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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel_C.A.P._2	Borel C.A.P. 2	["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Specifications","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography"]	1920s French fighter aircraft design Role High altitude fighter/reconnaissanceType of aircraft National origin France Manufacturer Etablissements Borel First flight May not have flown Status Abandoned Number built 1 Developed from Borel-Boccacio Type 3000 The Borel C.A.P. 2, later SGCIM C.A.P. 2, was a prototype, all-metal framed, high-altitude sesquiplane fighter and reconnaissance aircraft with a supercharged engine, built in France around 1920. It was displayed, uncovered, at the 1922 Paris Salon. Design and development The C.A.P. 2 shared many external features with the earlier Borel-Boccacio Type 3000, or Borel C.2, a two-seat fighter tested too late for World War I, in 1919. Intended for high altitudes, the C.A.P. 2 had a wing area increased by 23% through an increase in span and was also about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) longer. However, unlike the wood-framed C.2, the C.A.P. 2 had a fabric covered all-metal duralumin structure. It was a two-bay sesquiplane, with 4° of wing sweep and two parallel spars in each of the equal span wings, though the lower wing had 63% of the chord of the top wing. The top wing had 2° of dihedral and the lower wing none. The C.A.P. 2 was powered by an upright, water-cooled, Hispano-Suiza V-8 engine fitted with a Rateau supercharger. Behind the engine the fuselage was flat-sided and constructed around four longerons, interconnected by frames. There were two open cockpits which were fitted with dual controls. The pilot sat forward under a cut-out in the upper wing trailing edge, and the lower wing also had a cut-out which together, increased the field of view. The rear cockpit was to the rear of the wing and was provided with a gun-ring. Dual controls allowed the gunner to take over in an emergency. The tail was conventional, with a broad-chord, triangular fin which carried a broad rudder of rounded profile which extended down to the lower longerons. Its semi-elliptical tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage and braced from below with a pair of parallel struts. The elevators were rounded in plan, with a gap between for rudder movement. The fighter had a conventional fixed undercarriage with wheels on a single axle joined by rubber links to a transverse strut mounted on the lower longerons by a V-strut at each end. Its tailskid was wood, unlike the rest of the structure. Operational history It is not known if the C.A.P. 2 was ever flown. It had arrived too late for World War I and may have been exhibited at the 1922 Salon solely for its metal construction, then quite novel. No records of it are known from after the Salon. Specifications Data from Les Ailes, February 1923General characteristics Crew: two Length: 8.17 m (26 ft 10 in) Upper wingspan: 13 m (42 ft 8 in) Height: 2.88 m (9 ft 5 in) Wing area: 39.9 m2 (429 sq ft) Empty weight: 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) Gross weight: 1,750 kg (3,858 lb) Fuel capacity: 325 kg (717 lb) Powerplant: 1 × Hispano-Suiza supercharged V-8, 220 kW (300 hp) Propellers: 2-bladed Pierre Lavasseur, 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in) diameter Performance Maximum speed: 248 km/h (154 mph, 134 kn) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) (estimated) Stall speed: 102 km/h (63 mph, 55 kn) at ground level Service ceiling: 10,000 m (33,000 ft) (estimated) See also Related lists List of fighter aircraft References Citations ^ a b Green, 1994, p.81 ^ a b c d e f Serryer, 1923, pp.2-3 ^ L'Avion Borel, type C.A.P.-2, 1924, p.403 Bibliography "L'Avion Borel, type C.A.P.-2". L'Aéronautique. 1922 (December): 403. 1–15 March 1924. Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1994). The Complete Book of Fighters. Godalming, UK: Salamander Books. p. 81. ISBN 1-85833-777-1. Serryer, J (8 February 1923). "L'avion Borel C.A.P. 2". Les Ailes (88): 2–3. vteBorel aircraftAircraft Bo.11 Borel hydro-monoplane Borel military monoplane Torpille Bo-T Morane-Borel monoplane Morane-Borel military monoplane Borel C.2 Borel C.A.P. 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SGCIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGCIM"},{"link_name":"sesquiplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquiplane"}],"text":"The Borel C.A.P. 2, later SGCIM C.A.P. 2, was a prototype, all-metal framed, high-altitude sesquiplane fighter and reconnaissance aircraft with a supercharged engine, built in France around 1920. It was displayed, uncovered, at the 1922 Paris Salon.","title":"Borel C.A.P. 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borel-Boccacio Type 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel-Boccacio_Type_3000"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&S-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&S-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lailes-2"},{"link_name":"fabric covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering"},{"link_name":"duralumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lailes-2"},{"link_name":"two-bay sesquiplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane#bays"},{"link_name":"spars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"dihedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lailes-2"},{"link_name":"Hispano-Suiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza"},{"link_name":"V-8 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-8_engine"},{"link_name":"Rateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rateau"},{"link_name":"supercharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger"},{"link_name":"trailing edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_edge"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"tailplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailplane"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lailes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaeroN-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lailes-2"}],"text":"The C.A.P. 2 shared many external features with the earlier Borel-Boccacio Type 3000, or Borel C.2, a two-seat fighter tested too late for World War I, in 1919.[1] Intended for high altitudes, the C.A.P. 2 had a wing area increased by 23% through an increase in span and was also about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) longer.[1][2] However, unlike the wood-framed C.2, the C.A.P. 2 had a fabric covered all-metal duralumin structure.[2]It was a two-bay sesquiplane, with 4° of wing sweep and two parallel spars in each of the equal span wings, though the lower wing had 63% of the chord of the top wing. The top wing had 2° of dihedral and the lower wing none.[2]The C.A.P. 2 was powered by an upright, water-cooled, Hispano-Suiza V-8 engine fitted with a Rateau supercharger. Behind the engine the fuselage was flat-sided and constructed around four longerons, interconnected by frames. There were two open cockpits which were fitted with dual controls. The pilot sat forward under a cut-out in the upper wing trailing edge, and the lower wing also had a cut-out which together, increased the field of view. The rear cockpit was to the rear of the wing and was provided with a gun-ring. Dual controls allowed the gunner to take over in an emergency. The tail was conventional, with a broad-chord, triangular fin which carried a broad rudder of rounded profile which extended down to the lower longerons. Its semi-elliptical tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage and braced from below with a pair of parallel struts. The elevators were rounded in plan, with a gap between for rudder movement.[2][3]The fighter had a conventional fixed undercarriage with wheels on a single axle joined by rubber links to a transverse strut mounted on the lower longerons by a V-strut at each end. Its tailskid was wood, unlike the rest of the structure. [2]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It is not known if the C.A.P. 2 was ever flown. It had arrived too late for World War I and may have been exhibited at the 1922 Salon solely for its metal construction, then quite novel. No records of it are known from after the Salon.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lailes-2"},{"link_name":"Hispano-Suiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza"},{"link_name":"V-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-8_engine"}],"text":"Data from Les Ailes, February 1923[2]General characteristicsCrew: two\nLength: 8.17 m (26 ft 10 in)\nUpper wingspan: 13 m (42 ft 8 in)\nHeight: 2.88 m (9 ft 5 in)\nWing area: 39.9 m2 (429 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)\nGross weight: 1,750 kg (3,858 lb)\nFuel capacity: 325 kg (717 lb)\nPowerplant: 1 × Hispano-Suiza supercharged V-8, 220 kW (300 hp)\nPropellers: 2-bladed Pierre Lavasseur, 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in) diameterPerformanceMaximum speed: 248 km/h (154 mph, 134 kn) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) (estimated)\nStall speed: 102 km/h (63 mph, 55 kn) at ground level\nService ceiling: 10,000 m (33,000 ft) (estimated)","title":"Specifications"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft"}]	[{"reference":"\"L'Avion Borel, type C.A.P.-2\". L'Aéronautique. 1922 (December): 403. 1–15 March 1924.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96729940/f51","url_text":"\"L'Avion Borel, type C.A.P.-2\""}]},{"reference":"Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1994). The Complete Book of Fighters. Godalming, UK: Salamander Books. p. 81. ISBN 1-85833-777-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85833-777-1","url_text":"1-85833-777-1"}]},{"reference":"Serryer, J (8 February 1923). \"L'avion Borel C.A.P. 2\". Les Ailes (88): 2–3.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556032m/f2","url_text":"\"L'avion Borel C.A.P. 2\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96729940/f51","external_links_name":"\"L'Avion Borel, type C.A.P.-2\""},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6556032m/f2","external_links_name":"\"L'avion Borel C.A.P. 2\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sein_und_Zeit_(The_X-Files)	Sein und Zeit (The X-Files)	["1 Plot","2 Production","2.1 Writing","2.2 Production issues","3 Broadcast and reception","4 Footnotes","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]	10th episode of the 7th season of The X-Files "Sein und Zeit"The X-Files episodeEpisode no.Season 7Episode 10Directed byMichael WatkinsWritten byChris CarterFrank SpotnitzProduction code7ABX10Original air dateFebruary 6, 2000 (2000-02-06)Running time44 minutesGuest appearances Mitch Pileggi as Walter Skinner Megan Corletto as Amber Lynn LaPierre Shareen Mitchell as Billie LaPierre Mark Rolston as Bud LaPierre Spencer Garrett as Harry Bring Rebecca Toolan as Teena Mulder Martin Grey as Agent Flagler Kim Darby as Kethy Lee Tencate Randall Bosley as Ed Truelove Marie Chambers as Guard John Harnagel as World-Weary Dad Dylan St. Jepovic as Dean Tencate Nancy Tiballi as News Anchor #1 John Bisom as News Anchor #2 Nick Lashaway as Young Mulder Ashlynn Rose as Young Samantha Episode chronology ← Previous"Signs and Wonders" Next →"Closure" The X-Files season 7List of episodes "Sein und Zeit" is the tenth episode of the seventh season of the science fiction television series The X-Files. The German language title directly references Martin Heidegger's best known work, translated as "Being and Time" in English. It premiered on the Fox network on February 6, 2000, in the United States. The episode was written by Chris Carter and Frank Spotnitz, and directed by Michael Watkins. The episode helped to explore the series' overarching mythology. "Sein und Zeit" earned a Nielsen household rating of 8.4, being watched by 13.95 million people in its initial broadcast. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In this episode, Mulder becomes obsessed with a number of children who have vanished while investigating the bizarre disappearance of a young girl from her home. In the meanwhile, Scully fears that he is emotionally involved due to his sister's disappearance 27 years earlier. Her fears are heightened when Mulder's mother dies, apparently of suicide. "Sein und Zeit" was written as the first part of a two-part arc that would eventually reveal what had happened to Samantha Mulder. Executive producer Frank Spotnitz later noted that the episode bore stylistic similarities to the fourth-season episode "Paper Hearts". Several production issues plagued the episode, including the arrest of one crew member who was accused of possible kidnap, and the lack of money needed for the faux newscast scene at the end of the episode. Plot Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) asks to be a part of the investigation looking for a little girl, Amber Lynn LaPierre, who disappeared from her home in Sacramento, California. Mulder's superior, Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi), initially denies his request, noting that the investigation is not an X-file, but simply a missing persons case. Mulder, however, convinces Skinner to allow him to investigate. The parents of Amber, Billie and Bud, tell Mulder that they found a note in the girl's bedroom, but the teaser for the episode revealed that the note was written by Billie herself. The note contains a mention of Santa Claus, which everyone finds out of place. Although the family is held for questioning, Mulder does not believe they did it. Looking through previous cases, Mulder finds a similar note, with a reference to Santa Claus, from a missing person case in Idaho from 1987. In the case, the mother was convicted and sentenced to twelve years. The file notes that she had a vision of her son dead before he disappeared, as did Bud on the night his daughter disappeared. Meanwhile, Mulder's mother Teena is found dead in her home. It is found she overdosed on sleeping pills after she burned all her pictures of Samantha and placed tape around her baseboards and turned the gas in the oven on. Mulder believes she was murdered and has Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) do an autopsy. Later, Mulder visits the mother who was convicted twelve years prior. She tells him that Samantha is a walk-in, a kind spirit who takes children so that they may be shielded from potential harm in their life. The mother tells Mulder that the children are safe, but she has no idea where they are. After hearing this, Mulder believes his mother probably also wrote a note after his sister's disappearance. He begins to think that the alien abduction never happened, and that his mother figured this out, which is why she was murdered. However, after performing the autopsy, Scully tells Mulder that it was definitely suicide, because she was ill with Paget's carcinoma. During the happenings of the episode, a man playing Santa at a Christmas-themed ranch is shown videotaping the children at his ranch. Billie later tells Mulder that she saw a vision of her daughter in her room and that she said the number 74. Mulder decides he cannot finish the case and wants to take time off because he's too close to make any sound judgment. On their way to the airport, Scully comes across the Santa park (situated off of California State Route 74) and decides to stop because of the reference to Santa Claus in the notes. Here they find the videotape setup and tapes dating back to the 1960s, including one of Amber Lynn LaPierre. The man who runs the park is promptly arrested, and Mulder finds graves of children all over his ranch. Production Writing Although both the season four episode "Paper Hearts" and the season five episode "Redux II" had dealt with possible explanations for Samantha Mulder's fate, the issue had yet to be resolved when the series moved into its seventh season. Series creator Chris Carter was well aware that season seven might have been the show's last, so he decided that with "Sein und Zeit", the show would start to conclude the story. He explained: "The expectation was that if this were going to be the final season, that the finale would be about Mulder's sister. We wanted to deal with that sooner rather than later. We wanted to wrap up Mulder's emotion story with his sister and do it in such a way that would emphasize dramatic abilities." Executive producer Frank Spotnitz felt that the episode bore stylistic similarities to "Paper Hearts". However, unlike that episode, "Sein und Zeit" and its second part "Closure" set out to actually answer the question of Samantha's disappearance. Spotnitz later explained, "it's similar in the sense that what you always thought happened to Samantha may not have actually happened. 'Paper Hearts' never ultimately answers the question. We've had people come up to us and say, 'Okay, so we know she's really dead, so what happened?' So we decided in this one to answer the question." The episode's title is a reference to Martin Heidegger's seminal work of the same name, which is German for "Being and Time". Production issues Several accidents hindered the production of the episode, the first of which revolved around a fake ransom note that included the threatening line "Don't do anything or we'll kill your baby". The prop department had mocked up this document for the scene in which Mrs. LaPierre automatically writes the kidnapper's message. A crew member for the show later took the note (included in a folder with other documents) to a pay phone before driving to the shooting location, and after his call, he neglected to pick up the folder. A person watching the crew member became suspicious of his behavior and called the police. Later, the crew member realized his mistake and returned to retrieve the note, where he was promptly arrested. Director Kim Manners later called the situation a "mess". The second major event that hindered production involved a lack of money. As production for "Sein und Zeit" was wrapping up, the production crew depleted all of their funding. However, there was one critical scene that still needed to be filmed: a short sequence of a TV news anchor reporting on the events of the episode. To overcome the issue, producer Paul Rabwin got creative; he eschewed asking Fox for more money by instead reaching out to Robert Penfold, a local TV correspondent who was based out of Los Angeles. Rabwin asked Penfold "to 'donate' the needed news report for a chance to be on The X-Files"—an offer which Penfold happily accepted. According to Rabwin, "We went to his studio setup, inserted a visual of a busy newsroom behind the correspondent, added some pictures of the kidnapped children, and we had our scene." Broadcast and reception "Sein und Zeit" first aired in the United States on February 6, 2000. This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 8.4, with a 12 share, meaning that roughly 8.4 percent of all television-equipped households, and 12 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. It was viewed by 13.95 million viewers. The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on May 21, 2000, and received 0.83 million viewers, making it the sixth most watched episode that week. Fox promoted the episode with the tagline "They go to bed. And they're gone forever." The episode was later included on The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization, a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien Colonist's plans to take over the earth. Emily VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an "A−" and called it a "very, very good piece of television". She was particularly pleased with the grimness of the story; she noted that it was largely about the way in which Mulder's "belief system eradicated before his very eyes" after the suicide of his mom. VanDerWerff was also pleased with Duchovny's performance, writing that he "brings the intense mania to Mulder that has always made the character work at his best." Despite this, she was slightly critical of the concept of the "walk-ins", which she called "patently ridiculous". Rich Rosell from DigitallyObsessed.com awarded the episode 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that while "Chris Carter penned this episode, his attempts at clarifying his own confounded mythology are often even more confusing than revelatory, 'Sein Und Zeit' is a tense installment, and leads neatly to the supposed wrap-up in the second half. " Tom Kessenich, in his book Examinations, gave the episode a largely positive review, writing "'Sein Und Zeit' not only served as a reminder of Fox Mulder's ongoing pain it provided yet another clue that, although its journey is nearing its completion, The X-Files still knows how to make the ride an enjoyable one." Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated the episode five stars out of five. The two called the episode "a welcome return to an X-Files we haven't seen for awhile—hard, passionate, and with an urgent story to tell. From where I'm sitting, in the middle of a lacklustre season, it smells strongly of a masterpiece." Other reviews were less complimentary. Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four. Vitaris wrote, "there are some powerful and touching moments in 'Sein und Zeit', but others that miss the mark so widely that it hurts to think what this episode might have been." Kenneth Silber from Space.com, although complimentary towards the focus on Samantha Mulder, was critical of the slowness of the episode, writing, "While the series' reversion to its central theme is much appreciated, this episode unfolds with an unfortunate slowness that does little to satisfy the seven-year itch many X-Files viewers have come to feel in response to monster-of-the-week episodes and phony-baloney mythology cliffhangers." Footnotes ^ a b Shapiro, pp. 119–28. ^ a b c d e Shapiro, p. 129. ^ The X-Files: The Complete Seventh Season (booklet). Kim Manners, et al. Fox.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ a b Shapiro, p. 281. ^ "BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes". barb.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2011. Note: Information is in the section titled "w/e May 15–21, 2000", listed under Sky 1 ^ Sein und Zeit (Promotional Flyer). Los Angeles, California: Fox Broadcasting Company. 2000. ^ Kim Manners et al. The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization (DVD). FOX. ^ a b c VanDerWerff, Emily (January 5, 2013). "'Signs & Wonders'/'Sein Und Zeit' \| The X-Files/Millennium". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved August 2, 2019. ^ Rosell, Rich (27 July 2003). "The X-Files: The Complete Seventh Season". DigitallyObsessed. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2012. ^ Kessenich, p. 111. ^ Shearman and Pearson, p. 215. ^ a b Vitaris, Paula (October 2000). "The X-Files Season Seven Episode Guide". Cinefantastique. 32 (3): 18–37. ^ Silber, Kenneth (25 August 2000). "The X-Files – 'Sein und Zeit'". Space.com. TechMediaNetwork. Archived from the original on February 7, 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2012. Bibliography Kessenich, Tom (2002). Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55369-812-6. Shapiro, Marc (2000). All Things: The Official Guide to the X-Files Volume 6. Harper Prism. ISBN 0-06-107611-2. Shearman, Robert; Pearson, Lars (2009). Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen. Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 978-0-9759446-9-1. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to TXF Season 7. "Sein und Zeit" at IMDb vteThe X-Files episodes Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 The X-Files 6 7 8 9 I Want to Believe 10 11 Season 7 "The Sixth Extinction" "The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati" "Hungry" "Millennium" "Rush" "The Goldberg Variation" "Orison" "The Amazing Maleeni" "Signs and Wonders" "Sein und Zeit" "Closure" "X-Cops" "First Person Shooter" "Theef" "En Ami" "Chimera" "all things" "Brand X" "Hollywood A.D." "Fight Club" "Je Souhaite" "Requiem" Unmade episodes Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seventh season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_7"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"Martin Heidegger's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger"},{"link_name":"Being and Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_and_Time"},{"link_name":"Fox network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Chris Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carter_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Frank Spotnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spotnitz"},{"link_name":"Michael Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Watkins"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology_of_The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Fox Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Mulder"},{"link_name":"David Duchovny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duchovny"},{"link_name":"Dana Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Scully"},{"link_name":"Gillian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Anderson"},{"link_name":"X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-File"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"Frank Spotnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spotnitz"},{"link_name":"fourth-season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_4"},{"link_name":"Paper Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Hearts_(The_X-Files)"}],"text":"10th episode of the 7th season of The X-Files\"Sein und Zeit\" is the tenth episode of the seventh season of the science fiction television series The X-Files. The German language title directly references Martin Heidegger's best known work, translated as \"Being and Time\" in English. It premiered on the Fox network on February 6, 2000, in the United States. The episode was written by Chris Carter and Frank Spotnitz, and directed by Michael Watkins. The episode helped to explore the series' overarching mythology. \"Sein und Zeit\" earned a Nielsen household rating of 8.4, being watched by 13.95 million people in its initial broadcast. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics.The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In this episode, Mulder becomes obsessed with a number of children who have vanished while investigating the bizarre disappearance of a young girl from her home. In the meanwhile, Scully fears that he is emotionally involved due to his sister's disappearance 27 years earlier. Her fears are heightened when Mulder's mother dies, apparently of suicide.\"Sein und Zeit\" was written as the first part of a two-part arc that would eventually reveal what had happened to Samantha Mulder. Executive producer Frank Spotnitz later noted that the episode bore stylistic similarities to the fourth-season episode \"Paper Hearts\". Several production issues plagued the episode, including the arrest of one crew member who was accused of possible kidnap, and the lack of money needed for the faux newscast scene at the end of the episode.","title":"Sein und Zeit (The X-Files)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Mulder"},{"link_name":"David Duchovny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duchovny"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Walter Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Skinner"},{"link_name":"Mitch Pileggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Pileggi"},{"link_name":"X-file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-files_unit"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"Dana Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Scully"},{"link_name":"Gillian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Anderson"},{"link_name":"walk-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk-in_(concept)"},{"link_name":"Paget's carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_bone"},{"link_name":"California State Route 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_74"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plot-1"}],"text":"Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) asks to be a part of the investigation looking for a little girl, Amber Lynn LaPierre, who disappeared from her home in Sacramento, California. Mulder's superior, Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi), initially denies his request, noting that the investigation is not an X-file, but simply a missing persons case. Mulder, however, convinces Skinner to allow him to investigate. The parents of Amber, Billie and Bud, tell Mulder that they found a note in the girl's bedroom, but the teaser for the episode revealed that the note was written by Billie herself. The note contains a mention of Santa Claus, which everyone finds out of place. Although the family is held for questioning, Mulder does not believe they did it. Looking through previous cases, Mulder finds a similar note, with a reference to Santa Claus, from a missing person case in Idaho from 1987. In the case, the mother was convicted and sentenced to twelve years. The file notes that she had a vision of her son dead before he disappeared, as did Bud on the night his daughter disappeared.Meanwhile, Mulder's mother Teena is found dead in her home. It is found she overdosed on sleeping pills after she burned all her pictures of Samantha and placed tape around her baseboards and turned the gas in the oven on. Mulder believes she was murdered and has Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) do an autopsy. Later, Mulder visits the mother who was convicted twelve years prior. She tells him that Samantha is a walk-in, a kind spirit who takes children so that they may be shielded from potential harm in their life. The mother tells Mulder that the children are safe, but she has no idea where they are. After hearing this, Mulder believes his mother probably also wrote a note after his sister's disappearance. He begins to think that the alien abduction never happened, and that his mother figured this out, which is why she was murdered. However, after performing the autopsy, Scully tells Mulder that it was definitely suicide, because she was ill with Paget's carcinoma.During the happenings of the episode, a man playing Santa at a Christmas-themed ranch is shown videotaping the children at his ranch. Billie later tells Mulder that she saw a vision of her daughter in her room and that she said the number 74. Mulder decides he cannot finish the case and wants to take time off because he's too close to make any sound judgment. On their way to the airport, Scully comes across the Santa park (situated off of California State Route 74) and decides to stop because of the reference to Santa Claus in the notes. Here they find the videotape setup and tapes dating back to the 1960s, including one of Amber Lynn LaPierre. The man who runs the park is promptly arrested, and Mulder finds graves of children all over his ranch.[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"season four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_4"},{"link_name":"Paper Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Hearts_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"season five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_5"},{"link_name":"Redux II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redux_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"Chris Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carter_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s129-2"},{"link_name":"Closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s129-2"},{"link_name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s129-2"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"Although both the season four episode \"Paper Hearts\" and the season five episode \"Redux II\" had dealt with possible explanations for Samantha Mulder's fate, the issue had yet to be resolved when the series moved into its seventh season. Series creator Chris Carter was well aware that season seven might have been the show's last, so he decided that with \"Sein und Zeit\", the show would start to conclude the story. He explained: \"The expectation was that if this were going to be the final season, that the finale would be about Mulder's sister. We wanted to deal with that sooner rather than later. We wanted to wrap up Mulder's emotion story with his sister and do it in such a way that would emphasize [David Duchovny's] dramatic abilities.\"[2]Executive producer Frank Spotnitz felt that the episode bore stylistic similarities to \"Paper Hearts\". However, unlike that episode, \"Sein und Zeit\" and its second part \"Closure\" set out to actually answer the question of Samantha's disappearance. Spotnitz later explained, \"it's similar […] in the sense that what you always thought happened to Samantha may not have actually happened. 'Paper Hearts' never ultimately answers the question. We've had people come up to us and say, 'Okay, so we know she's really dead, so what happened?' So we decided in this one to answer the question.\"[2] The episode's title is a reference to Martin Heidegger's seminal work of the same name, which is German for \"Being and Time\".[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automatically writes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_writing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s129-2"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s129-2"}],"sub_title":"Production issues","text":"Several accidents hindered the production of the episode, the first of which revolved around a fake ransom note that included the threatening line \"Don't do anything or we'll kill your baby\". The prop department had mocked up this document for the scene in which Mrs. LaPierre automatically writes the kidnapper's message. A crew member for the show later took the note (included in a folder with other documents) to a pay phone before driving to the shooting location, and after his call, he neglected to pick up the folder. A person watching the crew member became suspicious of his behavior and called the police. Later, the crew member realized his mistake and returned to retrieve the note, where he was promptly arrested. Director Kim Manners later called the situation a \"mess\".[2]The second major event that hindered production involved a lack of money. As production for \"Sein und Zeit\" was wrapping up, the production crew depleted all of their funding. However, there was one critical scene that still needed to be filmed: a short sequence of a TV news anchor reporting on the events of the episode. To overcome the issue, producer Paul Rabwin got creative; he eschewed asking Fox for more money by instead reaching out to Robert Penfold, a local TV correspondent who was based out of Los Angeles. Rabwin asked Penfold \"to 'donate' the needed news report for a chance to be on The X-Files\"—an offer which Penfold happily accepted. According to Rabwin, \"We went to his studio setup, inserted a visual of a busy newsroom behind the correspondent, added some pictures of the kidnapped children, and we had our scene.\"[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVD-3"},{"link_name":"Nielsen rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_rating"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-4"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sky1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_Mythology,_Volume_3_%E2%80%93_Colonization"},{"link_name":"Colonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonist_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kess-10"},{"link_name":"Robert Shearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shearman"},{"link_name":"Lars Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Pearson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shearman-11"},{"link_name":"Cinefantastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinefantastique"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinepaula-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinepaula-12"},{"link_name":"Space.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"\"Sein und Zeit\" first aired in the United States on February 6, 2000.[3] This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 8.4, with a 12 share, meaning that roughly 8.4 percent of all television-equipped households, and 12 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode.[4] It was viewed by 13.95 million viewers.[4] The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on May 21, 2000, and received 0.83 million viewers, making it the sixth most watched episode that week.[5] Fox promoted the episode with the tagline \"They go to bed. And they're gone forever.\"[6] The episode was later included on The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization, a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien Colonist's plans to take over the earth.[7]Emily VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an \"A−\" and called it a \"very, very good piece of television\".[8] She was particularly pleased with the grimness of the story; she noted that it was largely about the way in which Mulder's \"belief system [is] eradicated before his very eyes\" after the suicide of his mom. VanDerWerff was also pleased with Duchovny's performance, writing that he \"brings the intense mania to Mulder that has always made the character work at his best.\"[8] Despite this, she was slightly critical of the concept of the \"walk-ins\", which she called \"patently ridiculous\".[8] Rich Rosell from DigitallyObsessed.com awarded the episode 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that while \"Chris Carter penned this episode, [and] his attempts at clarifying his own confounded mythology are often even more confusing than revelatory, 'Sein Und Zeit' is a tense installment, and leads neatly to the supposed wrap-up in the second half. \"[9] Tom Kessenich, in his book Examinations, gave the episode a largely positive review, writing \"'Sein Und Zeit' not only served as a reminder of Fox Mulder's ongoing pain it provided yet another clue that, although its journey is nearing its completion, The X-Files still knows how to make the ride an enjoyable one.\"[10] Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated the episode five stars out of five. The two called the episode \"a welcome return to an X-Files we haven't seen for awhile—hard, passionate, and with an urgent story to tell. From where I'm sitting, in the middle of a lacklustre season, it smells strongly of a masterpiece.\"[11]Other reviews were less complimentary. Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four.[12] Vitaris wrote, \"there are some powerful and touching moments in 'Sein und Zeit', but others that miss the mark so widely that it hurts to think what this episode might have been.\"[12] Kenneth Silber from Space.com, although complimentary towards the focus on Samantha Mulder, was critical of the slowness of the episode, writing, \"While the series' reversion to its central theme is much appreciated, this episode unfolds with an unfortunate slowness that does little to satisfy the seven-year itch many X-Files viewers have come to feel in response to monster-of-the-week episodes and phony-baloney mythology cliffhangers.\"[13]","title":"Broadcast and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-plot_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-plot_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s129_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s129_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s129_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s129_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s129_2-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DVD_3-0"},{"link_name":"The X-Files: The Complete Seventh Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_7"},{"link_name":"Kim Manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Manners"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"cite AV media notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ratings_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ratings_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-top-10/?"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Sein und Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//i550.photobucket.com/albums/ii421/maurisap/xfiles%20forum/117theygotobed.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Fox Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Kim Manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Manners"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-avclub_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-avclub_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-avclub_8-2"},{"link_name":"\"'Signs & Wonders'/'Sein Und Zeit' \| The X-Files/Millennium\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.avclub.com/articles/signs-wonderssein-und-zeit,89728/"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"The Onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The X-Files: The Complete Seventh Season\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200529055901/http://www.digitallyobsessed.com/displaylegacy.php?ID=4807"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.digitallyobsessed.com/displaylegacy.php?ID=4807"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kess_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shearman_11-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cinepaula_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cinepaula_12-1"},{"link_name":"Cinefantastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinefantastique"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"The X-Files – 'Sein und Zeit'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050207162740/http://space.com/sciencefiction/tv/xfiles_710_000207.html"},{"link_name":"Space.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//space.com/sciencefiction/tv/xfiles_710_000207.html"}],"text":"^ a b Shapiro, pp. 119–28.\n\n^ a b c d e Shapiro, p. 129.\n\n^ The X-Files: The Complete Seventh Season (booklet). Kim Manners, et al. Fox.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)\n\n^ a b Shapiro, p. 281.\n\n^ \"BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes\". barb.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2011. Note: Information is in the section titled \"w/e May 15–21, 2000\", listed under Sky 1\n\n^ Sein und Zeit (Promotional Flyer). Los Angeles, California: Fox Broadcasting Company. 2000.\n\n^ Kim Manners et al. The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization (DVD). FOX.\n\n^ a b c VanDerWerff, Emily (January 5, 2013). \"'Signs & Wonders'/'Sein Und Zeit' \| The X-Files/Millennium\". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved August 2, 2019.\n\n^ Rosell, Rich (27 July 2003). \"The X-Files: The Complete Seventh Season\". DigitallyObsessed. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2012.\n\n^ Kessenich, p. 111.\n\n^ Shearman and Pearson, p. 215.\n\n^ a b Vitaris, Paula (October 2000). \"The X-Files Season Seven Episode Guide\". Cinefantastique. 32 (3): 18–37.\n\n^ Silber, Kenneth (25 August 2000). \"The X-Files – 'Sein und Zeit'\". Space.com. TechMediaNetwork. Archived from the original on February 7, 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2012.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/examinationsunau0000kess"},{"link_name":"Trafford Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafford_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55369-812-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55369-812-6"},{"link_name":"All Things: The Official Guide to the X-Files Volume 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/allthings00shap"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-107611-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-107611-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9759446-9-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9759446-9-1"}],"text":"Kessenich, Tom (2002). Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55369-812-6.\nShapiro, Marc (2000). All Things: The Official Guide to the X-Files Volume 6. Harper Prism. ISBN 0-06-107611-2.\nShearman, Robert; Pearson, Lars (2009). Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen. Mad Norwegian Press. ISBN 978-0-9759446-9-1.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"The X-Files: The Complete Seventh Season (booklet). Kim Manners, et al. Fox.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_7","url_text":"The X-Files: The Complete Seventh Season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Manners","url_text":"Kim Manners"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Fox"}]},{"reference":"\"BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes\". barb.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-top-10/?","url_text":"\"BARB's multichannel top 10 programmes\""}]},{"reference":"Sein und Zeit (Promotional Flyer). Los Angeles, California: Fox Broadcasting Company. 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://i550.photobucket.com/albums/ii421/maurisap/xfiles%20forum/117theygotobed.jpg","url_text":"Sein und Zeit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California","url_text":"Los Angeles, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"Fox Broadcasting Company"}]},{"reference":"Kim Manners et al. The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization (DVD). FOX.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Manners","url_text":"Kim Manners"}]},{"reference":"VanDerWerff, Emily (January 5, 2013). \"'Signs & Wonders'/'Sein Und Zeit' \| The X-Files/Millennium\". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved August 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/signs-wonderssein-und-zeit,89728/","url_text":"\"'Signs & Wonders'/'Sein Und Zeit' \| The X-Files/Millennium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion","url_text":"The Onion"}]},{"reference":"Rosell, Rich (27 July 2003). \"The X-Files: The Complete Seventh Season\". DigitallyObsessed. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200529055901/http://www.digitallyobsessed.com/displaylegacy.php?ID=4807","url_text":"\"The X-Files: The Complete Seventh Season\""},{"url":"http://www.digitallyobsessed.com/displaylegacy.php?ID=4807","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vitaris, Paula (October 2000). \"The X-Files Season Seven Episode Guide\". Cinefantastique. 32 (3): 18–37.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinefantastique","url_text":"Cinefantastique"}]},{"reference":"Silber, Kenneth (25 August 2000). \"The X-Files – 'Sein und Zeit'\". Space.com. TechMediaNetwork. Archived from the original on February 7, 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050207162740/http://space.com/sciencefiction/tv/xfiles_710_000207.html","url_text":"\"The X-Files – 'Sein und Zeit'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com","url_text":"Space.com"},{"url":"http://space.com/sciencefiction/tv/xfiles_710_000207.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kessenich, Tom (2002). Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55369-812-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/examinationsunau0000kess","url_text":"Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafford_Publishing","url_text":"Trafford Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55369-812-6","url_text":"1-55369-812-6"}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, Marc (2000). All Things: The Official Guide to the X-Files Volume 6. Harper Prism. ISBN 0-06-107611-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/allthings00shap","url_text":"All Things: The Official Guide to the X-Files Volume 6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-107611-2","url_text":"0-06-107611-2"}]},{"reference":"Shearman, Robert; Pearson, Lars (2009). Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen. Mad Norwegian Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermogenianus_(jurist)	Hermogenian	["1 Legal scholar","2 Public servant","3 Career","4 Legacy","5 Notes"]	Roman jurist and public servant Aurelius Hermogenianus, or Hermogenian, was an eminent Roman jurist and public servant of the age of Diocletian and his fellow tetrarchs. Legal scholar The compiler of the eponymous Codex Hermogenianus, which collects imperial laws of the years AD 293–94, has long been identified with Hermogenianus, author of the six-book Iuris epitomae (Summaries of the law), a synopsis of classical legal thought. This manual, which followed the arrangement of the Praetor's Edict, survives in 106 excerpts in Justinian's Digest or Pandects. The excerpts are reassembled according to an approximation of their original order in Otto Lenel's Palingenesia and an English translation can be constructed by reference to Watson's edition of the Digest. It is clear from his last place in the index to the Florentine Digest, that Hermogenian belonged to the last generation of jurists exploited by Justinian's compilers. References to plural principes and imperatores in several Digest extracts from the Iuris epitomae are certainly consistent with a tetrarchic date. It is probably on this work that his subsequent high reputation was based; the fifth-century author Coelius Sedulius calls Hermogenian a doctissimus iurislator ('most learned relator of the law') and it is probably of the Iuris epitomae (rather than the Codex) that the same author claims that he produced three editions. By analysing the style of the surviving extracts of the Iuris epitomae Tony Honoré has identified Hermogenian also as the drafter of the emperor Diocletian's rescripts (replies to petitions) from the beginning of AD 293 to the end of 294, a task that would have been the job of the emperor's (procurator) a libellis or magister libellorum (master of petitions). These rescripts formed the core of his compilation of imperial laws, the single-book codex that bore his name, which was perhaps designed to function as a supplement to the Codex Gregorianus that itself had gathered up material from as far back as the emperor Hadrian. Certainly, the two works are closely linked in subsequent citations, the Hermogenian always after the Gregorian. Public servant More recently the legal scholar has been identified with the Aur(elius) Herenianus, revealed as co-author with his senior colleague as praetorian prefect, Julius Asclepiodotus, of an inscribed dedication to Constantius as Caesar (AD 293/305), unearthed at Brixia (modern Brescia) in northern Italy in 1983. At this stage, given his title vir eminentissimus (in contrast to his colleague's clarissimus), Hermogenian still belonged to the equestrian order. As happened to a number of senior equestrian prefects of the period, at some point subsequently during Diocletian's reign, he was promoted to the senate, as witnessed by his tenure of the senatorial post of proconsul Asia, in which capacity he put up a dedication to Diocletian or his colleague Maximian at Ilium (Troy) sometime before 305. Benet Salway suggests identifying Hermogenianus with the Aurelius Hermogenes who served as praefectus urbi of Rome in 309–310, citing the possibility of a corruption in the text of the Chronograph of 354. Career Correlating the ascertainable dates for his attested posts with their conventional hierarchical order, Hermogenian's known career has been reconstructed as follows: magister libellorum or a libellis (293–295) praetorian prefect (295-?300) publishes Codex Hermogenianus proconsul of Asia (one or two years between 300 and 305) publishes Iuris epitomarum libri VI Legacy According to Honoré, he is important as the first Roman lawyer who made an effort to reduce the law to a small number of basic principles, such as respect for the individual will, from which solutions to concrete problems could be deduced. Both his works were exploited for Justinian's codificatory project in the late 520s and early 530s: Hermogenian's Codex formed a major component of the Codex Justinianeus and his Iuris epitomae were excerpted for the Digest. In this form they became authoritative sources of law for the post-Justinianic empire and the revived medieval and early modern Roman law tradition based on the Corpus Juris Civilis, in which his ideas were further developed by the natural law and historical schools of jurisprudence from the 17th century onwards. Notes ^ a b Honoré, Anthony Maurice, "Aurelius (?) Hermogenianus", Oxford Classical Dictionary ^ Jones, Arnold Hugh (Hugo) Martin; Martindale, John R.; Morris, John (1971), Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire vol. 1, A.D.260–395, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-07233-5, Hannibalianus 3. ^ Digest. 1.5.2 (Hermogenianus, lib. I iuris epit.): Cum igitur hominum causa omne ius constitutum sit, primo de personarum statu ac post de ceteris, ordinem edicti perpetui secuti et his proximos atque coniunctos applicantes titulos ut res patitur, diximus. ^ Liebs, Detlef (1964), Hermogenians Iuris Epitome, Göttingen{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link); Dovere, Elio (2005), De iure: l'esordio delle Epitomi di Ermogeniano, Naples{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), with palingenesia, pp. 115–130. ^ Lenel, Otto (1889), Palingenesia Iuris Civilis. Iuris consultorum reliquiae quae Justiniani digestis continentur, ceteraque iuris prudentiae civilis fragmenta minora secundum auctores et libros, vol. 1, Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, pp. 265–278, with Supplementum in Sierl, Lorenz E. (1960), Nachträge zu Lenel's Palingenesia iuris civilis anhand der Papyri, Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt; Watson, Alan, ed. (2009), The Digest of Justinian, Revised edition, vol. 1, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-2033-9, vol. 2, ISBN 978-0-8122-2034-6, vol. 3, ISBN 978-0-8122-2035-3, Watson, Alan (March 2009), vol.4, University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, ISBN 978-0-8122-2036-0. ^ Digest. 28.1.41, 39.4.10, and 49.14.46. ^ Sedulius, Opus Paschale: Epistula ad Macedonium altera (Panagl, Victoria, ed. (2007), Sedulii Opera omnia: una cum excerptis ex Remigii expositione in Sedulii paschale carmen, recensuit et commentario critico instruxit Iohannes Huemer, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, vol. 10, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ISBN 978-3-7001-3681-1), p. 172, lines 10–11: Cognoscant Hermogenianum, doctissimum iurislatorem, tres editiones sui operis confecisse. ^ Honoré, Anthony Maurice (1994), Emperors and Lawyers, Second edition, completely revised, with a Palingenesia of Third-Century Imperial Rescripts 193–305 AD, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-825769-1, pp. 163–80, 191 – secretary No 20. ^ Année Epigraphique 1987, 456 : lavio V\| Constan\| fortissim\| nobiliss(imo) Caulius Asclepio\| v(ir) c(larissimus) et Aur(elius) Herenianus v(ir) \| praeff(ecti) prae\| d(evoti) n(umini) m(aiestati)q(ue) eius. See Chastagnol, André (1989), "Un nouveau préfet du prétoire de Dioclétien: Aurelius Hermogenianus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 78: 165–68, JSTOR 20187130. ^ E.gg. T. Cl(audius) Aurelius Aristobulus (consul in AD 285; proconsul of Africa 290–294): Prosopographia Imperii Romani2 C 806, Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, 1 Aristobulus; Pomponius Ianuarianus (consul in AD 288; urban prefect AD 288–289): PIR2 P 722, PLRE, 1 Ianuarianus 2; Afranius Hannibalianus (consul AD 292, urban prefect AD 297): PIR2 A 444, PLRE, 1 Hannibalianus 3. ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum III 7069 = Frisch, Peter (1975), Die Inschriften von Ilion, Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, vol. 3, Bonn: Habelt, ISBN 978-3-7749-1211-3, No 98, with Tafel 19: rov victorurelio Vlici Aug(usto) vac. \| M(arcus)? A]ur(elius) Hermogeoconsul vac. . ^ Salway, pp. 129–130 ^ Salway, Benet (2006), "Equestrian prefects and the award of senatorial honours from the Severans to Constantine", in Kolb, Anne (ed.), Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis: Konzepte, Prinzipien und Strategien der Administration im römischen Kaiserreich: Akten der Tagung an der Universität Zürich, 18.-20. 10. 2004, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, pp. 115–135, ISBN 978-3-05-004149-0, at p. 130. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 5 WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biog-1"}],"text":"Aurelius Hermogenianus, or Hermogenian, was an eminent Roman jurist and public servant of the age of Diocletian and his fellow tetrarchs.[1]","title":"Hermogenian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Codex Hermogenianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Hermogenianus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Praetor's Edict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor%27s_Edict"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Justinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian"},{"link_name":"Pandects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandects"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Coelius Sedulius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelius_Sedulius"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tony Honoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Honor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Codex Gregorianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Gregorianus"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Hermogenianus#Reception"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The compiler of the eponymous Codex Hermogenianus, which collects imperial laws of the years AD 293–94, has long been identified with Hermogenianus, author of the six-book Iuris epitomae (Summaries of the law), a synopsis of classical legal thought.[2] This manual, which followed the arrangement of the Praetor's Edict,[3] survives in 106 excerpts in Justinian's Digest or Pandects.[4] The excerpts are reassembled according to an approximation of their original order in Otto Lenel's Palingenesia and an English translation can be constructed by reference to Watson's edition of the Digest.[5] It is clear from his last place in the index to the Florentine Digest, that Hermogenian belonged to the last generation of jurists exploited by Justinian's compilers. References to plural principes and imperatores in several Digest extracts from the Iuris epitomae are certainly consistent with a tetrarchic date.[6] It is probably on this work that his subsequent high reputation was based; the fifth-century author Coelius Sedulius calls Hermogenian a doctissimus iurislator ('most learned relator of the law') and it is probably of the Iuris epitomae (rather than the Codex) that the same author claims that he produced three editions.[7] By analysing the style of the surviving extracts of the Iuris epitomae Tony Honoré has identified Hermogenian also as the drafter of the emperor Diocletian's rescripts (replies to petitions) from the beginning of AD 293 to the end of 294, a task that would have been the job of the emperor's (procurator) a libellis or magister libellorum (master of petitions). 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Hermogenianus\", Oxford Classical Dictionary\n\n^ Jones, Arnold Hugh (Hugo) Martin; Martindale, John R.; Morris, John (1971), Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire vol. 1, A.D.260–395, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-07233-5, Hannibalianus 3.\n\n^ Digest. 1.5.2 (Hermogenianus, lib. I iuris epit.): Cum igitur hominum causa omne ius constitutum sit, primo de personarum statu ac post de ceteris, ordinem edicti perpetui secuti et his proximos atque coniunctos applicantes titulos ut res patitur, diximus.\n\n^ Liebs, Detlef (1964), Hermogenians Iuris Epitome, Göttingen{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link); Dovere, Elio (2005), De iure: l'esordio delle Epitomi di Ermogeniano, Naples{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), with palingenesia, pp. 115–130.\n\n^ Lenel, Otto (1889), Palingenesia Iuris Civilis. Iuris consultorum reliquiae quae Justiniani digestis continentur, ceteraque iuris prudentiae civilis fragmenta minora secundum auctores et libros, vol. 1, Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, pp. 265–278, with Supplementum in Sierl, Lorenz E. (1960), Nachträge zu Lenel's Palingenesia iuris civilis anhand der Papyri, Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt; Watson, Alan, ed. (2009), The Digest of Justinian, Revised edition, vol. 1, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-2033-9, vol. 2, ISBN 978-0-8122-2034-6, vol. 3, ISBN 978-0-8122-2035-3, Watson, Alan (March 2009), vol.4, University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, ISBN 978-0-8122-2036-0.\n\n^ Digest. 28.1.41, 39.4.10, and 49.14.46.\n\n^ Sedulius, Opus Paschale: Epistula ad Macedonium altera (Panagl, Victoria, ed. (2007), Sedulii Opera omnia: una cum excerptis ex Remigii expositione in Sedulii paschale carmen, recensuit et commentario critico instruxit Iohannes Huemer, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, vol. 10, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ISBN 978-3-7001-3681-1), p. 172, lines 10–11: Cognoscant Hermogenianum, doctissimum iurislatorem, tres editiones sui operis confecisse.\n\n^ Honoré, Anthony Maurice (1994), Emperors and Lawyers, Second edition, completely revised, with a Palingenesia of Third-Century Imperial Rescripts 193–305 AD, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-825769-1, pp. 163–80, 191 – secretary No 20.\n\n^ Année Epigraphique 1987, 456 [Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg HD008755; Epigraphic Database Roma EDR080551]: [F]lavio V[alerio]\| Constan[tio]\| fortissim[o ac]\| nobiliss(imo) Ca[es(ari) \| I]ulius Asclepio[dotus]\| v(ir) c(larissimus) et Aur(elius) Her[mo\|g]enianus v(ir) [em(inentissimus)]\| praeff(ecti) prae[t(orio)]\| d(evoti) n(umini) m(aiestati)q(ue) eius. See Chastagnol, André (1989), \"Un nouveau préfet du prétoire de Dioclétien: Aurelius Hermogenianus\", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 78: 165–68, JSTOR 20187130.\n\n^ E.gg. T. Cl(audius) Aurelius Aristobulus (consul in AD 285; proconsul of Africa 290–294): Prosopographia Imperii Romani2 C 806, Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, 1 Aristobulus; Pomponius Ianuarianus (consul in AD 288; urban prefect AD 288–289): PIR2 P 722, PLRE, 1 Ianuarianus 2; Afranius Hannibalianus (consul AD 292, urban prefect AD 297): PIR2 A 444, PLRE, 1 Hannibalianus 3.\n\n^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum III 7069 = Frisch, Peter (1975), Die Inschriften von Ilion, Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, vol. 3, Bonn: Habelt, ISBN 978-3-7749-1211-3, No 98, with Tafel 19: [D(omino) n(ostro) p]rov[identissimo \| ac] victor[iosissimo principi (or imp(eratori) Caes(ari)) \| C(aio) (or M(arco)) A]urelio V[alerio Diocletiano or Maximiano pio \| fe]lici Aug(usto) vac. \| M(arcus)? A]ur(elius) Hermoge[nianus v(ir) c(larissimus) \| pr]oconsul vac. [d(evotus) n(umini) m(aiestati)q(ue) e(ius)].