sex ratio1.015 ♂/♀Literacy70.40 %Lok Sabha constituencyMandya Lok Sabha constituencyClimateTropical Semi-arid (Köppen)Precipitation691 millimetres (27.2 in)Avg. summer temperature35 °C (95 °F)Avg. winter temperature16 °C (61 °F)Websitemandya.nic.in Mandya district is an administrative district of Karnataka, India. The district is bordered on the south by Mysore and Chamarajangar districts, on the west by Hassan district, on the north by Tumkur district and on the east by Ramanagara district. The district Mandya was carved out of larger Mysore district in the year 1939. Mandya is the main town in Mandya district. As of 2011, the district population was 1,808,680 (of which 16.03% was urban). Geography Mandya district is located between north latitude 12°13' to 13°04' N and east longitude 76°19' to 77°20' E. It is bounded by Mysore district to the west and southwest, Tumkur district to the northeast, Chamrajnagar district to the south, Hassan district to the northwest, and Ramanagar district to the east. It has an area of 4,961 square kilometres (1,915 sq mi). The administrative center of Mandya district is Mandya City. Rivers Mandya District has five rivers: Kaveri River and four tributaries main Hemavathi, Shimsha, Lokapavani, Veeravaishnavi. Administrative divisions DC office, Mandya Mandya district consists of 7 taluks grouped under 2 subdivisions. The Mandya subdivision comprises Mandya, Maddur and Malavalli taluks, while the Pandavapura subdivision comprises Pandavapura, Srirangapatna, Nagamangala and Krishnarajpet Taluks. Economy Paddy fields near Srirangapatna Since Mandya is located on the banks of the river Cauvery, agriculture is the predominant occupation and the single largest contributor to Mandya's economy . The main crops grown are paddy sugarcane, jowar, maize, cotton, banana, ragi, coconut, pulses, and vegetables. Transportation Maddur railway station Mandya district has an extensive road network. NH-275, NH 948 and NH-150A pass through the district. The road network in the district includes 73 kilometres (45 mi) of the National Highways, 467 kilometres (290 mi) of State Highways and 2,968 kilometres (1,844 mi) of major district roads. Mandya belongs to "South Western Railways" of "Indian Railways". Mandya has many railway stations which are listed below: Mandya railway station Maddur railway station Pandavapura railway station Srirangapattana railway station BG Nagar railway station. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1901482,581—    1911504,157+0.44%1921542,421+0.73%1931581,836+0.70%1941634,727+0.87%1951716,583+1.22%1961899,210+2.30%19711,154,374+2.53%19811,418,109+2.08%19911,644,374+1.49%20011,763,705+0.70%20111,805,769+0.24%source: Religion in Mandya District (2011)   Hinduism (94.85%)  Islam (4.31%)  Christianity (0.47%)  Others (0.31%) According to the 2011 census, Mandya district has a population of 1,805,769, roughly equal to the nation of The Gambia or the US state of Nebraska. This gives it a ranking of 263rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 365 inhabitants per square kilometre (950/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 2.55%. Mandya has a sex ratio of 989 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 70.14%. 17.08% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 14.69% and 1.24% of the population respectively. Languages of Mandya district (2011)   Kannada (91.92%)  Urdu (4.24%)  Tamil (1.34%)  Telugu (1.30%)  Others (1.20%) At the time of the 2011 census, 91.92% of the population spoke Kannada, 4.24% Urdu, 1.34% Tamil and 1.30% Telugu as their first language. Notable people Ambareesh - Film actor, politician Anasuya Shankar - known as Triveni, a novelist in Kannada language Jayalalithaa - 5th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, born in Melukote in Pandavapura taluk of Mandya district S M Krishna - Former Chief Minister of Karnataka, Former Governor of Maharashtra, Former External affairs minister of Govt of India K. S. L. Swamy - Film maker and actor Jayalakshmi Seethapura - folklorist and writer; born in Pandavapura taluk Mandya Ramesh - theatre and film actor Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar, filmmaker H. L. Nagegowda- folklorist, writer, founder of the museum 'Jaanapada loka', born in Nagamangala taluk P. T. Narasimhachar - poet from Melukote K. S. Narasimhaswamy - Kannada poet, born in Kikkeri, K. R. Pete taluk Prem - film director C S Puttaraju - Former Minor Irrigation Minister of Karnataka Government, Former Member of Parliament. B. S. Ranga - film maker Ramya - South Indian actress and the youngest MP of India in the 15th Loksabha H. R. Shastry - Veteran actor in Kannada Vijaya Narasimha- Kannada film lyricist from Pandavapura taluk Shani Mahadevappa - veteran actor Malavalli Mahadevaswamy - popular folk singer B.S.Yediyurappa- Karnataka's 25th chief minister Villages Madla Basavalinganadoddy Valalekattekoppal References ^ "District Profile". Department of State Education Research Andrew Training. Retrieved 6 January 2011. ^ "Know India - Karnataka". Government of India. Retrieved 6 January 2011. ^ "District Statistics". Official Website of Mandya district. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011. ^ "India Census Map". Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. ^ a b c "Ground Water Information Booklet" (PDF). Central Ground Water Board. Retrieved 7 January 2011. ^ "Mandya District at a glance". Mandya City Council. Archived from the original on 19 December 2005. Retrieved 10 November 2006. ^ "District wise details of road length in Karnataka". Karnataka Public Works Department. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011. ^ "southwesternrailway.in". www.southwesternrailway.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. ^ "Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901". ^ a b c d e f "District Census Handbook: Mandya" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Gambia, The 1,797,860 July 2011 est. ^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Nebraska 1,826,341 ^ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. ^ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mandya district. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mandya (district). Official website of Mandya district Mandya District profile Mandya City Council -Mandya District at a glance vte State of KarnatakaCapital: BengaluruState symbols Emblem: Emblem of Karnataka Song: Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate Animal: Asian elephant Bird: Indian roller Flower: Lotus Tree: Sandalwood Fruit: Mango Fish: Carnatic carp Insect: Southern birdwing Overviews Architecture Cinema Climate Cuisine Demography Economy Education Folk arts Geography History Media People Sports Transportation Wildlife History Aihole Alupa dynasty Amoghavarsha Badami Banavasi Balligavi Belur Chalukya dynasty Chitradurga Nayakas Deva Raya II Durvinita Halebidu Kingdom of Coorg Halmidi Hampi Hoysala Empire Kadamba dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Keladi Nayakas Shivappa Nayaka Kittur Chennamma Kingdom of Mysore Mayurasharma Pattadakal Pulakeshin II Rashtrakuta dynasty Sringeri Srirangapatna Tipu Sultan Unification of Karnataka Vijayanagara Empire Vijayanagara Vishnuvardhana Veera Ballala II Vikramaditya II Vikramaditya VI Western Ganga dynasty Districts and divisionsBangalore division Bangalore Urban Bangalore Rural Chitradurga Davanagere Kolar Shimoga Tumakuru Ramanagara Chikkaballapura Belagavi division Bagalkot Belagavi Bijapur Dharwad Haveri Gadag Uttara Kannada Kalaburagi division Ballari Bidar Kalaburagi Koppal Raichur Vijayanagara Yadgir Mysore division Chamarajanagar Chikmagalur Dakshina Kannada Hassan Kodagu Mandya Mysore Udupi Geography Cities and towns Districts Rivers Dams and reservoirs Taluks Villages Highest point Bayalu Seeme Malenadu Kanara Western Ghats Culture Bharatanatyam Buta Kola Bidriware Channapatna toys Chitrakala Parishat Gaarudi Gombe Ilkal sari Kamsale Kannada Karnatik music Kasuti Khedda Mysore Dasara Togalu gombeyaata Udupi cuisine Veeragase Yakshagana Mysore musicians Literature Kannada Milestones Epics Medieval Rashtrakuta Western Ganga Western Chalukya Hoysala Vijayanagara Vachana Haridasa Mysore Play Modern Kannada Sahitya Parishat Kannada Sahitya Sammelana Karnataka Noted poets Asaga Gunavarma I Adikavi Pampa Sri Ponna Ranna Devar Dasimayya Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddharama Harihara Raghavanka Rudrabhatta Janna Kumara Vyasa Chamarasa Nijaguna Shivayogi Ratnakaravarni Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Vijaya Dasa Gopala Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Lakshmisa Sarvajna Shishunala Sharif Krishnaraja Wadiyar III D. R. Bendre Gopalakrishna Adiga V. Seetharamaiah K. S. Narasimhaswamy M. Govinda Pai Kuvempu D. V. Gundappa G. S. Shivarudrappa People and society Karnataka ethnic groups List of people from Karnataka Tourism Beaches Dams Forts National parks Hindu temples Jain temples Waterfalls Awards Karnataka Ratna Pampa Award Nrupatunga Award Basava Puraskara Rajyotsava Prashasti Jakanachari Award Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award Kempegowda Award Media Cinema Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandya"},{"link_name":"Mandya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandya"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District"},{"link_name":"of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_district"},{"link_name":"Chamarajangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district"},{"link_name":"Hassan district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_district"},{"link_name":"Tumkur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumakuru_district"},{"link_name":"Ramanagara district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanagara_district"},{"link_name":"Mysore district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_district"},{"link_name":"Mandya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandya"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Mandya. For the city, see Mandya.District of Karnataka in IndiaMandya district is an administrative district of Karnataka, India. The district is bordered on the south by Mysore and Chamarajangar districts, on the west by Hassan district, on the north by Tumkur district and on the east by Ramanagara district. The district Mandya was carved out of larger Mysore district in the year 1939.Mandya is the main town in Mandya district. As of 2011, the district population was 1,808,680 (of which 16.03% was urban).[4]","title":"Mandya district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgwb-5"},{"link_name":"Mysore district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_district"},{"link_name":"Tumkur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumkur_district"},{"link_name":"Chamrajnagar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamrajnagar_district"},{"link_name":"Hassan district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_district"},{"link_name":"Ramanagar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanagar_district"},{"link_name":"Mandya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandya"}],"text":"Mandya district is located between north latitude 12°13' to 13°04' N and east longitude 76°19' to 77°20' E.[5] It is bounded by Mysore district to the west and southwest, Tumkur district to the northeast, Chamrajnagar district to the south, Hassan district to the northwest, and Ramanagar district to the east. It has an area of 4,961 square kilometres (1,915 sq mi). The administrative center of Mandya district is Mandya City.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaveri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveri_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Rivers","text":"Mandya District has five rivers: Kaveri River and four tributaries main Hemavathi, Shimsha, Lokapavani, Veeravaishnavi.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandya_DC_office.jpg"},{"link_name":"taluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Mandya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandya"},{"link_name":"Maddur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddur,_Mandya"},{"link_name":"Malavalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malavalli"},{"link_name":"Pandavapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavapura"},{"link_name":"Srirangapatna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srirangapatna"},{"link_name":"Nagamangala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagamangala"},{"link_name":"Krishnarajpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnarajpet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgwb-5"}],"text":"DC office, MandyaMandya district consists of 7 taluks grouped under 2 subdivisions. The Mandya subdivision comprises Mandya, Maddur and Malavalli taluks, while the Pandavapura subdivision comprises Pandavapura, Srirangapatna, Nagamangala and Krishnarajpet Taluks.[5]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paddy_fields_near_Srirangapattana.jpg"},{"link_name":"paddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"sugarcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane"},{"link_name":"jowar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowar"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"ragi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_millet"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"pulses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(legume)"},{"link_name":"vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgwb-5"}],"text":"Paddy fields near SrirangapatnaSince Mandya is located on the banks of the river Cauvery, agriculture is the predominant occupation and the single largest contributor to Mandya's economy . The main crops grown are paddy sugarcane, jowar, maize, cotton, banana, ragi, coconut, pulses, and vegetables.[5]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maddur_railway_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"NH-275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_275_(India)"},{"link_name":"NH 948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NH_948"},{"link_name":"NH-150A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_150A_(India)"},{"link_name":"National Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_(India)"},{"link_name":"State Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_(India)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Maddur railway stationMandya district has an extensive road network. NH-275, NH 948 and NH-150A pass through the district. The road network in the district includes 73 kilometres (45 mi) of the National Highways, 467 kilometres (290 mi) of State Highways and 2,968 kilometres (1,844 mi) of major district roads.[7]Mandya belongs to \"South Western Railways\" of \"Indian Railways\". Mandya has many railway stations which are listed below:Mandya railway station\nMaddur railway station\nPandavapura railway station\nSrirangapattana railway station\nBG Nagar railway station.[8]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-10"},{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-11"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-10"},{"link_name":"population growth rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-10"},{"link_name":"sex ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio"},{"link_name":"females","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-10"},{"link_name":"literacy rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-language-13"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-14"}],"text":"Religion in Mandya District (2011)\n\n  Hinduism (94.85%)  Islam (4.31%)  Christianity (0.47%)  Others (0.31%)According to the 2011 census, Mandya district has a population of 1,805,769,[10] roughly equal to the nation of The Gambia[11] or the US state of Nebraska.[12] This gives it a ranking of 263rd in India (out of a total of 640).[10] The district has a population density of 365 inhabitants per square kilometre (950/sq mi) .[10] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 2.55%.[10] Mandya has a sex ratio of 989 females for every 1,000 males,[10] and a literacy rate of 70.14%. 17.08% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 14.69% and 1.24% of the population respectively.[10]Languages of Mandya district (2011)[13]\n\n  Kannada (91.92%)  Urdu (4.24%)  Tamil (1.34%)  Telugu (1.30%)  Others (1.20%)At the time of the 2011 census, 91.92% of the population spoke Kannada, 4.24% Urdu, 1.34% Tamil and 1.30% Telugu as their first language.[14]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambareesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambareesh"},{"link_name":"Anasuya Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasuya_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Jayalalithaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayalalithaa"},{"link_name":"Melukote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melukote"},{"link_name":"S M Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_M_Krishna"},{"link_name":"K. S. L. Swamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._L._Swamy"},{"link_name":"Jayalakshmi Seethapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayalakshmi_Seethapura"},{"link_name":"Mandya Ramesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandya_Ramesh"},{"link_name":"Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagathihalli_Chandrashekhar"},{"link_name":"H. L. Nagegowda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Nagegowda"},{"link_name":"P. T. Narasimhachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Narasimhachar"},{"link_name":"Melukote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melukote"},{"link_name":"K. S. Narasimhaswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy"},{"link_name":"Prem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"C S Puttaraju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_S_Puttaraju"},{"link_name":"B. S. Ranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._S._Ranga"},{"link_name":"Ramya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramya_(actress)"},{"link_name":"H. R. Shastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Shastry"},{"link_name":"Vijaya Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijaya_Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Shani Mahadevappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shani_Mahadevappa"},{"link_name":"Malavalli Mahadevaswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malavalli_Mahadevaswamy"},{"link_name":"B.S.Yediyurappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.S.Yediyurappa"}],"text":"Ambareesh - Film actor, politician\nAnasuya Shankar - known as Triveni, a novelist in Kannada language\nJayalalithaa - 5th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, born in Melukote in Pandavapura taluk of Mandya district\nS M Krishna - Former Chief Minister of Karnataka, Former Governor of Maharashtra, Former External affairs minister of Govt of India\nK. S. L. Swamy - Film maker and actor\nJayalakshmi Seethapura - folklorist and writer; born in Pandavapura taluk\nMandya Ramesh - theatre and film actor\nNagathihalli Chandrashekhar, filmmaker\nH. L. Nagegowda- folklorist, writer, founder of the museum 'Jaanapada loka', born in Nagamangala taluk\nP. T. Narasimhachar - poet from Melukote\nK. S. Narasimhaswamy - Kannada poet, born in Kikkeri, K. R. Pete taluk\nPrem - film director\nC S Puttaraju - Former Minor Irrigation Minister of Karnataka Government, Former Member of Parliament.\nB. S. Ranga - film maker\nRamya - South Indian actress and the youngest MP of India in the 15th Loksabha\nH. R. Shastry - Veteran actor in Kannada\nVijaya Narasimha- Kannada film lyricist from Pandavapura taluk\nShani Mahadevappa - veteran actor\nMalavalli Mahadevaswamy - popular folk singer\nB.S.Yediyurappa- Karnataka's 25th chief minister","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madla_(village)"},{"link_name":"Basavalinganadoddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavalinganadoddy"},{"link_name":"Valalekattekoppal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valalekattekoppal&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Madla\nBasavalinganadoddy\nValalekattekoppal","title":"Villages"}]
[{"image_text":"DC office, Mandya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mandya_DC_office.jpg/220px-Mandya_DC_office.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paddy fields near Srirangapatna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Paddy_fields_near_Srirangapattana.jpg/220px-Paddy_fields_near_Srirangapattana.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maddur railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Maddur_railway_station.jpg/220px-Maddur_railway_station.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"District Profile\". Department of State Education Research Andrew Training. Retrieved 6 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://dsert.kar.nic.in/dietwebsite/Mandya/DistrictProfile.htm","url_text":"\"District Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Know India - Karnataka\". Government of India. Retrieved 6 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=KA","url_text":"\"Know India - Karnataka\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Statistics\". Official Website of Mandya district. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172434/http://www.mandya.nic.in/statistics.htm","url_text":"\"District Statistics\""},{"url":"http://mandya.nic.in/statistics.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"India Census Map\". Archived from the original on 11 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100111052456/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm","url_text":"\"India Census Map\""},{"url":"http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ground Water Information Booklet\" (PDF). Central Ground Water Board. Retrieved 7 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/Mandya_brouchere.pdf","url_text":"\"Ground Water Information Booklet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mandya District at a glance\". Mandya City Council. Archived from the original on 19 December 2005. Retrieved 10 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051219222822/http://www.mandyacity.gov.in/tourism.html","url_text":"\"Mandya District at a glance\""},{"url":"http://www.mandyacity.gov.in/tourism.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"District wise details of road length in Karnataka\". Karnataka Public Works Department. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721160233/http://kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp","url_text":"\"District wise details of road length in Karnataka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Public_Works_Department","url_text":"Karnataka Public Works Department"},{"url":"http://www.kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"southwesternrailway.in\". www.southwesternrailway.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181359/http://www.southwesternrailway.in/swr/bng_med_facility.jsp","url_text":"\"southwesternrailway.in\""},{"url":"http://www.southwesternrailway.in/swr/bng_med_facility.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html","url_text":"\"Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook: Mandya\" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/624/download/2144/DH_2011_2919_PART_A_DCHB_MANDYA.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook: Mandya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"US Directorate of Intelligence. \"Country Comparison:Population\". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Gambia, The 1,797,860 July 2011 est.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html","url_text":"\"Country Comparison:Population\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Resident Population Data\". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Nebraska 1,826,341","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php","url_text":"\"2010 Resident Population Data\""},{"url":"https://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka\". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX","url_text":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_India","url_text":"Census of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka\". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX","url_text":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundborn
Sundborn
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 60°40′N 15°46′E / 60.667°N 15.767°E / 60.667; 15.767Place in Dalarna, SwedenSundbornThe Carl Larsson houseSundbornShow map of DalarnaSundbornShow map of SwedenCoordinates: 60°40′N 15°46′E / 60.667°N 15.767°E / 60.667; 15.767CountrySwedenProvinceDalarnaCountyDalarna CountyMunicipalityFalun MunicipalityArea • Total0.88 km2 (0.34 sq mi)Population (31 December 2010) • Total762 • Density871/km2 (2,260/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)ClimateDfb Sundborn (Swedish pronunciation: ) is a locality situated in Falun Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 762 inhabitants in 2010. The painter Carl Larsson and his wife, textile artist Karin Bergöö Larsson, lived in the cottage Lilla Hyttnäs in Sundborn. Their home is preserved as the biographical museum Carl Larsson-gården. References ^ a b c "Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012. ^ Jöran Sahlgren; Gösta Bergman (1979). Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter (in Swedish). p. 23. External links Sundborn web site vteLocalities in Falun Municipality, Dalarna County, SwedenLocalities: Bengtsheden Bjursås Danholn Enviken Falun (seat) Grycksbo Linghed Sågmyra Sundborn Svärdsjö Toftbyn Vika Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States This article about a location in Dalarna County, Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)
Ricardian (Richard III)
["1 Beliefs","2 History","3 Richard III Society","3.1 Rediscovery of Richard III","4 The Richard III Foundation, Inc.","5 Plantagenet Alliance","6 References","7 External links"]
Person interested in rehabilitating the reputation of Richard III of England Richard, his wife Anne Neville, and their son Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales standing on white boars in a contemporary heraldic roll by John Rous. Ricardians are people who dispute the negative posthumous reputation of King Richard III of England (reigned 1483–1485). Richard III has long been portrayed unfavourably, most notably in Shakespeare's play Richard III, in which he is portrayed as murdering his 12-year-old nephew Edward V to secure the English throne for himself. Ricardians believe these portrayals are false and politically motivated by Tudor propaganda. Beliefs Ricardians accept as facts: that first the young king Edward V was placed under the protection of his uncle Richard III; that Richard III himself was then crowned as the new king instead of young Edward V; and finally that the young king disappeared at some point over the coming years, never to be seen again. However, they dispute the initial common assumption by many, that Richard III was personally responsible for the disappearance (or perhaps murder) of Edward V. Richard III's reign lasted for only two years, and his short reign came to a violent end on 22 August 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth; the last battle of the War of the Roses. In the aftermath of the battle, Richard III's body was not given a proper state funeral, and the location of his remains was soon forgotten; there was even a belief, now proved false, that they had been thrown into the River Soar in Leicester following the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Ricardians assert that many of the original assumptions about Richard III's motives and likely responsibility relating to these events were not supported by the facts of the day, that these assumptions were most probably instead the result of the political claims of his successors, and that they were most probably mistaken assumptions. The two most notable societies of Ricardians are the Richard III Society, and the Richard III Foundation, Inc. A third much smaller Ricardian organisation, composed of "collateral descendants" of Richard III, was the Plantagenet Alliance. In 2012 the Richard III Society was instrumental in leading an archaeological effort to positively locate and identify the long-lost remains of Richard III, which resulted in the discovery and retrieval of the remains from beneath a Leicester car park. Subsequently, much popular historical interest was generated in this historical period. Such historical interest resulted in the review and publication of many articles and documents regarding Richard's reign, which have contributed to the scholarship of latter 15th-century England. After their discovery, Richard III's remains were first scientifically evaluated, then formally re-interred within the interior of Leicester Cathedral on 26 March 2015. Their re-interment occurred amidst days of solemn ceremonies and pageantry. History Ricardian historiography includes works by Horace Walpole and by Sir George Buck, who was the king's first defender, after the Tudor period. Ricardian fiction includes Josephine Tey's The Daughter of Time and Sharon Kay Penman's The Sunne in Splendour. Elizabeth George writes of the fictional discovery of an exonerating document in her short story "I Richard". Science fiction writer Andre Norton, in the 1965 novel Quest Crosstime, depicted an alternate history in which Richard III won at Bosworth and turned out to be one of England's greatest kings, "achieving the brilliance of the Elizabethan era two generations earlier". Richard III Society The arms of the society, granted in 1989 The Richard III Society was founded in 1924 by Liverpool surgeon Samuel Saxon Barton (1892-1957) as The Fellowship of the White Boar, Richard's badge and a symbol of the Yorkist army in the Wars of the Roses. Its membership was originally a small group of interested amateur historians whose aim was to bring about a re-assessment of the reputation of Richard III. The society became moribund during the Second World War. In 1951, Josephine Tey published her detective novel The Daughter of Time, in which Richard's guilt is examined and doubted. In 1955, Laurence Olivier released his film of Shakespeare's Richard III, which at the beginning admitted that the play was based on legend, and a sympathetic, detailed biography of Richard was published by Paul Murray Kendall, all of which went some way towards re-invigorating the society. The Fellowship of the White Boar was renamed The Richard III Society in 1959. In 1980, Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, became the society's Patron. (Richard III was Duke of Gloucester before ascending the throne, therefore he was before his accession (Prince) Richard, Duke of Gloucester). In 1986, the society established the Richard III and Yorkist History Trust, a registered charity, to advance research and publication related to the history of late medieval England. The society publishes a scholarly journal, The Ricardian. Rediscovery of Richard III Main article: Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England In 2012, the society, working in partnership with the University of Leicester and Leicester City Council, exhumed a skeleton at the site of the former Greyfriars Church that was later confirmed to be that of the King. Philippa Langley, the secretary of the Scottish Branch of the Richard III Society, inaugurated the quest for King Richard's lost grave as part of her ongoing research into the controversial monarch. Her project marked the first-ever search for the grave of an anointed King of England, and in 2013 was made into an acclaimed TV documentary Richard III: King In A Car Park by Darlow Smithson Productions for Channel 4. Philippa Langley and John Ashdown-Hill were awarded the MBE in recognition of their services to "the Exhumation and Identification of Richard III" (London Gazette) in the 2015 Queen's Birthday Honours. In 2022 the story of Philippa Langley and the rediscovery of Richard III.’s remains were made into the feature film The Lost King directed by Stephen Frears. The Richard III Foundation, Inc. The Foundation is a US educational organization. The aims of the Foundation are to study, share and stimulate interest in the life and times of King Richard III and the Wars of the Roses. Its website states, "The Foundation seeks to challenge the popular view of King Richard III by demonstrating through rigorous scholarship that the facts of Richard’s life and reign are in stark contrast to the Shakespearian caricature." Their aim is to identify and translate documents and texts that shed new insight into this important period of history. Plantagenet Alliance Main article: Plantagenet Alliance The Plantagenet Alliance was a grouping of 15 individuals who claimed to be "collateral descendants" of Richard III, and have been described as a "Ricardian fan club". The group, formed for the purpose, unsuccessfully campaigned during 2013 and 2014 to have Richard re-interred at York Minster rather than Leicester Cathedral, believing that that was his wish. During the campaign, the group failed to attract enough support to petition parliament. References ^ Ashdown-Hill, John (15 April 2015). The Mythology of Richard III. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-4473-8. ^ Langley, Philippa (19 November 2023). The Princes in the Tower: Solving History's Greatest Cold Case. History Press. ISBN 978-1-80399-542-7. ^ Ashdown-Hill, John (15 July 2018). The Mythology of the 'Princes in the Tower'. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-7942-6. ^ "Search for Richard III confirms that remains are the long-lost Church of the Grey Friars". University of Leicester. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013. ^ Richard III burial: five centuries on, the last medieval king finally gains honour in death The Telegraph. By Tom Rowley. 23 Mar 2015. Downloaded 24 Sep, 2017. ^ "Richard III Society | SOCIETY BADGES and DEVICES". ^ "RICHARD III AND YORKIST HISTORY TRUST, registered charity no. 327005". Charity Commission for England and Wales. ^ ISSN 0048-8267 ^ "LIVE UPDATES: Richard III DNA results announced - Leicester University reveals identity of human remains found in car park". This is Leicestershire. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ a b Richard III Foundation Archived 2013-07-04 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b Watson, Greig (13 September 2013). "The Plantagenet Alliance: Who do they think they are?". BBC. Retrieved 26 March 2015. ^ Kennedy, Maev (26 March 2013). "Richard III's distant relatives threaten legal challenge over burial". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2015. ^ "Richard III reburial court bid fails". BBC News. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2015. ^ "Richard III parliamentary petition misses target". BBC News. 24 September 2013. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anne Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Neville"},{"link_name":"Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"white boars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_boar"},{"link_name":"John Rous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rous_(historian)"},{"link_name":"reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation"},{"link_name":"Richard III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(play)"},{"link_name":"Edward V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_V"},{"link_name":"Tudor propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_myth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Richard, his wife Anne Neville, and their son Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales standing on white boars in a contemporary heraldic roll by John Rous.Ricardians are people who dispute the negative posthumous reputation of King Richard III of England (reigned 1483–1485). Richard III has long been portrayed unfavourably, most notably in Shakespeare's play Richard III, in which he is portrayed as murdering his 12-year-old nephew Edward V to secure the English throne for himself. Ricardians believe these portrayals are false and politically motivated by Tudor propaganda.[1]","title":"Ricardian (Richard III)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth"},{"link_name":"War of the Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Roses"},{"link_name":"River Soar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Soar"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"Dissolution of the Monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries"},{"link_name":"Plantagenet Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Leicester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ricardians accept as facts: that first the young king Edward V was placed under the protection of his uncle Richard III; that Richard III himself was then crowned as the new king instead of young Edward V; and finally that the young king disappeared at some point over the coming years, never to be seen again. However, they dispute the initial common assumption by many, that Richard III was personally responsible for the disappearance (or perhaps murder) of Edward V.[2][3]Richard III's reign lasted for only two years, and his short reign came to a violent end on 22 August 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth; the last battle of the War of the Roses. In the aftermath of the battle, Richard III's body was not given a proper state funeral, and the location of his remains was soon forgotten; there was even a belief, now proved false, that they had been thrown into the River Soar in Leicester following the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Ricardians assert that many of the original assumptions about Richard III's motives and likely responsibility relating to these events were not supported by the facts of the day, that these assumptions were most probably instead the result of the political claims of his successors, and that they were most probably mistaken assumptions.The two most notable societies of Ricardians are the Richard III Society, and the Richard III Foundation, Inc. A third much smaller Ricardian organisation, composed of \"collateral descendants\" of Richard III, was the Plantagenet Alliance. In 2012 the Richard III Society was instrumental in leading an archaeological effort to positively locate and identify the long-lost remains of Richard III, which resulted in the discovery and retrieval of the remains from beneath a Leicester car park.[4] Subsequently, much popular historical interest was generated in this historical period. Such historical interest resulted in the review and publication of many articles and documents regarding Richard's reign, which have contributed to the scholarship of latter 15th-century England. After their discovery, Richard III's remains were first scientifically evaluated, then formally re-interred within the interior of Leicester Cathedral on 26 March 2015. Their re-interment occurred amidst days of solemn ceremonies and pageantry.[5]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"Horace Walpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole"},{"link_name":"George Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buck"},{"link_name":"Josephine Tey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Tey"},{"link_name":"The Daughter of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daughter_of_Time"},{"link_name":"Sharon Kay Penman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Kay_Penman"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_George"},{"link_name":"Science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Andre Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Norton"},{"link_name":"Quest Crosstime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Crosstime"},{"link_name":"alternate history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"},{"link_name":"Elizabethan era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_era"}],"text":"Ricardian historiography includes works by Horace Walpole and by Sir George Buck, who was the king's first defender, after the Tudor period.Ricardian fiction includes Josephine Tey's The Daughter of Time and Sharon Kay Penman's The Sunne in Splendour. Elizabeth George writes of the fictional discovery of an exonerating document in her short story \"I Richard\". Science fiction writer Andre Norton, in the 1965 novel Quest Crosstime, depicted an alternate history in which Richard III won at Bosworth and turned out to be one of England's greatest kings, \"achieving the brilliance of the Elizabethan era two generations earlier\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_III_Society_Escutcheon.png"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldic_badge"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Josephine Tey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Tey"},{"link_name":"The Daughter of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daughter_of_Time"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Murray Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Murray_Kendall"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Patron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron"},{"link_name":"Duke of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The arms of the society, granted in 1989 [6]The Richard III Society was founded in 1924 by Liverpool surgeon Samuel Saxon Barton (1892-1957) as The Fellowship of the White Boar, Richard's badge and a symbol of the Yorkist army in the Wars of the Roses. Its membership was originally a small group of interested amateur historians whose aim was to bring about a re-assessment of the reputation of Richard III.The society became moribund during the Second World War.[citation needed] In 1951, Josephine Tey published her detective novel The Daughter of Time, in which Richard's guilt is examined and doubted. In 1955, Laurence Olivier released his film of Shakespeare's Richard III, which at the beginning admitted that the play was based on legend, and a sympathetic, detailed biography of Richard was published by Paul Murray Kendall, all of which went some way towards re-invigorating the society.[citation needed]The Fellowship of the White Boar was renamed The Richard III Society in 1959.In 1980, Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, became the society's Patron. (Richard III was Duke of Gloucester before ascending the throne, therefore he was before his accession (Prince) Richard, Duke of Gloucester).In 1986, the society established the Richard III and Yorkist History Trust, a registered charity,[7] to advance research and publication related to the history of late medieval England.The society publishes a scholarly journal, The Ricardian.[8]","title":"Richard III Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"Leicester City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_Council"},{"link_name":"exhumed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhumation_of_Richard_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Greyfriars Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars,_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Philippa Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_Langley"},{"link_name":"John Ashdown-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashdown-Hill"},{"link_name":"2015 Queen's Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"The Lost King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_King"},{"link_name":"Stephen Frears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Frears"}],"sub_title":"Rediscovery of Richard III","text":"In 2012, the society, working in partnership with the University of Leicester and Leicester City Council, exhumed a skeleton at the site of the former Greyfriars Church that was later confirmed to be that of the King.[9]Philippa Langley, the secretary of the Scottish Branch of the Richard III Society, inaugurated the quest for King Richard's lost grave as part of her ongoing research into the controversial monarch. Her project marked the first-ever search for the grave of an anointed King of England, and in 2013 was made into an acclaimed TV documentary Richard III: King In A Car Park by Darlow Smithson Productions for Channel 4.Philippa Langley and John Ashdown-Hill were awarded the MBE in recognition of their services to \"the Exhumation and Identification of Richard III\" (London Gazette) in the 2015 Queen's Birthday Honours.In 2022 the story of Philippa Langley and the rediscovery of Richard III.’s remains were made into the feature film The Lost King directed by Stephen Frears.","title":"Richard III Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-found-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-found-10"}],"text":"The Foundation is a US educational organization. The aims of the Foundation are to study, share and stimulate interest in the life and times of King Richard III and the Wars of the Roses.Its website states, \"The Foundation seeks to challenge the popular view of King Richard III by demonstrating through rigorous scholarship that the facts of Richard’s life and reign are in stark contrast to the Shakespearian caricature.\"[10]Their aim is to identify and translate documents and texts that shed new insight into this important period of history.[10]","title":"The Richard III Foundation, Inc."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-12"},{"link_name":"York Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Minster"},{"link_name":"Leicester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Plantagenet Alliance was a grouping of 15 individuals who claimed to be \"collateral [non-direct] descendants\" of Richard III,[11] and have been described as a \"Ricardian fan club\".[12] The group, formed for the purpose, unsuccessfully campaigned during 2013 and 2014 to have Richard re-interred at York Minster rather than Leicester Cathedral, believing that that was his wish.[11][13] During the campaign, the group failed to attract enough support to petition parliament.[14]","title":"Plantagenet Alliance"}]
[{"image_text":"Richard, his wife Anne Neville, and their son Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales standing on white boars in a contemporary heraldic roll by John Rous.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg/300px-Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg"},{"image_text":"The arms of the society, granted in 1989 [6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Richard_III_Society_Escutcheon.png/220px-Richard_III_Society_Escutcheon.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Ashdown-Hill, John (15 April 2015). The Mythology of Richard III. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-4473-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wVVpCAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Mythology of Richard III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4473-8","url_text":"978-1-4456-4473-8"}]},{"reference":"Langley, Philippa (19 November 2023). The Princes in the Tower: Solving History's Greatest Cold Case. History Press. ISBN 978-1-80399-542-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OlPVEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Princes in the Tower: Solving History's Greatest Cold Case"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80399-542-7","url_text":"978-1-80399-542-7"}]},{"reference":"Ashdown-Hill, John (15 July 2018). The Mythology of the 'Princes in the Tower'. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-7942-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mq6IDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Mythology of the 'Princes in the Tower'"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-7942-6","url_text":"978-1-4456-7942-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Search for Richard III confirms that remains are the long-lost Church of the Grey Friars\". University of Leicester. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/september/search-for-richard-iii-confirms-they-have-located-the-long-lost-church-of-the-grey-friars/","url_text":"\"Search for Richard III confirms that remains are the long-lost Church of the Grey Friars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard III Society | SOCIETY BADGES and DEVICES\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richardiii.net/8_6_badges.php","url_text":"\"Richard III Society | SOCIETY BADGES and DEVICES\""}]},{"reference":"\"RICHARD III AND YORKIST HISTORY TRUST, registered charity no. 327005\". Charity Commission for England and Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=327005&subId=0","url_text":"\"RICHARD III AND YORKIST HISTORY TRUST, registered charity no. 327005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales","url_text":"Charity Commission for England and Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"LIVE UPDATES: Richard III DNA results announced - Leicester University reveals identity of human remains found in car park\". This is Leicestershire. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130421124125/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/LIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced/story-18041484-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"LIVE UPDATES: Richard III DNA results announced - Leicester University reveals identity of human remains found in car park\""},{"url":"http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/LIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced/story-18041484-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Greig (13 September 2013). \"The Plantagenet Alliance: Who do they think they are?\". BBC. Retrieved 26 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-23929989","url_text":"\"The Plantagenet Alliance: Who do they think they are?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Maev (26 March 2013). \"Richard III's distant relatives threaten legal challenge over burial\". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/mar/26/richard-iii-relatives-legal-challenge","url_text":"\"Richard III's distant relatives threaten legal challenge over burial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Richard III reburial court bid fails\". BBC News. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27537836","url_text":"\"Richard III reburial court bid fails\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard III parliamentary petition misses target\". BBC News. 24 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-24230823","url_text":"\"Richard III parliamentary petition misses target\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wVVpCAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Mythology of Richard III"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OlPVEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Princes in the Tower: Solving History's Greatest Cold Case"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mq6IDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Mythology of the 'Princes in the Tower'"},{"Link":"http://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2012/september/search-for-richard-iii-confirms-they-have-located-the-long-lost-church-of-the-grey-friars/","external_links_name":"\"Search for Richard III confirms that remains are the long-lost Church of the Grey Friars\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/11489187/Richard-III-burial-five-centuries-on-the-last-medieval-king-finally-gains-honour-in-death.html","external_links_name":"Richard III burial: five centuries on, the last medieval king finally gains honour in death"},{"Link":"http://www.richardiii.net/8_6_badges.php","external_links_name":"\"Richard III Society | SOCIETY BADGES and DEVICES\""},{"Link":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=327005&subId=0","external_links_name":"\"RICHARD III AND YORKIST HISTORY TRUST, registered charity no. 327005\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130421124125/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/LIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced/story-18041484-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"\"LIVE UPDATES: Richard III DNA results announced - Leicester University reveals identity of human remains found in car park\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/LIVE-UPDATES-Richard-III-DNA-results-announced/story-18041484-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://richard111.com/","external_links_name":"Richard III Foundation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130704183715/http://www.richard111.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-23929989","external_links_name":"\"The Plantagenet Alliance: Who do they think they are?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/mar/26/richard-iii-relatives-legal-challenge","external_links_name":"\"Richard III's distant relatives threaten legal challenge over burial\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27537836","external_links_name":"\"Richard III reburial court bid fails\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-24230823","external_links_name":"\"Richard III parliamentary petition misses target\""},{"Link":"http://www.richardiii.net/","external_links_name":"Richard III Society"},{"Link":"http://www.silverboar.org/","external_links_name":"Society of Friends of King Richard III"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961114021649/http://richard111.com/","external_links_name":"Richard III Foundation"},{"Link":"http://www.ricardianfriends.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Ricardian Friends"},{"Link":"http://www.richardiiiandyht.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Richard III & Yorkist History Trust website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_(Mauritania)
Chamber of Commerce (Mauritania)
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 18°5′22″N 15°58′22″W / 18.08944°N 15.97278°W / 18.08944; -15.97278The Chamber of Commerce is the national chamber of commerce of Mauritania. It is located in Nouakchott, northwest of Mosque Ould Abbas and just south of the Central Bank of Mauritania. References 18°5′22″N 15°58′22″W / 18.08944°N 15.97278°W / 18.08944; -15.97278 This article about a building or structure in Mauritania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chamber of commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Nouakchott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouakchott"},{"link_name":"Mosque Ould Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ould_Abas_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Mauritania"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Chamber of Commerce is the national chamber of commerce of Mauritania. It is located in Nouakchott, northwest of Mosque Ould Abbas and just south of the Central Bank of Mauritania.[citation needed]","title":"Chamber of Commerce (Mauritania)"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Reingold
Steven Reingold
["1 References","2 External links"]
English cricketer Steven ReingoldPersonal informationFull nameSteven Jack ReingoldBorn (1998-08-07) 7 August 1998 (age 25)Cape Town, Western Cape,South AfricaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm off breakDomestic team information YearsTeam2019Cardiff MCCU2021Glamorgan First-class debut26 March 2019 Cardiff MCCU v SomersetList A debut22 July 2021 Glamorgan v WarwickshireCareer statistics Competition FC LA Matches 3 10 Runs scored 42 187 Batting average 8.40 20.77 100s/50s 0/0 0/0 Top score 22 40 Balls bowled 366 162 Wickets 6 5 Bowling average 45.16 32.60 5 wickets in innings 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 Best bowling 3/15 1/16 Catches/stumpings 1/– 8/–Source: Cricinfo, 25 September 2021 Steven Jack Reingold (born 7 August 1998) is a South African-born English first-class cricketer. Reingold was born at Cape Town in August 1998. He moved to England at a young age and was educated in London at the Jewish Free School, before going up to Cardiff University. While studying at Cardiff, he made his First-class debut for Cardiff MCCU against Somerset on 26 March 2019 and played against Sussex in the same year. He scored 29 runs in his two matches, while with his off break bowling he took 3 wickets at an expensive average of 85.33. He made his List A debut on 22 July 2021, for Glamorgan in the 2021 Royal London One-Day Cup. References ^ "Player profile: Steven Reingold". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "Cardiff MCCU vs Somerset 2019". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 23 July 2021. ^ "First-Class Matches played by Steven Reingold". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Steven Reingold". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Steven Reingold". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "Cardiff, Jul 22 2021, Royal London One-Day Cup". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 July 2021. External links Steven Reingold at ESPNcricinfo
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Jewish Free School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS_(school)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"First-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Cardiff MCCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_MCC_University"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"off break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_break"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_average"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"List A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"2021 Royal London One-Day Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Royal_London_One-Day_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Steven Jack Reingold (born 7 August 1998) is a South African-born English first-class cricketer.Reingold was born at Cape Town in August 1998. He moved to England at a young age and was educated in London at the Jewish Free School, before going up to Cardiff University.[1] While studying at Cardiff, he made his First-class debut for Cardiff MCCU against Somerset on 26 March 2019[2] and played against Sussex[3] in the same year. He scored 29 runs in his two matches,[4] while with his off break bowling he took 3 wickets at an expensive average of 85.33.[5] He made his List A debut on 22 July 2021, for Glamorgan in the 2021 Royal London One-Day Cup.[6]","title":"Steven Reingold"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Player profile: Steven Reingold\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1528/1528336/1528336.html","url_text":"\"Player profile: Steven Reingold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cardiff MCCU vs Somerset 2019\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 23 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/mcc-uni-matches-2019-1167337/somerset-vs-cardiff-mccu-1167346/live-cricket-score","url_text":"\"Cardiff MCCU vs Somerset 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Matches played by Steven Reingold\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1528/1528336/First-Class_Matches.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Matches played by Steven Reingold\""}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Steven Reingold\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1528/1528336/f_Batting_by_Team.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Steven Reingold\""}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Steven Reingold\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1528/1528336/f_Bowlng_by_Team.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Steven Reingold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cardiff, Jul 22 2021, Royal London One-Day Cup\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 22 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1250159.html","url_text":"\"Cardiff, Jul 22 2021, Royal London One-Day Cup\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Olya
Port of Olya
["1 References"]
Sea port in Oblast, Russia Olya is a sea port in Olya village settlement in Limansky District in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the Volga Delta, on the right shore of the Bakhtemir river (67th km of the Volga-Caspian canal). According to the information on the official website, Olya port has 10 docks 5m deep. The length of the waterfront is 688,2m, water area is 53,12km², the throughput capacity of the cargo terminals is 1,580,000 tons a year The first dock row started operating on June the 3rd in 1997. In 1996 a 5,4km long highway was brought to the port. In July 2004 the construction of a 55km long railway siding from the “Zenseli” to “Olya Port” station was completed. The course of action includes the construction of a second cargo district with planned turnover of 26 million tons, which would be located 4km south of the main one. Under the order of the Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transportation of March 31st 2010, Olya port is assigned index number K-2. In the Olya port various cargoes are transferred: rolled metal (rough material, armature rodes, steel coils, etc), lumber, palletized cargoes, bulk bags (fertilizers, cement, chemicals), various bulk dry cargoes (carbonite, coal, cast iron, ferro-alloys), grain cargoes, oil, equipment, large-capacity and long cargoes, intermodal containers, etc. References ^ "Реестр морских портов" . Федеральное агентство морского и речного транспорта (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-22. ^ "Ведомость причалов". МТП «Оля». Retrieved 2020-07-20. ^ "О Нас" . МТП «Оля» (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-22. ^ "Перечень услуг" . МТП «Оля» (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-22. vte Ports and harbours of RussiaAzov Sea Azov Kavkaz Rostov-on-Don Taganrog Temryuk Yeysk Baltic Sea Baltiysk1 Kaliningrad1 Primorsk Saint Petersburg Great port Passenger port Ust-Luga Vyborg Vysotsk Barents Sea Murmansk1 Naryan-Mar Severomorsk Varandey Bering Sea Anadyr Provideniya Black Sea Anapa1 Feodosia1, 2 Kerch1, 2 Novoozerne1, 2 Novorossiysk1 Sevastopol1, 2 Sochi1 Taman1 Yalta1, 2 Yevpatoria1, 2 Caspian Sea Astrakhan Makhachkala1 Olya1 East Siberian Sea Chersky Pevek Japan sea Kholmsk Kozmino Nakhodka (Vostochny)1 Posyet Sovetskaya Gavan Slavyanka Vanino Vladivostok Zarubino1 Kara Sea Dixon Dudinka Igarka Laptev Sea Khatanga Tiksi Pacific Ocean Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky1 Okhotsk Sea Korsakov1 Magadan Moskalvo Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Okhotsk Pronaysk White Sea Arkhangelsk Severodvinsk Vitino Transport in Russia 1 - Warm-water ports 2 - Crimean disputed territory This Astrakhan Oblast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caren_Range
Caren Range
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 49°38′N 123°54′W / 49.633°N 123.900°W / 49.633; -123.900Mountain range in British Columbia, Canada Caren RangeDimensionsArea169 km2 (65 sq mi)GeographyCountryCanadaRegionBritish ColumbiaRange coordinates49°38′N 123°54′W / 49.633°N 123.900°W / 49.633; -123.900Parent rangePacific Ranges The Caren Range is a low and mostly tree-covered mountain range in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It lies along the eastern shore of the Sechelt Peninsula, southeast of Sakinaw Lake, about 74 km northwest of Vancouver. It has an area of 169 km2 and contains Spipiyus Provincial Park. The name of the range is a long-standing misinterpretation of Carew. It was named for Benjamin Hallowell Carew. The range is noted for its ancient trees.: 38  References ^ BCGNIS entry "Caren Range" ^ Caren Range in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia ^ Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1986), British Columbia Place Names (3rd, 1997 ed.), Vancouver: UBC Press, ISBN 0-7748-0636-2 vtePacific RangesRanges Bendor Britannia Bunster Cadwallader Calliope Camelsfoot Cantilever Caren Cayley Chilcotin Colville Conical Douglas Earle Edwards Fannin Fitzsimmons Franklyn Fraser Garibaldi Gastineau Georgina Koeye Lewis Lillooet Meager Namu Nicholl Niut North Shore Pantheon Pembroke Sir Harry Tantalus Tottenham Unwin Waddington Wharncliffe Whitemantle Mountains Akasik Alfred Alice Arthur Asperity Birkenhead Bishop The Black Tusk Blackcomb Blanshard Brandywine Breakenridge Brew Brew Burke Callaghan Capricorn Castle Towers Cauldron Cayley Cinder Cone Clarke Coquitlam Crevasse Crag Crickmer Crown Currie Cypress Devastator Dewdney Eagle Edge Elsay Fang Fee Fitzgerald Forefinger Frederick William Fromme Garibaldi Good Hope Grouse Helena Job Judge Howay ḵ’els Kinch Little Finger Little Ring Luna Mamquam Meager Merlon Middle Finger Monarch Monmouth Munday Nicomen One Eye Opal Cone Overill Pali Petlushkwohap Plinth Powder Price Pylon Pyroclastic Queen Bess Raleigh Red Tusk Ring Robie Reid Round Serratus Seymour Silverthrone Skihist Stein Somolenko Spearhead Table Tantalus Taseko Tatlow Tiedemann Tricouni Tuber Vic Vulcan's Thumb Waddington Wedge Wellington ʔEniyud (Niut) Passes Cayoosh Griswold McGillivray Pemberton Railroad Tyoax Wedge Glaciers Chaos Compton Névé Diamond Franklin Garibaldi Névé Ha-Iltzuk Homathko Klinaklini Mamquam Monarch Parallel Pashleth Powder Mountain Silverthrone Spearhead Communities List of communities in British Columbia Parks Clendinning Duffey Lake Garibaldi Mount Elphinstone Stein Valley Nlaka'pamux Heritage Spruce Lake (South Chilcotin) Upper Lillooet Golden Ears Tantalus Mehatl Creek Birkenhead Lake Joffre Lakes Ts'il?os Bishop River Princess Louisa Marine Callaghan Nairn Falls Brandywine Falls Alice Lake Blackcomb Glacier Tetrahedron Stawamus Chief Murrin Mount Seymour Cypress Say Nuth Khaw Yum (Indian Arm) Pinecone-Burke Shannon Falls Rolley Lake Sasquatch Big Creek Homathko Estuary Davis Lake This article about a location on the Coast of British Columbia, Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Confess_(song)
I Confess
[]
"I Confess" can refer to: I Confess (Bewitched), 1968 I Confess (magazine), a pulp magazine aimed at women published by Dell from 1922 to 1932 I Confess (film), a 1953 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock "I Confess" (The Beat song), on the 1982 album Special Beat Service I Confess (Deniece Williams song), 1987 "I Confess", a 1988 song by the Tom Tom Club featured on the 1988 album Boom Boom Chi Boom Boom I Confess, a 2004 album by Holly Palmer Confiteor, a general confession of sin recited at the beginning of Mass of the Roman Rite I Confess, the original name of the American television series Your Prize Story Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title I Confess.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEF1D
EEF1D
["1 Function","2 Interactions","3 References","4 Further reading"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens EEF1DAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes2MVM, 2MVN, 2N51IdentifiersAliasesEEF1D, EF-1D, EF1D, FP1047, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 deltaExternal IDsOMIM: 130592; MGI: 1913906; HomoloGene: 23404; GeneCards: EEF1D; OMA:EEF1D - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 8 (human)Band8q24.3Start143,579,697 bpEnd143,599,541 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 15 (mouse)Band15|15 D3Start75,766,054 bpEnd75,781,405 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inAchilles tendonapex of heartleft ovaryright ovarybody of pancreasright lobe of thyroid glandprostatemuscle layer of sigmoid colonbody of uteruscanal of the cervixTop expressed inprimitive streakcondylefossainternal carotid arterysomiteendothelial cell of lymphatic vesselaortic valveascending aortaexternal carotid arteryhair follicleMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function DNA binding heat shock protein binding translation factor activity, RNA binding signal transducer activity translation elongation factor activity protein binding cadherin binding Cellular component cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum nucleus eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 complex fibrillar center cytosol Biological process regulation of transcription, DNA-templated regulation of cell death translational elongation mRNA transcription transcription, DNA-templated cellular response to ionizing radiation positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling signal transduction protein biosynthesis Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez193666656EnsemblENSG00000104529ENSG00000273594ENSMUSG00000055762UniProtP29692P57776RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001130053NM_001130054NM_001130055NM_001130056NM_001130057NM_001195203NM_001289950NM_001960NM_032378NM_001317743NM_001330646NM_001285429NM_001285430NM_001285431NM_001285432NM_001285433NM_001285434NM_023240NM_029663RefSeq (protein)NP_001123525NP_001123527NP_001123528NP_001123529NP_001182132NP_001276879NP_001304672NP_001317575NP_001951NP_115754NP_001272358NP_001272359NP_001272360NP_001272361NP_001272362NP_001272363NP_075729NP_083939Location (UCSC)Chr 8: 143.58 – 143.6 MbChr 15: 75.77 – 75.78 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Elongation factor 1-delta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1D gene. Function This gene encodes a subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. This subunit functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor. It is reported that this subunit interacts with HIV-1 Tat, and thus it represses the translation of host-cell, but not HIV-1, mRNAs. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, however, the full length nature of only two variants has been determined. Interactions EEF1D has been shown to interact with Glycyl-tRNA synthetase, EEF1G and KTN1, and is predicted to interact with TMEM63A. References ^ a b c ENSG00000273594 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000104529, ENSG00000273594 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000055762 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Sanders J, Raggiaschi R, Morales J, Möller W (Jul 1993). "The human leucine zipper-containing guanine-nucleotide exchange protein elongation factor-1 delta". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1174 (1): 87–90. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(93)90097-W. PMID 8334168. ^ "Entrez Gene: EEF1D eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta (guanine nucleotide exchange protein)". ^ Sang Lee J, Gyu Park S, Park H, Seol W, Lee S, Kim S (Feb 2002). "Interaction network of human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and subunits of elongation factor 1 complex". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 291 (1): 158–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398. PMID 11829477. ^ Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026. ^ Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, Brembeck FH, Goehler H, Stroedicke M, Zenkner M, Schoenherr A, Koeppen S, Timm J, Mintzlaff S, Abraham C, Bock N, Kietzmann S, Goedde A, Toksöz E, Droege A, Krobitsch S, Korn B, Birchmeier W, Lehrach H, Wanker EE (Sep 2005). "A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome". Cell. 122 (6): 957–68. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0. PMID 16169070. S2CID 8235923. ^ Ong LL, Er CP, Ho A, Aung MT, Yu H (Aug 2003). "Kinectin anchors the translation elongation factor-1 delta to the endoplasmic reticulum". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (34): 32115–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210917200. PMID 12773547. ^ "String Database". Retrieved 16 May 2014. Further reading Venema RC, Peters HI, Traugh JA (Jul 1991). "Phosphorylation of elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and valyl-tRNA synthetase by protein kinase C and stimulation of EF-1 activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (19): 12574–80. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98937-4. PMID 2061327. van Damme HT, Amons R, Karssies R, Timmers CJ, Janssen GM, Möller W (Aug 1990). "Elongation factor 1 beta of artemia: localization of functional sites and homology to elongation factor 1 delta". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1050 (1–3): 241–7. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(90)90174-z. PMID 2207149. Bec G, Kerjan P, Zha XD, Waller JP (Dec 1989). "Valyl-tRNA synthetase from rabbit liver. I. Purification as a heterotypic complex in association with elongation factor 1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (35): 21131–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)30056-0. PMID 2556394. Wolfson AD, Orlovsky AF, Gladilin KL (Oct 1988). "Mammalian valyl-tRNA synthetase forms a complex with the first elongation factor". FEBS Letters. 238 (2): 262–4. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80492-7. PMID 3169261. S2CID 45934458. Mulner-Lorillon O, Minella O, Cormier P, Capony JP, Cavadore JC, Morales J, Poulhe R, Bellé R (Aug 1994). "Elongation factor EF-1 delta, a new target for maturation-promoting factor in Xenopus oocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (31): 20201–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32146-4. PMID 8051108. Maruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298. Bec G, Kerjan P, Waller JP (Jan 1994). "Reconstitution in vitro of the valyl-tRNA synthetase-elongation factor (EF) 1 beta gamma delta complex. Essential roles of the NH2-terminal extension of valyl-tRNA synthetase and of the EF-1 delta subunit in complex formation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (3): 2086–92. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42139-9. PMID 8294461. Sanders J, Brandsma M, Janssen GM, Dijk J, Möller W (May 1996). "Immunofluorescence studies of human fibroblasts demonstrate the presence of the complex of elongation factor-1 beta gamma delta in the endoplasmic reticulum". Journal of Cell Science. 109 (5): 1113–7. doi:10.1242/jcs.109.5.1113. PMID 8743958. Chang YW, Traugh JA (Nov 1997). "Phosphorylation of elongation factor 1 and ribosomal protein S6 by multipotential S6 kinase and insulin stimulation of translational elongation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (45): 28252–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.45.28252. PMID 9353277. Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (Oct 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149. Sheu GT, Traugh JA (Dec 1997). "Recombinant subunits of mammalian elongation factor 1 expressed in Escherichia coli. Subunit interactions, elongation activity, and phosphorylation by protein kinase CKII". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (52): 33290–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.33290. PMID 9407120. Xiao H, Neuveut C, Benkirane M, Jeang KT (Mar 1998). "Interaction of the second coding exon of Tat with human EF-1 delta delineates a mechanism for HIV-1-mediated shut-off of host mRNA translation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 244 (2): 384–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8274. PMID 9514931. Kolettas E, Lymboura M, Khazaie K, Luqmani Y (1998). "Modulation of elongation factor-1 delta (EF-1 delta) expression by oncogenes in human epithelial cells". Anticancer Research. 18 (1A): 385–92. PMID 9568107. Scanlan MJ, Chen YT, Williamson B, Gure AO, Stockert E, Gordan JD, Türeci O, Sahin U, Pfreundschuh M, Old LJ (May 1998). "Characterization of human colon cancer antigens recognized by autologous antibodies". International Journal of Cancer. 76 (5): 652–8. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980529)76:5<652::AID-IJC7>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 9610721. S2CID 916155. Chacko G, Ling Q, Hajjar KA (Jul 1998). "Induction of acute translational response genes by homocysteine. Elongation factors-1alpha, -beta, and -delta". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (31): 19840–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.31.19840. PMID 9677419. Sheu GT, Traugh JA (Jan 1999). "A structural model for elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and phosphorylation by protein kinase CKII". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 191 (1–2): 181–6. doi:10.1023/A:1006802125856. PMID 10094407. S2CID 775166. Furusawa T, Moribe H, Kondoh H, Higashi Y (Dec 1999). "Identification of CtBP1 and CtBP2 as corepressors of zinc finger-homeodomain factor deltaEF1". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (12): 8581–90. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.12.8581. PMC 84984. PMID 10567582. Sang Lee J, Gyu Park S, Park H, Seol W, Lee S, Kim S (Feb 2002). "Interaction network of human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and subunits of elongation factor 1 complex". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 291 (1): 158–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398. PMID 11829477. Lei YX, Chen JK, Wu ZL (2002). "Blocking the translation elongation factor-1 delta with its antisense mRNA results in a significant reversal of its oncogenic potential". Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 22 (5): 377–83. doi:10.1002/tcm.10034. PMID 12210501. vteProtein biosynthesis: translation (bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic)ProteinsInitiation factorBacterial IF1 IF2 IF3 Mitochondrial MTIF1 MTIF2 MTIF3 Archaeal aIF1 aIF2 aIF5 aIF6 EukaryoticeIF1 eIF1 B SUI1 family eIF1A Y eIF2 α kinase β γ eIF2A eIF2B 1 2 3 4 5 eIF2D eIF3 A B C D E F G H I J K L M eIF4 A 1 2 3 E1 2 3 G 1 2 3 B H eIF5 EIF5 EIF5A 2 5B eIF6 EIF6 Elongation factorBacterial/​Mitochondrial EF-Tu EF-Ts EF-G EF-4 EF-P TSFM GFM1 GFM2 Archaeal/​Eukaryotic a/eEF-1 A1 2 3 B P1 P2 P3 D E G a/eEF-2 Release factor Class 1 eRF1 Class 2/RF3 GSPT1 GSPT2 Ribosomal ProteinsCytoplasmic60S subunit RPL3 RPL4 RPL5 RPL6 RPL7 RPL7A RPL8 RPL9 RPL10 RPL10A RPL10-like RPL11 RPL12 RPL13 RPL13A RPL14 RPL15 RPL17 RPL18 RPL18A RPL19 RPL21 RPL22 RPL23 RPL23A RPL24 RPL26 RPL27 RPL27A RPL28 RPL29 RPL30 RPL31 RPL32 RPL34 RPL35 RPL35A RPL36 RPL36A RPL37 RPL37A RPL38 RPL39 RPL40 RPL41 RPLP0 RPLP1 RPLP2 RRP15-like RSL24D1 40S subunit RPSA RPS2 RPS3 RPS3A RPS4 (RPS4X, RPS4Y1, RPS4Y2) RPS5 RPS6 RPS7 RPS8 RPS9 RPS10 RPS11 RPS12 RPS13 RPS14 RPS15 RPS15A RPS16 RPS17 RPS18 RPS19 RPS20 RPS21 RPS23 RPS24 RPS25 RPS26 RPS27 RPS27A RPS28 RPS29 RPS30 RACK1 Mitochondrial39S subunit MRPL1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 28S subunit MRPS1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Other concepts Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase Reading frame Start codon Stop codon Shine-Dalgarno sequence/Kozak consensus sequence This article on a gene on human chromosome 8 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8334168-5"}],"text":"Elongation factor 1-delta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1D gene.[5]","title":"EEF1D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"}],"text":"This gene encodes a subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. This subunit functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor. It is reported that this subunit interacts with HIV-1 Tat, and thus it represses the translation of host-cell, but not HIV-1, mRNAs. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, however, the full length nature of only two variants has been determined.[6]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"Glycyl-tRNA synthetase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycyl-tRNA_synthetase"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11829477-7"},{"link_name":"EEF1G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEF1G"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16189514-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16169070-9"},{"link_name":"KTN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTN1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12773547-10"},{"link_name":"TMEM63A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMEM63A"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-String-11"}],"text":"EEF1D has been shown to interact with Glycyl-tRNA synthetase,[7] EEF1G[8][9] and KTN1,[10] and is predicted to interact with TMEM63A.[11]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Phosphorylation of elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and valyl-tRNA synthetase by protein kinase C and stimulation of EF-1 activity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2998937-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98937-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2998937-4"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2061327","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2061327"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0167-4781(90)90174-z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-4781%2890%2990174-z"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2207149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2207149"},{"link_name":"\"Valyl-tRNA synthetase from rabbit liver. 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biosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis"},{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"bacterial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_translation"},{"link_name":"archaeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_translation"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation"},{"link_name":"Initiation 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tRNA synthetase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase"},{"link_name":"Reading frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_frame"},{"link_name":"Start codon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_codon"},{"link_name":"Stop codon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codon"},{"link_name":"Shine-Dalgarno sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence"},{"link_name":"Kozak consensus sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozak_consensus_sequence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_8"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EEF1D&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-8-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-8-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-8-stub"}],"text":"Venema RC, Peters HI, Traugh JA (Jul 1991). \"Phosphorylation of elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and valyl-tRNA synthetase by protein kinase C and stimulation of EF-1 activity\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (19): 12574–80. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98937-4. PMID 2061327.\nvan Damme HT, Amons R, Karssies R, Timmers CJ, Janssen GM, Möller W (Aug 1990). \"Elongation factor 1 beta of artemia: localization of functional sites and homology to elongation factor 1 delta\". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1050 (1–3): 241–7. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(90)90174-z. PMID 2207149.\nBec G, Kerjan P, Zha XD, Waller JP (Dec 1989). \"Valyl-tRNA synthetase from rabbit liver. I. Purification as a heterotypic complex in association with elongation factor 1\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (35): 21131–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)30056-0. PMID 2556394.\nWolfson AD, Orlovsky AF, Gladilin KL (Oct 1988). \"Mammalian valyl-tRNA synthetase forms a complex with the first elongation factor\". FEBS Letters. 238 (2): 262–4. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80492-7. PMID 3169261. S2CID 45934458.\nMulner-Lorillon O, Minella O, Cormier P, Capony JP, Cavadore JC, Morales J, Poulhe R, Bellé R (Aug 1994). \"Elongation factor EF-1 delta, a new target for maturation-promoting factor in Xenopus oocytes\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (31): 20201–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32146-4. PMID 8051108.\nMaruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). \"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides\". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.\nBec G, Kerjan P, Waller JP (Jan 1994). \"Reconstitution in vitro of the valyl-tRNA synthetase-elongation factor (EF) 1 beta gamma delta complex. Essential roles of the NH2-terminal extension of valyl-tRNA synthetase and of the EF-1 delta subunit in complex formation\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (3): 2086–92. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42139-9. PMID 8294461.\nSanders J, Brandsma M, Janssen GM, Dijk J, Möller W (May 1996). \"Immunofluorescence studies of human fibroblasts demonstrate the presence of the complex of elongation factor-1 beta gamma delta in the endoplasmic reticulum\". Journal of Cell Science. 109 (5): 1113–7. doi:10.1242/jcs.109.5.1113. PMID 8743958.\nChang YW, Traugh JA (Nov 1997). \"Phosphorylation of elongation factor 1 and ribosomal protein S6 by multipotential S6 kinase and insulin stimulation of translational elongation\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (45): 28252–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.45.28252. PMID 9353277.\nSuzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (Oct 1997). \"Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library\". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.\nSheu GT, Traugh JA (Dec 1997). \"Recombinant subunits of mammalian elongation factor 1 expressed in Escherichia coli. Subunit interactions, elongation activity, and phosphorylation by protein kinase CKII\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (52): 33290–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.33290. PMID 9407120.\nXiao H, Neuveut C, Benkirane M, Jeang KT (Mar 1998). \"Interaction of the second coding exon of Tat with human EF-1 delta delineates a mechanism for HIV-1-mediated shut-off of host mRNA translation\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 244 (2): 384–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8274. PMID 9514931.\nKolettas E, Lymboura M, Khazaie K, Luqmani Y (1998). \"Modulation of elongation factor-1 delta (EF-1 delta) expression by oncogenes in human epithelial cells\". Anticancer Research. 18 (1A): 385–92. PMID 9568107.\nScanlan MJ, Chen YT, Williamson B, Gure AO, Stockert E, Gordan JD, Türeci O, Sahin U, Pfreundschuh M, Old LJ (May 1998). \"Characterization of human colon cancer antigens recognized by autologous antibodies\". International Journal of Cancer. 76 (5): 652–8. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980529)76:5<652::AID-IJC7>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 9610721. S2CID 916155.\nChacko G, Ling Q, Hajjar KA (Jul 1998). \"Induction of acute translational response genes by homocysteine. Elongation factors-1alpha, -beta, and -delta\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (31): 19840–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.31.19840. PMID 9677419.\nSheu GT, Traugh JA (Jan 1999). \"A structural model for elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and phosphorylation by protein kinase CKII\". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 191 (1–2): 181–6. doi:10.1023/A:1006802125856. PMID 10094407. S2CID 775166.\nFurusawa T, Moribe H, Kondoh H, Higashi Y (Dec 1999). \"Identification of CtBP1 and CtBP2 as corepressors of zinc finger-homeodomain factor deltaEF1\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (12): 8581–90. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.12.8581. PMC 84984. PMID 10567582.\nSang Lee J, Gyu Park S, Park H, Seol W, Lee S, Kim S (Feb 2002). \"Interaction network of human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and subunits of elongation factor 1 complex\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 291 (1): 158–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398. PMID 11829477.\nLei YX, Chen JK, Wu ZL (2002). \"Blocking the translation elongation factor-1 delta with its antisense mRNA results in a significant reversal of its oncogenic potential\". Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 22 (5): 377–83. doi:10.1002/tcm.10034. PMID 12210501.vteProtein biosynthesis: translation (bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic)ProteinsInitiation factorBacterial\nIF1\nIF2\nIF3\nMitochondrial\nMTIF1\nMTIF2\nMTIF3\nArchaeal\naIF1\naIF2\naIF5\naIF6\nEukaryoticeIF1\neIF1\nB\nSUI1 family\neIF1A\nY\neIF2\nα\nkinase\nβ\nγ\neIF2A\neIF2B\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\neIF2D\neIF3\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\neIF4\nA\n1\n2\n3\nE1\n2\n3\nG\n1\n2\n3\nB\nH\neIF5\nEIF5\nEIF5A\n2\n5B\neIF6\nEIF6\nElongation factorBacterial/​Mitochondrial\nEF-Tu\nEF-Ts\nEF-G\nEF-4\nEF-P\nTSFM\nGFM1\nGFM2\nArchaeal/​Eukaryotic\na/eEF-1\nA1\n2\n3\nB\nP1\nP2\nP3\nD\nE\nG\na/eEF-2\nRelease factor\nClass 1\neRF1\nClass 2/RF3\nGSPT1\nGSPT2\nRibosomal ProteinsCytoplasmic60S subunit\nRPL3\nRPL4\nRPL5\nRPL6\nRPL7\nRPL7A\nRPL8\nRPL9\nRPL10\nRPL10A\nRPL10-like\nRPL11\nRPL12\nRPL13\nRPL13A\nRPL14\nRPL15\nRPL17\nRPL18\nRPL18A\nRPL19\nRPL21\nRPL22\nRPL23\nRPL23A\nRPL24\nRPL26\nRPL27\nRPL27A\nRPL28\nRPL29\nRPL30\nRPL31\nRPL32\nRPL34\nRPL35\nRPL35A\nRPL36\nRPL36A\nRPL37\nRPL37A\nRPL38\nRPL39\nRPL40\nRPL41\nRPLP0\nRPLP1\nRPLP2\nRRP15-like\nRSL24D1\n40S subunit\nRPSA\nRPS2\nRPS3\nRPS3A\nRPS4 (RPS4X, RPS4Y1, RPS4Y2)\nRPS5\nRPS6\nRPS7\nRPS8\nRPS9\nRPS10\nRPS11\nRPS12\nRPS13\nRPS14\nRPS15\nRPS15A\nRPS16\nRPS17\nRPS18\nRPS19\nRPS20\nRPS21\nRPS23\nRPS24\nRPS25\nRPS26\nRPS27\nRPS27A\nRPS28\nRPS29\nRPS30\nRACK1\nMitochondrial39S subunit\nMRPL1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n30\n31\n32\n33\n34\n35\n36\n37\n38\n39\n40\n41\n42\n28S subunit\nMRPS1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n30\n31\n32\n33\n34\n35\nOther concepts\nAminoacyl tRNA synthetase\nReading frame\nStart codon\nStop codon\nShine-Dalgarno sequence/Kozak consensus sequenceThis article on a gene on human chromosome 8 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=1936","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=66656","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Sanders J, Raggiaschi R, Morales J, Möller W (Jul 1993). \"The human leucine zipper-containing guanine-nucleotide exchange protein elongation factor-1 delta\". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1174 (1): 87–90. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(93)90097-W. PMID 8334168.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-4781%2893%2990097-W","url_text":"10.1016/0167-4781(93)90097-W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8334168","url_text":"8334168"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: EEF1D eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta (guanine nucleotide exchange protein)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1936","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: EEF1D eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta (guanine nucleotide exchange protein)\""}]},{"reference":"Sang Lee J, Gyu Park S, Park H, Seol W, Lee S, Kim S (Feb 2002). \"Interaction network of human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and subunits of elongation factor 1 complex\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 291 (1): 158–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398. PMID 11829477.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.2002.6398","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11829477","url_text":"11829477"}]},{"reference":"Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). \"Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network\". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437.1173R","url_text":"2005Natur.437.1173R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04209","url_text":"10.1038/nature04209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16189514","url_text":"16189514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427026","url_text":"4427026"}]},{"reference":"Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, Brembeck FH, Goehler H, Stroedicke M, Zenkner M, Schoenherr A, Koeppen S, Timm J, Mintzlaff S, Abraham C, Bock N, Kietzmann S, Goedde A, Toksöz E, Droege A, Krobitsch S, Korn B, Birchmeier W, Lehrach H, Wanker EE (Sep 2005). \"A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome\". Cell. 122 (6): 957–68. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0. PMID 16169070. S2CID 8235923.","urls":[{"url":"http://edoc.mpg.de/get.epl?fid=21592&did=275687&ver=0","url_text":"\"A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.08.029","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0","url_text":"11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16169070","url_text":"16169070"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8235923","url_text":"8235923"}]},{"reference":"Ong LL, Er CP, Ho A, Aung MT, Yu H (Aug 2003). \"Kinectin anchors the translation elongation factor-1 delta to the endoplasmic reticulum\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (34): 32115–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210917200. PMID 12773547.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M210917200","url_text":"\"Kinectin anchors the translation elongation factor-1 delta to the endoplasmic reticulum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M210917200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M210917200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12773547","url_text":"12773547"}]},{"reference":"\"String Database\". Retrieved 16 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://string-db.org/newstring_cgi/show_network_section.pl","url_text":"\"String Database\""}]},{"reference":"Venema RC, Peters HI, Traugh JA (Jul 1991). \"Phosphorylation of elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and valyl-tRNA synthetase by protein kinase C and stimulation of EF-1 activity\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (19): 12574–80. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98937-4. PMID 2061327.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2998937-4","url_text":"\"Phosphorylation of elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and valyl-tRNA synthetase by protein kinase C and stimulation of EF-1 activity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2998937-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98937-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2061327","url_text":"2061327"}]},{"reference":"van Damme HT, Amons R, Karssies R, Timmers CJ, Janssen GM, Möller W (Aug 1990). \"Elongation factor 1 beta of artemia: localization of functional sites and homology to elongation factor 1 delta\". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1050 (1–3): 241–7. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(90)90174-z. PMID 2207149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-4781%2890%2990174-z","url_text":"10.1016/0167-4781(90)90174-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2207149","url_text":"2207149"}]},{"reference":"Bec G, Kerjan P, Zha XD, Waller JP (Dec 1989). \"Valyl-tRNA synthetase from rabbit liver. I. Purification as a heterotypic complex in association with elongation factor 1\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (35): 21131–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)30056-0. PMID 2556394.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2930056-0","url_text":"\"Valyl-tRNA synthetase from rabbit liver. I. 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Essential roles of the NH2-terminal extension of valyl-tRNA synthetase and of the EF-1 delta subunit in complex formation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2942139-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42139-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8294461","url_text":"8294461"}]},{"reference":"Sanders J, Brandsma M, Janssen GM, Dijk J, Möller W (May 1996). \"Immunofluorescence studies of human fibroblasts demonstrate the presence of the complex of elongation factor-1 beta gamma delta in the endoplasmic reticulum\". Journal of Cell Science. 109 (5): 1113–7. doi:10.1242/jcs.109.5.1113. 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Subunit interactions, elongation activity, and phosphorylation by protein kinase CKII\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.52.33290","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.272.52.33290"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9407120","url_text":"9407120"}]},{"reference":"Xiao H, Neuveut C, Benkirane M, Jeang KT (Mar 1998). \"Interaction of the second coding exon of Tat with human EF-1 delta delineates a mechanism for HIV-1-mediated shut-off of host mRNA translation\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 244 (2): 384–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8274. PMID 9514931.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1229488","url_text":"\"Interaction of the second coding exon of Tat with human EF-1 delta delineates a mechanism for HIV-1-mediated shut-off of host mRNA translation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1998.8274","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.1998.8274"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9514931","url_text":"9514931"}]},{"reference":"Kolettas E, Lymboura M, Khazaie K, Luqmani Y (1998). \"Modulation of elongation factor-1 delta (EF-1 delta) expression by oncogenes in human epithelial cells\". Anticancer Research. 18 (1A): 385–92. 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Elongation factors-1alpha, -beta, and -delta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.31.19840","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.273.31.19840"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9677419","url_text":"9677419"}]},{"reference":"Sheu GT, Traugh JA (Jan 1999). \"A structural model for elongation factor 1 (EF-1) and phosphorylation by protein kinase CKII\". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 191 (1–2): 181–6. doi:10.1023/A:1006802125856. PMID 10094407. 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PMID 11829477.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.2002.6398","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11829477","url_text":"11829477"}]},{"reference":"Lei YX, Chen JK, Wu ZL (2002). \"Blocking the translation elongation factor-1 delta with its antisense mRNA results in a significant reversal of its oncogenic potential\". Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 22 (5): 377–83. doi:10.1002/tcm.10034. PMID 12210501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftcm.10034","url_text":"10.1002/tcm.10034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12210501","url_text":"12210501"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiberg_Islands