\n\n^ Salway, pp. 129–130\n\n^ Salway, Benet (2006), \"Equestrian prefects and the award of senatorial honours from the Severans to Constantine\", in Kolb, Anne (ed.), Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis: Konzepte, Prinzipien und Strategien der Administration im römischen Kaiserreich: Akten der Tagung an der Universität Zürich, 18.-20. 10. 2004, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, pp. 115–135, ISBN 978-3-05-004149-0, at p. 130.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\n2\n3\n4\n5\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Honoré, Anthony Maurice, \"Aurelius (?) Hermogenianus\", Oxford Classical Dictionary","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095932873","url_text":"\"Aurelius (?) 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabiana_Murer	Fabiana Murer	["1 Career","2 Achievements","3 Personal bests","4 References","5 External links"]	Brazilian pole vaulter Fabiana MurerPersonal informationFull nameFabiana de Almeida MurerBorn (1981-03-16) 16 March 1981 (age 43)Campinas, São Paulo, BrazilHeight1.72 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)Weight57 kg (126 lb)SportCountry BrazilSportAthleticsEventPole vaultCoached byVitaly Petrov, Élson de Souza Medal record World Championships 2011 Daegu Pole vault 2015 Beijing Pole vault World Indoor Championships 2010 Doha Pole vault 2008 Valencia Pole vault Pan American Games 2007 Rio de Janeiro Pole vault 2011 Guadalajara Pole vault 2015 Toronto Pole vault South American Games 2014 Santiago Pole vault South American Championships 2006 Tunja Pole vault 2007 São Paulo Pole vault 2009 Lima Pole vault 2011 Buenos Aires Pole vault 2005 Cali Pole vault Updated on 26 August 2015 Fabiana de Almeida Murer (born 16 March 1981) is a retired Brazilian pole vaulter. She holds the South American record in the event with an indoor best of 4.82 m and an outdoor best of 4.87 m, making her the fourth highest vaulter ever at the time, now the eighth. She won the gold medal at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships and also won at the 2007 Pan American Games. Murer represented Brazil at the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. She is a four-time South American Champion with wins in 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2011. Murer was coached by both the Ukrainian Vitaly Petrov, who managed the world record holders Sergei Bubka and Yelena Isinbayeva, and her husband, Élson Miranda de Souza, a former vaulter himself. Career Murer set an outdoor personal best of 4.80 metres in June 2008 in São Paulo. This was a South American record. She finished tenth at the 2008 Summer Olympics with a vault of 4.50 m, unable to scale the heights that she had in June. During the competition, the organization lost one of Murer's poles, causing her to underperform as she spent over 10 minutes trying to get the pole back. She improved her outdoor record to 4.82 m in June 2009 at the Troféu Brasil Caixa de Atletismo meet. She made the jump en route to winning her fifth Brazilian championships in the event, breaking the area record for the eleventh time and placing joint sixth in the all-time lists. She competed at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin but she failed to match her early season form, finishing with a best clearance of 4.55 m. She improved to 4.60 m at the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final, winning the silver medal. At the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships, Murer took advantage of Yelena Isinbayeva's failure at 4.75 m and continued at 4.80 m, clearing first time and winning her first global championships. Murer improved her indoor mark to 4.83 m at the Grand Prix in Birmingham, United Kingdom. She further improved her outdoor record in June to 4.85 m at the 2010 Ibero-American Championships in San Fernando, Spain. This mark placed her as the fourth greatest pole vaulter on the all-time lists, and she then attempted 4.93 m, but failed three times. She was dominant on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit, winning three out of the six diamond race events. Her vault of 4.81 m to win at the Weltklasse Zurich meeting made her the inaugural Diamond League winner of the women's pole vault. She was selected to represent the Americas team at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup and although she won the bronze medal, her mark of 4.50 m was far from her year's best. She retained her national title at the Troféu Brasil de Atletismo, vaulting 4.70 m to bring a close to her season. Murer celebrating her title at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics In 2011, Murer became the first Brazilian to win the IAAF World Championship, vaulting 4.85 m at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu. Despite high expectations for the 2012 Summer Olympics, Murer did not qualify for the finals. She failed on the first two attempts for 4.55 m, and gave up on the last complaining about unfavorable wind conditions. In 2014 Murer won the second Diamond League circuit, winning four out of the seven diamond race events. Up until 2015 Murer's post-Olympics performances were underwhelming. Then she earned a silver medal at both the 2015 Pan American Games and the 2015 World Championships in Athletics, surpassed only by the Cuban Yarisley Silva. In the latter, Murer reached again her personal best of 4.85 m. On July 3, 2016, she vaulted 4.87 m at the Troféu Brasil de Atletismo in São Bernardo do Campo, Brazilian athletics trials to Rio 2016, improving her own Brazilian and South American records again. That same month, after attending the Herculis Diamond League meet, Murer felt pain in the neck. Despite treating it, by the time of the London Grand Prix Murer was feeling a lack of strength in her arms. Tests revealed a cervical spinal disc herniation, leading Murer to go through extensive physical therapy to ensure she would perform normally during the 2016 Summer Olympics at home. Still, by the time of the Games Murer fell right in the first attempts at clearing 4.55 m. She later blamed the failure on not being fully recovered from the hernia. Achievements Year Competition Venue Position Notes 1998 South American Junior Championships Córdoba, Argentina 1st 3.52 m World Junior Championships Annecy, France 20th (q) 3.65 m 1999 South American Championships Bogotá, Colombia 3rd 3.70 m Pan American Junior Championships Tampa, United States 2nd 3.75 m Pan American Games Winnipeg, Canada 9th 3.50 m South American Junior Championships Concepción, Chile 1st 3.70 m 2000 Ibero-American Championships Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 5th 3.70 m South American Junior Championships São Leopoldo, Brazil 1st 3.75 m World Junior Championships Santiago, Chile 10th 3.70 m 2001 South American Championships Manaus, Brazil 6th 3.70 m 2004 Ibero-American Championships Huelva, Spain 8th 3.90 m 2005 South American Championships Cali, Colombia 2nd 4.00 m World Championships Helsinki, Finland 15th (q) 4.40 m 2006 World Indoor Championships Moscow, Russia 15th (q) 4.35 m Ibero-American Championships Ponce, Puerto Rico 1st 4.56 m World Athletics Final Stuttgart, Germany 5th 4.50 m World Cup Athens, Greece 2nd 4.55 m South American Championships Tunja, Colombia 1st 4.47 m 2007 South American Championships São Paulo, Brazil 1st 4.50 m CR Pan American Games Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1st 4.60 m CR World Championships Osaka, Japan 6th 4.65 m 2008 World Indoor Championships Valencia, Spain 3rd 4.70 m AR Olympic Games Beijing, China 10th 4.50 m World Athletics Final Stuttgart, Germany 6th 4.50 m 2009 South American Championships Lima, Peru 1st 4.60 m CR World Championships Berlin, Germany 5th 4.55 m 2010 World Indoor Championships Doha, Qatar 1st 4.80 m Ibero-American Championships San Fernando, Spain 1st 4.85 m AR 2011 South American Championships Buenos Aires, Argentina 1st 4.70 m CR World Championships Daegu, South Korea 1st 4.85 m =AR Pan American Games Guadalajara, Mexico 2nd 4.70 m 2012 Olympic Games London, United Kingdom 15th (q) 4.50 m 2013 World Championships Moscow, Russia 5th 4.65 m 2014 World Indoor Championships Sopot, Poland 4th 4.70 m South American Games Santiago, Chile 1st 4.40 m 2015 Pan American Games Toronto, Canada 2nd 4.80 m World Championships Beijing, China 2nd 4.85 m =AR 2016 World Indoor Championships Portland, United States 6th 4.60 m Ibero-American Championships Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1st 4.60 m Olympic Games Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – NM Personal bests Event Height (m) Venue Date Pole vault, indoor 4.83 AR Nevers, France 7 February 2015 Pole vault, outdoor 4.87 AR São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil 3 July 2016 All information taken from IAAF Profile. References ^ A Equipe - Atletas Feminino - Perfil - Fabiana Murer (in Portuguese), Clube de Atletismo BM&F Bovespa, archived from the original on March 17, 2018, retrieved April 17, 2014 ^ Biscayart, Eduardo (2008-06-30).iaaf.org – Murer vaults to South American record of 4.80m at Troféu Brasil. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-06-09. ^ "Isinbayeva wins with new record". BBC. 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2008-08-18. ^ "Após sumiço de vara, Murer fica longe do pódio e critica organização" (in Portuguese). UOL. 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2008-08-18. ^ Biscayart, Eduardo (2009-06-08). Murer vaults to world leading 4.82m at Brazilian nationals. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-06-09. ^ Landells, Steve (2009-08-17). Event Report – Women's Pole Vault – Final Archived 2009-08-20 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-08-16. ^ Ramsak, Bob (2010-03-14). Doha 2010 – Murer upgrades to gold in women's Pole Vault. IAAF. Retrieved on 2010-06-07. ^ Murer breaks indoor south american record. Retrieved on 2010-03-31. ^ Valiente, Emeterio (2010-06-07). Murer vaults 4.85m Area Record as Cuba and Spain dominate in San Fernando – Ibero-American Championships report. IAAF. Retrieved on 2010-06-07. ^ Mulkeen, Jon (2010-09-04). EVENT Report – Women's Pole Vault. IAAF. Retrieved on 2010-09-22. ^ Biscayart, Eduardo (2010-09-20). Murer vaults 4.70m at Brazilian championships. IAAF. Retrieved on 2010-09-22. ^ Gains, Paul. (2011-08-30). Murer: ‘I was prepared for these championships’ Archived 2011-09-16 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF. Retrieved on 2011-08-30. ^ Fabiana Murer é campeã mundial. Globo Esporte ^ Fabiana Murer reclama do vento, mas assume culpa por eliminação precoce, Folha de S.Paulo ^ "2014, ANO DO BICAMPEONATO DA DIAMOND LEAGUE". Globoesporte (in Portuguese). September 30, 2014. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2015. ^ SILVA SOARS TO WORLD-LEADING 4.85M AT PAN AMERICAN GAMES ^ Fabiana Murer pode transformar a prata de Pequim em ouro na Rio-2016? ^ Biscayart, Eduardo. "MURER SOARS OVER SOUTH AMERICAN RECORD OF 4.87M AT BRAZILIAN CHAMPIONSHIPS". IAAF. Retrieved July 3, 2016. ^ Fabiana Murer says she discovered a hernia and is doing physiotherapy for the Olympics ^ Murer points to slipped disc as the cause of elimination ^ Fabiana Murer at World Athletics Retrieved on 31 May 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fabiana Murer. Fabiana Murer at World Athletics Focus on Athletes article from IAAF In-depth article from IAAF Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Fabiana Murer". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Tilastopaja biography Awards Preceded bySarah Menezes Brazilian Sportswomen of the Year 2010–2011 Succeeded bySheilla Castro vteWorld champions in women's pole vault 1999: Stacy Dragila (USA) 2001: Stacy Dragila (USA) 2003: Svetlana Feofanova (RUS) 2005: Yelena Isinbayeva (RUS) 2007: Yelena Isinbayeva (RUS) 2009: Anna Rogowska (POL) 2011: Fabiana Murer (BRA) 2013: Yelena Isinbayeva (CUB) 2015: Yarisley Silva (CUB) 2017: Katerina Stefanidi (GRE) 2019: Anzhelika Sidorova (ANA) 2022: Katie Nageotte (USA) 2023: Nina Kennedy (AUS) 2023: Katie Moon (USA) vteWorld Indoor Champions in women's pole vault 1997: Stacy Dragila (USA) 1999: Anastasija Reiberger (GER) 2001: Pavla Hamáčková-Rybová (CZE) 2003: Svetlana Feofanova (RUS) 2004: Yelena Isinbayeva (RUS) 2006: Yelena Isinbayeva (RUS) 2008: Yelena Isinbayeva (RUS) 2010: Fabiana Murer (BRA) 2012: Yelena Isinbayeva (RUS) 2014: Yarisley Silva (CUB) 2016: Jenn Suhr (USA) 2018: Sandi Morris (USA) 2022: Sandi Morris (USA) 2024: Molly Caudery (GBR) vtePan American Champions in women's pole vault 1999: Alejandra García (ARG) 2003: Melissa Mueller (USA) 2007: Fabiana Murer (BRA) 2011: Yarisley Silva (CUB) 2015: Yarisley Silva (CUB) 2019: Yarisley Silva (CUB) 2023: Bridget Williams (USA) vte Diamond League champions in women's pole vault 2010: Fabiana Murer (BRA) 2011: Silke Spiegelburg (GER) 2012: Silke Spiegelburg (GER) 2013: Silke Spiegelburg (GER) 2014: Fabiana Murer (BRA) 2015: Nikoleta Kyriakopoulou (GRE) 2016: Katerina Stefanidi (GRE) 2017: Katerina Stefanidi (GRE) 2018: Katerina Stefanidi (GRE) 2019: Katerina Stefanidi (GRE) 2020: not awarded 2021: Anzhelika Sidorova (ANA) 2022: Nina Kennedy (AUS) 2023: Katie Moon (USA) vteWorld Best Year Performance in Women's Pole Vault 1991: Zhang Chunzhen (CHN) 1992–1994: Sun Caiyun (CHN) 1995–1998: Emma George (AUS) 1999: Emma George (AUS) and Stacy Dragila (USA) 2000–2001: Stacy Dragila (USA) 2002: Svetlana Feofanova (RUS) 2003–2009: Yelena Isinbayeva (RUS) 2010–2013: Jenn Suhr (USA) 2014: Fabiana Murer (BRA) 2015: Yarisley Silva (CUB) 2016: Jenn Suhr (USA) 2017: Katerina Stefanidi (GRE) 2018: Sandi Morris (USA) 2019–2021: Anzhelika Sidorova (RUS / ANA) 2022: Katie Nageotte / Sandi Morris / Wilma Murto 2023: Katie Moon / Nina Kennedy vtePrêmio Brasil OlímpicoMen 1999: Gustavo Kuerten 2000: Gustavo Kuerten 2001: Robert Scheidt 2002: Nalbert Bitencourt 2003: Fernando Meligeni 2004: Vanderlei de Lima 2005: João Derly 2006: Giba 2007: Thiago Pereira 2008: César Cielo 2009: César Cielo 2010: Murilo Endres 2011: César Cielo 2012: Arthur Zanetti 2013: Jorge Zarif 2014: Arthur Zanetti 2015: Isaquias Queiroz 2016: Isaquias Queiroz 2017: Marcelo Melo 2018: Isaquias Queiroz 2019: Arthur Mariano 2021: Isaquias Queiroz 2022: Alison dos Santos 2023: Marcus Vinicius D'Almeida Women 1999: Maurren Maggi 2000: Leila Barros 2001: Daniele Hypólito 2002: Daniele Hypólito 2003: Daiane dos Santos 2004: Daiane dos Santos 2005: Natália Falavigna 2006: Laís Souza 2007: Jade Barbosa 2008: Maurren Maggi 2009: Sarah Menezes 2010: Fabiana Murer 2011: Fabiana Murer 2012: Sheilla Castro 2013: Poliana Okimoto 2014: Martine Grael & Kahena Kunze 2015: Ana Marcela Cunha 2016: Rafaela Silva 2017: Mayra Aguiar 2018: Ana Marcela Cunha 2019: Beatriz Ferreira 2021: Rebeca Andrade 2022: Rebeca Andrade 2023: Rebeca Andrade Fan's Choice 2014: Flávia Saraiva 2015: Thiago Pereira 2016: Rafaela Silva 2017: Caio Bonfim 2018: Henrique Avancini 2019: Hugo Calderano 2021: Fernanda Garay 2022: Hugo Calderano 2023: Flávia Saraiva Adhemar TrophyLifetime Award 2001: Nelson Prudêncio 2002: João Gonçalves Filho 2003: Amaury Pasos 2004: Maria Lenk 2005: Agberto Guimarães 2006: Aída dos Santos 2007: André Richer 2008: João Havelange 2009: Joaquim Cruz 2010: Éder Jofre 2011: Bernard Rajzman 2012: Hortência Marcari 2013: Torben Grael 2014: Vanderlei de Lima 2015: Gustavo Kuerten 2016: Bernardo Rezende 2017: Lars Grael 2018: Jackie Silva 2019: Oscar Schmidt 2021: Janeth Arcain 2022: Daiane dos Santos 2023: Chiaki Ishii Authority control databases: People World Athletics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmf_01-1"},{"link_name":"pole vaulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_vault"},{"link_name":"South American record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_American_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"fourth highest vaulter ever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_vault#Women_(comprehensive)"},{"link_name":"gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medal"},{"link_name":"2011 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"2007 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"South American Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Vitaly Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Petrov_(coach)"},{"link_name":"Sergei Bubka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Bubka"},{"link_name":"Yelena Isinbayeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Isinbayeva"}],"text":"Fabiana de Almeida Murer (born 16 March 1981[1]) is a retired Brazilian pole vaulter. She holds the South American record in the event with an indoor best of 4.82 m and an outdoor best of 4.87 m, making her the fourth highest vaulter ever at the time, now the eighth. She won the gold medal at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships and also won at the 2007 Pan American Games. Murer represented Brazil at the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. She is a four-time South American Champion with wins in 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2011. Murer was coached by both the Ukrainian Vitaly Petrov, who managed the world record holders Sergei Bubka and Yelena Isinbayeva, and her husband, Élson Miranda de Souza, a former vaulter himself.","title":"Fabiana Murer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"South American record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_American_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Troféu Brasil Caixa de Atletismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trof%C3%A9u_Brasil_Caixa_de_Atletismo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2009 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2009 IAAF World Athletics Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_IAAF_World_Athletics_Final"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"Yelena Isinbayeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Isinbayeva"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2010 Ibero-American Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Ibero-American_Championships"},{"link_name":"San Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando,_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2010 IAAF Diamond League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_IAAF_Diamond_League"},{"link_name":"Weltklasse Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltklasse_Zurich"},{"link_name":"2010 IAAF Continental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_IAAF_Continental_Cup"},{"link_name":"bronze medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_medal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fabiana_Murer_Daegu_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"2011 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"IAAF World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2011 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Diamond League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_IAAF_Diamond_League"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2015 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"2015 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Yarisley Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarisley_Silva"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Troféu Brasil de Atletismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trof%C3%A9u_Brasil_de_Atletismo"},{"link_name":"São Bernardo do Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo"},{"link_name":"Rio 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_2016"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Herculis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculis"},{"link_name":"Diamond League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_IAAF_Diamond_League"},{"link_name":"London Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"spinal disc herniation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_disc_herniation"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Murer set an outdoor personal best of 4.80 metres in June 2008 in São Paulo. This was a South American record.[2] She finished tenth at the 2008 Summer Olympics with a vault of 4.50 m, unable to scale the heights that she had in June. During the competition, the organization lost one of Murer's poles, causing her to underperform as she spent over 10 minutes trying to get the pole back.[3][4]She improved her outdoor record to 4.82 m in June 2009 at the Troféu Brasil Caixa de Atletismo meet. She made the jump en route to winning her fifth Brazilian championships in the event, breaking the area record for the eleventh time and placing joint sixth in the all-time lists.[5] She competed at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin but she failed to match her early season form, finishing with a best clearance of 4.55 m.[6] She improved to 4.60 m at the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final, winning the silver medal.At the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships, Murer took advantage of Yelena Isinbayeva's failure at 4.75 m and continued at 4.80 m, clearing first time and winning her first global championships.[7] Murer improved her indoor mark to 4.83 m at the Grand Prix in Birmingham, United Kingdom.[8] She further improved her outdoor record in June to 4.85 m at the 2010 Ibero-American Championships in San Fernando, Spain. This mark placed her as the fourth greatest pole vaulter on the all-time lists, and she then attempted 4.93 m, but failed three times.[9]She was dominant on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit, winning three out of the six diamond race events. Her vault of 4.81 m to win at the Weltklasse Zurich meeting made her the inaugural Diamond League winner of the women's pole vault. She was selected to represent the Americas team at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup and although she won the bronze medal, her mark of 4.50 m was far from her year's best.[10] She retained her national title at the Troféu Brasil de Atletismo, vaulting 4.70 m to bring a close to her season.[11]Murer celebrating her title at the 2011 World Championships in AthleticsIn 2011, Murer became the first Brazilian to win the IAAF World Championship, vaulting 4.85 m at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu.[12][13]Despite high expectations for the 2012 Summer Olympics, Murer did not qualify for the finals. She failed on the first two attempts for 4.55 m, and gave up on the last complaining about unfavorable wind conditions.[14]In 2014 Murer won the second Diamond League circuit, winning four out of the seven diamond race events.[15]Up until 2015 Murer's post-Olympics performances were underwhelming. Then she earned a silver medal at both the 2015 Pan American Games and the 2015 World Championships in Athletics, surpassed only by the Cuban Yarisley Silva. In the latter, Murer reached again her personal best of 4.85 m.[16][17]On July 3, 2016, she vaulted 4.87 m at the Troféu Brasil de Atletismo in São Bernardo do Campo, Brazilian athletics trials to Rio 2016, improving her own Brazilian and South American records again.[18] That same month, after attending the Herculis Diamond League meet, Murer felt pain in the neck. Despite treating it, by the time of the London Grand Prix Murer was feeling a lack of strength in her arms. Tests revealed a cervical spinal disc herniation, leading Murer to go through extensive physical therapy to ensure she would perform normally during the 2016 Summer Olympics at home.[19] Still, by the time of the Games Murer fell right in the first attempts at clearing 4.55 m. She later blamed the failure on not being fully recovered from the hernia.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"All information taken from IAAF Profile.[21]","title":"Personal bests"}]	[{"image_text":"Murer celebrating her title at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fabiana_Murer_Daegu_2011.jpg/220px-Fabiana_Murer_Daegu_2011.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"A Equipe - Atletas Feminino - Perfil - Fabiana Murer (in Portuguese), Clube de Atletismo BM&F Bovespa, archived from the original on March 17, 2018, retrieved April 17, 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035639/http://www.clubedeatletismo.org.br/bmf-bovespa/feminino/fabiana-murer-campea-mundial-indoor-e-da-diamond-leaguerecordista-192539-1.asp","url_text":"A Equipe - Atletas Feminino - Perfil - Fabiana Murer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BM%26F_Bovespa","url_text":"BM&F Bovespa"},{"url":"http://www.clubedeatletismo.org.br/bmf-bovespa/feminino/fabiana-murer-campea-mundial-indoor-e-da-diamond-leaguerecordista-192539-1.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Isinbayeva wins with new record\". BBC. 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2008-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/athletics/7568077.stm","url_text":"\"Isinbayeva wins with new record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Após sumiço de vara, Murer fica longe do pódio e critica organização\" (in Portuguese). UOL. 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2008-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://olimpiadas.uol.com.br/ultimas/2008/08/18/ult5584u4799.jhtm","url_text":"\"Após sumiço de vara, Murer fica longe do pódio e critica organização\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo_Online","url_text":"UOL"}]},{"reference":"\"2014, ANO DO BICAMPEONATO DA DIAMOND LEAGUE\". Globoesporte (in Portuguese). September 30, 2014. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151127015505/http://www.fabianamurer.com.br/historia/2014-bi-da-diamond-league","url_text":"\"2014, ANO DO BICAMPEONATO DA DIAMOND LEAGUE\""},{"url":"http://www.fabianamurer.com.br/historia/2014-bi-da-diamond-league","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Biscayart, Eduardo. \"MURER SOARS OVER SOUTH AMERICAN RECORD OF 4.87M AT BRAZILIAN CHAMPIONSHIPS\". IAAF. Retrieved July 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/fabiana-murer-pole-vault","url_text":"\"MURER SOARS OVER SOUTH AMERICAN RECORD OF 4.87M AT BRAZILIAN CHAMPIONSHIPS\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Fabiana Murer\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417172039/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/fabiana-murer-1.html","url_text":"\"Fabiana Murer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/fabiana-murer-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035639/http://www.clubedeatletismo.org.br/bmf-bovespa/feminino/fabiana-murer-campea-mundial-indoor-e-da-diamond-leaguerecordista-192539-1.asp","external_links_name":"A Equipe - Atletas Feminino - Perfil - Fabiana Murer"},{"Link":"http://www.clubedeatletismo.org.br/bmf-bovespa/feminino/fabiana-murer-campea-mundial-indoor-e-da-diamond-leaguerecordista-192539-1.asp","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktar_Martinowich	Victor Martinovich	["1 Biography","2 Fiction novels","2.1 Paranoia","2.2 Cold Paradise","2.3 Sphagnum","2.4 Mova","2.5 Lake of Joy","2.6 Night","2.7 Revolution","3 Awarded translations","4 Art history","5 Film adaptations","6 Drama","7 Bibliography","8 Translations","9 References"]	Belarusian writer, journalist and art critic Victor MartinovichMartinovich signing his book Paranoia, Literaturhaus Zürich, April 8, 2015Native nameВіктар МарціновічBorn (1977-09-09) September 9, 1977 (age 46)Ashmyany, BelarusOccupationWriter, journalist, art criticAlma materBelarusian State University (PhD) Vilnius Academy of Arts (PhD)GenreAntiutopia, adventure, detectiveYears active2009-presentWebsitemartinovich.by Viсtor Martinovich (also Viktar Martsinovich; Belarusian: Віктар Вале́р'евіч Марціновіч, Viktar Marcinovič, Russian: Ви́ктор Вале́рьевич Мартино́вич; born (1977-09-09)September 9, 1977) is a Belarusian writer and art historian. Biography Victor Martinovich was born in Ashmyany, Belarus. In 1999 he graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Belarusian State University (BSU), and in 2002 he obtained a PhD from BSU with a thesis about the Vitebsk avant-garde art in Soviet newspapers of the 1920s. From 2002 to 2015, he was a deputy editor-in-chief of the BelGazeta newspaper. On June 27, 2008, at the Vilnius Academy of Arts (Lithuania), he defended his PhD thesis on the topic "Vitebsk avant-garde (1918-1922): socio-cultural context and art criticism". He is an associate professor at the European Humanities University (Vilnius, Lithuania). Martinovich is an author of 6 fiction novels, 7 plays, 1 non-fiction books, numerous academic articles and essays. Fiction novels Since 2009, Martinovich has written 6 novels. The novels were written in Belarusian or Russian alternately. Most of the novels have also been translated and published in the US, Germany, Sweden, Finland, and Latvia. Martinovich's books received attention and awards from Belarusian and Russian literature societies, among others he received the Encouragement Award of the European Science Fiction Society in 2014. Paranoia His first fiction book, Paranoia, was published in 2009. The book was published in Russia (AST Publishing) and was banned for sale in Belarus. The text was positively reviewed in the New York Review in 2010 by Timothy Snyder. and in the New York Times in 2013 by Arkady Ostrovsky. In 2012, Paranoia was published in Finland. In 2013, North Western University Press published an English translation of Paranoia, prepared by Diane Nemec Ignashev, Professor of Slavic Literature at Carleton University. The foreword to the book was written by Timothy Snyder. In 2014, German translation of the book is published by Voland und Quist and received positive reviews in Frankfurter Allgemeine zeitung, Tagesspiegel, and German Culture radio. Cold Paradise The second fiction novel by Martinovich, Cold Paradise, has been published as e-release in Belarusian language on the label Piarshak. Cold Paradise is a political thriller and literary puzzle simultaneously. It tells a story of a girl who fled from the country after a long hunt by local secret services. Narration guides the reader through the series of episodes that totally destroy the first impression of what started like a nice love story. In 2012, Martinovich was recognized with the Debut Literary Award named after Maksim Bahdanovich in prose for his novel Cold Paradise. Sphagnum His third fiction book, Sphagnum, was presented to public 2013 in Belarusian (in translation of Vital Ryzhkou) and in Russian. It became best-selling novel in Belarusian language, leader of the charts during couple of months. Together with good sales it received positive critics inside Belarus. Agents and publishers have called this novel “Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels in the Belarusian province” and put into the “gangster comedy” niche, but it's also intellectual “anti-detective” story. Mova Martinovich's next novel, Mova, is a social dystopia written and released in Belarusian in 2014. It was later translated into Russian. In 2016 it was published in German in Voland und Quist in translation by Thomas Weiler. In 2018 the novel was republished by btb (Penguin Random House). The novel depicts Minsk in the year 2044 as a provincial town in the north-west of the United States of China and Russia. Family and love are considered to be out-dated concepts, spiritual needs are fulfilled by consuming and advertising. Despite draconian punishments a particular drug somehow and repeatedly manages to get into the country: mova ("mova" means a language in Belarusian). Anyone who reads a note in mova hardly understands a word, but experiences a wonderfully euphoric high. Lake of Joy The novel Lake of Joy was written in Russian and published by liberal and pro-european Russian publishing house Vremia, well-known for it's work with a Nobel Prize laureate Svetlana Alexievich and dissident literature. The book has been called by some critics a coming-of-age novel. It tells a story about belarusian girl Yasya, who wends her wondrous way between the sleeping Tsarina Agna and the lunar crater Lacus Gaudii, struggling to get out of her messed-up life and into a more human, even if not brighter, future. In 2018 Lake of Joy was screened by the German director of Belarusian origin Alexei Paluyan. The film received numerous European awards and after the victory at L.A. Shorts was nominated for Oscar 2021. In February 2021 it was long-listed for Oscar 2021. Night The novel "Night" was released in 2018 in Belarusian, later published in translation edited by Elena Shubina of AST publishing house (Moscow). On the publisher's website, the novel is described as follows: "Night is both an anti-utopia, a novel-travelogue and a novel-game. The world is plunged into an endless cold night. In the free town of Grushevka, water is on a schedule, the only newspaper "Gazeta" is copied and the compass does not work. The protagonist Knizhnik is the owner of the town's only library and last dog. Taking a map of the new world and a volume of Herodotus, Knizhnik sets out to find the woman he loves, who at the time of the blackout was in Nepal..." Revolution Martinovich began working on the novel Revolution in the early 2010s, and the book was published in Belarus in 2020, and in the Russian publishing house Vremya in 2021. The novel tells a story of a professor at a private Moscow university who unwillingly becomes a member of a powerful criminal organization. An unknown organization, which knows everything about him, including his financial debts, blackmails him into carrying out "small favors". Why is anyone interested in him at all? As a professor at the university he turns free-thinking minds to a perfect fit for industry and government use. Knowledge is power. And his will to power is the only rational means by which the chaos in the nation might be controlled. That is the situation as presented to him by the godfather of the organization. He feels intellectually flattered, and carries on. In 2021, during the 2020-2021 Belarusian protests, 558 copies of his last book, Revolution, were confiscated. At the same time, Belarusian customs forbad mailing the book to any other country. Awarded translations In 2017 german translator Thomas Weiler received an award for the Straelen Translator Prize 2017 for his translation of Paranoia. The prize was presented on June 13, 2017 at the European College of Translators in Straelen by the President of the Art Foundation Dr. Fritz Behrens. The contest committee noted that "Thomas Weiler received the sponsorship award for the Straelen Translator Prize 2017 for his translation of Paranoia, a work by the Belarusian author Victor Martinovich that combines a love story and an anti-utopian dictatorship novel. Lyrisms, observation protocols, technical and official language, a romantically high tone, colloquial language, Nabokovian micro-observations, word games - the most diverse stylistic registers in Thomas Weiler are full of juice and power". In 2023, Mova, translated by Māra Poliakova and published by "Prometheus", was recognized as the winner of the Latvian Literary Award (LALIGABA) in the "Best Prose Translation in Latvian" category. The contest committee awarded Māra Poliakova "for the skillful and steady work of the translator who embodied the prophetic dystopia of the Belarusian author in Latvian, convincingly showing the coding (and narcotic) effect of language". Art history In October–December 2014, Martinovich was engaged in research work at the Institute for the Humanities in Vienna where, within the framework of the Milena Jesenská Fellowship for Journalists, he prepared a work about the Vitebsk period of Marc Chagall. In 2016 the monograph named Rodina. Marc Chagall in Vitebsk published in the publishing house of European Humanities University and in 2017 republished in the leading Russian scientific publishing house New Literary Review. In 2024, he became a Fulbright visiting professor at Hunter College in New York City, US, where he's writing a book on art history. Film adaptations In 2018 Vozera radasti , based on the novel Lake of Joy, was filmed by the German director of Belarusian origin Alexei Paluyan. The film received numerous European awards and after the victory at L.A. Shorts was nominated for Oscar 2021; in February 2021 it was longlisted for Oscar. Drama In 2014 Martinovich started a collaboration with Vienna based theater Ganymed. In 2015 his mini play The best place on Earth was staged by Ganymed in Kunsthistorisches museum inVienna as part of Ganymed Dreaming project. Mini play was dedicated to Samuel van Hoogstraten’s painting Old Man in a Window. In 2016 composed a play The Armor of God performed by Ganymed in an armory of Schloss Ambras (Innsbruk). Play was dedicated to the revolution in Ukraine. In 2017 Martinovich debuted as a playwright in Belarus with a drama Dr. Raus’ Fortune dedicated to a pioneering Slavic publisher Francysk Skaryna. The play premiered at the Theater of national drama and ran successfully until 2021 until it was canceled for censorship reasons. In 2021 Martinovich composed a mini play Child with a Child dedicated to the painting Madonna with child by Giulio Cesare Procaccini, performed by Ganymed project in Saint Petersburg's Hermitage museum in the framework of the international theater project Ermitage Flora. In 2022 Revolution, the play based on the novel of the same name, debuted in Deutsches Schauspielhaus, the biggest German language drama theater. The play is directed by Dušan David Pařízek. In 2023, the play based on Revolution debuted at Münchner Volkstheater. The play is directed by Philipp Arnold. In autumn 2023 a play dedicated to Georg Kestner’s Fabian debuted on the stage of Münchner Volkstheater. Martinovich was one of the playwrights who contributed to the text. Bibliography Революция. Москва. Время. 2021 Рэвалюцыя (Revolution). Knihazbor, Minsk 2020, ISBN 978-985-7227-71-6 Ночь. Москва. АСТ. Редакция Елены Шубиной. 2019 Ноч (Night), Knihazbor, Minsk 2018, ISBN 978-985-7207-28-2 Родина. Марк Шагал в Витебске (Homeland. Marc Chagall in Vitebsk). NLO, Moscow 2017, ISBN 978-5-4448-0563-3 Озеро радости. Москва. Время. 2016 Возера радасці (Lake of Happiness). Knihazbor, Minsk 2016, ISBN 978-985-7144-51-8 Мова 墨瓦 (Mova). Knihazbor, Minsk 2014, ISBN 978-985-7089-80-2 Cфагнум (Sphagnum). Knihazbor, Minsk 2013, ISBN 978-985-7057-63-4 Сцюдзёны вырай (Сold paradise). Piarshak, Minsk 2011 Паранойя (Paranoia). AST, Moscow 2009, ISBN 978-5-17-062385-3 Translations Paranoia. Northwestern University Press. 2013. Translated by Diane Nemec Ignashev. (in English) Paranoia. Like. 2013. Translated by Anna Taitto. (In Finnish) Paranoia. Voland & Quist. Translated by Thomas Weiler. (in German) Mova. Voland & Quist. 2016. Translated by Thomas Weiler. (in German) Paranoia. btb Verlag. 2017. Translated by Thomas Weiler. (in German) Mova. btb Verlag. 2019. Translated by Thomas Weiler. (in German) Revolution. Verlag Voland & Quist. 2021. Translated by Thomas Weiler. (in German) Nacht. Europa Verlag. Translated by Franziska Zwerg. 2023 (in German) Paranoia. Ersatz. Translated by Ann Wikström. 2023. (in Swedish) Mova 墨瓦. Prometejs. Translated by Māra Poliakova. 2023 (in Latvian) References ^ "Творческая встреча с Виктором Мартиновичем - белорусским писателем и журналистом" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2016-09-18. Retrieved 2012-06-24. ^ "Биография —". 2014-07-19. Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-09-25. ^ "Мартинович Виктор. Витебский авангард (1918-1922): социокультурный контекст и художественная критика" (in Russian). Европейский гуманитарный университет. Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2012-06-16. ^ Сьмятаньнікаў, Андрэй (2012-01-18). "Названыя 12 лепшых кніг 2011 году" (in Belarusian). Generation.by. Retrieved 2012-06-26. ^ Аксак, Валянціна (2012-03-14). "Найлепшай дэбютнай кнігай – 2011 стала..." Радыё Свабода (in Belarusian). Радио Свобода. Archived from the original on 2012-04-17. Retrieved 2012-06-13. ^ "Российская литературная премия «Национальный бестселлер»: длинный список 2013 года". Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2014-03-27. ^ European Science Fiction Society ^ "ESFS Awards 2014". 2014-08-24. ^ Snyder, Timothy (28 October 2010). "In darkest Belarus". The New York Review of Books. 57 (16). ^ Ostrovsky, Arkady (7 June 2013). "Romantically Incorrect". The New York Times. ^ "Paranoia. A Novel by Victor Martinovich". ^ Ackermann, Felix (30 March 2017). "Der Verleger, der seine eigenen Bücher verbrannte". ^ Henneberg, Nicole. "Viktor Martinowitsch mit "Paranoia": Liebe in der Diktatur". Der Tagesspiegel Online. ^ "Ток-шоу «Вырай»". 34mag.net (in Belarusian). Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ Aksak, Valiancina (14 March 2012). "Найлепшай дэбютнай кнігай – 2011 стала..." Радыё Свабода. ^ "«Сфагнум» – новы раман Віктара Марціновіча на 34mag". 34mag.net (in Belarusian). Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ "Прэм'ера рамана «Мова» Віктара Марціновіча на 34mag". 34mag.net (in Belarusian). Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ "Mova \| Voland & Quist" (in German). Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ "Viktor Martinovich Mova". Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ "Виктор Мартинович. Озеро радости: роман » Издательство «Время»". Издательство «Время» (in Russian). Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ "Ночь. Виктор Валерьевич Мартинович". ^ "Мартинович В. В. Революция » Издательство «Время»". Издательство «Время» (in Russian). Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ У выдавецтве «Кнігазбор» канфіскавалі ўсе асобнікі раману «Рэвалюцыя» Віктара Марціновіча, Радыё Свабода, 4-01-2021 ^ Беларуская мытня не прапусціла за мяжу раман Віктара Марціновіча «Рэвалюцыя», Новы час, 5-01-2021 ^ "Sponsorship award for the Straelen Translator Prize 2017 for Thomas Weiler". ^ "The Literary Award of the Year in prose was awarded to Sven Kuzmin for the novel "Beauty and Anxiety"". 30 April 2024. ^ "New Literary Review". ^ "Fulbright Visiting Scholar Program". April 2, 2024. ^ "Revolution". ^ "Revolution". ^ "Fabian". Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"}],"text":"Viсtor Martinovich (also Viktar Martsinovich; Belarusian: Віктар Вале́р'евіч Марціновіч, Viktar Marcinovič, Russian: Ви́ктор Вале́рьевич Мартино́вич; born (1977-09-09)September 9, 1977) is a Belarusian writer and art historian.","title":"Victor Martinovich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashmyany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmyany"},{"link_name":"Belarusian State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_State_University"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"BelGazeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BelGazeta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vilnius Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"European Humanities University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Humanities_University"}],"text":"Victor Martinovich was born in Ashmyany, Belarus. In 1999 he graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Belarusian State University (BSU), and in 2002 he obtained a PhD from BSU with a thesis about the Vitebsk avant-garde art in Soviet newspapers of the 1920s.[1]From 2002 to 2015, he was a deputy editor-in-chief of the BelGazeta newspaper.[2]On June 27, 2008, at the Vilnius Academy of Arts (Lithuania), he defended his PhD thesis on the topic \"Vitebsk avant-garde (1918-1922): socio-cultural context and art criticism\".[3]He is an associate professor at the European Humanities University (Vilnius, Lithuania).Martinovich is an author of 6 fiction novels, 7 plays, 1 non-fiction books, numerous academic articles and essays.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Since 2009, Martinovich has written 6 novels. The novels were written in Belarusian or Russian alternately. Most of the novels have also been translated and published in the US, Germany, Sweden, Finland, and Latvia. Martinovich's books received attention and awards from Belarusian and Russian literature societies,[4][5][6] among others he received the Encouragement Award of the European Science Fiction Society in 2014.[7][8]","title":"Fiction novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the New York Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review"},{"link_name":"Timothy Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Snyder"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Paranoia","text":"His first fiction book, Paranoia, was published in 2009. The book was published in Russia (AST Publishing) and was banned for sale in Belarus. The text was positively reviewed in the New York Review in 2010 by Timothy Snyder.[9] and in the New York Times in 2013 by Arkady Ostrovsky.[10] In 2012, Paranoia was published in Finland. In 2013, North Western University Press published an English translation of Paranoia, prepared by Diane Nemec Ignashev, Professor of Slavic Literature at Carleton University. The foreword to the book was written by Timothy Snyder.[11] In 2014, German translation of the book is published by Voland und Quist and received positive reviews in Frankfurter Allgemeine zeitung,[12] Tagesspiegel,[13] and German Culture radio.","title":"Fiction novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Cold Paradise","text":"The second fiction novel by Martinovich, Cold Paradise, has been published as e-release in Belarusian language on the label Piarshak.[14] Cold Paradise is a political thriller and literary puzzle simultaneously. It tells a story of a girl who fled from the country after a long hunt by local secret services. Narration guides the reader through the series of episodes that totally destroy the first impression of what started like a nice love story.In 2012, Martinovich was recognized with the Debut Literary Award named after Maksim Bahdanovich in prose for his novel Cold Paradise.[15]","title":"Fiction novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock,_Stock_and_Two_Smoking_Barrels"}],"sub_title":"Sphagnum","text":"His third fiction book, Sphagnum, was presented to public 2013 in Belarusian (in translation of Vital Ryzhkou) and in Russian.[16] It became best-selling novel in Belarusian language, leader of the charts during couple of months. Together with good sales it received positive critics inside Belarus. Agents and publishers have called this novel “Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels in the Belarusian province” and put into the “gangster comedy” niche, but it's also intellectual “anti-detective” story.","title":"Fiction novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Voland und Quist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voland_und_Quist&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Mova","text":"Martinovich's next novel, Mova, is a social dystopia written and released in Belarusian in 2014. It was later translated into Russian.[17] In 2016 it was published in German in Voland und Quist[18] in translation by Thomas Weiler. In 2018 the novel was republished by btb (Penguin Random House).[19] The novel depicts Minsk in the year 2044 as a provincial town in the north-west of the United States of China and Russia. Family and love are considered to be out-dated concepts, spiritual needs are fulfilled by consuming and advertising. Despite draconian punishments a particular drug somehow and repeatedly manages to get into the country: mova (\"mova\" means a language in Belarusian). Anyone who reads a note in mova hardly understands a word, but experiences a wonderfully euphoric high.","title":"Fiction novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Svetlana Alexievich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich"}],"sub_title":"Lake of Joy","text":"The novel Lake of Joy was written in Russian and published by liberal and pro-european Russian publishing house Vremia,[20] well-known for it's work with a Nobel Prize laureate Svetlana Alexievich and dissident literature.The book has been called by some critics a coming-of-age novel. It tells a story about belarusian girl Yasya, who wends her wondrous way between the sleeping Tsarina Agna and the lunar crater Lacus Gaudii, struggling to get out of her messed-up life and into a more human, even if not brighter, future.In 2018 Lake of Joy was screened by the German director of Belarusian origin Alexei Paluyan. The film received numerous European awards and after the victory at L.A. Shorts was nominated for Oscar 2021. In February 2021 it was long-listed for Oscar 2021.","title":"Fiction novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Night","text":"The novel \"Night\" was released in 2018 in Belarusian, later published in translation edited by Elena Shubina of AST publishing house (Moscow). On the publisher's website, the novel is described as follows: \"Night is both an anti-utopia, a novel-travelogue and a novel-game. The world is plunged into an endless cold night. In the free town of Grushevka, water is on a schedule, the only newspaper \"Gazeta\" is copied and the compass does not work. The protagonist Knizhnik is the owner of the town's only library and last dog. Taking a map of the new world and a volume of Herodotus, Knizhnik sets out to find the woman he loves, who at the time of the blackout was in Nepal...\"[21]","title":"Fiction novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"2020-2021 Belarusian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020-2021_Belarusian_protests"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Revolution","text":"Martinovich began working on the novel Revolution in the early 2010s, and the book was published in Belarus in 2020, and in the Russian publishing house Vremya in 2021.[22]The novel tells a story of a professor at a private Moscow university who unwillingly becomes a member of a powerful criminal organization. An unknown organization, which knows everything about him, including his financial debts, blackmails him into carrying out \"small favors\". Why is anyone interested in him at all? As a professor at the university he turns free-thinking minds to a perfect fit for industry and government use. Knowledge is power. And his will to power is the only rational means by which the chaos in the nation might be controlled. That is the situation as presented to him by the godfather of the organization. He feels intellectually flattered, and carries on.In 2021, during the 2020-2021 Belarusian protests, 558 copies of his last book, Revolution, were confiscated.[23] At the same time, Belarusian customs forbad mailing the book to any other country.[24]","title":"Fiction novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In 2017 german translator Thomas Weiler received an award for the Straelen Translator Prize 2017 for his translation of Paranoia. The prize was presented on June 13, 2017 at the European College of Translators in Straelen by the President of the Art Foundation Dr. Fritz Behrens.The contest committee noted that \"Thomas Weiler received the sponsorship award for the Straelen Translator Prize 2017 for his translation of Paranoia, a work by the Belarusian author Victor Martinovich that combines a love story and an anti-utopian dictatorship novel. Lyrisms, observation protocols, technical and official language, a romantically high tone, colloquial language, Nabokovian micro-observations, word games - the most diverse stylistic registers in Thomas Weiler are full of juice and power\".[25]In 2023, Mova, translated by Māra Poliakova and published by \"Prometheus\", was recognized as the winner of the Latvian Literary Award (LALIGABA) in the \"Best Prose Translation in Latvian\" category.[26] The contest committee awarded Māra Poliakova \"for the skillful and steady work of the translator who embodied the prophetic dystopia of the Belarusian author in Latvian, convincingly showing the coding (and narcotic) effect of language\".","title":"Awarded translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Milena Jesenská","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Jesensk%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Marc Chagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Chagall"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Fulbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright"},{"link_name":"Hunter College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In October–December 2014, Martinovich was engaged in research work at the Institute for the Humanities in Vienna where, within the framework of the Milena Jesenská Fellowship for Journalists, he prepared a work about the Vitebsk period of Marc Chagall. In 2016 the monograph named Rodina. Marc Chagall in Vitebsk published in the publishing house of European Humanities University and in 2017 republished in the leading Russian scientific publishing house New Literary Review.[27]In 2024, he became a Fulbright visiting professor at Hunter College in New York City, US, where he's writing a book on art history.[28]","title":"Art history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vozera radasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vozera_radasti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC)"}],"text":"In 2018 Vozera radasti [be], based on the novel Lake of Joy, was filmed by the German director of Belarusian origin Alexei Paluyan. The film received numerous European awards and after the victory at L.A. Shorts was nominated for Oscar 2021; in February 2021 it was longlisted for Oscar.","title":"Film adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Samuel van Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Dirksz_van_Hoogstraten"},{"link_name":"Schloss Ambras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambras_Castle"},{"link_name":"Francysk Skaryna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francysk_Skaryna"},{"link_name":"Hermitage museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Schauspielhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dušan David Pařízek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_David_Pa%C5%99%C3%ADzek"},{"link_name":"Münchner Volkstheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Volkstheater"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Münchner Volkstheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Volkstheater"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In 2014 Martinovich started a collaboration with Vienna based theater Ganymed. In 2015 his mini play The best place on Earth was staged by Ganymed in Kunsthistorisches museum inVienna as part of Ganymed Dreaming project. Mini play was dedicated to Samuel van Hoogstraten’s painting Old Man in a Window.In 2016 composed a play The Armor of God performed by Ganymed in an armory of Schloss Ambras (Innsbruk). Play was dedicated to the revolution in Ukraine.In 2017 Martinovich debuted as a playwright in Belarus with a drama Dr. Raus’ Fortune dedicated to a pioneering Slavic publisher Francysk Skaryna. The play premiered at the Theater of national drama and ran successfully until 2021 until it was canceled for censorship reasons.In 2021 Martinovich composed a mini play Child with a Child dedicated to the painting Madonna with child by Giulio Cesare Procaccini, performed by Ganymed project in Saint Petersburg's Hermitage museum in the framework of the international theater project Ermitage Flora.In 2022 Revolution, the play based on the novel of the same name, debuted in Deutsches Schauspielhaus, the biggest German language drama theater.[29] The play is directed by Dušan David Pařízek. In 2023, the play based on Revolution debuted at Münchner Volkstheater. The play is directed by Philipp Arnold.[30]In autumn 2023 a play dedicated to Georg Kestner’s Fabian debuted on the stage of Münchner Volkstheater. Martinovich was one of the playwrights who contributed to the text.[31]","title":"Drama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Революция.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//books.vremya.ru/books/7630-martinovich-v-v-revoljucija.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-985-7227-71-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-985-7227-71-6"},{"link_name":"Ночь.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ast.ru/book/noch-843614/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-985-7207-28-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-985-7207-28-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-4448-0563-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4448-0563-3"},{"link_name":"Озеро радости.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//books.vremya.ru/books/4861-viktor-martinovich-ozero-radosti-roman.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-985-7144-51-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-985-7144-51-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-985-7089-80-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-985-7089-80-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-985-7057-63-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-985-7057-63-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-17-062385-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-17-062385-3"}],"text":"Революция. Москва. Время. 2021\nРэвалюцыя (Revolution). Knihazbor, Minsk 2020, ISBN 978-985-7227-71-6\nНочь. Москва. АСТ. Редакция Елены Шубиной. 2019\nНоч (Night), Knihazbor, Minsk 2018, ISBN 978-985-7207-28-2\nРодина. Марк Шагал в Витебске (Homeland. Marc Chagall in Vitebsk). NLO, Moscow 2017, ISBN 978-5-4448-0563-3\nОзеро радости. Москва. Время. 2016\nВозера радасці (Lake of Happiness). Knihazbor, Minsk 2016, ISBN 978-985-7144-51-8\nМова 墨瓦 (Mova). Knihazbor, Minsk 2014, ISBN 978-985-7089-80-2\nCфагнум (Sphagnum). Knihazbor, Minsk 2013, ISBN 978-985-7057-63-4\nСцюдзёны вырай (Сold paradise). Piarshak, Minsk 2011\nПаранойя (Paranoia). AST, Moscow 2009, ISBN 978-5-17-062385-3","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paranoia.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.de/-/en/Victor-Martinovich/dp/0810128764/ref=sr_1_1?crid=EDOVT96YYDMS&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.vVc2U_EVyQQvMtDh9yaj8ECG_OBsKtKZgmGQpPLSD0OnshaYfMhatE_DNUNjdRJjSadIS4_cd_cTHuIxLwmjuFgGGTcCAAfLXR1yZhtV1tfkjgn3ZL87NKen88Ao1wKR_wD4jLOYbG76Szzwe2q19cUyHEm6k1hR7UdiYrqe8u1-fZ-haEzGHinMsGVXfJ279r-CmKiHwk1f4VnggQ2CXQotjuKPUfOVtb4DKrAgH8Y.3L3DCClsthJQH3OQGaslSvyInmuWMirueZLNsuvoMc4&dib_tag=se&keywords=martinovich+paranoia&qid=1712863223&s=books&sprefix=martinovich+paranoia%2Cstripbooks%2C118&sr=1-1"},{"link_name":"Paranoia.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//like.fi/kirjat/paranoia/"},{"link_name":"Paranoia.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.voland-quist.de/werke/paranoia/"},{"link_name":"Mova.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.voland-quist.de/werke/mova/"},{"link_name":"Paranoia.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.de/-/en/Viktor-Martinowitsch/dp/3442714184/ref=sr_1_4?crid=18FWC41KCA5QR&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.f9lZQLsBztj8mIBVOQWMQkans4CHehb2mXzww6Uz2vlo_Upe9kC863Mqs-zx74yp37xcQxkvT607f6yUvi2AtA.PQJpXd7FiIXFSS8C-UmAdPX7nVA_YVrrSAkVgLXINQ8&dib_tag=se&keywords=martinowitsch&qid=1714493493&s=books&sprefix=martinowitsch%2Cstripbooks%2C153&sr=1-4"},{"link_name":"Mova.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.de/-/en/Viktor-Martinowitsch/dp/3442717000/ref=sr_1_3?crid=18FWC41KCA5QR&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.f9lZQLsBztj8mIBVOQWMQkans4CHehb2mXzww6Uz2vlo_Upe9kC863Mqs-zx74yp37xcQxkvT607f6yUvi2AtA.PQJpXd7FiIXFSS8C-UmAdPX7nVA_YVrrSAkVgLXINQ8&dib_tag=se&keywords=martinowitsch&qid=1714493493&s=books&sprefix=martinowitsch%2Cstripbooks%2C153&sr=1-3"},{"link_name":"Revolution.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.de/-/en/Viktor-Martinowitsch/dp/3863912802/ref=sr_1_1?crid=18FWC41KCA5QR&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.f9lZQLsBztj8mIBVOQWMQkans4CHehb2mXzww6Uz2vlo_Upe9kC863Mqs-zx74yp37xcQxkvT607f6yUvi2AtA.PQJpXd7FiIXFSS8C-UmAdPX7nVA_YVrrSAkVgLXINQ8&dib_tag=se&keywords=martinowitsch&qid=1714493493&s=books&sprefix=martinowitsch%2Cstripbooks%2C153&sr=1-1"},{"link_name":"Nacht.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.de/-/en/Viktor-Martinowitsch/dp/3958905463/ref=sr_1_2?crid=18FWC41KCA5QR&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.f9lZQLsBztj8mIBVOQWMQkans4CHehb2mXzww6Uz2vlo_Upe9kC863Mqs-zx74yp37xcQxkvT607f6yUvi2AtA.PQJpXd7FiIXFSS8C-UmAdPX7nVA_YVrrSAkVgLXINQ8&dib_tag=se&keywords=martinowitsch&qid=1714493493&s=books&sprefix=martinowitsch%2Cstripbooks%2C153&sr=1-2"},{"link_name":"Paranoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ersatz.se/bok_martinovitj.htm"},{"link_name":"Mova 墨瓦","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//prometejs.lv/prometejs#mova"}],"text":"Paranoia. Northwestern University Press. 2013. Translated by Diane Nemec Ignashev. (in English)\nParanoia. Like. 2013. Translated by Anna Taitto. (In Finnish)\nParanoia. Voland & Quist. Translated by Thomas Weiler. (in German)\nMova. Voland & Quist. 2016. Translated by Thomas Weiler. (in German)\nParanoia. btb Verlag. 2017. Translated by Thomas Weiler. (in German)\nMova. btb Verlag. 2019. Translated by Thomas Weiler. (in German)\nRevolution. Verlag Voland & Quist. 2021. Translated by Thomas Weiler. (in German)\nNacht. Europa Verlag. Translated by Franziska Zwerg. 2023 (in German)\nParanoia. Ersatz. Translated by Ann Wikström. 2023. (in Swedish)\nMova 墨瓦. Prometejs. Translated by Māra Poliakova. 2023 (in Latvian)","title":"Translations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Творческая встреча с Виктором Мартиновичем - белорусским писателем и журналистом\" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2016-09-18. Retrieved 2012-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etnoweb.ee/event/hsxmw","url_text":"\"Творческая встреча с Виктором Мартиновичем - белорусским писателем и журналистом\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160918015728/http://www.etnoweb.ee/event/hsxmw","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Биография —\". 2014-07-19. Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927074703/http://martinovich.by/?page_id=2","url_text":"\"Биография —\""},{"url":"http://martinovich.by/?page_id=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Мартинович Виктор. Витебский авангард (1918-1922): социокультурный контекст и художественная критика\" (in Russian). Европейский гуманитарный университет. Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2012-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120715120304/http://ru.ehu.lt/science/dissertations/defense/0010362/","url_text":"\"Мартинович Виктор. Витебский авангард (1918-1922): социокультурный контекст и художественная критика\""},{"url":"http://ru.ehu.lt/science/dissertations/defense/0010362/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Сьмятаньнікаў, Андрэй (2012-01-18). \"Названыя 12 лепшых кніг 2011 году\" (in Belarusian). Generation.by. Retrieved 2012-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://generation.by/news5052.html","url_text":"\"Названыя 12 лепшых кніг 2011 году\""}]},{"reference":"Аксак, Валянціна (2012-03-14). \"Найлепшай дэбютнай кнігай – 2011 стала...