Heiberg Islands
["1 History","2 Adjacent islands","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 77°40′N 101°27′E / 77.667°N 101.450°E / 77.667; 101.450Group of four small islands in the Kara Sea Not to be confused with Axel Heiberg Island, which is named for the same person. Heiberg IslandsTransliterations from Russian Geyberg / Gejberg / GeibergThe Heiberg Islands and adjacent coastal islandsLocation of the Heiberg Islands in the Kara SeaGeographyLocationKara SeaCoordinates77°40′N 101°27′E / 77.667°N 101.450°E / 77.667; 101.450ArchipelagoHeiberg IslandsAdministrationRussiaDemographicsPopulation0 The Heiberg Islands, spelt Geyberg, Gejberg or Geiberg (Russian: острова Гейберга; ostrova Geyberga or also острова Акселя Гейберга) is a group of four small islands covered with tundra vegetation and with scattered stones on their shores. They lie in the Kara Sea, between the bleak coast of Siberia's Taymyr Peninsula and Severnaya Zemlya. These islands are between 35 and 45 km (22 and 28 mi) from the continental shore. The Heiberg Islands are covering the entrance to the Vilkitsky Strait from the west. The latitude of this group is 77° 40' N and the longitude 101° 27' E. 77°40′N 101°27′E / 77.667°N 101.450°E / 77.667; 101.450 The largest island of the group is only about 5 km (3.1 mi) in length. The sea surrounding the Heiberg Islands is covered with fast ice in the winter, which is long and bitter, and the climate is severe. The surrounding sea is obstructed by pack ice even in the summer, so that these islands are connected with the mainland for most of the year. The Heiberg Islands were named by Fridtjof Nansen after Axel Heiberg, financial director of the Norwegian Ringnes brewery, who was the main financier of the Fram expedition to the Arctic. These Siberian islands should not be confused with Axel Heiberg Island in Canada. This island group belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation. It is also part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of Russia. History A Soviet polar meteorological station was established on Heiberg in 1940 to aid navigation of the Northern Sea Route. After the breakup of the USSR, commercial navigation in the Arctic went into decline. More or less regular shipping is to be found only from Murmansk to Dudinka in the west and between Vladivostok and Pevek in the east. The areas around the Taymyr Peninsula, including the Vilkitsky Strait, see next to no shipping at all. The polar station on the Heiberg Islands is now abandoned, with millions of rubles of equipment still there. Adjacent islands Closer to the coast there is a 3 km (1.9 mi) long island called Helland-Hansen Island (Ostrov Gellanda-Gansena). Usually this island is not considered part of the Heiberg group, but it lies quite close to it, at only 28 km ESE of Vostochnyy Island. This single island was named after Norwegian pioneer of modern oceanography Bjorn Helland-Hansen (b. 1877 in Oslo, d. 1957 in Bergen). Further south lie two islands close to the coast. Povorotnyy is the larger one close to the shore. The smaller one further offshore is called Vecherniy. See also Kara Sea List of islands of Russia List of research stations in the Arctic Severnaya Zemlya References ^ "ДИКСОН — СНЕЖНОЙ АРКТИКИ СТОЛИЦА. К 90-ЛЕТИЮ НАЧАЛА НАБЛЮДЕНИЙ НА о. ДИКСОН". Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2016-12-21. External links Polar Station: . Nature Reserve: https://web.archive.org/web/20071008044746/http://www.bigarctic.ru/Eng A first-person account of the Taymyr's voyage in 1938, including a bear hunt and snow blindness on Heiberg Islands: . Account of a ski expedition in 1994: . Description of sightings of wolves and other wild animals on Heiberg. Professor Helland-Hansen: (in German) vte Islands of the Kara Sea (Russian Arctic) Arkticheskiy Institut Islands Belukha and Prodolgovaty Bely Island Bera Island Bolshoi Korsakovsky Islands Bonevi Dzhekman Islands Dikson Island Eastern Islands Firnley Islands Gavrilova Graham Bell Island Heiberg Islands Helland-Hansen Island Izvestiy TSIK Islands Kamennye Islands Kirov Islands Kolchak Island Kolomeytsev Islands Kolosovykh Komsomolets Krasnoflotskiye Krestovsky Island Krusenstern Islands Labyrintovye Ledyanyye Islands Levinson-Lessing Island Lishny Litke Islands Markgama Minina Skerries Mona Islands Moristy Myachina Islands Nablyudeniy Nansen Island Neupokoyeva Nordenskiöld Archipelago Nosok Novaya Zemlya October Revolution Oleniy Pakhtusov Islands Pilota Makhotkina Pioneer Island Plavnikovye Proklyatye Rastorguyev Island Russky Island Schmidt Island Scott Hansen Islands Sedov Archipelago Severnaya Zemlya Severny Island Shokalsky Shren Islands Sibiryakov Island Sorevnovaniya Storozhevye Sverdrup Island Taymyra Tillo Islands Tsivolko Islands Ushakov Island Uyedineniya Vaygach Island Vilkitsky Island Vilkitsky Islands Vize Island Voronina Yarzhinsky Islands Yermolov Island Yuzhny Island Zveroboy 77°40′N 101°27′E / 77.667°N 101.450°E / 77.667; 101.450
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Axel Heiberg Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island"},{"link_name":"Kara Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Sea"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Taymyr Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Severnaya Zemlya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya"},{"link_name":"Vilkitsky Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilkitsky_Strait"},{"link_name":"77°40′N 101°27′E / 77.667°N 101.450°E / 77.667; 101.450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Heiberg_Islands&params=77_40_N_101_27_E_"},{"link_name":"Fridtjof Nansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen"},{"link_name":"Axel Heiberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Heiberg"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Ringnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringnes"},{"link_name":"Fram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fram_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Axel Heiberg Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Krasnoyarsk Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Great Arctic State Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Arctic_State_Nature_Reserve"}],"text":"Group of four small islands in the Kara SeaNot to be confused with Axel Heiberg Island, which is named for the same person.The Heiberg Islands, spelt Geyberg, Gejberg or Geiberg (Russian: острова Гейберга; ostrova Geyberga or also острова Акселя Гейберга) is a group of four small islands covered with tundra vegetation and with scattered stones on their shores. They lie in the Kara Sea, between the bleak coast of Siberia's Taymyr Peninsula and Severnaya Zemlya. These islands are between 35 and 45 km (22 and 28 mi) from the continental shore.The Heiberg Islands are covering the entrance to the Vilkitsky Strait from the west.\nThe latitude of this group is 77° 40' N and the longitude 101° 27' E. 77°40′N 101°27′E / 77.667°N 101.450°E / 77.667; 101.450\nThe largest island of the group is only about 5 km (3.1 mi) in length.The sea surrounding the Heiberg Islands is covered with fast ice in the winter, which is long and bitter, and the climate is severe. The surrounding sea is obstructed by pack ice even in the summer, so that these islands are connected with the mainland for most of the year.The Heiberg Islands were named by Fridtjof Nansen after Axel Heiberg, financial director of the Norwegian Ringnes brewery, who was the main financier of the Fram expedition to the Arctic. These Siberian islands should not be confused with Axel Heiberg Island in Canada.This island group belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation. It is also part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of Russia.","title":"Heiberg Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Northern Sea Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Murmansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk"},{"link_name":"Dudinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudinka"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Pevek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevek"},{"link_name":"Taymyr Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula"}],"text":"A Soviet polar meteorological station was established on Heiberg in 1940 to aid navigation of the Northern Sea Route.\nAfter the breakup of the USSR, commercial navigation in the Arctic went into decline.[1]More or less regular shipping is to be found only from Murmansk to Dudinka in the west and between Vladivostok and Pevek in the east. The areas around the Taymyr Peninsula, including the Vilkitsky Strait, see next to no shipping at all.The polar station on the Heiberg Islands is now abandoned, with millions of rubles of equipment still there.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"Bjorn Helland-Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjorn_Helland-Hansen"}],"text":"Closer to the coast there is a 3 km (1.9 mi) long island called Helland-Hansen Island (Ostrov Gellanda-Gansena). Usually this island is not considered part of the Heiberg group, but it lies quite close to it, at only 28 km ESE of Vostochnyy Island. This single island was named after Norwegian pioneer of modern oceanography Bjorn Helland-Hansen (b. 1877 in Oslo, d. 1957 in Bergen).\nFurther south lie two islands close to the coast. Povorotnyy is the larger one close to the shore. The smaller one further offshore is called Vecherniy.","title":"Adjacent islands"}]
[]
[{"title":"Kara Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Sea"},{"title":"List of islands of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia"},{"title":"List of research stations in the Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic"},{"title":"Severnaya Zemlya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_McFarland
Alan McFarland
["1 Background","1.1 Political career","1.2 Resignation from the Ulster Unionist Party","2 References","3 External links"]
Alan McFarlandMember of the Legislative Assemblyfor North DownIn office25 June 1998 – 2011Preceded byNew CreationSucceeded byGordon Dunne Personal detailsBorn (1949-08-09) 9 August 1949 (age 74)Plumbridge, Northern IrelandNationalityBritishPolitical partyIndependent Unionist (from 2010)Other politicalaffiliationsUlster Unionist Party (until 2010)Major Robert Alan McFarland (born 9 August 1949 in Plumbridge, County Tyrone) is a former Northern Irish unionist politician who was a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for North Down from 1998 to 2011. Formerly a member of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), McFarland resigned from the party in 2010, following the agreed pact between the UUP and the Conservative Party ahead of the general election that year. Background He attended Rockport School near Holywood and Campbell College in east Belfast. After a short career in banking he was admitted to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and was commissioned into the Royal Tank Regiment in 1974. He is also a member of Mensa. He retired from the Army in 1992 with the rank of major and became a Parliamentary Assistant to James Molyneaux MP and the Rev. Martin Smyth MP. Political career In 1995, he was selected by the Ulster Unionists to contest the North Down by-election over the favourite for the nomination, Sir Reg Empey, but was beaten in the election by Robert McCartney. He was again beaten by McCartney in the 1997 general election, but by a narrower margin. In 1996, he was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for Political Dialogue for North Down and was involved in the talks process that resulted in the Belfast Agreement of 1998. He was one of three UUP members returned to the Assembly for North Down in the first elections to the body in 1998 and he retained his seat in the November 2003 election and March 2007 election. He was, until reconstitution in 2006, one of the UUP representatives on the Northern Ireland Policing Board. Following the resignation of David Trimble as UUP leader in 2005 he stood as a candidate in the contest to succeed him and was narrowly beaten by Sir Reg Empey. Sir Reg appointed McFarland as the party's chief negotiator following the election, in which role McFarland served through the period before restoration of devolution in Northern Ireland. In 2007, following the restoration of devolution the details of a row between McFarland and Empey were leaked to the press. It is believed that McFarland turned down the nomination to be Minister of Health when he discovered that Empey planned to take the UUP's other ministerial portfolio himself, insisting that the party leader should concentrate on rebuilding the party from outside the Northern Ireland Executive. Empey did not back down from his stance and appointed Michael McGimpsey to the Department of Health instead. Resignation from the Ulster Unionist Party McFarland announced his resignation from the Ulster Unionist Party on 30 March 2010, five days after the resignation by North Down MP Lady Sylvia Hermon (also formerly UUP), citing his disagreement with the UUP electoral pact with the Conservative Party. He made his intentions clear to continue to sit as an independent in the Assembly. In the 2011 Assembly Election, McFarland lost his seat. References ^ Economic Development Task Force: 10 Sep 2007: Northern Ireland Assembly debates (TheyWorkForYou.com) ^ BBC ^ BBC report ^ BBC N Ireland ^ RTÉ News External links NI Assembly biography AlanMcFarland.org Northern Ireland Forum New forum Member for North Down 1996–1998 Forum dissolved Northern Ireland Assembly New assembly MLA for North Down 1998–2011 Succeeded byGordon Dunne
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Plumbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbridge"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Member of the Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"North Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Down_(Assembly_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"general election that year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"Major Robert Alan McFarland (born 9 August 1949 in Plumbridge, County Tyrone[1]) is a former Northern Irish unionist politician who was a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for North Down from 1998 to 2011.Formerly a member of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), McFarland resigned from the party in 2010, following the agreed pact between the UUP and the Conservative Party ahead of the general election that year.","title":"Alan McFarland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockport School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockport_School"},{"link_name":"Holywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywood,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Campbell College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_College"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"Royal Tank Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tank_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Mensa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa_International"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"James Molyneaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Molyneaux"},{"link_name":"Martin Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Smyth"}],"text":"He attended Rockport School near Holywood and Campbell College in east Belfast. After a short career in banking he was admitted to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and was commissioned into the Royal Tank Regiment in 1974. He is also a member of Mensa.[citation needed]He retired from the Army in 1992 with the rank of major and became a Parliamentary Assistant to James Molyneaux MP and the Rev. Martin Smyth MP.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Down by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_North_Down_by-election"},{"link_name":"Sir Reg Empey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Empey"},{"link_name":"Robert McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCartney_(Northern_Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"1997 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Forum for Political Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Forum_for_Political_Dialogue"},{"link_name":"Belfast Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Agreement"},{"link_name":"first elections to the body in 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"November 2003 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"March 2007 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Policing Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Policing_Board"},{"link_name":"David Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble"},{"link_name":"contest to succeed him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Ulster_Unionist_Party_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"Reg Empey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Empey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive"},{"link_name":"Michael McGimpsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McGimpsey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Political career","text":"In 1995, he was selected by the Ulster Unionists to contest the North Down by-election over the favourite for the nomination, Sir Reg Empey, but was beaten in the election by Robert McCartney. He was again beaten by McCartney in the 1997 general election, but by a narrower margin.In 1996, he was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for Political Dialogue for North Down and was involved in the talks process that resulted in the Belfast Agreement of 1998. He was one of three UUP members returned to the Assembly for North Down in the first elections to the body in 1998 and he retained his seat in the November 2003 election and March 2007 election.He was, until reconstitution in 2006, one of the UUP representatives on the Northern Ireland Policing Board.Following the resignation of David Trimble as UUP leader in 2005 he stood as a candidate in the contest to succeed him and was narrowly beaten by Sir Reg Empey.[2] Sir Reg appointed McFarland as the party's chief negotiator following the election, in which role McFarland served through the period before restoration of devolution in Northern Ireland.In 2007, following the restoration of devolution the details of a row between McFarland and Empey were leaked to the press. It is believed that McFarland turned down the nomination to be Minister of Health when he discovered that Empey planned to take the UUP's other ministerial portfolio himself, insisting that the party leader should concentrate on rebuilding the party from outside the Northern Ireland Executive. Empey did not back down from his stance and appointed Michael McGimpsey to the Department of Health instead.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Hermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Hermon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"2011 Assembly Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"}],"sub_title":"Resignation from the Ulster Unionist Party","text":"McFarland announced his resignation from the Ulster Unionist Party on 30 March 2010,[4] five days after the resignation by North Down MP Lady Sylvia Hermon (also formerly UUP),[5] citing his disagreement with the UUP electoral pact with the Conservative Party. He made his intentions clear to continue to sit as an independent in the Assembly.In the 2011 Assembly Election, McFarland lost his seat.","title":"Background"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2007-09-10.4.1&s=speaker%3A13826#g4.12","external_links_name":"Economic Development Task Force: 10 Sep 2007: Northern Ireland Assembly debates (TheyWorkForYou.com)"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4085738.stm","external_links_name":"BBC"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6573289.stm","external_links_name":"BBC report"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8595799.stm","external_links_name":"BBC N Ireland"},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0325/northpolitics.html","external_links_name":"RTÉ News"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070309233113/http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/members/biogs_03/mcfarland_a.htm","external_links_name":"NI Assembly biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305110207/http://alanmcfarland.org/index.htm","external_links_name":"AlanMcFarland.org"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver
NXT TakeOver
["1 History","2 Events","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
This article is about the series of events named NXT TakeOver. For the original event, see NXT TakeOver (2014). For the NXT UK events, see NXT UK TakeOver. WWE pay-per-view and livestreaming event series Professional wrestling pay-per-view event series NXT TakeOverNXT TakeOver logoCreated byTriple HPromotionWWEBrandNXTFirst eventTakeOver (May 2014)Last eventTakeOver 36 (August 2021) NXT TakeOver was a series of periodic professional wrestling events produced by the American promotion WWE for its NXT brand division. The first TakeOver was simply titled TakeOver and was held in May 2014 as the brand's second major live event, after Arrival in February. TakeOver subsequently became the name for NXT's major events that were held several times a year. Beginning with the second event, TakeOver: Fatal 4-Way, many events included a subtitle, which either revived old WWE event names or were named after the event's location, some of which occurred annually, but some of the later ones were simply titled by their installment number. A total of 36 TakeOver events were held from May 2014 to August 2021. The events were originally livestreamed exclusively on the WWE Network until TakeOver 31 in October 2020, when the events also became available on traditional pay-per-view before also becoming available on Peacock beginning with TakeOver: Stand & Deliver in April 2021. The TakeOver series came to an end following TakeOver 36 in August 2021, as in September, NXT was restructured with the brand's succeeding events no longer carrying the TakeOver name, including some former TakeOver events, such as Stand & Deliver, which has since been held as NXT's WrestleMania week event. With the establishment of NXT UK in 2018—a sister brand of NXT based in the United Kingdom—the brand adopted the TakeOver name for its live events. History In 2012, WWE restructured their NXT brand from being a reality-based competition television show to a developmental territory for their main roster. In February 2014, the brand held its first live special that was uniquely titled Arrival, which was also the very first event to air live on WWE's online streaming service, the WWE Network, which launched earlier that same month. However, after NXT held an event titled TakeOver in May that year, the "TakeOver" name became the branding for all NXT live specials. All NXT live specials were initially held at Full Sail University in Winter Park, Florida, as with the main NXT series. They were also originally exclusive to the WWE Network until TakeOver 31 in October 2020 when they also became available on traditional pay-per-view (PPV), before also becoming available on Peacock after the American version of the WWE Network merged under Peacock in March 2021. Beginning with TakeOver: Brooklyn in 2015, the events were held at various U.S. and international locations, with most TakeOvers being named after their host city or U.S. state, which also began with that Brooklyn event. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, all NXT events returned to Full Sail University in mid-March 2020 until TakeOver 31 that October, when events were moved to the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida, presented as a virtual fan viewing experience with a small live crowd called the "Capitol Wrestling Center", an homage to the Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the predecessor to WWE. The Capitol Wrestling Center was similar to the WWE ThunderDome, which was a bio-secure bubble that the company utilized for Raw and SmackDown's programs. Most COVID restrictions were lifted in mid-2021 with the events no longer including a virtual audience and resumed having a live audience. Although the Raw and SmackDown brands resumed live touring in July 2021, NXT remained at the Capitol Wrestling Center. As TakeOvers were only held in Florida since the start of the pandemic in March 2020, they were named either by their installment number (e.g., TakeOver 31) or revived old WWE pay-per-view names (e.g., TakeOver: In Your House), with the exception of TakeOver: WarGames that year. Since TakeOver: Brooklyn in 2015, several TakeOver events were scheduled as a support event for each of WWE's "Big Four" pay-per-view events at the time (Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series), and occasionally, their other monthly pay-per-views, such as Backlash and Money in the Bank. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, TakeOvers also shared the same venue as those PPVs, except when those PPVs were held in a stadium; in these cases, TakeOver was held at an arena in the same city instead. There were also recurring subseries of TakeOver events; TakeOver: Brooklyn was also the first to have its own subseries of TakeOvers. Other subseries of TakeOvers included Toronto, Chicago, In Your House, and the most prominent, WarGames, which had been held on the night preceding Survivor Series from 2017 to 2019; in 2020, it was held two weeks after Survivor Series. The event featured the namesake WarGames match as its main event. TakeOver: Stand & Deliver in April 2021 was the only TakeOver held across two nights. Only one NXT TakeOver event had to be canceled. TakeOver: Tampa Bay was originally set to air live from the Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida on April 4, 2020. The event was initially postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which began effecting WWE's programming in mid-March; however, it was ultimately canceled with matches planned and scheduled for the event moved to weekly episodes of NXT, beginning April 1. In September 2021, the NXT brand went through a restructuring, being rebranded as "NXT 2.0", reverting to a developmental territory for WWE. In October, it was speculated that the company may end the TakeOver series as another TakeOver event was not scheduled for 2021 after TakeOver 36 in August. On November 9, 2021, NXT's next PPV and livestreaming event was announced as WarGames to be held on December 5, 2021. Unlike the previous WarGames events, however, the announcement confirmed that the event would not be a TakeOver event, thus ending the TakeOver series. Vengeance Day, Stand & Deliver, and In Your House would also continue on as their own events following TakeOver's discontinuation, although the 2022 Vengeance Day aired as a television special instead of airing on PPV and via livestreaming, while the 2022 editions of Stand & Deliver and In Your House only aired via livestreaming and not on PPV. Events No. Event Date Venue Location Main event Ref. 1 TakeOver May 29, 2014 Full Sail University Winter Park, Florida Adrian Neville (c) vs. Tyson Kidd for the NXT Championship 2 Fatal 4-Way September 11, 2014 Adrian Neville (c) vs. Sami Zayn vs. Tyler Breeze vs. Tyson Kidd for the NXT Championship 3 R Evolution December 11, 2014 Adrian Neville (c) vs. Sami Zayn in a Title vs. Career match for the NXT Championship 4 Rival February 11, 2015 Sami Zayn (c) vs. Kevin Owens for the NXT Championship 5 Unstoppable May 20, 2015 Kevin Owens (c) vs. Sami Zayn for the NXT Championship 6 Brooklyn August 22, 2015 Barclays Center Brooklyn, New York Finn Bálor (c) vs. Kevin Owens in a Ladder match for the NXT Championship 7 Respect October 7, 2015 Full Sail University Winter Park, Florida Bayley (c) vs. Sasha Banks in a 30-minute Iron Woman match for the NXT Women's Championship 8 London December 16, 2015 SSE Arena London, England Finn Bálor (c) vs. Samoa Joe for the NXT Championship 9 Dallas April 1, 2016 Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center Dallas, Texas 10 The End June 8, 2016 Full Sail University Winter Park, Florida Samoa Joe (c) vs. Finn Bálor in a Steel Cage match for the NXT Championship 11 Brooklyn II August 20, 2016 Barclays Center Brooklyn, New York Samoa Joe (c) vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the NXT Championship 12 Toronto November 19, 2016 Air Canada Centre Toronto, Ontario, Canada Shinsuke Nakamura (c) vs. Samoa Joe for the NXT Championship 13 San Antonio January 28, 2017 Freeman Coliseum San Antonio, Texas Shinsuke Nakamura (c) vs. Bobby Roode for the NXT Championship 14 Orlando April 1, 2017 Amway Center Orlando, Florida Bobby Roode (c) vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the NXT Championship 15 Chicago May 20, 2017 Allstate Arena Rosemont, Illinois The Authors of Pain (Akam and Rezar) (c) vs. DIY (Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa) in a Ladder match for the NXT Tag Team Championship 16 Brooklyn III August 19, 2017 Barclays Center Brooklyn, New York Bobby Roode (c) vs. Drew McIntyre for the NXT Championship 17 WarGames November 18, 2017 Toyota Center Houston, Texas SAnitY (Alexander Wolfe, Eric Young, and Killian Dain) vs. The Authors of Pain (Akam and Rezar) and Roderick Strong vs. The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Bobby Fish, and Kyle O'Reilly) in a WarGames match 18 Philadelphia January 27, 2018 Wells Fargo Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Andrade "Cien" Almas (c) vs. Johnny Gargano for the NXT Championship 19 New Orleans April 7, 2018 Smoothie King Center New Orleans, Louisiana Johnny Gargano vs. Tommaso Ciampa in an unsanctioned match 20 Chicago II June 16, 2018 Allstate Arena Rosemont, Illinois Johnny Gargano vs. Tommaso Ciampa in a Chicago Street Fight 21 Brooklyn 4 August 18, 2018 Barclays Center Brooklyn, New York Tommaso Ciampa (c) vs. Johnny Gargano in a Last Man Standing match for the NXT Championship 22 WarGames November 17, 2018 Staples Center Los Angeles, California Pete Dunne, Ricochet, and War Raiders (Hanson and Rowe) vs. The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Bobby Fish, Kyle O'Reilly, and Roderick Strong) in a WarGames match 23 Phoenix January 26, 2019 Talking Stick Resort Arena Phoenix, Arizona Tommaso Ciampa (c) vs. Aleister Black for the NXT Championship 24 New York April 5, 2019 Barclays Center Brooklyn, New York Johnny Gargano vs. Adam Cole in a two-out-of-three falls match for the vacant NXT Championship 25 XXV June 1, 2019 Webster Bank Arena Bridgeport, Connecticut Johnny Gargano (c) vs. Adam Cole for the NXT Championship 26 Toronto August 10, 2019 Scotiabank Arena Toronto, Ontario, Canada Adam Cole (c) vs. Johnny Gargano in a two-out-of-three falls match for the NXT Championship 27 WarGames November 23, 2019 Allstate Arena Rosemont, Illinois Tommaso Ciampa, Keith Lee, Dominik Dijakovic, and Kevin Owens vs. The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Bobby Fish, Kyle O'Reilly, and Roderick Strong) in a WarGames match 28 Portland February 16, 2020 Moda Center Portland, Oregon Adam Cole (c) vs. Tommaso Ciampa for the NXT Championship 29 In Your House June 7, 2020 Full Sail University Winter Park, Florida Charlotte Flair (c) vs. Rhea Ripley vs. Io Shirai for the NXT Women's Championship 30 XXX August 22, 2020 Keith Lee (c) vs. Karrion Kross for the NXT Championship 31 31 October 4, 2020 Capitol Wrestling Center at WWE Performance Center Orlando, Florida Finn Bálor (c) vs. Kyle O'Reilly for the NXT Championship 32 WarGames December 6, 2020 The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Kyle O'Reilly, Roderick Strong, and Bobby Fish) vs. Team McAfee (Pat McAfee, Pete Dunne, Danny Burch, and Oney Lorcan) in a WarGames match 33 Vengeance Day February 14, 2021 Finn Bálor (c) vs. Pete Dunne for the NXT Championship 34 Stand & Deliver April 7, 2021 Io Shirai (c) vs. Raquel González for the NXT Women's Championship April 8, 2021 Adam Cole vs. Kyle O'Reilly in an unsanctioned match 35 In Your House June 13, 2021 Karrion Kross (c) vs. Adam Cole vs. Kyle O'Reilly vs. Johnny Gargano vs. Pete Dunne for the NXT Championship 36 36 August 22, 2021 Karrion Kross (c) vs. Samoa Joe for the NXT Championship (c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match See also List of WWE pay-per-view and WWE Network events References ^ "WWE News: update on NXT two hour specials". f4wonline.com. Retrieved April 3, 2015. ^ "WWE News: NXT will not run monthly live specials after all". prowrestling.net. Retrieved April 3, 2015. ^ Defelice, Robert (October 3, 2020). "NXT TakeOver 31 To Be Available On Traditional Pay-Per-View". Fightful. Retrieved October 4, 2020. ^ WWE.com Staff (March 8, 2021). "WWE Network to launch on Peacock March 18". WWE. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ a b c "NXT TakeOver comes to Brooklyn during SummerSlam 2015 Week". WWE. Retrieved July 3, 2015. ^ Johnson, Mike (May 13, 2020). "WWE NXT TAKEOVER: IN YOUR HOUSE SET FOR JUNE - UPDATED WITH PRESS RELEASE". PWInsider. Retrieved May 13, 2020. ^ a b "NXT Takeover: In Your House to take place Sunday June 7". WWE. May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020. ^ "Capitol Wrestling Center to be unveiled tonight at NXT TakeOver 31". WWE. October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020. ^ Defelice, Robert (October 4, 2020). "NXT TakeOver 31 To Feature The Debut Of The Capitol Wrestling Center". Fightful. Retrieved October 4, 2020. ^ a b Johnson, Mike (September 3, 2020). "WWE NXT TAKEOVER UPDATES". PWInsider. Retrieved September 20, 2020. ^ Silverstein, Adam (19 November 2018). "WWE schedule, list of PPVs for 2018: TLC, 2019 Royal Rumble date, location". CBS Sports. ^ a b "NXT TakeOver: WarGames comes to the Toyota Center in Houston on Saturday, Nov. 18". WWE. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ^ Moore, John (March 10, 2021). "3/10 NXT TV results: Moore's review of Finn Balor vs. Adam Cole for the NXT Championship, Io Shirai vs. Toni Storm for the NXT Women's Championship, William Regal's big announcements, Xia Li vs. Kayden Carter". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved March 11, 2021. ^ Chiari, Mike (March 24, 2020). "NXT TakeOver Tampa Bay Matches Scheduled for USA Network Starting April 1". Bleacher Report. Retrieved March 24, 2020. ^ Staff, WWE.com (March 24, 2020). "Triple H to appear on tomorrow night's NXT on USA Network". WWE.com. Retrieved March 24, 2020. ^ Barrasso, Justin (March 24, 2020). "Matches Slated for 'NXT TakeOver: Tampa Bay' Will Take Place on NXT TV Show". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 24, 2020. ^ Wrestlenomics Staff (October 4, 2021). "The future of WWE NXT 2.0 on the USA Network". Wrestlenomics. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ Aguilar, Matthew (October 22, 2021). "NXT TakeOver is a No Show on WWE's Updated Calendar". ComicBook.com. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ Johnson, Mike (October 21, 2021). "WWE PPV CALENDAR UPDATES". PWInsider. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ Guzzo, Gisberto (November 9, 2021). "NXT WarGames 2021 Announced During 11/9 Episode Of NXT 2.0". Fightful. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ WWE (November 10, 2021). "LFG!!!!! #WWENXT #WarGames RETURNS Sunday, December 5!" (Tweet). Retrieved November 10, 2021 – via Twitter. ^ Thomas, Jeremy (November 9, 2021). "UPDATED: NXT WarGames Set For December, Takeover Name Removed". 411mania. Retrieved November 15, 2021. ^ "NXT Vengeance Day Set For 2/15 As TV Special". Fightful. January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022. ^ Lee, Joseph (February 16, 2022). "Updated Start Time For WWE NXT Stand & Deliver During Wrestlemania Weekend". 411mania. Retrieved February 21, 2022. ^ Ravens, Andrew (April 29, 2022). "WWE NXT In Your House theme returning this summer". Wrestling News | Wwe and Aew Results, Spoilers, Rumors & Scoops. Retrieved May 11, 2022. ^ "James's WWE NXT TakeOver report 5/29: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live special on WWE Network". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved June 2, 2014. ^ Howell, Nolan. "Neville shocks, defies odds at NXT Takeover: Fatal 4 Way". Canoe.ca. SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2014. ^ James, Caldwell. "Caldwell's WWE NXT Takeover results 12/11: Complete virtual-time coverage of Neville vs. Zayn for the NXT Title, Itami & Balor, Charlotte, Kevin Steen/Owens's debut, Corey Graves retires". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved December 15, 2014. ^ Varsallone, Jim. "Hot crowd at Full Sail Live as Sasha Banks, Kevin Owens win WWE NXT titles; WWE NXT bound for Cleveland". Miami Herald. Retrieved July 3, 2015. ^ James, Justin. "WWE NXT "TakeOver: Unstoppable" report 5/20: Owens vs. Zayn for the NXT Title ends in wild fashion with a major debut of Samoa Joe, plus spectacular NXT Women's Title match, more; Overall Reax". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved May 21, 2014. ^ James, Justin. "JAMES'S WWE "NXT TAKEOVER: BROOKLYN" REPORT 8/22: Balor vs. Owens ladder match for NXT Title, epic Women's match, Tag Titles, Samoa Joe, Liger, dignitaries in the crowd; Overall Reax". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved August 23, 2015. ^ "WWE NXT: Bayley vs. Sasha Banks IronMan match to headline TakeOver". f4wonline.com. Retrieved September 11, 2015. ^ "WWE NXT results: Women's Champion Bayley battles Alexa Bliss". f4wonline.com. 2015-11-19. Retrieved November 19, 2015. Finn Balor vs Samoa Joe for the NXT Championship was made official for Takeover in December, plus next week they will sign the contract for their match. ^ Melok, Bobby. "WWE NXT TakeOver comes to Dallas during WrestleMania 32 Week". WWE. Retrieved December 12, 2015. ^ Martin, Adam (2016-04-16). "WWE announces next live NXT TakeOver special for this June, viewer numbers for "American Grit" premiere on FOX". wrestleview.com. Retrieved May 3, 2016. ^ a b "WWE SummerSlam returns to Barclays Center in 2016 and 2017". WWE. Retrieved September 28, 2015. ^ "NXT: TakeOver added to Survivor Series Weekend in Toronto". WWE. Retrieved September 2, 2016. ^ "NXT TakeOver: San Antonio takes place during Royal Rumble weekend". WWE. Retrieved November 28, 2016. ^ "Get WrestleMania 33 Travel Packages this Monday". WWE. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2016. ^ "NXT TakeOver: Orlando to take place on the eve of WrestleMania 33". WWE. Retrieved December 12, 2016. ^ "NXT TakeOver: Chicago to take place on the eve of WWE Backlash". WWE. Retrieved April 3, 2017. ^ "NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn returns to Barclays Center on Aug. 19". WWE. Retrieved June 5, 2017. ^ "Kairi Sane to challenge for NXT Women's Championship at NXT TakeOver: Houston". WWE. September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ "Philadelphia to host 30th anniversary of WWE Royal Rumble in 2018". WWE. Retrieved January 26, 2017. ^ "NXT TakeOver: Philadelphia comes to Wells Fargo Center on Saturday, Jan. 27". WWE. November 18, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017. ^ Williams, JJ (2017-11-30). "NXT TV TAPING SPOILERS: FATAL FOUR-WAY NUMBER ONE CONTENDER'S MATCH". F4Wonline.com. Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online. Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ "WrestleMania returns to the Big Easy". WWE. Retrieved January 10, 2017. ^ "WWE launches Superstars for Hope Campaign". WWE. Retrieved 2017-12-04. ^ "WWE schedule, list of PPVs for 2018: Royal Rumble, NXT TakeOver date, location". CBS sports. Retrieved December 10, 2017. ^ "NXT TakeOver: Chicago returns to Allstate Arena on Saturday, June 16". WWE. Retrieved March 5, 2018. ^ "SummerSlam Week to return to Brooklyn in 2018". WWE. Retrieved August 14, 2017. ^ "NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn returns to Barclays Center on Aug. 18". WWE. Retrieved May 7, 2018. ^ "NXT TakeOver: WarGames returns this November in Los Angeles, tickets available this Friday". WWE. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ^ "WWE Survivor Series is coming to Los Angeles in 2018". Los Angeles Times. 2017-11-16. Retrieved November 16, 2017. ^ "Los Angeles to host WWE Survivor Series in 2018". WWE. Retrieved November 16, 2017. ^ "NXT TakeOver: Phoenix tickets available now". WWE. October 22, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ "WWE fans, Royal Rumble 2019 is coming to Chase Field in Phoenix". AZ Central. Retrieved January 24, 2018. ^ "NO MORE TAKEOVER: BROOKLYN | PWInsider.com". www.pwinsider.com. ^ "Bobby Fish". Twitter. Retrieved December 26, 2018. ^ Martin, Adam (December 2018). "WWE issues statement confirming change to WrestleMania 35 schedule". WrestleView. Retrieved December 2, 2018. ^ "WrestleMania is coming back to MetLife Stadium". New York Post. 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-16. ^ Currier, Joseph (May 6, 2019). "BRIDGEPORT, CONNECTICUT TO HOST NXT TAKEOVER XXV". F4wonline. Wrestling Observer. Retrieved May 6, 2019. ^ H, Triple (May 13, 2019). "@WWENXT is prepared to take over #SummerSlam weekend... Get ready for #NXTTakeOver: Toronto LIVE from the @ScotiabankArena on Saturday, August 10th. Tickets go on sale THIS Friday at 10am. #WeAreNXT @WWENXTpic.twitter.com/LjgrLnl6Ow". ^ "WWE SummerSlam heading to Toronto in August 2019 after a four-year run in Brooklyn". CBS Sports. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018. ^ "WARGAMES RETURNING TO WWE NXT". pwinsider.com. Retrieved 2019-03-19. ^ "Chicago to host Survivor Series in 2019". WWE. Retrieved November 19, 2018. ^ Powell, Jason. "NXT Takeover: Portland event announced". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved November 23, 2019. ^ Johnson, Mike (May 8, 2020). "SUMMERSLAM WEEKEND WILL NOT TAKE PLACE IN BOSTON, MAYOR SAYS ALL MAJOR EVENTS NEED TO MAKE ALTERNATIVE PLANS". PWInsider. Retrieved May 8, 2020. ^ Tedesco, Mike (May 8, 2020). "WWE SummerSlam will not take place in Boston, mayor announces no events will take place". WrestleView. Retrieved May 8, 2020. ^ Johnson, Mike (September 8, 2020). "The Next WWE NXT TakeOver Will Be..." PWInsider. Retrieved September 20, 2020. ^ "NXT TakeOver set for Sunday, Oct. 4". WWE. September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020. ^ "NXT TakeOver: WarGames set to take place Sunday, Dec. 6". WWE. November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020. ^ Defelice, Robert (January 6, 2021). "Next NXT TakeOver Set For Valentine's Day 2021". Fightful. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ^ "NXT TakeOver set to take place Sunday, Feb. 14". WWE. January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ^ "The Genius of the Sky defends against "Big Mami Cool"". WWE. Retrieved 2021-03-20. ^ Lambert, Jeremy (March 3, 2021). "NXT TakeOver Scheduled On WWE Network For April 8". Fightful. Retrieved March 3, 2021. ^ Lambert, Jeremy (March 10, 2021). "NXT Announces Two-Night TakeOver Event; Night One On USA, Night Two On Peacock". Fightful. Retrieved March 11, 2021. ^ "NXT TakeOver: In Your House set to take place Sunday, June 13". WWE. Retrieved May 11, 2021. ^ "NXT TakeOver 36 slated for Sunday, August 22". WWE. July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021. ^ Lambert, Jeremy (July 20, 2021). "NXT Announces TakeOver 36 For August". Fightful. Retrieved July 20, 2021. 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For the original event, see NXT TakeOver (2014). For the NXT UK events, see NXT UK TakeOver.WWE pay-per-view and livestreaming event seriesProfessional wrestling pay-per-view event seriesNXT TakeOver was a series of periodic professional wrestling events produced by the American promotion WWE for its NXT brand division. The first TakeOver was simply titled TakeOver and was held in May 2014 as the brand's second major live event, after Arrival in February. TakeOver subsequently became the name for NXT's major events that were held several times a year. Beginning with the second event, TakeOver: Fatal 4-Way, many events included a subtitle, which either revived old WWE event names or were named after the event's location, some of which occurred annually, but some of the later ones were simply titled by their installment number. A total of 36 TakeOver events were held from May 2014 to August 2021.The events were originally livestreamed exclusively on the WWE Network until TakeOver 31 in October 2020, when the events also became available on traditional pay-per-view before also becoming available on Peacock beginning with TakeOver: Stand & Deliver in April 2021. The TakeOver series came to an end following TakeOver 36 in August 2021, as in September, NXT was restructured with the brand's succeeding events no longer carrying the TakeOver name, including some former TakeOver events, such as Stand & Deliver, which has since been held as NXT's WrestleMania week event.With the establishment of NXT UK in 2018—a sister brand of NXT based in the United Kingdom—the brand adopted the TakeOver name for its live events.","title":"NXT TakeOver"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_brand_extension"},{"link_name":"reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"developmental territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_team"},{"link_name":"Arrival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_Arrival"},{"link_name":"WWE Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Network"},{"link_name":"TakeOver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver_(2014)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Full Sail University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Sail_University"},{"link_name":"Winter Park, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park,_Florida"},{"link_name":"NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_NXT"},{"link_name":"TakeOver 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver_31"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"TakeOver: Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver:_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooklyn2015-5"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"WWE Performance Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Performance_Center"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Capitol Wrestling Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Wrestling_Corporation"},{"link_name":"WWE ThunderDome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_ThunderDome"},{"link_name":"bio-secure bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble"},{"link_name":"Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"SmackDown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmackDown_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"TakeOver: In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver:_In_Your_House_(2020)"},{"link_name":"TakeOver: WarGames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver:_WarGames_(2020)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NXTInYourHouse-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TakeOver31CWC-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarGames2020-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Rumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rumble"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania"},{"link_name":"SummerSlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SummerSlam"},{"link_name":"Survivor Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_Series"},{"link_name":"Backlash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Backlash"},{"link_name":"Money in the Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Money_in_the_Bank"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooklyn2015-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooklyn2015-5"},{"link_name":"In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Your_House"},{"link_name":"WarGames match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarGames_match"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarGames2017-12"},{"link_name":"TakeOver: Stand & Deliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver:_Stand_%26_Deliver"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NXT03102021-13"},{"link_name":"TakeOver: Tampa Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver:_Tampa_Bay"},{"link_name":"Amalie Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalie_Arena"},{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"TakeOver 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver_36"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"livestreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestreaming"},{"link_name":"WarGames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_WarGames_(2021)"},{"link_name":"WarGames events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_WarGames"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Vengeance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Vengeance"},{"link_name":"Stand & Deliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_Stand_%26_Deliver"},{"link_name":"2022 Vengeance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_Vengeance_Day_(2022)"},{"link_name":"television special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_special"},{"link_name":"Stand & Deliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_Stand_%26_Deliver_(2022)"},{"link_name":"In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_In_Your_House_(2022)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In_Your_House_2.0-25"}],"text":"In 2012, WWE restructured their NXT brand from being a reality-based competition television show to a developmental territory for their main roster. In February 2014, the brand held its first live special that was uniquely titled Arrival, which was also the very first event to air live on WWE's online streaming service, the WWE Network, which launched earlier that same month. However, after NXT held an event titled TakeOver in May that year, the \"TakeOver\" name became the branding for all NXT live specials.[1][2] All NXT live specials were initially held at Full Sail University in Winter Park, Florida, as with the main NXT series. They were also originally exclusive to the WWE Network until TakeOver 31 in October 2020 when they also became available on traditional pay-per-view (PPV),[3] before also becoming available on Peacock after the American version of the WWE Network merged under Peacock in March 2021.[4]Beginning with TakeOver: Brooklyn in 2015, the events were held at various U.S. and international locations, with most TakeOvers being named after their host city or U.S. state, which also began with that Brooklyn event.[5] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, all NXT events returned to Full Sail University in mid-March 2020[6] until TakeOver 31 that October, when events were moved to the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida, presented as a virtual fan viewing experience with a small live crowd called the \"Capitol Wrestling Center\", an homage to the Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the predecessor to WWE. The Capitol Wrestling Center was similar to the WWE ThunderDome, which was a bio-secure bubble that the company utilized for Raw and SmackDown's programs. Most COVID restrictions were lifted in mid-2021 with the events no longer including a virtual audience and resumed having a live audience. Although the Raw and SmackDown brands resumed live touring in July 2021, NXT remained at the Capitol Wrestling Center. As TakeOvers were only held in Florida since the start of the pandemic in March 2020, they were named either by their installment number (e.g., TakeOver 31) or revived old WWE pay-per-view names (e.g., TakeOver: In Your House), with the exception of TakeOver: WarGames that year.[7][8][9][10]Since TakeOver: Brooklyn in 2015, several TakeOver events were scheduled as a support event for each of WWE's \"Big Four\" pay-per-view events at the time (Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series), and occasionally, their other monthly pay-per-views, such as Backlash and Money in the Bank.[5] Before the COVID-19 pandemic, TakeOvers also shared the same venue as those PPVs, except when those PPVs were held in a stadium; in these cases, TakeOver was held at an arena in the same city instead.[11] There were also recurring subseries of TakeOver events; TakeOver: Brooklyn was also the first to have its own subseries of TakeOvers.[5] Other subseries of TakeOvers included Toronto, Chicago, In Your House, and the most prominent, WarGames, which had been held on the night preceding Survivor Series from 2017 to 2019; in 2020, it was held two weeks after Survivor Series. The event featured the namesake WarGames match as its main event.[12] TakeOver: Stand & Deliver in April 2021 was the only TakeOver held across two nights.[13]Only one NXT TakeOver event had to be canceled. TakeOver: Tampa Bay was originally set to air live from the Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida on April 4, 2020. The event was initially postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which began effecting WWE's programming in mid-March; however, it was ultimately canceled with matches planned and scheduled for the event moved to weekly episodes of NXT, beginning April 1.[14][15][16]In September 2021, the NXT brand went through a restructuring, being rebranded as \"NXT 2.0\", reverting to a developmental territory for WWE.[17] In October, it was speculated that the company may end the TakeOver series as another TakeOver event was not scheduled for 2021 after TakeOver 36 in August.[18][19] On November 9, 2021, NXT's next PPV and livestreaming event was announced as WarGames to be held on December 5, 2021. Unlike the previous WarGames events, however, the announcement confirmed that the event would not be a TakeOver event, thus ending the TakeOver series.[20][21][22] Vengeance Day, Stand & Deliver, and In Your House would also continue on as their own events following TakeOver's discontinuation, although the 2022 Vengeance Day aired as a television special instead of airing on PPV and via livestreaming, while the 2022 editions of Stand & Deliver and In Your House only aired via livestreaming and not on PPV.[23][24][25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of WWE pay-per-view and WWE Network events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_pay-per-view_and_WWE_Network_events"}]
[{"reference":"\"WWE News: update on NXT two hour specials\". f4wonline.com. Retrieved April 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/41878","url_text":"\"WWE News: update on NXT two hour specials\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWE News: NXT will not run monthly live specials after all\". prowrestling.net. Retrieved April 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://prowrestling.net/article.php?41622","url_text":"\"WWE News: NXT will not run monthly live specials after all\""}]},{"reference":"Defelice, Robert (October 3, 2020). \"NXT TakeOver 31 To Be Available On Traditional Pay-Per-View\". Fightful. Retrieved October 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/nxt-takeover-31-be-available-traditional-pay-view","url_text":"\"NXT TakeOver 31 To Be Available On Traditional Pay-Per-View\""}]},{"reference":"WWE.com Staff (March 8, 2021). \"WWE Network to launch on Peacock March 18\". WWE. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwe.com/article/wwe-network-to-launch-on-peacock-march-18","url_text":"\"WWE Network to launch on Peacock March 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"}]},{"reference":"\"NXT TakeOver comes to Brooklyn during SummerSlam 2015 Week\". WWE. Retrieved July 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/nxt-takeover-brooklyn-barclays-center-august-22-27585527","url_text":"\"NXT TakeOver comes to Brooklyn during SummerSlam 2015 Week\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Mike (May 13, 2020). \"WWE NXT TAKEOVER: IN YOUR HOUSE SET FOR JUNE - UPDATED WITH PRESS RELEASE\". PWInsider. Retrieved May 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pwinsider.com/article/136396/wwe-nxt-takeover-in-your-house-set-for-june-updated-with-press-release.html?p=1","url_text":"\"WWE NXT TAKEOVER: IN YOUR HOUSE SET FOR JUNE - UPDATED WITH PRESS RELEASE\""}]},{"reference":"\"NXT Takeover: In Your House to take place Sunday June 7\". WWE. May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/nxt-takeover-in-your-house-to-take-place-sunday-june-7","url_text":"\"NXT Takeover: In Your House to take place Sunday June 7\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capitol Wrestling Center to be unveiled tonight at NXT TakeOver 31\". WWE. October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/capitol-wrestling-center-nxt","url_text":"\"Capitol Wrestling Center to be unveiled tonight at NXT TakeOver 31\""}]},{"reference":"Defelice, Robert (October 4, 2020). \"NXT TakeOver 31 To Feature The Debut Of The Capitol Wrestling Center\". Fightful. Retrieved October 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/nxt-takeover-31-feature-debut-capitol-wrestling-center","url_text":"\"NXT TakeOver 31 To Feature The Debut Of The Capitol Wrestling Center\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Mike (September 3, 2020). \"WWE NXT TAKEOVER UPDATES\". PWInsider. Retrieved September 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pwinsider.com/article/139293/wwe-nxt-takeover-updates.html?p=1","url_text":"\"WWE NXT TAKEOVER UPDATES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWInsider","url_text":"PWInsider"}]},{"reference":"Silverstein, Adam (19 November 2018). \"WWE schedule, list of PPVs for 2018: TLC, 2019 Royal Rumble date, location\". CBS Sports.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/wwe-schedule-list-of-ppvs-for-2018-tlc-2019-royal-rumble-date-location","url_text":"\"WWE schedule, list of PPVs for 2018: TLC, 2019 Royal Rumble date, location\""}]},{"reference":"\"NXT TakeOver: WarGames comes to the Toyota Center in Houston on Saturday, Nov. 18\". WWE. Retrieved October 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/nxt-takeover-wargames-houston-tickets","url_text":"\"NXT TakeOver: WarGames comes to the Toyota Center in Houston on Saturday, Nov. 18\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, John (March 10, 2021). \"3/10 NXT TV results: Moore's review of Finn Balor vs. Adam Cole for the NXT Championship, Io Shirai vs. Toni Storm for the NXT Women's Championship, William Regal's big announcements, Xia Li vs. Kayden Carter\". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved March 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/03/10/3-10-nxt-tv-results-moores-review-of-finn-balor-vs-adam-cole-for-the-nxt-championship-io-shirai-vs-toni-storm-for-the-nxt-womens-championship-william-regals-big-announcements-xia-li-vs-ka/","url_text":"\"3/10 NXT TV results: Moore's review of Finn Balor vs. Adam Cole for the NXT Championship, Io Shirai vs. Toni Storm for the NXT Women's Championship, William Regal's big announcements, Xia Li vs. Kayden Carter\""}]},{"reference":"Chiari, Mike (March 24, 2020). \"NXT TakeOver Tampa Bay Matches Scheduled for USA Network Starting April 1\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved March 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2882740-nxt-takeover-tampa-bay-matches-scheduled-for-usa-network-starting-april-1","url_text":"\"NXT TakeOver Tampa Bay Matches Scheduled for USA Network Starting April 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleacher_Report","url_text":"Bleacher Report"}]},{"reference":"Staff, WWE.com (March 24, 2020). \"Triple H to appear on tomorrow night's NXT on USA Network\". WWE.com. Retrieved March 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/2020-03-25/article/triple-h-preview","url_text":"\"Triple H to appear on tomorrow night's NXT on USA Network\""}]},{"reference":"Barrasso, Justin (March 24, 2020). \"Matches Slated for 'NXT TakeOver: Tampa Bay' Will Take Place on NXT TV Show\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/wrestling/2020/03/24/wwe-nxt-takeover-matches-usa-network-tv","url_text":"\"Matches Slated for 'NXT TakeOver: Tampa Bay' Will Take Place on NXT TV Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Wrestlenomics Staff (October 4, 2021). \"The future of WWE NXT 2.0 on the USA Network\". Wrestlenomics. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wrestlenomics.com/2021/10/04/whats-the-future-of-wwe-nxt-20-on-usa-network/","url_text":"\"The future of WWE NXT 2.0 on the USA Network\""}]},{"reference":"Aguilar, Matthew (October 22, 2021). \"NXT TakeOver is a No Show on WWE's Updated Calendar\". ComicBook.com. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/wwe/news/nxt-takeover-is-a-no-show-on-wwes-updated-calendar/","url_text":"\"NXT TakeOver is a No Show on WWE's Updated Calendar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComicBook.com","url_text":"ComicBook.com"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Mike (October 21, 2021). \"WWE PPV CALENDAR UPDATES\". PWInsider. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pwinsider.com/article/152042/wwe-ppv-calendar-updates.html?p=1","url_text":"\"WWE PPV CALENDAR UPDATES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWInsider","url_text":"PWInsider"}]},{"reference":"Guzzo, Gisberto (November 9, 2021). \"NXT WarGames 2021 Announced During 11/9 Episode Of NXT 2.0\". Fightful. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/nxt-wargames-2021-announced-during-119-episode-nxt-20","url_text":"\"NXT WarGames 2021 Announced During 11/9 Episode Of NXT 2.0\""}]},{"reference":"WWE [@WWENXT] (November 10, 2021). \"LFG!!!!! #WWENXT #WarGames RETURNS Sunday, December 5!\" (Tweet). Retrieved November 10, 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"},{"url":"https://x.com/WWENXT/status/1458267287643987968","url_text":"\"LFG!!!!! #WWENXT #WarGames RETURNS Sunday, December 5!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Jeremy (November 9, 2021). \"UPDATED: NXT WarGames Set For December, Takeover Name Removed\". 411mania. Retrieved November 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://411mania.com/wrestling/nxt-takeover-wargames-set-for-december/","url_text":"\"UPDATED: NXT WarGames Set For December, Takeover Name Removed\""}]},{"reference":"\"NXT Vengeance Day Set For 2/15 As TV Special\". Fightful. January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/nxt-vengeance-day-set-215-tv-special","url_text":"\"NXT Vengeance Day Set For 2/15 As TV Special\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Joseph (February 16, 2022). \"Updated Start Time For WWE NXT Stand & Deliver During Wrestlemania Weekend\". 411mania. Retrieved February 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://411mania.com/wrestling/updated-start-time-for-wwe-nxt-stand-deliver-during-wrestlemania-weekend/","url_text":"\"Updated Start Time For WWE NXT Stand & Deliver During Wrestlemania Weekend\""}]},{"reference":"Ravens, Andrew (April 29, 2022). \"WWE NXT In Your House theme returning this summer\". Wrestling News | Wwe and Aew Results, Spoilers, Rumors & Scoops. Retrieved May 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wrestlingnews.co/wwe-news/wwe-nxt-in-your-house-theme-returning-this-summer/","url_text":"\"WWE NXT In Your House theme returning this summer\""}]},{"reference":"\"James's WWE NXT TakeOver report 5/29: Complete \"virtual-time\" coverage of live special on WWE Network\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved June 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_78704.shtml","url_text":"\"James's WWE NXT TakeOver report 5/29: Complete \"virtual-time\" coverage of live special on WWE Network\""}]},{"reference":"Howell, Nolan. \"Neville shocks, defies odds at NXT Takeover: Fatal 4 Way\". Canoe.ca. SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150426120334/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2014/09/11/21935396.html","url_text":"\"Neville shocks, defies odds at NXT Takeover: Fatal 4 Way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe.ca","url_text":"Canoe.ca"},{"url":"http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2014/09/11/21935396.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James, Caldwell. \"Caldwell's WWE NXT Takeover results 12/11: Complete virtual-time coverage of Neville vs. Zayn for the NXT Title, Itami & Balor, Charlotte, Kevin Steen/Owens's debut, Corey Graves retires\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved December 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_82237.shtml","url_text":"\"Caldwell's WWE NXT Takeover results 12/11: Complete virtual-time coverage of Neville vs. Zayn for the NXT Title, Itami & Balor, Charlotte, Kevin Steen/Owens's debut, Corey Graves retires\""}]},{"reference":"Varsallone, Jim. \"Hot crowd at Full Sail Live as Sasha Banks, Kevin Owens win WWE NXT titles; WWE NXT bound for Cleveland\". Miami Herald. Retrieved July 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/fighting/article9788222.html","url_text":"\"Hot crowd at Full Sail Live as Sasha Banks, Kevin Owens win WWE NXT titles; WWE NXT bound for Cleveland\""}]},{"reference":"James, Justin. \"WWE NXT \"TakeOver: Unstoppable\" report 5/20: Owens vs. Zayn for the NXT Title ends in wild fashion with a major debut of Samoa Joe, plus spectacular NXT Women's Title match, more; Overall Reax\". Pro Wrestling Torch. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93_hAonghusa
Ó hAonghusa
["1 See also","2 References"]
Ó hAonghusa is the surname of at least two distinct Gaelic-Irish families. It is now anglicised as Hennessy and Hennessey. One Ó hAonghusa family were located at Cill Bheagáin, in the Kingdom of Uí Failghe, in the Irish midlands. Another family surnamed Ó hAonghusa were found at Ros Ailithir, in the Kingdom of Desmond. It is from this family that the founder of Hennessy brandy, Richard Hennessy of Killavulen, by Mallow, and Cognac (1720–1800), descended. Richard's descendants, Maurice Hennessy and his cousin Kilian Hennessy (1907–2010), were business magnates and patriarchs of the Hennessy cognac company. According to historian C. Thomas Cairney, the O'Hennessys were one of the chiefly families of the Corca Laoghdne tribe who in turn came from the Erainn tribe who were the second wave of Celts to settle in Ireland from 500 to 100 BC. The same historian stated that another group of O'Hennessys were one of the chiefly families of the Ui Failghe who in turn were from the Dumnonii or Laigin were the third wave of Celts to settle in Ireland during the first century BC. See also Hennessey (surname) Hennessy (surname) Baron Windleshame Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups, from who many of the modern Irish surnames came from References ^ Cairney, C. Thomas (1989). Clans and Families of Ireland and Scotland. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States, and London: McFarland & Company. pp. 61–64. ISBN 0899503624. ^ Cairney (1989). pp. 78-83. "Irish Ancestors/ Surnames". irishtimes.com. Retrieved 16 January 2014. "Irish Family Names - Hennessy". irelandseye.com. Retrieved 16 January 2014. "Hennessy Coat of Arms / Hennessy Family Crest". 4crests.com. Retrieved 16 January 2014. Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Ó hAonghusa. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. This Ireland-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Hennessey (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennessey_(surname)"},{"title":"Hennessy (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennessy_(surname)"},{"title":"Baron Windleshame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Windlesham"},{"title":"Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Shadel
Bill Shadel
["1 References","2 External links"]
American broadcast journalist (1908–2005) Bill ShadelBornWillard Franklin "Bill" Shadel(1908-07-31)July 31, 1908Milton, Wisconsin, U.S.DiedJanuary 29, 2005(2005-01-29) (aged 96)Renton, Washington, U.S.Resting placeMilton Junction Cemetery, Milton Junction, Wisconsin42°46′59.4222″N 88°57′28.2558″W / 42.783172833°N 88.957848833°W / 42.783172833; -88.957848833 (Bill Scadel Burial Site)Alma materAndrews UniversityOccupationsJournalistradio broadcasterKnown forOn-the-spot radio reports from London and other locations in Europe during World War II.Spouse Marion Kocher Julie Strouse ​ ​(m. 1935)​Children4 Willard Franklin "Bill" Shadel (July 31, 1908 – January 29, 2005) was an American news anchor for CBS Radio and ABC Television. Shadel was born in Milton, Wisconsin, one of five children and the younger of two sons of Franklin Luther and Ida Louise Pachel Shadel. He was musically talented and in his early years provided music for silent movies. He graduated from Andrews University in Michigan. Shadel assumed direction of the college band and orchestra in 1929, while still a student and then worked as an assistant program manager for the college's radio station, responsible for music presentations that included his performing as a soloist on marimba, saxophone, clarinet, and trombone and him directing bands and choirs for the station. His work as a soloist and with these groups, which also gave programs for the school, was an immediate hit with their members and the campus at large. While at Andrews University, he married Marion I. Kocher and they had two sons, Willard F., Jr. and Gerald I. He led the groups for two years following his graduation in 1932, while teaching political science courses, and then left to lead the band, orchestra, and choirs at Washington Missionary College, now Washington Adventist University, in Washington, D.C. He received a master's degree in history from the University of Michigan. Shadel began his career as a musician in silent-movie theaters before taking his marimba to live radio. Shadel began writing for The American Rifleman - a journal of the National Rifle Association of America (NRA). Shadel received press credentials from CBS and shipped overseas to cover the European Theater. His duties were taken over by his associate editors, and The American Rifleman carried articles and interviews by Shadel up until the end of the war. Edward R. Murrow recruited Shadel while he was working in Europe as a correspondent for the National Rifle Association. During World War II, Shadel covered the June 6, 1944, D-Day invasion for CBS Radio. During his years at CBS, Shadel worked alongside Murrow, Howard K. Smith, Walter Cronkite, and Eric Sevareid. He and Murrow were the first reporters in the German concentration camp at Buchenwald. They came by jeep and were swarmed by the starving and dying. Mr. Shadel said it was the memory of the living, not the multitudes of dead, that stayed with him most. After the war, Shadel reported from Washington, D.C., trying his hand at television at WTOP-TV as a Capitol Hill reporter for the local CBS news program then anchored by Walter Cronkite. Each week on WTOP-TV, a local department store sponsored a fashion show; Shadel met and fell in love with one of the models. She became his wife of more than 56 years, Julie Strouse. In 1954 Shadel became the first host of the Sunday-morning interview show Face the Nation. He later became one of several anchors for ABC's Evening News after John Charles Daly stepped down in 1960, and also that year moderated the third presidential debate between Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy. Anchored ABC's 12 hour coverage of John Glenn's three-orbit flight around the Earth in 1962. He left the news business in 1963, then taught as Professor of communications at the University of Washington until retiring 12 years later. Given the "Witness to the Truth" award by the Simon Wiesenthal Center in 1990. Shadel was the 1951 president of the Radio-Television Correspondents Association. References ^ "Willard (Bill) Franklin Shadel". The International Adventist Musicians Association. Retrieved March 2, 2020. ^ a b "TV Anchor Bill Shadel Dies; CBS, WTOP Radio Reporter". The Washington Post. February 1, 2005. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2015. ^ Roberts, Joseph B. The American Rifleman Goes To War (Washington D.C.:1992) p. 135. ^ a b c Postman, David (January 31, 2005). "Broadcast pioneer, retired UW professor reported history". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2020. ^ "Bill Shadel Dons Uniform as War Correspondent". The American Rifleman. January 1944. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. ^ "Television debates: Transcript: Third debate". JFKLibrary. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. October 13, 1960. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2023. ^ a b Dennis McLellan (February 1, 2005). "Bill Shadel, 96; Broadcaster Covered D-Day, Moderated Nixon-JFK Debate". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023. External links USA Today Obituary Bill Shadel at IMDb First Face the Nation Moderator November 7, 1954 – August 14, 1955 Succeeded byStuart Novins Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States
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Murrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"},{"link_name":"Howard K. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_K._Smith"},{"link_name":"Walter Cronkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cronkite"},{"link_name":"Eric Sevareid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Sevareid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nra-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sea-4"},{"link_name":"WTOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUSA_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Capitol Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sea-4"},{"link_name":"Sunday-morning interview show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday-morning_interview_shows"},{"link_name":"Face the Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_the_Nation"},{"link_name":"John Charles Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Daly"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wtop-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-7"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Simon Wiesenthal Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center"},{"link_name":"Radio-Television Correspondents Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_and_Television_Correspondents%27_Association"}],"text":"Willard Franklin \"Bill\" Shadel (July 31, 1908 – January 29, 2005) was an American news anchor for CBS Radio and ABC Television. Shadel was born in Milton, Wisconsin, one of five children and the younger of two sons of Franklin Luther and Ida Louise Pachel Shadel. He was musically talented and in his early years provided music for silent movies.[1] He graduated from Andrews University in Michigan. Shadel assumed direction of the college band and orchestra in 1929, while still a student and then worked as an assistant program manager for the college's radio station, responsible for music presentations that included his performing as a soloist on marimba, saxophone, clarinet, and trombone and him directing bands and choirs for the station. His work as a soloist and with these groups, which also gave programs for the school, was an immediate hit with their members and the campus at large. While at Andrews University, he married Marion I. Kocher and they had two sons, Willard F., Jr. and Gerald I. He led the groups for two years following his graduation in 1932, while teaching political science courses, and then left to lead the band, orchestra, and choirs at Washington Missionary College, now Washington Adventist University, in Washington, D.C. He received a master's degree in history from the University of Michigan.[2]\nShadel began his career as a musician in silent-movie theaters before taking his marimba to live radio. Shadel began writing for The American Rifleman - a journal of the National Rifle Association of America (NRA). Shadel received press credentials from CBS and shipped overseas to cover the European Theater. His duties were taken over by his associate editors, and The American Rifleman carried articles and interviews by Shadel up until the end of the war.[3][4]\nEdward R. Murrow recruited Shadel while he was working in Europe as a correspondent for the National Rifle Association. During World War II, Shadel covered the June 6, 1944, D-Day invasion for CBS Radio. During his years at CBS, Shadel worked alongside Murrow, Howard K. Smith, Walter Cronkite, and Eric Sevareid.[5] He and Murrow were the first reporters in the German concentration camp at Buchenwald. They came by jeep and were swarmed by the starving and dying. Mr. Shadel said it was the memory of the living, not the multitudes of dead, that stayed with him most.[4] After the war, Shadel reported from Washington, D.C., trying his hand at television at WTOP-TV as a Capitol Hill reporter for the local CBS news program then anchored by Walter Cronkite.[4] Each week on WTOP-TV, a local department store sponsored a fashion show; Shadel met and fell in love with one of the models. She became his wife of more than 56 years, Julie Strouse.In 1954 Shadel became the first host of the Sunday-morning interview show Face the Nation. He later became one of several anchors for ABC's Evening News after John Charles Daly stepped down in 1960, and also that year moderated the third presidential debate between Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy.[6][7] Anchored ABC's 12 hour coverage of John Glenn's three-orbit flight around the Earth in 1962.[2][7] He left the news business in 1963, then taught as Professor of communications at the University of Washington until retiring 12 years later.\nGiven the \"Witness to the Truth\" award by the Simon Wiesenthal Center in 1990. Shadel was the 1951 president of the Radio-Television Correspondents Association.","title":"Bill Shadel"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Willard (Bill) Franklin Shadel\". The International Adventist Musicians Association. Retrieved March 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iamaonline.com/Bio/Bill_Shadel.htm","url_text":"\"Willard (Bill) Franklin Shadel\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Anchor Bill Shadel Dies; CBS, WTOP Radio Reporter\". The Washington Post. February 1, 2005. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52852-2005Jan31.html","url_text":"\"TV Anchor Bill Shadel Dies; CBS, WTOP Radio Reporter\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070219/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52852-2005Jan31.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Postman, David (January 31, 2005). \"Broadcast pioneer, retired UW professor reported history\". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/broadcast-pioneer-retired-uw-professor-reported-history/","url_text":"\"Broadcast pioneer, retired UW professor reported history\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200301212024/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/broadcast-pioneer-retired-uw-professor-reported-history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Shadel Dons Uniform as War Correspondent\". The American Rifleman. January 1944. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/bill-shadel-dons-uniform-as-war-correspondent/","url_text":"\"Bill Shadel Dons Uniform as War Correspondent\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210727174315/https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/bill-shadel-dons-uniform-as-war-correspondent/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Television debates: Transcript: Third debate\". JFKLibrary. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. October 13, 1960. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKCAMP1960/1052/JFKCAMP1960-1052-004","url_text":"\"Television debates: Transcript: Third debate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201205131706/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKCAMP1960/1052/JFKCAMP1960-1052-004","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dennis McLellan (February 1, 2005). \"Bill Shadel, 96; Broadcaster Covered D-Day, Moderated Nixon-JFK Debate\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-feb-01-me-shadel1-story.html","url_text":"\"Bill Shadel, 96; Broadcaster Covered D-Day, Moderated Nixon-JFK Debate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230518100906/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-feb-01-me-shadel1-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusha_Samaranayake
Anusha Samaranayake
["1 References","2 External links"]
Sri Lankan cricketer Anusha SamaranayakePersonal informationFull nameAluthge Don Anusha SamaranayakeBorn (1962-02-25) 25 February 1962 (age 62)Colombo, Sri LankaSource: ESPNcricinfo, 25 August 2016 Anusha Samaranayake (born 25 February 1962) is a Sri Lankan former first-class cricketer. He is now a bowling coach with the National Coaching Department. In January 2016 he was initially suspended by Sri Lanka Cricket for two months because of match-fixing allegations. However, in August 2016 he was cleared. References ^ "Anusha Samaranayake". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 August 2016. ^ "Anusha Samaranayake: A fighter to the core". Daily News. Retrieved 7 November 2019. ^ "SLC suspends Samaranayake for two months". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 August 2016. ^ "Samaranayake cleared of fixing allegations". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 August 2016. External links Anusha Samaranayake at ESPNcricinfo This biographical article related to a Sri Lankan cricket person born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-class cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Cricket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fix-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Anusha Samaranayake (born 25 February 1962) is a Sri Lankan former first-class cricketer.[1][2] He is now a bowling coach with the National Coaching Department. In January 2016 he was initially suspended by Sri Lanka Cricket for two months because of match-fixing allegations.[3] However, in August 2016 he was cleared.[4]","title":"Anusha Samaranayake"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Quicksilver
DJ Quicksilver
["1 Early life","2 Musical career","2.1 Early career","2.2 1996–1998: Breakthrough and success","2.3 1999–2002: Other releases","2.4 Other work","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Singles","3.3 Remixes","4 References","5 External links"]
DJ QuicksilverBackground informationBirth nameOrhan TerziBorn (1964-06-28) June 28, 1964 (age 59)Trabzon, TurkeyOriginHattingen, GermanyGenresTechno, house, Eurodance, tranceOccupation(s)DJ, music producerYears active1996-presentLabelsAvex Trax, Positiva Records, Telstar Records, Edel AGWebsitedj-quicksilver.comMusical artist Orhan Terzi (born 28 June 1964), better known by his stage name DJ Quicksilver, is a German-Turkish DJ and music producer. His stage name derives from his days taking part in DJ contests, where a mercury column would gauge audience reaction. Early life Terzi was born on 28 June 1964 in Trabzon, Turkey. His family moved to Hattingen, Germany in the late 1960s. Musical career Early career He began working with Tommaso de Donatis on DJ Quicksilver material, and released tracks for a variety of record labels, including Avex Trax, Positiva Records, Telstar, Edel AG, Alphabet City, and Sub Terranean. 1996–1998: Breakthrough and success In November 1996 he released "Bellissima" - a hit double A-sided single. The song became a big hit on the UK dance charts in 1997 and then crossed over into pop, reaching #4 on the UK Singles Chart and selling enough copies to become a gold record, selling well throughout Europe. It remains his biggest single so far. Other releases include "Boombastic", which sampled the Shaggy track. 1999–2002: Other releases In 1999 he released the track "Heart of Asia" (among others) under the alias "Watergate". In 2002, he received an ECHO nomination for "Best National Dance Act" for the single "Ameno". Other work Terzi has also worked as a remixer, on tracks by Ian van Dahl, Faithless, and The Verve ("Bittersweet Symphony"). Discography Studio albums Quicksilver (1997) Escape 2 Planet Love (1998) Clubfiles One (2003) Clubfiles Two (2013) Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Certifications(sales thresholds) Album AUS AUT ESP GER IRE NED NOR SUI SWE UK 1995 "Bingo Bongo" — 14 — 36 — — — — — — Quicksilver 1996 "Boing!" — 31 — — — — — — — — Single only "I Have a Dream"/"Bellissima" 47 9 3 4 2 70 8 6 16 4 GER: Gold UK: Gold Quicksilver 1997 "Free" — 12 4 4 3 — 9 11 13 7 "Planet Love" — 36 — 23 11 32 9 35 46 12 Escape 2 Planet Love 1998 "Escape to Paradise" / "Timerider" 86 — — 31 — 88 14 — — — 1999 "Cosmophobia" — — — 36 — — — 83 — — Single only 2001 "Bombastic" — — — 27 — — — — — — Clubfiles - The Album "Ameno" — 13 12 18 — 26 26 20 — — 2002 "New Life" — — — 56 — — — — — — 2003 "Rising Up" — — — — — — — — — — "Always on My Mind" (featuring Base Unique) — 38 — 44 — 66 — 95 — — Singles only "Clubfiles One" — 33 — 34 — — — 99 — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart Remixes Dancemania 1 (Compilation, 1996) Club Scene Volume 2 (Compilation, 1997) Sonic 1 (Compilation, 2000) Equinoxe 4 (Trance cover of Jean Michel Jarre's Equinoxe 4) References ^ a b "DJ Quicksilver". DanceArtistInfo. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2010. ^ a b "Aus Liebe zur Musik", DerWesten, 28 October 2009, retrieved 2010-02-06 ^ a b c Carlson, Dean "DJ Quicksilver Biography", Allmusic, retrieved 2010-02-06 ^ Pride, Dominic (16 August 1997). "Dos or Die Dance label Links With Epic". Billboard. p. 40. Retrieved 6 February 2010. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 84. ^ "Das österreichische Hitparaden- und Musik-Portal". Austriancharts.at. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. ^ "Home - Offizielle Deutsche Charts". Offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". Irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ "Dutch Charts". Dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ "norwegiancharts.com - Norwegian charts portal". Norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ "Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community". Hitparade.ch. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ "swedishcharts.com - Swedish Charts Portal". Swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (DJ Quicksilver)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 2011-06-09. ^ "Certified Awards Search: DJ Quicksilver". BPI. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2010-08-14. ^ Discogs, Dancemania 1 ^ Discogs, Club Scene Volume 2 ^ Discogs, Sonic 1 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to DJ Quicksilver. Official Site Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"DJ Quicksilver\". DanceArtistInfo. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100727205544/http://www.danceartistinfo.com/djquick.htm","url_text":"\"DJ Quicksilver\""},{"url":"http://www.danceartistinfo.com/djquick.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pride, Dominic (16 August 1997). \"Dos or Die Dance label Links With Epic\". Billboard. p. 40. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2gkEAAAAMBAJ&q=Dos+or+Die+Dance+label+Links+With+Epic&pg=PA40","url_text":"\"Dos or Die Dance label Links With Epic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 84.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Das österreichische Hitparaden- und Musik-Portal\". Austriancharts.at. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://austriancharts.at/search.asp?search=dj+quicksilver&cat=s","url_text":"\"Das österreichische Hitparaden- und Musik-Portal\""}]},{"reference":"Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Home - Offizielle Deutsche Charts\". Offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/","url_text":"\"Home - Offizielle Deutsche Charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Irish Charts - All there is to know\". Irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090602061251/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement","url_text":"\"The Irish Charts - All there is to know\""},{"url":"http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Charts\". Dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=dj+quicksilver&cat=s","url_text":"\"Dutch Charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"norwegiancharts.com - Norwegian charts portal\". Norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?search=dj+quicksilver&cat=s","url_text":"\"norwegiancharts.com - Norwegian charts portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community\". Hitparade.ch. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=dj+quicksilver&cat=s","url_text":"\"Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community\""}]},{"reference":"\"swedishcharts.com - Swedish Charts Portal\". Swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=dj+quicksilver&cat=s","url_text":"\"swedishcharts.com - Swedish Charts Portal\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (DJ Quicksilver)\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 2011-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=&strInterpret=DJ+Quicksilver&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (DJ Quicksilver)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"Certified Awards Search: DJ Quicksilver\". BPI. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2010-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130115055129/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx","url_text":"\"Certified Awards Search: DJ Quicksilver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"BPI"},{"url":"http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Commune