\" Радыё Свабода (in Belarusian). Радио Свобода. Archived from the original on 2012-04-17. Retrieved 2012-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svaboda.org/content/article/24515936.html","url_text":"\"Найлепшай дэбютнай кнігай – 2011 стала...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0","url_text":"Радио Свобода"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120417211727/http://www.svaboda.org/content/article/24515936.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Российская литературная премия «Национальный бестселлер»: длинный список 2013 года\". Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2014-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221217/http://www.natsbest.ru/13_N2.html","url_text":"\"Российская литературная премия «Национальный бестселлер»: длинный список 2013 года\""},{"url":"http://www.natsbest.ru/13_N2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ESFS Awards 2014\". 2014-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://esfs.info/2014/08/24/415/","url_text":"\"ESFS Awards 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Timothy (28 October 2010). \"In darkest Belarus\". The New York Review of Books. 57 (16).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2010/10/28/darkest-belarus/","url_text":"\"In darkest Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"Ostrovsky, Arkady (7 June 2013). \"Romantically Incorrect\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/books/review/paranoia-by-victor-martinovich.html","url_text":"\"Romantically Incorrect\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paranoia. A Novel by Victor Martinovich\".","urls":[{"url":"https://nupress.northwestern.edu/9780810128767/paranoia/","url_text":"\"Paranoia. A Novel by Victor Martinovich\""}]},{"reference":"Ackermann, Felix (30 March 2017). \"Der Verleger, der seine eigenen Bücher verbrannte\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/weissrussland-der-verleger-der-seine-eigenen-buecher-verbrannte-14945381.html","url_text":"\"Der Verleger, der seine eigenen Bücher verbrannte\""}]},{"reference":"Henneberg, Nicole. \"Viktor Martinowitsch mit \"Paranoia\": Liebe in der Diktatur\". Der Tagesspiegel Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/liebe-in-der-diktatur-3603802.html","url_text":"\"Viktor Martinowitsch mit \"Paranoia\": Liebe in der Diktatur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ток-шоу «Вырай»\". 34mag.net (in Belarusian). Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://34mag.net/post/scyudzjony-vyrajj","url_text":"\"Ток-шоу «Вырай»\""}]},{"reference":"Aksak, Valiancina (14 March 2012). \"Найлепшай дэбютнай кнігай – 2011 стала...\" Радыё Свабода.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svaboda.org/a/24515936.html","url_text":"\"Найлепшай дэбютнай кнігай – 2011 стала...\""}]},{"reference":"\"«Сфагнум» – новы раман Віктара Марціновіча на 34mag\". 34mag.net (in Belarusian). Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://34mag.net/post/sfagnum","url_text":"\"«Сфагнум» – новы раман Віктара Марціновіча на 34mag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Прэм'ера рамана «Мова» Віктара Марціновіча на 34mag\". 34mag.net (in Belarusian). Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://34mag.net/post/mova","url_text":"\"Прэм'ера рамана «Мова» Віктара Марціновіча на 34mag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mova \| Voland & Quist\" (in German). Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voland-quist.de/werke/mova/","url_text":"\"Mova \| Voland & Quist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Viktor Martinovich Mova\". Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.de/Taschenbuch/Mova/Viktor-Martinowitsch/btb/e523216.rhd","url_text":"\"Viktor Martinovich Mova\""}]},{"reference":"\"Виктор Мартинович. Озеро радости: роман » Издательство «Время»\". Издательство «Время» (in Russian). Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.vremya.ru/books/4861-viktor-martinovich-ozero-radosti-roman.html","url_text":"\"Виктор Мартинович. Озеро радости: роман » Издательство «Время»\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ночь. Виктор Валерьевич Мартинович\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ast.ru/book/noch-843614/","url_text":"\"Ночь. Виктор Валерьевич Мартинович\""}]},{"reference":"\"Мартинович В. В. Революция » Издательство «Время»\". Издательство «Время» (in Russian). Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.vremya.ru/books/7630-martinovich-v-v-revoljucija.html","url_text":"\"Мартинович В. В. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Hotel	Cornelius Hotel	["1 Description and history","2 Restoration and reconversion into hotel","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°31′14″N 122°40′49″W / 45.520512°N 122.680297°W / 45.520512; -122.680297Historic building in Portland, Oregon, U.S. United States historic placeCornelius HotelU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesPortland Historic Landmark Woodlark Hotel, December 2018Location within downtown PortlandLocation525 SW Park AvePortland, OregonCoordinates45°31′14″N 122°40′49″W / 45.520512°N 122.680297°W / 45.520512; -122.680297Arealess than one acreBuilt1907–08ArchitectBennes, Hendricks & TobeyArchitectural styleBaroque RevivalNRHP reference No.86000286Added to NRHPFebruary 27, 1986 The Cornelius Hotel is a historic hotel building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designed by John V. Bennes's firm, and constructed in 1907–08. It ceased to be used as a hotel by the 1950s. A fire in 1985 left the top three floors of the structure uninhabitable. By the early 1990s, the building had been vacated, and it remained vacant for more than two decades. In 2016–2018, it was joined to the adjacent Woodlark Building, extensively renovated, and converted into a hotel. The Woodlark Hotel opened on December 15, 2018. Description and history Hotel proprietor Dr. Charles W. Cornelius, c. 1915 The seven-story building is categorized as being 20th-century Baroque Revival architecture, and contains 66 hotel rooms. Until 1920, it was operated by Charles W. Cornelius (1856–1923), a businessman and doctor and Multnomah County's first coroner. He named the hotel for his family and his brother, Colonel Thomas R. Cornelius. The Cornelius brothers' father founded the town of Cornelius west of Portland after emigrating to Oregon on the Oregon Trail with Joseph Meek. The building has a "dramatic coffered ceiling in the lobby" and a French sheet metal mansard roof with cornice and entablature, and exterior masonry and terra-cotta. It included a ground-floor wood storefront that was once a "Ladies Reception Hall" and an "opulent" basement cafe. "Ornate wood paneling and trim" was included throughout the building. By at least the 1950s, the hotel had transitioned from being a conventional hotel to an apartment hotel. The Cornelius housed a gay bathhouse in the 1960s and 1970s, while still being used mostly as a residential hotel. It was still serving as the latter in the 1980s, but a fire in 1985 left the top three floors uninhabitable, and only residents of the second, third, and fourth floors were permitted to return to the building after the fire. By at least 1992, the building's residential use had ceased completely, and it became vacant on all but the ground floor. In 2002, TMT Development, developer Tom Moyer's real estate company, purchased the property for $2.4 million with plans to renovate the building. The renovated business-class hotel was to be reopened by June 2009 with the name "Alder Park Hotel", following a period where it was home to trespassers for many years after the 1980s. The 2008 financial crisis, however, halted work on the project, as well as Moyer's Park Avenue West Tower. In 2013, TMT applied to the city to tear down the structure, but those plans were canceled when the building was sold again in 2014, to Arthur Mutal LLC. Restoration and reconversion into hotel The building before and during its 2016–18 renovationIn 2014, before the start of renovation and restoration. The building had been vacant for several years.Undergoing extensive renovation in August 2017. The fire escapes were subsequently removed. In January 2015, it was announced that the building was to be joined to the adjacent Woodlark Building, renovated and returned to use as a hotel. The Woodlark Building, which would be converted from its then-existing use as an office building, is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As of 2016, the planned renovation and conversion was expected to cost $30 million, funded by NBP Capital, Provenance Hotels and Arthur Mutal. The hotel created from the combined buildings was to be named The Woodlark and was slated to have 151 rooms and two restaurants or bars. Construction began in September 2016, and the new hotel opened on December 15, 2018. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Southwest Portland, Oregon References ^ a b c "Oregon National Register List" (PDF). Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. June 6, 2011. p. 32. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2012. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Cornelius Hotel". National Park Service. February 7, 1986. Retrieved February 25, 2016. ^ a b Portland Historic Landmarks Commission (July 2014). "Historic Landmarks -- Portland, Oregon" (XLS). Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ a b Njus, Elliot (December 13, 2018). "First look: Downtown Portland's newest hotel, Woodlark, combines 2 historic buildings". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2018-12-14. ^ a b c d e f van der Voo, Lee (March 25, 2008). "Hotel Returns to Grand Roots: Architects Confront Damage, Neglect to Preserve Cornelius". Portland Tribune. Retrieved February 7, 2015. ^ a b Weinstein, Nathalie (February 29, 2008). "Modern Sensibility Reshapes Cornelius Hotel in Portland". Daily Journal of Commerce. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved August 7, 2012. ^ Sullivan, Ann (July 25, 1985). "Landmark conferral suggested". The Oregonian. p. B5. ^ "Portland Hotels". PDX History. Retrieved February 6, 2015. ^ Painter Jr., John (March 28, 1985). "Hotel fire leaves occupants on 3 floors homeless". The Oregonian. p. B2. ^ a b Sullivan, Tara (July 25, 2002). "Real estate developer buys old Cornelius Hotel". The Oregonian. p. B3. ^ a b Njus, Elliot (June 5, 2013). "TMT Development seeks Demolition Permit for Historical Cornelius Hotel in Downtown Portland". The Oregonian. Retrieved February 6, 2015. ^ "Real Estate Roundup: Moyer Remaking Derelict Hotel into Biz-Class Accommodations". Portland Business Journal. February 11, 2008. ^ a b c Njus, Elliot (February 5, 2015). "Landmark Portland Buildings to be Transformed into Hotel". The Oregonian. p. B6. Retrieved February 6, 2015. ^ a b Bell, Jon (September 9, 2016). "A first look at one of downtown Portland's next boutique hotels". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved October 10, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cornelius Hotel. Woodlark Hotel official website Images of the Cornelius Hotel from the University of Oregon digital archives vteHotels in Portland, OregonCurrent AC Benson Bidwell Marriott Canopy by Hilton Crystal deLuxe Dossier DoubleTree by Hilton Eastlund Grand Stark Heathman Hilton Holiday Inn Portland-Columbia Riverfront Hoxton Hyatt Centric Hyatt Regency Imperial Jupiter Kennedy School Kenton KEX Lucia Mark Spencer Moxy Multnomah The Nines Paramount Marriott Downtown Waterfront Porter Ritz-Carlton Rose Sentinel Elks Temple Seward Vance Zags Former Albion Alder Arminius Broadway Calumet Campbell Campbell Court Clyde Commodore Congress Cornelius Fairmount Hamilton Hill Hoyt Joyce Merchant Osborn Park Heathman Portland Ramapo Roosevelt Sovereign Trinity Place Apartments Hotels portal • Oregon portal Portals: Architecture National Register of Historic Places Oregon	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Portland"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OPRDlist-1"},{"link_name":"John V. 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Cornelius, c. 1915The seven-story building is categorized as being 20th-century Baroque Revival architecture,[3][5] and contains 66 hotel rooms. Until 1920, it was operated by Charles W. Cornelius[6] (1856–1923),[7] a businessman and doctor and Multnomah County's first coroner.[citation needed] He named the hotel for his family and his brother, Colonel Thomas R. Cornelius. The Cornelius brothers' father founded the town of Cornelius west of Portland after emigrating to Oregon on the Oregon Trail with Joseph Meek.[5]The building has a \"dramatic coffered ceiling in the lobby\" and a French sheet metal mansard roof with cornice and entablature, and exterior masonry and terra-cotta. It included a ground-floor wood storefront that was once a \"Ladies Reception Hall\"[8] and an \"opulent\" basement cafe. \"Ornate wood paneling and trim\" was included throughout the building.[6]By at least the 1950s, the hotel had transitioned from being a conventional hotel to an apartment hotel. The Cornelius housed a gay bathhouse in the 1960s and 1970s,[5] while still being used mostly as a residential hotel. It was still serving as the latter in the 1980s, but a fire in 1985 left the top three floors uninhabitable, and only residents of the second, third, and fourth floors were permitted to return to the building after the fire.[9]By at least 1992, the building's residential use had ceased completely,[10] and it became vacant on all but the ground floor. In 2002, TMT Development, developer Tom Moyer's real estate company, purchased the property for $2.4 million with plans to renovate the building.[10][11] The renovated business-class hotel was to be reopened by June 2009 with the name \"Alder Park Hotel\",[5] following a period where it was home to trespassers for many years after the 1980s.[5][12] The 2008 financial crisis, however, halted work on the project, as well as Moyer's Park Avenue West Tower.[5]In 2013, TMT applied to the city to tear down the structure,[11] but those plans were canceled when the building was sold again in 2014, to Arthur Mutal LLC.[13]","title":"Description and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Cornelius_Hotel_in_2014_-_Portland,_Oregon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Cornelius_Hotel_undergoing_renovation,_August_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"fire escapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_escape"},{"link_name":"Woodlark Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlark_Building"},{"link_name":"Provenance Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provenance_Hotels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landmark-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBJ-2016Oct16-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landmark-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBJ-2016Oct16-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreg-2018dec13-4"}],"text":"The building before and during its 2016–18 renovationIn 2014, before the start of renovation and restoration. The building had been vacant for several years.Undergoing extensive renovation in August 2017. The fire escapes were subsequently removed.In January 2015, it was announced that the building was to be joined to the adjacent Woodlark Building, renovated and returned to use as a hotel. The Woodlark Building, which would be converted from its then-existing use as an office building, is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As of 2016, the planned renovation and conversion was expected to cost $30 million, funded by NBP Capital, Provenance Hotels and Arthur Mutal.[13] The hotel created from the combined buildings was to be named The Woodlark and was slated to have 151 rooms[14] and two restaurants or bars.[13] Construction began in September 2016,[14] and the new hotel opened on December 15, 2018.[4]","title":"Restoration and reconversion into hotel"}]	[{"image_text":"Hotel proprietor Dr. Charles W. Cornelius, c. 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Charles_W._Cornelius_circa_1915.jpg/170px-Charles_W._Cornelius_circa_1915.jpg"}]	[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Southwest Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Southwest_Portland,_Oregon"}]	[{"reference":"\"Oregon National Register List\" (PDF). Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. June 6, 2011. p. 32. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609105953/http://www.oregon.gov/OPRD/HCD/NATREG/docs/oregon_nr_list.pdf#page=32","url_text":"\"Oregon National Register List\""},{"url":"http://www.oregon.gov/OPRD/HCD/NATREG/docs/oregon_nr_list.pdf#page=32","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Cornelius Hotel\". National Park Service. February 7, 1986. Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/86000286_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Cornelius Hotel\""}]},{"reference":"Portland Historic Landmarks Commission (July 2014). \"Historic Landmarks -- Portland, Oregon\" (XLS). Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/planning/index.cfm?c=44013&a=146276","url_text":"\"Historic Landmarks -- Portland, Oregon\""}]},{"reference":"Njus, Elliot (December 13, 2018). \"First look: Downtown Portland's newest hotel, Woodlark, combines 2 historic buildings\". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2018-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/expo/news/erry-2018/12/6b9954794e4591/first-look-downtowns-newest-ho.html","url_text":"\"First look: Downtown Portland's newest hotel, Woodlark, combines 2 historic buildings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"van der Voo, Lee (March 25, 2008). \"Hotel Returns to Grand Roots: Architects Confront Damage, Neglect to Preserve Cornelius\". Portland Tribune. Retrieved February 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=64851","url_text":"\"Hotel Returns to Grand Roots: Architects Confront Damage, Neglect to Preserve Cornelius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Tribune","url_text":"Portland Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Weinstein, Nathalie (February 29, 2008). \"Modern Sensibility Reshapes Cornelius Hotel in Portland\". Daily Journal of Commerce. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved August 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://djcoregon.com/news/2008/02/29/modern-sensibility-reshapes-cornelius-hotel/","url_text":"\"Modern Sensibility Reshapes Cornelius Hotel in Portland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Journal_of_Commerce","url_text":"Daily Journal of Commerce"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Ann (July 25, 1985). \"Landmark conferral suggested\". The Oregonian. p. B5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Portland Hotels\". PDX History. Retrieved February 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdxhistory.com/html/portland_hotels.html","url_text":"\"Portland Hotels\""}]},{"reference":"Painter Jr., John (March 28, 1985). \"Hotel fire leaves occupants on 3 floors homeless\". The Oregonian. p. B2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Tara (July 25, 2002). \"Real estate developer buys old Cornelius Hotel\". The Oregonian. p. B3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Njus, Elliot (June 5, 2013). \"TMT Development seeks Demolition Permit for Historical Cornelius Hotel in Downtown Portland\". The Oregonian. Retrieved February 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/front-porch/index.ssf/2013/06/tmt_developement_seeks_demolit.html#incart_river","url_text":"\"TMT Development seeks Demolition Permit for Historical Cornelius Hotel in Downtown Portland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]},{"reference":"\"Real Estate Roundup: Moyer Remaking Derelict Hotel into Biz-Class Accommodations\". Portland Business Journal. February 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2008/02/11/daily4.html","url_text":"\"Real Estate Roundup: Moyer Remaking Derelict Hotel into Biz-Class Accommodations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Business_Journal","url_text":"Portland Business Journal"}]},{"reference":"Njus, Elliot (February 5, 2015). \"Landmark Portland Buildings to be Transformed into Hotel\". The Oregonian. p. B6. Retrieved February 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2015/02/two_historic_downtown_building.html","url_text":"\"Landmark Portland Buildings to be Transformed into Hotel\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Jon (September 9, 2016). \"A first look at one of downtown Portland's next boutique hotels\". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved October 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/real-estate-daily/2016/09/a-first-look-at-one-of-downtown-portlands-next.html","url_text":"\"A first look at one of downtown Portland's next boutique hotels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Business_Journal","url_text":"Portland Business Journal"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cornelius_Hotel&params=45.520512_N_122.680297_W_region:US-OR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°31′14″N 122°40′49″W / 45.520512°N 122.680297°W / 45.520512; -122.680297"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cornelius_Hotel&params=45.520512_N_122.680297_W_region:US-OR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°31′14″N 122°40′49″W / 45.520512°N 122.680297°W / 45.520512; -122.680297"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/86000286","external_links_name":"86000286"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609105953/http://www.oregon.gov/OPRD/HCD/NATREG/docs/oregon_nr_list.pdf#page=32","external_links_name":"\"Oregon National Register List\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregon.gov/OPRD/HCD/NATREG/docs/oregon_nr_list.pdf#page=32","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/86000286_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Cornelius Hotel\""},{"Link":"http://www.portlandonline.com/planning/index.cfm?c=44013&a=146276","external_links_name":"\"Historic Landmarks -- Portland, Oregon\""},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/expo/news/erry-2018/12/6b9954794e4591/first-look-downtowns-newest-ho.html","external_links_name":"\"First look: Downtown Portland's newest hotel, Woodlark, combines 2 historic buildings\""},{"Link":"http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=64851","external_links_name":"\"Hotel Returns to Grand Roots: Architects Confront Damage, Neglect to Preserve Cornelius\""},{"Link":"http://djcoregon.com/news/2008/02/29/modern-sensibility-reshapes-cornelius-hotel/","external_links_name":"\"Modern Sensibility Reshapes Cornelius Hotel in Portland\""},{"Link":"http://pdxhistory.com/html/portland_hotels.html","external_links_name":"\"Portland Hotels\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/front-porch/index.ssf/2013/06/tmt_developement_seeks_demolit.html#incart_river","external_links_name":"\"TMT Development seeks Demolition Permit for Historical Cornelius Hotel in Downtown Portland\""},{"Link":"http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2008/02/11/daily4.html","external_links_name":"\"Real Estate Roundup: Moyer Remaking Derelict Hotel into Biz-Class Accommodations\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2015/02/two_historic_downtown_building.html","external_links_name":"\"Landmark Portland Buildings to be Transformed into Hotel\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/real-estate-daily/2016/09/a-first-look-at-one-of-downtown-portlands-next.html","external_links_name":"\"A first look at one of downtown Portland's next boutique hotels\""},{"Link":"https://woodlarkhotel.com/","external_links_name":"Woodlark Hotel official website"},{"Link":"http://oregondigital.org/sets/building-or?utf8=%E2%9C%93&utf8=%E2%9C%93&set=building-or&q=Cornelius&search_field=all_fields&utf8=%E2%9C%93&set=building-or&q=Cornelius+Hotel","external_links_name":"Images of the Cornelius Hotel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Monroe_(Florida)	Lake Monroe (Florida)	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 28°49′10″N 81°15′40″W / 28.81944°N 81.26111°W / 28.81944; -81.26111 Lake in the state of Florida, United States This article is about the lake. For the community, see Lake Monroe, Florida. Lake MonroeLake MonroeShow map of FloridaLake MonroeShow map of the United StatesLocationVolusia / Seminole counties, Florida, United StatesCoordinates28°49′10″N 81°15′40″W / 28.81944°N 81.26111°W / 28.81944; -81.26111TypeLakePrimary outflowsSt. Johns RiverBasin countriesUnited StatesSurface area9,406 acres (3,806 ha)Average depth17 feet (5.2 m) Max. depth54 feet (16 m) SettlementsSanford, DeBary, DeltonaWebsitewww.friendsoflakemonroe.org Lake Monroe is one of the lakes that make up the St. Johns River system. The port city of Sanford is situated along the southern shore, while DeBary and Deltona are located along the northern shore. Two major central Florida roadways that run near the lake are State Road 415 and Interstate 4. It forms the border of Seminole County and Volusia County It is the 8th largest lake in the Orlando metropolitan area, after Lake Jesup, 7 miles (11 km) to the south. Roadways on the lake that suffered intense flooding due to Tropical Storm Fay in 2008. See also Green Springs Park List of lakes of the St. Johns River St. Johns River References ^ https://www.friendsoflakemonroe.org/facts-and-data#:~:text=The%20maximum%20depth%20of%20Lake,miles%20at%20a%20normal%20pool. ^ https://www.friendsoflakemonroe.org/facts-and-data#:~:text=The%20maximum%20depth%20of%20Lake,miles%20at%20a%20normal%20pool. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lake Monroe (Florida) External links Geographic data related to Lake Monroe (Florida) at OpenStreetMap vteSignificant waterways of FloridaLarger rivers Alapaha Apalachicola Aucilla Blackwater Caloosahatchee Chattahoochee Chipola Choctawhatchee Econlockhatchee Escambia Hillsborough Indian River Kissimmee Myakka Ochlockonee Ocklawaha Pea Peace Perdido Santa Fe St. Johns St. Marys Suwannee Withlacoochee (North) Withlacoochee (South) Yellow Lakes Apopka Crescent Blue Cypress East Tohopekaliga George Harney Harris Iamonia Istokpoga Jackson Jesup Kissimmee Manatee Miccosukee Monroe Okeechobee Poinsett Rodman Rousseau Seminole Talquin Tohopekaliga Tsala Apopka Ward Washington Weir Smaller rivers Alafia Alapahoochee Anclote Banana River Braden Carrabelle Chassahowitzka Crooked Crystal Dead East East Bay Eau Gallie Econfina Estero Homosassa Hontoon Dead Ichetucknee Imperial Little (Biscayne Bay) Little (Ochlockonee) Little Econlockhatchee Little Manatee Little Wekiva Loxahatchee Manatee Matanzas Miami Mosquito Lagoon New (Broward) New (Carabelle) New (Santa Fe) Oleta Orange Pithlachascotee Rainbow Ribault Shark Silver Sopchoppy St. Lucie St. Marks St. Sebastian Steinhatchee Tomoka Trout Waccasassa Wacissa Wakulla Weeki Wachee Wekiva Creeks andstreams Billy's Black Blackwater (Hillsborough) Blackwater (Lake) Crane Cross Econfina Fisheating Myakkahatchee Orange Pottsburg Shingle Snapper Turkey Canals Canaveral Barge Canal Cross Florida Barge Canal Haulover Canal Hillsboro Canal Miami Canal Mud Lake Canal St. Johns-Indian River Barge Canal St. Lucie Canal Tamiami Canal Tampa Bypass Canal See also Coastal waters of Florida Everglades Intracoastal Waterway Indian River Lagoon List of Florida rivers List of major springs in Florida Okeechobee Waterway Okefenokee Swamp Outstanding Florida Waters Paynes Prairie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Monroe, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Monroe,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"St. Johns River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River"},{"link_name":"port city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_city"},{"link_name":"Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford,_Florida"},{"link_name":"DeBary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeBary,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Deltona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltona,_Florida"},{"link_name":"State Road 415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_415"},{"link_name":"Interstate 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_4_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border"},{"link_name":"Seminole County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Volusia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusia_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Orlando metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando-Kissimmee,_Florida,_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"Lake Jesup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Jesup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lakemonroeflood1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tropical Storm Fay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Fay_(2008)"}],"text":"Lake in the state of Florida, United StatesThis article is about the lake. For the community, see Lake Monroe, Florida.Lake Monroe[3] is one of the lakes that make up the St. Johns River system. The port city of Sanford is situated along the southern shore, while DeBary and Deltona are located along the northern shore. Two major central Florida roadways that run near the lake are State Road 415 and Interstate 4. It forms the border of Seminole County and Volusia County It is the 8th largest lake in the Orlando metropolitan area, after Lake Jesup, 7 miles (11 km) to the south.Roadways on the lake that suffered intense flooding due to Tropical Storm Fay in 2008.","title":"Lake Monroe (Florida)"}]	[{"image_text":"Roadways on the lake that suffered intense flooding due to Tropical Storm Fay in 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lakemonroeflood1.JPG/220px-Lakemonroeflood1.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Green Springs Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Springs_Park"},{"title":"List of lakes of the St. Johns River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_St._Johns_River"},{"title":"St. Johns River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Monroe_(Florida)&params=28_49_10_N_81_15_40_W_region:US-FL_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"28°49′10″N 81°15′40″W / 28.81944°N 81.26111°W / 28.81944; -81.26111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Monroe_(Florida)&params=28_49_10_N_81_15_40_W_region:US-FL_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"28°49′10″N 81°15′40″W / 28.81944°N 81.26111°W / 28.81944; -81.26111"},{"Link":"https://www.friendsoflakemonroe.org/facts-and-data#:~:text=The%20maximum%20depth%20of%20Lake,miles%20at%20a%20normal%20pool","external_links_name":"https://www.friendsoflakemonroe.org/facts-and-data#:~:text=The%20maximum%20depth%20of%20Lake,miles%20at%20a%20normal%20pool"},{"Link":"https://www.friendsoflakemonroe.org/facts-and-data#:~:text=The%20maximum%20depth%20of%20Lake,miles%20at%20a%20normal%20pool","external_links_name":"https://www.friendsoflakemonroe.org/facts-and-data#:~:text=The%20maximum%20depth%20of%20Lake,miles%20at%20a%20normal%20pool"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/287074","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lake Monroe (Florida)"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1172811","external_links_name":"Lake Monroe (Florida)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Hunter_2	Deer Hunter II: The Hunt Continues	["1 Development","2 Reception","3 Sales","4 References","5 External links"]	1998 video game 1998 video gameDeer Hunter II: The Hunt ContinuesDeveloper(s)Sunstorm InteractivePublisher(s)WizardWorksSeriesDeer HunterEngineSunstorm Terrain EnginePlatform(s)WindowsReleaseOctober 1998 Deer Hunter II: The Hunt Continues is a 1998 video game from WizardWorks. An add-on for the game titled Deer Hunter II Extended Season was released in May 1999. Development Deer Hunter II was first teased in July 1998. The game was officially announced a month later in August. The title was endorsed by Wildlife Forever, a Minneapolis-based nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining America's wildlife heritage. A portion of the sales from this game was donated to Wildlife Forever. Reception ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreCNET Gamecenter7/10Computer Games Strategy PlusComputer Gaming WorldGame Informer6.75/10GameSpot5.8/10PC Gamer (US)66% The game received average reviews. Computer Gaming World said, "Deer Hunter II is a game that, while it won't appeal to the non-hunting, hard-core gaming crowd, is just right for real-life hunters or anyone who wants a fun diversion between work assignments" Sales The game shipped more than 500,000 units by October 1998 and more than 800,000 by January 1999. According to PC Data Deer Hunter II was the best-selling game of November 1998, it was also the best-selling piece of PC software for that month, beating out the Windows 98 upgrade. References ^ a b Jebens, Harley (October 5, 1998). "Deer Hunter II Ships". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on April 21, 1999. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ a b "GT Interactive's New Sequel to 'Deer Hunter' Taps Into Fast-growing Consumer Market of "Casual Gamers". Business Wire. Gale. October 5, 1998. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2022 – via The Free Library. ^ Fudge, James (February 10, 1999). "Sunstorm to License STE - the engine behind Deer Hunter 2". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on July 9, 2003. Retrieved July 15, 2022. ^ Fudge, James (April 15, 1999). "GT Interactive Announces Deer Hunter II: Extended Season". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on May 24, 2003. Retrieved July 9, 2022. ^ Mills, Karren (July 12, 1998). "Interactive hunting games bringing in big bucks". The Greenville News. Gannett Company. p. 32. Retrieved June 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Ocampo, Jason (August 24, 1998). "GT Interactive looks to replace its seminal hunting game". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on July 9, 2003. Retrieved July 9, 2022. ^ "Buck Fever Goes 3D With Wizardworks 'Deer Hunter II', Sequel To The Best-Selling 'Deer Hunter' PC Game". WizardWorks. August 24, 1998. Archived from the original on August 18, 2000. Retrieved July 9, 2022. ^ Gaudiosi, John (October 20, 1998). "Deer Hunter II: The Hunt Continues". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ Bub, Andrew S. (November 19, 1998). "Deer Hunter II". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on July 10, 2003. Retrieved July 9, 2022. ^ a b Vallina, Joe (March 1999). "Time to Die, Bambi: Part II (Deer Hunter II Review)". Computer Gaming World. No. 176. Ziff Davis. p. 180. Retrieved July 9, 2022. ^ Bergren, Paul (January 1999). "Deer Hunter II". Game Informer. No. 69. FuncoLand. p. 62. ^ Vallina, Joe (December 3, 1998). "Deer Hunter II Review". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on December 16, 2004. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ "Deer Hunter II: The Hunt Continues". PC Gamer. Vol. 6, no. 3. Future US. March 1999. ^ "GT Ships in Excess of 500,000 Copies of 3D Sequel to Million-Unit and Top 10 Selling 'Deer Hunter' CD ROM". Wizardworks. October 5, 1998. Archived from the original on June 1, 2000. Retrieved July 9, 2022. ^ a b IGN staff (January 26, 1999). "Deer Hunter Marches On". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2023. External links Deer Hunter II: The Hunt Continues at MobyGames	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WizardWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WizardWorks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1998 video gameDeer Hunter II: The Hunt Continues is a 1998 video game from WizardWorks. An add-on for the game titled Deer Hunter II Extended Season was released in May 1999.[4]","title":"Deer Hunter II: The Hunt Continues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Deer Hunter II was first teased in July 1998.[5] The game was officially announced a month later in August.[6] The title was endorsed by Wildlife Forever, a Minneapolis-based nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining America's wildlife heritage. A portion of the sales from this game was donated to Wildlife Forever.[7]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNET Gamecenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET_Gamecenter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Strategy Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW-10"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW-10"}],"text":"ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreCNET Gamecenter7/10[8]Computer Games Strategy Plus[9]Computer Gaming World[10]Game Informer6.75/10[11]GameSpot5.8/10[12]PC Gamer (US)66%[13]The game received average reviews. Computer Gaming World said, \"Deer Hunter II is a game that, while it won't appeal to the non-hunting, hard-core gaming crowd, is just right for real-life hunters or anyone who wants a fun diversion between work assignments\"[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Business_Wire-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sales-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-15"},{"link_name":"PC Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Data"},{"link_name":"Windows 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_98"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-15"}],"text":"The game shipped more than 500,000 units by October 1998[14][2][1] and more than 800,000 by January 1999.[15] According to PC Data Deer Hunter II was the best-selling game of November 1998, it was also the best-selling piece of PC software for that month, beating out the Windows 98 upgrade.[15]","title":"Sales"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jebens, Harley (October 5, 1998). \"Deer Hunter II Ships\". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on April 21, 1999. Retrieved June 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/deer-hunter-ii-ships/1100-2465113/","url_text":"\"Deer Hunter II Ships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom_(website)","url_text":"Fandom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990421200406/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_10/05_dhunter/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GT Interactive's New Sequel to 'Deer Hunter' Taps Into Fast-growing Consumer Market of \"Casual Gamers\". Business Wire. Gale. October 5, 1998. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2022 – via The Free Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517182146/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GT+Interactive's+New+Sequel+to+'Deer+Hunter'+Taps+Into+Fast-growing...-a053054057","url_text":"\"GT Interactive's New Sequel to 'Deer Hunter' Taps Into Fast-growing Consumer Market of \"Casual Gamers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/GT%2BInteractive%27s%2BNew%2BSequel%2Bto%2B%27Deer%2BHunter%27%2BTaps%2BInto%2BFast-growing...-a053054057","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Library","url_text":"The Free Library"}]},{"reference":"Fudge, James (February 10, 1999). \"Sunstorm to License STE - the engine behind Deer Hunter 2\". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on July 9, 2003. Retrieved July 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030709062154/http://www.cdmag.com/articles/017/161/ste.html","url_text":"\"Sunstorm to License STE - the engine behind Deer Hunter 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine","url_text":"Computer Games Strategy Plus"},{"url":"http://www.cdmag.com/articles/017/161/ste.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fudge, James (April 15, 1999). \"GT Interactive Announces Deer Hunter II: Extended Season\". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on May 24, 2003. Retrieved July 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030524234335/http://www.cdmag.com/articles/019/039/dh2_extended_season.html","url_text":"\"GT Interactive Announces Deer Hunter II: Extended Season\""},{"url":"http://www.cdmag.com/articles/019/039/dh2_extended_season.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mills, Karren (July 12, 1998). \"Interactive hunting games bringing in big bucks\". The Greenville News. Gannett Company. p. 32. Retrieved June 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/105222375/the-greenville-news/","url_text":"\"Interactive hunting games bringing in big bucks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greenville_News","url_text":"The Greenville News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_Company","url_text":"Gannett Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Ocampo, Jason (August 24, 1998). \"GT Interactive looks to replace its seminal hunting game\". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on July 9, 2003. Retrieved July 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030709081932/http://www.cdmag.com/articles/013/199/deer_hunter_2_announced.html","url_text":"\"GT Interactive looks to replace its seminal hunting game\""},{"url":"http://www.cdmag.com/articles/013/199/deer_hunter_2_announced.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Buck Fever Goes 3D With Wizardworks 'Deer Hunter II', Sequel To The Best-Selling 'Deer Hunter' PC Game\". WizardWorks. August 24, 1998. Archived from the original on August 18, 2000. Retrieved July 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000818123941/http://www.wizworks.com/press/pr_deerh2.htm","url_text":"\"Buck Fever Goes 3D With Wizardworks 'Deer Hunter II', Sequel To The Best-Selling 'Deer Hunter' PC Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WizardWorks","url_text":"WizardWorks"},{"url":"http://www.wizworks.com/press/pr_deerh2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gaudiosi, John (October 20, 1998). \"Deer Hunter II: The Hunt Continues\". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved June 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000816094509/http://www.gamecenter.com/Reviews/Item/0,6,0-2186,00.html","url_text":"\"Deer Hunter II: The Hunt Continues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"},{"url":"http://www.gamecenter.com/Reviews/Item/0%2C6%2C0-2186%2C00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bub, Andrew S. (November 19, 1998). \"Deer Hunter II\". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on July 10, 2003. Retrieved July 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030710184936/http://www.cdmag.com/articles/015/133/deerh2_review.html","url_text":"\"Deer Hunter II\""},{"url":"http://www.cdmag.com/articles/015/133/deerh2_review.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vallina, Joe (March 1999). \"Time to Die, Bambi: Part II (Deer Hunter II Review)\". Computer Gaming World. No. 176. Ziff Davis. p. 180. Retrieved July 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_176/page/n183/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Time to Die, Bambi: Part II (Deer Hunter II Review)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World","url_text":"Computer Gaming World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"}]},{"reference":"Bergren, Paul (January 1999). \"Deer Hunter II\". Game Informer. No. 69. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangorian_Controversy	Bangorian Controversy	["1 Background","2 Sermon and aftermath","3 Timeline of publications","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]	18th-century theological argument in the Church of England "Bangorian" redirects here. For people from places named for the British diocese, see, see Bangor. Benjamin Hoadly by Sarah Hoadly The Bangorian Controversy was a theological argument within the Church of England in the early 18th century, with strong political overtones. The origins of the controversy lay in the 1716 posthumous publication of George Hickes's Constitution of the Catholic Church, and the Nature and Consequences of Schism. In it, Hickes, as Bishop of Thetford, on behalf of the minority non-juror faction that had broken away from the Church of England after the Glorious Revolution, excommunicated all but the non-juror churchmen. Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, wrote a reply, Preservative against the Principles and Practices of Non-Jurors; his own Erastian position was sincerely proposed as the only test of truth. The controversy itself began very visibly and vocally when Hoadly delivered a sermon on 31 March 1717 to George I of Great Britain on The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ. His text was John 18:36, "My kingdom is not of this world" and from that, Hoadly deduced, supposedly at the request of the king himself, that there is no Biblical justification for any church government of any sort. He identified the church with the Kingdom of Heaven. It was therefore not of this world, and Christ had not delegated His authority to any representatives. Background This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Two competing visions of government were in play. On the one hand, there was a vision of God appointing the king and the bishops to be leaders, selecting them from all others and imbuing them with special characters, either through grace or in creation. That view held that the king, as the head of the Established Church, was not only a secular leader of a state but also a religious primate. Power and regulation flowed downward from God to the people. That was the aristocratic model that was favoured by the Tory party and had been used to propose the divine right of kings. The other view was that power flowed up from the people to the leaders, that leaders were no more intrinsically better than those led, and God gives out revelation freely. That Whig view was also the view of the Puritans and the "Independents" (the various Congregational and Baptist churches, Quakers etc.). George I favoured the Whigs in Parliament and favoured a latitudinarian ecclesiastical policy in general. That was probably not by any desire to give up royal prerogative but to break the power of the aristocracy and the House of Lords. A significant obstacle to all kings of England had been the presence of bishops in the Lords. While a king could create peers, it was much more difficult for him to move bishops into and out of the Lords. Sermon and aftermath The sermon was immediately published and instantly drew counterattacks. William Law (Three Letters to the Bishop of Bangor) and Thomas Sherlock (dean of Chichester), in particular, gave vigorous defences of church polity. Hoadly himself wrote A Reply to the Representations of Convocation to answer Sherlock, Andrew Snape, provost of Eton, and Francis Hare, then dean of Worcester. The three men, and another opponent, Robert Moss, dean of Ely, were deprived of their royal chaplaincies by the king. Hoadly did not, however, attempt to answer William Law. It has been claimed that in all, over 200 pamphlets linked to the controversy were published by 53 writers. Of those, 74 were published in July 1717. In May 1717, the Convocation appointed a committee to study the sermon. When the report was ready for synodal sanction against Hoadly, the king dismissed the convocation, which did not meet again for over 130 years. Timeline of publications Year Author Publication Position Replies 1716 George Hickes (died 1715), posthumously published by Thomas Deacon The Constitution of the Catholick Church and the Nature and Consequences of Schism Non-juror Benjamin Hoadly, ‘A Preservative against the Principles and Practices of the Nonjurors both in Church and State, 1716. 1717 Andrew Snape Letters to the Bishop of Bangor High Church 1717 Thomas Sherlock Remarks on the Bishop of Bangor's Treatment of the Clergy and Convocation and other works High Church 1717 William Law Three Letters to the Bishop of Bangor, from 1717. Non-juror of the Hanoverian succession 1718 Robert Moss The Report Vindicated from Misreports High Church 1718 Thomas Herne A letter to the Reverend Dr. Edward Tenison, concerning some citations made from ... the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury's preliminary discourse to the Apostolical fathers, in a paper lately published, intituled, A letter to the Reverend the Prolocutor: being an answer to a paper, &c. By the author of that letter Supporter of Hoadley and Tenison 1719 Francis Hare Church Authority Vindicated High Church Hoadly, An Answer to Dr. Hare's Sermon, intituled "Church Authority vindicated," 1720. See also 1716 in literature 1717 in literature 1718 in literature References ^ "Outlines of the History of the Theological Literature of the Church of England (1897)". Anglicanhistory.org. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. V: Goar – Innocent – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". Ccel.org. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "History of English thought in the eighteenth century". Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "Hickes, George" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ a b "Hoadly, Benjamin (1676–1761)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ "Snape, Andrew" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ "Sherlock, Thomas" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ "§5. Law's Controversial Writings against Hoadly, Mandeville and Tindal. XII. William Law and the Mystics. Vol. 9. From Steele and Addison to Pope and Swift. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 190721". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ^ "Law, William (1686–1761)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ Warner, Rebecca Louise. "Moss, Robert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19403. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ A Letter to the Reverend Dr. Edward Tenison, Concerning Some Citations Made from .... the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury's Preliminary Discourse to the Apostolical Fathers, in a Paper Lately Published, Intituled, A Letter to the Reverend the Prolocutor: Being an Answer to a Paper, &c. By the Author of that Letter at Google Books ^ "Hare, Francis" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. "Read the ebook Catalogue of the printed books in the library of Merton College by Merton College. Library". Ebooksread.com. Retrieved 1 March 2013. Further reading Cross, F. A., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 1964. London: Oxford University Press. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bangorian Controversy" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Starkie, Andrew (2007). Church of England and the Bangorian controversy, 1716–1721. Studies in modern British religious history. Vol. 14. Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 1–272. ISBN 978-0-511-12611-6.	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For people from places named for the British diocese, see, see Bangor.Benjamin Hoadly by Sarah HoadlyThe Bangorian Controversy was a theological argument within the Church of England in the early 18th century, with strong political overtones. The origins of the controversy lay in the 1716 posthumous publication of George Hickes's Constitution of the Catholic Church, and the Nature and Consequences of Schism. In it, Hickes, as Bishop of Thetford, on behalf of the minority non-juror faction that had broken away from the Church of England after the Glorious Revolution, excommunicated all but the non-juror churchmen. Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, wrote a reply, Preservative against the Principles and Practices of Non-Jurors; his own Erastian position was sincerely proposed as the only test of truth.The controversy itself began very visibly and vocally when Hoadly delivered a sermon on 31 March 1717[which calendar?] to George I of Great Britain on The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ. His text was John 18:36, \"My kingdom is not of this world\" and from that, Hoadly deduced, supposedly at the request of the king himself, that there is no Biblical justification for any church government of any sort. He identified the church with the Kingdom of Heaven. It was therefore not of this world, and Christ had not delegated His authority to any representatives.","title":"Bangorian Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_grace"},{"link_name":"Established Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Established_Church"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"divine right of kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Whig_Party"},{"link_name":"Puritans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan"},{"link_name":"Congregational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"latitudinarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudinarian"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain"}],"text":"Two competing visions of government were in play. On the one hand, there was a vision of God appointing the king and the bishops to be leaders, selecting them from all others and imbuing them with special characters, either through grace or in creation. That view held that the king, as the head of the Established Church, was not only a secular leader of a state but also a religious primate. Power and regulation flowed downward from God to the people. That was the aristocratic model that was favoured by the Tory party and had been used to propose the divine right of kings.The other view was that power flowed up from the people to the leaders, that leaders were no more intrinsically better than those led, and God gives out revelation freely. That Whig view was also the view of the Puritans and the \"Independents\" (the various Congregational and Baptist churches, Quakers etc.).George I favoured the Whigs in Parliament and favoured a latitudinarian ecclesiastical policy in general. That was probably not by any desire to give up royal prerogative but to break the power of the aristocracy and the House of Lords. A significant obstacle to all kings of England had been the presence of bishops in the Lords. While a king could create peers, it was much more difficult for him to move bishops into and out of the Lords.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Law"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sherlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sherlock"},{"link_name":"Andrew Snape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Snape"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Francis Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hare_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Robert Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moss_(dean)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Convocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocation_of_the_English_Clergy"}],"text":"The sermon was immediately published and instantly drew counterattacks. William Law (Three Letters to the Bishop of Bangor) and Thomas Sherlock (dean of Chichester), in particular, gave vigorous defences of church polity. Hoadly himself wrote A Reply to the Representations of Convocation to answer Sherlock, Andrew Snape, provost of Eton, and Francis Hare, then dean of Worcester. The three men, and another opponent, Robert Moss, dean of Ely, were deprived of their royal chaplaincies by the king. Hoadly did not, however, attempt to answer William Law. It has been claimed that in all, over 200 pamphlets linked to the controversy were published by 53 writers. Of those, 74 were published in July 1717.[1][2][3]In May 1717, the Convocation appointed a committee to study the sermon. When the report was ready for synodal sanction against Hoadly, the king dismissed the convocation, which did not meet again for over 130 years.","title":"Sermon and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline of publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Bangorian Controversy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bangorian_Controversy"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Boydell Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boydell_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-511-12611-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-12611-6"}],"text":"Cross, F. A., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 1964. London: Oxford University Press.\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Bangorian Controversy\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.\nStarkie, Andrew (2007). Church of England and the Bangorian controversy, 1716–1721. Studies in modern British religious history. Vol. 14. Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 1–272. ISBN 978-0-511-12611-6.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Benjamin Hoadly by Sarah Hoadly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Benjamin_Hoadly_by_Sarah_Hoadly.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Hoadly_by_Sarah_Hoadly.jpg"}]	[{"title":"1716 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1716_in_literature"},{"title":"1717 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1717_in_literature"},{"title":"1718 in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1718_in_literature"}]	[{"reference":"\"Outlines of the History of the Theological Literature of the Church of England (1897)\". Anglicanhistory.org. Retrieved 1 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://anglicanhistory.org/scotland/jdowden/paddock/06.html","url_text":"\"Outlines of the History of the Theological Literature of the Church of England (1897)\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. V: Goar – Innocent – Christian Classics Ethereal Library\". Ccel.org. Retrieved 1 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05/Page_301.html","url_text":"\"New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. V: Goar – Innocent – Christian Classics Ethereal Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of English thought in the eighteenth century\". Retrieved 1 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/historyenglisht05stepgoog#page/n174/mode/2up","url_text":"\"History of English thought in the eighteenth century\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hickes, George\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hickes,_George","url_text":"\"Hickes, George\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Hoadly, Benjamin (1676–1761)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hoadly,_Benjamin_(1676%E2%80%931761)","url_text":"\"Hoadly, Benjamin (1676–1761)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Snape, Andrew\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Snape,_Andrew","url_text":"\"Snape, Andrew\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Sherlock, Thomas\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Sherlock,_Thomas","url_text":"\"Sherlock, Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"§5. Law's Controversial Writings against Hoadly, Mandeville and Tindal. XII. William Law and the Mystics. Vol. 9. From Steele and Addison to Pope and Swift. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 190721\". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 1 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bartleby.com/219/1205.html","url_text":"\"§5. Law's Controversial Writings against Hoadly, Mandeville and Tindal. XII. William Law and the Mystics. Vol. 9. From Steele and Addison to Pope and Swift. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 190721\""}]},{"reference":"\"Law, William (1686–1761)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Law,_William_(1686%E2%80%931761)","url_text":"\"Law, William (1686–1761)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Warner, Rebecca Louise. \"Moss, Robert\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19403","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/19403"}]},{"reference":"\"Hare, Francis\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hare,_Francis","url_text":"\"Hare, Francis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. \"Read the ebook Catalogue of the printed books in the library of Merton College by Merton College. Library\". Ebooksread.com. Retrieved 1 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/merton-college-library/catalogue-of-the-printed-books-in-the-library-of-merton-college-ala/page-20-catalogue-of-the-printed-books-in-the-library-of-merton-college-ala.shtml","url_text":"\"Read the ebook Catalogue of the printed books in the library of Merton College by Merton College. Library\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Bangorian Controversy\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bangorian_Controversy","url_text":"\"Bangorian Controversy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Starkie, Andrew (2007). Church of England and the Bangorian controversy, 1716–1721. Studies in modern British religious history. Vol. 14. Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 1–272. ISBN 978-0-511-12611-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boydell_Press","url_text":"Boydell Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-12611-6","url_text":"978-0-511-12611-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://anglicanhistory.org/scotland/jdowden/paddock/06.html","external_links_name":"\"Outlines of the History of the Theological Literature of the Church of England (1897)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05/Page_301.html","external_links_name":"\"New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. V: Goar – Innocent – Christian Classics Ethereal Library\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/historyenglisht05stepgoog#page/n174/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"History of English thought in the eighteenth century\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hickes,_George","external_links_name":"\"Hickes, George\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hoadly,_Benjamin_(1676%E2%80%931761)","external_links_name":"\"Hoadly, Benjamin (1676–1761)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Snape,_Andrew","external_links_name":"\"Snape, Andrew\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Sherlock,_Thomas","external_links_name":"\"Sherlock, Thomas\""},{"Link":"http://www.bartleby.com/219/1205.html","external_links_name":"\"§5. Law's Controversial Writings against Hoadly, Mandeville and Tindal. XII. William Law and the Mystics. Vol. 9. From Steele and Addison to Pope and Swift. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 190721\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Law,_William_(1686%E2%80%931761)","external_links_name":"\"Law, William (1686–1761)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19403","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/19403"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WZJjPwAACAAJ","external_links_name":"A Letter to the Reverend Dr. Edward Tenison, Concerning Some Citations Made from .... the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury's Preliminary Discourse to the Apostolical Fathers, in a Paper Lately Published, Intituled, A Letter to the Reverend the Prolocutor: Being an Answer to a Paper, &c. By the Author of that Letter"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hare,_Francis","external_links_name":"\"Hare, Francis\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/merton-college-library/catalogue-of-the-printed-books-in-the-library-of-merton-college-ala/page-20-catalogue-of-the-printed-books-in-the-library-of-merton-college-ala.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Read the ebook Catalogue of the printed books in the library of Merton College by Merton College. Library\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bangorian_Controversy","external_links_name":"\"Bangorian Controversy\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotemperature	Holdridge life zones	["1 Scheme","2 Scientific relationship between the 3 axes and 3 indicators","3 Classes","4 Climate change","5 See also","6 References"]	Global bioclimatic scheme for the classification of land areas This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Holdridge life zones" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Holdridge life zone classification scheme. Although conceived as three-dimensional by its originator, it is usually shown as a two-dimensional array of hexagons in a triangular frame. The Holdridge life zones system is a global bioclimatic scheme for the classification of land areas. It was first published by Leslie Holdridge in 1947, and updated in 1967. It is a relatively simple system based on few empirical data, giving objective criteria. A basic assumption of the system is that both soil and the climax vegetation can be mapped once the climate is known. Scheme While it was first designed for tropical and subtropical areas, the system now applies globally. The system has been shown to fit not just tropical vegetation zones, but Mediterranean zones, and boreal zones too, but is less applicable to cold oceanic or cold arid climates where moisture becomes the predominant factor. The system has found a major use in assessing the potential changes in natural vegetation patterns due to global warming. The three major axes of the barycentric subdivisions are: precipitation (annual, logarithmic) biotemperature (mean annual, logarithmic) potential evapotranspiration ratio (PET) to mean total annual precipitation. Further indicators incorporated into the system are: humidity provinces latitudinal regions altitudinal belts Biotemperature is based on the growing season length and temperature. It is measured as the mean of all annual temperatures, with all temperatures below freezing and above 30 °C adjusted to 0 °C, as most plants are dormant at these temperatures. Holdridge's system uses biotemperature first, rather than the temperate latitude bias of Merriam's life zones, and does not primarily consider elevation directly. The system is considered more appropriate for tropical vegetation than Merriam's system. Scientific relationship between the 3 axes and 3 indicators Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is the amount of water that would be evaporated and transpired if there were enough water available. Higher temperatures result in higher PET. Evapotranspiration (ET) is the raw sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere. Evapotranspiration can never be greater than PET. The ratio, Precipitation/PET, is the aridity index (AI), with an AI<0.2 indicating arid/hyperarid, and AI<0.5 indicating dry. The coldest regions have not much evapotranspiration nor precipitation as there is not enough heat to evaporate much water, hence polar deserts. In the warmer regions, there are deserts with maximum PET but low rainfall that make the soil even drier, and rain forests with low PET and maximum rainfall causing river systems to drain excess water into oceans. Classes All the classes defined within the system, as used by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), are: Polar desert Subpolar dry tundra Subpolar moist tundra Subpolar wet tundra Subpolar rain tundra Boreal desert Boreal dry scrub Boreal moist forest Boreal wet forest Boreal rain forest Cool temperate desert Cool temperate desert scrub Cool temperate steppe Cool temperate moist forest Cool temperate wet forest Cool temperate rain forest Warm temperate desert Warm temperate desert scrub Warm temperate thorn scrub Warm temperate dry forest Warm temperate moist forest Warm temperate wet forest Warm temperate rain forest Subtropical desert Subtropical desert scrub Subtropical thorn woodland Subtropical dry forest Subtropical moist forest Subtropical wet forest Subtropical rain forest Tropical desert Tropical desert scrub Tropical thorn woodland Tropical very dry forest Tropical dry forest Tropical moist forest Tropical wet forest Tropical rain forest Climate change See also: Effects of climate change on biomes and Effects of climate change on agriculture On this map, a shift of 1 indicates that at the end of the century, the region had fully moved into a completely different Holdridge zone type from where it had been historically. The extent of the shifts will be dependent on the severity of the climate change scenario followed. Many areas of the globe are expected to see substantial changes in their Holdridge life zone type as the result of climate change, with more severe change resulting in more remarkable shifts in a geologically rapid time span, leaving less time for humans and biomes to adjust. If species fail to adapt to these changes, they would ultimately go extinct: the scale of future change also determines the extent of extinction risk from climate change. For humanity, this phenomenon has particularly important implications for agriculture, as shifts in life zones happening in a matter of decades inherently result in unstable weather conditions compared to what that area had experienced throughout human history. Developed regions may be able to adjust to that, but those with fewer resources are less likely to do so. Areas of the globe where agriculture would become more difficult perhaps to the point of leaving the conditions historically suitable for it, under low-emission and high-emission scenarios, by 2100. Some research suggests that under the scenario of continually increasing greenhouse gas emissions, known as SSP5-8.5, the areas responsible for over half of the current crop and livestock output would experience very rapid shift in its Holdridge Life Zones. This includes most of South Asia and the Middle East, as well as parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Central America: unlike the more developed areas facing the same shift, it is suggested they would struggle to adapt due to limited social resilience, and so crop and lifestock in those places would leave what the authors have defined as a "safe climatic space". On a global scale, that results in 31% of crop and 34% of livestock production being outside of the safe climmatic space. In contrast, under the low-emissions SSP1-2.6 (a scenario compatible with the less ambitious Paris Agreement goals, 5% and 8% of crop and livestock production would leave that safe climatic space. See also Andrew Delmar Hopkins Biome Ecoregion Köppen climate classification Life zone Trewartha climate classification References ^ US EPA, OA (January 29, 2013). "About the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL)". US EPA. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. ^ Harris SA (1973). "Comments on the Application of the Holdridge System for Classification of World Life Zones as Applied to Costa Rica". Arctic and Alpine Research. 5 (3): A187–A191. JSTOR 1550169. ^ Leemans, Rik (1990). "Possible Changes in Natural Vegetation Patterns Due to a Global Warming". National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA). Archived from the original on 2009-10-16. ^ Lugo, A. E. (1999). "The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping". Journal of Biogeography. 26 (5): 1025–1038. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26.1025L. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x. S2CID 11733879. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015. ^ "potential_evapotranspiration". esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-03-23. ^ "Archived copy". agron-www.agron.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2022-03-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Parry, M. L.; Carter, T. R.; Konijn, N. T. (1988), The effects on Holdridge Life Zones, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 473–484, ISBN 978-94-009-2965-4, retrieved 2022-03-23 ^ a b c d Kummu, Matti; Heino, Matias; Taka, Maija; Varis, Olli; Viviroli, Daniel (21 May 2021). "Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space". One Earth. 4 (5): 720–729. Bibcode:2021OEart...4..720K. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017. PMC 8158176. PMID 34056573.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lifezones_Pengo.svg"},{"link_name":"Leslie Holdridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Holdridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_type"},{"link_name":"climax vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_community"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Holdridge life zone classification scheme. Although conceived as three-dimensional by its originator, it is usually shown as a two-dimensional array of hexagons in a triangular frame.The Holdridge life zones system is a global bioclimatic scheme for the classification of land areas. It was first published by Leslie Holdridge in 1947, and updated in 1967. It is a relatively simple system based on few empirical data, giving objective criteria.[1] A basic assumption of the system is that both soil and the climax vegetation can be mapped once the climate is known.[2]","title":"Holdridge life zones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"boreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"barycentric subdivisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycentric_subdivision"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"potential evapotranspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_evapotranspiration"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity"},{"link_name":"latitudinal regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudinal"},{"link_name":"altitudinal belts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Merriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Hart_Merriam"},{"link_name":"tropical vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_vegetation"}],"text":"While it was first designed for tropical and subtropical areas, the system now applies globally. The system has been shown to fit not just tropical vegetation zones, but Mediterranean zones, and boreal zones too, but is less applicable to cold oceanic or cold arid climates where moisture becomes the predominant factor. The system has found a major use in assessing the potential changes in natural vegetation patterns due to global warming.[3]The three major axes of the barycentric subdivisions are:precipitation (annual, logarithmic)\nbiotemperature (mean annual, logarithmic)\npotential evapotranspiration ratio (PET) to mean total annual precipitation.Further indicators incorporated into the system are:humidity provinces\nlatitudinal regions\naltitudinal beltsBiotemperature is based on the growing season length and temperature. It is measured as the mean of all annual temperatures, with all temperatures below freezing and above 30 °C adjusted to 0 °C,[4] as most plants are dormant at these temperatures. Holdridge's system uses biotemperature first, rather than the temperate latitude bias of Merriam's life zones, and does not primarily consider elevation directly. The system is considered more appropriate for tropical vegetation than Merriam's system.","title":"Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potential evapotranspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_evapotranspiration"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Evapotranspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration"},{"link_name":"aridity index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aridity_index"},{"link_name":"arid/hyperarid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"evaporate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation"},{"link_name":"polar deserts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_desert"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"}],"text":"Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is the amount of water that would be evaporated and transpired if there were enough water available. Higher temperatures result in higher PET.[5] Evapotranspiration (ET) is the raw sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere. Evapotranspiration can never be greater than PET. The ratio, Precipitation/PET, is the aridity index (AI), with an AI<0.2 indicating arid/hyperarid, and AI<0.5 indicating dry.[6]The coldest regions have not much evapotranspiration nor precipitation as there is not enough heat to evaporate much water, hence polar deserts. In the warmer regions, there are deserts with maximum PET but low rainfall that make the soil even drier, and rain forests with low PET and maximum rainfall causing river systems to drain excess water into oceans.","title":"Scientific relationship between the 3 axes and 3 indicators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Applied_Systems_Analysis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Polar desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_desert"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"Boreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubland"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"Cool temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_temperate"},{"link_name":"desert scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_scrub"},{"link_name":"steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe"},{"link_name":"Subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical"},{"link_name":"Subtropical dry forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_dry_forest"},{"link_name":"Subtropical moist forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_moist_forest"},{"link_name":"Tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical"},{"link_name":"Tropical dry forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_dry_forest"},{"link_name":"Tropical moist forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_moist_forest"},{"link_name":"Tropical wet forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wet_forest"},{"link_name":"Tropical rain forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rain_forest"}],"text":"All the classes defined within the system, as used by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), are:[7]Polar desert\nSubpolar dry tundra\nSubpolar moist tundra\nSubpolar wet tundra\nSubpolar rain tundra\nBoreal desert\nBoreal dry scrub\nBoreal moist forest\nBoreal wet forest\nBoreal rain forest\nCool temperate desert\nCool temperate desert scrub\nCool temperate steppe\nCool temperate moist forest\nCool temperate wet forest\nCool temperate rain forest\nWarm temperate desert\nWarm temperate desert scrub\nWarm temperate thorn scrub\nWarm temperate dry forest\nWarm temperate moist forest\nWarm temperate wet forest\nWarm temperate rain forest\nSubtropical desert\nSubtropical desert scrub\nSubtropical thorn woodland\nSubtropical dry forest\nSubtropical moist forest\nSubtropical wet forest\nSubtropical rain forest\nTropical desert\nTropical desert scrub\nTropical thorn woodland\nTropical very dry forest\nTropical dry forest\nTropical moist forest\nTropical wet forest\nTropical rain forest","title":"Classes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Effects of climate change on biomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes"},{"link_name":"Effects of climate change on agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg"},{"link_name":"climate change scenario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_scenario"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kummu2021-8"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"biomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"extinction risk from climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kummu2021-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kummu_2021_zones.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kummu2021-8"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"SSP5-8.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways"},{"link_name":"crop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_crop"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Paris Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kummu2021-8"}],"text":"See also: Effects of climate change on biomes and Effects of climate change on agricultureOn this map, a shift of 1 indicates that at the end of the century, the region had fully moved into a completely different Holdridge zone type from where it had been historically. The extent of the shifts will be dependent on the severity of the climate change scenario followed.[8]Many areas of the globe are expected to see substantial changes in their Holdridge life zone type as the result of climate change, with more severe change resulting in more remarkable shifts in a geologically rapid time span, leaving less time for humans and biomes to adjust. If species fail to adapt to these changes, they would ultimately go extinct: the scale of future change also determines the extent of extinction risk from climate change. For humanity, this phenomenon has particularly important implications for agriculture, as shifts in life zones happening in a matter of decades inherently result in unstable weather conditions compared to what that area had experienced throughout human history. Developed regions may be able to adjust to that, but those with fewer resources are less likely to do so.[8]Areas of the globe where agriculture would become more difficult perhaps to the point of leaving the conditions historically suitable for it, under low-emission and high-emission scenarios, by 2100.[8]Some research suggests that under the scenario of continually increasing greenhouse gas emissions, known as SSP5-8.5, the areas responsible for over half of the current crop and livestock output would experience very rapid shift in its Holdridge Life Zones. This includes most of South Asia and the Middle East, as well as parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Central America: unlike the more developed areas facing the same shift, it is suggested they would struggle to adapt due to limited social resilience, and so crop and lifestock in those places would leave what the authors have defined as a \"safe climatic space\". On a global scale, that results in 31% of crop and 34% of livestock production being outside of the safe climmatic space. In contrast, under the low-emissions SSP1-2.6 (a scenario compatible with the less ambitious Paris Agreement goals, 5% and 8% of crop and livestock production would leave that safe climatic space.[8]","title":"Climate change"}]	[{"image_text":"Holdridge life zone classification scheme. Although conceived as three-dimensional by its originator, it is usually shown as a two-dimensional array of hexagons in a triangular frame.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lifezones_Pengo.svg/440px-Lifezones_Pengo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"On this map, a shift of 1 indicates that at the end of the century, the region had fully moved into a completely different Holdridge zone type from where it had been historically. The extent of the shifts will be dependent on the severity of the climate change scenario followed.[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg/220px-Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Areas of the globe where agriculture would become more difficult perhaps to the point of leaving the conditions historically suitable for it, under low-emission and high-emission scenarios, by 2100.[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kummu_2021_zones.jpg/330px-Kummu_2021_zones.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Andrew Delmar Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Delmar_Hopkins"},{"title":"Biome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"},{"title":"Ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"title":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"title":"Life zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_zone"},{"title":"Trewartha climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification"}]	[{"reference":"US EPA, OA (January 29, 2013). \"About the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL)\". US EPA. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130428164559/http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/publications/abstracts/archived/lugo.htm","url_text":"\"About the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL)\""},{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-health-and-environmental-effects-research-laboratory-nheerl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harris SA (1973). \"Comments on the Application of the Holdridge System for Classification of World Life Zones as Applied to Costa Rica\". Arctic and Alpine Research. 5 (3): A187–A191. JSTOR 1550169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1550169","url_text":"1550169"}]},{"reference":"Leemans, Rik (1990). \"Possible Changes in Natural Vegetation Patterns Due to a Global Warming\". National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA). Archived from the original on 2009-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ecosys/cdroms/ged_iia/datasets/a06/reprints/lh1.htm","url_text":"\"Possible Changes in Natural Vegetation Patterns Due to a Global Warming\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091016000404/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ecosys/cdroms/ged_iia/datasets/a06/reprints/lh1.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lugo, A. E. (1999). \"The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping\". Journal of Biogeography. 26 (5): 1025–1038. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26.1025L. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x. S2CID 11733879. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227649905","url_text":"\"The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JBiog..26.1025L","url_text":"1999JBiog..26.1025L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2699.1999.00329.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11733879","url_text":"11733879"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150527185728/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Herman_Shugart/publication/227649905_The_Holdridge_life_zones_of_the_conterminous_United_States_in_relation_to_ecosystem_mapping/links/00b49515b1408efd9c000000.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"potential_evapotranspiration\". esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/public_path/shared_folder/projects/DIS4ME/indicator_descriptions/potential_evapotranspiration.htm","url_text":"\"potential_evapotranspiration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". agron-www.agron.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2022-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200128180359/http://agron-www.agron.iastate.edu/courses/Agron541/classes/541/lesson04a/4a.3.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://agron-www.agron.iastate.edu/courses/Agron541/classes/541/lesson04a/4a.3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Parry, M. L.; Carter, T. R.; Konijn, N. T. (1988), The effects on Holdridge Life Zones, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 473–484, ISBN 978-94-009-2965-4, retrieved 2022-03-23","urls":[{"url":"http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/12961/","url_text":"The effects on Holdridge Life Zones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-2965-4","url_text":"978-94-009-2965-4"}]},{"reference":"Kummu, Matti; Heino, Matias; Taka, Maija; Varis, Olli; Viviroli, Daniel (21 May 2021). \"Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space\". One Earth. 4 (5): 720–729. Bibcode:2021OEart...4..720K. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017. PMC 8158176. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_(Islamic_legal_guardian)	Wali (Islamic legal guardian)	["1 Scriptural basis","2 Wali as agent of the bride","2.1 Types","2.2 Before marriage","3 Husbands as \"guardians\" of wives","3.1 Yemen","3.2 Saudi Arabia","4 Wali as guardian of children and incapacitated adults","4.1 Nigeria","4.2 Hedaya","5 Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist","5.1 Islamic Republic of Iran","6 See also","7 References"]	Guardian of women and girls in Islam This article is about the Islamic legal concept of Wali. For Saints in Islam, see Wali. For the administrative title, see Wāli. For the town and commune of Mauritania, see Waly Diantang, Mauritania. For use of Waliullah as a given name, see Waliullah (name). Walī (Arabic: ولي, plural ʾawliyāʾ أولياء) is an Arabic word primarily meaning primarily "ally", from whnce other related meanings with Islamic cultural tones derive, such as "ally of God" or "holy man/saint", etc. "Wali" can also mean a "legal guardian", or ruler; someone who has "Wilayah" (authority or guardianship) over somebody else, and in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is often "an authorized agent of the bride in concluding a marriage contract (Islamic Law)", Traditionally, girls and women in Saudi Arabia, have been forbidden by law from travelling, obtaining a passport, conducting official business, obtaining employment, concluding a marriage contract, or undergoing certain medical procedures without permission from their guardian, who must be an adult Muslim male. However in 2019 these guardian restrictions on adult women in Saudi Arabia were lifted from traveling, undergoing certain medical procedures, obtaining passports, employment. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader of the government is a wali al-faqih (guardian jurist), under the principle advanced by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini that "in the absence of an infallible Imam", Islam gives a just and capable Islamic jurist "universal" or "absolute" authority over all people, including adult males. Scriptural basis At least according to the traditional interpretation of the Saudi religious establishment, the concept of guardianship of women is interpreted from Sura 4 verse 34 of the Quran, which states, “Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because God has given the one more than the other, and because they support them from their means.” Wali as agent of the bride Most Muslim scholars have held that in order for the nikah (marriage) of an adult woman to be valid, there must be consent not only of the bride and groom but also of the bride's wali mujbir, her male guardian. This view is held by most Muslim scholars and schools of fiqh, but the Hanafi school holds that the wali's permission is not necessary for the Nikah. The wali is typically the father or, failing that, another male relative, and failing that a qadi (Islamic judge). This order of succession of who may serve as a wali is often spelled out by jurists, such as in this list written by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab: if the father is otherwise unavailable guardianship should be assigned first to the woman's brother, then to the paternal grandfather than to the woman's son.... passes to the tribe of the brother, unless it is low/base/despicable, ... paternal uncle takes over, followed by his son, then other relatives in paternal relationships. ... Maternal relative only have a claim to marriage guardianship if there are not paternal relatives. ... the sultan or political leader may serve as the marriage guardian ... only if he is a just man .... Thus the critical factor in selecting an alternative marriage guardian is the man's adherence to justice, not his political position. Types The Hanafi school of Islamic law is unique among Sunni madhhab (school of jurisprudence) in recognizing the validity of a marriage where the woman acts on her own behalf and is not represented by a male wali. At least in the Hanafi school of fiqh, there is a distinction between a Wali ijbar and a wali ikhtiyar. A wali ikhtiyar does "not have the authority to force", and cannot arrange a marriage without the bride's permission. The marriage requires "a verbal answer" from the potential bride to go ahead. According to the founder of the Maliki school of fiqh, Malik ibn Anas, there are two kinds of custody or guardianship – khassa (specific) and `amma (general). Specific guardianship belongs to the patriarchal lineage – father, grandfather, etc. (explained above). General guardianship "was connected completely with Islam, and every Muslim male". An example of `amma guardianship is where a Muslim man arranges a marriage for a woman who does "not have a father, or other male family members". The founder of the Hanbali school, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, believed that the wali ijbar was the right of the father or, if there was no father of a judge (similar to Malik's position), with other imams that the role of a wali ikhtiyar "could be taken by all kinds of wali", not necessarily a relative on the father's side of the family. Before marriage Before a woman is married, a mahram, (close male relative, usually brother or father) should be present whenever the woman meets with someone of the opposite sex and for other issues. (This at least is the opinion of many conservative Muslims such as Ustadha Nasari, who points to Quranic verse Al-Tauba, 9:71 where "awliya", (plural of wali) is translated as "protector". Husbands as "guardians" of wives While a husband or a mahram can not be a wali, of their wife, they do have "protector" status over them, and are sometimes referred to as "guardians" of their wives and families in English language sources. According to Human Rights Watch, as of mid-2023, some Muslim countries do not allow women to "leave their homes without permission from their husband or other guardian without facing possible sanction" -- namely, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. Yemen In Yemen, as of 2005, women are not legally permitted a passport without the approval of their wali, but are allowed to travel without permission once they have a passport. However, law enforcement often disregard this freedom and "restrict a woman's right to travel if her guardian disapproves and reports her to the authorities." In 2013, according to Rothna Begum, of Human Rights Watch, women could not leave their house without her husband's permission, with a few emergency exceptions, such as taking care of ailing parents. Saudi Arabia Main article: Women's rights in Saudi Arabia § Male guardians See also: Chaperone (social) Human Rights Watch (HRW) documented the Saudi implementation of the wali, mahram and mu'arif system in 2016. HRW stated that "in Saudi Arabia, a woman's life is controlled by a man from birth until death. Every Saudi woman must have a male guardian, normally a father or husband, but in some cases a brother or even a son, who has the power to make a range of critical decisions on her behalf." So that women could "not apply for a passport without male guardian approval and require permission to travel outside the country." In the 2010s, Saudi women organised an anti male-guardianship campaign. Changes were gradually made so that by 2016 women were allowed "to secure their own ID cards" and divorced and widowed women are allowed family cards, and the requirement "that a woman bring a male relative to identify them in court" has been removed. In 2019, women were granted "the right to travel without a male relative’s permission, to receive equal treatment in the workplace and to obtain family documents from the government", but still lacked the right "to marry or live on their own" without a male wali's permission, until 2021 where Saudi women gained the right to live independently without permission from a male guardian. This came as a development of an earlier ruling that affirmed the legality of the independence of an adult woman in a separate house. Wali as guardian of children and incapacitated adults Nigeria Some definitions of Guardian in Sunni Islam at least in Islamic Nigeria: For Children: "The main role of a legal guardian under the Shari’a is to act in the child’s best interests when the child’s parents cannot do so. Legal guardians are usually relatives such as an aunt, uncle, or grandparent. This may be due to death, incapacitation, or incarceration for a crime." Incapacitated adults: "In some situations, adults with severe handicaps may need a legal guardian to care for them and act on their behalf. This is known as an adult guardianship." Hedaya Another source (Sohaira Siddiqui) states that Hedaya (a 12th-century legal manual of Hanafi fiqh by Burhan al-Din al-Marghinan), "states that there are three forms of guardianship: Guardianship for contracting marriage; Guardianship of minor persons for custody and education; and Guardianship of the property of minors. Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist Further information: Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist In Shia Islam, Islamic Jurists (faqīh, pl. fuqahā') often take on the duty of wali. Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, (Persian: ولایت فقیه, Vilayat-e Faqih; Arabic: ولاية الفقيه, Wilayat al-Faqih), is a doctrine in Twelver Shi'i Islam asserting that Islam gives Islamic jurists custodianship over people, "in the absence of an infallible Imam", (i.e. after the 12th Imam had gone into Occultation in 874 CE). Prior to the Iranian Revolution this referred to guardianship of non-litigious matters (al-omour al-hesbiah) including religious endowments (Waqf), judicial matters, those deemed incapable of looking after their own interests — minors, widows, and the insane", and property for which no specific person is responsible. Islamic Republic of Iran With the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran which institutionalized the teachings of the republic's founder Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, most references to Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist referred to Wilayat al-amma or Wilayat al-Mutlaqa ("universal" or "absolute" authority), the idea that a faqīh should have guardianship over all issues for which Prophet of Islam and Shi'a Imam have responsibility, including how people are governed. This idea of guardianship forms the basis of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran which calls for a Vali-ye faqih ("Guardian Jurist" -- using Persian Vali-ye faqih instead of Arabic wali al-faqih), to serve as the Supreme Leader of the government. In the context of Iran, (the only country where this theory is being practiced), Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist is often referred to as "rule by the jurisprudent", "rule of the Islamic jurist", or "Governance of the Jurist". See also Law portalIslam portal Coverture Legal guardian Wali References ^ Robert S. Kramer; Richard A. Lobban Jr.; Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Historical Dictionaries of Africa (4 ed.). Lanham, Maryland, US: Scarecrow Press, an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-8108-6180-0. Retrieved 2 May 2015. QUBBA. The Arabic name for the tomb of a holy man... A qubba is usually erected over the grave of a holy man identified variously as wali (saint), faki, or shaykh since, according to folk Islam, this is where his baraka is believed to be strongest... ^ a b Hans Wehr, p. 1289 ^ Hans Wehr, Arabic English Dictionary p.1100 ^ World Report 2013 – Saudi Arabia. Human Rights Watch. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 22 February 2014. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ "Saudi Arabia: Important Advances for Saudi Women". Human Rights Watch. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2020. ^ a b Hubbard, Ben; Yee, Vivian (2 August 2019). "Saudi Arabia Extends New Rights to Women in Blow to Oppressive System". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 26 November 2020. ^ a b "What is Wilayat al-Faqih?". Al-Islam.org. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 2017-02-13. ^ "II. Human Rights Violations Resulting from Male Guardianship and Sex Segregation". Human Rights Watch. 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2020. ^ a b Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013-10-15). Islamic Law and Society in the Sudan. Routledge. p. 105. ISBN 9781134540358. ^ Sahih Muslim, The Book of Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah), Book 008, Number 3303. ^ DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (First ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, US. p. 142. ISBN 0-19-516991-3. ^ Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2005). "The Nature of Islamic Marriage". In Witte, John; Eliza Ellison (eds.). Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 204. ISBN 9780802829931. Retrieved 13 February 2017. ^ Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2012). Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal ... Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9781107096455. Retrieved 26 November 2020. ^ a b c Hasyim, Syafiq (2006). Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective. Equinox Publishing. pp. 104+. ISBN 9789793780191. Retrieved 16 February 2017. ^ Caryle Murphy (Dec 9, 2014). "Laws of Men: In Saudi Arabia, women are still assigned male 'guardians'". The GroundTruth Project. Retrieved 2017-02-19. ^ "Part 2: The Duties of Men". Al-Islam.org. Retrieved 2017-02-19. ^ "Trapped; How Male Guardianship Policies Restrict Women's Travel and Mobility in the Middle East and North Africa Women's Mobility within the Country". Human Rights Watch. 18 July 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ Nazir, Sameena; Tomppert, Leigh (2005-01-01). Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 341. ISBN 9780742549920. ^ a b c "Boxed In — Women and Saudi Arabia's Male Guardianship System". Human Rights Watch. 2016-07-16. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2018-05-22. ^ Hawari, Walaa (2011-11-14). "Women intensify campaign against legal guardian". Arab News. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2012-01-25. ^ "Thousands of Saudis sign petition to end male guardianship of women". The Guardian. 2016-09-26. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2018-05-22. ^ "Saudi women allowed to live alone without permission from male guardian". The Independent. 2021-06-11. Retrieved 2021-06-21. ^ "Women in Saudi Arabia to be allowed to live, travel without male guardian". The Jerusalem Post \| JPost.com. Retrieved 2021-06-21. ^ "Saudi Arabia's historic ruling for woman living independently without permission". Al Arabiya English. 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2021-06-21. ^ OMAR, MOHMED LAWAL (March 11–15, 2019). "CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP OF CHILDREN: SHARI'A PERSPECTIVE" (PDF). national judicial institute of Nigeria. THE NATIONAL JUDICIAL INSTITUTE, ABUJA. Retrieved 1 August 2022. ^ Siddiqui, Sohaira (14 August 2021). "Overturning Islamic Law: Right of Guardianship of a Minor". Islamic Law Blog. Retrieved 1 August 2022. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 13, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ http://english.awqaf.ir/ ^ Interview: Hamid al-Bayati (May 2003) Archived December 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ Abrahamian, Khomeinism, 1993: p.19 ^ Taking Stock of a Quarter Century of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Wilfried Buchta, Harvard Law School, June 2005, pp. 5–6 ^ Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, section 8 Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Article 109 states an essential qualification of "the Leader" is "scholarship, as required for performing the functions of mufti in different fields of fiqh" ^ MATSUNAGA, Yasuyuki (2009). "Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)". Orient. XLIV: 84. Retrieved 5 August 2022. Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. California: University of California Press. ISBN 0520081730. Retrieved 30 December 2016.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali"},{"link_name":"Wāli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%81li"},{"link_name":"Waly Diantang, Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waly_Diantang,_Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Waliullah (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waliullah_(name)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"holy man/saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wilayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah"},{"link_name":"fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-permission-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-important-2-8-2019-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-extends-2-8-2019-6"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Supreme Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Ruhollah Khomeini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini"},{"link_name":"Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-wilayat-al-faqih-7"}],"text":"This article is about the Islamic legal concept of Wali. For Saints in Islam, see Wali. For the administrative title, see Wāli. For the town and commune of Mauritania, see Waly Diantang, Mauritania. For use of Waliullah as a given name, see Waliullah (name).Walī (Arabic: ولي, plural ʾawliyāʾ أولياء) is an Arabic word primarily meaning primarily \"ally\", from whnce other related meanings with Islamic cultural tones derive, such as \"ally of God\" or \"holy man/saint\",[1] etc.[2] \"Wali\" can also mean a \"legal guardian\", or ruler;[3] someone who has \"Wilayah\" (authority or guardianship) over somebody else, and in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is often \"an authorized agent of the bride in concluding a marriage contract (Islamic Law)\",[2]Traditionally, girls and women in Saudi Arabia, have been forbidden by law from travelling, obtaining a passport, conducting official business, obtaining employment, concluding a marriage contract, or undergoing certain medical procedures without permission from their guardian, who must be an adult Muslim male.[4] However in 2019 these guardian restrictions on adult women in Saudi Arabia were lifted from traveling, undergoing certain medical procedures, obtaining passports, employment.[5][6]In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader of the government is a wali al-faqih (guardian jurist), under the principle advanced by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini that \"in the absence of an infallible Imam\", Islam gives a just and capable Islamic jurist \"universal\" or \"absolute\" authority over all people, including adult males.[7]","title":"Wali (Islamic legal guardian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-2008-8"}],"text":"At least according to the traditional interpretation of the Saudi religious establishment, the concept of guardianship of women is interpreted from Sura 4 verse 34 of the Quran, which states,“Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because God has given the one more [strength] than the other, and because they support them from their means.”[8]","title":"Scriptural basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nikah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikah"},{"link_name":"wali mujbir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_mujbir"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"Nikah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikah"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFL-ILaSifS-9"},{"link_name":"qadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abd al-Wahhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Most Muslim scholars have held that in order for the nikah (marriage) of an adult woman to be valid, there must be consent not only of the bride and groom but also of the bride's wali mujbir, her male guardian.[citation needed] This view is held by most Muslim scholars and schools of fiqh, but the Hanafi school holds that the wali's permission is not necessary for the Nikah.[9]The wali is typically the father or, failing that, another male relative, and failing that a qadi (Islamic judge). This order of succession of who may serve as a wali is often spelled out by jurists,[10] such as in this list written by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab: if the father is otherwise unavailable guardianship should be assignedfirst to the woman's brother, then to the paternal grandfather than to the woman's son.... [then it] passes to the tribe of the brother, unless it is low/base/despicable, ... [then the] paternal uncle takes over, followed by his son, then other relatives in paternal relationships. ... Maternal relative only have a claim to marriage guardianship if there are not paternal relatives. ... the sultan or political leader may serve as the marriage guardian ... only if he is a just man .... \nThus the critical factor in selecting an alternative marriage guardian is the man's adherence to justice, not his political position.[11]","title":"Wali as agent of the bride"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"school of Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab"},{"link_name":"madhhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFL-ILaSifS-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaman-2012-188-13"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hasyim-104-14"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki"},{"link_name":"Malik ibn Anas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hasyim-104-14"},{"link_name":"Hanbali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Hanbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hasyim-104-14"}],"sub_title":"Types","text":"The Hanafi school of Islamic law is unique among Sunni madhhab (school of jurisprudence) in recognizing the validity of a marriage where the woman acts on her own behalf and is not represented by a male wali.[9][12][13]At least in the Hanafi school of fiqh, there is a distinction between a Wali ijbar and a wali ikhtiyar. A wali ikhtiyar does \"not have the authority to force\", and cannot arrange a marriage without the bride's permission. The marriage requires \"a verbal answer\" from the potential bride to go ahead.[14]According to the founder of the Maliki school of fiqh, Malik ibn Anas, there are two kinds of custody or guardianship – khassa (specific) and `amma (general). Specific guardianship belongs to the patriarchal lineage – father, grandfather, etc. (explained above). General guardianship \"was connected completely with Islam, and every Muslim male\". An example of `amma guardianship is where a Muslim man arranges a marriage for a woman who does \"not have a father, or other male family members\".[14]The founder of the Hanbali school, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, believed that the wali ijbar was the right of the father or, if there was no father of a judge (similar to Malik's position), with other imams that the role of a wali ikhtiyar \"could be taken by all kinds of wali\", not necessarily a relative on the father's side of the family.[14]","title":"Wali as agent of the bride"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Before marriage","text":"Before a woman is married, a mahram, (close male relative, usually brother or father) should be present whenever the woman meets with someone of the opposite sex and for other issues. (This at least is the opinion of many conservative Muslims such as Ustadha Nasari, who points to Quranic verse Al-Tauba, 9:71 where \"awliya\", (plural of wali) is translated as \"protector\".[citation needed]","title":"Wali as agent of the bride"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mahram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahram"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW-trapped-2023-17"}],"text":"While a husband or a mahram can not be a wali, of their wife, they do have \"protector\" status over them, and are sometimes referred to as \"guardians\" of their wives and families in English language sources.[15][16]According to Human Rights Watch, as of mid-2023, some Muslim countries do not allow women to \"leave their homes without permission from their husband or other guardian without facing possible sanction\" -- namely, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria.[17]","title":"Husbands as \"guardians\" of wives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Yemen","text":"In Yemen, as of 2005, women are not legally permitted a passport without the approval of their wali, but are allowed to travel without permission once they have a passport. However, law enforcement often disregard this freedom and \"restrict a woman's right to travel if her guardian disapproves and reports her to the authorities.\"[18] In 2013, according to Rothna Begum, of Human Rights Watch, women could not leave their house without her husband's permission, with a few emergency exceptions, such as taking care of ailing parents.","title":"Husbands as \"guardians\" of wives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaperone (social)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_(social)"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW2016-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW2016-19"},{"link_name":"anti male-guardianship campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_male-guardianship_campaign"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArabNews_antiguard-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_2016_petition-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW2016-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-extends-2-8-2019-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Saudi Arabia","text":"See also: Chaperone (social)Human Rights Watch (HRW) documented the Saudi implementation of the wali, mahram and mu'arif system in 2016. HRW stated that \"in Saudi Arabia, a woman's life is controlled by a man from birth until death. Every Saudi woman must have a male guardian, normally a father or husband, but in some cases a brother or even a son, who has the power to make a range of critical decisions on her behalf.\"[19] \nSo that women could \"not apply for a passport without male guardian approval and require permission to travel outside the country.\"[19]In the 2010s, Saudi women organised an anti male-guardianship campaign.[20][21]\nChanges were gradually made so that by 2016 women were allowed \"to secure their own ID cards\" and divorced and widowed women are allowed family cards, and the requirement \"that a woman bring a male relative to identify them in court\" has been removed.[19]\nIn 2019, women were granted \"the right to travel without a male relative’s permission, to receive equal treatment in the workplace and to obtain family documents from the government\", but still lacked the right \"to marry or live on their own\" without a male wali's permission,[6] until 2021 where Saudi women gained the right to live independently without permission from a male guardian.[22][23] This came as a development of an earlier ruling that affirmed the legality of the independence of an adult woman in a separate house.[24]","title":"Husbands as \"guardians\" of wives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wali as guardian of children and incapacitated adults"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMAR-NJI-11-3-2019-25"}],"sub_title":"Nigeria","text":"Some definitions of Guardian in Sunni Islam at least in Islamic Nigeria:For Children: \"The main role of a legal guardian under the Shari’a is to act in the child’s best interests when the child’s parents cannot do so. Legal guardians are usually relatives such as an aunt, uncle, or grandparent. This may be due to death, incapacitation, or incarceration for a crime.\"\nIncapacitated adults: \"In some situations, adults with severe handicaps may need a legal guardian to care for them and act on their behalf. This is known as an adult guardianship.\"[25]","title":"Wali as guardian of children and incapacitated adults"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hedaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hidayah"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siddiqui-overturn-2021-26"}],"sub_title":"Hedaya","text":"Another source (Sohaira Siddiqui) states that Hedaya (a 12th-century legal manual of Hanafi fiqh by Burhan al-Din al-Marghinan), \"states that there are three forms of guardianship:Guardianship for contracting marriage;\nGuardianship of minor persons for custody and education; and\nGuardianship of the property of minors.[26]","title":"Wali as guardian of children and incapacitated adults"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist"},{"link_name":"Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist"},{"link_name":"Shia Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"faqīh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh"},{"link_name":"Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Twelver Shi'i Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism"},{"link_name":"Islamic jurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_jurists"},{"link_name":"Occultation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-wilayat-al-faqih-7"},{"link_name":"Iranian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"non-litigious matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence#Sub-articles"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-27"},{"link_name":"Waqf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEA1993:19-30"}],"text":"Further information: Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and Islamic Government: Governance of the JuristIn Shia Islam, Islamic Jurists (faqīh, pl. fuqahā') often take on the duty of wali. Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, (Persian: ولایت فقیه, Vilayat-e Faqih; Arabic: ولاية الفقيه, Wilayat al-Faqih), is a doctrine in Twelver Shi'i Islam asserting that Islam gives Islamic jurists custodianship over people, \"in the absence of an infallible Imam\", (i.e. after the 12th Imam had gone into Occultation in 874 CE).[7] Prior to the Iranian Revolution this referred to guardianship of non-litigious matters (al-omour al-hesbiah)[27] including religious endowments (Waqf),[28] judicial matters,[29] those deemed incapable of looking after their own interests — minors, widows, and the insane\",[30] and property for which no specific person is responsible.","title":"Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Ruhollah Khomeini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini"},{"link_name":"Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist"},{"link_name":"faqīh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh"},{"link_name":"Prophet of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Shi'a Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a_Imam"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Supreme Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MATSUNAGA-84-33"}],"sub_title":"Islamic Republic of Iran","text":"With the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran which institutionalized the teachings of the republic's founder Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, most references to Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist referred to Wilayat al-amma or Wilayat al-Mutlaqa (\"universal\" or \"absolute\" authority), the idea that a faqīh should have guardianship over all issues for which Prophet of Islam and Shi'a Imam have responsibility, including how people are governed. This idea of guardianship forms the basis of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran which calls for a Vali-ye faqih (\"Guardian Jurist\" -- using Persian Vali-ye faqih instead of Arabic wali al-faqih), to serve as the Supreme Leader of the government.[31][32] In the context of Iran, (the only country where this theory is being practiced), Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist is often referred to as \"rule by the jurisprudent\", \"rule of the Islamic jurist\", or \"Governance of the Jurist\".[33]","title":"Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"Islam portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam"},{"title":"Coverture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverture"},{"title":"Legal guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardian"},{"title":"Wali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali"}]	[{"reference":"Robert S. Kramer; Richard A. Lobban Jr.; Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Historical Dictionaries of Africa (4 ed.). Lanham, Maryland, US: Scarecrow Press, an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-8108-6180-0. Retrieved 2 May 2015. QUBBA. The Arabic name for the tomb of a holy man... A qubba is usually erected over the grave of a holy man identified variously as wali (saint), faki, or shaykh since, according to folk Islam, this is where his baraka [blessings] is believed to be strongest...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0OKZRewiEOsC&q=%22holy+man%22+wali&pg=PA361","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6180-0","url_text":"978-0-8108-6180-0"}]},{"reference":"World Report 2013 – Saudi Arabia. Human Rights Watch. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 22 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109161037/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/saudi-arabia","url_text":"World Report 2013 – Saudi Arabia"},{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/saudi-arabia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia: Important Advances for Saudi Women\". Human Rights Watch. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/02/saudi-arabia-important-advances-saudi-women","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia: Important Advances for Saudi Women\""}]},{"reference":"Hubbard, Ben; Yee, Vivian (2 August 2019). \"Saudi Arabia Extends New Rights to Women in Blow to Oppressive System\". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 26 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/02/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-guardianship.html","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia Extends New Rights to Women in Blow to Oppressive System\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Wilayat al-Faqih?\". Al-Islam.org. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 2017-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-islam.org/shia-political-thought-ahmed-vaezi/what-wilayat-al-faqih","url_text":"\"What is Wilayat al-Faqih?\""}]},{"reference":"\"II. Human Rights Violations Resulting from Male Guardianship and Sex Segregation\". Human Rights Watch. 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/saudiarabia0408/4.htm","url_text":"\"II. Human Rights Violations Resulting from Male Guardianship and Sex Segregation\""}]},{"reference":"Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013-10-15). Islamic Law and Society in the Sudan. Routledge. p. 105. ISBN 9781134540358.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3d5XAQAAQBAJ&q=guardian+of+wife+wali&pg=PA105","url_text":"Islamic Law and Society in the Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134540358","url_text":"9781134540358"}]},{"reference":"Sahih Muslim, The Book of Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah), Book 008, Number 3303.","urls":[]},{"reference":"DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (First ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, US. p. 142. ISBN 0-19-516991-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natana_J._DeLong-Bas","url_text":"DeLong-Bas, Natana J."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo","url_text":"Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo/page/142","url_text":"142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3","url_text":"0-19-516991-3"}]},{"reference":"Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2005). \"The Nature of Islamic Marriage\". In Witte, John; Eliza Ellison (eds.). Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 204. ISBN 9780802829931. Retrieved 13 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9zY2vQ7NPPoC&q=wali+fiqh&pg=PA204","url_text":"\"The Nature of Islamic Marriage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802829931","url_text":"9780802829931"}]},{"reference":"Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2012). Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal ... Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9781107096455. Retrieved 26 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4i_Ba6AMT_sC&q=why+does+an+adult+woman+need+a+wali+%28guardian%29%3F&pg=PA188","url_text":"Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal ..."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107096455","url_text":"9781107096455"}]},{"reference":"Hasyim, Syafiq (2006). Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective. Equinox Publishing. pp. 104+. ISBN 9789793780191. Retrieved 16 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mlGgGVCp0UcC&q=guardian+wali+fiqh&pg=PA104","url_text":"Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789793780191","url_text":"9789793780191"}]},{"reference":"Caryle Murphy (Dec 9, 2014). \"Laws of Men: In Saudi Arabia, women are still assigned male 'guardians'\". The GroundTruth Project. Retrieved 2017-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://thegroundtruthproject.org/laws-of-men-in-saudi-arabia-women-are-still-assigned-male-guardians/","url_text":"\"Laws of Men: In Saudi Arabia, women are still assigned male 'guardians'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Part 2: The Duties of Men\". Al-Islam.org. Retrieved 2017-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-islam.org/principles-marriage-family-ethics-ayatullah-ibrahim-amini/part-2-duties-men","url_text":"\"Part 2: The Duties of Men\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trapped; How Male Guardianship Policies Restrict Women's Travel and Mobility in the Middle East and North Africa Women's Mobility within the Country\". Human Rights Watch. 18 July 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/07/18/trapped/how-male-guardianship-policies-restrict-womens-travel-and-mobility-middle","url_text":"\"Trapped; How Male Guardianship Policies Restrict Women's Travel and Mobility in the Middle East and North Africa Women's Mobility within the Country\""}]},{"reference":"Nazir, Sameena; Tomppert, Leigh (2005-01-01). Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 341. ISBN 9780742549920.