People's commune
["1 History","1.1 Precedents and Collectivization in the Early PRC","1.2 Ideological and economic motivations","1.3 During the Great Leap Forward","1.4 After the Great Leap Forward","2 Commune life","2.1 Layout and provision of services","2.2 Urban communes","3 Impact","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References and further reading"]
Former rural administrative division of the People's Republic of China (1958-83) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "People's commune" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A collective meal as pictured in The 10th Anniversary Photo Collection of the PRC 1949-1959 The people's commune (Chinese: 人民公社; pinyin: rénmín gōngshè) was the highest of three administrative levels in rural areas of the People's Republic of China during the period from 1958 to 1983, until they were replaced by townships. Communes, the largest collective units, were divided in turn into production brigades and production teams. The people's commune collectivized living and working practices. Many individual homes were abolished in favor of communal residences, with many houses literally taken apart and demolished. Regardless of age or relationship, many men and women lived separately, and often, multiple families were placed in the same communal homes. One's land, tools, resources were pooled together, with working hours and farming practices completely dictated by the CCP. The scale of the commune and its ability to extract income from the rural population enabled commune administrations to invest in large-scale mechanization, infrastructure, and industrial projects. The communes did not, however, meet many of their long-term goals, such as facilitating the construction of full Communism in the rural areas, fully liberating women from housework, and creating sustainable agriculture practices in the countryside. They also had had governmental, political, and economic functions during the Cultural Revolution. They ranged in number from 50,000 to 90,000. Former United States First Lady Pat Nixon at a people's commune in Beijing during Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China History Precedents and Collectivization in the Early PRC Before the people's communes were established, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had experimented with and promoted other, smaller forms of collectivized agriculture. Before 1949, landlords owned almost half of the land in rural China and leased it out to tenant farmers. Many farms were relatively small, family-operated enterprises. Farmers generally went through cycles of busyness during harvest season and relative idleness during off seasons. During the Civil War era and continuing into the early years of the People's Republic of China, the CCP implemented wide-ranging land reforms, attempted to identify and classify the rural population, and redistributed land from the landlords to the middle peasants and poor peasants to revolutionize the social structure of China. After the completion of the Land Reform, individual families owned the land they farmed, paid taxes as households, and sold grain at prices set by the state.: 109  Rural collectivization began soon after the CCP announced its 1953 "general line for the transition to socialism." Over the next six years, collectivization took several incrementally progressing forms: mutual aid groups, primitive cooperatives, and people's communes. With state coordination, many families—up to 68 million by 1954—joined Mutual Aid Teams. These Mutual Aid Teams helped farming families coordinate the sharing of labor, farming technology, and other resources. Some Mutual Aid Teams also formed, or were consolidated into, Agricultural Producer Cooperatives (APCs), larger institutions at the village or subvillage level that pooled resources and collectively managed land. During 1954-1955, farmers in many areas began pooling their land, capital resources, and labor into beginning-level agricultural producers' cooperatives.: 109  In the complex system of beginning-level agricultural producers' cooperatives, farmers received a share of the harvest based on a combination of how much labor and how much land they contributed to the cooperative.: 109–110  By June 1956, over 60% of rural households had been collectivized into higher-level agricultural producers' cooperatives, a structure that was similar to Soviet collective farmering via kolkhozy.: 110  In these cooperatives, tens of households pooled land and draft animals.: 110  Adult members of the cooperative were credited with work points based on how much labor they had provided at which tasks.: 110  At the end of the year, the collective deducted taxes and fixed-price sales to the state, and the cooperative retained seed for the next year as well as some investment and welfare funds.: 110  The collective then distributed to the households the remainder of the harvest and some of the money received from sales to the state.: 110  The distribution was based partly on work points accrued by the adult members of a household, and partly at a standard rate by age and sex.: 110  These cooperatives also lent small amounts of land back to households individually on which the households could grow crops to consume directly or sell at market.: 110–111  Apart from the large-scale communization during the Great Leap Forward, Higher-level Agricultural Producers' Collectives (HAPCs) were generally the dominant form of rural collectivization in China.: 111  These cooperatives also created new administrative and economic issues, but the CCP proceeded with the collectivizing process. In 1958, in the aftermath of the Hundred Flowers Campaign and Anti-Rightist Campaign, Mao Zedong shifted course from emphasizing economic growth toward emphasizing the rapid establishment of communism. Achieving communism, for Mao, also required economic growth but had to, at the same time, involve further collectivization and the elimination of old (or feudal) ways of living. Party propaganda outlets publicized an enormous collective in Xushui, Hebei as a "commune," in which "peasant" households had given way to communal living, and people did not have to worry about money or food. Mao visited Xushui and similar larger, purportedly very productive units in Henan province and declared, "People's communes are good." Mao and his allies in the CCP leadership continued to promote the communes both in propaganda and party meetings, and the construction of communes quickly became party line and a central pillar of the Great Leap Forward. As the Great Leap Forward got underway, the state consolidated HAPCs into about 26,000 communes, each containing on average 4,500 hectares of land, 24,000 people, and 5,200 households. The sizes of different communes varied widely across different regions but they were consistently much larger than HAPCs had been, and the communes encompassed on average about thirty HAPCs and up to one hundred. The communes were supposed to be instrumental to the PRC's goal of "surpassing Britain and catching up to the US" in steel production. Ideological and economic motivations Over the summer of 1958, agricultural producers' collectives were merged into much larger collectives which comprised tens of thousands of people, typically encompassing a market town and its surrounding villages.: 123  CCP leadership called these giant administrative and economic regions "People's Communes" (人民公社), in line with the socialist and communist idea of the "commune." This term “commune” traces back to Western Europe, originally referring to autonomous cities or towns. Under the influence of Robert Owen, Friedrich Engels used this term to refer to the basic unit of organization in a Communist society, and it was seen by Karl Marx as a form of proletariat governance. Influenced by both Marx and Engels, Mao envisioned the People's Communes to be the basic unit of Chinese society made up of and ruled by the working class. For Mao, these communes were to be characterized by their size and publicity. He wrote, "They're called people's communes, first, because they're big and, second because they're public. Lots of people, a vast area of land, large scale of production, and all their undertakings are done in a big way. They integrate government administration with commune management to establish public mess halls, and private plots are eliminated."In addition to this, the CCP's communes were defined by three main factors, especially during the Great Leap Forward: first, an emphasis on industrialization and productivity; second, a militarization of society, in which commune members were mobilized through military-style campaigns and exhorted to act with rigid discipline, devotion, and selflessness; and third, an ideal of self-reliance or local autonomy, such that each commune would be able to produce most of the supplies and technology that it needed to function. This emphasis on efficient, independent, organized production and industrialization was driven by the CCP’s desire to demonstrate the PRC’s superiority over foreign powers. In their earlier years of rule in 1955-56, the CCP was determined to “surpass Britain and catch up with the United States.” By 1958, this competitive mindset was also applied to the Soviet Union. Mao was optimistic that the PRC would reach the true Communist society before the Soviet Union did, by increasing their productivity through a change in their production system. The People's Communes were a means to this end; the Central Committee of the CCP stating in the 'Resolution on Setting up the People's Communes in the Countryside' that China "should actively apply the method of the People’s Communes in search of a practical way to make the transition to communism now." As the CCP Politburo declared at the 1958 Beidahe Conference, the communes were meant to bring together all key occupations and professions into one unit and, by merging them, bring about "socialist construction": "The establishment of people's communes with all-round management of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, side occupations, and fishery, where industry (the worker), agriculture (the peasant), exchange (the trader), culture and education (the student), and military affairs (the militiaman) merge into one, is the fundamental policy to guide the peasant to accelerate socialist construction, complete the building of socialism ahead of time, and carry out the gradual transition to communism."By "socialist construction," the resolution referred to the process in which the PRC was supposed to build up its industry under the vanguard Communist Party and, through the process of industrialization, accumulate enough capital and power to advance toward full communism. This meant the completion of two transitions. First, the transition from collective ownership to ownership by the whole people. Second, from distribution according to ability or labor to distribution according to need, with the self-rule of the proletariat (see also: Primary stage of socialism). Mao hoped that the communes would create an "industrial army" out of the countryside, essentially turning the rural workforce into a well-disciplined engine of production. He thought this militarization would be the key to efficient production, given the supposed ease of management and control, and its potential to bolster the motivation of peasants and the working class to work. Other members of the CCP leadership were more wary of Mao's plan for rapid agricultural modernization, and they pointed out the potentially prohibitive costs of this process and resources that it would require (such as iron, steel, and petroleum), and they argued that agricultural modernization might lead to unemployment given that rural workers would not necessarily be able to find other jobs in the countryside and urban industry remained relatively small. Nevertheless, Mao's faction won out. These debates, and the communes themselves, were oriented toward a question facing the Chinese economy in the 1950s: how could the PRC grow its industrial base when most of the population remained tied to agricultural work and small-scale sideline production for subsistence? The communes would require a great deal of coordination and at times coercion but would also, in theory, address this basic issue. By forcing people to move into these large units, the commune leadership could coordinate larger infrastructural and industrial projects more effectively, extract income from the commune residents, and allocate this capital income to the larger projects, which would in turn make the commune more productive and efficient and free up labor for further development. Thus, one of the goal of the people's commune was to improve agricultural productivity such that fewer people had to work in agriculture and could instead use their energy and resources for industrialization. During the Great Leap Forward In their first few years of existence, the communes created a wide range of economic, social, and administrative issues and exacerbated the Great Leap Forward famine. The CCP leadership then made major reforms to the commune structure after the Great Leap and again in the decades that followed in order to make them more stable, productive, and efficient. Regardless of the stated goals of the communes, however, the PRC economy at the time was not oriented toward the countryside. Most productive industry was already located in the cities, and urban residents—those with jobs in key enterprises and industries—were the best-paid and best-fed in the country. As a result, the communes existed, above all, to extract grain from the countryside to support both consumption and production in the cities, and to employ surplus population when the cities grew too large. Communization proceeded on a largely voluntary basis, avoiding both the violence and sabotage that occurred during the Soviet collectivization.: 46  According to academic Lin Chun, China's collectivization proceeded smoothly because, unlike the Soviet experience, a network of state institutions already existed in the countryside. Academic Ken Hammond attributes the comparatively non-contentious process of collectivization in China to its gradual process in which productivity gains appeared to be made at each step.: 45  After the Great Leap Forward The communes also changed shape considerably over time. To address some of the early shortcomings, the central leadership quickly adopted major reforms. During the Great Leap, the leadership revised the free supply system back into a labor-based system of distribution. In late 1960, the unit of accounting through which labor and income were allocated was devolved from the people's commune to the production brigade.: 139  In many cases, these brigades corresponded to the high level agricultural producers' cooperatives that had preceded the people's communes.: 139  In 1961, the average size of the communes was reduced to one-third of the original, and the basic accounting unit (i.e., the unit at which productivity was measured and work points were allocated) devolved from the commune to the brigade to, in 1962, the production team. In the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward, as Mao Zedong retreated from guiding the economic course of the PRC, other members of the leadership enacted additional reforms to the commune. Particularly important was the reintroduction of the "Three Freedoms": private household plots, sideline industries, and small-scale animal husbandry. These "freedoms" enabled commune residents to maintain some basic subsistence measures outside of their commune work, and, as the communes became more efficient, commune residents were increasingly able to spend more time developing their own projects. Newly built communes did not retain the collectivized living arrangements and allowed for separate family spaces, even if residents still lived in large, central complexes. The production team remained the unit of account until agricultural was totally decollectivized between 1979 and 1982.: 139 A kitchen in a people's commune from 1958 during the food's preparation Commune life Layout and provision of services People's communes were much more communal than the collectives that had been merged into them.: 123  In their most ambitious Great-Leap form, the communes were supposed to make nearly all domestic labor (cooking, taking care of children, education, washing, etc.) communal. In the early stages of the Great Leap Forward, the communes supplied some goods and services for free, such that food in the communal dining halls would be available for whoever wanted it rather than allocated based on workpoints or one's own household possessions. This system was known as "free supply." Mao also considered militias and military-style organization essential to the success of the communes, and he promoted communization as a process of "militarization, combatization, and disciplinization." As Mao saw it, a spirit of militarized organization, sacrifice, dedication, and selflessness would enable the Chinese people to overcome production bottlenecks through sheer effort. Each commune had a "people's militia," a group of commune members who took on military-style roles, adopted military terminology, and were responsible for organizing the commune population, defending the commune, and ensuring that commune members followed directives and maintained appropriate political behavior. The height of militarized fervor subsided after the Great Leap Forward, but the "people's militias" continued to shape commune life and organization thereafter, especially during the Cultural Revolution. During the Great Leap Forward, the process of bringing people into the communes, or communization, successfully uprooted traditional ways of farming and living but often failed to replace them with viable or productive alternatives. People had to give up their personal belongings, including everyday items such as farming and kitchen tools to smelt in "backyard steel furnaces." These items were supposed to be useless scrap materials, but cadres and other zealous commune members encouraged people to contribute more and more items, to the extent that some communities melted down all of their pots and pans. The resulting steel and iron was mostly useless, and people who had to make steel could not spend as much time working in the fields. When, for a variety of structural and environmental factors (see also: Great Leap Forward), a larger famine set in, this shift from agricultural work to unproductive industrial labor only worsened conditions in the communes. Some communes, such as the Macheng commune in Hubei (which was held up as a "model commune" at the national level, see also: Macheng), also demolished tens of thousands of private residences in order to bring about collective living arrangements and improve production efficiency. Macheng commune leaders also destroyed gravesites in order to open up more land for cultivation. Such destruction, the relative lack of compensation, and the lack of actual production increases all made the communization process incredibly disruptive and even deadly. In Raoyang Village in Hebei Province, the communization process also alienated villagers as cadres ended the temple fair, destroyed temples, cut back on traditional opera, and forced the local market to mostly close, all of which prevented villagers from engaging in traditional rites and celebrations. In the process of enforcing these new regulations, some cadres also abused their power and assaulted or humiliated villagers. Communes were supposed to rationalize the working lives of rural residents, for example by spacing out new residential areas evenly rather than adhering to traditional village boundaries. With these new spatial plans, commune administrations aimed to reduce the amount of walking time required for farmers to get to their fields. But, in the frenzied and militarized atmosphere of the Great Leap Forward, rural residents were organized into "production armies" and might spend most of their time walking around between work sites, as they were tasked with too many different non-agricultural projects at once. Conditions varied widely from commune to commune. The most immediate constraint on communal "free supply" was the availability of resources and the commune members' willingness to participate in the new collective institutions. Commune members had a range of reasons to resist or express discontent with the communization process, largely due to either the inadequacies and inefficiencies of the commune system itself or the disruptive and destructive process by which the communes were first created. Some issues that arose for commune members included: overwork on non-agricultural projects (at the expense of subsistence-oriented farming), inefficient or counterproductive infrastructure projects (such as the backyard furnaces), lack of food at the communal dining halls, negligent educational and childcare services which created additional housework burdens for women, excessive and obligatory political study sessions, and confusing incentive structures for production. Additionally, because markets were closed and sideline industries were banned, people could not turn to some of the traditional methods of dealing with economic and agricultural hardship. Despite these instances of resistance, there were no large-scale uprisings against the commune system as a whole. Scholars such as Joshua Eisenman have argued that this lack of massive resistance indicates that the commune system, with its post-Great Leap Forward adjustments, ended up serving the basic purposes of, first, feeding the countryside, and, second, extracting enough income from rural residents to fund modernizing projects and free up labor. Restrictions on individuals' mobility, however, would have made it extremely difficult for potential dissidents to coordinate resistance to the communes at a regional or provincial level, and the Anti-Rightist Movement had severely undermined people's willingness to openly criticize the party. The conditions on communes varied considerably by geographic location. Different provincial administrations were more or less zealous in pursuing communization. Different provinces also did not have the same resources at their disposal for communization, and the Great Leap famine's severity depended on local weather, grain extraction for exports (or requisitioning for internal trade), and the response or lack thereof from local officials. At the commune level, variation might also depend on the local geography or the layout that the commune organizers preferred. For example, some communes such as the Panyu people's commune in Guangdong province were organized around a central spatial axis such as a main road or a mountain range, and residences were built near the main production facilities. Other communes were built instead with a focus on public facilities such as canteens, performance spaces, and community centers. These differences in spatial organization could then affect the daily lives of commune residents, as they might spend more time working on industrial projects as opposed to in political or cultural meetings, or, depending on the layout of their commune, they might spend additional time transiting between the two. Urban communes During the Great Leap Forward, the CPC central leadership also pushed cities to create communes of their own, modeled on the one set up in Zhengzhou, Henan. As with the rural communes, the urban communes were supposed to improve production and social cohesion by: collectivizing living arrangements and socializing domestic labor (i.e., making housework collective in order to free up female labor for other work); combining many different social, economic, cultural, and political institutions in the same space (i.e., the commune); and thereby pushing the PRC forward on the road to socialism. As the CCP Central Committee put it,The urban people's commune will be the tool for transforming old cities into new socialist cities and the organizer of production, exchange, distribution and welfare in people's lives, as well as the social organization which would combine industrial, agricultural, military, educational and trade circles and eventually merge government administration with commune management.Production and labor, especially female labor, were essential to these "socialist cities," as the first Zhengzhou Commune statute made clear: the commune would " forward the elimination of private property and the complete liberation of productive forces, in particular women's productive force." To view the communes as liberatory, the CCP leadership had to assume that the labor women already did inside and outside the home was not sufficiently or meaningfully productive, and that the act of working in factories or other industrial projects would free women from patriarchal household structures. The urban communes did create new communal institutions and these institutions garnered some popularity, but the main outcome of the urban communes in the short run was—in addition to new services—disorder, inefficiency, and frustration. According to official statistics from 1960, the urban communes created: 53,000 public canteens, 50,000 nurseries, and 55,000 service centers that provided for other daily needs (such as laundry, repairing, and cleaning). The boundaries between workers and managers were loosened and the welfare benefits associated with a work unit (danwei) were extended to migrants and women through a large employment program. Such changes represented an enormous expansion of urban welfare benefits, in contrast with the relatively restricted welfare policy the PRC pursued before and after this period. The communes, and the state as a whole, were not able to sustain such expansion either financially or organizationally. At the same time, the members of the communes, as in the countryside, were mobilized to achieve huge production quotas and other political and manual work. The urban communes were relatively productive, even with some waste and overproduction, but in cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, people began to complain that the commune services were subpar or incompetent and the work was excessive (especially for women who often continued to have to do housework), and the expenditure on welfare made the communes unprofitable as a whole. By late 1961, many people in these cities had stopped using commune services, and the communes closed down some of their amenities. Ultimately, although the communes were economically unsustainable and socially disruptive, some city residents lamented their closure, as they had provided jobs or amenities that the existing, more limited welfare system did not. In addition to the failure of the communes to provide the services they had intended to collectivize, the urban communes also ran up against economic issues surrounding housing and urban construction. Three developments were particularly important: first, during the Great Leap Forward, a large proportion of public funding was allocated for capital construction (e.g., factories, mines) rather than housing construction, and so cities had relatively little money with which to construct new, durable housing. Second, the construction of housing was especially pressing because the Great Leap Forward had freed up a great deal of the rural workforce to move into the cities to work in industry, leading to a shock of urbanization. And third, Great Leap-era plans for urban construction were highly ambitious, both in the scope of construction and the economizing techniques that builders were supposed to rely on, given that more resources were being directed to industrial projects. Thus, Great Leap Forward policies exacerbated demand for new urban housing but did not provide funding to meet that demand and instead pushed the construction projects to rely on non-industrial materials (such as bricks) and the recycling of materials, either from demolished buildings or leftover from other projects. The idea that urban communes would both promote production and reorganize living space within the same institutions ran up against an economic contradiction, namely that Great Leap policies provided resources for the former (production) but not the latter (living space). Hence, when the central leadership decided to address the economic crisis, one of the major steps they took to lessen the cost of welfare provision was to lay off urban workers and step up the process of "ruralization," sending these workers to the countryside. Unlike the rural communes, the urban ones did not last after the Great Leap Forward. The urban communes, however, still had lasting effects on urban planning, as, for example, with the Beijing city plan of 1958. This plan featured radical changes to the urban landscape, including an emphasis on communal construction and the destruction of walls, and, although the central leadership never officially approved this plan, urban planners continued relying on it up until the Cultural Revolution. The urban communes also represented the peak of the PRC's urban welfare provision, and the economic untenability of this system led the CCP leadership to enact policies reinforcing and sharpening the rural-urban divide. In the people's commune, many things were shared. Private kitchens became redundant, and in some counties items in the private kitchen such as tables, chairs, cooking utensils and pans were contributed to the commune's kitchen. Private cooking was discouraged and supplanted by communal dining. Impact The rural cooperative movement replaced village power structures influenced by kinship and community elites with a formalized administrative system.: 66  The process linked families and individuals to national policies, creating what academic Cai Xiang describes as a new social space.: 66  Collective labor created possibilities from women to leave the home and increase their personal and economic independence.: 297  During the Great Leap Forward, the communes contributed to the widespread famine conditions, as the communes overworked their residents, confiscated necessary everyday items, and misallocated labor and resources on unproductive projects over basic foodstuffs. With the adjustments made to the communes after the Great Leap, however, they did contribute to the PRC's relatively substantial growth in agricultural productivity over the remaining years before decollectivization. The work point system did not always provide clear incentive structures for commune workers but the value of the work points was calculated in such a way that the commune took roughly half the laborer's income before they turned the work points into material goods. Using this extracted capital, the communes were able to invest in mechanization, infrastructure, irrigation, soil reclamation, and other large-scale projects that required large amounts of investment and labor. Moreover, the communes continued to provide some basic services such as education and health services, and the industrial projects built on some communes gave commune members technical skills they would not have gotten otherwise. The communes also had lasting negative effects. The experiences associated with communization and the Great Leap Forward created lasting traumas for whole communities and especially the women who were responsible for taking on additional labor and were often the first in a family to go hungry. Destruction of gravesites made it difficult for families to continue forms of ancestor worship that they had been practicing for centuries, even after the Great Leap ended. Some of the land reclamation and irrigation projects successfully made agricultural land more productive, but the top-down nature of the commune structure often meant that commune or brigade leadership determined these projects without consulting the commune members on whether these projects were useful to them. Moreover, some of the projects that communes undertook to make their land more productive, such as the use of pesticides and chemical experiments, could also have had deleterious long-term effects on the environment and the local population. During the years between the end of the Great Leap Forward and decollectivization in the early 1980s, the PRC's agricultural productivity, rural school enrollment, infant mortality rates, and life expectancy all improved. Collectivization of land via the commune system also facilitated China's rapid industrialization through the state's control of food production and procurement. This allowed the state to accelerate the process of capital accumulation, ultimately laying the successful foundation of physical and human capital for the economic growth of China's reform and opening up. Gallery Children eating at a nursery school in a people's commune Hungarian journalist Ferenc Sarkadi Kovács at a people's commune A meal being eaten during a state visit of Hungary to China inside a people's commune during meal hour. Mao Zedong shaking hands with a people's commune farmer An example of a people's commune collective farm A CIA film on life in a people's commune from 1958 See also Work unit, China Chinese Peasants' Association Nanjie, reported to be the last Maoist village in China Zhoujiazhuang Township, reported to be the last remaining people's commune in China Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese People's commune. Notes ^ a b Yanni, Wang; Mundstein, Sascha; Mackie, Robert (1 January 2011), An Introduction to the ABCs of Communization: A Case Study of Macheng County, University of British Columbia Press, pp. 150–153, doi:10.59962/9780774817288-009, ISBN 978-0-7748-1728-8 ^ a b Richie Hogan (31 January 2016). China A Century of Revolution 1949 - 1976. Retrieved 2 June 2024 – via YouTube. ^ Gabriel, Satya J. (1998). "Political Economy of the Great Leap Forward: Permanent Revolution and State Feudal Communes". Mount Holyoke College. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. ^ Joshua Eisenman, Red China's Green Revolution: Technological Innovation, Institutional Change, and Economic Development Under the Commune, (Columbia University Press, 2018), 32. ^ DeMare, Brian James (2019). Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 18–19, 93, 162. ISBN 978-1-5036-0952-5. OCLC 1083673008. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Harrell, Stevan (2023). An Ecological History of Modern China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-75171-9. ^ Lin, Chun (2006). The transformation of Chinese socialism. Durham : Duke University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-8223-3785-0. OCLC 63178961. ^ a b c Lin, Chun (2006). The transformation of Chinese socialism. Durham : Duke University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8223-3785-0. OCLC 63178961. ^ Eisenman, 34. ^ Edward Friedman et al., Chinese Village, Socialist State (Yale University Press, 1991), 217-218. ^ Eisenman, Red China's Green Revolution, 35-37. ^ Eisenman, 37. ^ a b Yanni, Wang; Mundstein, Sascha; Mackie, Robert (1 January 2011), An Introduction to the ABCs of Communization: A Case Study of Macheng County, University of British Columbia Press, p. 163, doi:10.59962/9780774817288-009, ISBN 978-0-7748-1728-8 ^ a b c Cheek, Timothy (2002), "Talks at the Beidaihe Conference August 1958", Mao Zedong and China’s Revolutions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, p. 162, doi:10.1007/978-1-137-08687-7_9, ISBN 978-1-349-63485-9 ^ See Chapter 6 and Chapter 9 of Riskin, China's Political Economy. ^ Bo Yibo, Ruogan zhongdao juece yu shijian de huiyi (Beijing: Zhongyang Dangxiao Chubanshe, 1991), p. 692 ^ a b c Shen, Zhihua; Xia, Yafeng (November 2011). "The Great Leap Forward, the People's Commune and the Sino-Soviet Split". Journal of Contemporary China. 20 (72): 867. doi:10.1080/10670564.2011.604505. ISSN 1067-0564 – via Taylor & Francis Library SSH - CRKN. ^ Jianguo yilai zhongyao wenxian xuanbian (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1995), vol. 11, p. 450. ^ a b Carl Riskin, China's Political Economy: The Quest for Development since 1949, Economies of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 124. ^ Peng, Lü (2023), "Chapter Seven 1958–1978: From the Great Leap Forward to Great Cultural Revolution", A History of China in the 20th Century, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, p. 896, doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0734-2_9, ISBN 978-981-99-0733-5 ^ Jinlin sheng dang‘an’guan , 1/1-14/71, pp. 6–11. ^ Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, ed. Jianguo yilai zhongyao wenxian xuanbian (Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1996), 11:618. ^ Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, ed. Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao, 7:573. ^ a b c Wang, "The ABCs of Communization," 164-165. ^ Eisenman, Red China's Green Revolution, 37. ^ Riskin, China's Political Economy, 114-116. ^ Eisenman, Red China's Green Revolution, 34. ^ Felix Wemheuer, Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union, Yale Agrarian Studies Series (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014), 43-46. ^ a b Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN 9781736850084. ^ Xin Yi, 140. ^ Riskin, 123-124. ^ Eisenman, 133-138. ^ Cheng and Jacoby, 29. ^ Xin Yi, "On the Distribution System of Large-Scale People's Communes," in Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine, ed. Felix Wemheuer and Kimberley Ens Manning, (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2011), 142. ^ Friedman et al., Chinese Village, Socialist State, 219. ^ Friedman et al., 256; Eisenman, Red China's Green Revolution, 167-169. ^ Eisenman, 169. ^ Friedman et al., 227-228; Wemheuer, Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union, 21. ^ Wang, "The ABCs of Communization," 150-157; see also: Xin Yi, "On the Distribution System of Large-Scale People's Communes," 142. ^ Friedman et al., 238. ^ 程婧如, "作为政治宣言的空间设计——1958—1960中国人民公社设计提案," 新建筑, no. 05 (2018): 29–33. ^ Wang, "The ABCs of Communization," 161. ^ Riskin,123; Eisenman, 40-41, 96-97; Xin Yi, 140-142; Gail Hershatter, The Gender of Memory: Rural Women and China's Collective Past (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), Chapter 7. ^ Eisenman, 97. ^ Eisenman, 76; Friedman et al., 240; Wemheuer, 73. ^ Xin Yi, "On the Distribution System of Large-Scale Communes"; Chris Bramall, Chinese Economic Development (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009), 126-132. ^ Sam Jacoby and Jingru (Cyan) Cheng, "Collective Forms in China: An Architectural Analysis of the People's Commune, Danwei, and Xiaoqu," in The Socio-Spatial Design of Community and Governance: Interdisciplinary Urban Design in China, ed. Sam Jacoby and Jingru (Cyan) Cheng (Singapore: Springer, 2020), 20-26. ^ See: 程婧如, "作为政治宣言的空间设计——1958—1960中国人民公社设计提案." ^ Zhang Jie and Wang Tao, "The 'Great Leap Forward' and Readjustment: Seeking a Road for Self-Development (1958-1965)," in Modern Urban Housing in China: 1840-2000, ed. Lu Junhua, Peter G. Rowe, and Zhang Jie (Munich: Prestel, 2001), 163. ^ Fabio Lanza, "The Search for a Socialist Everyday: The Urban Communes," in Routledge Handbook of Revolutionary China (Routledge, 2019), 76. ^ Lanza, 76. ^ Chuang Collective, "Sorghum and Steel: The Socialist Developmental Regime and the Forging of China," Chuang, no. 1 (2016): 98. ^ Chuang, 98-99; Nara Dillon, Radical Inequalities: China's Revolutionary Welfare State in Comparative Perspective, (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2015), 244-251. ^ Lanza, "Toward a Socialist Everyday," 79-80; Dillon, Radical Inequalities, 251-255. ^ Lanza, 82-83. Compare with: Dillon, 255. ^ Zhang Jie and Wang Tao, "The 'Great Leap Forward' and Readjustment: Seeking a Road for Self-Development (1958-1965)," in Modern Urban Housing in China: 1840-2000, ed. Lu Junhua, Peter G. Rowe, and Zhang Jie (Munich: Prestel, 2001), 152-174; see also: Wang Jun, Beijing Record: A Physical and Political History of Planning Modern Beijing, Illustrated edition (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2011), 387. ^ Dillon, 255-258. ^ Riskin, 125. ^ Wang Jun, Beijing Record, 322. ^ Dillon, 233-237, 257-258, 263-267. ^ Dikotter, Frank (2010). Mao's Great Famine. New York: Walker & Co. pp. 54, 60, 286, 311. ISBN 978-0-8027-7768-3. ^ a b c Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688. ^ Eisenman, 21-24. ^ Hershatter, The Gender of Memory, 210-235. ^ Wang, "The ABCs of Communization," 160-162. ^ Micah S Muscolino, "The Contradictions of Conservation: Fighting Erosion in Mao-Era China, 1953–66," Environmental History 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 246-258. ^ Eisenman, 92-93. ^ Eisenman, 128-141; Riskin, 138; Bramall, 154, 220-226, 236-239; Chuang, 114. ^ a b Pieke, Frank N; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022). CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. p. 55. doi:10.56159/eai.52060. ISBN 978-981-18-5206-0. OCLC 1354535847. References and further reading Yang, Dali. Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change since the Great Leap Famine. Stanford University Press, 1996. Schurmann, Franz (1966). Ideology and Organization in Communist China. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520011519. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division. Authority control databases: National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:People%27s_commune_canteen2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"人民公社","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_farming"},{"link_name":"production brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_brigade"},{"link_name":"production teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_team_(China)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-2"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_in_China.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Pat Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"1972 visit to China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China"}],"text":"A collective meal as pictured in The 10th Anniversary Photo Collection of the PRC 1949-1959The people's commune (Chinese: 人民公社; pinyin: rénmín gōngshè) was the highest of three administrative levels in rural areas of the People's Republic of China during the period from 1958 to 1983, until they were replaced by townships. Communes, the largest collective units, were divided in turn into production brigades and production teams. The people's commune collectivized living and working practices. Many individual homes were abolished in favor of communal residences, with many houses literally taken apart and demolished.[1] Regardless of age or relationship, many men and women lived separately, and often, multiple families were placed in the same communal homes.[1] [2] One's land, tools, resources were pooled together, with working hours and farming practices completely dictated by the CCP.[2]The scale of the commune and its ability to extract income from the rural population enabled commune administrations to invest in large-scale mechanization, infrastructure, and industrial projects. The communes did not, however, meet many of their long-term goals, such as facilitating the construction of full Communism in the rural areas, fully liberating women from housework, and creating sustainable agriculture practices in the countryside. They also had had governmental, political, and economic functions during the Cultural Revolution. They ranged in number from 50,000 to 90,000.[3]Former United States First Lady Pat Nixon at a people's commune in Beijing during Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China","title":"People's commune"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"land reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement_(China)"},{"link_name":"social structure of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_structure_of_China"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"kolkhozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkhozy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hundred Flowers Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Anti-Rightist Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"surpassing Britain and catching up to the US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceeding_the_UK,_catching_the_USA"}],"sub_title":"Precedents and Collectivization in the Early PRC","text":"Before the people's communes were established, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had experimented with and promoted other, smaller forms of collectivized agriculture. Before 1949, landlords owned almost half of the land in rural China and leased it out to tenant farmers. Many farms were relatively small, family-operated enterprises. Farmers generally went through cycles of busyness during harvest season and relative idleness during off seasons.[4] During the Civil War era and continuing into the early years of the People's Republic of China, the CCP implemented wide-ranging land reforms, attempted to identify and classify the rural population, and redistributed land from the landlords to the middle peasants and poor peasants to revolutionize the social structure of China.[5] After the completion of the Land Reform, individual families owned the land they farmed, paid taxes as households, and sold grain at prices set by the state.[6]: 109Rural collectivization began soon after the CCP announced its 1953 \"general line for the transition to socialism.\"[7] Over the next six years, collectivization took several incrementally progressing forms: mutual aid groups, primitive cooperatives, and people's communes.[8]With state coordination, many families—up to 68 million by 1954—joined Mutual Aid Teams. These Mutual Aid Teams helped farming families coordinate the sharing of labor, farming technology, and other resources. Some Mutual Aid Teams also formed, or were consolidated into, Agricultural Producer Cooperatives (APCs), larger institutions at the village or subvillage level that pooled resources and collectively managed land.During 1954-1955, farmers in many areas began pooling their land, capital resources, and labor into beginning-level agricultural producers' cooperatives.[6]: 109  In the complex system of beginning-level agricultural producers' cooperatives, farmers received a share of the harvest based on a combination of how much labor and how much land they contributed to the cooperative.[6]: 109–110By June 1956, over 60% of rural households had been collectivized into higher-level agricultural producers' cooperatives, a structure that was similar to Soviet collective farmering via kolkhozy.[6]: 110  In these cooperatives, tens of households pooled land and draft animals.[6]: 110  Adult members of the cooperative were credited with work points based on how much labor they had provided at which tasks.