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5spje12_is4C&q=wali+travel+permission&pg=PA341","url_text":"Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742549920","url_text":"9780742549920"}]},{"reference":"\"Boxed In — Women and Saudi Arabia's Male Guardianship System\". Human Rights Watch. 2016-07-16. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2018-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/16/boxed/women-and-saudi-arabias-male-guardianship-system","url_text":"\"Boxed In — Women and Saudi Arabia's Male Guardianship System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch","url_text":"Human Rights Watch"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160826080422/https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/16/boxed/women-and-saudi-arabias-male-guardianship-system","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hawari, Walaa (2011-11-14). \"Women intensify campaign against legal guardian\". Arab News. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2012-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article533282.ece","url_text":"\"Women intensify campaign against legal guardian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_News","url_text":"Arab News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120117020859/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article533282.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Thousands of Saudis sign petition to end male guardianship of women\". The Guardian. 2016-09-26. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2018-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/26/saudi-arabia-protest-petition-end-guardianship-law-women","url_text":"\"Thousands of Saudis sign petition to end male guardianship of women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010600/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/26/saudi-arabia-protest-petition-end-guardianship-law-women","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi women allowed to live alone without permission from male guardian\". The Independent. 2021-06-11. Retrieved 2021-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-women-live-alone-male-guardian-b1864267.html","url_text":"\"Saudi women allowed to live alone without permission from male guardian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women in Saudi Arabia to be allowed to live, travel without male guardian\". The Jerusalem Post \| JPost.com. Retrieved 2021-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/women-in-saudi-arabia-to-be-allowed-to-live-travel-without-male-guardian-671041","url_text":"\"Women in Saudi Arabia to be allowed to live, travel without male guardian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia's historic ruling for woman living independently without permission\". Al Arabiya English. 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2021-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2020/07/15/-Saudi-Arabia-rules-in-favor-of-woman-living-independently-without-permission","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia's historic ruling for woman living independently without permission\""}]},{"reference":"OMAR, MOHMED LAWAL (March 11–15, 2019). \"CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP OF CHILDREN: SHARI'A PERSPECTIVE\" (PDF). national judicial institute of Nigeria. THE NATIONAL JUDICIAL INSTITUTE, ABUJA. Retrieved 1 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nji.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/CUSTODY-GUARDIANSHIP-FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP OF CHILDREN: SHARI'A PERSPECTIVE\""}]},{"reference":"Siddiqui, Sohaira (14 August 2021). \"Overturning Islamic Law: Right of Guardianship of a Minor\". Islamic Law Blog. Retrieved 1 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamiclaw.blog/2020/07/23/sohaira-siddiqui-guest-editor-4/","url_text":"\"Overturning Islamic Law: Right of Guardianship of a Minor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on September 13, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060913172327/http://www.sistani.org/html/eng/main/index.php?page=4&lang=eng&part=4","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.sistani.org/html/eng/main/index.php?page%3D4%26lang%3Deng%26part%3D4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MATSUNAGA, Yasuyuki (2009). \"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)\". Orient. XLIV: 84. Retrieved 5 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/44/0/44_77/_pdf","url_text":"\"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)\""}]},{"reference":"Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. California: University of California Press. ISBN 0520081730. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/khomeinismessays00erva","url_text":"Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520081730","url_text":"0520081730"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0OKZRewiEOsC&q=%22holy+man%22+wali&pg=PA361","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of the Sudan"},{"Link":"http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=1302,ll=3066,ls=79,la=4919,sg=1252,ha=906,br=1072,pr=171,aan=742,mgf=869,vi=392,kz=3008,mr=805,mn=1581,uqw=1902,umr=1196,ums=1010,umj=961,ulq=1833,uqa=460,uqq=444","external_links_name":"Hans Wehr, [Arab-English Dictionary] p. 1289"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109161037/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/saudi-arabia","external_links_name":"World Report 2013 – Saudi Arabia"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/saudi-arabia","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/02/saudi-arabia-important-advances-saudi-women","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia: Important Advances for Saudi Women\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/02/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-guardianship.html","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia Extends New Rights to Women in Blow to Oppressive System\""},{"Link":"https://www.al-islam.org/shia-political-thought-ahmed-vaezi/what-wilayat-al-faqih","external_links_name":"\"What is Wilayat al-Faqih?\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/saudiarabia0408/4.htm","external_links_name":"\"II. Human Rights Violations Resulting from Male Guardianship and Sex Segregation\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3d5XAQAAQBAJ&q=guardian+of+wife+wali&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Islamic Law and Society in the Sudan"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo","external_links_name":"Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo/page/142","external_links_name":"142"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9zY2vQ7NPPoC&q=wali+fiqh&pg=PA204","external_links_name":"\"The Nature of Islamic Marriage\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4i_Ba6AMT_sC&q=why+does+an+adult+woman+need+a+wali+%28guardian%29%3F&pg=PA188","external_links_name":"Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal ..."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mlGgGVCp0UcC&q=guardian+wali+fiqh&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective"},{"Link":"http://thegroundtruthproject.org/laws-of-men-in-saudi-arabia-women-are-still-assigned-male-guardians/","external_links_name":"\"Laws of Men: In Saudi Arabia, women are still assigned male 'guardians'\""},{"Link":"https://www.al-islam.org/principles-marriage-family-ethics-ayatullah-ibrahim-amini/part-2-duties-men","external_links_name":"\"Part 2: The Duties of Men\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/07/18/trapped/how-male-guardianship-policies-restrict-womens-travel-and-mobility-middle","external_links_name":"\"Trapped; How Male Guardianship Policies Restrict Women's Travel and Mobility in the Middle East and North Africa Women's Mobility within the Country\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5spje12_is4C&q=wali+travel+permission&pg=PA341","external_links_name":"Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/16/boxed/women-and-saudi-arabias-male-guardianship-system","external_links_name":"\"Boxed In — Women and Saudi Arabia's Male Guardianship System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160826080422/https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/16/boxed/women-and-saudi-arabias-male-guardianship-system","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article533282.ece","external_links_name":"\"Women intensify campaign against legal guardian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120117020859/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article533282.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/26/saudi-arabia-protest-petition-end-guardianship-law-women","external_links_name":"\"Thousands of Saudis sign petition to end male guardianship of women\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010600/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/26/saudi-arabia-protest-petition-end-guardianship-law-women","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-women-live-alone-male-guardian-b1864267.html","external_links_name":"\"Saudi women allowed to live alone without permission from male guardian\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/women-in-saudi-arabia-to-be-allowed-to-live-travel-without-male-guardian-671041","external_links_name":"\"Women in Saudi Arabia to be allowed to live, travel without male guardian\""},{"Link":"https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2020/07/15/-Saudi-Arabia-rules-in-favor-of-woman-living-independently-without-permission","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia's historic ruling for woman living independently without permission\""},{"Link":"https://nji.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/CUSTODY-GUARDIANSHIP-FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP OF CHILDREN: SHARI'A PERSPECTIVE\""},{"Link":"https://islamiclaw.blog/2020/07/23/sohaira-siddiqui-guest-editor-4/","external_links_name":"\"Overturning Islamic Law: Right of Guardianship of a Minor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060913172327/http://www.sistani.org/html/eng/main/index.php?page=4&lang=eng&part=4","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.sistani.org/html/eng/main/index.php?page%3D4%26lang%3Deng%26part%3D4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://english.awqaf.ir/","external_links_name":"http://english.awqaf.ir/"},{"Link":"http://www.meib.org/articles/0305_irani.htm","external_links_name":"Interview: Hamid al-Bayati (May 2003)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061209152757/http://www.meib.org/articles/0305_irani.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ilsp/publications/buchta.pdf","external_links_name":"Taking Stock of a Quarter Century of the Islamic Republic of Iran"},{"Link":"http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution-8.html","external_links_name":"Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, section 8"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101123063337/http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution-8.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/44/0/44_77/_pdf","external_links_name":"\"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/khomeinismessays00erva","external_links_name":"Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERT_C_Coding_Standard	CERT Coding Standards	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	The SEI CERT Coding Standards are software coding standards developed by the CERT Coordination Center to improve the safety, reliability, and security of software systems. Individual standards are offered for C, C++, Java, Android OS, and Perl. Guidelines in the CERT C Secure Coding Standard are cross-referenced with several other standards including Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) entries and MISRA. See also Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures National Vulnerability Database References ^ Seacord, Robert C. (23 March 2013). Secure Coding in C and C++. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 9780132981972 – via Google Books. ^ "Introduction - SEI CERT C Coding Standard - CERT Secure Coding Standards". www.securecoding.cert.org. ^ "SEI CERT Coding Standards". CERT Secure Coding - Confluence. ^ "SEI CERT C Coding Standard - Related Guidelines". Retrieved October 15, 2018. ^ "MITRE CWE and CERT Secure Coding Standards - US-CERT". www.us-cert.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2017-09-09. External links Official website CERT home page 2016 SEI CERT C Coding Standard 2016 SEI CERT C++ Coding Standard This computing article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Common Weakness Enumeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Weakness_Enumeration"},{"link_name":"MISRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISRA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Guidelines in the CERT C Secure Coding Standard are cross-referenced with several other standards including Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) entries and MISRA.[4][5]","title":"CERT Coding Standards"}]	[]	[{"title":"Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures"},{"title":"National Vulnerability Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Vulnerability_Database"}]	[{"reference":"Seacord, Robert C. (23 March 2013). Secure Coding in C and C++. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 9780132981972 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9aNTafcb3IC","url_text":"Secure Coding in C and C++"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132981972","url_text":"9780132981972"}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction - SEI CERT C Coding Standard - CERT Secure Coding Standards\". www.securecoding.cert.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/c/Introduction","url_text":"\"Introduction - SEI CERT C Coding Standard - CERT Secure Coding Standards\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEI CERT Coding Standards\". CERT Secure Coding - Confluence.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/seccode/SEI+CERT+Coding+Standards","url_text":"\"SEI CERT Coding Standards\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEI CERT C Coding Standard - Related Guidelines\". Retrieved October 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/c/FF.+Related+Guidelines","url_text":"\"SEI CERT C Coding Standard - Related Guidelines\""}]},{"reference":"\"MITRE CWE and CERT Secure Coding Standards - US-CERT\". www.us-cert.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2017-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190810154247/https://www.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/knowledge/coding-practices/mitre-cwe-and-cert-secure-coding-standards","url_text":"\"MITRE CWE and CERT Secure Coding Standards - US-CERT\""},{"url":"https://www.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/knowledge/coding-practices/mitre-cwe-and-cert-secure-coding-standards","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9aNTafcb3IC","external_links_name":"Secure Coding in C and C++"},{"Link":"https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/c/Introduction","external_links_name":"\"Introduction - SEI CERT C Coding Standard - CERT Secure Coding Standards\""},{"Link":"https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/seccode/SEI+CERT+Coding+Standards","external_links_name":"\"SEI CERT Coding Standards\""},{"Link":"https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/c/FF.+Related+Guidelines","external_links_name":"\"SEI CERT C Coding Standard - Related Guidelines\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190810154247/https://www.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/knowledge/coding-practices/mitre-cwe-and-cert-secure-coding-standards","external_links_name":"\"MITRE CWE and CERT Secure Coding Standards - US-CERT\""},{"Link":"https://www.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/knowledge/coding-practices/mitre-cwe-and-cert-secure-coding-standards","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/seccode/SEI+CERT+Coding+Standards","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.cert.org/secure-coding/","external_links_name":"CERT home page"},{"Link":"https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/downloads/secure-coding/assets/sei-cert-c-coding-standard-2016-v01.pdf","external_links_name":"2016 SEI CERT C Coding Standard"},{"Link":"https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/downloads/secure-coding/assets/sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard-2016-v01.pdf","external_links_name":"2016 SEI CERT C++ Coding Standard"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CERT_Coding_Standards&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_Value	CT Value	["1 Kinetics","2 Example CT Table","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	CT Values are an important part of calculating disinfectant dosage for the chlorination of drinking water. A CT value is the product of the concentration of a disinfectant (e.g. free chlorine) and the contact time with the water being disinfected. It is typically expressed in units of mg-min/L. The goal of disinfection is the inactivation of microorganisms. This depends on: the microorganism, the disinfectant being used, the concentration of the disinfectant, the contact time, and the temperature and pH of the water. Kinetics The disinfection kinetics are conventionally calculated via the Chick-Watson model, named for the work of Harriette Chick and H. E. Watson. This model is expressed by the following equation: ln ⁡ ( N N 0 ) = − Λ C W C n t {\displaystyle \ln({\frac {N}{N_{0}}})=-\Lambda _{CW}C^{n}t\!} Where: ( N N 0 ) {\displaystyle ({\frac {N}{N_{0}}})\!} is the survival ratio for the microorganisms being killed Λ C W {\displaystyle \Lambda _{CW}\!} is the Chick-Watson coefficient of specific lethality C {\displaystyle C\!} is the concentration of the disinfectant (typically in mg/L) n {\displaystyle n\!} is the coefficient of dilution, frequently assumed to be 1 t {\displaystyle t\!} is the contact time (typically in minutes or seconds) The survival ratio is commonly expressed as an inactivation ratio (in %) or as the number of reductions in the order of magnitude of the microorganism concentration. For example, a situation where N0=107 CFU/L and N=104 CFU/L would be reported as a 99.9% inactivation or "3-log10" removal. In water treatment practice, tables of the product C×t are used to calculate disinfection dosages. The calculated CT value is the product of the disinfectant residual (in mg/L) and the detention time (in minutes), through the section at peak hourly flow. These tables express the required CT values to achieve a desired removal of microorganisms of interest in drinking water (e.g. Giardia lamblia cysts) for a given disinfectant under constant temperature and pH conditions. A portion of such a table is reproduced below. Example CT Table CT Values for the Inactivation of Giardia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 5 °C and pH ≈ 7.0: Chlorine Concentration (mg/L) 1 log inactivation (mg·L−1·min) 2 log inactivation (mg·L−1·min) 3 log inactivation (mg·L−1·min) 0.6 48 95 143 1.2 51 101 152 1.8 54 108 162 2.4 57 115 172 Full tables are much larger than this example and should be obtained from the regulatory agency for a particular jurisdiction. See also Chlorination Disinfectant References ^ Pine, Rob; Joe Savage. "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About CT (and then some)" (PDF). New Mexico Environment Department. Retrieved 20 October 2013. ^ Chick, Harriette (January 1908). "An Investigation of the Laws of Disinfection". The Journal of Hygiene. 8 (1): 92–158. doi:10.1017/s0022172400006987. PMC 2167134. PMID 20474353. ^ Watson, Herbert Edmeston (1908). "A Note on the Variation of the Rate of Disinfection with Change in the Concentration of the Disinfectant". The Journal of Hygiene. 8 (4): 536–42. doi:10.1017/s0022172400015928. PMC 2167149. PMID 20474372. ^ a b MWH (2005). Water Treatment: Principles And Design (2 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471110183. ^ Office of Drinking Water (1991). Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. page 3-20 ^ Office of Drinking Water (1991). Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Table E-2 External links Earth Tech, Inc. (2005). Chlorine and Alternative Disinfectants Guidance Manual (PDF). Manitoba: Manitoba Water Stewardship.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The goal of disinfection is the inactivation of microorganisms. This depends on: the microorganism, the disinfectant being used, the concentration of the disinfectant, the contact time, and the temperature and pH of the water.[1]","title":"CT Value"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harriette Chick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriette_Chick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"H. E. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._E._Watson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2005-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2005-4"},{"link_name":"CFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming_unit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Giardia lamblia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_lamblia"}],"text":"The disinfection kinetics are conventionally calculated via the Chick-Watson model, named for the work of Harriette Chick[2] and H. E. Watson.[3] This model is expressed by the following equation:[4]ln\n ⁡\n (\n \n \n N\n \n N\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n )\n =\n −\n \n Λ\n \n C\n W\n \n \n \n C\n \n n\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln({\\frac {N}{N_{0}}})=-\\Lambda _{CW}C^{n}t\\!}Where:(\n \n \n N\n \n N\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ({\\frac {N}{N_{0}}})\\!}\n \n is the survival ratio for the microorganisms being killed\n\n \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n C\n W\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda _{CW}\\!}\n \n is the Chick-Watson coefficient of specific lethality\n\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C\\!}\n \n is the concentration of the disinfectant (typically in mg/L)\n\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\!}\n \n is the coefficient of dilution, frequently assumed to be 1[4]\n\n \n \n \n t\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\!}\n \n is the contact time (typically in minutes or seconds)The survival ratio is commonly expressed as an inactivation ratio (in %) or as the number of reductions in the order of magnitude of the microorganism concentration. For example, a situation where N0=107 CFU/L and N=104 CFU/L would be reported as a 99.9% inactivation or \"3-log10\" removal.In water treatment practice, tables of the product C×t are used to calculate disinfection dosages. The calculated CT value is the product of the disinfectant residual (in mg/L) and the detention time (in minutes), through the section at peak hourly flow.[5] These tables express the required CT values to achieve a desired removal of microorganisms of interest in drinking water (e.g. Giardia lamblia cysts) for a given disinfectant under constant temperature and pH conditions. A portion of such a table is reproduced below.","title":"Kinetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"CT Values for the Inactivation of Giardia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 5 °C and pH ≈ 7.0:[6]Full tables are much larger than this example and should be obtained from the regulatory agency for a particular jurisdiction.","title":"Example CT Table"}]	[]	[{"title":"Chlorination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_chlorination"},{"title":"Disinfectant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant"}]	[{"reference":"Pine, Rob; Joe Savage. \"Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About CT (and then some)\" (PDF). New Mexico Environment Department. Retrieved 20 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/dwb/whats_new/documents/CT.pdf","url_text":"\"Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About CT (and then some)\""}]},{"reference":"Chick, Harriette (January 1908). \"An Investigation of the Laws of Disinfection\". The Journal of Hygiene. 8 (1): 92–158. doi:10.1017/s0022172400006987. PMC 2167134. PMID 20474353.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167134","url_text":"\"An Investigation of the Laws of Disinfection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022172400006987","url_text":"10.1017/s0022172400006987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167134","url_text":"2167134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20474353","url_text":"20474353"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Herbert Edmeston (1908). \"A Note on the Variation of the Rate of Disinfection with Change in the Concentration of the Disinfectant\". The Journal of Hygiene. 8 (4): 536–42. doi:10.1017/s0022172400015928. PMC 2167149. PMID 20474372.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167149","url_text":"\"A Note on the Variation of the Rate of Disinfection with Change in the Concentration of the Disinfectant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022172400015928","url_text":"10.1017/s0022172400015928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167149","url_text":"2167149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20474372","url_text":"20474372"}]},{"reference":"MWH (2005). Water Treatment: Principles And Design (2 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471110183.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471110183","url_text":"0471110183"}]},{"reference":"Office of Drinking Water (1991). Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. page 3-20","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/guidance_manual_for_compliance_with_the_filtration_and_disinfection_requirements.pdf","url_text":"Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources"}]},{"reference":"Office of Drinking Water (1991). Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Table E-2","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/guidance_manual_for_compliance_with_the_filtration_and_disinfection_requirements.pdf","url_text":"Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources"}]},{"reference":"Earth Tech, Inc. (2005). Chlorine and Alternative Disinfectants Guidance Manual (PDF). Manitoba: Manitoba Water Stewardship.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/odw/reg-info/approvals/odw_chlorine_and_alternative_disinfectants.pdf","url_text":"Chlorine and Alternative Disinfectants Guidance Manual"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/dwb/whats_new/documents/CT.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About CT (and then some)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167134","external_links_name":"\"An Investigation of the Laws of Disinfection\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022172400006987","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0022172400006987"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167134","external_links_name":"2167134"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20474353","external_links_name":"20474353"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167149","external_links_name":"\"A Note on the Variation of the Rate of Disinfection with Change in the Concentration of the Disinfectant\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022172400015928","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0022172400015928"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167149","external_links_name":"2167149"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20474372","external_links_name":"20474372"},{"Link":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/guidance_manual_for_compliance_with_the_filtration_and_disinfection_requirements.pdf","external_links_name":"Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources"},{"Link":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/guidance_manual_for_compliance_with_the_filtration_and_disinfection_requirements.pdf","external_links_name":"Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/odw/reg-info/approvals/odw_chlorine_and_alternative_disinfectants.pdf","external_links_name":"Chlorine and Alternative Disinfectants Guidance Manual"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvio_Porta	Elvio Porta	["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	Italian actor, film director, and screenwriter Elvio Porta (22 May 1945 – 26 December 2016) was an Italian actor, film director, and screenwriter. He won three Silver Ribbons over the course of his career. In 1980, his Café Express won for Best Story . Four years later, Porta and Nanni Loy shared the Silver Ribbon for Best Screenplay for Where's Picone? In 1986, Porta was named the Best New Actor for his appearance in Camorra. Porta died in 2016, aged 71. Selected filmography The Payoff (1978) Neapolitan Mystery (1979) Café Express (1980) Where's Picone? (1983) Camorra (1986; also appeared as actor) What if Gargiulo Finds Out? (1988; also directed) Scugnizzi (1989) Too Much Romance... It's Time for Stuffed Peppers (2004) References ^ Baffi, Giulio; Tricomi, Antonio (27 December 2016). "Elvio Porta: addio all'autore di "Masaniello" e del film "Scugnizzi"". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 29 December 2016. External links Elvio Porta at IMDb Elvio Porta at AllMovie Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef This article about an Italian film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a screenwriter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silver Ribbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastro_d%27Argento"},{"link_name":"Café Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Express_(film)"},{"link_name":"Best Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nastro_d%27Argento_for_Best_Story&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastro_d%27argento_al_migliore_soggetto"},{"link_name":"Nanni Loy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanni_Loy"},{"link_name":"Silver Ribbon for Best Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastro_d%27Argento_for_Best_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Where's Picone?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%27s_Picone%3F"},{"link_name":"Best New Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nastro_d%27Argento_for_Best_New_Actor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastro_d%27argento_al_migliore_attore_esordiente"},{"link_name":"Camorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camorra_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Elvio Porta (22 May 1945 – 26 December 2016) was an Italian actor, film director, and screenwriter. He won three Silver Ribbons over the course of his career. In 1980, his Café Express won for Best Story [it]. Four years later, Porta and Nanni Loy shared the Silver Ribbon for Best Screenplay for Where's Picone? In 1986, Porta was named the Best New Actor [it] for his appearance in Camorra.Porta died in 2016, aged 71.[1]","title":"Elvio Porta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Payoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Payoff_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_Mystery"},{"link_name":"Café Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Express_(film)"},{"link_name":"Where's Picone?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%27s_Picone%3F"},{"link_name":"Camorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camorra_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"What if Gargiulo Finds Out?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_if_Gargiulo_Finds_Out%3F"},{"link_name":"Scugnizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scugnizzi"},{"link_name":"Too Much Romance... It's Time for Stuffed Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Much_Romance..._It%27s_Time_for_Stuffed_Peppers"}],"text":"The Payoff (1978)\nNeapolitan Mystery (1979)\nCafé Express (1980)\nWhere's Picone? (1983)\nCamorra (1986; also appeared as actor)\nWhat if Gargiulo Finds Out? (1988; also directed)\nScugnizzi (1989)\nToo Much Romance... It's Time for Stuffed Peppers (2004)","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Baffi, Giulio; Tricomi, Antonio (27 December 2016). \"Elvio Porta: addio all'autore di \"Masaniello\" e del film \"Scugnizzi\"\". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 29 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/12/27/news/elvio_porta_addio_all_autore_di_masaniello_e_del_film_scugnizzi_-154920074/","url_text":"\"Elvio Porta: addio all'autore di \"Masaniello\" e del film \"Scugnizzi\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/12/27/news/elvio_porta_addio_all_autore_di_masaniello_e_del_film_scugnizzi_-154920074/","external_links_name":"\"Elvio Porta: addio all'autore di \"Masaniello\" e del film \"Scugnizzi\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0691892/","external_links_name":"Elvio Porta"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p106872","external_links_name":"Elvio Porta"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000039282675","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/68444922","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCyy9xxYcWDfykvbxkXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/110778445X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV087751","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007441194605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2004016220","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0237070&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/061595357","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elvio_Porta&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elvio_Porta&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Chaillet	Ned Chaillet	["1 Radio plays","2 Journalism","3 References"]	American radio director, writer (b. 1944) Edward William Chaillet, III (/ˈʃaɪeɪ/ SHY-ay; born 29 November 1944) is a radio drama producer and director, writer and journalist. Chaillet, American by birth, was born in Boston, Massachusetts but is a "native of Washington" according to The New York Times. He has lived in Britain since 1973. His newspaper career began at the Washington Evening Star in 1964, interrupted by service in the United States Army. He then lived in Europe, founded the Free State Theater company in Maryland, and studied at the University of Maryland, College Park and California Institute of the Arts. Chaillet moved to London in 1973 to work at The Times Literary Supplement for the editors Arthur Crook and John Gross 1974–76. He was deputy drama critic (to Irving Wardle) for The Times 1975–83. In 1983 he joined the BBC as Editor, Radio 3 Plays, before becoming a producer for BBC Radio Drama. At the same time (1983–86) he wrote drama criticism for The Wall Street Journal – Europe. His radio programmes have received five Sony Radio Academy Awards, and the Prix Italia for Fiction in 1997. In 2005 he was nominated by the Directors Guild of Great Britain for Outstanding Achievement in Radio. Between 2008 and 2012, Ned taught Radio and Microphone Technique at the Central School of Speech and Drama (London). In 2013, working with Chris Wallis at Autolycus Productions, he completed the recording of David Suchet's single-voice reading of the entire Bible (New International Version, 2011) for CTVC. Radio plays Radio plays directed or produced by Ned Chaillet Date first broadcast Play Author Cast SynopsisAwards StationSeries 9 August 1984 – 12 August 1984 Salesman in Beijing Arthur Miller abridged in four parts by Michael Bakewell Read by Arthur Miller Arthur Miller reads from his account of his journey to Beijing to direct a production of his play Death of a Salesman in Chinese. BBC Radio 3 5 February 1985(Recorded on 29 September 1984) Marion Alan Drury Maggie McCarthy, Jill Gascoine and Brian Kelly Anne (Jill Gascoine) and Brian return from their mother's funeral to encounter an unexpected visitor: an unknown woman who makes some startling claims and revelations. BBC Radio 4Thirty-Minute Theatre 17 May 1986(Recorded on 17 April 1986) Where Are You Wally? Barry Wasserman from a story by Barry Wasserman and Patrick Carroll Alfred Molina, Bill Paterson, Shaun Prendergast, Jennifer Piercey, Pauline Letts, Edward de Souza, Deborah Makepeace, Janis Winters, Ronald Herdman, Louis Mahoney, Paul B. Davies, Andrew Branch, Garard Green, Natasha Pyne, Stephen Rashbrook and Avril Clarke When Albert picks up a passenger in his mini-cab he is left with a bag full of money as the passenger rushes to catch a train. £275,000 proves too great a temptation, and he goes on the run. The Detective Sergeant who pursues him finds that Albert clings to his radio and finally establishes contact via the airwaves, but the police are not the only people interested in finding Albert. BBC Radio 4 18 November 1986 Optimistic Tragedy Vsevolod Vishnevsky translated and adapted by Richard Crane and Faynia Williams Toyah Willcox, Shaun Prendergast, Trader Faulkner, Linda Marlowe, Stephen Boxer, Richard Durden, John Church, Paul Barber, Trevor Allan Davies, Garard Green, James Goode, Brian Hewlett, George Parsons, Pauline Letts, Elaine Claxton and David Learner Vishnesvsky's Soviet classic from 1932/3 celebrates the indomitable spirit of the new Soviet navy in the turbulent years following the Revolution. A young female commissar is appointed to represent the revolution on a ship's company, but Anarchists undermine the Communists at every turn and make them vulnerable to the Germans. BBC Radio 3 23 November 1986 On Mayday Paul Copley Natasha Pyne, Jan Winters, Bryan Pringle, Christopher Fairbank, Garard Green, Daniel Kodicek, Wayne Howard, Peter Howell, Deborah Makepeace and Kim Wall Tom tries to reach his wife in the USSR as the radioactive cloud from Chernobyl spreads across Europe. BBC Radio 4Sunday Play 27 August 1987(Recorded on 12 July 1987) Sweet Tooth Mel Calman Steve Hodson, Richard Griffiths, Melinda Walker, Denis Lawson, Tim Reynolds, Morag Hood, Steven Harrold, Julie Berry and John Holmstrom A would-be adulterous affair consisting of meetings in a tea shop may be frustrating to George and Alice, but it is a matter of life or death to the Rum Baba and his friends on the cake shelf. BBC Radio 3 11 December 1987 Languages Spoken Here Richard Nelson Colin Stinton, Emily Richard, Renny Krupinski, Jiri Hanak, Peter Craze, Steven Harrold, John Samson and Karen Archer Michael believes he is doing a favour for the Polish émigré writer, Janusz, by translating his book. But whose cause is he serving? A morally ambiguous comedy.Won a Giles Cooper Award in 1987 BBC Radio 3 1 March 1988 Tickertape and V-Signs Peter Cox Brian Bovell and Stephen Tompkinson A black soldier returning from the Falklands War finds himself the subject of racial taunts. BBC Radio 3 21 June 1988(Recorded on 15 June 1988) Hancock's Last Half Hour Heathcote Williams Richard Briers with Steve Hodson and Zelah Clarke Tony Hancock died on 25 June 1968. His last half-hour is a solitary affair and his audience has dwindled to a telephone, some clippings and a bottle of vodka. BBC Radio 3 22 March 1989(Recorded on 28 January 1989) Haunted by More Cake Steve Walker Graham Crowden, Joan Mattheson, Stephen Tompkinson, Victoria Carling, John Bull, Richard Pearce, Philip Sully, John Warner, Joan Walker, Nicholas Courtney, Jo Kendall and Charlotte Green Ginger's nephew Lionel has a problem; there's a tea party going on in his stomach and he's fallen in love with one of the guests. What can Ginger do to help? BBC Radio 4 29 September 1989(Recorded on 9 June 1989) The Bass Saxophone Josef Škvorecký, adapted by Nigel BaldwinMusic by Graham Collier John Woodvine, Jonathan Cullen, Joe Dunlop, Elizabeth Mansfield, Danny Schiller, Michael Kilgarriff, Michael Graham Cox, Ken Cumberlidge, David King, Jo Kendall and John Bull "You were Eve and it was the apple" is Old Joseph's admonition to his younger self, remembering when a German band appeared in his German-occupied town in Czechoslovakia. The apple was the band's bass saxophone and the temptation was to play it for a German audience.Sony Award – Best Drama Production 1990 BBC Radio 3 30 October 1989 Eating Words Richard Nelson John Woodvine, Sheila Allen, Ed Asner, Emily Richard, Charles Simpson, Vincent Brimble, John Bull, David King, Elizabeth Mansfield, Simon Treves, Joe Dunlop, Christopher Good and Danny Schiller Won a Giles Cooper Award in 1989. BBC Radio 4 4 November 1989(Recorded on 10 August 1989) Rabbit Man Mel Calman Jim Broadbent, Maggie McCarthy, Carolyn Backhouse, John Moffatt, Ken Campbell, Susan Sheridan, Melinda Walker and David Goudge A man sprouts rabbit ears. BBC Radio 3 1 April 1990(Recorded on 18 March 1990) Joe Allen Presented by Daily Mail theatre critic Jack Tinker A profile of the restaurateur Joe Allen BBC Radio 4 8 September 1990(Recorded on 17 May 1990) True Believers Mike Walker Dhirendra Kumar, Meera Syal and Elizabeth Mansfield 'Tony' has turned his back on his Sikh family and married an English girl. But his brother's activities threaten to destroy his happiness. BBC Radio 4Saturday Night Theatre 9 October 1990 Betrayal Harold Pinter Harold Pinter, Patricia Hodge, Michael Gambon, Christopher Good and Elizabeth Mansfield A study of triangular infidelity and friendship. BBC Radio 3 27 December 1990(Recorded on 26 October 1990) Advice to Eastern Europe Richard Nelson Andrew Wincott, John Bull, Simon Treves, Joanna Myers, Jenny Howe, Tara Dominick, Oliver Cotton, Colin Stinton and Edita Brychta The barriers between East and West have fallen to open up economic and artistic ambition for Eastern Europe. Helena come to England with a project, only to meet a love-smitten American script editor... BBC Radio 3 3 February 1991 Diary of a Madman Gogol, adapted by James Burke, re-mixed for radio by John WhitehallMusic: Peter Shade Kenneth Williams and Richard Williams Kenneth Williams, directed by the animator Richard Williams, performs triumphantly in the 1963 soundtrack of an uncompleted film of Nikolai Gogol's demented masterpiece. BBC Radio 4 28 April 1991 When We Dead Awaken Henrik Ibsen translated and adapted by Robert FergusonMusic by Ilona Sekacz Paul Scofield, Cheryl Campbell, Imogen Stubbs, Jon Strickland, Terence Edmond, Joanna Myers, Alan Barker, Joanna Myers and Danielle Allan In Henrik Ibsen's last play, a celebrated sculptor returns to Norway with his young wife and confronts Irene, the tormented model of his masterpiece. BBC Radio 3 3 July 1991(Recorded on 13 April 1991) The Ashes Sue Townsend Ronald Herdman, Stephen Tompkinson, Fraser Kerr, David Sinclair, Joanna Myers, Karen Archer, Robin Weaver, Brian Johnston and Peter Barker The captain of the England team is going to be a father, but Louise is not his wife... BBC Radio 3 5 October 1991(Recorded on 25 August 1991) Japan Season – The Romance of the Road Alan Booth Alan Booth, famous for a 2,000-mile walk through Japan, talks about a new walk he took with a reluctant companion. BBC Radio 3 13 October 1991(Recorded on 2 September 1991) Japan Season – Yabuhara, the Blind Master Minstrel Inoue Hisashi translated and adapted by Marguerite WellsSongs by Koichi UnoAdditional music by Mia Soteriou John Woodvine, Roger Allam, Mia Soteriou, David Bannerman, Ronald Herdman, Sirol Jenkins, Charles Millham, Joanna Myers, Margaret Shade, Susan Sheridan, Auriol Smith and Andrew Wincott Hisashi Inoue's bawdy comedy charts the rise of a blind minstrel to the top ranks of Japanese society through murder, theft and extortion BBC Radio 3 14 October 1991(Recorded on 2 October 1991) Japan Season – Kyōgenii, The Monkey-Skin Quiver Utsubozaru translated by Don Kenny Andrew Wincott, Joanna Myers, Alan Barker and Matthew Sim Second of three short comedies taken from the traditional Japanese theatre. BBC Radio 3 18 October 1991(Recorded on 27 September 1991) Japan Season – Performing Ritesaka Modern Japanese Theatre Dr Brian Powell Dr Brian Powell of Keble College Oxford examines the development of the modern Japanese theatre, talking to its leading dramatists, directors, critics and performers. BBC Radio 3 2 November 1991 The Little Walls Winston Graham, dramatised by Juliet Ace Alex Jennings, Roger Lloyd Pack, Kate Bufferey, Vivian Pickles, Norman Jones, Helen Cooper, Terence Edmond, Timothy Morand, Eric Allen, Ronald Herdman, Siriol Jenkins, Cassie MacFarlane, Neil Roberts, David Sinclair, Matthew Sim and Auriol Smith Winston Graham's novel was the first winner of the Crime Writers' Association Crossed Red Herring award for best crime novel of the year. Philip has returned to Europe from America after his brother appears to commit suicide in Amsterdam. His search for the truth takes him from England to the Netherlands and Italy. BBC Radio 4Saturday PlayGold and Silver Daggers Season 22 December 1991(Recorded on 7 October 1991) Design for Living Noël Coward Cheryl Campbell, Alex Jennings, Michael Kitchen, Joanna Myers, James Laurenson, Alan Barker, Bradley Lavelle and Linda Marlowe Three terminally stylish friends who share rivalrous affections attempt to uncoil their twisted love triangle in this sexy and scandalous gem. BBC Radio 3 23 March 1992 The Wench is Dead Colin Dexter dramatised by Guy Meredith John Shrapnel, Robert Glenister, Garard Green, Joanna Myers, Peter Penry-Jones and Kate Binchy After he's rushed into hospital, Inspector Morse becomes intrigued by an old crime. BBC Radio 4 27 May 1992 Introducing Fagan Maurice Leitch T. P. McKenna and Anita Dobson A dark, claustrophobic play. BBC Radio 4 8 June 1992 Who Killed Palomino Molero? Mario Vargas Llosatranslated and adapted by Bronwyn Ferzackerley Charles Simpson, Ray Fearon, Steve Hodson, Melanie Hudson, Jonathon Taffler, Linda Marlowe, Madelaine Kemms, Jo Kendall, John Bull, Gordon Reid, Nicholas Murchie, Jonathon Addams, John Church and Mia Soteriou 1954. Peru. Northern desert. Military base. A recruit is found murdered. The resulting investigation is flawed by indifference and the commanding officer's stonewall. BBC Radio 4Monday Play 23 June 1992 Dictator Gal David Zane MairowitzMusic: Trevor Allan DaviesSound Design: John Whitehall Josette Simon and Joe Melia A musical satireSpecial Jury Commendation: Prix Futura Berlin 1993 BBC Radio 3 7 November 1992 The Facts Speak for Themselves Mark Leech Larry Dann, Meg Davies, Struan Rodger, Steve Hodson, Kate Binchey, Mathew Morgan, Keith Drinkel, Eric Allan, Phillip Anthony, Nicholas Murchie, Melanie Hudson, John Webb and Jonathon Taffler What at first seems to be an open-and-shut case turns out not to be so straightforward. BBC Radio 4Saturday Playhouse 30 November 1992 – 9 December 1992 McSorley's Wonderful Saloon Joseph Mitchell abridged by Patrick Carroll Read by Eli Wallach Eli Wallach reads eight stories from Joseph Mitchell's classic collection of tales from the New Yorker, beginning with the first part of a celebrated portrait of New York's oldest saloon, McSorley's. BBC Radio 4Book at Bedtime 17 July 1993 The Right Result Peter R. Simpkin Malcolm Rennie, Brian Croucher, Adé Sapara, Paul Shane, Michael Melia, Mona Hammond, Ray Lonnen, Oscar James, Malcolm Kaye, Don Gilét, Michael Onslow, Vivienne Rochester, Andrew Wincott, Gary Lawrence, Steve Hodson, James Telfer, John Evitt, John Fleming and John Webb When a black youth dies in a violent incident on the London Underground, the subsequent investigation uncovers a pervasive racism that appears to reach to the top ranks of the police themselves. BBC Radio 4Saturday Night Theatre 18 October 1993(Recorded on 28 August 1993) The Lake Ellen Dryden James Aubrey, Karen Archer, Pauline Yates, Frances Jeater, Barry Woolgar, Teresa Gallagher, David Thorpe, Nicholas Boulton, Steve Hodson, Isabelle Hewitt, John Prendergast and Hayley Thomas Childhood memories draw Ben Wheeler back to a lake, but when a child disappears his obsession provokes suspicion. BBC Radio 4 11 March 1994 Waiting for Lefty Clifford Odetsadapted by Bill Morrison Ed Bishop, William Hootkins, Bob Sherman, Bradley Lavelle, Teresa Gallagher, Malcolm Ward, Paul Panting, Melanie Hudson, Jonathon Tafler and Michael Fitzpatrick Series of related vignettes, framed by the meeting of cab drivers who are planning a strike BBC Radio 3 24 March 1994 Tipperary Smith Paul Copley Natasha Pyne and Barbara Durkin The adventures of a Bradford woman in the Far East.Commended by European Broadcasting Union (Turin – Sept. 1994) BBC Radio 4 9 April 1994 – 15 April 1994 Shakespeare's sonnets Simon Callow Six programmes, broadcast daily, in which Simon Callow explores the hidden meaning of the Sonnets by following a radical reordering by John Padel. Believing that the W.H. is William Herbert, it suggests that the poems were initially commissioned to convince W.H. to marry. The later passions and anguish of the poems then reveal the Poet. BBC Radio 3 28 May 1994 Last Seen Wearing Colin Dexter dramatised by Guy Meredith John Shrapnel, Robert Glenister, Miles Anderson, Melinda Walker, Donald Sumpter, Frances Jeater, Terence Edmond, Tamsin Greig, John Hartley and Emily Woof Colin Dexter's grumpy detective Inspector Morse is reluctant to take over an old missing person case from a dead colleague, but murder is Morse's speciality and the case soon has complications. BBC Radio 4 12 June 1994 Inugami, The Dog God Shūji Terayama translated by Carol Fischer SorgenfreiMusic by Mia Soteriou Pauline Letts, Susan Sheridan, Julian Rhind-Tutt, Auriol Smith, Ann Windsor, Charles Milham, David Banerman, James Taylor, Joanna Myers, Siriol Jenkins, Margaret John and Rachel Atkins In a remote village in Japan, a woman is attacked by a dog. Nine months later she gives birth to a son, Tsukio, and the village treats him with apprehension. A powerful mythic drama by one of the 20th century's most important Japanese writers, Shūji Terayama. BBC Radio 3 2 August 1994 Virtual Radio Andrew Dallmeyer Stephen Tompkinson, Jennie Stoller, Buffy Davis, Larry Dann and Anthony Jackson Virtual reality is so seductive to Bob that his entire life becomes devoted to escape into his machinery – but where will it take him when the bailiffs come? BBC Radio 4Thirty Minute Theatre 28 January 1995(Recorded on 5 January 1995) Friday's Child Georgette Heyerdramatised by John Peacock Mary Wimbush, Eva Stuart, Susan Sheridan, David Bannerman, Tessa Worsley, Nicholas Boulton, Simon Russell Beale, Julian Rhind-Tutt, Ian Hughes, Jilly Bond, Paul Panting, Cathy Sara, Peter Kenny, David Antrobus, Annabel Mullion, James Frain and Elli Garnett Viscount Sheringham is fast spending his money, and cannot inherit until he marries. Will his choice of bride bring happiness to them both? BBC Radio 4Playhouse 23 April 1995 Green and Pleasant Land Jeremy Nicholas Written and presented by Jeremy Nicholas Sony Gold Award for Best Feature Programme 1996 BBC Radio 2Radio Two Arts Programme 24 April 1995 Silver's City Maurice Leitch Brian Cox, Freddie Boardley, James Nesbitt, Clare Cathcart, John Rogan, Sean Caffrey, Michael McKnight, Ethna Roddy, Valerie Lilley, Catherine White, Conleth Hill, Toby E. Byrne, Robert Patterson, Joshua Towb, and James Greene Brian Cox stars as 'Silver' Steele in Maurice Leitch's play based on his Whitbread Prize-winning novel. Freed from imprisonment for terrorism by a Loyalist raid on his hospital room, Silver finds that his ideals have made him a dangerous anachronism in a changing Northern Ireland. BBC Radio 4The Monday Play 13 May 1995 Telephone in the Deep Freeze Janet Plater Barbara Durkin, Polly James, Oliver Cotton, Eric Allan, Sandra Voe, Hazel Holder, Colin Pinney, Donald Sumpter, George Parsons, Lyndam Gregory and Gary Lawrence "Only people like us, who have lived with an alcoholic, can understand the mental agony that goes with it. We're co-alcoholics." Janet Plater's deeply moving play follows the fortunes of members of a support group for "co-alcoholics". BBC Radio 4 28 May 1995 The Sound of Silents Neil Brand Contributors: Carl Davis, David Robinson, Kevin Brownlow Lisa Hull In cinema's centenary year, Neil Brand - composer and accompanist to silent films at the National Film Theatre - explores the great years before the coming of sound. Also including a 'silent film for radio' written and read by Miles Kington to the piano accompaniment of Neil Brand. BBC Radio 2Radio Two Arts Programme 3 September 1995(Recorded on 24 August 1995) Biography Races Presented by John Walsh, Literary Editor of The Independent.Biographers Victoria Glendinning, Humphrey Carpenter and Miranda Seymour join publisher Helen Fraser. BBC Radio 4Books and Company 10 September 1995(Recorded on 7 September 1995) Begin at the Beginning Presented by John Walsh, Literary Editor of The Independent. Children's storytelling has become a global industry where books sell upwards of 30 million copies. BBC Radio 4Books and Company 17 September 1995(Recorded on 14 September 1995) The Literature of Rock 'n' Roll Presented by John Walsh, Literary Editor of The Independent. With Nik Cohn, Lucy O'Brien and Jon Savage. Are books about rock the new rock'n'roll? BBC Radio 4Books and Company 25 September 1995(Recorded on 22 September 1995) The Burglar Colin Dexter Read by John Turner Neighbourly concern about a suspicious stranger sets a new puzzle for Inspector Morse and Sergeant Lewis in a story specially written for the Nottingham Boucheron. BBC Radio 4Short Story 30 December 1995 Death of an Ugly Sister John Peacock Roy Barraclough, Paul Shane, Linda Regan, John Alstead, Tina Grey, Jilly Mears, Gordon Reid, Annabel Mullion, Christopher Sidon, Oliver Senton, David Lerner, Crawford Logan, Peter Yapp, Michael Tudor Barnes. Becky Hindley, Sandra Bowe and James Beatty A very dark comedy of pantomime, serial murder, crack addiction and secret gay sex....... BBC Radio 4Saturday Night Theatre 31 December 1995Extended repeat 11 May 1997 The Proust Screenplay Harold Pinter adapted for radio by Michael Bakewell Douglas Hodge, John Wood, Emma Fielding and Harold Pinter Harold Pinter's film script of Marcel Proust's novel À la recherche du temps perdu has never been produced for the screen, but in this radio adaptation Harold Pinter himself guides us through the story, speaking the 'big print' of the script as it sets each scene and describes establishing shots, closeups, long shots, scenes without dialogue ... all in the immediately recognisable language of film. BBC Radio 3Memory Evening 25 January 1996(Recorded on 2 January 1996) The American Wife Richard Nelson Melinda Walker, Zoë Wanamaker, Anton Lesser, Emily Richard, Oona Beeson, Oliver Cotton, John Sharian and Alan Marriott BBC Radio 4Thirty Minute Theatre 10 February 1996(Recorded on 6 January 1996) The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn Colin Dexter dramatised by Guy Meredith John Shrapnel, Robert Glenister, Richard Pasco, Meg Davies, Stephen Critchlow, David Timson, John Hartley, Lyndam Gregory and Roger May Colin Dexter's Inspector Morse faces a puzzling trip into the world of deaf people with the murder of an invigilator in a foreign exam syndicate. BBC Radio 4 15 February 1996(Recorded on 14 January 1996) Heartache Mel Calman, text completed by Deborah Moggach. Richard Griffiths, David Timson, Jim Broadbent, Tracy Wiles, Lee Montague, David de Keyser and Meg Davies Cartoonist Mel Calman, who died two years previously, left a final play for radio in which all of a man's body parts rise up to resist his heart attack. BBC Radio 4Thirty Minute Theatre 22 February 1996(Recorded on 28 January 1996) The Chips Are Down Israel Horovitz Alice Arnold, Jane Whittenshaw, Ann Beach, Nicky Henson, Bob Sherman, Zulema Dene, Frances Tomelty and Israel Horovitz A comedy of anxiety in New York City.Jeffrey, a writer, struggles with a magazine article. BBC Radio 4Thirty Minute Theatre 8 July 1996 Everybody Comes to Schicklgruber's Marcy Kahan Clive Swift, David Kossoff, Jane Whittenshaw, Keith Drinkel, Kerry Shale, Alice Arnold, Ann Beach, Bruce Purchase, Cyril Shaps, Kim Wall, Kristin Millward, Lee Montague, Steven Crossley, Timothy Bateson and Wolfe Morris The war's been over for fifty years. Then Edward Schicklgruber, Adolf's cake cook brother, turns up in Vienna, just where he's been all along, doing what he does best. 1997 Silver Sony Award for Best Radio Play BBC Radio 4 30 September 1996 American Faith Mike WalkerMusic by Neil Brand Alan Marriott, Colin Stinton, William Roberts, William Dufris, John Sharian, Kate Harper, Ed Bishop, Garrick Hagon, Bob Sherman, Tara Hugo, Morgan Deare, Steven Crossley, Norman Chancer and William Hootkins Richard Milhous Nixon's road to Watergate. BBC Radio 4 18 November 1996 (Recorded on 21 April 1996) The Voluptuous Tango Text: David Zane MairowitzMusic: Dominic MuldowneySound: Ian Dearden Maria Friedman and Alan Belk In Dominic Muldowney's score an erotically charged collision between two of the cultural stars of the 20th century makes for operatic radio. Isadora Duncan and F. T. Marinetti vie for carnal domination over a futurist meal...Winner: Prix Italia Special Prize for Fiction 1997 Sony Gold Award for Best Radio Drama 1997 BBC Radio 3Between the Ears 14 December 1996 By Jeeves P. G. Wodehouseadapted by Alan Ayckbourn Steven Pacey, Malcolm Sinclair, Robert Austin, Diana Morrison, Simon Day, Nicholas Haverson, Lucy Tregear, Cathy Sara, Nicolas Collicos, Richard Long, Denise Silvey, Giles Taylor and Mike Windsor Recorded with an audience at the BBC Radio Theatre, with the West End cast playing to piano accompaniment with the West End recording of the songs mixed in later. BBC Radio 2 12 July 1997 The Westward Journey Ellen Dryden Carolyn Jones and Marcia Warren "We are now beyond the Missouri River. We have left the States behind. Ahead of us lie the great uncivilised plains." On the wagon trains of the perilous migration across America to Oregon and California, the strength of women was tested against the ambition and pride of their men. BBC Radio 4 30 August 1997 Love Story Erich Segal dramatised by Juliet Ace Ingri Damon, Mark Leake, Patrick Allen, Sheila Allen, John Guerrasio, David Brooks, William Dufris, Gerrard McDermott, Tracy-Ann Oberman and Christopher Wright Harpsichord: David Roblou "What do you say about a twenty-five-year old girl who died? That she was brilliant? That she loved Mozart and Bach. And the Beatles. And me." The most potent romantic novel of the 1970s in a new dramatic version by Juliet Ace. BBC Radio 4Saturday Play 1 September 1997 As You Like It William Shakespeare adapted by Ned Chaillet Imogen Stubbs, Toby Stephens and Ronald Pickup Shakespeare's comedy of true love, misplaced love, gender confusion and reconciliation. BBC Radio 4The Monday Play 23 October 1997 Goodbye Kiss Ronald Harwood Tom Courtenay and Peggy Phango For Master Donny, a return to the South Africa he left as a youth offers a fragile hope of reconciliation. But it depends on Annie. BBC Radio 4Thirty Minute Theatre 20 December 1997 Bell, Book and Candle John Van Druten adapted by Ned Chaillet Beatie Edney, Stephen Moore, Ann Beach and Nicholas Boulton Bewitched and bewildered, Anthony Henderson wanders into the Christmas cauldron of a Knightsbridge witches' coven just when Gillian Holroyd decides that she wants a new man in her life. BBC Radio 4 29 December 1997 Fighting over Beverley Israel Horovitz Rosemary Harris, Ian Carmichael, Elizabeth McGovern and Israel Horovitz A Yorkshireman belatedly flies to America to reclaim the war bride taken from him by an American war hero 45 years earlier. BBC Radio 4 6 January 1998 Last Man Out Steve May Louise Lombard and Donald Sumpter At the end of a night of jazz, only the drummer and the bar manager remain, packing up and picking over the ruins of their lives. BBC Radio 4 3 February 1998 Phone Tag Israel Horovitz John Guerassio, Elizabeth Mansfield and Doreen Mantle A transatlantic love affair is played out on the telephone as calls are missed, messages are left and confusion reigns. BBC Radio 4 16 March 1998 Old Times Harold Pinter Julia Ormond, Michael Pennington, Cheryl Campbell and Harold Pinter A darkly erotic drama. In an isolated country house, the past is about to come calling. BBC Radio 4 6 April 1998 Summer with Monika Roger McGough Mark McGann and Katy Carmichael Roger McGough's dramatisation of his magical poem of love in the 1960s. BBC Radio 4 16 April 1998 The Monkey Bin Bob Sherman William Hootkins, Stefan Dennis and James Laurenson British actors and would-be Mel Gibsons have flocked to Los Angeles for the 'pilot season', and Billy Bob's apartment house is the venue for high ambition and low plots. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 8 May 1998 The Captain's Wife Juliet Ace Patricia Hodge As the years pass, a navy spouse moves from craving conformity to rebellion. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 15 June 1998 Stations of the Cross Israel Horovitz Israel Horovitz, Nicky Henson and Joanna Monro David has returned from America, the land of his father, to make a farcical, poetic rail crossing of England to the home of his sister – and to an unforgettable funeral. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 3 July 1998 Love, Pray, and Do the Dishes Robert Smith Paul Bradley, Struan Rodger and Alice Arnold A mobile phone ringing out in the middle of a Sunday service is the start of a media roller coaster ride for Father Andrew. Only his employer would ring him at work... BBC Radio 4 15 July 1998 – 19 August 1998 Trust me, I'm a Policeman(Six-part series) Robert Smith John Woodvine, David Antrobus and Jan Winters Detective Sergeant Matrix takes a reluctant work-experience youth on a stakeout and passes the time with highly unreliable tales of police work. BBC Radio 4 14 August 1998 Victorville Marcy Kahan Stanley Kamel, David Ogden Stiers and William Hootkins In Los Angeles last month, three actors recreated a crucial hour in cinema history – when Orson Welles delivered his verdict on the screenplay for Citizen Kane. At stake is the credit for the film, being written by Herman J Mankiewicz and overseen by John Houseman. BBC Radio 4Friday Play 21 August 1998 The Dish Paul Hallam Bette Bourne Bette Bourne stars as China Dish, the role he played on stage to great critical acclaim. The intimate radio version provides an equally funny and chilling insight into the dying days of a Bournemouth bed-and-breakfast that has seen both joy and Aids. Music: Laka Daisical. BBC Radio 4Friday Play 7 February 1999 The Father August Strindbergtranslated and adapted by Eivor Martinus Ronald Pickup, Cheryl Campbell, Eleanor Moriarty, Tom Mannion, Christopher Good, Eve Pearce, Ben Crowe and Paul Panting A mother knows her own child, but the seed of paternal doubt can poison a father's mind. BBC Radio 3 8 February 1999 The Hairy Hand of Dartmoor Michael McStay Struan Rodger, Emily Richard and Angela Pleasence Alcohol, anger, infidelity and stories of Dartmoor witches and the "hairy hand" are the ingredients in a cocktail party that goes dangerously awry for Geoffrey. BBC Radio 4 26 March 1999 J Edgar Hoover: Red Scare Mike Walker William Hootkins, Bob Sherman, Kate Harper and Patrick Allen The 24-year-old Hoover is charged with orchestrating America's first campaign against communism. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 2 April 1999 J Edgar Hoover: Public Enemy Mike Walker William Hootkins, Michael Neill, John Guerrasio, William Roberts, Mac MacDonald, Adam Sims and Dave Brooks Hoover sheds his younger self and moves into the orbit of Walter Winchell, America's radio pundit, as they wage war against gangsters, creating and destroying heroes. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 9 April 1999 J Edgar Hoover: They Call Him Bobby Mike Walker William Hootkins and John Sharian A powerful duologue for US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and J. Edgar Hoover. It is set in the volatile years of the Kennedy administration, when the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr. and the war against the American Mafia were high on the Kennedy agenda. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 16 April 1999 J Edgar Hoover: Private and Confidential Mike Walker William Hootkins and David Soul J. Edgar Hoover's life is reviewed by his lifelong companion and assistant director, Clyde Tolson. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 11 June 1999 The Old Man and the Sea Ernest Hemingwaydramatised by Bob Sherman Rod Steiger, Ramon Estevez and David Allister A dramatisation of the book which led to Hemingway's Nobel Prize for Literature.An old fisherman's epic struggle for one last great fish is a classic fable of the 20th century. BBC Radio 4Friday Play 7 October 1999 Bent's Business: Talk's Cheap Peter R. Simpkin James Faulkner, Amy Shindler and Brian Croucher The glamour, and particularly the corruption, of the international art trade is Anthony Bent's business.In the first of two adventures, the theft of a Constable painting from a London gallery leads to death, and to Spain. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 14 October 1999 Bent's Business: An Old Flame Peter R. Simpkin James Faulkner, Amy Shindler and Brian Croucher The glamour, and particularly the corruption, of the international art trade is Anthony Bent's business.In the second of two adventures, the murky underworld of international art theft threatens those nearest to him, and his own reputation. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 29 October 1999 On the Eve of the Millennium Barrie Keeffe Warren Mitchell, Karl Johnson, Cathy Tyson and Ioan Meredith In a comic and touching performance, Mitchell evokes the rich humanity of a father determined to pass on a hidden heritage to his son – when his bouts with Alzheimer's disease permit. BBC Radio 4Friday Play 30 November 1999 1000 Years of Spoken English: Know What I Mean? John Mortimer Patricia Hodge, Michael Kitchen and Sylvester Williams A marriage between a barrister and a management consultant is under threat when a Caller comes to visit, but they have the armoury of their professional languages on their side. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 30 November 1999 1000 Years of Spoken English: The Verger Queen Neil Bartlett Bette Bourne An ancient verger in a historic church is disturbed by a tour party who sparks him into memories of hundreds of years of the church, forgotten pleasure gardens, and the coded world of a once-secret sexual culture. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 6 December 1999 Her Infinite Variety – Writing to Veronica Juliet Ace Eleanor Moriarty Five 15-minute plays inspired by Shakespeare's Women. Faced with parental disapproval of the boy of her choice, a young Juliet of today at least has the internet and agony aunt Veronica. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 7 December 1999 A Shout in the Distance Maurice Leitch Andrew Scott, Sorcha Cusack, T. P. McKenna, James Greene, Gavin Muir, Gavin Stewart, Valerie Lilley and Elizabeth Bell A comedy of Irish manners is the last thing young Winston expects when he is uprooted from Northern Ireland and transplanted to London. But there is more than rhyming slang that he must learn to understand. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 8 December 1999 Her Infinite Variety – Diary of a Dutiful Daughter Juliet Ace Anna Massey Faced with a doddering dad and a nursing home she runs as a business, what can a modern Goneril do but offer him the box room? BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 9 December 1999 Her Infinite Variety – And All That Jazz Juliet Ace Bette Bourne Count Orso offers a modern Viola a spectacular twelfth night, with a wardrobe beyond most cross-dressers' dreams. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 10 December 1999 Her Infinite Variety – Dirty Linen Juliet Ace Elizabeth Bell and Oliver Cotton Everyone thought Rocky would tame the shrewish Cat, but 20 years of their tempestuous marriage is played out in a national newspaper. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 14 December 1999 Alphabox Jeff Noondramatised by Mike Walker Conrad Nelson, Gemma Saunders, Beth Chalmers, Harry Myers, Christopher Kellem, Tom George and Rosie Cavillero Alphabox is a mysterious and almost fairytale-like short story based on letters and their relationship to story-telling. In the book, a writer has his letters hand-delivered to him each day one by one, in a mysterious wooden box. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 27 December 1999 The Deep End Pete Lawson Michelle Holmes, Patrick Nielsen and Stephen Hogan A magical underwater world awaits Leni – if her cry from the depths of the public swimming baths can be heard. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 8 January 2000 Design for Murder Marcy Kahan Malcolm Sinclair, Eleanor Bron, Kristin Milward, Tam Williams, Nicholas Boulton, Gemma Saunders, Joe Dunlop and Don McCorkingdale Actor, playwright, songwriter, director and star, Noël Coward never quite added sleuth to his astonishing achievements.But just before the war with Hitler, there is a gap in his memoirs – is there a murder mystery in those days? BBC Radio 4The Saturday Play 6 March 2000 – 10 March 2000 Father! Father! Burning Bright Alan Bennettabridged by Ned Chaillet Read by Alan Bennett Alan Bennett reads his comic story in five parts. BBC Radio 4Book at Bedtime 13 March 2000 – 17 March 2000 Joe Gould's Secret Joseph Mitchell abridged by Patrick Carroll Read by Eli Wallach A classic literary mystery by New Yorker journalist Joseph Mitchell, describing his true-life encounter with a Greenwich Village bohemian in the 1940s who claims to have written a great American book. BBC Radio 4Book of the Week 14 March 2000 The Lost Journals of Marina Tsvetayeva Alan Pascoe Diana Quick Based on the life of the Russian poet Marina Tsvetayeva, who went into exile after the Revolution.Following her return to Russia in 1939, her husband was shot, and she killed herself in 1941. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 17 March 2000 – 7 April 2000 Jagged Prayer(Four-part crime series) Robert Smith Cheryl Campbell and Timothy Spall Comedy drama combining crime, convents, police and perdition. BBC Radio 4 16 May 2000 Zero Tolerance Lloyd Evans Nicky Henson, Ronald Pickup and Tom George With trade advantages, increased tax revenue, and a handy mathematical superiority over the Pope's insistence on Roman numerals, should the doge of Venice declare war on the Vatican, particularly considering the doge's interest in his mathematician's wife? BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 21 August 2000 Small Parts Juliet Ace Patricia Hodge Seduced by the theatre, Mattie Potter joins a repertory company in Wales where she finds that the quick-change artistry of bit parts is a kind of preparation for life. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 3 October 2000 Three Chickens William Stanton Anton Lesser, Valerie Braddell and Suzanna Hamilton On a magic island in Brazil, the Englishman William Marlow is seduced by tales of witchcraft.In a story about three chickens, he finds uncanny and uncomfortable echoes of a life he thought he had left behind him. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 13 October 2000 A Slight Ache Harold Pinter Harold Pinter and Jill Johnson A husband and wife encounter a strange, mute matchseller. They each see something different in him. BBC Radio 4 26 November 2000 Dr. Ibsen's Ghosts Robert Ferguson Paul Scofield, Morag Hood, Edna Doré and Michael N. Harbour The story of the illegitimate son and the forgotten mother of the great Norwegian poet and playwright Henrik Ibsen. BBC Radio 3 4 December 2000 Into the Ether Andrew Dallmeyer John Sharian and Holley Chant At the height of the Cold War, American and Russian scientists lined up their psychics and telepaths in the service of the military.Ballistic missiles pale beside the power of the human mind at the beginning of the 90s, in this chilling drama. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 19 December 2000 Man in Snow Israel Horovitz Israel Horovitz, Marcia Warren, Dick Vosburgh and Burt Kwouk As a climber escorts a group of honeymooners up Alaska's highest mountain he recalls his relationship with his dead son.2001 Bronze Sony Award for Drama BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 22 December 2000 The Tunnel Under the World Frederik Pohldramatised by Mike Walker William Hope, Bob Sherman, Laurel Lefkow and Beth Chalmers Guy wakes each morning from the same terrifying dream, but each day it is soothed away by special offers and an abundance of consumer goods.Then, one day, he begins to recall a little more. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 25 December 2000 The Man Who Came to Dinner Moss Hart and George S. Kaufmanadapted for radio by Marcy Kahan Simon Callow, Elizabeth McGovern, Conleth Hill, Cheryl Campbell and John Sessions A broken leg turns a visiting celebrity into a tyrannical house guest who mercilessly abuses a family's hospitality, in this classic 30s comedy. BBC Radio 4 24 January 2001 The Polish Soldier Gregory Evans Jeremy Northam, Teresa Gallagher, Jillie Mears and Tom George James, a man haunted by the disturbing image of a figure in an old-fashioned military uniform, is struggling to break the walls he has built around himself, but he must confront the pain and mystery of what happened in his childhood. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 10 February 2001 Feng Shui and Me Barrie Keeffe Phillip Joseph, Janet Maw, Jimmy Yuill and Gordon Reid Chanting seems to help, but not even a Buddhist romance can quite quell Mick's craving for alcohol. BBC Radio 4The Saturday Play 18 May 2001 I'll be George Snoo Wilson Jane Lapotaire, Simon Callow, Federay Holmes, Jennie Stoller, Jasmine Hyde, Jonathan Keeble and Gordon Reid George Sand was one of literature's freest spirits, and when she is evoked in present-day Paris by an Australian tour guide the result is a bawdy fantasia of mother and daughter relationships. With an incarnated Charles Dickens, the 19th century and 21st century collide in a turbulent and gritty morality tale. BBC Radio 4Friday Play 4 August 2001 A Dangerous Game Shirley Cooklin Suzanna Hamilton, Ray Lonnen, Roger May and Terence Edmond When a paroled murderer kills after his release, all new paroles are frozen by the Home Office.A prisoner caught in this freeze on new paroles challenges the ruling and demands a psychological profile from a hardline psychiatrist – with explosive results. BBC Radio 4Saturday Play 1 September 2001 The Marseilles Trilogy: Marius Marcel Pagnoladapted by Juliet Ace from a translation by Margaret Jarman Richard Johnson, Simon Scardifield, Monica Dolan and Andrew Sachs Marius, son of César, feels the pull of the sea, and is prepared to sacrifice his family and his love for beautiful Fanny to fulfil his dreams. BBC Radio 4The Saturday Play 8 September 2001 The Marseilles Trilogy: Fanny Marcel Pagnoladapted by Juliet Ace from a translation by Margaret Jarman Monica Dolan, Richard Johnson, Andrew Sachs and Simon Scardifield The story of a lovely young woman abandoned by César's son Marius, who is unaware she is pregnant. BBC Radio 4The Saturday Play 15 September 2001 The Marseilles Trilogy: César Marcel Pagnoladapted by Juliet Ace from a translation by Margaret Jarman Richard Johnson, Simon Scardifield, Monica Dolan, Andrew Sachs, Tam Williams, Steve Hodson, Stephen Thorne, Struan Rodger, Phillip Joseph and Sean Baker Twenty years after the events of the first play, the sad comedy of lost love is touched by a rich comedy of death and disclosure. A mother's secrets send her son off in search of a father he never knew. BBC Radio 4The Saturday Play 17 September 2001 Free Gift Israel Horovitz Maureen Lipman, Sophie Okonedo and Daniel Anthony An Englishwoman in New York finds the most wonderful free gift when a child was left on her doorstep, but she lives in fear that the gift might be taken away. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 23 November 2001 Groupie Arnold Wesker Barbara Windsor and Timothy West Matty reads the memoirs of a well-known artist from the East End, and she writes to him. He is down on his luck, living as a recluse, and has no work. Eventually, they meet, a few illusions are shattered and things develop in a way they had not foreseen. BBC Radio 4 15 December 2001 The Gold Bug Edgar Allan Poedramatised by Gregory Evans Clarke Peters, John Sharian, Rhashan Stone and William Hootkins Set in 1838, this is Poe's story of piracy, slavery and a treasure hunt, with a critical overhaul to excise the 19th-century casual racism from this compelling tale of obsession. BBC Radio 4The Saturday Play 16 December 2001 Hecuba Euripidestranslated and adapted by Timberlake Wertenbaker Olympia Dukakis, Timothy West, Emma Fielding, Greg Hicks and Nicholas Woodeson Greek tragedy BBC Radio 3 17 December 2001 It's a Wonderful Divorce Anthony Green David Bamber and Sarah Paul The love of Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life could become grounds for divorce as the season of goodwill approaches. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 11 January 2002 Damned If I Do Dick Vosburgh, Peter Vincent, Fran Landesman and Simon Wallace Mini-musical. New songs from songwriter Connie are laid out as a trap for her best friend Zoe. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 24 January 2002 Who Goes There? John W. Campbelldramatised by Mike Walker Liam Brennan, Ioan Meredith, Cyril Nri, Christopher Godwin, Harry Myers and Colin Adrian Six men are trapped by a vicious snowstorm in an Antarctic research station. BBC Radio 4Chillers 28 January 2002 Swan Song Agatha Christiedramatised by Mike Walker Maria Friedman, Emily Woof, Sylvester Morand and Ray Lonnen As if from nowhere, a soprano has emerged to become the Tosca of our day – but like Tosca she carries in her heart a terrible need for revenge. BBC Radio 4 31 January 2002 I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream Harlan Ellisondramatised by Mike Walker David Soul, Harlan Ellison, Abi Eniola, Ewan Bailey, David Timson and Jason O'Mara After a computer wins mankind's last war, there is a final battle still to come, between it and the five surviving humans. BBC Radio 4Chillers 4 February 2002 Magnolia Blossom Agatha Christiedramatised by Mike Walker Emilia Fox, Julian Rhind-Tutt, Alex Jennings and Ewan Bailey A woman's place is definitely not in the luxury home created for her by her financier husband. But in times of trouble a woman's loyalty can challenge the presumption of men – and infidelity can be a small crime compared to others. BBC Radio 4 7 February 2002 Delta Sly Honey Lucius Sheparddramatised by Mike Walker Corey Johnson, Robert Petkoff, Sam Douglas and Ben Onwukwe A country boy exorcises his demons in Vietnam by making late-night broadcasts to phantom military units – until one of them answers his call. BBC Radio 4Chillers 14 February 2002 Corona Samuel R. Delanydramatised by Mike Walker Josie Kook-Clarke, Walter Lewis, Doña Croll, John Moraitis, William Roberts and Bill Bailey When a telepathic girl and a damaged young man are hospitalised, their two minds become entwined as the nightmares of his brutal past draw her in. BBC Radio 4Chillers 11 April 2002 The Titanic Inquiry – Part One Bob Sherman Kenneth Haigh, Nickolas Grace, Jill Johnson, John Sharian, Conrad Nelson, Ben Crowe, Barbara Barnes, Bob Sherman, Peter Marinker and Tom George When the Titanic sank the owners of the White Star Line made every effort to return straight to England. An inquiry set up by the United States Senate held the surviving witnesses ashore in New York until questions could be answered. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 12 April 2002 The Titanic Inquiry – Part Two Bob Sherman Kenneth Haigh, John Sessions, John Sharian, Peter Marinker, Conrad Nelson, Ben Crowe, Tom George and Barbara Barnes Testimony from the archives of the United States Senate investigation into the sinking of the Titanic moves on to an early confrontation with cheque book journalism in 1912. The inventor of the wireless, Guglielmo Marconi, takes the stand. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 18 April 2002 In Extremis Neil Bartlett Sheila Hancock and Corin Redgrave It is March 1895, and Oscar Wilde consults a palm reader to help him with a momentous decision. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 29 April 2002 Meet Mr. Mulliner: Honeysuckle Cottage P. G. Wodehousedramatised by Roger Davenport Richard Griffiths, Matilda Ziegler, Peter Acre, Martin Hyder, David Timson and Tom George An engaging new series that brings one of Wodehouse's most entertaining characters to radio begins with one of the best loved of the tales. Richard Griffiths stars as the storytelling Mr Mulliner whose narratives enlist the regular tipplers of the Angler's Rest as participants. One of the Mulliner clan writes tough detective stories, but when he inherits the cottage of another family author he finds it haunted by the spirit of all her cloying romantic fiction. Marital bliss seems inevitable. BBC Radio 4 6 May 2002 Meet Mr. Mulliner: A Slice of Life P. G. Wodehousedramatised by Roger Davenport Richard Griffiths, Matilda Ziegler, Peter Acre, Martin Hyder, David Timson and Tom George A gothic comedy of beauty preparations, thwarted love, a spooky old house, and a determined suitor. The regulars of the Angler's Rest parlour bar step into yet another of Mr Mulliner's quirky stories. BBC Radio 4 13 May 2002 Meet Mr. Mulliner: The Smile that Wins P. G. Wodehousedramatised by Roger Davenport Richard Griffiths, Matilda Ziegler, Peter Acre, Martin Hyder, David Timson and Carl Prekopp In the bar parlour of the Angler's Rest, the regulars are drawn into another of Mr Mulliner's peculiar tales. When a dyspeptic detective member of the Mulliner family receives a doctor's prescription to smile, the frightening knowingness of his grin spreads terror throughout the titled classes. BBC Radio 4 20 May 2002 Meet Mr. Mulliner: Open House P. G. Wodehousedramatised by Roger Davenport Richard Griffiths, Matilda Ziegler, Peter Acre, Martin Hyder, David Timson and Marlene Sidaway Never more Wodehousian than when faced with frightening aunts, terrifying ingenues and resourceful butlers, Mr Mulliner's tale today touches on a Mulliner whose callous dismissal of one young woman opens the door to vengeful neighbours, animal cruelty – and exile. BBC Radio 4 27 May 2002 Meet Mr. Mulliner: Came The Dawn P. G. Wodehousedramatised by Roger Davenport Richard Griffiths, Matilda Ziegler, Peter Acre, Martin Hyder, David Timson and Tom George A transparent visage is the striking feature of Mr Mulliner's relative Lancelot in today's tale of indomitable love, poetry, parental obstruction and unexpected opportunities. Mr Mulliner stretches the credulity of his captive fellow tipplers in the Angler's Rest parlour bar, but as ever they are drawn into his story where the glitter of silent movies proves irresistible. BBC Radio 4 3 June 2002 Meet Mr. Mulliner: Mulliner's Buck-U-Uppo P. G. Wodehousedramatised by Roger Davenport Richard Griffiths, Matilda Ziegler, Peter Acre, Martin Hyder, David Timson, Carl Prekopp, Tom George and Sandra Clark Pale young curates are rapidly going out of fashion. Augustine Mulliner, in particular, is transformed overnight into a tiger of a churchman when his aunt sends some of Uncle Wilfred's latest invention, a tonic called Mulliner's Buck-U-Uppo. BBC Radio 4 9 July 2002 The Doctor's House Alan Drury A spectre is said to haunt a small Somerset village. Gerald's circumstances make him particularly vulnerable – but what is the real secret of the Doctor's House? BBC Radio 4 20 October 2002 Coriolanus William Shakespeare adapted by Ned Chaillet Samuel West, Adrian Dunbar, Susannah York and Kenneth Haigh Shakespeare's powerful Roman play The Tragedy of Coriolanus BBC Radio 3Drama on 3 21 October 2002 – 25 October 2002 The Crucible in History Arthur Miller Read by Arthur Miller An account of the postwar anti-Communist paranoia which gripped America at the height of McCarthyism. BBC Radio 4Book of the Week 25 November 2002 Evaristo's Epitaph Patrick Carroll, based on a true story. Jasmine Hyde, Geoffrey Hutchings, Seun Shote, Diana Berriman, Samantha Robinson and Ben Crowe The inscription on a tombstone in a Cornish churchyard tells the tale of a remarkable friendship between a master and an African slave. Unravelling the historical mystery of the genuine epitaph, Patrick Carroll's play is an inspired and tender re-creation of a remarkable true story. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 2 December 2002 – 6 December 2002 My Life as Me Barry Humphries Read by Barry Humphries Barry Humphries casts off his Dame Edna Everage mantle to read from his hilarious autobiography in his own voice. BBC Radio 4Book of the Week 3 December 2002 A Man's Head Georges Simenondramatised by David Cregan Nicholas Le Prevost, Julian Barnes, Ron Cook, Paul Birchard, Beth Chalmers, Philip Fox, Ifan Meredith, Tom George, Jane Whittenshaw and Ben Crowe Maigret bends the rules to investigate a double murder in a Paris suburb. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 10 December 2002 The Bar on the Seine Georges Simenondramatised by Alison Joseph Nicholas Le Prevost, Julian Barnes, Ron Cook, Timothy Watson, Sylvester Morand, Jonathan Tafler, Tracy Wiles, Rebecca Egan, Martin Hyder, Richard Firth, Scott Brooksbank, Emma Woolliams and Laura Doddington Maigret puts his holiday on hold to tackle an unsolved murder. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 15 December 2002 – 29 December 2002 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(Three episodes) Mark Twaindramatised by Marcy Kahan Mark Caven, Christopher Jacot, Martin Roach, Kay Hawtrey and Sandy Webster The classic tale following Huck and the runaway slave Jim on their journey down the Mississippi on a raft.A Joint BBC/CBC Production with an all-Canadian cast, it was produced at CBC's Toronto studios. BBC Radio 4Classic Serial 17 December 2002 My Friend Maigret Georges Simenondramatised by David Cregan Nicholas Le Prevost, Julian Barnes, Neil Dudgeon, Jonathan Keeble, Jilly Bond, Maggie McCarthy, Bunny Reed, Ewan Bailey, Martin Hyder, Richard Firth, Emma Woolliams, Simon Donaldson and Carla Simpson On the seductive island of Porquerolles, a man is murdered when he claims the friendship of Chief Inspector Maigret. With a Scotland Yard detective in tow, Maigret is sent from Paris to investigate the death, and finds a dangerous and tempting dissolution – and some old acquaintances. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 20 December 2002 The Five of Us Barrie Keeffe Phil Davis, Nicholas Deal, Claire Rushbrook, Steven Diggory, Annabelle Apsion, Tony Rohr and Michael N. Harbour Sex and drugs and rock and roll are the illusory dreams of Bruce in his mid-life crisis.But he forgets that he is also the older man, and finds that a ménage à trois can easily become an extended family. BBC Radio 4Friday Play 24 December 2002 Madame Maigret's Own Case Georges Simenondramatised by Alison Joseph Nicholas Le Prevost Julian Barnes, Ron Cook, Julie Legrand, Paul Sirr, Victoria Carling, Nicholas Boulton, Carl Prekopp and Martin Hyder Maigret's wife finds herself entangled in a case of murder when two human teeth are found in a bookbinder's furnace. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 28 January 2003 The Piano Player William Bedford Karl Johnson, Christopher Kelham, Kate Dudley, Philip Jackson, Paul Downing, Stephen Critchlow, Carolyn Backhouse and Martin Hyder A pianist's marathon performance in a seaside town provides the evocative soundtrack for a tale of young love and first heartache. The music that conjures up a week in the 1950s still has the potency to bring back pain. BBC Radio 4 24 February 2003 In a Glass Darkly Agatha Christiedramatised by Mike Walker Neil Dudgeon and Rebecca Egan In a mirror, a man witnesses a murderous attack on a young woman just before he meets the woman and falls in love with her. BBC Radio 4 24 February 2003 Righteous Brothers Neil Brand John Woodvine, Clive Swift, Tom George, Ioan Meredith, David Timson, Peter Luke Kenny and Carolyn Jones Harmony is the joyful noise that Brother Caradoc wishes to offer to the Lord. He dreams of taking his fellow monks to a higher musical plane with him. BBC Radio 4 10 March 2003 The Dressmaker's Doll Agatha Christiedramatised by Mike Walker Juliet Aubrey, Beth Chalmers, Stephen Critchlow, Gemma Saunders, Emma Woolliams and Connie Gurie When a doll with a mind of its own comes into your life, it might be worth finding out what it wants.Agatha Christie for the 21st century is no less chilling for moving to the driving rhythms of London's catwalks in the cut-throat world of today's fashion. BBC Radio 4 6 April 2003 One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Aleksandr Solzhenitsyndramatised by Mike Walker Neil Dudgeon, Philip Jackson, Paul Chan, Jonathan Tafler, Ben Onwukwe, Bruce Purchase, Matthew Morgan, Marty Rea, Stephen Critchlow, Ben Crowe, Seun Shote and Peter Darney When Solzhenitsyn's shattering picture of Stalin's prison camps became an international bestseller in 1962, it seemed to signal a thaw in the Cold War. But Solzhenitsyn was a prophet about to be dishonoured in his own land, and the uncensored version of the novel did not appear until 1991 – the year after Solzhenitsyn's citizenship was restored in Russia. Following the routine of a single day in the camps, the story is a dynamic demonstration of human resilience. BBC Radio 4The Saturday Play 10 April 2003 Swan-song for the Nightingale Maurice Leitch Sorcha Cusack, Marty Rea, James Ellis, John Rogan, Stephen Hogan, James Greene and Norma Sheahan The sound of country music rings alarm bells for young Kevin, when it means that his 'has-been alcoholic' mother hits the comeback trail in Ireland, and wants to take him along.But he has a lot to learn about his mother, and other stars of yesteryear. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 12 September 2003 Speaking Well of the Dead Israel Horovitz Jill Clayburgh, Lily Rabe and Israel Horovitz Penelope speaks well of her husband, who was killed at the World Trade Center, and her daughter, Willa, wants to speak the truth. It would mean killing her father again. BBC Radio 4Friday Play 14 October 2003 The Chicken Woman Eryl Maynard Eryl Maynard, Jean Heywood, Fine Time Fontayne and Matilda Ziegler Chickens first come into the Chicken Woman's life while she and her husband strive for children.Defending her 'girls' against the Fox; nursing them into health, and comforting them in her bed, she is adamantly not obsessed.But the neighbours have another view. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 8 November 2003 A Bullet at Balmain's Marcy Kahan Malcolm Sinclair, Eleanor Bron, Tam Williams, Linda Marlowe, Susy Kane, Jaimi Barbakof, William Hootkins and Frances Jeater Noël Coward is in post-liberation Paris, 1948, to play the lead, in French, in his own play "Present Laughter". But the murder of a promiscuous mannequin provides him with a crime to solve BBC Radio 4 12 December 2003 Dead-Heading the Roses Juliet Ace Jill Balcon, Daniel Day-Lewis, Cheryl Campbell, Graham Crowden and William Hootkins Ariadne, a naval officer's wife, has become the benign queen of death, arranging tasteful memorial services – which will include her husband's. But before his departure he has plotted a final fling. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 9 January 2004 A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris Caryl Phillips Ricky Fearon, Ronald Pickup, Tom Silburn, Alibe Parsons, Declan Wilson, Lydia Leonard, Jaimi Barbakoff, Damian Lynch, Lisa Davina Phillip, Ryan McCluskey, Roger May, Timothy Morand, Bob Sherman, Rachel Atkins and Chris Moran Covers the period from the war's end to the publication of Go Tell It on the Mountain. BBC Radio 4Friday Play 6 February 2004 More Mr. Mulliner: The Bishop's Move P. G. Wodehousedramatised by Roger Davenport Richard Griffiths, Matilda Ziegler, Tom George, David Timson, Martin Hyder and Peter Acre Mr Mulliner returns to the Angler's Rest public house, where the regulars are once again ready to be transported into the roles of the characters in his fabulous stories. It is their urging that brings him back to the massively potent tonic, Buck-U-Uppo, which can transform a timid cleric into a tiger, and is even more dangerous when a bishop imbibes it. BBC Radio 4 13 February 2004 More Mr. Mulliner: The Ordeal of Osbert Mulliner P. G. Wodehousedramatised by Roger Davenport Richard Griffiths, Peter Darney, Matilda Ziegler, David Timson, Martin Hyder, Peter Acre and Stephen Critchlow This time, it is the timid Osbert Mulliner whose trials and tribulations begin when he falls in love, putting him at risk from a ferocious explorer and an even more ferocious uncle of the damsel. Rarely can a man have been so grateful for burglars. BBC Radio 4 20 February 2004 More Mr. Mulliner: The Knightly Quest of Mervyn P. G. Wodehousedramatised by Roger Davenport Richard Griffiths, Matilda Ziegler, Tom George, Martin Hyder, David Timson, Peter Acre, Joanna McCallum and Gbemisola Ikemelo Only one of Mr Mulliner's many relatives appears to be a 'chump', young Mervyn Mulliner who demands a knightly quest to prove his love to the glamorous Clarice. It is December, in the 1920s, and she craves strawberries. BBC Radio 4 27 February 2004 More Mr. Mulliner: The Truth About George P. G. Wodehousedramatised by Roger Davenport Richard Griffiths, Matilda Ziegler, Peter Darney, Martin Hyder, David Timson, Peter Acre, Damian Lynch and Lydia Leonard Mr Mulliner's final tale to the regulars at the Angler's Rest public house is about his crossword obsessed nephew, George, and his attempt to be as fluent in his speech to his beloved as he is in a crossword puzzle. Once again, the regulars fall into the story in a crazed journey across the English countryside, pursued by lunatics and farmers. BBC Radio 4 8 March 2004 Skin Juliet Ace Patricia Hodge Mattie's road to liberation and success sees her shedding her clothes on a naturist beach only to be asked for her autograph; but the sun also has its shadows. A wry and powerfully affecting tale of sun, flesh, naturism and mortality. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 19 April 2004 Maigret and the Burglar's Wife Georges Simenondramatised by Alison Joseph Nicholas Le Prevost, Julian Barnes, Julie Legrand, Rachel Atkins, Jill Johnson, Philip Franks, Tom George, Scott Brooksbank, Jennie Stoller, Philip Fox and Alice Hart A thief's wife comes back from the detective's past.Chief Inspector Maigret last met Ernestine when he was a young policeman, and she refused to put her clothes on so he could arrest her.But now he must choose to believe her story about a murdered woman discovered by her burglar husband, or believe the respectable dentist who denies there ever was a burglary. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 26 April 2004 The Yellow Dog Georges Simenondramatised by David Cregan Nicholas Le Prevost, Julian Barnes, Cherie Taylor, Chris Moran, Phillip Joseph, Philip Fox, Michael Fenton Stevens, Ioan Meredith, Joe Dunlop, Steven Diggory, Damian Lynch, Francis Jeater and Rachel Atkins The Yellow Dog finds Maigret away from his Paris patch, in a sordid tale set in Brittany where one of the town worthies has been shot – through a letter box – and a wandering dog spreads panic among the citizens. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 3 May 2004 Inspector Cadaver Georges Simenondramatised by David Cregan Nicholas Le Prevost, Julian Barnes, Michael N. Harbour, David Bannerman, Karen Archer, Philip Fox, John Rowe, Alice Hart, Joanna McCallum and Scott Brooksbank It was only as a favour to his inspecting magistrate that Chief Inspector Maigret agreed to investigate rumours about a death in the village of St Aubin.But when he arrives he finds his investigation undermined by an old adversary, the disgraced Inspector 'Cadaver'.Baulked by a town united in silence, Maigret is determined to uncover the truth – however ugly. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 10 May 2004 Maigret's Little Joke Georges Simenondramatised by Alison Joseph Nicholas Le Prevost, Julian Barnes, Julie Legrand, Phillip Joseph, Philip Fox, Harry Myers, Jaimi Barbakoff, Cherie Taylor-Battiste, Chris Moran, Rachel Atkins and Ioan Meredith When a particularly sensational murder takes place in Paris, Chief Inspector Maigret is on holiday and must follow the investigation like any member of the public, through newspapers and news flashes.How can he keep his promise to Mme Maigret and let Inspector Janvier get on with solving the crime when he is haunted by the question: why the devil was the murdered woman naked? BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 30 July 2004 Stan Neil Brand Tom Courtenay, Ewan Bailey, Ed Bishop and Barbara Barnes As death finally threatens to separates the greatest double-act in film comedy, Stan Laurel tries to say the things which have been left unsaid, in a poignant and powerful farewell to Oliver Hardy. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 23 August 2004 The Coast of Maine: Miss Tempy's Watchers Sarah Orne Jewettdramatised by David James Joanna McCallum, Sheila Allen and Susan Jameson Miss Tempy's Watchers sees two estranged friends finding their old bonds of affection as they watch over the body of a beloved friend the night before her funeral. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 24 August 2004 The Coast of Maine: The Queen's Twin Sarah Orne Jewettdramatised by David James Susannah York, Nathan Osgood, Joanna McCallum and Brian Flaherty Mrs Abby Martin, a woman born at exactly the same moment as Queen Victoria (allowing for the time difference between England and New England), tells the tale of their parallel lives. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 25 August 2004 The Coast of Maine: Captain Littlepage Sarah Orne Jewettdramatised by David James Alec McCowen, Jon Glover, Tam White, Joanna McCallum and Barbara Barnes A sea captain with a memory to share of meeting an ancient Scots mariner who sailed into uncharted waters, and discovered a strange land with no place for the living. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 26 August 2004 The Coast of Maine: Miss Esther's Guest Sarah Orne Jewettdramatised by David James Susan Engel, Joanna McCallum, Jon Glover and Nancy Crane Seeing it as a duty to provide a country break for a city-dwelling church member, Miss Esther offers to take in a guest from Boston. The visitor is not the old lady she expects. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 27 August 2004 The Coast of Maine: The Town Poor Sarah Orne Jewettdramatised by David James Angela Pleasence, Carolyn Jones, Joanna McCallum, Alice Hart, Jennifer Hilary and Eve Pearce Having fallen on hard times, the Bray sisters have been placed out of sight on a remote farm where they won't disturb the town's conscience. A chance visit by two old friends puts their lives in shocking contrast. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 26 September 2004 Hippomania Snoo Wilson Anthony Calf, Anastasia Hille, Patricia Leventon, Andrew Woodall, Victoria Woodward, Ian Masters, Owen Sharpe, Katherine Igoe, Stephen Hogan, Renee Weldon, Aoife McMahon, Gerard Murphy, John Rogan, Nicholas Boulton, Jimmy Akingbola, Ndidi del Fatti, Andrew Scott, Tam Williams, Snoo Wilson, Alex Tregear, Emily Wachter, Jason Chan, Robert Hastie and Stuart McLoughlin With Laurence Olivier preparing to film the patriotic epic Henry V in neutral Ireland during the Second World War, and the poet John Betjeman attracting the suspicious attention of the IRA, it is a heady time in Dublin.Snoo Wilson's astonishing fantasia, which springs from real events in Betjeman's life, conjures up Nazis, assassins and fairies as the poet wanders blithely through seats of power, pubs and a cemetery. BBC Radio 3Drama on 3 18 October 2004 – 22 October 2004 The Two of Us – My Life with John Thaw(Five episodes) Sheila Hancock Read by Sheila Hancock Sheila Hancock reads from her enthralling new book about her deep and passionate partnership with her late husband, John Thaw. BBC Radio 4Book of the Week 11 December 2004 Death at the Desert Inn Marcy Kahan Malcolm Sinclair, Eleanor Bron, Tam Williams, Belinda Lang, Jake Broder, Meredith MacNeil, Peter Swander, Nathan Osgood and William Hootkins Three hundred thousand dollars are left in a satchel in Noël Coward's Las Vegas suite.Coward sets off on his unexpected posthumous career as a detective.The Desert Inn, scene of one of his greatest cabaret triumphs, is the setting for a murder mystery complete with Judy Garland, a showgirl, a Broadway agent, an unlikely croupier and a US Congressman, with half of Hollywood in the audience. BBC Radio 4The Saturday Play 15 January 2005 The Salamander Letter Dylan Ritson Glenn Conroy, Adam Sims and Jason Chan Drama about crooked antiques dealer Mark Hofmann, who nearly succeeded in rewriting American history and bringing down the LDS Church when his forgeries fooled experts around the world. BBC Radio 4The Saturday Play 23 February 2005 Something Cool Maurice Leitch Linda Marlowe, Jim Norton, Alyson Coote, Bruno Lastra and Claudio Rojas In a Spanish bar, far out of the tourist season, Rose sits and waits for something to happen.As the happy hour draws to a close, two strangers appear and the scene is set for an intense and unexpected confrontation. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 7 March 2005 Scenes of Seduction Timberlake Wertenbaker Michael Maloney, Jasmine Hyde and Harriet Walter Five-scene drama involving courting couples in various stages of life. The scene entitled Summer rewrites the wooing scene of Shakespeare's Henry V. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 13 March 2005 Hotel Cristobel Caryl Phillips Rosemary Harris, Michael Potts and Stephen Spinella Caribbean independence is re-imagined in a struggle for control of a fading hotel on a small and beautiful island.The English woman who has always managed and owned Hotel Cristobel cannot accept that her era is over and that her servant John and the mysterious visitor Mr Schultz from New York might take her hotel away.The play, recorded in New York, is a gripping drama of power, and perhaps love. BBC Radio 3Drama on 3 2 May 2005 Claw Marks on the Curtain: The Lumber Room Sakidramatised by Roger Davenport Susan Engel, Ben Tibber and Alex Tregear When young Nicholas is punished by his aunt, he seeks refuge in the magical lumber-room; but when his aunt seeks him in the garden, he can exact retribution. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 3 May 2005 Claw Marks on the Curtain: The Schartz-Metterklume Method Sakidramatised by Roger Davenport Philip Fox, Emily Wachter, Timothy Morand, Jennie Stoller and Jemma Churchill When Lady Carlotta is mistaken for Miss Hope, the new governess, she takes up the job with relish, applying a freshly invented technique of child-rearing to her new charges.The ensuing chaos is all too modern for the parents. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 4 May 2005 Claw Marks on the Curtain: Fur Sakidramatised by Roger Davenport Bertie Carvel, Helen Longworth, Lydia Leonard and Alex Tregear Eleanor and Suzanne are best friends, but not for much longer.Suzanne knows she can get her rich cousin Bertram to buy her a fur in the sales, but she has to entrust the job to Eleanor, who has her own plans. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 5 May 2005 Claw Marks on the Curtain: The Toys of Peace Sakidramatised by Roger Davenport Anton Rice, Ben Tibber, Anthony Calf, Beth Chalmers and Alex Tregear Harvey is encouraged by his right-thinking sister to give her two sons toys that cannot be used for war.Of course children, in a Saki tale, are immensely inventive. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 6 May 2005 Claw Marks on the Curtain: The Open Window Sakidramatised by Roger Davenport Susan Jameson, Paul Brooke, Michael Kilgarriff, Joanna McCallum and Emily Chenery Packed off around Britain in a search for a cure for his nerves, Framton Nuttel arrives at the Sappletons' house with a letter of introduction from his sister.It little prepares him for the tale of terror he is about to hear BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 2 June 2005 The Miracle of Reason Nick Dear Frances Tomelty and Jasper Britton A menacing drama about a dirty weekend that spirals into abject terror. BBC Radio 3The Wire 7 June 2005 Grief Ellen Dryden Abigail Thaw, Michael Pennington, Isla Blair and Michael N. Harbour Simon's despair at the sudden death of his wife, Sarah, is only too clear to everyone.Their perfect marriage was legendary, but their best friend Nick is tormented by his sense of loss, and there is no one he can share it with.Especially not with his partner, Isabel. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 2 August 2005 I Enjoyed Myself Today Eryl Maynard Alex Tregear and Samantha Bond Freya's diaries reflect the world around her in the 1960s: the Vietnam War, whether to dye her hair.But when her menopausal self discovers them, lyrical with hormonal pubescence, she has things to say in return. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 10 October 2005 Voices Text: Harold PinterMusic: James Clarke Harry Burton, Anastasia Hille, Andy de la Tour, Douglas Hodge, Gabrielle Hamilton, Roger Lloyd Pack, Gawn Grainger, Harold Pinter and Indira Varma An experimental collage of voice and sound. BBC Radio 3 28 November 2006 The Lost Love of Phoebe Myers aka Lost Love of Phoebe Miles Bernard Kops Tracy-Ann Oberman, David de Keyser, Heather Coombs, Qarie Marshall, Lucy Middleweek and Miranda Keeling Bernard Kops's new play evokes the resilience and passions of wartime London and embarks on a journey through heartache and abandonment, while offering a promise of ultimate contentment and the exorcism of ghosts. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 11 December 2006 – 15 December 2006 A House to Let Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins and Elizabeth Gaskell dramatised by Martyn Wade Marcia Warren and Alec McCowen Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins and Elizabeth Gaskell's Victorian tale of a woman worried about an unsettling sign of life in a derelict house. BBC Radio 4Woman's Hour Drama 11 March 2008 Needle Christina Balit Peter Marinker, Jade Williams, Meg Davies, Kate Williams, Liz Sutherland, Liza Sadovy and Ben Onwukwe Creating the Bayeux Tapestry for their Norman conquerors is a bitter task for the women of Canterbury. BBC Radio 4Afternoon Play 30 March 2008 A Long Way from Home Caryl Phillips O-T Fagbenle, Kerry Shale, Alibe Parson, Rhea Bailey, Rachel Atkins, Damian Lynch, Ben Onwukwe and Major Wiley Caryl Phillips' original drama imagines the conflicting forces in the iconic singer Marvin Gaye's life, including family, stardom, love, sex and drugs. The story focuses on his final years, when he was offered a lifeline in the unlikely setting of Ostend in Belgium, where he composed the song Sexual Healing before he returned America and was murdered by his own father. BBC Radio 3Drama on 3 20 September 2008 Bora Bora Lynne Truss Derek Jacobi, Corin Redgrave, Cheryl Campbell, Adrian Bower, Eve Pearce, Jill Johnson, Stephen Critchlow and Rachel Atkins Art historian Alec, the brother of a famous actor, has lived his life in the shadows following a traumatic event in his childhood.When a biographer joins a painting holiday organised by Alec, his arrival disturbs the calm.Alec must face a terrible truth about his life and about the nature of forgiveness. BBC Radio 4The Saturday Play 7 June 2009 Hyde Park-on-Hudson Richard Nelson Barbara Jefford, Emma Fielding, Tim Pigott-Smith, Nancy Crane, Julia Swift, Sylvia Syms, John Chancer, Corin Redgrave, Kika Markham and Jamie Newall No reigning British monarch had ever been to the United States before George VI's visit in 1939, just on the cusp of a new world war.History was in the making when the King and Queen arrived at President Roosevelt's upstate New York home, with a promise of politics, a picnic and hot dogs.But the private life of the President provided a whole new dimension to an epochal moment, at least in the memory of his lover. BBC Radio 3Drama on 3 Notes: ^ Produced by Ned Chaillet, directed by David Greenwood ^ BBC data credits "Producer: E. Chaillet"; however Ned says "I didn't direct the Kyōgen. In fact, I curated the whole drama side of the Japan Season, but only Yabuhara, Performing Rites, Alan Booth, were mine." ^ a b Produced by Ned Chaillet, directed by Rachel Horan Sources: Ned Chaillet's radio play listing at Diversity website Ned Chaillet's radio play listing at RadioListings website Ned Chaillet's radio play listing at Audio Drama Wiki Journalism "Family Voices – Lyttelton", review, The Times, 18 February 1981 "There is every chance that they are a notable past in the making", The Times, August 1981 (predicting the future for Tony Slattery, Emma Thompson, Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie from their Edinburgh Fringe debut in 1981) "The third man reconstructed", The Independent, 3 August 1998 Bradley Lavelle Obituary, The Stage, 23 April 2007 "Erik Bauersfeld, American radio dramatist and producer", Bay Area Radio Drama, 2007 Harold Pinter Obituary, BBC World Service, 25 December 2008 Harold Pinter Obituary, The Stage, 29 December 2008 Jill Balcon Obituary, The Stage, 28 July 2009 Corin Redgrave Obituary, Last Word, BBC Radio 4, 9 April 2010 (15'50" – 24'05") Anna Massey Obituary, The Stage, 19 July 2011 Miriam Karlin Obituary, The Stage, 22 August 2011 Gerard Murphy Obituary, The Stage, 9 September 2013 Betty Davies Obituary, The Guardian, 18 February 2018 Richard Williams Obituary, The Guardian, 26 Aug 2019 John Tydeman Obituary, The Guardian, 4 May 2020 References ^ Author profile (with photo) on the article Erik Bauersfeld, American radio dramatist and producer, Ned Chaillet, Bay Area Radio Drama, 2007 ^ TV VIEW; The Telly's Take On Americans? Texans All, Russell Davies, New York Times, 24 March 1991 ^ Ned Chaillet's radio play listing at Diversity website ^ a b Prix Italia, Winners 1949 – 2010, RAI Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ 2nd Annual Directors Guild of Great Britain DGGB Awards – Nominee for Outstanding Achievement in Radio ^ Royal Central School of Speech & Drama, University of London – Visiting Staff ^ David Suchet records entire Bible between Poirot performances, Maggie Brown, The Guardian, 9 July 2013 ^ a b Paul Copley – Main Writing Credits ^ Radio 4 Theatre – On Mayday ^ Best Radio Plays of 1987 Methuen/BBC 1988 ^ Peter Cox, The Writers of Wales Database ^ Best Radio Plays of 1989 Methuen/BBC 1990 ^ BBC – Drama on 3 – Betrayal ^ "Diary of a Madman – Kenneth Williams Appreciation Society – British Comedy and Drama Website". Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2011. ^ Richard Williams Obituary – Ned Chaillet, The Guardian, 26 Aug 2019 ^ BBC – Inspector Morse – The Wench is Dead ^ a b The Ghost of New York City, Patrick Carroll, 24 June 2011 ^ BBC – Book at Bedtime ^ Clifford Odets' stilted Waiting For Lefty, Robert Hanks, The Independent, 15 March 1994 ^ British Universities Film & Video Council – Shakespeare's Sonnets ^ BBC – Inspector Morse – Last Seen Wearing ^ BBC – Georgette Heyer – Friday's Child ^ Monday Play Silver's City, Radio Times ^ Radio Two Arts Programme, Radio Times ^ BBC – Inspector Morse – The Burglar ^ Giving Proust the Pinter treatment, Robert Hanks, The Independent, 17 May 1997 ^ BBC – Inspector Morse – The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn ^ BBC – Between the Ears ^ A Timeline For Jeeves & By Jeeves, Alan Ayckbourn ^ "By Jeeves: The Songs – BBC Radio Adaptation, Alan Ayckbourn". Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011. ^ By Jeeves – Radio (1996), Alan Ayckbourn ^ CastAlbums » By Jeeves » BBC Radio 2 Cast ^ BBC – The Westward Journey ^ Love Story review, Sue Gaisford, The Independent, 31 August 1997 ^ BBC – Saturday Play ^ British Universities Film & Video Council – As You Like It ^ BBC – Phone Tag ^ BBC – Roger McGough – Summer with Monika ^ BBC – Afternoon Play ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – The Captain's Wife ^ The third man reconstructed, Ned Chaillet, The Independent, 3 August 1998 ^ BBC – Friday Play ^ BBC – The Friday Play – The Dish ^ The Old Man and the Sea, Harold Jackson, Radio Pick of the day, The Guardian, 2 August 2002 ^ BBC – Woman's Hour Drama ^ Radio Previews, Laura Kernan, The Irish Times, 4 December 1999 (Subscription required) (Free index page) ^ BBC – Book of the Week ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Small Parts ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Man in Snow ^ Sony Radio Academy Award winners, Radio Now, 6 May 2001 ^ BBC – The Saturday Play – The Gold Bug ^ a b c d Chillers ^ BBC – Agatha Christie – Magnolia Blossom ^ British Universities Film & Video Council – Coriolanus ^ BBC – Drama on 3 ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Maigret: A Man's Head ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Maigret: The Bar On The Seine ^ BBC – Classic Serial ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Maigret: My Friend Maigret ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Maigret: Madame Maigret's Own Case ^ BBC – Agatha Christie – In a Glass Darkly ^ BBC – Agatha Christie – The Dressmaker's Doll ^ BBC – The Saturday Play – One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich ^ BBC - Afternoon Play - Swan-song for the Nightingale ^ a b Eryl Maynard ^ BBC – A Bullet at Balmain's ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Dead-Heading the Roses ^ Dead-Heading the Roses – Radio Pick of the Day – Phil Daoust, The Guardian, 12 December 2003 ^ Dead-Heading the Roses review – Elisabeth Mahoney, The Guardian, 15 December 2003 ^ BBC – Friday Play – A Kind of Home: James Baldwin in Paris ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Maigret: Maigret and the Burglar's Wife ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Maigret: The Yellow Dog ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Maigret: Inspector Cadaver ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Maigret: Maigret's Little Joke ^ BBC – Drama on 3 – Hippomania ^ BBC – The Saturday Play – Death at the Desert Inn ^ British Universities Film & Video Council – Scenes of Seduction ^ BBC – Drama on 3 – Hotel Cristobel ^ Radio review – Drama, Moira Petty, The Stage, 21 March 2005 ^ BBC – The Wire – The Miracle of Reason ^ Staying power, Radio review, Elisabeth Mahoney, The Guardian, 3 June 2005 ^ BBC – The Wire ^ World premiere of Pinter's dramatic work on Radio 3, BBC Press Office, 13 September 2005 ^ Harold Pinter: Fighting cancer but still manages to produce a searing new play, Alice Jones, The Independent, 7 October 2005 ^ The Lost Love of Phoebe Myers, Moira Petty, Radio review, The Guardian, 29 November 2006 ^ The Lost Love of Phoebe Myers, Elisabeth Mahoney, Radio review, The Stage, 27 November 2006 ^ The Lost Love of Phoebe Miles, Phil Daoust, Radio Pick of the day, The Guardian, 28 November 2006 ^ BBC – Afternoon Play – Needle ^ BBC – Drama on 3 – A Long Way from Home ^ BBC – Drama on 3 – A Long Way from Home (more detail) ^ BBC – The Saturday Play – Bora Bora ^ BBC – Drama on 3 – Hyde Park-on-Hudson	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈʃaɪeɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SHY-ay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"radio drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_drama"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producer_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Washington Evening 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Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Version"},{"link_name":"CTVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTVC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Edward William Chaillet, III (/ˈʃaɪeɪ/ SHY-ay; born 29 November 1944) is a radio drama producer and director, writer and journalist.Chaillet, American by birth, was born in Boston, Massachusetts[1] but is a \"native of Washington\" according to The New York Times.[2] He has lived in Britain since 1973.His newspaper career began at the Washington Evening Star in 1964, interrupted by service in the United States Army. He then lived in Europe, founded the Free State Theater company in Maryland, and studied at the University of Maryland, College Park and California Institute of the Arts.Chaillet moved to London in 1973 to work at The Times Literary Supplement for the editors Arthur Crook and John Gross 1974–76. He was deputy drama critic (to Irving Wardle) for The Times 1975–83. In 1983 he joined the BBC as Editor, Radio 3 Plays, before becoming a producer for BBC Radio Drama. At the same time (1983–86) he wrote drama criticism for The Wall Street Journal – Europe.[3]His radio programmes have received five Sony Radio Academy Awards, and the Prix Italia for Fiction in 1997.[4] In 2005 he was nominated by the Directors Guild of Great Britain for Outstanding Achievement in Radio.[5] Between 2008 and 2012, Ned taught Radio and Microphone Technique at the Central School of Speech and Drama (London).[6] In 2013, working with Chris Wallis at Autolycus Productions, he completed the recording of David Suchet's single-voice reading of the entire Bible (New International Version, 2011) for CTVC.[7]","title":"Ned Chaillet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RachelHoran_55-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RachelHoran_55-1"},{"link_name":"Ned Chaillet's radio play listing at Diversity website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.suttonelms.org.uk/nchaillet.html"},{"link_name":"Ned Chaillet's radio play listing at RadioListings website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.radiolistings.co.uk/candc/c/ch/chaillet_ned.html"},{"link_name":"Ned Chaillet's radio play listing at Audio Drama Wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//audiodrama.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Ned_Chaillet"}],"text":"Notes:^ Produced by Ned Chaillet, directed by David Greenwood\n\n^ BBC data credits \"Producer: E. Chaillet\"; however Ned says \"I didn't direct the Kyōgen. In fact, I curated the whole drama side of the Japan Season, but only Yabuhara, Performing Rites, Alan Booth, were mine.\"\n\n^ a b Produced by Ned Chaillet, directed by Rachel HoranSources:Ned Chaillet's radio play listing at Diversity website\nNed Chaillet's radio play listing at RadioListings website\nNed Chaillet's radio play listing at Audio Drama Wiki","title":"Radio plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Family Voices – Lyttelton\", review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nothing-fancy.com/michaelkitchen/reviews/familyvoices.htm"},{"link_name":"\"There is every chance that they are a notable past in the making\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/stage/2003/jul/24/theatre.artsfeatures"},{"link_name":"Tony Slattery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Slattery"},{"link_name":"Emma Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe"},{"link_name":"\"The third man reconstructed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-third-man-reconstructed-1169350.html"},{"link_name":"Bradley Lavelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Lavelle"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/feature.php/16608/bradley-lavelle"},{"link_name":"\"Erik Bauersfeld, American radio dramatist and producer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bardradio.com/compromise/compromise/BBC_Ned.html"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/worldservice/meta/dps/2008/12/081226_chaillet_wt_sl?nbram=1&nbwm=1&bbram=1&bbwm=1&size=au&lang=en-ws&bgc=003399"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/22947/harold-pinter"},{"link_name":"Jill Balcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Balcon"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/feature.php/25129/jill-balcon"},{"link_name":"Corin Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corin_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rth3j"},{"link_name":"Anna Massey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Massey"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/feature.php/32933/anna-massey"},{"link_name":"Miriam Karlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Karlin"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/feature.php/33263/miriam-karlin"},{"link_name":"Gerard Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Murphy_(Irish_actor)"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/2013/gerard-murphy"},{"link_name":"Betty Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Davies_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/feb/18/betty-davies-obituary"},{"link_name":"Richard Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Williams_(animator)"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/26/letters-richard-williams-obituary"},{"link_name":"John Tydeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tydeman"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/may/04/john-tydeman-obituary"}],"text":"\"Family Voices – Lyttelton\", review, The Times, 18 February 1981\n\"There is every chance that they are a notable past in the making\", The Times, August 1981 (predicting the future for Tony Slattery, Emma Thompson, Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie from their Edinburgh Fringe debut in 1981)\n\"The third man reconstructed\", The Independent, 3 August 1998\nBradley Lavelle Obituary, The Stage, 23 April 2007\n\"Erik Bauersfeld, American radio dramatist and producer\", Bay Area Radio Drama, 2007\nHarold Pinter Obituary, BBC World Service, 25 December 2008\nHarold Pinter Obituary, The Stage, 29 December 2008\nJill Balcon Obituary, The Stage, 28 July 2009\nCorin Redgrave Obituary, Last Word, BBC Radio 4, 9 April 2010 (15'50\" – 24'05\")\nAnna Massey Obituary, The Stage, 19 July 2011\nMiriam Karlin Obituary, The Stage, 22 August 2011\nGerard Murphy Obituary, The Stage, 9 September 2013\nBetty Davies Obituary, The Guardian, 18 February 2018\nRichard Williams Obituary, The Guardian, 26 Aug 2019\nJohn Tydeman Obituary, The Guardian, 4 May 2020","title":"Journalism"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Diary of a Madman – Kenneth Williams Appreciation Society – British Comedy and Drama Website\". Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130905212905/http://www.britishcomedy.org.uk/kwas/madman.html","url_text":"\"Diary of a Madman – Kenneth Williams Appreciation Society – British Comedy and Drama Website\""},{"url":"http://www.britishcomedy.org.uk/kwas/madman.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"By Jeeves: The Songs – BBC Radio Adaptation, Alan Ayckbourn\". Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_MacMahon	Horace McMahon	["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Legacy","4 Personal life","5 Selected filmography","6 References","7 External links"]	American actor This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Horace McMahonMcMahon in Detective Story (1951)Born(1906-05-17)May 17, 1906South Norwalk, Connecticut, U.S.DiedAugust 17, 1971(1971-08-17) (aged 65)Norwalk, Connecticut, U.S.EducationFordham University School of LawOccupationActorYears active1931–1969Spouse Louise Campbell (m. 1937; died 1971)Children3 Horace McMahon (May 17, 1906 – August 17, 1971) was an American actor. He was one of Hollywood's favorite heavies. McMahon began his acting career on Broadway, then appeared in many films and television series. In 1962, he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his performance in the series Naked City (1958–1963). Early years McMahon was born in South Norwalk, Connecticut. He became interested in acting when he was a student at Fordham University School of Law. Career In his early career he mostly played thugs or jailbirds, but in 1949 he starred in his most acclaimed role, as Lieutenant Monaghan in the drama play Detective Story and in 1951 he reprised his character in Paramount Pictures' film version Detective Story, alongside Kirk Douglas and Eleanor Parker. McMahon also starred on television, in the ABC police series Naked City as Lt. Mike Parker, a gruff, no-nonsense, but warmhearted cop's cop, interested only in justice and doing the job according to the proper rules of the game. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for this role. In 1964, McMahon played Hank McClure, a police contact in the CBS drama series, Mr. Broadway. On 5 October 1967 McMahon played the character "Glu Gluten" in Season 3, Episode 4's "The Sport of Penguins" on ABC's Batman television series. In 1968 he played police Captain Tom Farrell in The Detective starring Frank Sinatra. He also did voice-overs for commercials, including those for Close-Up toothpaste and Armstrong tires. Legacy In 1972, a 375-seat theater named in honor of McMahon was created in the McCrory Building on Washington Street in South Norwalk, Connecticut. Personal life McMahon was married to actress Louise Campbell from 1938 until his death in 1971. Their daughter, Martha McMahon, also became an actress. Selected filmography Bulldog Edition (1936) – Horace Boyd (uncredited) Navy Blues (1937) – Gateleg They Gave Him a Gun (1937) – Prison Inmate (uncredited) Kid Galahad (1937) – Reporter at Press Conference (uncredited) Public Wedding (1937) – Reporter Exclusive (1937) – Beak McArdle Bad Guy (1937) – Malone the Informer (uncredited) The Wrong Road (1937) – Blackie Clayton A Girl with Ideas (1937) – Al The Last Gangster (1937) – Limpy (uncredited) Paid to Dance (1937) – LaRue When G-Men Step In (1938) – Jennings King of the Newsboys (1938) – Lockjaw Ladies in Distress (1938) – 2nd Thug Fast Company (1938) – Danny Scolado Marie Antoinette (1938) – Rabblerouser (uncredited) The Crowd Roars (1938) – Rocky Simpson (uncredited) Tenth Avenue Kid (1938) – Max Hooker I Am the Law (1938) – Prisoner (uncredited) Wanted by the Police (1938) – Russo's Chief Henchman Broadway Musketeers (1938) – Gurk, Vince's Henchman Secrets of a Nurse (1938) – Larry Carson Newsboys' Home (1938) – Bartsch Federal Man-Hunt (1938) – Snuffy Deegan Pride of the Navy (1939) – Gloomey Kelly Pirates of the Skies (1939) – Henchman Artie (uncredited) I Was a Convict (1939) – Missouri Smith Sergeant Madden (1939) – Philadelphia For Love or Money (1939) – Dead Eyes Calling Dr. Kildare (1939) – J. Harold 'Fog Horn' Murphy – Taxi Driver (uncredited) Big Town Czar (1939) – Punchy Rose of Washington Square (1939) – Irving The Gracie Allen Murder Case (1939) – Gus (uncredited) 6,000 Enemies (1939) – Prisoner Boxcar (uncredited) Bachelor Mother (1939) – Dance Floor Official (uncredited) She Married a Cop (1939) – Joe Nash Quick Millions (1939) – Floyd 'Bat' Douglas Sabotage (1939) – Art Kruger Another Thin Man (1939) – MacFay's Chauffeur (uncredited) That's Right—You're Wrong (1939) – Hood (uncredited) Laugh It Off (1939) – Phil Ferrranti Oh Johnny, How You Can Love (1940) – 'Lefty' Hodges – Bank Robber The Marines Fly High (1940) – Sgt. Monk O'Hara The Ghost Comes Home (1940) – Dave – the Nightclub Manager (uncredited) Dr. Kildare's Strange Case (1940) – J. Harold 'Fog Horn' Murphy My Favorite Wife (1940) – Truck Driver Giving Lift to Ellen (uncredited) Gangs of Chicago (1940) – Cry-Baby I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby (1940) – Bugs Millionaires in Prison (1940) – Sylvester Odgen 'SOS' Schofield We Who Are Young (1940) – Foreman The Golden Fleecing (1940) – Process Server (uncredited) Dr. Kildare Goes Home (1940) – J. Harold 'Fog Horn' Murphy (uncredited) The Leather Pushers (1940) – Slugger Mears The Bride Wore Crutches (1940) – Brains Margie (1940) – Detective Melody Ranch (1940) – Bud Wildhack Dr. Kildare's Crisis (1940) – J. Harold 'Fog Horn' Murphy Come Live with Me (1941) – Taxi Driver Rookies on Parade (1941) – Tiger Brannigan Lady Scarface (1941) – Mullen Dr. Kildare's Wedding Day (1941) – J. Harold 'Fog Horn' Murphy (uncredited) Buy Me That Town (1941) – Fingers Flint The Stork Pays Off (1941) – 'Ears-to-the-Ground' Hinkle Birth of the Blues (1941) – Wolf Jail House Blues (1942) – Swifty Stage Door Canteen (1943) – Himself Good Luck, Mr. Yates (1943) – Truck Driver (uncredited) Dangerous Blondes (1943) – Hoodlum (uncredited) Timber Queen (1944) – Rodney The Navy Way (1944) – Sailor Saxon (uncredited) Roger Touhy, Gangster (1944) – Maxie Sharkey (uncredited) 13 Rue Madeleine (1946) – Burglary Instructor (scenes deleted) Joe Palooka in Fighting Mad (1948) – Looie Smart Woman (1948) – Lefty (uncredited) Waterfront at Midnight (1948) – Hank Bremmer The Return of October (1948) – Big Louie (uncredited) Detective Story (1951) – Lt. Monaghan Abbott and Costello Go to Mars (1953) – Mugsy Man in the Dark (1953) – Arnie Fast Company (1953) – 'Two Pair' Buford Champ for a Day (1953) – Sam Benton Duffy of San Quentin (1954) – Pierson Susan Slept Here (1954) – Sergeant Monty Maizel Blackboard Jungle (1955) – Detective My Sister Eileen (1955) – Police Officer Lonigan Texas Lady (1955) – Stringer Winfield The Delicate Delinquent (1957) – Police Captain Riley Beau James (1957) – Prosecutor Never Steal Anything Small (1959) – O. K. Merritt The Swinger (1966) – Detective Sergeant Hooker The Detective (1968) – Farrell References Biography portalFilm portalTelevision portal ^ "New Norwalk Theatre Will Honor McMahon". The Bridgeport Post. Connecticut, Bridgeport. April 16, 1972. p. 109. Retrieved January 9, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Outstanding performance in a supporting role by an actor - 1962". Emmys.com. Retrieved 2012-09-21. ^ Adams, Val (June 14, 1964). "Televising Baldwin Drama". The New York Times. p. X 17. Retrieved May 26, 2022. ^ a b c McCarthy, Margaret (August 13, 1970). "McMahons of Rowayton Are Finding Theatrical Work Keeps Family Busy". The Bridgeport Post. Connecticut, Bridgeport. p. 16. Retrieved January 9, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Sutton, Larry (November 6, 1997). "Actress McMahon Dead at 86". New York Daily News. Retrieved 26 October 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horace McMahon. Horace McMahon at IMDb Horace McMahon at the Internet Broadway Database Horace McMahon at Find a Grave Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States People Deutsche Synchronkartei Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Naked City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_City_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Horace McMahon (May 17, 1906 – August 17, 1971) was an American actor. He was one of Hollywood's favorite heavies.McMahon began his acting career on Broadway, then appeared in many films and television series. In 1962, he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his performance in the series Naked City (1958–1963).","title":"Horace McMahon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Norwalk, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Norwalk,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fordham University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"McMahon was born in South Norwalk, Connecticut.[1] He became interested in acting when he was a student at Fordham University School of Law.[citation needed]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant#Police_rank"},{"link_name":"Detective Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Story_(play)"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Detective Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Story_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Kirk Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Parker"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Naked City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_City_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"Mr. Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Broadway_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detective_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"voice-overs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice-over"},{"link_name":"Close-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-Up_(toothpaste)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bp-4"}],"text":"In his early career he mostly played thugs or jailbirds, but in 1949 he starred in his most acclaimed role, as Lieutenant Monaghan in the drama play Detective Story and in 1951 he reprised his character in Paramount Pictures' film version Detective Story, alongside Kirk Douglas and Eleanor Parker.McMahon also starred on television, in the ABC police series Naked City as Lt. Mike Parker, a gruff, no-nonsense, but warmhearted cop's cop, interested only in justice and doing the job according to the proper rules of the game. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for this role.[2]In 1964, McMahon played Hank McClure, a police contact in the CBS drama series, Mr. Broadway.[3]On 5 October 1967 McMahon played the character \"Glu Gluten\" in Season 3, Episode 4's \"The Sport of Penguins\" on ABC's Batman television series.In 1968 he played police Captain Tom Farrell in The Detective starring Frank Sinatra.He also did voice-overs for commercials, including those for Close-Up toothpaste and Armstrong tires.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bp-4"}],"text":"In 1972, a 375-seat theater named in honor of McMahon was created in the McCrory Building on Washington Street in South Norwalk, Connecticut.[4]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louise Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Campbell_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydn-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bp-4"}],"text":"McMahon was married to actress Louise Campbell from 1938 until his death in 1971.[5] Their daughter, Martha McMahon, also became an actress.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulldog Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldog_Edition"},{"link_name":"Navy Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Blues_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"They Gave Him a Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Gave_Him_a_Gun"},{"link_name":"Kid Galahad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Galahad_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Public Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Exclusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bad 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Avenue Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Avenue_Kid"},{"link_name":"I Am the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_the_Law_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Broadway Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"Secrets of a Nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_of_a_Nurse"},{"link_name":"Newsboys' Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsboys%27_Home"},{"link_name":"Federal Man-Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Man-Hunt"},{"link_name":"Pride of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Skies"},{"link_name":"I Was a Convict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Was_a_Convict"},{"link_name":"Sergeant Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_Madden"},{"link_name":"For Love or Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Love_or_Money_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Calling Dr. Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_Dr._Kildare"},{"link_name":"Big Town Czar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Town_Czar"},{"link_name":"Rose of Washington Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_Washington_Square"},{"link_name":"The Gracie Allen Murder Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gracie_Allen_Murder_Case_(film)"},{"link_name":"6,000 Enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6,000_Enemies"},{"link_name":"Bachelor Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_Mother"},{"link_name":"She Married a Cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Married_a_Cop"},{"link_name":"Quick Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Millions_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Another Thin 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Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Give_You_Anything_But_Love,_Baby_(film)"},{"link_name":"Millionaires in Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millionaires_in_Prison"},{"link_name":"We Who Are Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Who_Are_Young"},{"link_name":"The Golden Fleecing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Fleecing_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Kildare Goes Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Kildare_Goes_Home"},{"link_name":"The Leather Pushers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leather_Pushers_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"The Bride Wore Crutches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bride_Wore_Crutches"},{"link_name":"Margie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margie_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Melody Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Dr. Kildare's Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Kildare%27s_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Come Live with 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Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Navy_Way"},{"link_name":"Roger Touhy, Gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Touhy,_Gangster"},{"link_name":"13 Rue Madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Rue_Madeleine"},{"link_name":"Joe Palooka in Fighting Mad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Palooka_in_Fighting_Mad"},{"link_name":"Smart Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Woman_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Waterfront at Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_at_Midnight"},{"link_name":"The Return of October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_October"},{"link_name":"Detective Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Story_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Abbott and Costello Go to Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Go_to_Mars"},{"link_name":"Man in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Fast Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Champ for a Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_for_a_Day"},{"link_name":"Duffy of San Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_of_San_Quentin"},{"link_name":"Susan Slept Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Slept_Here"},{"link_name":"Blackboard Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_Jungle"},{"link_name":"My Sister Eileen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Sister_Eileen_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Texas Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Lady"},{"link_name":"The Delicate Delinquent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Delicate_Delinquent"},{"link_name":"Beau James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_James"},{"link_name":"Never Steal Anything Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Steal_Anything_Small"},{"link_name":"The Swinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swinger"},{"link_name":"The Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detective_(1968_film)"}],"text":"Bulldog Edition (1936) – Horace Boyd (uncredited)\nNavy Blues (1937) – Gateleg\nThey Gave Him a Gun (1937) – Prison Inmate (uncredited)\nKid Galahad (1937) – Reporter at Press Conference (uncredited)\nPublic Wedding (1937) – Reporter\nExclusive (1937) – Beak McArdle\nBad Guy (1937) – Malone the Informer (uncredited)\nThe Wrong Road (1937) – Blackie Clayton\nA Girl with Ideas (1937) – Al\nThe Last Gangster (1937) – Limpy (uncredited)\nPaid to Dance (1937) – LaRue\nWhen G-Men Step In (1938) – Jennings\nKing of the Newsboys (1938) – Lockjaw\nLadies in Distress (1938) – 2nd Thug\nFast Company (1938) – Danny Scolado\nMarie Antoinette (1938) – Rabblerouser (uncredited)\nThe Crowd Roars (1938) – Rocky Simpson (uncredited)\nTenth Avenue Kid (1938) – Max Hooker\nI Am the Law (1938) – Prisoner (uncredited)\nWanted by the Police (1938) – Russo's Chief Henchman\nBroadway Musketeers (1938) – Gurk, Vince's Henchman\nSecrets of a Nurse (1938) – Larry Carson\nNewsboys' Home (1938) – Bartsch\nFederal Man-Hunt (1938) – Snuffy Deegan\nPride of the Navy (1939) – Gloomey Kelly\nPirates of the Skies (1939) – Henchman Artie (uncredited)\nI Was a Convict (1939) – Missouri Smith\nSergeant Madden (1939) – Philadelphia\nFor Love or Money (1939) – Dead Eyes\nCalling Dr. Kildare (1939) – J. Harold 'Fog Horn' Murphy – Taxi Driver (uncredited)\nBig Town Czar (1939) – Punchy\nRose of Washington Square (1939) – Irving\nThe Gracie Allen Murder Case (1939) – Gus (uncredited)\n6,000 Enemies (1939) – Prisoner Boxcar (uncredited)\nBachelor Mother (1939) – Dance Floor Official (uncredited)\nShe Married a Cop (1939) – Joe Nash\nQuick Millions (1939) – Floyd 'Bat' Douglas\nSabotage (1939) – Art Kruger\nAnother Thin Man (1939) – MacFay's Chauffeur (uncredited)\nThat's Right—You're Wrong (1939) – Hood (uncredited)\nLaugh It Off (1939) – Phil Ferrranti\nOh Johnny, How You Can Love (1940) – 'Lefty' Hodges – Bank Robber\nThe Marines Fly High (1940) – Sgt. Monk O'Hara\nThe Ghost Comes Home (1940) – Dave – the Nightclub Manager (uncredited)\nDr. Kildare's Strange Case (1940) – J. Harold 'Fog Horn' Murphy\nMy Favorite Wife (1940) – Truck Driver Giving Lift to Ellen (uncredited)\nGangs of Chicago (1940) – Cry-Baby\nI Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby (1940) – Bugs\nMillionaires in Prison (1940) – Sylvester Odgen 'SOS' Schofield\nWe Who Are Young (1940) – Foreman\nThe Golden Fleecing (1940) – Process Server (uncredited)\nDr. Kildare Goes Home (1940) – J. Harold 'Fog Horn' Murphy (uncredited)\nThe Leather Pushers (1940) – Slugger Mears\nThe Bride Wore Crutches (1940) – Brains\nMargie (1940) – Detective\nMelody Ranch (1940) – Bud Wildhack\nDr. Kildare's Crisis (1940) – J. Harold 'Fog Horn' Murphy\nCome Live with Me (1941) – Taxi Driver\nRookies on Parade (1941) – Tiger Brannigan\nLady Scarface (1941) – Mullen\nDr. Kildare's Wedding Day (1941) – J. Harold 'Fog Horn' Murphy (uncredited)\nBuy Me That Town (1941) – Fingers Flint\nThe Stork Pays Off (1941) – 'Ears-to-the-Ground' Hinkle\nBirth of the Blues (1941) – Wolf\nJail House Blues (1942) – Swifty\nStage Door Canteen (1943) – Himself\nGood Luck, Mr. Yates (1943) – Truck Driver (uncredited)\nDangerous Blondes (1943) – Hoodlum (uncredited)\nTimber Queen (1944) – Rodney\nThe Navy Way (1944) – Sailor Saxon (uncredited)\nRoger Touhy, Gangster (1944) – Maxie Sharkey (uncredited)\n13 Rue Madeleine (1946) – Burglary Instructor (scenes deleted)\nJoe Palooka in Fighting Mad (1948) – Looie\nSmart Woman (1948) – Lefty (uncredited)\nWaterfront at Midnight (1948) – Hank Bremmer\nThe Return of October (1948) – Big Louie (uncredited)\nDetective Story (1951) – Lt. Monaghan\nAbbott and Costello Go to Mars (1953) – Mugsy\nMan in the Dark (1953) – Arnie\nFast Company (1953) – 'Two Pair' Buford\nChamp for a Day (1953) – Sam Benton\nDuffy of San Quentin (1954) – Pierson\nSusan Slept Here (1954) – Sergeant Monty Maizel\nBlackboard Jungle (1955) – Detective\nMy Sister Eileen (1955) – Police Officer Lonigan\nTexas Lady (1955) – Stringer Winfield\nThe Delicate Delinquent (1957) – Police Captain Riley\nBeau James (1957) – Prosecutor\nNever Steal Anything Small (1959) – O. K. Merritt\nThe Swinger (1966) – Detective Sergeant Hooker\nThe Detective (1968) – Farrell","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"New Norwalk Theatre Will Honor McMahon\". The Bridgeport Post. Connecticut, Bridgeport. April 16, 1972. p. 109. Retrieved January 9, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8271347/the_bridgeport_post/","url_text":"\"New Norwalk Theatre Will Honor McMahon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Outstanding performance in a supporting role by an actor - 1962\". Emmys.com. Retrieved 2012-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/horace-mcmahon","url_text":"\"Outstanding performance in a supporting role by an actor - 1962\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Val (June 14, 1964). \"Televising Baldwin Drama\". The New York Times. p. X 17. Retrieved May 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/14/archives/televising-baldwin-drama-shortened-version-of-mr-charlie-on-cbs.html","url_text":"\"Televising Baldwin Drama\""}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Margaret (August 13, 1970). \"McMahons of Rowayton Are Finding Theatrical Work Keeps Family Busy\". The Bridgeport Post. Connecticut, Bridgeport. p. 16. Retrieved January 9, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8271591/the_bridgeport_post/","url_text":"\"McMahons of Rowayton Are Finding Theatrical Work Keeps Family Busy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Larry (November 6, 1997). \"Actress McMahon Dead at 86\". New York Daily News. Retrieved 26 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/actress-mcmahon-dead-86-article-1.773802","url_text":"\"Actress McMahon Dead at 86\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8271347/the_bridgeport_post/","external_links_name":"\"New Norwalk Theatre Will Honor McMahon\""},{"Link":"http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/horace-mcmahon","external_links_name":"\"Outstanding performance in a supporting role by an actor - 1962\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/14/archives/televising-baldwin-drama-shortened-version-of-mr-charlie-on-cbs.html","external_links_name":"\"Televising Baldwin Drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8271591/the_bridgeport_post/","external_links_name":"\"McMahons of Rowayton Are Finding Theatrical Work Keeps Family Busy\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/actress-mcmahon-dead-86-article-1.773802","external_links_name":"\"Actress McMahon Dead at 86\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0573024/","external_links_name":"Horace McMahon"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/52518","external_links_name":"Horace McMahon"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6753679","external_links_name":"Horace McMahon"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000039855357","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6458480","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdx8ht8FkQqPCv3hg3CwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb171077765","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb171077765","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87860260","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/5YVPyNOBZ","external_links_name":"Deutsche Synchronkartei"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jm3vvp","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_(codename)	Chaff (countermeasure)	["1 Second World War","2 Falklands War","3 Usage","4 JAFF and CHILL","5 Modern chaff","6 Types of chaff","7 Environmental and health effects","8 See also","9 References","10 Sources","11 External links"]	Radar countermeasure This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chaff" countermeasure – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Modern US Navy RR-144 (top) and RR-129 (bottom) chaff countermeasures and containers. Note how the strips of the RR-129 chaff (bottom) are of different widths, while those of the RR-144 (top) are all the same width. The RR-144 is designed to prevent interference with civil ATC radar systems. Chaff, originally called Window or Düppel, is a radar countermeasure involving the dispersal of thin strips of aluminium, metallized glass fiber, or plastic. Dispersed chaff produces a large radar cross section intended to blind or disrupt radar systems. Modern military forces use chaff to distract active radar homing missiles from their targets. Military aircraft and warships can be equipped with chaff dispensing systems for self-defense. During its midcourse phase, an intercontinental ballistic missile may release chaff along with its other penetration aids. Contemporary radar systems can distinguish chaff from legitimate targets by measuring the doppler effect; chaff quickly loses speed after leaving an aircraft, and the resulting shift in wavelength of the radar return can be measured. To counter this, a chaff cloud can be illuminated by the defending vehicle with a doppler-corrected frequency. This is known as JAFF (jammer plus chaff) or CHILL (chaff-illuminated). Second World War A Lancaster dropping chaff (the crescent-shaped white cloud on the left of the picture) over Essen during a thousand-bomber raid The idea of using chaff developed independently in the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States and Japan. In 1937, British researcher Gerald Touch, while working with Robert Watson-Watt on radar, suggested that lengths of wire suspended from balloons or parachutes might overwhelm a radar system with false echoes and R. V. Jones had suggested that pieces of metal foil falling through the air might do the same. In early 1942, Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) researcher Joan Curran investigated the idea and came up with a scheme for dumping packets of aluminium strips from aircraft to generate a cloud of false echoes. An early idea was to use sheets the size of a notebook page; these would be printed so they would also serve as propaganda leaflets. It was found that the most effective version was strips of black paper backed with aluminium foil, exactly 27 cm × 2 cm (10.63 in × 0.79 in) and packed into bundles each weighing 1 pound (0.45 kg). The head of the TRE, A. P. Rowe, code-named the device "Window". In Germany, similar research had led to the development of Düppel. The German code name came from the estate where the first German tests with chaff took place, circa 1942. Once the British had passed the idea to the US via the Tizard Mission, Fred Whipple developed a system for dispensing strips for the USAAF, but it is not known if this was ever used. The systems used the same concept of small aluminium strips (or wires) cut to a half of the target radar's wavelength. When hit by the radar, such lengths of metal resonate and re-radiate the signal. Opposing defences would find it almost impossible to distinguish the aircraft from the echoes caused by the chaff. Other radar-confusing techniques included airborne jamming devices codenamed Mandrel, Piperack, Jostle and Carpet. Mandrel was an airborne jammer targeted at the German Freya radars, while Carpet targeted the gun-laying Würzburg radar. Ignorance about the extent of knowledge of the principle in the opposing air force led planners to judge that it was too dangerous to use, since the opponent could duplicate it. The British government's leading scientific adviser, Professor Lindemann, pointed out that if the Royal Air Force (RAF) used it against the Germans, the Luftwaffe would quickly copy it and could launch a new Blitz. This caused concern in RAF Fighter Command and Anti-Aircraft Command, who managed to suppress the use of Window until July 1943. It was felt that the new generation of centimetric radars available to Fighter Command would cope with Luftwaffe retaliation. Two forms of RAF "Window" radar countermeasure: chopped aluminium wire and paper backed with aluminium foil Examination of the Würzburg radar equipment brought back to the UK during Operation Biting (February 1942) and subsequent reconnaissance revealed to the British that all German radars were operating in no more than three frequency ranges, making them prone to jamming. Arthur Travers "Bomber" Harris, Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of RAF Bomber Command, finally got approval to use Window as part of Operation Gomorrah, the week long bombing campaign against Hamburg. The first aircrew trained to use Window were in 76 Squadron. Twenty-four crews were briefed on how to drop the bundles of aluminised-paper strips (treated-paper was used to minimise the weight and to maximise the time that the strips would remain in the air, prolonging the effect), one every minute through the flare chute, using a stopwatch to time them. The results proved spectacular. The radar-guided master searchlights wandered aimlessly across the sky. The anti-aircraft guns fired randomly or not at all and the night fighters, their radar displays swamped with false echoes, utterly failed to find the bomber stream. For over a week, Allied attacks devastated a vast area of Hamburg, resulting in more than 40,000 civilian deaths, with the loss of only 12 out of the 791 bombers on the first night. Squadrons quickly had special chutes fitted to their bombers to make chaff deployment even easier. Seeing this as a development that made it safer to go on operations, many crews got in as many trips as they could before the Germans found a counter-countermeasure. The effect of chaff on the display of a Würzburg Riese radar. The effect of jamming appears in the left "jagged" half of the circular ring, contrasting with the normal "smooth" (unjammed) display on the right half of the circle with a real target at the 3 o'clock position – on the jammed left side, the real target "blip" would have been indistinguishable from the jamming. Although the metal strips puzzled the German civilians at first, German scientists knew exactly what they were–Düppel—but had refrained from using it for the same reasons as Lindemann had pointed out to the British. For over a year the curious situation arose where both sides of the conflict knew how to use chaff to jam the other side's radar but had refrained from doing so for fear of their opponent replying in kind. Window rendered the ground-controlled Himmelbett (canopy bed) fighters of the Kammhuber Line unable to track their targets in the night sky and rendered the early UHF-band B/C and C-1 versions of the airborne intercept Lichtenstein radar (following the capture of a Junkers Ju 88R-1 night fighter by the British in May 1943 equipped with it) useless, blinding radar-guided guns and spotlights dependent on the ground-based radar. Oberst Hajo Herrmann developed Wilde Sau (Wild Boar) to cope with the lack of accurate ground guidance and led to the formation of three new fighter wings to use the tactic, numbered JG 300, JG 301 and JG 302. Ground operators would radio-direct single-seat fighters and night fighters to areas where the concentrations of chaff were greatest (which would indicate the source of the chaff) for the fighter pilots to see targets, often against the illumination from fires and searchlights below. A few of the single-seat fighters had the FuG 350 Naxos device to detect H2S radar (the first airborne, ground scanning radar system) emissions from the bombers. Six weeks after the Hamburg raid, the Luftwaffe used Düppel in 80 cm × 1.9 cm (31.50 in × 0.75 in) lengths during a raid on the night of 7/8 October 1943. In raids in 1943 and the "mini-blitz" of Operation Steinbock between February and May 1944, Düppel allowed German bombers again to attempt operations over London. Although theoretically effective, the small number of bombers, notably in relation to the large RAF night-fighter force, doomed the effort from the start. The British fighters were able to go aloft in large numbers and often found the German bombers in spite of Düppel. The Germans obtained better results during the air raid on Bari in Italy, on 2 December 1943, when Allied radars were deceived by the use of Düppel. Letter from Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal to Merwyn Bly Following the British discovery of it in 1942 by Joan Curran, chaff in the United States was co-invented by astronomer Fred Whipple and Navy engineer Merwyn Bly. Whipple proposed the idea to the Air Force he was working with at the time. Early tests failed as the foil strips stuck together and fell as clumps to little or no effect. Bly solved this by designing a cartridge that forced the strips to rub against it as they were expelled, gaining an electrostatic charge. Since the strips all had a similar charge they repelled each other, enabling the full countermeasure effect. After the war, Bly received the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award for his work. In the Pacific Theatre, Navy Lieutenant Commander Sudo Hajime invented a Japanese version called Giman-shi, or "deceiving paper". It was first used with some success in mid 1943, during night battles over the Solomon Islands. Competing demands for the scarce aluminum necessary for its manufacture limited its use. On February 21, 1945, during the Battle of Iwo Jima, Giman-shi was successfully used prior to a Kamikaze attack on the USS Saratoga. Falklands War British warships in the Falklands War (1982) made heavy use of chaff. During this war, British Sea Harrier aircraft lacked their conventional chaff-dispensing mechanism. Therefore, Royal Navy engineers designed an improvised delivery system of welding rods, split pins and string, which allowed six packets of chaff to be stored in the airbrake well and be deployed in flight. It was often referred to as the "Heath Robinson chaff modification", due to its complexity. Usage This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Although chaff produces large amounts of scattered reflections potentially clogging a radar display it is easily filtered by virtue of it moving relatively slowly through the sky. Radar can make use of the doppler effect to distinguish between chaff and target aircraft which are fast moving. The doppler effect only occurs for the component of velocity parallel to the radar beam. To overcome this in use large amounts of chaff are deployed and then the aircraft will turn so that it moves predominantly perpendicular to the radar source. It may also rotate to minimize its cross section exposed to the radar beam. This leads to aircraft being more difficult to separate from the effectively stationary chaff and is known as "notching" as radar typically incorporate a notch of low sensitivity to frequencies associated with low velocity. The effect is likely to be momentary against modern radar systems but can be prolonged by the use of Chill and Jaff as described below. JAFF and CHILL One of the important qualities of chaff is that it is lightweight, allowing large amounts to be carried. As a result, after release it quickly loses any forward speed it had from the aircraft or rocket launcher, and then begins to fall slowly to the ground. From the viewpoint of an enemy radar, the chaff quickly decays to zero relative velocity. Modern radars use the Doppler effect to measure the line-of-sight velocity of objects, and can thus distinguish chaff from an aircraft, which continues to move at high speed. This allows the radar to filter out the chaff from its display. To counteract this filtering, the JAFF or CHILL technique has been developed. This uses an additional jammer broadcaster on the aircraft to reflect a signal off the chaff cloud that has the proper frequency to match that of the aircraft. This makes it impossible to use Doppler shift alone to filter out the chaff signal. In practice, the signal is deliberately noisy in order to present multiple false targets. In essence, the JAFF technique is a low-cost offboard decoy, moving the jammers from the launcher platform to the decoy, and using the chaff as a reflector to provide angular separation. Modern chaff While foil chaff is still used by certain aircraft, such as the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bomber, this type is no longer manufactured. The chaff used by aircraft such as the Fairchild-Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, and McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet consists of aluminium-coated glass fibres. These fibre "dipoles" are designed to remain airborne for as long as possible, having a typical diameter of 1 mil, or 0.025 mm, and a typical length of 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) to over 2 inches (51 mm). Newer "superfine" chaff has a typical diameter of 0.7 mils (0.018 mm). The chaff is carried in tubular cartridges, which remain attached to the aircraft, each typically containing around 3 to 5 million chaff fibres. The chaff is ejected from the cartridge by a plastic piston driven by a small pyrotechnic charge. Types of chaff Chaff countermeasures come in two main types: continuous wave (CW) chaff, used against radar-guided missiles that operate on a continuous frequency, and pulsed chaff, used against missiles that operate on a pulsed frequency. Environmental and health effects There is not a lot of research on the public health and environmental effects of chaff. A U.S. Department of Defense-sponsored 1998 research review stated that the "widespread environmental, human and agricultural impacts of chaff as currently used in training are negligible and far less than those from other man-made emissions." See also Anti-ballistic missile Countermeasure Infrared countermeasure Electronic countermeasure Flare (countermeasure) SRBOC (Super Rapid-Blooming Offboard Chaff), a shipboard chaff system References ^ Churchill, Winston Spencer (1951). The Second World War: Closing the Ring. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. p. 643. ^ a b Whigham, Nick. "It looks like rain but it's actually secret military exercises". news.com.au. ^ Garbacz, R. J. (1978-05-01). Chaff Radar Cross Section Studies and Calculations (Report). Ohio State University Columbus Electroscience Lab. ^ Wang, Husheng; Chen, Baixiao; Zhu, Dongchen; Huang, Fengsheng; Yu, Xiangzhen; Ye, Qingzhi; Cheng, Xiancheng; Peng, Shuai; Jing, Jiaqiu (2022-08-07). "Chaff identification method based on Range‐Doppler imaging feature". IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation. 16 (11): 1861–1871. doi:10.1049/rsn2.12302. ISSN 1751-8784. ^ "Chaffs". EMSOPEDIA. Retrieved 2024-02-02. ^ Jones 1978, p. 39. ^ Jones 1978, p. 290. ^ Goebel. section 8.3 The British Begin Countermeasures ^ a b c Jones 1978, p. 291. ^ Jones 1978, p. 295. ^ Jones 1978, p. 291-299. ^ The Blitz-Then and Now (Volume 3) page 309. ^ Saunders, D. M., Capt. USN (1967). The Bari Incident. no isbn. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute. United States Naval Institute Proceedings.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Gewertz, Ken (18 October 2001). "Fred Whipple: Stargazer". Harvard Gazette: The Big Picture. President and Fellows of Harvard College. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014. ^ Kennedy, David M. (2007). The Library of Congress World War II Companion. Simon and Schuster. p. 395. ISBN 9781416553069. Retrieved 19 June 2018. ^ Tillman, Barrett (2006). Clash of the carriers: the true story of the Marianas Turkey Shoot of World War II. Penguin. ISBN 9781440623998. Retrieved 19 June 2018. ^ Stem, Robert (2010). Fire From the Sky: Surviving the Kamikaze Threat. Pen and Sword. p. 164. ISBN 9781473814219. ^ Sharkey Ward (2000). Sea Harrier Over the Falklands (Cassell Military Paperbacks). Sterling*+ Publishing Company. p. 245. ISBN 0-304-35542-9. ^ Morgan, David L. (2006). Hostile Skies: My Falklands Air War. London: Orion Publishing. pp. 59, 73 and photo section. ISBN 0-297-84645-0. ^ a b c Neri 2006, p. 452. ^ Chaff - Radar Countermeasures, at GlobalSecurity.org (website), Alexandria, Vermont. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ "Chaff Vs Flare in a Jet: Understanding the Differences - InsTruth". 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2023-09-02. Sources Goebel, Greg. The Wizard War: WW2 & The Origins Of Radar v.2.0.2, retrieved 2021-05-26 Jones, R. V. (1978). Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-89746-7. Neri, Filippo (2006). Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems. SciTech Publishing. ISBN 978-1-63-081534-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chaff. BBC: The History of Radar Obituary of Joan Curran in The Independent, Feb 19, 1999 by Tam Dalyell Window, The History of Sun Engraving and Sun Printers Global Security.org Discussion of Chaff RAF Window at the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive. vteRAF strategic bombing during the Second World WarOverviews Butt Report (1941) RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945 Area Bombing Directive (1942) Dehousing paper (1942) Casablanca directive (1943) Leaders Arthur "Bomber" Harris Frederick "Prof" Lindemann Sir Charles Portal Sir Archibald Sinclair Arthur Tedder Campaigns Oil targets (1940-45) Area bombing of cities (1942–43) U-boat pens (1943–44) Battle of the Ruhr (1943) Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44) Battle of Berlin (1943–44) Transport (1944) Hamburg Heilbronn Kassel Pforzheim Dresden The Hague Operations Bellicose (Friedrichshafen) Chastise ("Dambusters" raid) Hurricane (1944) Hydra (Peenemünde) Aircraft Blenheim Boston (Douglas DB-7) Halifax Hampden Lancaster Manchester Mosquito Stirling Ventura Wellington Whitley Technology Chaff H2S radar Gee "Oboe" Gee-H "Monica" radar Blockbuster bomb Earthquake bomb Tallboy Grand Slam Bouncing bomb Target indicator Tactics Area bombardment Bomber stream Firebombing Intruder operations Master Bomber Pathfinders Shuttle bombing Units No. 1 Group RAF No. 3 Group RAF No. 4 Group RAF No. 5 Group RAF No. 6 Group RCAF No. 8 Group RAF No. 100 Group RAF Light Night Strike Force See also Aerial defence of the United Kingdom United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Air operations during the Battle of Europe Defence of the Reich Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command Into the Storm Target for Tonight Authority control databases International FAST National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usnchaff.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSC_Closing_the_Ring-1"},{"link_name":"radar countermeasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"metallized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallizing"},{"link_name":"glass fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallised_film"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"radar cross section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_cross_section"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"military forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"active radar homing missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_radar_homing"},{"link_name":"midcourse phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile_flight_phases#Midcourse"},{"link_name":"intercontinental ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"penetration aids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetration_aid"},{"link_name":"doppler effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_shift"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"illuminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar#Illumination"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Modern US Navy RR-144 (top) and RR-129 (bottom) chaff countermeasures and containers. Note how the strips of the RR-129 chaff (bottom) are of different widths, while those of the RR-144 (top) are all the same width. The RR-144 is designed to prevent interference with civil ATC radar systems.Chaff, originally called Window[1] or Düppel, is a radar countermeasure involving the dispersal of thin strips of aluminium, metallized glass fiber, or plastic.[2] Dispersed chaff produces a large radar cross section intended to blind or disrupt radar systems.[3]Modern military forces use chaff to distract active radar homing missiles from their targets. Military aircraft and warships can be equipped with chaff dispensing systems for self-defense. During its midcourse phase, an intercontinental ballistic missile may release chaff along with its other penetration aids.Contemporary radar systems can distinguish chaff from legitimate targets by measuring the doppler effect;[4] chaff quickly loses speed after leaving an aircraft, and the resulting shift in wavelength of the radar return can be measured. To counter this, a chaff cloud can be illuminated by the defending vehicle with a doppler-corrected frequency. This is known as JAFF (jammer plus chaff) or CHILL (chaff-illuminated).[5]","title":"Chaff (countermeasure)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Window_-_Lancaster_Dropping_Window.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen"},{"link_name":"thousand-bomber raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand-bomber_raids"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Robert Watson-Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones197839-6"},{"link_name":"R. V. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._V._Jones"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978290-7"},{"link_name":"Telecommunications Research Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Research_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Joan Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Curran"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"propaganda leaflets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-9"},{"link_name":"aluminium foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_foil"},{"link_name":"A. P. Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Percival_Rowe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-9"},{"link_name":"Tizard Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizard_Mission"},{"link_name":"Fred Whipple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Whipple"},{"link_name":"USAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-9"},{"link_name":"codenamed Mandrel, Piperack, Jostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_electronic_warfare_equipment"},{"link_name":"Carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet_(jammer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978295-10"},{"link_name":"Würzburg radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_radar"},{"link_name":"Professor Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"RAF Fighter Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command"},{"link_name":"Anti-Aircraft Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978291-299-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_%22Window%22_radar_countermeasures.jpg"},{"link_name":"Würzburg radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_radar"},{"link_name":"Operation Biting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Biting"},{"link_name":"jamming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_jamming"},{"link_name":"Arthur Travers \"Bomber\" Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Travers_Harris"},{"link_name":"RAF Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"Operation Gomorrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gomorrah"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"76 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._76_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"aluminised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_Wurzburg_Display_-_Window_Effect.jpg"},{"link_name":"Würzburg Riese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_radar"},{"link_name":"Kammhuber Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammhuber_Line"},{"link_name":"Lichtenstein radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenstein_radar"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 88R-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88#Ju_88R"},{"link_name":"guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flak"},{"link_name":"spotlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searchlight"},{"link_name":"Hajo Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajo_Herrmann"},{"link_name":"Wilde Sau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilde_Sau"},{"link_name":"JG 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_300"},{"link_name":"FuG 350 Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_radar_detector"},{"link_name":"H2S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2S_(radar)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Operation Steinbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Steinbock"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"night-fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night-fighter"},{"link_name":"air raid on Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_from_Secretary_of_the_Navy,_James_Forrestal,_to_Merwyn_Bly.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Forrestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Forrestal"},{"link_name":"Fred Whipple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Whipple"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvard_gazette-14"},{"link_name":"electrostatic charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_charge"},{"link_name":"Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Civilian_Service_Award"},{"link_name":"Pacific Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Battle of Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima"},{"link_name":"Kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"USS Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A Lancaster dropping chaff (the crescent-shaped white cloud on the left of the picture) over Essen during a thousand-bomber raidThe idea of using chaff developed independently in the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States and Japan. In 1937, British researcher Gerald Touch, while working with Robert Watson-Watt on radar, suggested that lengths of wire suspended from balloons or parachutes might overwhelm a radar system with false echoes[6] and R. V. Jones had suggested that pieces of metal foil falling through the air might do the same.[7] In early 1942, Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) researcher Joan Curran investigated the idea and came up with a scheme for dumping packets of aluminium strips from aircraft to generate a cloud of false echoes.[8] An early idea was to use sheets the size of a notebook page; these would be printed so they would also serve as propaganda leaflets.[9] It was found that the most effective version was strips of black paper backed with aluminium foil, exactly 27 cm × 2 cm (10.63 in × 0.79 in) and packed into bundles each weighing 1 pound (0.45 kg). The head of the TRE, A. P. Rowe, code-named the device \"Window\". In Germany, similar research had led to the development of Düppel. The German code name came from the estate where the first German tests with chaff took place, circa 1942.[9] Once the British had passed the idea to the US via the Tizard Mission, Fred Whipple developed a system for dispensing strips for the USAAF, but it is not known if this was ever used.The systems used the same concept of small aluminium strips (or wires) cut to a half of the target radar's wavelength. When hit by the radar, such lengths of metal resonate and re-radiate the signal.[9] Opposing defences would find it almost impossible to distinguish the aircraft from the echoes caused by the chaff. Other radar-confusing techniques included airborne jamming devices codenamed Mandrel, Piperack, Jostle and Carpet. Mandrel was an airborne jammer targeted at the German Freya radars,[10] while Carpet targeted the gun-laying Würzburg radar. Ignorance about the extent of knowledge of the principle in the opposing air force led planners to judge that it was too dangerous to use, since the opponent could duplicate it. The British government's leading scientific adviser, Professor Lindemann, pointed out that if the Royal Air Force (RAF) used it against the Germans, the Luftwaffe would quickly copy it and could launch a new Blitz. This caused concern in RAF Fighter Command and Anti-Aircraft Command, who managed to suppress the use of Window until July 1943.[11] It was felt that the new generation of centimetric radars available to Fighter Command would cope with Luftwaffe retaliation.Two forms of RAF \"Window\" radar countermeasure: chopped aluminium wire and paper backed with aluminium foilExamination of the Würzburg radar equipment brought back to the UK during Operation Biting (February 1942) and subsequent reconnaissance revealed to the British that all German radars were operating in no more than three frequency ranges, making them prone to jamming. Arthur Travers \"Bomber\" Harris, Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of RAF Bomber Command, finally got approval to use Window as part of Operation Gomorrah, the week long bombing campaign against Hamburg. The first aircrew trained to use Window were in 76 Squadron. Twenty-four crews were briefed on how to drop the bundles of aluminised-paper strips (treated-paper was used to minimise the weight and to maximise the time that the strips would remain in the air, prolonging the effect), one every minute through the flare chute, using a stopwatch to time them. The results proved spectacular. The radar-guided master searchlights wandered aimlessly across the sky. The anti-aircraft guns fired randomly or not at all and the night fighters, their radar displays swamped with false echoes, utterly failed to find the bomber stream. For over a week, Allied attacks devastated a vast area of Hamburg, resulting in more than 40,000 civilian deaths, with the loss of only 12 out of the 791 bombers on the first night. Squadrons quickly had special chutes fitted to their bombers to make chaff deployment even easier. Seeing this as a development that made it safer to go on operations, many crews got in as many trips as they could before the Germans found a counter-countermeasure.The effect of chaff on the display of a Würzburg Riese radar. The effect of jamming appears in the left \"jagged\" half of the circular ring, contrasting with the normal \"smooth\" (unjammed) display on the right half of the circle with a real target at the 3 o'clock position – on the jammed left side, the real target \"blip\" would have been indistinguishable from the jamming.Although the metal strips puzzled the German civilians at first, German scientists knew exactly what they were–Düppel—but had refrained from using it for the same reasons as Lindemann had pointed out to the British. For over a year the curious situation arose where both sides of the conflict knew how to use chaff to jam the other side's radar but had refrained from doing so for fear of their opponent replying in kind. Window rendered the ground-controlled Himmelbett (canopy bed) fighters of the Kammhuber Line unable to track their targets in the night sky and rendered the early UHF-band B/C and C-1 versions of the airborne intercept Lichtenstein radar (following the capture of a Junkers Ju 88R-1 night fighter by the British in May 1943 equipped with it) useless, blinding radar-guided guns and spotlights dependent on the ground-based radar. Oberst Hajo Herrmann developed Wilde Sau (Wild Boar) to cope with the lack of accurate ground guidance and led to the formation of three new fighter wings to use the tactic, numbered JG 300, JG 301 and JG 302. Ground operators would radio-direct single-seat fighters and night fighters to areas where the concentrations of chaff were greatest (which would indicate the source of the chaff) for the fighter pilots to see targets, often against the illumination from fires and searchlights below. A few of the single-seat fighters had the FuG 350 Naxos device to detect H2S radar (the first airborne, ground scanning radar system) emissions from the bombers.Six weeks after the Hamburg raid, the Luftwaffe used Düppel in 80 cm × 1.9 cm (31.50 in × 0.75 in) lengths during a raid on the night of 7/8 October 1943.[12] In raids in 1943 and the \"mini-blitz\" of Operation Steinbock between February and May 1944, Düppel allowed German bombers again to attempt operations over London. Although theoretically effective, the small number of bombers, notably in relation to the large RAF night-fighter force, doomed the effort from the start. The British fighters were able to go aloft in large numbers and often found the German bombers in spite of Düppel. The Germans obtained better results during the air raid on Bari in Italy, on 2 December 1943, when Allied radars were deceived by the use of Düppel.[13]Letter from Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal to Merwyn BlyFollowing the British discovery of it in 1942 by Joan Curran, chaff in the United States was co-invented by astronomer Fred Whipple and Navy engineer Merwyn Bly. Whipple proposed the idea to the Air Force he was working with at the time.[14] Early tests failed as the foil strips stuck together and fell as clumps to little or no effect. Bly solved this by designing a cartridge that forced the strips to rub against it as they were expelled, gaining an electrostatic charge. Since the strips all had a similar charge they repelled each other, enabling the full countermeasure effect. After the war, Bly received the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award for his work.In the Pacific Theatre, Navy Lieutenant Commander Sudo Hajime invented a Japanese version called Giman-shi, or \"deceiving paper\". It was first used with some success in mid 1943, during night battles over the Solomon Islands.[15] Competing demands for the scarce aluminum necessary for its manufacture limited its use.[16] On February 21, 1945, during the Battle of Iwo Jima, Giman-shi was successfully used prior to a Kamikaze attack on the USS Saratoga.[17]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Sea Harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Harrier"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn0-304-35542-9-18"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"welding rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_rod"},{"link_name":"split pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_pin"},{"link_name":"airbrake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_brake_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Heath Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn0-297-84645-0-19"}],"text":"British warships in the Falklands War (1982) made heavy use of chaff.During this war, British Sea Harrier aircraft lacked their conventional chaff-dispensing mechanism.[18]\nTherefore, Royal Navy engineers designed an improvised delivery system of welding rods, split pins and string, which allowed six packets of chaff to be stored in the airbrake well and be deployed in flight. It was often referred to as the \"Heath Robinson chaff modification\", due to its complexity.[19]","title":"Falklands War"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Although chaff produces large amounts of scattered reflections potentially clogging a radar display it is easily filtered by virtue of it moving relatively slowly through the sky.Radar can make use of the doppler effect to distinguish between chaff and target aircraft which are fast moving.The doppler effect only occurs for the component of velocity parallel to the radar beam.To overcome this in use large amounts of chaff are deployed and then the aircraft will turn so that it moves predominantly perpendicular to the radar source. It may also rotate to minimize its cross section exposed to the radar beam.This leads to aircraft being more difficult to separate from the effectively stationary chaff and is known as \"notching\" as radar typically incorporate a notch of low sensitivity to frequencies associated with low velocity.The effect is likely to be momentary against modern radar systems but can be prolonged by the use of Chill and Jaff as described below.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doppler effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeri2006452-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeri2006452-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeri2006452-20"}],"text":"One of the important qualities of chaff is that it is lightweight, allowing large amounts to be carried. As a result, after release it quickly loses any forward speed it had from the aircraft or rocket launcher, and then begins to fall slowly to the ground. From the viewpoint of an enemy radar, the chaff quickly decays to zero relative velocity. Modern radars use the Doppler effect to measure the line-of-sight velocity of objects, and can thus distinguish chaff from an aircraft, which continues to move at high speed. This allows the radar to filter out the chaff from its display.[20]To counteract this filtering, the JAFF or CHILL technique has been developed. This uses an additional jammer broadcaster on the aircraft to reflect a signal off the chaff cloud that has the proper frequency to match that of the aircraft. This makes it impossible to use Doppler shift alone to filter out the chaff signal. In practice, the signal is deliberately noisy in order to present multiple false targets.[20]In essence, the JAFF technique is a low-cost offboard decoy, moving the jammers from the launcher platform to the decoy, and using the chaff as a reflector to provide angular separation.[20]","title":"JAFF and CHILL"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing B-52 Stratofortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"Fairchild-Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"dipoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antenna"},{"link_name":"mil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"While foil chaff is still used by certain aircraft, such as the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bomber, this type is no longer manufactured. The chaff used by aircraft such as the Fairchild-Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, and McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet consists of aluminium-coated glass fibres. These fibre \"dipoles\" are designed to remain airborne for as long as possible, having a typical diameter of 1 mil, or 0.025 mm, and a typical length of 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) to over 2 inches (51 mm). Newer \"superfine\" chaff has a typical diameter of 0.7 mils (0.018 mm). The chaff is carried in tubular cartridges, which remain attached to the aircraft, each typically containing around 3 to 5 million chaff fibres. The chaff is ejected from the cartridge by a plastic piston driven by a small pyrotechnic charge.[21]","title":"Modern chaff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Chaff countermeasures come in two main types: continuous wave (CW) chaff, used against radar-guided missiles that operate on a continuous frequency, and pulsed chaff, used against missiles that operate on a pulsed frequency.[22]","title":"Types of chaff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"There is not a lot of research on the public health and environmental effects of chaff. A U.S. Department of Defense-sponsored 1998 research review stated that the \"widespread environmental, human and agricultural impacts of chaff as currently used in training are negligible and far less than those from other man-made emissions.\"[2]","title":"Environmental and health effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wizard War: WW2 & The Origins Of Radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vc.airvectors.net/ttwiz.html"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Hamish Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-241-89746-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-89746-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-63-081534-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63-081534-9"}],"text":"Goebel, Greg. The Wizard War: WW2 & The Origins Of Radar v.2.0.2, retrieved 2021-05-26\nJones, R. V. (1978). Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-89746-7.\nNeri, Filippo (2006). Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems. SciTech Publishing. ISBN 978-1-63-081534-9.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Modern US Navy RR-144 (top) and RR-129 (bottom) chaff countermeasures and containers. Note how the strips of the RR-129 chaff (bottom) are of different widths, while those of the RR-144 (top) are all the same width. The RR-144 is designed to prevent interference with civil ATC radar systems.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Usnchaff.jpg/220px-Usnchaff.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Lancaster dropping chaff (the crescent-shaped white cloud on the left of the picture) over Essen during a thousand-bomber raid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Window_-_Lancaster_Dropping_Window.jpg/220px-Window_-_Lancaster_Dropping_Window.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two forms of RAF \"Window\" radar countermeasure: chopped aluminium wire and paper backed with aluminium foil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RAF_%22Window%22_radar_countermeasures.jpg/220px-RAF_%22Window%22_radar_countermeasures.jpg"},{"image_text":"The effect of chaff on the display of a Würzburg Riese radar. The effect of jamming appears in the left \"jagged\" half of the circular ring, contrasting with the normal \"smooth\" (unjammed) display on the right half of the circle with a real target at the 3 o'clock position – on the jammed left side, the real target \"blip\" would have been indistinguishable from the jamming.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Giant_Wurzburg_Display_-_Window_Effect.jpg/220px-Giant_Wurzburg_Display_-_Window_Effect.jpg"},{"image_text":"Letter from Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal to Merwyn Bly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Letter_from_Secretary_of_the_Navy%2C_James_Forrestal%2C_to_Merwyn_Bly.jpg/220px-Letter_from_Secretary_of_the_Navy%2C_James_Forrestal%2C_to_Merwyn_Bly.