[6]: 110  At the end of the year, the collective deducted taxes and fixed-price sales to the state, and the cooperative retained seed for the next year as well as some investment and welfare funds.[6]: 110  The collective then distributed to the households the remainder of the harvest and some of the money received from sales to the state.[6]: 110  The distribution was based partly on work points accrued by the adult members of a household, and partly at a standard rate by age and sex.[6]: 110  These cooperatives also lent small amounts of land back to households individually on which the households could grow crops to consume directly or sell at market.[6]: 110–111  Apart from the large-scale communization during the Great Leap Forward, Higher-level Agricultural Producers' Collectives (HAPCs) were generally the dominant form of rural collectivization in China.[6]: 111  These cooperatives also created new administrative and economic issues, but the CCP proceeded with the collectivizing process.[9]In 1958, in the aftermath of the Hundred Flowers Campaign and Anti-Rightist Campaign, Mao Zedong shifted course from emphasizing economic growth toward emphasizing the rapid establishment of communism. Achieving communism, for Mao, also required economic growth but had to, at the same time, involve further collectivization and the elimination of old (or feudal) ways of living. Party propaganda outlets publicized an enormous collective in Xushui, Hebei as a \"commune,\" in which \"peasant\" households had given way to communal living, and people did not have to worry about money or food. Mao visited Xushui and similar larger, purportedly very productive units in Henan province and declared, \"People's communes are good.\" Mao and his allies in the CCP leadership continued to promote the communes both in propaganda and party meetings, and the construction of communes quickly became party line and a central pillar of the Great Leap Forward.[10]As the Great Leap Forward got underway, the state consolidated HAPCs into about 26,000 communes, each containing on average 4,500 hectares of land, 24,000 people, and 5,200 households.[11] The sizes of different communes varied widely across different regions but they were consistently much larger than HAPCs had been, and the communes encompassed on average about thirty HAPCs and up to one hundred.[12] The communes were supposed to be instrumental to the PRC's goal of \"surpassing Britain and catching up to the US\" in steel production.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"Robert Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"1958 Beidahe Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidaihe_Conference_(1958)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-19"},{"link_name":"full communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"Primary stage of socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Ideological and economic motivations","text":"Over the summer of 1958, agricultural producers' collectives were merged into much larger collectives which comprised tens of thousands of people, typically encompassing a market town and its surrounding villages.[6]: 123  CCP leadership called these giant administrative and economic regions \"People's Communes\" (人民公社), in line with the socialist and communist idea of the \"commune.\" This term “commune” traces back to Western Europe, originally referring to autonomous cities or towns.[13] Under the influence of Robert Owen, Friedrich Engels used this term to refer to the basic unit of organization in a Communist society, and it was seen by Karl Marx as a form of proletariat governance. Influenced by both Marx and Engels, Mao envisioned the People's Communes to be the basic unit of Chinese society made up of and ruled by the working class.[13]For Mao, these communes were to be characterized by their size and publicity. He wrote,\"They're called people's communes, first, because they're big and, second because they're public. Lots of people, a vast area of land, large scale of production, and all their undertakings are done in a big way. They integrate government administration with commune management to establish public mess halls, and private plots are eliminated.\"[14]In addition to this, the CCP's communes were defined by three main factors, especially during the Great Leap Forward: first, an emphasis on industrialization and productivity; second, a militarization of society, in which commune members were mobilized through military-style campaigns and exhorted to act with rigid discipline, devotion, and selflessness; and third, an ideal of self-reliance or local autonomy, such that each commune would be able to produce most of the supplies and technology that it needed to function.[15]This emphasis on efficient, independent, organized production and industrialization was driven by the CCP’s desire to demonstrate the PRC’s superiority over foreign powers. In their earlier years of rule in 1955-56, the CCP was determined to “surpass Britain and catch up with the United States.”[16] By 1958, this competitive mindset was also applied to the Soviet Union.[17] Mao was optimistic that the PRC would reach the true Communist society before the Soviet Union did, by increasing their productivity through a change in their production system.[17] The People's Communes were a means to this end; the Central Committee of the CCP stating in the 'Resolution on Setting up the People's Communes in the Countryside' that China \"should actively apply the method of the People’s Communes in search of a practical way to make the transition to communism now.\"[18]As the CCP Politburo declared at the 1958 Beidahe Conference, the communes were meant to bring together all key occupations and professions into one unit and, by merging them, bring about \"socialist construction\":[14]\"The establishment of people's communes with all-round management of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, side occupations, and fishery, where industry (the worker), agriculture (the peasant), exchange (the trader), culture and education (the student), and military affairs (the militiaman) merge into one, is the fundamental policy to guide the peasant to accelerate socialist construction, complete the building of socialism ahead of time, and carry out the gradual transition to communism.\"[19]By \"socialist construction,\" the resolution referred to the process in which the PRC was supposed to build up its industry under the vanguard Communist Party and, through the process of industrialization, accumulate enough capital and power to advance toward full communism.[19][20][14] This meant the completion of two transitions. First, the transition from collective ownership to ownership by the whole people. Second, from distribution according to ability or labor to distribution according to need, with the self-rule of the proletariat (see also: Primary stage of socialism).[21][17]Mao hoped that the communes would create an \"industrial army\" out of the countryside, essentially turning the rural workforce into a well-disciplined engine of production.[22][23][24] He thought this militarization would be the key to efficient production, given the supposed ease of management and control, and its potential to bolster the motivation of peasants and the working class to work.[24]Other members of the CCP leadership were more wary of Mao's plan for rapid agricultural modernization, and they pointed out the potentially prohibitive costs of this process and resources that it would require (such as iron, steel, and petroleum), and they argued that agricultural modernization might lead to unemployment given that rural workers would not necessarily be able to find other jobs in the countryside and urban industry remained relatively small.[25] Nevertheless, Mao's faction won out.These debates, and the communes themselves, were oriented toward a question facing the Chinese economy in the 1950s: how could the PRC grow its industrial base when most of the population remained tied to agricultural work and small-scale sideline production for subsistence?[26] The communes would require a great deal of coordination and at times coercion but would also, in theory, address this basic issue. By forcing people to move into these large units, the commune leadership could coordinate larger infrastructural and industrial projects more effectively, extract income from the commune residents, and allocate this capital income to the larger projects, which would in turn make the commune more productive and efficient and free up labor for further development.[27] Thus, one of the goal of the people's commune was to improve agricultural productivity such that fewer people had to work in agriculture and could instead use their energy and resources for industrialization.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:322-29"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:322-29"}],"sub_title":"During the Great Leap Forward","text":"In their first few years of existence, the communes created a wide range of economic, social, and administrative issues and exacerbated the Great Leap Forward famine. The CCP leadership then made major reforms to the commune structure after the Great Leap and again in the decades that followed in order to make them more stable, productive, and efficient. Regardless of the stated goals of the communes, however, the PRC economy at the time was not oriented toward the countryside. Most productive industry was already located in the cities, and urban residents—those with jobs in key enterprises and industries—were the best-paid and best-fed in the country. As a result, the communes existed, above all, to extract grain from the countryside to support both consumption and production in the cities, and to employ surplus population when the cities grew too large.[28]Communization proceeded on a largely voluntary basis, avoiding both the violence and sabotage that occurred during the Soviet collectivization.[8][29]: 46  According to academic Lin Chun, China's collectivization proceeded smoothly because, unlike the Soviet experience, a network of state institutions already existed in the countryside.[8] Academic Ken Hammond attributes the comparatively non-contentious process of collectivization in China to its gradual process in which productivity gains appeared to be made at each step.[29]: 45","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:People%27s_commune_kitchen.jpg"}],"sub_title":"After the Great Leap Forward","text":"The communes also changed shape considerably over time. To address some of the early shortcomings, the central leadership quickly adopted major reforms. During the Great Leap, the leadership revised the free supply system back into a labor-based system of distribution.[30] In late 1960, the unit of accounting through which labor and income were allocated was devolved from the people's commune to the production brigade.[6]: 139  In many cases, these brigades corresponded to the high level agricultural producers' cooperatives that had preceded the people's communes.[6]: 139In 1961, the average size of the communes was reduced to one-third of the original, and the basic accounting unit (i.e., the unit at which productivity was measured and work points were allocated) devolved from the commune to the brigade to, in 1962, the production team.[31] In the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward, as Mao Zedong retreated from guiding the economic course of the PRC, other members of the leadership enacted additional reforms to the commune. Particularly important was the reintroduction of the \"Three Freedoms\": private household plots, sideline industries, and small-scale animal husbandry. These \"freedoms\" enabled commune residents to maintain some basic subsistence measures outside of their commune work, and, as the communes became more efficient, commune residents were increasingly able to spend more time developing their own projects.[32] Newly built communes did not retain the collectivized living arrangements and allowed for separate family spaces, even if residents still lived in large, central complexes.[33]The production team remained the unit of account until agricultural was totally decollectivized between 1979 and 1982.[6]: 139A kitchen in a people's commune from 1958 during the food's preparation","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commune life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-24"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Great Leap Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Macheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macheng"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"backyard furnaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_furnace"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Layout and provision of services","text":"People's communes were much more communal than the collectives that had been merged into them.[6]: 123  In their most ambitious Great-Leap form, the communes were supposed to make nearly all domestic labor (cooking, taking care of children, education, washing, etc.) communal. In the early stages of the Great Leap Forward, the communes supplied some goods and services for free, such that food in the communal dining halls would be available for whoever wanted it rather than allocated based on workpoints or one's own household possessions. This system was known as \"free supply.\"[34]Mao also considered militias and military-style organization essential to the success of the communes, and he promoted communization as a process of \"militarization, combatization, and disciplinization.\"[35] As Mao saw it, a spirit of militarized organization, sacrifice, dedication, and selflessness would enable the Chinese people to overcome production bottlenecks through sheer effort.[24] Each commune had a \"people's militia,\" a group of commune members who took on military-style roles, adopted military terminology, and were responsible for organizing the commune population, defending the commune, and ensuring that commune members followed directives and maintained appropriate political behavior.[36] The height of militarized fervor subsided after the Great Leap Forward, but the \"people's militias\" continued to shape commune life and organization thereafter, especially during the Cultural Revolution.[37]During the Great Leap Forward, the process of bringing people into the communes, or communization, successfully uprooted traditional ways of farming and living but often failed to replace them with viable or productive alternatives. People had to give up their personal belongings, including everyday items such as farming and kitchen tools to smelt in \"backyard steel furnaces.\" These items were supposed to be useless scrap materials, but cadres and other zealous commune members encouraged people to contribute more and more items, to the extent that some communities melted down all of their pots and pans. The resulting steel and iron was mostly useless, and people who had to make steel could not spend as much time working in the fields. When, for a variety of structural and environmental factors (see also: Great Leap Forward), a larger famine set in, this shift from agricultural work to unproductive industrial labor only worsened conditions in the communes.[38]Some communes, such as the Macheng commune in Hubei (which was held up as a \"model commune\" at the national level, see also: Macheng), also demolished tens of thousands of private residences in order to bring about collective living arrangements and improve production efficiency. Macheng commune leaders also destroyed gravesites in order to open up more land for cultivation. Such destruction, the relative lack of compensation, and the lack of actual production increases all made the communization process incredibly disruptive and even deadly.[39] In Raoyang Village in Hebei Province, the communization process also alienated villagers as cadres ended the temple fair, destroyed temples, cut back on traditional opera, and forced the local market to mostly close, all of which prevented villagers from engaging in traditional rites and celebrations. In the process of enforcing these new regulations, some cadres also abused their power and assaulted or humiliated villagers.[40]Communes were supposed to rationalize the working lives of rural residents, for example by spacing out new residential areas evenly rather than adhering to traditional village boundaries. With these new spatial plans, commune administrations aimed to reduce the amount of walking time required for farmers to get to their fields.[41] But, in the frenzied and militarized atmosphere of the Great Leap Forward, rural residents were organized into \"production armies\" and might spend most of their time walking around between work sites, as they were tasked with too many different non-agricultural projects at once.[42]Conditions varied widely from commune to commune. The most immediate constraint on communal \"free supply\" was the availability of resources and the commune members' willingness to participate in the new collective institutions. Commune members had a range of reasons to resist or express discontent with the communization process, largely due to either the inadequacies and inefficiencies of the commune system itself or the disruptive and destructive process by which the communes were first created. Some issues that arose for commune members included: overwork on non-agricultural projects (at the expense of subsistence-oriented farming), inefficient or counterproductive infrastructure projects (such as the backyard furnaces), lack of food at the communal dining halls, negligent educational and childcare services which created additional housework burdens for women, excessive and obligatory political study sessions, and confusing incentive structures for production.[43] Additionally, because markets were closed and sideline industries were banned, people could not turn to some of the traditional methods of dealing with economic and agricultural hardship.Despite these instances of resistance, there were no large-scale uprisings against the commune system as a whole. Scholars such as Joshua Eisenman have argued that this lack of massive resistance indicates that the commune system, with its post-Great Leap Forward adjustments, ended up serving the basic purposes of, first, feeding the countryside, and, second, extracting enough income from rural residents to fund modernizing projects and free up labor.[44] Restrictions on individuals' mobility, however, would have made it extremely difficult for potential dissidents to coordinate resistance to the communes at a regional or provincial level, and the Anti-Rightist Movement had severely undermined people's willingness to openly criticize the party.[45]The conditions on communes varied considerably by geographic location. Different provincial administrations were more or less zealous in pursuing communization. Different provinces also did not have the same resources at their disposal for communization, and the Great Leap famine's severity depended on local weather, grain extraction for exports (or requisitioning for internal trade), and the response or lack thereof from local officials.[46] At the commune level, variation might also depend on the local geography or the layout that the commune organizers preferred. For example, some communes such as the Panyu people's commune in Guangdong province were organized around a central spatial axis such as a main road or a mountain range, and residences were built near the main production facilities.[47] Other communes were built instead with a focus on public facilities such as canteens, performance spaces, and community centers. These differences in spatial organization could then affect the daily lives of commune residents, as they might spend more time working on industrial projects as opposed to in political or cultural meetings, or, depending on the layout of their commune, they might spend additional time transiting between the two.[48]","title":"Commune life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"work unit (danwei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_unit"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Urban communes","text":"During the Great Leap Forward, the CPC central leadership also pushed cities to create communes of their own, modeled on the one set up in Zhengzhou, Henan. As with the rural communes, the urban communes were supposed to improve production and social cohesion by: collectivizing living arrangements and socializing domestic labor (i.e., making housework collective in order to free up female labor for other work); combining many different social, economic, cultural, and political institutions in the same space (i.e., the commune); and thereby pushing the PRC forward on the road to socialism. As the CCP Central Committee put it,The urban people's commune will be the tool for transforming old cities into new socialist cities and the organizer of production, exchange, distribution and welfare in people's lives, as well as the social organization which would combine industrial, agricultural, military, educational and trade circles and eventually merge government administration with commune management.[49]Production and labor, especially female labor, were essential to these \"socialist cities,\" as the first Zhengzhou Commune statute made clear: the commune would \"[push] forward the elimination of private property and the complete liberation of productive forces, in particular women's productive force.\"[50] To view the communes as liberatory, the CCP leadership had to assume that the labor women already did inside and outside the home was not sufficiently or meaningfully productive, and that the act of working in factories or other industrial projects would free women from patriarchal household structures.[51]The urban communes did create new communal institutions and these institutions garnered some popularity, but the main outcome of the urban communes in the short run was—in addition to new services—disorder, inefficiency, and frustration. According to official statistics from 1960, the urban communes created: 53,000 public canteens, 50,000 nurseries, and 55,000 service centers that provided for other daily needs (such as laundry, repairing, and cleaning).[52] The boundaries between workers and managers were loosened and the welfare benefits associated with a work unit (danwei) were extended to migrants and women through a large employment program. Such changes represented an enormous expansion of urban welfare benefits, in contrast with the relatively restricted welfare policy the PRC pursued before and after this period.[53]The communes, and the state as a whole, were not able to sustain such expansion either financially or organizationally. At the same time, the members of the communes, as in the countryside, were mobilized to achieve huge production quotas and other political and manual work. The urban communes were relatively productive, even with some waste and overproduction, but in cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, people began to complain that the commune services were subpar or incompetent and the work was excessive (especially for women who often continued to have to do housework), and the expenditure on welfare made the communes unprofitable as a whole.[54] By late 1961, many people in these cities had stopped using commune services, and the communes closed down some of their amenities. Ultimately, although the communes were economically unsustainable and socially disruptive, some city residents lamented their closure, as they had provided jobs or amenities that the existing, more limited welfare system did not.[55]In addition to the failure of the communes to provide the services they had intended to collectivize, the urban communes also ran up against economic issues surrounding housing and urban construction. Three developments were particularly important: first, during the Great Leap Forward, a large proportion of public funding was allocated for capital construction (e.g., factories, mines) rather than housing construction, and so cities had relatively little money with which to construct new, durable housing. Second, the construction of housing was especially pressing because the Great Leap Forward had freed up a great deal of the rural workforce to move into the cities to work in industry, leading to a shock of urbanization. And third, Great Leap-era plans for urban construction were highly ambitious, both in the scope of construction and the economizing techniques that builders were supposed to rely on, given that more resources were being directed to industrial projects. Thus, Great Leap Forward policies exacerbated demand for new urban housing but did not provide funding to meet that demand and instead pushed the construction projects to rely on non-industrial materials (such as bricks) and the recycling of materials, either from demolished buildings or leftover from other projects.[56] The idea that urban communes would both promote production and reorganize living space within the same institutions ran up against an economic contradiction, namely that Great Leap policies provided resources for the former (production) but not the latter (living space). Hence, when the central leadership decided to address the economic crisis, one of the major steps they took to lessen the cost of welfare provision was to lay off urban workers and step up the process of \"ruralization,\" sending these workers to the countryside.[57]Unlike the rural communes, the urban ones did not last after the Great Leap Forward.[58] The urban communes, however, still had lasting effects on urban planning, as, for example, with the Beijing city plan of 1958. This plan featured radical changes to the urban landscape, including an emphasis on communal construction and the destruction of walls, and, although the central leadership never officially approved this plan, urban planners continued relying on it up until the Cultural Revolution.[59] The urban communes also represented the peak of the PRC's urban welfare provision, and the economic untenability of this system led the CCP leadership to enact policies reinforcing and sharpening the rural-urban divide.[60]In the people's commune, many things were shared. Private kitchens became redundant, and in some counties items in the private kitchen such as tables, chairs, cooking utensils and pans were contributed to the commune's kitchen. Private cooking was discouraged[61] and supplanted by communal dining.","title":"Commune life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-69"},{"link_name":"capital accumulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_accumulation"},{"link_name":"human capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capital"},{"link_name":"reform and opening up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-69"}],"text":"The rural cooperative movement replaced village power structures influenced by kinship and community elites with a formalized administrative system.[62]: 66  The process linked families and individuals to national policies, creating what academic Cai Xiang describes as a new social space.[62]: 66Collective labor created possibilities from women to leave the home and increase their personal and economic independence.[62]: 297During the Great Leap Forward, the communes contributed to the widespread famine conditions, as the communes overworked their residents, confiscated necessary everyday items, and misallocated labor and resources on unproductive projects over basic foodstuffs. With the adjustments made to the communes after the Great Leap, however, they did contribute to the PRC's relatively substantial growth in agricultural productivity over the remaining years before decollectivization.[63] The work point system did not always provide clear incentive structures for commune workers but the value of the work points was calculated in such a way that the commune took roughly half the laborer's income before they turned the work points into material goods. Using this extracted capital, the communes were able to invest in mechanization, infrastructure, irrigation, soil reclamation, and other large-scale projects that required large amounts of investment and labor. Moreover, the communes continued to provide some basic services such as education and health services, and the industrial projects built on some communes gave commune members technical skills they would not have gotten otherwise.The communes also had lasting negative effects. The experiences associated with communization and the Great Leap Forward created lasting traumas for whole communities and especially the women who were responsible for taking on additional labor and were often the first in a family to go hungry.[64] Destruction of gravesites made it difficult for families to continue forms of ancestor worship that they had been practicing for centuries, even after the Great Leap ended.[65] Some of the land reclamation and irrigation projects successfully made agricultural land more productive, but the top-down nature of the commune structure often meant that commune or brigade leadership determined these projects without consulting the commune members on whether these projects were useful to them.[66] Moreover, some of the projects that communes undertook to make their land more productive, such as the use of pesticides and chemical experiments, could also have had deleterious long-term effects on the environment and the local population.[67]During the years between the end of the Great Leap Forward and decollectivization in the early 1980s, the PRC's agricultural productivity, rural school enrollment, infant mortality rates, and life expectancy all improved.[68] Collectivization of land via the commune system also facilitated China's rapid industrialization through the state's control of food production and procurement.[69] This allowed the state to accelerate the process of capital accumulation, ultimately laying the successful foundation of physical and human capital for the economic growth of China's reform and opening up.[69]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:People%27s_commune_Nursery_school.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visit_to_the_People%27s_Commune,_Ferenc_Sarkadi_Kov%C3%A1cs_journalist.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visit_to_the_People%27s_Commune_named_Chinese-Hungarian_Friendship-9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_shakes_hands_with_People%27s_commune_workers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visit_to_the_People%27s_Commune_named_Chinese-Hungarian_Friendship-3.jpg"}],"text":"Children eating at a nursery school in a people's commune\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHungarian journalist Ferenc Sarkadi Kovács at a people's commune\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA meal being eaten during a state visit of Hungary to China inside a people's commune during meal hour.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMao Zedong shaking hands with a people's commune farmer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn example of a people's commune collective farm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA CIA film on life in a people's commune from 1958","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:9_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:9_1-1"},{"link_name":"An Introduction to the ABCs of Communization: A Case Study of Macheng 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University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8223-7461-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7461-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"932368688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/932368688"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_69-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_69-1"},{"link_name":"National University of Singapore Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.56159/eai.52060","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.56159%2Feai.52060"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-981-18-5206-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-18-5206-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1354535847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1354535847"}],"text":"^ a b Yanni, Wang; Mundstein, Sascha; Mackie, Robert (1 January 2011), An Introduction to the ABCs of Communization: A Case Study of Macheng County, University of British Columbia Press, pp. 150–153, doi:10.59962/9780774817288-009, ISBN 978-0-7748-1728-8\n\n^ a b Richie Hogan (31 January 2016). China A Century of Revolution 1949 - 1976. Retrieved 2 June 2024 – via YouTube.\n\n^ Gabriel, Satya J. (1998). \"Political Economy of the Great Leap Forward: Permanent Revolution and State Feudal Communes\". Mount Holyoke College. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021.\n\n^ Joshua Eisenman, Red China's Green Revolution: Technological Innovation, Institutional Change, and Economic Development Under the Commune, (Columbia University Press, 2018), 32.\n\n^ DeMare, Brian James (2019). Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 18–19, 93, 162. ISBN 978-1-5036-0952-5. OCLC 1083673008.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Harrell, Stevan (2023). An Ecological History of Modern China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-75171-9.\n\n^ Lin, Chun (2006). The transformation of Chinese socialism. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-8223-3785-0. OCLC 63178961.\n\n^ a b c Lin, Chun (2006). The transformation of Chinese socialism. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8223-3785-0. OCLC 63178961.\n\n^ Eisenman, 34.\n\n^ Edward Friedman et al., Chinese Village, Socialist State (Yale University Press, 1991), 217-218.\n\n^ Eisenman, Red China's Green Revolution, 35-37.\n\n^ Eisenman, 37.\n\n^ a b Yanni, Wang; Mundstein, Sascha; Mackie, Robert (1 January 2011), An Introduction to the ABCs of Communization: A Case Study of Macheng County, University of British Columbia Press, p. 163, doi:10.59962/9780774817288-009, ISBN 978-0-7748-1728-8\n\n^ a b c Cheek, Timothy (2002), \"Talks at the Beidaihe Conference August 1958\", Mao Zedong and China’s Revolutions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, p. 162, doi:10.1007/978-1-137-08687-7_9, ISBN 978-1-349-63485-9\n\n^ See Chapter 6 and Chapter 9 of Riskin, China's Political Economy.\n\n^ Bo Yibo, Ruogan zhongdao juece yu shijian de huiyi [Reflections on Some Major Policy-making Decisions and Events] (Beijing: Zhongyang Dangxiao Chubanshe, 1991), p. 692\n\n^ a b c Shen, Zhihua; Xia, Yafeng (November 2011). \"The Great Leap Forward, the People's Commune and the Sino-Soviet Split\". Journal of Contemporary China. 20 (72): 867. doi:10.1080/10670564.2011.604505. ISSN 1067-0564 – via Taylor & Francis Library SSH - CRKN.\n\n^ Jianguo yilai zhongyao wenxian xuanbian [Selected Documents of Importance since the Founding of the PRC] (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1995), vol. 11, p. 450.\n\n^ a b Carl Riskin, China's Political Economy: The Quest for Development since 1949, Economies of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 124.\n\n^ Peng, Lü (2023), \"Chapter Seven 1958–1978: From the Great Leap Forward to Great Cultural Revolution\", A History of China in the 20th Century, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, p. 896, doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0734-2_9, ISBN 978-981-99-0733-5\n\n^ Jinlin sheng dang‘an’guan [Jilin Provincial Archive], 1/1-14/71, pp. 6–11.\n\n^ Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, ed. Jianguo yilai zhongyao wenxian xuanbian [Selected Important Documents since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China] (Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1996), 11:618.\n\n^ Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, ed. Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao, 7:573.\n\n^ a b c Wang, \"The ABCs of Communization,\" 164-165.\n\n^ Eisenman, Red China's Green Revolution, 37.\n\n^ Riskin, China's Political Economy, 114-116.\n\n^ Eisenman, Red China's Green Revolution, 34.\n\n^ Felix Wemheuer, Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union, Yale Agrarian Studies Series (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014), 43-46.\n\n^ a b Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN 9781736850084.\n\n^ Xin Yi, 140.\n\n^ Riskin, 123-124.\n\n^ Eisenman, 133-138.\n\n^ Cheng and Jacoby, 29.\n\n^ Xin Yi, \"On the Distribution System of Large-Scale People's Communes,\" in Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine, ed. Felix Wemheuer and Kimberley Ens Manning, (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2011), 142.\n\n^ Friedman et al., Chinese Village, Socialist State, 219.\n\n^ Friedman et al., 256; Eisenman, Red China's Green Revolution, 167-169.\n\n^ Eisenman, 169.\n\n^ Friedman et al., 227-228; Wemheuer, Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union, 21.\n\n^ Wang, \"The ABCs of Communization,\" 150-157; see also: Xin Yi, \"On the Distribution System of Large-Scale People's Communes,\" 142.\n\n^ Friedman et al., 238.\n\n^ 程婧如, \"作为政治宣言的空间设计——1958—1960中国人民公社设计提案,\" 新建筑, no. 05 (2018): 29–33.\n\n^ Wang, \"The ABCs of Communization,\" 161.\n\n^ Riskin,123; Eisenman, 40-41, 96-97; Xin Yi, 140-142; Gail Hershatter, The Gender of Memory: Rural Women and China's Collective Past (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), Chapter 7.\n\n^ Eisenman, 97.\n\n^ Eisenman, 76; Friedman et al., 240; Wemheuer, 73.\n\n^ Xin Yi, \"On the Distribution System of Large-Scale Communes\"; Chris Bramall, Chinese Economic Development (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009), 126-132.\n\n^ Sam Jacoby and Jingru (Cyan) Cheng, \"Collective Forms in China: An Architectural Analysis of the People's Commune, Danwei, and Xiaoqu,\" in The Socio-Spatial Design of Community and Governance: Interdisciplinary Urban Design in China, ed. Sam Jacoby and Jingru (Cyan) Cheng (Singapore: Springer, 2020), 20-26.\n\n^ See: 程婧如, \"作为政治宣言的空间设计——1958—1960中国人民公社设计提案.\"\n\n^ Zhang Jie and Wang Tao, \"The 'Great Leap Forward' and Readjustment: Seeking a Road for Self-Development (1958-1965),\" in Modern Urban Housing in China: 1840-2000, ed. Lu Junhua, Peter G. Rowe, and Zhang Jie (Munich: Prestel, 2001), 163.\n\n^ Fabio Lanza, \"The Search for a Socialist Everyday: The Urban Communes,\" in Routledge Handbook of Revolutionary China (Routledge, 2019), 76.\n\n^ Lanza, 76.\n\n^ Chuang Collective, \"Sorghum and Steel: The Socialist Developmental Regime and the Forging of China,\" Chuang, no. 1 (2016): 98.\n\n^ Chuang, 98-99; Nara Dillon, Radical Inequalities: China's Revolutionary Welfare State in Comparative Perspective, (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2015), 244-251.\n\n^ Lanza, \"Toward a Socialist Everyday,\" 79-80; Dillon, Radical Inequalities, 251-255.\n\n^ Lanza, 82-83. Compare with: Dillon, 255.\n\n^ Zhang Jie and Wang Tao, \"The 'Great Leap Forward' and Readjustment: Seeking a Road for Self-Development (1958-1965),\" in Modern Urban Housing in China: 1840-2000, ed. Lu Junhua, Peter G. Rowe, and Zhang Jie (Munich: Prestel, 2001), 152-174; see also: Wang Jun, Beijing Record: A Physical and Political History of Planning Modern Beijing, Illustrated edition (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2011), 387.\n\n^ Dillon, 255-258.\n\n^ Riskin, 125.\n\n^ Wang Jun, Beijing Record, 322.\n\n^ Dillon, 233-237, 257-258, 263-267.\n\n^ Dikotter, Frank (2010). Mao's Great Famine. New York: Walker & Co. pp. 54, 60, 286, 311. ISBN 978-0-8027-7768-3.\n\n^ a b c Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.\n\n^ Eisenman, 21-24.\n\n^ Hershatter, The Gender of Memory, 210-235.\n\n^ Wang, \"The ABCs of Communization,\" 160-162.\n\n^ Micah S Muscolino, \"The Contradictions of Conservation: Fighting Erosion in Mao-Era China, 1953–66,\" Environmental History 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 246-258.\n\n^ Eisenman, 92-93.\n\n^ Eisenman, 128-141; Riskin, 138; Bramall, 154, 220-226, 236-239; Chuang, 114.\n\n^ a b Pieke, Frank N; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022). CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. p. 55. doi:10.56159/eai.52060. ISBN 978-981-18-5206-0. OCLC 1354535847.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ideology and Organization in Communist China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_and_Organization_in_Communist_China_(book)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780520011519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520011519"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Country Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"},{"link_name":"Federal Research Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153975#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574803"}],"text":"Yang, Dali. Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change since the Great Leap Famine. Stanford University Press, 1996.\nSchurmann, Franz (1966). Ideology and Organization in Communist China. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520011519.This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.Authority control databases: National \nJapan","title":"References and further reading"}]
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[{"title":"Work unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_unit"},{"title":"Chinese Peasants' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Peasants%27_Association"},{"title":"Nanjie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjie"},{"title":"Zhoujiazhuang Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhoujiazhuang_Township"},{"title":"Chinese People's commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_commune"}]
[{"reference":"Yanni, Wang; Mundstein, Sascha; Mackie, Robert (1 January 2011), An Introduction to the ABCs of Communization: A Case Study of Macheng County, University of British Columbia Press, pp. 150–153, doi:10.59962/9780774817288-009, ISBN 978-0-7748-1728-8","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.59962/9780774817288-009/html","url_text":"An Introduction to the ABCs of Communization: A Case Study of Macheng County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.59962%2F9780774817288-009","url_text":"10.59962/9780774817288-009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1728-8","url_text":"978-0-7748-1728-8"}]},{"reference":"Richie Hogan (31 January 2016). China A Century of Revolution 1949 - 1976. Retrieved 2 June 2024 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJyoX_vrlns","url_text":"China A Century of Revolution 1949 - 1976"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Satya J. (1998). \"Political Economy of the Great Leap Forward: Permanent Revolution and State Feudal Communes\". Mount Holyoke College. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210727092936/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/4.html#note2","url_text":"\"Political Economy of the Great Leap Forward: Permanent Revolution and State Feudal Communes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College","url_text":"Mount Holyoke College"},{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/4.html#note2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DeMare, Brian James (2019). Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 18–19, 93, 162. ISBN 978-1-5036-0952-5. OCLC 1083673008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0952-5","url_text":"978-1-5036-0952-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083673008","url_text":"1083673008"}]},{"reference":"Harrell, Stevan (2023). An Ecological History of Modern China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-75171-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press","url_text":"University of Washington Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-75171-9","url_text":"978-0-295-75171-9"}]},{"reference":"Lin, Chun (2006). The transformation of Chinese socialism. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-8223-3785-0. OCLC 63178961.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63178961","url_text":"The transformation of Chinese socialism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press","url_text":"Duke University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3785-0","url_text":"978-0-8223-3785-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63178961","url_text":"63178961"}]},{"reference":"Lin, Chun (2006). The transformation of Chinese socialism. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8223-3785-0. 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Journal of Contemporary China. 20 (72): 867. doi:10.1080/10670564.2011.604505. ISSN 1067-0564 – via Taylor & Francis Library SSH - CRKN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670564.2011.604505","url_text":"\"The Great Leap Forward, the People's Commune and the Sino-Soviet Split\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2011.604505","url_text":"10.1080/10670564.2011.604505"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564","url_text":"1067-0564"}]},{"reference":"Peng, Lü (2023), \"Chapter Seven 1958–1978: From the Great Leap Forward to Great Cultural Revolution\", A History of China in the 20th Century, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, p. 896, doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0734-2_9, ISBN 978-981-99-0733-5","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-99-0734-2_9","url_text":"\"Chapter Seven 1958–1978: From the Great Leap Forward to Great Cultural Revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-99-0734-2_9","url_text":"10.1007/978-981-99-0734-2_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-99-0733-5","url_text":"978-981-99-0733-5"}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Ken (2023). 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OCLC 932368688.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press","url_text":"Duke University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7461-9","url_text":"978-0-8223-7461-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932368688","url_text":"932368688"}]},{"reference":"Pieke, Frank N; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022). CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. p. 55. doi:10.56159/eai.52060. ISBN 978-981-18-5206-0. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturne_(band)
Nocturne (band)
["1 Band members","2 Discography","2.1 Twilight","2.2 Welcome To Paradise","2.3 Paradise Wasted","2.4 Axis of Evil: Mixes of Mass Destruction","2.5 Guide to Extinction","3 Guest appearances","4 Tours","5 References","6 External links"]
American industrial rock band This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Nocturne" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) NocturneOriginDallas, Texas, U.S.GenresIndustrial rock, industrial metal, nu metalYears active1995–PresentLabelsTriple X RecordsInvisible RecordsUnderground, Inc.Hollows HillMembersLacey ScullsChris TelkesRotny FordPast membersIvan McRoyBen GravesJason EpperleyClay FaganDavid GeeBenji Kauth Nocturne was an industrial rock band formed in 1995 in Dallas, Texas. The band's core members were Lacey Sculls and Chris Telkes, and several touring musicians, usually Ben Graves of the Murderdolls and "Rotten" Rotny also guitar player of the industrial/metal band Psyclon Nine. Band members Lacey Sculls (Vocals, Songwriting) Chris Telkes (Guitar, Programming, Songwriting, Production) Rotny (Live Bass) Discography Nocturne's Studio Albums Year Album Label Other notes 1999 Twilight Triple X Records/Hollows Hill Studio album (debut) 2001 Welcome To Paradise Triple X Records/Hollows Hill Studio album 2002 Paradise Wasted Invisible Records/Underground, Inc. Re-release album 2003 Axis of Evil: Mixes of Mass Destruction Invisible Records/Underground, Inc. Remix album 2005 Guide to Extinction Triple X Records Studio album Twilight Nocturne was originally picked up by Triple X records and Hollows Hill. Twilight, Nocturnes debut CD was a blend of dark wave and industrial music and received mixed reviews. After its release, they toured with Ministry, Genitorturers, Christian Death, Godhead, Switchblade Symphony, Ohgr, and even Marilyn Manson. Track listing Seeing Things Dead Sea Spookius Mortem A Happy Death Monarch Hallucination Pride Must Be Sacrficed Sub-Mission Underworld Shock Pyrrhic Victory Embrace Lament They Come Twilight's Madness Welcome To Paradise After heavy touring in support of Twilight, Nocturnes second album, "Welcome to Paradise" was released. The band received a nomination for "Best Industrial Band" in the Dallas Observer. Track listing Happy My Bitch Head Trip Dissolute Vortex Waiting for Anything Sad It Burns Final Hour If I Could Leave, I Would Empty Inside Flirt (Part 1) Flirt (Part 2) Paradise Wasted In a breakaway move, Nocturne was signed onto Invisible Records/Underground, Inc. One year later, "Paradise Wasted" was released. This CD was one of two "filler CDs" to bridge the gap between "Welcome to Paradise" and "Guide to Extinction". Paradise Wasted was essentially Welcome To Paradise with a new cover, now remastered, with two new bonus songs added, "Whore", and "Digit." Track listing Happy My Bitch Whore Head Trip Dissolute Vortex Waiting for Anything Digit Sad It Burns Final Hour If I Could Leave, I Would Empty Inside Flirt (Part 1) Flirt (Part 2) Axis of Evil: Mixes of Mass Destruction After another year, Axis of Evil: Mixes of Mass Destruction was turned out in 2003, again, to pass the time for the band, working forward for its third album. Axis of Evil was more limited in its edition, now out of print. Axis was a remix album of Paradise Wasted. The entire CD consisted of only 13 songs, but included a grand total of five versions of "Whore" and two versions of "My Bitch." Track listing Happy My Bitch Whore Dissolute Happy Whore Dissolution My Bitch Happy Whore Whore Whore Waiting for Anything Guide to Extinction Main article: Guide to Extinction Guest appearances "Anthems of Rust and Decay:A Tribute to Marilyn Manson" (performing Get Your Gunn) "Easy Listening..." (Lacey performing Closer To Heaven) "Dim View of the Future (Chris Telkes performing Emily's Humming Mix) "The Broken Machine: A Tribute to Nine Inch Nails" (performing Kinda, I Want To) Lacey was a contestant on VH1's reality show Rock of Love with Bret Michaels from the 80's rock band Poison. Several of her housemates criticized her for her tactics in trying to win and nicknamed her "The Devil". On the Rock of Love Reunion Show, Nocturne performed "Shallow" from the album Guide to Extinction. Tours Nocturne's Live Tours Year Title Headline act 2002 The Demon Machine Tour Bile 2003 The Puppet Master Tour King Diamond 2004 The Sexecution Tour Bozo Porno Circus 2005 (spring) The Free For All Tour Pigface 2005 (summer/fall) The Music For Freedom Tour Dope & Mushroomhead References ^ Brinn, Jeff. "Nocturne: Guide To Extinction". Schwegweb. Retrieved December 13, 2015. ^ "NOCTURNE To Release New Album In April". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. March 22, 2005. Retrieved December 13, 2015. ^ Prato, Greg. "Nocturne – Artist Biography". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved December 12, 2015. ^ "Nocturne Discography". External links Official webpage for frontwoman Lacey Sculls A small interview with Lacey on various topics about the band Nocturne's discography page Nocturne's biography page Review on the Guide to Extinction album Page listing Nocturne's other contributions Nocturne's official website (archived) Nocturne's official MySpace Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
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Twilight, Nocturnes debut CD was a blend of dark wave and industrial music and received mixed reviews. After its release, they toured with Ministry, Genitorturers, Christian Death, Godhead, Switchblade Symphony, Ohgr, and even Marilyn Manson.Track listingSeeing Things\nDead Sea\nSpookius Mortem\nA Happy Death\nMonarch\nHallucination\nPride Must Be Sacrficed [P.M.S.]\nSub-Mission\nUnderworld\nShock\nPyrrhic Victory\nEmbrace\nLament\nThey Come\nTwilight's Madness","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Welcome To Paradise","text":"After heavy touring in support of Twilight, Nocturnes second album, \"Welcome to Paradise\" was released. The band received a nomination for \"Best Industrial Band\" in the Dallas Observer.Track listingHappy\nMy Bitch\nHead Trip\nDissolute\nVortex\nWaiting for Anything\nSad\nIt Burns\nFinal Hour\nIf I Could Leave, I Would\nEmpty Inside\nFlirt (Part 1)\nFlirt (Part 2)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Invisible Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_Records"},{"link_name":"Underground, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Paradise Wasted","text":"In a breakaway move, Nocturne was signed onto Invisible Records/Underground, Inc. One year later, \"Paradise Wasted\" was released. This CD was one of two \"filler CDs\" to bridge the gap between \"Welcome to Paradise\" and \"Guide to Extinction\". Paradise Wasted was essentially Welcome To Paradise with a new cover, now remastered, with two new bonus songs added, \"Whore\", and \"Digit.\"[4]Track listingHappy\nMy Bitch\nWhore\nHead Trip\nDissolute\nVortex\nWaiting for Anything\nDigit\nSad\nIt Burns\nFinal Hour\nIf I Could Leave, I Would\nEmpty Inside\nFlirt (Part 1)\nFlirt (Part 2)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Axis of Evil: Mixes of Mass Destruction","text":"After another year, Axis of Evil: Mixes of Mass Destruction was turned out in 2003, again, to pass the time for the band, working forward for its third album. Axis of Evil was more limited in its edition, now out of print. Axis was a remix album of Paradise Wasted. The entire CD consisted of only 13 songs, but included a grand total of five versions of \"Whore\" and two versions of \"My Bitch.\"Track listingHappy [Bile Meets the Inbred Brothers Free Hat Pull the Plug Mix]\nMy Bitch [Joolz Mix]\nWhore [the Big Fat Whore on Dope Remix]\nDissolute [Etulossid Murder]\nHappy [Mattress Factory Mix]\nWhore [Hate Dept Mix]\nDissolution [Torrent Vaccine Mix]\nMy Bitch [All Fours Mix]\nHappy [in the Flesh Mix]\nWhore [Whorrific Mix]\nWhore [Dkay.com Remix]\nWhore [Whoreniest Show on Earth Remix]\nWaiting for Anything [Everything Now Mix]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Guide to Extinction","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"Rock of Love with Bret Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Love_with_Bret_Michaels"},{"link_name":"Rock of Love Reunion Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Love_with_Bret_Michaels_(Season_1)#Episode_Thirteen:_Reunion"}],"text":"\"Anthems of Rust and Decay:A Tribute to Marilyn Manson\" (performing Get Your Gunn)\n\"Easy Listening...\" (Lacey performing Closer To Heaven)\n\"Dim View of the Future (Chris Telkes performing Emily's Humming Mix)\n\"The Broken Machine: A Tribute to Nine Inch Nails\" (performing Kinda, I Want To)\nLacey was a contestant on VH1's reality show Rock of Love with Bret Michaels from the 80's rock band Poison. Several of her housemates criticized her for her tactics in trying to win and nicknamed her \"The Devil\". On the Rock of Love Reunion Show, Nocturne performed \"Shallow\" from the album Guide to Extinction.","title":"Guest appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Brinn, Jeff. \"Nocturne: Guide To Extinction\". Schwegweb. Retrieved December 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://schwegweb.com/oldsite/reviews/rw_nocturne-gte.html","url_text":"\"Nocturne: Guide To Extinction\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOCTURNE To Release New Album In April\". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. March 22, 2005. Retrieved December 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bravewords.com/news/nocturne-to-release-new-album-in-april","url_text":"\"NOCTURNE To Release New Album In April\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_Words_%26_Bloody_Knuckles","url_text":"Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles"}]},{"reference":"Prato, Greg. \"Nocturne – Artist Biography\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/nocturne-mn0001876980","url_text":"\"Nocturne – Artist Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nocturne Discography\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nocturne.cc/discography.htm","url_text":"\"Nocturne Discography\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pioneer_Fund
Pioneer Fund
["1 History","1.1 Wickliffe Preston Draper","1.2 Founding members","1.3 History after 1946","2 Political, publishing and legal funding","3 Recipients of funding","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
US nonprofit foundation funding scientific racism This article is about the eugenics fund. For the fund associated with figure-skating, education, and medicine, see Helen M. McLoraine. For the international talent fund, see Daniel Gross (software entrepreneur). Pioneer FundFormationMarch 11, 1937FounderWickliffe Preston DraperTypeNonprofit foundationFocus Eugenics Race and intelligence research Opposition to immigration HeadquartersNew York City, U.S.DirectorRichard LynnDirectorGerhard MeisenbergKey people Harry Laughlin Frederick Osborn Malcolm Donald John Marshall Harlan II J. Philippe Rushton The Pioneer Fund is an American non-profit foundation established in 1937 "to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences". The organization has been described as racist and white supremacist in nature. The Southern Poverty Law Center classifies the Pioneer Fund as a hate group. One of its first projects was to fund the distribution in US churches and schools of Erbkrank, a Nazi propaganda film about eugenics. From 2002 until his death in October 2012, the Pioneer Fund was headed by psychology professor J. Philippe Rushton, who was succeeded by Richard Lynn. Two of the best known studies funded by Pioneer Fund are the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart and the Texas Adoption Project, which studied the similarities and differences of identical twins and other children adopted into non-biological families. Research backed by the fund on race and intelligence has generated controversy and criticism. One prominent example is the 1994 book The Bell Curve, which drew heavily from Pioneer-funded research. The fund also has ties to eugenics, and has both current and former links to white supremacist publications such as American Renaissance and Mankind Quarterly. History See also: History of the race and intelligence controversy Pioneer Fund was incorporated on March 11, 1937. The incorporation documents of the Pioneer Fund list two purposes. The first, modeled on the Nazi Lebensborn breeding program, was aimed at encouraging the propagation of those "descended predominantly from white persons who settled in the original thirteen states prior to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States and/or from related stocks, or to classes of children, the majority of whom are deemed to be so descended". Its second purpose was to support academic research and the "dissemination of information, into the 'problem of heredity and eugenics'" and "the problems of race betterment". The Pioneer Fund argues the "race betterment" has always referred to the "human race" referred to earlier in the sentence, and critics argue it referred to racial groups. The document was amended in 1985 and the phrase changed to "human race betterment." The first five directors were Wickliffe Preston Draper, Harry Laughlin, Frederick Osborn, Malcolm Donald and John Marshall Harlan II. Wickliffe Preston Draper Main article: Wickliffe Preston Draper Wickliffe Preston Draper, the fund's de facto final authority, served on the board of directors from 1937 until 1972. He founded Pioneer Fund after having acquired an interest in the Eugenics movement, which was strengthened by his 1935 visit to Nazi Germany, where he met with the leading eugenicists of the Third Reich who used the inspiration from the American movement as a basis for the Nuremberg Laws. He served in the British army at the beginning of World War I, transferring to the US Army as the Americans entered the war. During World War II, he was stationed as an intelligence officer in India. Draper secretly met C. Nash Herndon of Bowman Gray School of Medicine at Wake Forest University in 1949. Little is known about their meetings, but Herndon was playing a major role in the expansion of the compulsory sterilization program in North Carolina. Psychology professor William H. Tucker describes Draper as someone who "aside from his brief periods of military service ... never pursued a profession or held a job of any kind." According to a 1960 article in The Nation, an unnamed geneticist said Draper told him he "wished to prove simply that Negroes were inferior." Draper funded advocacy of repatriation of black people to Africa. Founding members Harry Laughlin was the director of the Eugenics Record Office at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, New York. He served as the president of Pioneer Fund from its inception until 1941. He opposed miscegenation and had proposed a research agenda to assist in the enforcement of Southern "race integrity laws" by developing techniques for identifying the "pass-for-white" person who might "successfully hide all of his black blood". He singled out Jews and fought efforts to allow entry into the United States to Jewish refugees fleeing from Nazi Germany. Eleven months after the enactment of the Nuremberg Laws, Laughlin wrote to an official at the University of Heidelberg (which had awarded him an honorary doctorate) that the United States and the Third Reich shared "a common understanding of ... the practical application" of eugenic principles to "racial endowments and ... racial health." Frederick Osborn wrote in 1937 that the Nazi Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring was "the most exciting experiment that had ever been tried". Osborn was the secretary of the American Eugenics Society, which was part of an accepted and active field at the time; the chairman of the Advisory Committee on Selective Service during World War II; and later the deputy US representative to the UN Atomic Energy Commission. Malcolm Donald was the Draper family lawyer and trustee of the Draper estate. He was a former editor of the Harvard Law Review and a brigadier general during World War II. John Marshall Harlan II, whose firm had done legal work for the Pioneer Fund. He was the only director whose name did not appear on the incorporation papers. He was director of operational analysis for the Eighth Air Force in World War II, and was appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He voted for the decision in Brown v. Board of Education as a member of the Supreme Court and his grandfather was the only dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson, reversed by the decision. He dissented in Swain v. Alabama and Miranda v. Arizona. History after 1946 Corporate lawyer Harry F. Weyher Jr. was president of the Pioneer Fund from 1958 until his death in 2002. Following Jesse Helms's 1984 Senate re-election bid, The Washington Post journalists Thomas B. Edsall and David A. Vise reported that both Helms and Thomas F. Ellis were linked to the Pioneer Fund, which was described as having "financed research into 'racial betterment' by scientists seeking to prove that blacks are genetically inferior to whites.": A16 1  Later directors included Marion A. Parrott (1973–2000), J. Philippe Rushton, Richard Lynn and Gerhard Meisenberg (as of 2019). Rushton, who headed Pioneer until 2012, spoke at conferences of the American Renaissance (AR) magazine, in which he has also published articles. Anti-racist Searchlight magazine described one such AR conference as a "veritable 'who's who' of American white supremacy." Political, publishing and legal funding The Pioneer Fund was described by the London Sunday Telegraph (March 12, 1989) as a "neo-Nazi organization closely integrated with the far right in American politics." The Pioneer Fund supported the distribution of a eugenics film titled Erbkrank ("Hereditary Defective" or "Hereditary Illness") which was published by the pre-war 1930s Nazi Party. William Draper obtained the film from the predecessor to the Nazi Office of Racial Policy (Rassenpolitisches Amt) prior to the founding of the Pioneer Fund. According to the Pioneer Fund site, all founders capable of doing so participated in the war against the Nazis. In the 1950s and 1960s, the fund supported two government committees that gave grants for both anti-immigration and genetics research. The committee members included Representative Francis E. Walter (chair of the House Un-American Activities Committee and head of the Draper Immigration Committee), Henry E. Garrett (a White Citizens Council member and educator known for his belief in the genetic inferiority of blacks), and Senator James O. Eastland of Mississippi, head of the Draper Genetics Committee. Draper also made large financial contributions to efforts to oppose the American Civil Rights Movement and the racial desegregation mandated by Brown v. Board of Education, such as $215,000 to the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission in 1963. As of 1994, the Pioneer Fund distributed more than $1 million per year to academics. Hampton University sociology professor Steven J. Rosenthal described the fund in 1995 as a "Nazi endowment specializing in production of justifications for eugenics since 1937, the Pioneer Fund is embedded in a network of right-wing foundations, think tanks, religious fundamentalists, and global anti-Communist coalitions". In 2002, William H. Tucker criticized the fund's grant-funding techniques: Pioneer's administrative procedures are as unusual as its charter. Although the fund typically gives away more than half a million dollars per year, there is no application form or set of guidelines. Instead, according to Weyher, an applicant merely submits "a letter containing a brief description of the nature of the research and the amount of the grant requested." There is no requirement for peer review of any kind; Pioneer's board of directors – two attorneys, two engineers, and an investment broker – decides, sometimes within a day, whether a particular research proposal merits funding. Once the grant has been made, there is no requirement for an interim or final report or even for an acknowledgment by a grantee that Pioneer has been the source of support, all atypical practices in comparison to other organizations that support scientific research. In accord with the tax regulations governing nonprofit corporations, Pioneer does not fund individuals; under the law only other nonprofit organizations are appropriate grantees. As a consequence, many of the fund's awards go not to the researchers themselves but to the universities that employ them, a standard procedure for supporting work by scientists affiliated to academic institutions. In addition to these awards to the universities where its grantees are based, Pioneer has made a number of grants to other nonprofit organizations and corporations that have been created to channel resources to a particular academic recipient while circumventing the institution where the researcher is employed. The Southern Poverty Law Center listed the Pioneer Fund as a hate group in 2003, citing the fund's history, its funding of race and intelligence research, and its connections with racist individuals. In 2006, the Center for New Community, a human rights advocacy organization, characterize the Pioneer Fund as "a white supremacist foundation that specializes in funding 'science' dedicated to demonstrating white intellectual and moral superiority." They draw particular attention to Rushton's theories about differences between races as evidence of the racial slant which they claim accompanies much of the research which is backed by the Fund. Recipients of funding Pioneer Fund's figures are from 1971 to 1996 and are adjusted to 1997 USD. Many of the researchers whose findings support the hereditarian hypothesis of racial IQ disparity have received grants of varying sizes from the Pioneer Fund. Large grantees, in order of amount received, are: Thomas J. Bouchard at the University of Minnesota. Arthur Jensen at the University of California, Berkeley ($1,096,094 as of 1994). J. Philippe Rushton at the University of Western Ontario was head of the fund from 2002 to his death in 2012. In 1999, Rushton used some of his grant money from the Pioneer Fund to send out tens of thousands of copies of an abridged version of his book Race, Evolution and Behavior to social scientists in anthropology, psychology, and sociology, causing a controversy. Tax records from 2000 show that his Charles Darwin Institute received $473,835 – 73% of that year's grants. Roger Pearson at the Institute for the Study of Man: eugenicist and anthropologist, founder of the Journal of Indo-European Studies, received over a million dollars in grants in the 1980s and 1990s. Using the pseudonym of Stephan Langton, Pearson was the editor of The New Patriot, a short-lived magazine published in 1966–67 to conduct "a responsible but penetrating inquiry into every aspect of the Jewish Question", which included articles such as "Zionists and the Plot Against South Africa", "Early Jews and the Rise of Jewish Money Power", and "Swindlers of the Crematoria". The Northern League, an organization founded in England in 1958 by Pearson, supported Nazi ideologies and included former members of the Nazi Party. Michael Levin of the City College of New York ($124,500 as of 1994) Richard Lynn at Ulster Institute for Social Research ($325,000 as of 1994) Linda Gottfredson at the University of Delaware ($267,000 as of 1994) Other notable recipients of funding include: Hans Eysenck, the most-cited living psychologist at the time of his death (1997), known for fraudulent work financed by the tobacco industry, and also believing in parapsychology and astrology. Lloyd Humphreys Joseph M. Horn Robert A. Gordon ($214,000 as of 1994) Garrett Hardin, author who in 1968 re-popularized the 1833 phrase "tragedy of the commons" ($29,000 as of 1994) R. Travis Osborne ($386,900 as of 1994) Audrey M. Shuey, author of The Testing of Negro Intelligence (1958) Philip A. Vernon William Shockley, winner of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956, received a series of grants in the 1970s. Shockley had become notorious in his later career for promoting the controversial genetic hypothesis of racial intelligence differences and for being a proponent of eugenics. ($188,900) Aurelio José Figueredo, as of 2018, the only academic researcher receiving funding from the Pioneer Fund. According to the Associated Press, from 2003 to 2016 Figueredo received $458,000. Figueredo received between $8,000 and $30,000 for the 2017–2018 academic year, his research assistant Michael Woodley is also involved with the Pioneer Fund. Seymour Itzkoff: the Pioneer Fund approved a $12,000 grant to Smith College "to assist in the publication of a series of educational books", in support of Itzkoff's Evolution of Intelligence series. It also approved a $12,000 grant to be distributed in 1987 to assist in the publication of the series.) The fund gave the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) a total of $1.3 million between 1985 and 1994. Among the grants was $150,000 for "studies in connection with immigration policies". Funding was dropped after negative publicity during the campaign for California's Proposition 187 linked the Pioneer Fund to ads purchased by FAIR. Other immigration reduction groups that have received donations from the Pioneer Fund include ProjectUSA and American Immigration Control Foundation. One of the grantees is the paleoconservative and white supremacist journalist Jared Taylor, the editor of American Renaissance and a member the advisory board of the white nationalist publication the Occidental Quarterly. Another is Roger Pearson's Institute for the Study of Man. Many of the key academic white nationalists in both Right Now! and American Renaissance have been funded by the Pioneer Fund, which was also directly involved in funding the parent organization of American Renaissance, the New Century Foundation. Founder Wickliffe Draper secretly funded the 1960 launch of Mankind Quarterly, to clandestinely serve as a publishing arm for its segregationist founders. See also Mainstream Science on Intelligence London Conference on Intelligence Notes ^ "Pioneer Fund". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved January 13, 2023. ^ John P., Jackson Jr.; Winston, Andrew S. (October 7, 2020). "The Mythical Taboo on Race and Intelligence". Review of General Psychology. 25 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1177/1089268020953622. We refer to the five decades of careful, archival investigations documenting the involvement of psychologists and the Pioneer Fund with the campaign to overturn the Brown decision and preserve segregation, anti-immigration activism, and active involvement with neo-Nazi groups. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tucker, William H. (2007). The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07463-9. Diane B. Paul (Winter 2003). "The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund (review)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 77 (4): 972–974. doi:10.1353/bhm.2003.0186. S2CID 58477478. ^ Wroe, Andrew (2008). The Republican party and immigration politics: from Proposition 187 to George W. Bush. Springer. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-230-61108-5. ^ Falk, Avner (2008). Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred. ABC-CLIO. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-35384-0. ^ a b c Berlet, Chip (August 14, 2003). "Into the Mainstream; An array of right-wing foundations and think tanks support efforts to make bigoted and discredited ideas respectable". Southern Poverty Law Center. ^ a b Southern Poverty Law Center Race and 'Reason'; Academic ideas a pillar of racist thought. Retrieved March 7, 2017. ^ Saini, Angela (2019). Superior: The Return of Race Science. Beacon Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780807076910. ^ Beirich, Heidi. "Pioneer Fund Assets Divided; New Leadership Appointed". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved February 9, 2014. ^ a b Flaherty, Colleen (September 10, 2018). "Arizona psychologist faces scrutiny for grants from organization founded to support research in eugenics". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved October 9, 2018. ^ Segal, Nancy L. (2012). Born Together – Reared Apart. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05546-9. Bryan Caplan (June 20, 2012). "O Brother, Who Art Thou?". Wall Street Journal. ^ a b "The Bell Curve and the Pioneer Fund". ABC World News Tonight. Retrieved August 28, 2019 – via Hartford-HWP.com. ^ Lane, Charles (December 1, 1994). "The Tainted Sources of 'The Bell Curve'". The New York Review of Books. ^ Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). "'The American Breed': Nazi eugenics and the origins of the Pioneer Fund". Albany Law Rev. 65 (3): 743–830. PMID 11998853.Rushton, J. Philippe (2002). "The Pioneer Fund and the Scientific Study of Human Differences" (PDF). Albany Law Rev. 66: 209. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2013.Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). "Pioneer's Big Lie". Albany Law Rev. 66: 1125.Tucker, William H. (2002). "A Closer Look at the Pioneer Fund: Response to Rushton". Albany Law Rev. 66: 1145. ^ Crawford, James (1993). Hold Your Tongue: Bilingualism and the Politics of 'English Only'. Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-62479-3. ^ a b Mehler, Barry (1989). "Foundation for Fascism: the New Eugenics Movement in the United States". Patterns of Prejudice. 23 (4): 17. doi:10.1080/0031322x.1989.9970026. ^ a b c Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). "'The American Breed': Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund". Albany Law Review. 65 (3): 743–830. PMID 11998853. SSRN 313820. ^ Begos, Kevin (December 11, 2002). Benefactor With a Racist Bent: Wealthy recluse apparently liked the looks and potential of Bowman Gray's new medical-genetics department. Winston-Salem Journal} ^ May, R. W. (May 14, 1960). "Genetics and Subversion". The Nation. 190: 421. ^ Jackson, J. P. (2005). Science for segregation: Race, law, and the case against Brown v. Board of Education. New York University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8147-4271-6. ^ Hashaw, T. (2007). Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the Struggle of Mixed America. Mercer University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-88146-074-2. ^ Osborn, Frederick (February 24, 1937). "Summary of the Proceedings of the Conference on Eugenics in Relation to Nursing". American Eugenics Society Archives. ^ Saini, Angela (2019). Superior: The Return of Race Science. Beacon Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-8070-7691-0. Retrieved May 6, 2020. ^ Edsall, Thomas B.; Vise, David A. (March 31, 1985). "CBS Fight a Litmus Test for Conservatives: Helms Group Faces Legal Hurdles in Ideological Takeover Bid Helms-Connected Money Machine Bankrolling Fairness in Media". The Washington Post. ^ Pioneer Fund Founders and Former Directors Archived November 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Van der Merwe, Ben (February 19, 2018). "It might be a pseudo science, but students take the threat of eugenics seriously". New Statesman. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2018. ^ "40 to Watch". www.splcenter.org. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006. ^ ">> Searchlight Magazine <<". Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2007. ^ MacIntyre, B (March 13, 1989). "The new eugenics". The Sunday Telegraph. London., cited in E.M., Kramer (2003). The emerging monoculture: assimilation and the 'model minority'. Praeger. pp. 118, 302. ISBN 978-0-275-97312-4. ^ Pioneer Fund. Founders and Former Directors. Archived November 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 16, 2006. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Miller, Adam (1994). "The Pioneer Fund: Bankrolling the Professors of Hate". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (6): 58–61. doi:10.2307/2962466. JSTOR 2962466. ^ Lichtenstein, Grace (December 11, 1977). "Fund Backs Controversial Study of 'Racial Betterment'". The New York Times. ^ Rosenthal, Steven J. "The Pioneer Fund: Financier of Fascist Research". American Behavioral Scientist. 39 no. 1 (September 1995): 44–61. ^ Pioneer Fund Grants, 1971–1996 ^ Defend Colorado Now: Lamm & FAIR Archived September 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Mehler, Barry. Pioneer Fund Grant Totals, 1971–1996. Retrieved July 16, 2006. ^ a b c d Mehler, Barry (July 7, 1998). Race Science and the Pioneer Fund Originally published as "The Funding of the Science" in Searchlight, No. 277. ^ Segal, Nancy L. (June 18, 2012). Born Together – Reared Apart: The Landmark Minnesota Twin Study. Harvard University Press. pp. 315–317. ISBN 9780674065154. ^ Tucker, William H. Conclusion: Pioneer or Pamphleteer Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. ^ "Academic Racism". Intelligence Report. Winter 2002. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. ^ The Journal of Indo-European Studies Archived October 25, 2005, at the Wayback Machine via A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture. ^ "Journals retract 13 papers by Hans Eysenck, flag 61, some 60 years old". February 12, 2020. ^ Kunzelman, Michael (August 25, 2018). "APNewsBreak: University accepted $458K from eugenics fund". AP News. Retrieved October 9, 2018. ^ Figueredo, Aurelio José; Cabeza de Baca, Tomás; Woodley, Michael Anthony (July 2013). "The Measurement of Human Life History Strategy". Personality and Individual Differences. 55 (3): 251–255. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.033. ISSN 0191-8869. ^ "ISAR - Bibliography: Seymour W. Itzkoff". ferris-pages.org. Retrieved December 9, 2019. ^ "The Anti-immigration Movement: From Shovels to Suits". Solana Larsen. NACLA Report on the Americas. New York: May/June 2007. Vol. 40, No. 3; p. 14. ^ "Pro-Prop. 187 group admits it bought ads: FAIR says it only attempted to clear its name". Marilyn Kalfus: The Orange County Register. Orange County Register. Santa Ana, California: October 26, 1994. p. A.12 ^ "White Supremacist Link Trips Prop. 187". Pamela Burdman. San Francisco Chronicle. October 13, 1994. p. A.4 ^ "Cannon critics sidestep FEC lists". Deborah Bulkeley Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah: July 17, 2004. p. B.01 ^ "'Workers, go home!'" David L. Ostendorf. The Christian Century. Chicago: December 19–26, 2001. Vol. 118, No. 35; pp. 8 ^ Racial Science and British Society, 1930-62 by G. Schaffer, Springer, 2008, pages 142–3. Retrieved October 8, 2020. ISBN 9780230582446 References Lynn, Richard (2001). "Preface: My Years with the Pioneer Fund" (PDF). The Science of Human Diversity: A History of the Pioneer Fund. Harry F. Weyher (Preface). Lanham (MD): University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-2040-6. Bouchard, T.J.; Lykken, D.T.; McGue, M; Segal, NL; Tellegen, A (October 1990). "Sources of human psychological differences: the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart". Science. 250 (4978): 223–228. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..223B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.225.1769. doi:10.1126/science.2218526. PMID 2218526. S2CID 11794689. ^ Graves, Joseph L. (2002). "What a tangled web he weaves: Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory". Anthropological Theory. 2 (2): 131–154. doi:10.1177/1469962002002002627. S2CID 144377864.Lieberman, Leonard (2001). "How 'Caucasoids' Got Such Big Crania and Why They Shrank". Current Anthropology. 42 (1): 69–95. doi:10.1086/318434. PMID 14992214. S2CID 224794908.Cernovsky, Zack (1995). "On the similarities of American blacks and whites: A reply to J.P. Rushton". Journal of Black Studies. 25 (6): 672. doi:10.1177/002193479502500602. S2CID 59065836. Archived from the original on December 13, 2004. Neisser, Ulric (2004). "Serious Scientists or Disgusting Racists?". Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books. 49 (1): 5–7. doi:10.1037/004224. "Pioneer Fund, Inc. – Form 990". ERI Economic Research Institute, Inc. 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2010. Further reading Kuhl, Stefan (1994). The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514978-4. External links The Pioneer Fund Official website Historic website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helen M. McLoraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_M._McLoraine"},{"link_name":"Daniel Gross (software entrepreneur)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gross_(software_entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"non-profit foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism"},{"link_name":"white supremacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker2007-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Southern Poverty Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"hate group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlet-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehler-7"},{"link_name":"Erbkrank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbkrank"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"propaganda film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_film"},{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"J. Philippe Rushton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton"},{"link_name":"Richard Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slpc2013-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flaherty-10"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twin_Family_Study#Minnesota_Study_of_Twins_Reared_Apart"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"identical twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identical_twins"},{"link_name":"race and intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence"},{"link_name":"The Bell Curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Curve"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"American Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mankind Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly"}],"text":"US nonprofit foundation funding scientific racismThis article is about the eugenics fund. For the fund associated with figure-skating, education, and medicine, see Helen M. McLoraine. For the international talent fund, see Daniel Gross (software entrepreneur).The Pioneer Fund is an American non-profit foundation established in 1937 \"to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences\". The organization has been described as racist and white supremacist in nature.[2][3][4][5] The Southern Poverty Law Center classifies the Pioneer Fund as a hate group.[6][7] One of its first projects was to fund the distribution in US churches and schools of Erbkrank, a Nazi propaganda film about eugenics.[8]From 2002 until his death in October 2012, the Pioneer Fund was headed by psychology professor J. Philippe Rushton, who was succeeded by Richard Lynn.[9][10]Two of the best known studies funded by Pioneer Fund are the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart[11] and the Texas Adoption Project, which studied the similarities and differences of identical twins and other children adopted into non-biological families.Research backed by the fund on race and intelligence has generated controversy and criticism. One prominent example is the 1994 book The Bell Curve, which drew heavily from Pioneer-funded research.[12][13] The fund also has ties to eugenics,[14] and has both current and former links to white supremacist publications such as American Renaissance and Mankind Quarterly.","title":"Pioneer Fund"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the race and intelligence controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_race_and_intelligence_controversy"},{"link_name":"Lebensborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawford-15"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehler-fascism-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"Wickliffe Preston Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickliffe_Preston_Draper"},{"link_name":"Harry Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Laughlin"},{"link_name":"Frederick Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Osborn"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Donald"},{"link_name":"John Marshall Harlan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II"}],"text":"See also: History of the race and intelligence controversyPioneer Fund was incorporated on March 11, 1937. The incorporation documents of the Pioneer Fund list two purposes. The first, modeled on the Nazi Lebensborn breeding program,[15] was aimed at encouraging the propagation of those \"descended predominantly from white persons who settled in the original thirteen states prior to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States and/or from related stocks, or to classes of children, the majority of whom are deemed to be so descended\". Its second purpose was to support academic research and the \"dissemination of information, into the 'problem of heredity and eugenics'\" and \"the problems of race betterment\".[16] The Pioneer Fund argues the \"race betterment\" has always referred to the \"human race\" referred to earlier in the sentence, and critics argue it referred to racial groups. The document was amended in 1985 and the phrase changed to \"human race betterment.\"[12]The first five directors were Wickliffe Preston Draper, Harry Laughlin, Frederick Osborn, Malcolm Donald and John Marshall Harlan II.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lombardo-17"},{"link_name":"C. Nash Herndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon"},{"link_name":"Wake Forest University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Forest_University"},{"link_name":"compulsory sterilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-begos-18"},{"link_name":"William H. Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Tucker_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker2007-3"},{"link_name":"The Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-May-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Wickliffe Preston Draper","text":"Wickliffe Preston Draper, the fund's de facto final authority, served on the board of directors from 1937 until 1972. He founded Pioneer Fund after having acquired an interest in the Eugenics movement, which was strengthened by his 1935 visit to Nazi Germany, where he met with the leading eugenicists of the Third Reich who used the inspiration from the American movement as a basis for the Nuremberg Laws. He served in the British army at the beginning of World War I, transferring to the US Army as the Americans entered the war. During World War II, he was stationed as an intelligence officer in India.[17]Draper secretly met C. Nash Herndon of Bowman Gray School of Medicine at Wake Forest University in 1949. Little is known about their meetings, but Herndon was playing a major role in the expansion of the compulsory sterilization program in North Carolina.[18]Psychology professor William H. Tucker describes Draper as someone who \"aside from his brief periods of military service ... never pursued a profession or held a job of any kind.\"[3] According to a 1960 article in The Nation, an unnamed geneticist said Draper told him he \"wished to prove simply that Negroes were inferior.\"[19] Draper funded advocacy of repatriation of black people to Africa.[20][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Laughlin"},{"link_name":"Eugenics Record Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"miscegenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker2007-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lombardo-17"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Third Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Reich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker2007-3"},{"link_name":"Frederick Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Osborn"},{"link_name":"Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osborn-sterilize-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehler-fascism-16"},{"link_name":"American Eugenics Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"UN Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Atomic_Energy_Commission"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Donald"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"John Marshall Harlan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II"},{"link_name":"Eighth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Swain v. Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swain_v._Alabama"},{"link_name":"Miranda v. Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona"}],"sub_title":"Founding members","text":"Harry Laughlin was the director of the Eugenics Record Office at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, New York. He served as the president of Pioneer Fund from its inception until 1941. He opposed miscegenation and had proposed a research agenda to assist in the enforcement of Southern \"race integrity laws\" by developing techniques for identifying the \"pass-for-white\" person who might \"successfully hide all of his black blood\".[3] He singled out Jews and fought efforts to allow entry into the United States to Jewish refugees fleeing from Nazi Germany.[17] Eleven months after the enactment of the Nuremberg Laws, Laughlin wrote to an official at the University of Heidelberg (which had awarded him an honorary doctorate) that the United States and the Third Reich shared \"a common understanding of ... the practical application\" of eugenic principles to \"racial endowments and ... racial health.\"[3]Frederick Osborn wrote in 1937 that the Nazi Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring was \"the most exciting experiment that had ever been tried\".[22][16] Osborn was the secretary of the American Eugenics Society, which was part of an accepted and active field at the time; the chairman of the Advisory Committee on Selective Service during World War II; and later the deputy US representative to the UN Atomic Energy Commission.Malcolm Donald was the Draper family lawyer and trustee of the Draper estate. He was a former editor of the Harvard Law Review and a brigadier general during World War II.John Marshall Harlan II, whose firm had done legal work for the Pioneer Fund. He was the only director whose name did not appear on the incorporation papers. He was director of operational analysis for the Eighth Air Force in World War II, and was appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He voted for the decision in Brown v. Board of Education as a member of the Supreme Court and his grandfather was the only dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson, reversed by the decision. He dissented in Swain v. Alabama and Miranda v. Arizona.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry F. Weyher Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Weyher_Jr."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saini-Weyher-23"},{"link_name":"Jesse Helms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms"},{"link_name":"1984 Senate re-election bid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina,_1984"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Thomas B. Edsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Edsall"},{"link_name":"David A. Vise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Vise"},{"link_name":"Thomas F. Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Ellis"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost_1985-24"},{"link_name":"Marion A. Parrott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_A._Parrott"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"J. Philippe Rushton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton"},{"link_name":"Richard Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Meisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Meisenberg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_der_merwe-26"},{"link_name":"American Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Searchlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"History after 1946","text":"Corporate lawyer Harry F. Weyher Jr. was president of the Pioneer Fund from 1958 until his death in 2002.[23]Following Jesse Helms's 1984 Senate re-election bid, The Washington Post journalists Thomas B. Edsall and David A. Vise reported that both Helms and Thomas F. Ellis were linked to the Pioneer Fund, which was described as having \"financed research into 'racial betterment' by scientists seeking to prove that blacks are genetically inferior to whites.\"[24]: A16 1Later directors included Marion A. Parrott (1973–2000),[25] J. Philippe Rushton, Richard Lynn and Gerhard Meisenberg (as of 2019).[26]Rushton, who headed Pioneer until 2012, spoke at conferences of the American Renaissance (AR) magazine, in which he has also published articles.[27] Anti-racist Searchlight magazine described one such AR conference as a \"veritable 'who's who' of American white supremacy.\"[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunday Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Erbkrank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbkrank"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Office of Racial Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Racial_Policy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker2007-3"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pioneer-founders-30"},{"link_name":"Francis E. Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_E._Walter"},{"link_name":"House Un-American Activities Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee"},{"link_name":"Henry E. Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_E._Garrett"},{"link_name":"White Citizens Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Citizens_Council"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-31"},{"link_name":"James O. Eastland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O._Eastland"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lichtenstein-32"},{"link_name":"American Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"desegregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Sovereignty_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker2007-3"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-31"},{"link_name":"Hampton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_University"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker2007-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker2007-3"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"hate group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlet-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehler-7"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The Pioneer Fund was described by the London Sunday Telegraph (March 12, 1989) as a \"neo-Nazi organization closely integrated with the far right in American politics.\"[29]The Pioneer Fund supported the distribution of a eugenics film titled Erbkrank (\"Hereditary Defective\" or \"Hereditary Illness\") which was published by the pre-war 1930s Nazi Party. William Draper obtained the film from the predecessor to the Nazi Office of Racial Policy (Rassenpolitisches Amt) prior to the founding of the Pioneer Fund.[3] According to the Pioneer Fund site, all founders capable of doing so participated in the war against the Nazis.[30]In the 1950s and 1960s, the fund supported two government committees that gave grants for both anti-immigration and genetics research. The committee members included Representative Francis E. Walter (chair of the House Un-American Activities Committee and head of the Draper Immigration Committee), Henry E. Garrett (a White Citizens Council member[31] and educator known for his belief in the genetic inferiority of blacks), and Senator James O. Eastland of Mississippi, head of the Draper Genetics Committee.[32] Draper also made large financial contributions to efforts to oppose the American Civil Rights Movement and the racial desegregation mandated by Brown v. Board of Education, such as $215,000 to the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission in 1963.[3]As of 1994, the Pioneer Fund distributed more than $1 million per year to academics.[31] Hampton University sociology professor Steven J. Rosenthal described the fund in 1995 as a \"Nazi endowment specializing in production of justifications for eugenics since 1937, the Pioneer Fund is embedded in a network of right-wing foundations, think tanks, religious fundamentalists, and global anti-Communist coalitions\".[33]In 2002, William H. Tucker criticized the fund's grant-funding techniques:Pioneer's administrative procedures are as unusual as its charter. Although the fund typically gives away more than half a million dollars per year, there is no application form or set of guidelines. Instead, according to Weyher, an applicant merely submits \"a letter containing a brief description of the nature of the research and the amount of the grant requested.\" There is no requirement for peer review of any kind; Pioneer's board of directors – two attorneys, two engineers, and an investment broker – decides, sometimes within a day, whether a particular research proposal merits funding. Once the grant has been made, there is no requirement for an interim or final report or even for an acknowledgment by a grantee that Pioneer has been the source of support, all atypical practices in comparison to other organizations that support scientific research.[3]In accord with the tax regulations governing nonprofit corporations, Pioneer does not fund individuals; under the law only other nonprofit organizations are appropriate grantees. As a consequence, many of the fund's awards go not to the researchers themselves but to the universities that employ them, a standard procedure for supporting work by scientists affiliated to academic institutions. In addition to these awards to the universities where its grantees are based, Pioneer has made a number of grants to other nonprofit organizations and corporations that have been created to channel resources to a particular academic recipient while circumventing the institution where the researcher is employed.[3][34]The Southern Poverty Law Center listed the Pioneer Fund as a hate group in 2003, citing the fund's history, its funding of race and intelligence research, and its connections with racist individuals.[6][7]In 2006, the Center for New Community, a human rights advocacy organization, characterize the Pioneer Fund as \"a white supremacist foundation that specializes in funding 'science' dedicated to demonstrating white intellectual and moral superiority.\" They draw particular attention to Rushton's theories about differences between races as evidence of the racial slant which they claim accompanies much of the research which is backed by the Fund.[35]","title":"Political, publishing and legal funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehler-grantlist-36"},{"link_name":"hereditarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditarianism"},{"link_name":"racial IQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehler-funding-37"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Bouchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bouchard"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Arthur Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Jensen"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-31"},{"link_name":"J. 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Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Horn"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Gordon"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-31"},{"link_name":"Garrett Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Hardin"},{"link_name":"tragedy of the commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-31"},{"link_name":"R. Travis Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Travis_Osborne"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-31"},{"link_name":"Audrey M. Shuey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_M._Shuey"},{"link_name":"Philip A. Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_A._Vernon"},{"link_name":"William Shockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-31"},{"link_name":"Aurelio José Figueredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flaherty-10"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Seymour Itzkoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Federation for American Immigration Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lombardo-17"},{"link_name":"Proposition 187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_187_(1994)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"immigration reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_reduction"},{"link_name":"ProjectUSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ProjectUSA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"American Immigration Control Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Immigration_Control_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"paleoconservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatism"},{"link_name":"white supremacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist"},{"link_name":"Jared Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Taylor"},{"link_name":"American Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Occidental Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlet-6"},{"link_name":"Right Now!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Now!_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"New Century Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Century_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehler-funding-37"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Pioneer Fund's figures are from 1971 to 1996 and are adjusted to 1997 USD.[36]Many of the researchers whose findings support the hereditarian hypothesis of racial IQ disparity have received grants of varying sizes from the Pioneer Fund.[37] Large grantees, in order of amount received, are:Thomas J. Bouchard at the University of Minnesota.[38]\nArthur Jensen at the University of California, Berkeley ($1,096,094 as of 1994).[31]\nJ. Philippe Rushton at the University of Western Ontario was head of the fund from 2002 to his death in 2012. In 1999, Rushton used some of his grant money from the Pioneer Fund to send out tens of thousands of copies of an abridged version of his book Race, Evolution and Behavior to social scientists in anthropology, psychology, and sociology, causing a controversy.[39] Tax records from 2000 show that his Charles Darwin Institute received $473,835 – 73% of that year's grants.[40]\nRoger Pearson at the Institute for the Study of Man: eugenicist[citation needed] and anthropologist, founder of the Journal of Indo-European Studies,[41] received over a million dollars in grants in the 1980s and 1990s.[3][37] Using the pseudonym of Stephan Langton, Pearson was the editor of The New Patriot, a short-lived magazine published in 1966–67 to conduct \"a responsible but penetrating inquiry into every aspect of the Jewish Question\", which included articles such as \"Zionists and the Plot Against South Africa\", \"Early Jews and the Rise of Jewish Money Power\", and \"Swindlers of the Crematoria\".[37] The Northern League, an organization founded in England in 1958 by Pearson, supported Nazi ideologies and included former members of the Nazi Party.[3]\nMichael Levin of the City College of New York ($124,500 as of 1994)[31]\nRichard Lynn at Ulster Institute for Social Research ($325,000 as of 1994)[31]\nLinda Gottfredson at the University of Delaware ($267,000 as of 1994)[31]Other notable recipients of funding include:Hans Eysenck, the most-cited living psychologist at the time of his death (1997), known for fraudulent work financed by the tobacco industry,[42] and also believing in parapsychology and astrology.\nLloyd Humphreys\nJoseph M. Horn\nRobert A. Gordon ($214,000 as of 1994)[31]\nGarrett Hardin, author who in 1968 re-popularized the 1833 phrase \"tragedy of the commons\" ($29,000 as of 1994)[31]\nR. Travis Osborne ($386,900 as of 1994)[31]\nAudrey M. Shuey, author of The Testing of Negro Intelligence (1958)\nPhilip A. Vernon\nWilliam Shockley, winner of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956, received a series of grants in the 1970s. Shockley had become notorious in his later career for promoting the controversial genetic hypothesis of racial intelligence differences and for being a proponent of eugenics. ($188,900)[31]\nAurelio José Figueredo, as of 2018, the only academic researcher receiving funding from the Pioneer Fund. According to the Associated Press, from 2003 to 2016 Figueredo received $458,000. Figueredo received between $8,000 and $30,000 for the 2017–2018 academic year, his research assistant Michael Woodley is also involved with the Pioneer Fund.[10][43][44]\nSeymour Itzkoff: the Pioneer Fund approved a $12,000 grant to Smith College \"to assist in the publication of a series of educational books\", in support of Itzkoff's Evolution of Intelligence series. It also approved a $12,000 grant to be distributed in 1987 to assist in the publication of the series.)[45]The fund gave the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) a total of $1.3 million between 1985 and 1994.[46] Among the grants was $150,000 for \"studies in connection with immigration policies\".[17] Funding was dropped after negative publicity during the campaign for California's Proposition 187 linked the Pioneer Fund to ads purchased by FAIR.[47][48] Other immigration reduction groups that have received donations from the Pioneer Fund include ProjectUSA[49] and American Immigration Control Foundation.[50]One of the grantees is the paleoconservative and white supremacist journalist Jared Taylor, the editor of American Renaissance and a member the advisory board of the white nationalist publication the Occidental Quarterly. Another is Roger Pearson's Institute for the Study of Man.[6] Many of the key academic white nationalists in both Right Now! and American Renaissance have been funded by the Pioneer Fund, which was also directly involved in funding the parent organization of American Renaissance, the New Century Foundation.[37]Founder Wickliffe Draper secretly funded the 1960 launch of Mankind Quarterly, to clandestinely serve as a publishing arm for its segregationist founders.[51]","title":"Recipients of funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Pioneer Fund\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/pioneer-fund"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Mythical Taboo on Race and Intelligence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1089268020953622"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/1089268020953622","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F1089268020953622"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tucker2007_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tucker2007_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tucker2007_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tucker2007_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tucker2007_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tucker2007_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tucker2007_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tucker2007_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tucker2007_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tucker2007_3-9"},{"link_name":"Tucker, William H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Tucker_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-252-07463-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07463-9"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/bhm.2003.0186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2003.0186"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"58477478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58477478"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The Republican party and immigration politics: from Proposition 187 to George W. 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Itzkoff\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ferris-pages.org/ISAR/bibliography/Itzkoff.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Racial Science and British Society, 1930-62 by G. Schaffer, Springer, 2008, pages 142–3. Retrieved October 8, 2020.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9SqGDAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780230582446","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230582446"}],"text":"^ \"Pioneer Fund\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved January 13, 2023.\n\n^ John P., Jackson Jr.; Winston, Andrew S. (October 7, 2020). \"The Mythical Taboo on Race and Intelligence\". Review of General Psychology. 25 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1177/1089268020953622. We refer to the five decades of careful, archival investigations documenting the involvement of psychologists and the Pioneer Fund with the campaign to overturn the Brown decision and preserve segregation, anti-immigration activism, and active involvement with neo-Nazi groups.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Tucker, William H. (2007). The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07463-9.\nDiane B. Paul (Winter 2003). \"The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund (review)\". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 77 (4): 972–974. doi:10.1353/bhm.2003.0186. S2CID 58477478.\n\n^ Wroe, Andrew (2008). The Republican party and immigration politics: from Proposition 187 to George W. Bush. Springer. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-230-61108-5.\n\n^ Falk, Avner (2008). Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred. ABC-CLIO. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-35384-0.\n\n^ a b c Berlet, Chip (August 14, 2003). \"Into the Mainstream; An array of right-wing foundations and think tanks support efforts to make bigoted and discredited ideas respectable\". Southern Poverty Law Center.\n\n^ a b Southern Poverty Law Center Race and 'Reason'; Academic ideas a pillar of racist thought. Retrieved March 7, 2017.\n\n^ Saini, Angela (2019). Superior: The Return of Race Science. Beacon Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780807076910.\n\n^ Beirich, Heidi. \"Pioneer Fund Assets Divided; New Leadership Appointed\". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved February 9, 2014.\n\n^ a b Flaherty, Colleen (September 10, 2018). \"Arizona psychologist faces scrutiny for grants from organization founded to support research in eugenics\". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved October 9, 2018.\n\n^ Segal, Nancy L. (2012). Born Together – Reared Apart. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05546-9.\nBryan Caplan (June 20, 2012). \"O Brother, Who Art Thou?\". Wall Street Journal.\n\n^ a b \"The Bell Curve and the Pioneer Fund\". ABC World News Tonight. Retrieved August 28, 2019 – via Hartford-HWP.com.\n\n^ Lane, Charles (December 1, 1994). \"The Tainted Sources of 'The Bell Curve'\". The New York Review of Books.\n\n^ Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). \"'The American Breed': Nazi eugenics and the origins of the Pioneer Fund\". Albany Law Rev. 65 (3): 743–830. PMID 11998853.Rushton, J. Philippe (2002). \"The Pioneer Fund and the Scientific Study of Human Differences\" (PDF). Albany Law Rev. 66: 209. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2013.Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). \"Pioneer's Big Lie\". Albany Law Rev. 66: 1125.Tucker, William H. (2002). \"A Closer Look at the Pioneer Fund: Response to Rushton\". Albany Law Rev. 66: 1145.\n\n^ Crawford, James (1993). Hold Your Tongue: Bilingualism and the Politics of 'English Only'. Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-62479-3.\n\n^ a b Mehler, Barry (1989). \"Foundation for Fascism: the New Eugenics Movement in the United States\". Patterns of Prejudice. 23 (4): 17. doi:10.1080/0031322x.1989.9970026.\n\n^ a b c Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). \"'The American Breed': Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund\". Albany Law Review. 65 (3): 743–830. PMID 11998853. SSRN 313820.\n\n^ Begos, Kevin (December 11, 2002). Benefactor With a Racist Bent: Wealthy recluse apparently liked the looks and potential of Bowman Gray's new medical-genetics department. Winston-Salem Journal}\n\n^ May, R. W. (May 14, 1960). \"Genetics and Subversion\". The Nation. 190: 421.\n\n^ Jackson, J. P. (2005). Science for segregation: Race, law, and the case against Brown v. Board of Education. New York University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8147-4271-6.\n\n^ Hashaw, T. (2007). Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the Struggle of Mixed America. Mercer University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-88146-074-2.\n\n^ Osborn, Frederick (February 24, 1937). \"Summary of the Proceedings of the Conference on Eugenics in Relation to Nursing\". American Eugenics Society Archives.\n\n^ Saini, Angela (2019). Superior: The Return of Race Science. Beacon Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-8070-7691-0. Retrieved May 6, 2020.\n\n^ Edsall, Thomas B.; Vise, David A. (March 31, 1985). \"CBS Fight a Litmus Test for Conservatives: Helms Group Faces Legal Hurdles in Ideological Takeover Bid Helms-Connected Money Machine Bankrolling Fairness in Media\". The Washington Post.\n\n^ Pioneer Fund Founders and Former Directors Archived November 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Van der Merwe, Ben (February 19, 2018). \"It might be a pseudo science, but students take the threat of eugenics seriously\". New Statesman. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2018.\n\n^ \"40 to Watch\". www.splcenter.org. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006.\n\n^ \">> Searchlight Magazine <<\". Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2007.\n\n^ MacIntyre, B (March 13, 1989). \"The new eugenics\". The Sunday Telegraph. London., cited in E.M., Kramer (2003). The emerging monoculture: assimilation and the 'model minority'. Praeger. pp. 118, 302. ISBN 978-0-275-97312-4.\n\n^ Pioneer Fund. Founders and Former Directors. Archived November 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 16, 2006.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Miller, Adam (1994). \"The Pioneer Fund: Bankrolling the Professors of Hate\". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (6): 58–61. doi:10.2307/2962466. JSTOR 2962466.\n\n^ Lichtenstein, Grace (December 11, 1977). \"Fund Backs Controversial Study of 'Racial Betterment'\". The New York Times.\n\n^ Rosenthal, Steven J. \"The Pioneer Fund: Financier of Fascist Research\". American Behavioral Scientist. 39 no. 1 (September 1995): 44–61.\n\n^ Pioneer Fund Grants, 1971–1996\n\n^ Defend Colorado Now: Lamm & FAIR Archived September 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Mehler, Barry. Pioneer Fund Grant Totals, 1971–1996. Retrieved July 16, 2006.\n\n^ a b c d Mehler, Barry (July 7, 1998). Race Science and the Pioneer Fund Originally published as \"The Funding of the Science\" in Searchlight, No. 277.\n\n^ Segal, Nancy L. (June 18, 2012). Born Together – Reared Apart: The Landmark Minnesota Twin Study. Harvard University Press. pp. 315–317. ISBN 9780674065154.\n\n^ Tucker, William H. Conclusion: Pioneer or Pamphleteer Archived December 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund.\n\n^ \"Academic Racism\". Intelligence Report. Winter 2002. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010.\n\n^ The Journal of Indo-European Studies Archived October 25, 2005, at the Wayback Machine via A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture.\n\n^ \"Journals retract 13 papers by Hans Eysenck, flag 61, some 60 years old\". February 12, 2020.\n\n^ Kunzelman, Michael (August 25, 2018). \"APNewsBreak: University accepted $458K from eugenics fund\". AP News. Retrieved October 9, 2018.\n\n^ Figueredo, Aurelio José; Cabeza de Baca, Tomás; Woodley, Michael Anthony (July 2013). \"The Measurement of Human Life History Strategy\". Personality and Individual Differences. 55 (3): 251–255. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.033. ISSN 0191-8869.\n\n^ \"ISAR - Bibliography: Seymour W. Itzkoff\". ferris-pages.org. Retrieved December 9, 2019.\n\n^ \"The Anti-immigration Movement: From Shovels to Suits\". Solana Larsen. NACLA Report on the Americas. New York: May/June 2007. Vol. 40, No. 3; p. 14.\n\n^ \"Pro-Prop. 187 group admits it bought ads: FAIR says it only attempted to clear its name\". Marilyn Kalfus: The Orange County Register. Orange County Register. Santa Ana, California: October 26, 1994. p. A.12\n\n^ \"White Supremacist Link Trips Prop. 187\". Pamela Burdman. San Francisco Chronicle. October 13, 1994. p. A.4\n\n^ \"Cannon critics sidestep FEC lists\". Deborah Bulkeley Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah: July 17, 2004. p. B.01\n\n^ \"'Workers, go home!'\" David L. Ostendorf. The Christian Century. Chicago: December 19–26, 2001. Vol. 118, No. 35; pp. 8\n\n^ Racial Science and British Society, 1930-62 by G. Schaffer, Springer, 2008, pages 142–3. Retrieved October 8, 2020. ISBN 9780230582446","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780195082609"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-514978-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514978-4"}],"text":"Kuhl, Stefan (1994). The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514978-4.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Mainstream Science on Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Science_on_Intelligence"},{"title":"London Conference on Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence"}]
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old\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/a9791e6174374437b3bbe17af8b76215","external_links_name":"\"APNewsBreak: University accepted $458K from eugenics fund\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2012.04.033","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.033"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0191-8869","external_links_name":"0191-8869"},{"Link":"https://ferris-pages.org/ISAR/bibliography/Itzkoff.htm","external_links_name":"\"ISAR - Bibliography: Seymour W. Itzkoff\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9SqGDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Racial Science and British Society, 1930-62 by G. Schaffer, Springer, 2008, pages 142–3. Retrieved October 8, 2020."},{"Link":"http://www.pioneerfund.org/Weyher_pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Preface: My Years with the Pioneer Fund\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/scienceofhumandi0000lynn","external_links_name":"The Science of Human Diversity: A History of the Pioneer Fund"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...250..223B","external_links_name":"1990Sci...250..223B"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.225.1769","external_links_name":"10.1.1.225.1769"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2218526","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.2218526"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2218526","external_links_name":"2218526"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11794689","external_links_name":"11794689"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1469962002002002627","external_links_name":"10.1177/1469962002002002627"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144377864","external_links_name":"144377864"},{"Link":"http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?id=doi:","external_links_name":"\"How 'Caucasoids' Got Such Big Crania and Why They Shrank\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F318434","external_links_name":"10.1086/318434"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14992214","external_links_name":"14992214"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224794908","external_links_name":"224794908"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041213121817/http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/People/Rushton/rushton-black-reply.html","external_links_name":"\"On the similarities of American blacks and whites: A reply to J.P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelimanni
Traditional Nordic dance music
["1 See also","2 References"]
miniature Traditional Nordic dance music is a type of traditional music or folk music that once was common in the mainland part of the Nordic countries — Scandinavia plus Finland. The person who plays this kind of music might be called speleman (Swedish/Norwegian), spelman (Swedish), spel(l)emann (Norwegian), pelimanni (Finnish) or spillemand (Danish). Finnish traditional dance music is often called pelimanni music in English, while there does not seem to exist a similar, widespread term for the corresponding music from the other countries. It is often more meaningful to distinguish between the traditional dance music from different regions than between music from the countries as such. Some concepts in the field can be defined as Norwegian or Finnish, but most are either common to all four countries or local. Besides the dance music tradition, all countries also have other traditions of folk music that are not shared to a similar extent. Nordic folk dance music consists of various dance rhythms that do not originate in the Nordic countries but once were the fashion dances among the European nobility. With time these dances spread to common people, and in some cases they remained there long after the nobility had exchanged them for new fashionable dances. Many of these rhythms can also be found in other parts of Europe, and some of them have also been used in classical music. The majority of the tunes are in minor keys. Traditionally, there were many tunes in keys that can not be classified as either minor or major (Modes). Traces of this still exist, but most of that disappeared when the accordion became popular. The majority of the dances that go with this music are partner dances, though exceptions do exist. Such exceptions include the minuets that are common in some parts of Finland and that can also be found in parts of Sweden, the solo-dance halling, generally considered typically Norwegian but also found in parts of Sweden, and the Finnish quadrille danced by several couples in formation. The most common dance rhythm is the polska. It is in 3/4 (three beats to the bar). In the most common polskas, the third beat is accentuated as well as the first. There are many local versions of the polska rhythm, and generally local variations of the accompanying dance correspond to these differences, though many of these local dances have disappeared. The schottische, also known as reinlender, polka and waltz are other common dance rhythms. In addition there are many other more uncommon dance rhythms (e.g. the anglais), despite a small number of surviving tunes. The most typical instrument is the fiddle. In most cases normal violins are used, but there are exceptions such as the hardingfele, used in parts of Norway, which has a set of sympathetic strings in addition to the normal four strings. Another unique instrument, the nyckelharpa (keyed fiddle), probably once existed in a large part of Europe, but survived until modern times only in Sweden. Other instruments that were used traditionally were simple clarinets, and later accordions. The Swedish säckpipa is, as well as older types of nyckelharpa and hurdy-gurdy, a link to the older traditions of drone music. Contemporary Nordic traditional dance musicians might also use other less traditional instruments, as well as writing new tunes in the old style. See also Fiddle Hardanger fiddle Nyckelharpa Danish traditional music References Goertzen, Chris. 1997. Fiddling for Norway: Revival and identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hopkins, Pandora. 1986. Aural thinking in Norway: Performance and communication with the hardingfele. NY: Human Sciences Press. vteNorwegian folk musicGeneral Bygdedans Gammaldans Music of Norway Nordic folk music Traditional Nordic dance music Tune Types 2/4 Dances Halling Polka Schottis 2/4 or 6/8 Dances Gangar Rudl or Rull 3/4 Dances Masurka Pols and Springleik Springar Vals 4/4 Dance Reinlender Miscellaneous Wedding march Instruments Accordion Bukkehorn Giga Hardingfele Krogharpe Langeleik Neverlur Oterfløyte Psalmodicon Seljefløyte Violin Scales Aeolian mode Dorian mode Harmonic minor Ionian mode Lydian mode Mixolydian mode Relations Danish folk music Finnish folk music Icelandic folk music Swedish folk music Miscellaneous Norwegian Folk Music Research Association Norwegian National Association for Traditional Music and Dance Stev Spelemann Spelemannslag vteSwedish folk musicGeneral Gammaldans Music of Sweden Nordic folk music Spelmanslag Traditional Nordic dance music Tune Types 2/4 Dances Engelska Polka and Polkett Schottis 3/4 Dances Hambo Mazurka Polska Slängpolska Vals 4/4 Dance Gånglåt Snoa Miscellaneous Wedding march Instruments Accordion Cittra Drejelire Härjedalspipa Hummel Kohorn Låtfiol Näverlur Nyckelharpa Moraharpa Psalmodicon Sälgflöjt Spilåpipa Svensk säckpipa Violin Scales Aeolian mode Dorian mode Harmonic minor Ionian mode Lydian mode Mixolydian mode Relations Danish folk music Finnish folk music Icelandic folk music Norwegian folk music Miscellaneous List of Swedish folk musicians Spelman Riksspelman vteFinnish folk musicGeneral Gammaldans Joik Music of Finland Nordic folk music Pelimanni Rekilaulu Sami music Traditional Nordic dance music Tune Types 2/4 Dances Humppa Polkka 2/2 or 4/4 Dances Jenkka 3/4 Dances Masurkka Menuetti Polska Valssi Instruments Accordion Clarinet Fadno Harmonium Jouhikko Kantele Pitkähuilu Säkkipilli Sami drum Violin Walpipe Scales Aeolian mode Dorian mode Harmonic minor Ionian mode Lydian mode Mixolydian mode Relations Danish folk music Icelandic folk music Norwegian folk music Swedish folk music vteDanish folk musicGeneral Gammeldans Music of Denmark Music of the Faroe Islands Music of Greenland Nordic folk music Spillemand Traditional Nordic dance music Tune Types 2/4 Dances Polka Hopsa 3/4 Dances Mazurka Minuet Vals 4/4 Dances Schottische and Reinlænder Miscellaneous Fannik, Sønderhoning, Les Lanciers, Totur, Firtur, Sekstur, Instruments Accordion Drone zither Violin Bassoon Clarinet Persons Æ Tinuser Evald Thomsen Rasmus Storm Frederik Iversen Relations German folk music Folk music of England Finnish folk music Icelandic folk music Norwegian folk music Swedish folk music vteIcelandic folk musicGeneral Gammaldans Music of Iceland Nordic folk music Rímur Traditional Nordic dance music Tune Types 2/4 Dances Polki 2/2 Dance Ræll 3/4 Dance Marsúrki Vals 4/4 Dance Skottís Miscellaneous Wedding march Instruments Accordion Fiðla Harmonium Langspil Violin Scales Aeolian mode Dorian mode Harmonic minor Ionian mode Lydian mode Mixolydian mode Relations Danish folk music Finnish folk music Norwegian folk music Swedish folk music
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traditional music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_music"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"Nordic countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"spelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelman_(music)"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_classical_music"},{"link_name":"minor keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_key"},{"link_name":"keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(music)"},{"link_name":"Modes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_mode"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"partner dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partner_dance"},{"link_name":"minuets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuet"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"halling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halling_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"quadrille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrille"},{"link_name":"polska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_(dance)"},{"link_name":"beats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(music)"},{"link_name":"bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(music)"},{"link_name":"schottische","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottische"},{"link_name":"polka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polka"},{"link_name":"waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz"},{"link_name":"anglais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_dance"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"hardingfele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardingfele"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"sympathetic strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_string"},{"link_name":"nyckelharpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyckelharpa"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"accordions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"säckpipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ckpipa"},{"link_name":"hurdy-gurdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy"},{"link_name":"drone music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_music"}],"text":"Traditional Nordic dance music is a type of traditional music or folk music that once was common in the mainland part of the Nordic countries — Scandinavia plus Finland. The person who plays this kind of music might be called speleman (Swedish/Norwegian), spelman (Swedish), spel(l)emann (Norwegian), pelimanni (Finnish) or spillemand (Danish). Finnish traditional dance music is often called pelimanni music in English, while there does not seem to exist a similar, widespread term for the corresponding music from the other countries. It is often more meaningful to distinguish between the traditional dance music from different regions than between music from the countries as such. Some concepts in the field can be defined as Norwegian or Finnish, but most are either common to all four countries or local. Besides the dance music tradition, all countries also have other traditions of folk music that are not shared to a similar extent.Nordic folk dance music consists of various dance rhythms that do not originate in the Nordic countries but once were the fashion dances among the European nobility. With time these dances spread to common people, and in some cases they remained there long after the nobility had exchanged them for new fashionable dances. Many of these rhythms can also be found in other parts of Europe, and some of them have also been used in classical music.The majority of the tunes are in minor keys. Traditionally, there were many tunes in keys that can not be classified as either minor or major (Modes). Traces of this still exist, but most of that disappeared when the accordion became popular. The majority of the dances that go with this music are partner dances, though exceptions do exist. Such exceptions include the minuets that are common in some parts of Finland and that can also be found in parts of Sweden, the solo-dance halling, generally considered typically Norwegian but also found in parts of Sweden, and the Finnish quadrille danced by several couples in formation. The most common dance rhythm is the polska. It is in 3/4 (three beats to the bar). In the most common polskas, the third beat is accentuated as well as the first. There are many local versions of the polska rhythm, and generally local variations of the accompanying dance correspond to these differences, though many of these local dances have disappeared. The schottische, also known as reinlender, polka and waltz are other common dance rhythms. In addition there are many other more uncommon dance rhythms (e.g. the anglais), despite a small number of surviving tunes.The most typical instrument is the fiddle. In most cases normal violins are used, but there are exceptions such as the hardingfele, used in parts of Norway, which has a set of sympathetic strings in addition to the normal four strings. Another unique instrument, the nyckelharpa (keyed fiddle), probably once existed in a large part of Europe, but survived until modern times only in Sweden. Other instruments that were used traditionally were simple clarinets, and later accordions. The Swedish säckpipa is, as well as older types of nyckelharpa and hurdy-gurdy, a link to the older traditions of drone music. Contemporary Nordic traditional dance musicians might also use other less traditional instruments, as well as writing new tunes in the old style.","title":"Traditional Nordic dance music"}]
[{"image_text":"miniature","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Europeade_2015_dans_01.jpg/300px-Europeade_2015_dans_01.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"title":"Hardanger fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardanger_fiddle"},{"title":"Nyckelharpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyckelharpa"},{"title":"Danish traditional music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_traditional_music"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Cajigal_y_Odoardo
Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odoardo
["1 Sources"]
Venezuelan mathematician and politician Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odoardo (1803 in Barcelona, Anzoátegui – 1856 in Yaguaraparo, Sucre) was a Venezuelan mathematician, engineer and statesman. Portrait of Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odorado Orphaned at age 7, he was raised in Spain by his cousin-once-removed, Field Marshal Juan Manuel Cajigal, former captain general of Venezuela and Cuba. He studied in the University of Alcalá de Henares and later in France, finishing his studies in 1828. He returned to Venezuela that year. He helped found the Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País the following year, and in 1830 the government appointed him to create and direct the new Military Academy of Mathematics. He served in Congress twice, once in 1833 as representative of Caracas, and in 1835 as senator of Barcelona Province. With José Hermenegildo García and Fermín Toro he started the newspaper Correo de Caracas, which ran from 1838 to 1841. His publications include Tratado de mecánica elemental ("Treatise on Fundamental Mechanics") and Curso de astronomía y memorias sobre integrales entre límites ("Course on Astronomy and Report on Integrals between Limits"). The Juan Manuel Cajigal Naval Observatory in the 23 de Enero district of Caracas (Metro Station: Caño Amarillo), Juan Manuel Cajigal Municipality in Anzoátegui, and asteroid (minor planet) 12359 Cajigal are named after him. Sources Nieschulz de Stockhausen, Elke. "Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odoardo," Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela. Caracas: Fundacíon Polar, 1997. ISBN 980-6397-37-1 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Vatican Other SNAC IdRef This article about a Venezuelan politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Venezuelan scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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He studied in the University of Alcalá de Henares and later in France, finishing his studies in 1828. He returned to Venezuela that year. He helped found the Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País the following year, and in 1830 the government appointed him to create and direct the new Military Academy of Mathematics. He served in Congress twice, once in 1833 as representative of Caracas, and in 1835 as senator of Barcelona Province. With José Hermenegildo García and Fermín Toro he started the newspaper Correo de Caracas, which ran from 1838 to 1841. His publications include Tratado de mecánica elemental (\"Treatise on Fundamental Mechanics\") and Curso de astronomía y memorias sobre integrales entre límites (\"Course on Astronomy and Report on Integrals between Limits\").The Juan Manuel Cajigal Naval Observatory in the 23 de Enero district of Caracas (Metro Station: Caño Amarillo), Juan Manuel Cajigal Municipality in Anzoátegui, and asteroid (minor planet) 12359 Cajigal are named after him.","title":"Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odoardo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"980-6397-37-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/980-6397-37-1"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3187714#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/331784/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000061395561"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/1689275"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXqVxqk3ChmP4GddtFrq"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12450522v"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12450522v"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n93109285"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/176867"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bh6vb6"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/100980082"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_personal.svg"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_politician"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_Cajigal_y_Odoardo&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Venezuela-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Venezuela-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuela-politician-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scientist.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science-symbol-2.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_Cajigal_y_Odoardo&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Venezuela-scientist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Venezuela-scientist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuela-scientist-stub"}],"text":"Nieschulz de Stockhausen, Elke. \"Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odoardo,\" Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela. Caracas: Fundacíon Polar, 1997. ISBN 980-6397-37-1Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States\nVatican\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRefThis article about a Venezuelan politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a Venezuelan scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
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