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Anti-ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile"},{"title":"Countermeasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countermeasure"},{"title":"Infrared countermeasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_countermeasure"},{"title":"Electronic countermeasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure"},{"title":"Flare (countermeasure)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)"},{"title":"SRBOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_36_SRBOC"}]	[{"reference":"Churchill, Winston Spencer (1951). The Second World War: Closing the Ring. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. p. 643.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Whigham, Nick. \"It looks like rain but it's actually secret military exercises\". news.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/military/it-looks-like-rain-but-its-actually-secret-military-exercises/news-story/0bd86fdc0b62ded8c5a32d04d96d78eb","url_text":"\"It looks like rain but it's actually secret military exercises\""}]},{"reference":"Garbacz, R. J. (1978-05-01). Chaff Radar Cross Section Studies and Calculations (Report). Ohio State University Columbus Electroscience Lab.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA080989","url_text":"Chaff Radar Cross Section Studies and Calculations"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Husheng; Chen, Baixiao; Zhu, Dongchen; Huang, Fengsheng; Yu, Xiangzhen; Ye, Qingzhi; Cheng, Xiancheng; Peng, Shuai; Jing, Jiaqiu (2022-08-07). \"Chaff identification method based on Range‐Doppler imaging feature\". IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation. 16 (11): 1861–1871. doi:10.1049/rsn2.12302. ISSN 1751-8784.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/rsn2.12302","url_text":"\"Chaff identification method based on Range‐Doppler imaging feature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1049%2Frsn2.12302","url_text":"10.1049/rsn2.12302"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1751-8784","url_text":"1751-8784"}]},{"reference":"\"Chaffs\". EMSOPEDIA. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emsopedia.org/entries/chaffs/","url_text":"\"Chaffs\""}]},{"reference":"Saunders, D. M., Capt. USN (1967). The Bari Incident. no isbn. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute. United States Naval Institute Proceedings.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gewertz, Ken (18 October 2001). \"Fred Whipple: Stargazer\". Harvard Gazette: The Big Picture. President and Fellows of Harvard College. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017091915/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/10.18/05-bigpic.html","url_text":"\"Fred Whipple: Stargazer\""},{"url":"http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/10.18/05-bigpic.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, David M. (2007). The Library of Congress World War II Companion. Simon and Schuster. p. 395. ISBN 9781416553069. Retrieved 19 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0bRaa7UuD6EC","url_text":"The Library of Congress World War II Companion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416553069","url_text":"9781416553069"}]},{"reference":"Tillman, Barrett (2006). Clash of the carriers: the true story of the Marianas Turkey Shoot of World War II. Penguin. ISBN 9781440623998. 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ISBN 0-304-35542-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35542-9","url_text":"0-304-35542-9"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, David L. (2006). Hostile Skies: My Falklands Air War. London: Orion Publishing. pp. 59, 73 and photo section. ISBN 0-297-84645-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84645-0","url_text":"0-297-84645-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Chaff Vs Flare in a Jet: Understanding the Differences - InsTruth\". 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2023-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://instruth.com/chaff-vs-flare-in-a-jet/","url_text":"\"Chaff Vs Flare in a Jet: Understanding the Differences - InsTruth\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, R. V. (1978). Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-89746-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton","url_text":"Hamish Hamilton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-89746-7","url_text":"0-241-89746-7"}]},{"reference":"Neri, Filippo (2006). Introduction to Electronic Defense Systems. SciTech Publishing. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiento	Tiento	["1 Name","2 Formal aspects","3 Composers","4 Contemporary composers","5 Notes","6 References"]	For the category of flamenco, see Tientos (Flamenco). Tiento (Spanish pronunciation: , Portuguese: Tento ) is a musical genre originating in Spain in the mid-15th century. It is formally analogous to the fantasia (fantasy), found in England, Germany, and the Low Countries, and also the ricercare, first found in Italy. By the end of the 16th century the tiento was exclusively a keyboard form, especially of organ music. It continued to be the predominant form in the Spanish organ tradition through the time of Cabanilles, and developed many variants. Additionally, many 20th-century composers have written works entitled "tiento". Name The word derives from the Spanish verb tentar (meaning either to touch, to tempt or to attempt), and was originally applied to music for various instruments. In the early eighteenth century, some composers also used the term obra, originally a more general term meaning "work", to refer to this genre. Formal aspects The tiento is formally extraordinarily diverse, more a set of guidelines than a rigid structural model such as fugue or rondo. Nearly all tientos are imitative to some degree, though not as complex or developed as the fugue. This has led to their being associated with the other embryonic imitative forms cited above. Similarly, it is difficult to assign a single texture to the form, since it underwent a considerable amount of evolution from its inception to its decline in the late 18th century. The earliest tientos (such as those of Cabezón) were stylistically quite close to the ricercare in their extended use of the strict, motet-style counterpoint. Later (especially in the works of Cabanilles), tientos would frequently alternate between the older style of strict counterpoint, and virtuosic, affective figuration typical of the toccata and some fantasias. The evolution of the form was in part conditioned by the evolution of the Spanish organ, and it eventually came to include several variants or sub-forms, several of which are listed below: Tiento de medio registro: A tiento making use of the split keyboard, frequently found on Spanish organs from the mid-16th century on. The split keyboard refers to an organ manual where ranks of pipes may be engaged for half the keyboard, as opposed to the entire compass, which is the norm. This enables the player to utilize different sounds on the same keyboard, generally a solo sound and an accompaniment sound, though occasionally two sounds of equal strength. The tiento de medio registro figures prominently in the oeuvres of Correa de Arauxo, Aguilera de Heredia, and Bruna. Tiento de lleno: The opposite of the tiento de medio registro; a tiento played on one sound (full register). Tiento de falsas: A tiento making frequent use of dissonance, so as to achieve particularly dramatic effect. "Falsas" refers to "false notes," or dissonant tones not part of the current mode or key. It is similar to the Italian idea of Durezze e ligature (consonance and dissonance). Tiento pleno: an irregular tiento consisting of three sections: a prelude, fugue, and postlude. It has more in common with the German praeludium than with other tientos. Composers Antonio de Cabezón (1510–1566) António Carreira (ca. 1520/30– fl. 1587/97) Bernardo Clavijo de Castillo (1545–1626) Manuel Rodrigues Coelho (1555–1635) Sebastián Aguilera de Heredia (1561–1627) Francisco de Peraza (1564–1598) Gaspar Fernandes (1566–1629) Estacio de Lacerna (ca. 1570–after 1616) Francisco Correa de Arauxo (1584–1654) José Ximénez (1601–1672) José Perandreu (fl. mid–17th century) Pablo Bruna (1611–1679) Juan Cabanilles (1644–1712) Contemporary composers Jean Langlais (1907–1991): includes a tiento as movement 2 of his Suite Médiévale (1947) Maurice Ohana (1913–1992): composed a Tiento for guitar (1957) Benet Casablancas (1956) has recently (2012) written a Tiento for organ based on the Lutheran chorale Frisch auf, mein' Seel', verzage nichte a part of the Orgelbüchlein Project. Carlotta Ferrari (1975) has published three Tientos for Organ: Tiento de lleno, Tiento de falsas and Tiento de batalla (IMSLP 2015). Notes ^ Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John, eds. (2001). "obra". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.‎ ^ "Error". References Ridler, Ben & Jambou, Louis (2001). "Tiento". In Sadie, Stanley & Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.‎ Willi Apel. The History of Keyboard Music to 1700. Translated by Hans Tischler. Indiana University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-253-21141-7. Originally published as Geschichte der Orgel- und Klaviermusik bis 1700 by Bärenreiter-Verlag, Kassel. vteMusic of SpainStyles Bolero Catalan rumba Chirigota Copla Cuplé Endecha Ensalada Fandango Folia Isa Jácara Jota Muiñeira New flamenco Nova Cançó Pasacalle Pasodoble Rock català Rock urbano Seguidilla Sevillana Tajaraste Tiento Tonadilla Tono humano Villancico Xiringüelu Zarzuela Género chico Romani Flamenco (palos) Alegrías Alboreá Bambera Bulerías Cante Cante jondo Cantes a palo seco Cantes libres Cantiñas Campanilleros Cartageneras Farruca Flamenco jazz Garrotín Granaína Guajiras Malagueñas Martinetes Peteneras Polo Rumba Saeta Siguiriyas Soleá Soleá por Bulerías Tango Tarantas Tientos Tonás Verdiales Zambra Romani (Gypsy) Music by region Andalusia Aragon Balearic Islands Basque Country Canary Islands Castile and Leon Catalonia Extremadura Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias Murcia Navarre and La Rioja Valencia Music by genre Spanish folk music Spanish jazz Spanish hip hop Spanish opera Spanish rock Music festivals Benidorm International Song Festival Eurovision Song Contest Benidorm Fest Festival Internacional de Santander OTI Festival Musical instruments Alboka Bandurria Castanets Catalan shawm Chácaras Cross-strung harp Dulzaina Fiscorn Flabiol Gaita gastoreña Gralla Guitarra de canya Guitarro Kirikoketa Palmas Psalterium Rabel Tambori Timple Trikiti Txalaparta Txistu Vihuela Viol Xirula Zambomba Gaita Asturian de boto Cabreiresa Galician Odrecillo de saco Sanabresa Sac de gemecs Xeremia Guitar Baroque Classical Flamenco Latina Morisca Music ensembles Cobla Charanga Chirigota Comparsa Rondalla Tuna	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tientos (Flamenco)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tientos_(Flamenco)"},{"link_name":"[ˈtjento]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈtẽtu]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"fantasia (fantasy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(music)"},{"link_name":"ricercare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricercare"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"Cabanilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cabanilles"}],"text":"For the category of flamenco, see Tientos (Flamenco).Tiento (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtjento], Portuguese: Tento [ˈtẽtu]) is a musical genre originating in Spain in the mid-15th century. It is formally analogous to the fantasia (fantasy), found in England, Germany, and the Low Countries, and also the ricercare, first found in Italy. By the end of the 16th century the tiento was exclusively a keyboard form, especially of organ music. It continued to be the predominant form in the Spanish organ tradition through the time of Cabanilles, and developed many variants. Additionally, many 20th-century composers have written works entitled \"tiento\".","title":"Tiento"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The word derives from the Spanish verb tentar (meaning either to touch, to tempt or to attempt), and was originally applied to music for various instruments. In the early eighteenth century, some composers also used the term obra, originally a more general term meaning \"work\", to refer to this genre.[1]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fugue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugue"},{"link_name":"rondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo"},{"link_name":"Cabezón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"toccata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccata"},{"link_name":"Correa de Arauxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Correa_de_Arauxo"},{"link_name":"Aguilera de Heredia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Aguilera_de_Heredia"},{"link_name":"Bruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Bruna"},{"link_name":"Durezze e ligature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durezze_e_ligature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"praeludium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeludium"}],"text":"The tiento is formally extraordinarily diverse, more a set of guidelines than a rigid structural model such as fugue or rondo. Nearly all tientos are imitative to some degree, though not as complex or developed as the fugue. This has led to their being associated with the other embryonic imitative forms cited above. Similarly, it is difficult to assign a single texture to the form, since it underwent a considerable amount of evolution from its inception to its decline in the late 18th century. The earliest tientos (such as those of Cabezón) were stylistically quite close to the ricercare in their extended use of the strict, motet-style counterpoint. Later (especially in the works of Cabanilles), tientos would frequently alternate between the older style of strict counterpoint, and virtuosic, affective figuration typical of the toccata and some fantasias. The evolution of the form was in part conditioned by the evolution of the Spanish organ, and it eventually came to include several variants or sub-forms, several of which are listed below:Tiento de medio registro: A tiento making use of the split keyboard, frequently found on Spanish organs from the mid-16th century on. The split keyboard refers to an organ manual where ranks of pipes may be engaged for half the keyboard, as opposed to the entire compass, which is the norm. This enables the player to utilize different sounds on the same keyboard, generally a solo sound and an accompaniment sound, though occasionally two sounds of equal strength. The tiento de medio registro figures prominently in the oeuvres of Correa de Arauxo, Aguilera de Heredia, and Bruna.\nTiento de lleno: The opposite of the tiento de medio registro; a tiento played on one sound (full register).\nTiento de falsas: A tiento making frequent use of dissonance, so as to achieve particularly dramatic effect. \"Falsas\" refers to \"false notes,\" or dissonant tones not part of the current mode or key. It is similar to the Italian idea of Durezze e ligature (consonance and dissonance).\nTiento pleno: an irregular tiento consisting of three sections: a prelude, fugue, and postlude. It has more in common with the German praeludium than with other tientos.","title":"Formal aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio de Cabezón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"António Carreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Carreira"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Clavijo de Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Clavijo_de_Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel Rodrigues Coelho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Rodrigues_Coelho"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Aguilera de Heredia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Aguilera_de_Heredia"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Peraza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Peraza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"Estacio de Lacerna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estacio_de_Lacerna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco Correa de Arauxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Correa_de_Arauxo"},{"link_name":"José Ximénez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Xim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"José Perandreu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Perandreu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pablo Bruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Bruna"},{"link_name":"Juan Cabanilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cabanilles"}],"text":"Antonio de Cabezón (1510–1566)\nAntónio Carreira (ca. 1520/30– fl. 1587/97)\nBernardo Clavijo de Castillo (1545–1626)\nManuel Rodrigues Coelho (1555–1635)\nSebastián Aguilera de Heredia (1561–1627)\nFrancisco de Peraza (1564–1598)\nGaspar Fernandes (1566–1629)\nEstacio de Lacerna (ca. 1570–after 1616)\nFrancisco Correa de Arauxo (1584–1654)\nJosé Ximénez (1601–1672)\nJosé Perandreu (fl. mid–17th century)\nPablo Bruna (1611–1679)\nJuan Cabanilles (1644–1712)","title":"Composers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Langlais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Langlais"},{"link_name":"Maurice Ohana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ohana"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_guitar"},{"link_name":"Lutheran chorale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_chorale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jean Langlais (1907–1991): includes a tiento as movement 2 of his Suite Médiévale (1947)\nMaurice Ohana (1913–1992): composed a Tiento for guitar (1957)\nBenet Casablancas (1956) has recently (2012) written a Tiento for organ based on the Lutheran chorale Frisch auf, mein' Seel', verzage nichte a part of the Orgelbüchlein Project.\nCarlotta Ferrari (1975) has published three Tientos for Organ: Tiento de lleno, Tiento de falsas and Tiento de batalla (IMSLP 2015).[2]","title":"Contemporary composers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Sadie, Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"Tyrrell, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians"},{"link_name":"Macmillan Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56159-239-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Error\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//imslp.org/wiki/3_Tientos_(Ferrari%2C_Carlotta)"}],"text":"^ Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John, eds. (2001). \"obra\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.‎ [full citation needed]\n\n^ \"Error\".","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John, eds. (2001). \"obra\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamida_Djandoubi	Hamida Djandoubi	["1 Early life","2 Allegation of forced prostitution","3 Murder of Élisabeth Bousquet","4 Trial and execution","5 See also","6 Further reading","7 References","8 External links"]	Tunisian murderer, (1949–1977) Hamida DjandoubiDjandoubi being escorted to his trial at the Cour d'assises d'Aix-en-Provence, February 1977Born(1949-09-22)22 September 1949Tunis, French TunisiaDied10 September 1977(1977-09-10) (aged 27)Baumettes Prison, Marseille, FranceCause of deathExecution by beheadingResting placeCimetière Saint-Pierre, MarseilleNationalityTunisianOther names"Pimp Killer"MotiveRevenge for previous criminal chargesConviction(s)Murder with aggravating circumstancesProcuringRape (2 counts)Premeditated violence (3 counts)Criminal penaltyDeath (25 February 1977)DetailsVictimsÉlisabeth Bousquet, 21DateEarly 1973 (procuring) – 3 July 1974 (murder)Location(s)MarseillesLançon-ProvenceDate apprehended11 August 1974 Hamida Djandoubi (Arabic: حميدة جندوبي, romanized: Ḥamīda Jandūbī; 22 September 1949 – 10 September 1977) was a Tunisian convicted murderer sentenced to death in France. He moved to Marseille in 1968, and six years later he was convicted of the Kidnapping, torture, and murder of 21-year-old Élisabeth Bousquet. He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed by guillotine in September that year, and also the last person to be lawfully executed by beheading anywhere in the Western world, although he was not the last person sentenced to death in France. Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner. Early life Born in Tunisia on 22 September 1949, Djandoubi started living in Marseille in 1968, where he worked in a grocery store. He later worked as a landscaper but had a workplace accident in 1971: his leg got caught in the tracks of a tractor, resulting in the loss of two-thirds of his right leg. Allegation of forced prostitution In 1973, a 21-year-old woman named Élisabeth Bousquet, whom Djandoubi had met in the hospital while recovering from his amputation, filed a complaint against him, stating that he had tried to force her into prostitution. Murder of Élisabeth Bousquet After his arrest and eventual release from custody during the spring of 1973, Djandoubi drew two other young girls into his confidence and then forced them into prostitution for him. On 3 July 1974, he kidnapped Bousquet and took her into his home where, in full view of the terrified girls, he beat the woman before stubbing a lit cigarette all over her breasts and genital area. Bousquet survived the ordeal so he took her by car to the outskirts of Marseille and strangled her there. On his return, Djandoubi warned the two girls to say nothing of what they had seen. Bousquet's body was discovered in a shed by a boy on 7 July 1974. One month later, Djandoubi kidnapped another girl who managed to escape and report him to police. Trial and execution After a lengthy pre-trial process, Djandoubi eventually appeared in court in Aix-en-Provence on charges of torture-murder, rape, and premeditated violence on 24 February 1977. His main defence revolved around the supposed effects of the loss of his leg six years earlier, which his lawyer claimed had driven him to a paroxysm of alcohol abuse and violence that had turned him into "a different man". On 25 February, he was sentenced to death. An appeal was rejected on 9 June. On 10 September 1977, Djandoubi was informed early in the morning that, as in the child murderers cases of Christian Ranucci (executed on 28 July 1976) and Jérôme Carrein (executed on 23 June 1977), he had not received a reprieve from President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Shortly afterwards, at 4:40 a.m., Djandoubi was executed by guillotine at Baumettes Prison in Marseille. While Djandoubi was the last person executed in France, he was not the last condemned. Fifteen sentences of death were ruled until abolition, though no more executions occurred after capital punishment was abolished in France on 9 October 1981 following the election of François Mitterrand, and those sentenced to die had their sentences commuted. Djandoubi's death was the last time any Western nation carried out an execution by beheading, as well as the most recent government-sanctioned guillotine execution in the world. See also Nicolas Jacques Pelletier, the first person to be executed by guillotine in France in 1792, during the French Revolution. Eugen Weidmann, the last person to be publicly executed by guillotine in France in 1939. Further reading Mercer, Jeremy (2008). When the Guillotine Fell: The Bloody Beginning and Horrifying End to France's River of Blood, 1791–1977. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4299-3608-8. Jean-Yves Le Nahour, Le Dernier guillotiné, Paris, First Editions, 2011 References ^ Franklin E. Zimring (24 September 2004). The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-19-029237-9. ^ Les deux derniers bourreaux français toujours vivants, La Dépêche du Midi, 10 September 2007 (French) ^ a b Cédric Condom, Le Dernier Guillotiné, Planète+ Justice, 2011 (French) ^ Beadle, Jeremy; Harrison, Ian (2007). Firsts, Lasts and Only's: Crime. Pavilion Books. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-905798-04-9. ^ a b Mercer 2008. ^ "The Infamous Guillotine Falls for the Last Time \| History Channel on Foxtel". History Channel. 19 June 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2019. ^ "The Guillotines Final Bite". Ottawa Citizen. 3 August 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2019 – via PressReader. ^ La dernière exécution capitale date de 30 ans, Radio France internationale, 10 September 2007 (French) ^ Il y a 30 ans, avait lieu la dernière exécution, Le Nouvel Observateur, 10 September 2007 (French) External links Various photos, newspaper articles, and court documents related to the Djandoubi case vteProstitution in FranceOverview Prostitution in France Prostitution in Paris Chinese prostitution in Paris Prostitution in Overseas France History of prostitution in France Brothels Brothels in Paris Aux Belles Poules Le Chabanais La Fleur blanche L'Étoile de Kléber Lanterne Verte Le Fourcy Maison Souquet One-Two-Two Palais Oriental (Reims) Le Sphinx Law Loi Marthe Richard PeopleActivists Morgane Merteuil Thierry Schaffauser Brothel owners & madams Madame Claude Marguerite Gourdan Justine Paris Courtesans Émilienne d’Alençon Marguerite Alibert Blanche d'Antigny Marguerite Bellanger Jeanne Brécourt Berthe de Courrière Marion Delorme Anne Victoire Dervieux Marie-Anne Detourbay Madame du Barry Marie Duplessis Rosalie Duthé Marthe de Florian Eugénie Fougère Marguerite Gourdan Catherine Grand Marie-Madeleine Guimard Valtesse de La Bigne Anne Françoise Elisabeth Lange Geneviève Lantelme Méry Laurent Ninon de l'Enclos Léonie Léon Marie-Louise O'Murphy La Païva Justine Paris Olympe Pélissier Liane de Pougy Apollonie Sabatier Marguerite Steinheil Thérésa Tallien Theroigne de Mericourt Pimps Paul Carbone Hamida Djandoubi François Spirito Rétaux de Villette Prostitutes Fernande Barrey Zahia Dehar Jean Genet Valtesse de La Bigne Caroline Lacroix Jamila M'Barek Morgane Merteuil Suzanne Muzard Marthe Richard Rétaux de Villette Organisations Les amis du bus des femmes Syndicat du travail sexuel Red-light districts Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Quartier Pigalle Rue Saint-Denis (Paris) Other Bordel militaire de campagne Brigade de répression du proxénétisme The French Woman Madelonnettes Convent Occupation of Saint-Nizier church by Lyon prostitutes Parisian Women in Algerian Costume (The Harem) Prostitution in Impressionist painting Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"guillotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimring2004-1"},{"link_name":"beheading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheading"},{"link_name":"Western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"Marcel Chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Chevalier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isf-2"}],"text":"Tunisian murderer, (1949–1977)Hamida Djandoubi (Arabic: حميدة جندوبي, romanized: Ḥamīda Jandūbī; 22 September 1949 – 10 September 1977) was a Tunisian convicted murderer sentenced to death in France. He moved to Marseille in 1968, and six years later he was convicted of the Kidnapping, torture, and murder of 21-year-old Élisabeth Bousquet. He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed by guillotine in September that year,[1] and also the last person to be lawfully executed by beheading anywhere in the Western world, although he was not the last person sentenced to death in France. Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner.[2]","title":"Hamida Djandoubi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"landscaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscaper"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-3"}],"text":"Born in Tunisia on 22 September 1949, Djandoubi started living in Marseille in 1968, where he worked in a grocery store. He later worked as a landscaper but had a workplace accident in 1971: his leg got caught in the tracks of a tractor, resulting in the loss of two-thirds of his right leg.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation"},{"link_name":"force her into prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_prostitution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-3"}],"text":"In 1973, a 21-year-old woman named Élisabeth Bousquet, whom Djandoubi had met in the hospital while recovering from his amputation, filed a complaint against him, stating that he had tried to force her into prostitution.[3]","title":"Allegation of forced prostitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer2008-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer2008-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"After his arrest and eventual release from custody during the spring of 1973, Djandoubi drew two other young girls into his confidence and then forced them into prostitution for him.[4] On 3 July 1974, he kidnapped Bousquet and took her into his home where, in full view of the terrified girls, he beat the woman before stubbing a lit cigarette all over her breasts and genital area. Bousquet survived the ordeal so he took her by car to the outskirts of Marseille and strangled her there.[5][6]On his return, Djandoubi warned the two girls to say nothing of what they had seen.[5] Bousquet's body was discovered in a shed by a boy on 7 July 1974. One month later, Djandoubi kidnapped another girl who managed to escape and report him to police.[7]","title":"Murder of Élisabeth Bousquet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"},{"link_name":"torture-murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_murder"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"paroxysm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxysm"},{"link_name":"alcohol abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_abuse"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"child murderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_murder"},{"link_name":"Christian Ranucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Ranucci"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Carrein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Carrein"},{"link_name":"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"guillotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine"},{"link_name":"Baumettes Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumettes_Prison"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfi-8"},{"link_name":"capital punishment was abolished in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France#Abolition"},{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"commuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_(law)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nouvelobs-9"}],"text":"After a lengthy pre-trial process, Djandoubi eventually appeared in court in Aix-en-Provence on charges of torture-murder, rape, and premeditated violence on 24 February 1977. His main defence revolved around the supposed effects of the loss of his leg six years earlier, which his lawyer claimed had driven him to a paroxysm of alcohol abuse and violence that had turned him into \"a different man\".On 25 February, he was sentenced to death. An appeal was rejected on 9 June. On 10 September 1977, Djandoubi was informed early in the morning that, as in the child murderers cases of Christian Ranucci (executed on 28 July 1976) and Jérôme Carrein (executed on 23 June 1977), he had not received a reprieve from President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Shortly afterwards, at 4:40 a.m., Djandoubi was executed by guillotine at Baumettes Prison in Marseille.While Djandoubi was the last person executed in France, he was not the last condemned.[8] Fifteen sentences of death were ruled until abolition, though no more executions occurred after capital punishment was abolished in France on 9 October 1981 following the election of François Mitterrand, and those sentenced to die had their sentences commuted.[9] Djandoubi's death was the last time any Western nation carried out an execution by beheading, as well as the most recent government-sanctioned guillotine execution in the world.","title":"Trial and execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"When the Guillotine Fell: The Bloody Beginning and Horrifying End to France's River of Blood, 1791–1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xlSQE7VekvwC&q=Elisabeth+Bousquet"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4299-3608-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-3608-8"},{"link_name":"First Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editis"}],"text":"Mercer, Jeremy (2008). When the Guillotine Fell: The Bloody Beginning and Horrifying End to France's River of Blood, 1791–1977. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4299-3608-8.\nJean-Yves Le Nahour, Le Dernier guillotiné, Paris, First Editions, 2011","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Nicolas Jacques Pelletier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Jacques_Pelletier"},{"title":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"title":"Eugen Weidmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Weidmann"}]	[{"reference":"Mercer, Jeremy (2008). When the Guillotine Fell: The Bloody Beginning and Horrifying End to France's River of Blood, 1791–1977. Macmillan. 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ISBN 978-1-905798-04-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CQdOF2zxlGgC&dq=Murder+of+Elisabeth+Bousquet&pg=PA169","url_text":"Firsts, Lasts and Only's: Crime"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905798-04-9","url_text":"978-1-905798-04-9"}]},{"reference":"\"The Infamous Guillotine Falls for the Last Time \| History Channel on Foxtel\". History Channel. 19 June 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/the-infamous-guillotine-falls-for-the-last-time/","url_text":"\"The Infamous Guillotine Falls for the Last Time \| History Channel on Foxtel\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Guillotines Final Bite\". Ottawa Citizen. 3 August 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2019 – via PressReader.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/","url_text":"\"The Guillotines Final Bite\""}]},{"reference":"La dernière exécution capitale date de 30 ans, Radio France internationale, 10 September 2007","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/093/article_56265.asp","url_text":"La dernière exécution capitale date de 30 ans"}]},{"reference":"Il y a 30 ans, avait lieu la dernière exécution, Le Nouvel Observateur, 10 September 2007","urls":[{"url":"http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/societe/20070910.OBS4158/il_y_a_30_ans_avait_lieula_derniere_execution.html","url_text":"Il y a 30 ans, avait lieu la dernière exécution"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xlSQE7VekvwC&q=Elisabeth+Bousquet","external_links_name":"When the Guillotine Fell: The Bloody Beginning and Horrifying End to France's River of Blood, 1791–1977"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sRTiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33","external_links_name":"The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment"},{"Link":"https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2007/09/10/8914-les-deux-derniers-bourreaux-francais-toujours-vivants.html","external_links_name":"Les deux derniers bourreaux français toujours vivants"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxaflU33708","external_links_name":"Cédric Condom, Le Dernier Guillotiné"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CQdOF2zxlGgC&dq=Murder+of+Elisabeth+Bousquet&pg=PA169","external_links_name":"Firsts, Lasts and Only's: Crime"},{"Link":"https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/the-infamous-guillotine-falls-for-the-last-time/","external_links_name":"\"The Infamous Guillotine Falls for the Last Time \| History Channel on Foxtel\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Guillotines Final Bite\""},{"Link":"http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/093/article_56265.asp","external_links_name":"La dernière exécution capitale date de 30 ans"},{"Link":"http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/societe/20070910.OBS4158/il_y_a_30_ans_avait_lieula_derniere_execution.html","external_links_name":"Il y a 30 ans, avait lieu la dernière exécution"},{"Link":"http://www.jeremymercer.net/ancillary-material-for-guillotine/","external_links_name":"Various photos, newspaper articles, and court documents related to the Djandoubi case"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000041085013","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/41310453","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdgY9h7P6WmGG67B7dfbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165437083","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165437083","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008020686","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-%C3%89mile_Godfroy	René-Émile Godfroy	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	French admiral René-Émile GodfroyBorn10 January 1885Paris, FranceDied16 January 1981 (aged 96)Fréjus, FranceAllegiance FranceService/branch French NavyYears of service1901-1943RankVice AdmiralCommands heldForce XBattles/warsWorld War II René-Émile Godfroy (10 January 1885 – 16 January 1981) was a French admiral, commander of the Force X at the outbreak of the Second World War. He was interned with his command at Alexandria until 1943, and then retired on suspicion of favouring Henri Giraud over Charles De Gaulle. Biography Godfroy was born at Paris. In June 1940, he commanded French naval forces at Alexandria, where he negotiated, with British Admiral Andrew Cunningham, the peaceful internment of his ships. The French squadron consisted of the battleship Lorraine, four cruisers (Duquesne, Tourville, Suffren and Duguay-Trouin), three destroyers (Basque, Forbin, Le Fortuné) and a submarine (Argo). The French emptied their fuel bunkers and removed the firing mechanisms from their guns. Cunningham promised to repatriate the ships' crews. Controversially, after the collapse of Vichy authority following British and American landings in North Africa in November 1942 and the subsequent German occupation of Vichy France in November 1942, Godfroy refused to support the Allies even after all other French forces in North Africa had done so. It was only on 17 May 1943, after the Allies had cleared North Africa of Axis forces, that the British Commander-in-Chief, Levant, received a letter from Godfroy expressing the desire "to join the French Navy in North Africa". Docking of the French warships was at once started at Alexandria. René-Emile Godfroy died at Fréjus, southern France, in January 1981, aged 96. References ^ "René-Émile Godfroy". WW2DB. Retrieved 3 August 2019. ^ Roskill, Stephen. "THE AFRICAN CAMPAIGNS; 1st January - 31st May, 1943". HyperWar Foundation. pp. 441–442. Retrieved 27 September 2010. ^ Tute, Warren, 1989, The Reluctant Enemies, London: William Collins Sons External links New York Times report, 22 January 1981 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Other SNAC IdRef This biographical article related to the French military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Force X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_X"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Henri Giraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Giraud"},{"link_name":"Charles De Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_De_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"René-Émile Godfroy (10 January 1885 – 16 January 1981) was a French admiral, commander of the Force X at the outbreak of the Second World War. He was interned with his command at Alexandria until 1943, and then retired on suspicion of favouring Henri Giraud over Charles De Gaulle.[1]","title":"René-Émile Godfroy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Duquesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Duquesne_(1925)"},{"link_name":"Tourville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Tourville_(1926)"},{"link_name":"Suffren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Suffren"},{"link_name":"Duguay-Trouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Duguay-Trouin_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Basque"},{"link_name":"Forbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Forbin_(1928)"},{"link_name":"Le Fortuné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Le_Fortun%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Argo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Argo"},{"link_name":"landings in North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch"},{"link_name":"Vichy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roskill-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fréjus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Godfroy was born at Paris. In June 1940, he commanded French naval forces at Alexandria, where he negotiated, with British Admiral Andrew Cunningham, the peaceful internment of his ships.The French squadron consisted of the battleship Lorraine, four cruisers (Duquesne, Tourville, Suffren and Duguay-Trouin), three destroyers (Basque, Forbin, Le Fortuné) and a submarine (Argo). The French emptied their fuel bunkers and removed the firing mechanisms from their guns. Cunningham promised to repatriate the ships' crews. Controversially, after the collapse of Vichy authority following British and American landings in North Africa in November 1942 and the subsequent German occupation of Vichy France in November 1942, Godfroy refused to support the Allies even after all other French forces in North Africa had done so. It was only on 17 May 1943, after the Allies had cleared North Africa of Axis forces, that the British Commander-in-Chief, Levant, received a letter from Godfroy expressing the desire \"to join the French Navy in North Africa\". Docking of the French warships was at once started at Alexandria.[2][3]René-Emile Godfroy died at Fréjus, southern France, in January 1981, aged 96.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"René-Émile Godfroy\". WW2DB. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=720","url_text":"\"René-Émile Godfroy\""}]},{"reference":"Roskill, Stephen. \"THE AFRICAN CAMPAIGNS; 1st January - 31st May, 1943\". HyperWar Foundation. pp. 441–442. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KS_steel	KS Steel	["1 History","2 Material properties","3 See also","4 References"]	KS Steel is a permanent magnetic steel with three times the magnetic reluctance of tungsten steel, which was developed in 1917 by the Japanese scientist and inventor Kotaro Honda. "KS" stands for Kichizaemon Sumitomo, the head of the family-run conglomerate, who provided financial support for the research leading to KS Steel's invention. Honda would go on to invent NKS steel in 1933 whose magnetic resistance is several times higher than that of KS Steel. History After World War one, when Japan had to cope with painful restrictions on imports of materials from foreign countries such as Germany, physicist Kotaro Honda was motivated to study alloys due to the need of a domestic steel production. He opened up his RIKEN-Honda Laboratory at Tohoku Imperial University in 1922 after he invented KS steel in 1917; it is a permanent magnetic steel with three times the magnetic resistance of tungsten steel. The initials KS in the name of the steel come from Kichizaemon Sumitomo, who was the head of the family that provided financial support for the research leading to the invention. Material properties The composition of KS steel is 0.4–0.8 percent carbon; 30–40 percent cobalt; 5–9 percent tungsten; and 1.5–3 percent chromium. KS steel is best tempered when heated to 950 °C and then quenched in heavy oil. The residual magnetism is reduced by only 6 percent when artificially aged. The yield strength of KS steel is above 500 and tensile strength is above 620 and elongation is above 14. The maximum energy product (BH)max of KS steel is 30 kJ/m^3. See also MKM steel RIKEN Ten Japanese Great Inventors References ^ "KS steel". Riken. Retrieved 16 December 2018. ^ "KS steel". Riken. Retrieved 16 December 2018. ^ Honda, Kôtarô; Saitô, Shôzô (1920). "On K. S. Magnet Steel". Physical Review. 16 (6): 495–500. Bibcode:1920PhRv...16..495H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.16.495. ^ R. E. Smallman; A.H.W. Ngan (2011). Physical Metallurgy and Advanced Materials. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-055286-6. This alloy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"KS Steel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tungsten steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_steel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"After World War one, when Japan had to cope with painful restrictions on imports of materials from foreign countries such as Germany, physicist Kotaro Honda was motivated to study alloys due to the need of a domestic steel production. He opened up his RIKEN-Honda Laboratory at Tohoku Imperial University in 1922 after he invented KS steel in 1917; it is a permanent magnetic steel with three times the magnetic resistance of tungsten steel.[2] The initials KS in the name of the steel come from Kichizaemon Sumitomo, who was the head of the family that provided financial support for the research leading to the invention.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"cobalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"chromium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"maximum energy product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_energy_product"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The composition of KS steel is 0.4–0.8 percent carbon; 30–40 percent cobalt; 5–9 percent tungsten; and 1.5–3 percent chromium. KS steel is best tempered when heated to 950 °C and then quenched in heavy oil. The residual magnetism is reduced by only 6 percent when artificially aged.[3] The yield strength of KS steel is above 500 and tensile strength is above 620 and elongation is above 14. The maximum energy product (BH)max of KS steel is 30 kJ/m^3.[4]","title":"Material properties"}]	[]	[{"title":"MKM steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKM_steel"},{"title":"RIKEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIKEN"},{"title":"Ten Japanese Great Inventors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Japanese_Great_Inventors"}]	[{"reference":"\"KS steel\". Riken. Retrieved 16 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.riken.jp/en/research/inventions/ks/","url_text":"\"KS steel\""}]},{"reference":"\"KS steel\". Riken. Retrieved 16 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.riken.jp/en/research/inventions/ks/","url_text":"\"KS steel\""}]},{"reference":"Honda, Kôtarô; Saitô, Shôzô (1920). \"On K. S. Magnet Steel\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_College_of_Engineering	Olin College	["1 History","2 Academics","2.1 Teaching and learning","2.2 Accreditation","3 Admissions and financial aid","3.1 Admissions","3.2 Financial aid","4 Student life","4.1 Dormitories and student housing","4.2 Honor code","4.3 Extracurricular activities","4.4 Mascot","5 Reputation and rankings","6 Media coverage","7 Notable alumni","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°17′36.44″N 71°15′50.19″W / 42.2934556°N 71.2639417°W / 42.2934556; -71.2639417Private engineering college in Needham, Massachusetts Olin College of EngineeringFranklin W. Olin College of EngineeringOther nameOlin CollegeNamesakeFranklin W. OlinTypePrivate collegeEstablished1997AccreditationABETNECHEAcademic affiliationsAICUMAITUSpace-grantEndowment$455.64 million (2021)PresidentGilda BarabinoAcademic staff54Administrative staff75Undergraduates386Address1000 Olin Way, Needham, Massachusetts, 02492, United States42°17′36.48″N 71°15′50.10″W / 42.2934667°N 71.2639167°W / 42.2934667; -71.2639167CampusSuburbanSporting affiliationsNEISAMascotPhoenix ("Frank")Websitewww.olin.edu Olin College of Engineering, officially Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, is a private college focused on engineering and located in Needham, Massachusetts. Its endowment had been funded primarily by the defunct F. W. Olin Foundation. The college covers half of each admitted student's tuition through the Olin Scholarship. History A view of Olin College. The dormitories are to the right; the Oval is straight ahead. Olin College was founded by the F. W. Olin Foundation in 1997. The trustees were concerned about perpetuating Franklin W. Olin's donor intent indefinitely, so the foundation's president, Lawrence W. Milas, proposed creating a college. “We always had a bias toward supporting science and engineering schools because Mr. Olin was an engineer,” Milas said. “I was concerned with whether or not this would be consistent with what Mr. Olin had ever considered. I went back and read minutes of board meetings. And sure enough, in the late 1940s, at two or three board meetings shortly before his death, he expressed the idea of starting a new institution.” By 2005, the foundation had donated most of its financial resources to the college, providing Olin with an endowment of about $460 million. Richard Miller was inaugurated as the college's first president on May 3, 2003. Miller was also the first employee of Olin College, and had been working as its president for several years before he was officially inaugurated. In a program known as Invention 2000, Olin College hired its first faculty members and invited 30 students, known as Olin Partners, to help it form a curriculum. The students lived in temporary housing and spent their first year after high school investigating assessment and grading methods, jump-starting the student culture, and experimenting with forms of engineering education. Olin admitted its first full class of 75 students in 2002. This class included the Olin Partners, a group of deferred students known as the Virtual Olin Partners, and recent high school graduates. After admitting three more classes, the college reached its full size of approximately 300 students in fall 2005. It currently has about 390 students. Olin's campus was designed by the architecture firm Perry Dean Rogers Architects in the postmodern style. The first phase, comprising four buildings, was completed in 2002. The construction of a second dormitory, East Hall, was finished in fall 2005. Future plans include an academic building that would contain additional machine shops and project space. Olin shares many campus services, including health, public safety, and athletic facilities, with Babson College. Academics Sunset over Milas Hall Teaching and learning Olin College offers degrees in electrical and computer engineering, mechanical engineering and engineering. Within the engineering program, students may concentrate in computing, design, biological engineering, materials science, or systems design, or they may design their own concentrations with the administration's approval. Unlike many institutions, Olin College does not have separate academic departments. All faculty members hold five-year renewable contracts without offering tenure. Classes emphasize context and interdisciplinary connections. Freshmen take integrated course blocks that teach engineering, calculus, and physics by exploring the relationships among the three subjects. Arts, humanities, social sciences, and entrepreneurship courses take an interdisciplinary approach to subjects such as the self ("What Is I?"), history ("History of Technology"), and art ("Wired Ensemble" and "Seeing and Hearing"). Olin also emphasizes practically grounded education, connecting concepts to real-world challenges and projects. Beginning in their first year, students receive training in Olin's machine shop for project-based work. First-year students are required to take "Design Nature", in which they design and build mechanical toys based on biological systems (such as the click beetle's jumping mechanism). Classes often take a "do-learn" format, with the application of concepts being taught before the formal introduction of the underlying theory. As part of its mission to redefine engineering education, Olin is continually undergoing curriculum reviews. The goal of these reviews is to ensure that the college maintains a culture of change and continuous improvement. Significant aspects of the curriculum — such as student assessment, course offerings, and student workload — are considered for detailed review yearly. Much of Olin College's curriculum is built around hands-on engineering and design projects. This project-based teaching begins in a student's first year and culminates in two senior "capstone" projects. In the engineering capstone, student teams are hired by corporations, non-profit organizations, or entrepreneurial ventures for real-world engineering projects. In the Affordable Design and Entrepreneurship (ADE) capstone, students work on self-designed projects. Accreditation Olin College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education and the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology. Admissions and financial aid Admissions Admissions to Olin College are selective, with, as of Fall 2022, 19% of applicants being admitted and the interquartile (middle 50%) of admitted students submitting scores under Olin College’s test-optional policy having SAT scores between 1500 and 1550 or ACT score of 35. First-time Fall Freshman Admissions Statistics 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Applicants 862 907 900 905 878 1062 Admits 165 163 148 142 138 142 Admit rate 19.1% 18% 16.4% 15.7% 15.7% 13.4% Enrolled 75 91 84 85 84 90 SAT range 1500-1550 1500-1550 1445-1560 1450-1540 1460-1550 1450-1570 ACT range 35-35 34-35 34-35 34-35 34-35 33-35 Admissions Office considers a student's GPA to be a very important academic factor, with a very high emphasis on an applicant's letters of recommendation, application essays, the rigor of academic record, and high school rank. In terms of non-academic materials as of 2022, Olin ranks extracurricular activities, the interview, talent/ability, and character/personal qualities as 'very important' in making first-time, first-year admission decisions while ranking whether the applicant is a first-generation college applicant, legacy preferences, state and geographical residence as 'considered'. Volunteer work, racial/ethnic status, and work experience are marked as 'important'. The level of an applicant's interest is highly accounted for in the admission decisions. Olin College's admission process is non-conventional and follows a two-step process. Applicants first apply for admission through the Common App, and all applications are reviewed in January. A holistic review process then carefully evaluates each applicant’s academic and personal qualities to determine whether they will advance to the second phase of the admission process. About 225-250 applicants are invited to participate in the second phase, Candidates’ Weekends, for them to learn more about the Olin community, curriculum, and culture. All applicants who reach the second phase of the process are required to participate in Candidates’ Weekends, as the information gleaned provides the basis for final admission decisions. Financial aid All accepted students receive the merit-based Olin Tuition Scholarship, which pays for half of the tuition and covers cross-registration of courses with Babson College, Wellesley College, and Brandeis University. Olin also shares clubs and intramural sports with those colleges. In addition to the Olin Scholarship, Olin follows need-blind admissions and provides need-based grants to meet each student's full demonstrated need. Olin also allows students to receive funding and non-degree credit for "passionate pursuits," personal projects that the college recognizes as having academic value. It used to provide full-tuition scholarships, but in 2009, responding to a significant decline in the college's endowment caused by the Great Recession, the trustees decided to reduce the merit scholarships to half-tuition for all students since the 2010-11 academic year. Student life Dormitories and student housing The Miller Academic Center at night Olin College houses students in dorms and suites in either the West Hall or the East Hall. Olin students are required to live on campus unless an exception is made by the dean of student life due to personal circumstances (e.g., for married students or students with families nearby). In addition, the Office of Student Life picks student "resident resources" (R2s) to fill the role traditionally played by resident assistants (RAs) at other schools. Unlike most RAs, R2s are not directly responsible for enforcing dorm policies. Honor code The Olin Honor Code has five clauses, titled "Integrity", "Respect for Others", "Passion for the Welfare of Olin College", "Openness to Change", and "Do Something". Extracurricular activities Students can participate in clubs, community service projects, co-curricular activities with faculty and staff (which are noted on transcripts), and "passionate pursuits" (independent projects eligible for funding and/or non-degree credit). Olin does not compete alone in the NCAA, and the regional NCAA conference — the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference — has not given approval for students to compete with Babson's varsity teams. Olin students are, however, allowed to participate in club teams and non-NCAA sports at Babson, and the Babson women's rugby team includes several Olin members. Olin has two soccer teams that compete through a Boston athletic organization, as well as an Ultimate team that competes in the BUDA league and the Ultimate Players Association. Additionally, students participate in Sunday morning football games, intramural sports, pick-up Ultimate games, the Student Martial Arts Club, a fencing club, and other athletic organizations. Mascot In 2002, the Olin Partners and Virtual Olin Partners selected the phoenix as the school's mascot. The mascot, sometimes unofficially called Frank, represents Olin's willingness to reinvent itself, just as the phoenix is reborn from its ashes. In 2013, Olin underwent a rebranding, and the original school colors, blue and silver, are now seen together only in the school seal and on diplomas. Everywhere else, the school now uses gradients of bright colors. Reputation and rankings In the 2022–2023 U.S. News & World Report college rankings, Olin was ranked second for the best undergraduate engineering programs among non-doctorate-granting institutions in the United States. As of 2014, The Princeton Review ranked Olin College second for classroom experience, third for dormitories, third for amount of studying, fourth for student opinion of professors, fifth for ease of getting around campus, eighth for LGBT friendliness, 11th for financial aid, 11th for quality of life, 12th for science laboratory facilities, 17th for career services, and 19th for student happiness. In 2006, Olin was selected by Kaplan, Inc. and Newsweek as one of "America's 25 New Ivies". Business Insider ranked Olin first on its "Best 20 College Campuses in the US" list in 2014. It was eighth on Forbes's "Top 25 Colleges Ranked By SAT Score", with an average combined critical reading and math score of 1489. Media coverage In 2014, the Boston Globe published an article that criticized the school for poor management of its endowment. The Globe pointed out that despite the abandonment of full-tuition scholarships, Olin's spending remained relatively constant, and payroll costs rose 16% between 2009 and 2011. It also noted that Olin's administrators received "significantly more than the median salaries of executives in comparable positions", and that Moody's had downgraded the institution's bond rating. In an open letter to the Olin community, President Richard Miller defended the decisions of the administration and rebutted several of the points made in the article. The college successfully petitioned the Globe to release an official clarification, which stated that the article had "failed to include the most recent financial information available". The Boston Business Journal also challenged the Globe's assessment of Olin's finances, reporting that revenue and enrollment had "rebounded smartly" in 2013 from recession lows. Notable alumni Etosha Cave, co-founder and chief scientific officer of Twelve, a carbon dioxide recycling startup Frances Haugen, data engineer, scientist, product manager, and Facebook whistleblower Gui Cavalcanti, robotics engineer, founder of Open Source Medical Supplies, Artisan's Asylum, and MegaBots Inc. Kevin Tostado, American documentary filmmaker, and founder of Tostie Productions See also Association of Independent Technological Universities Argosy Foundation References ^ As of June 30, 2021. "Endowment - Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering". Retrieved April 11, 2022. ^ "Olin's New President". Olin College of Engineering. Retrieved April 5, 2020. ^ "Olin College Announces Change to Scholarship Policy". Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009. ^ a b c "Olin College : About Olin : Olin History". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2010. ^ Sparks, Evan (Spring 2012). "New U." Philanthropy. Retrieved June 5, 2012. ^ "Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved July 19, 2020. ^ "Most Presidents Favor No Tenure for Majority of Faculty". The Chronicle of Higher Education. May 15, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2016. ^ "Senior Capstone Program (SCOPE) - Olin College of Engineering". Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "Affordable Design and Entrepreneurship (ADE) capstone program - Olin College of Engineering". Retrieved November 28, 2022. ^ "Olin College Accreditation". Retrieved April 18, 2022. ^ a b "Olin College CDS Fall 2022-23" (PDF). Retrieved May 25, 2023. ^ "Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2022–2023" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved May 25, 2023. ^ "Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2021–2022" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved April 18, 2022. ^ "Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2020–2021" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved April 18, 2022. ^ "Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2019–2020" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved April 18, 2022. ^ "Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2018–2019" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved April 18, 2022. ^ "Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2017–2018" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved April 18, 2022. ^ "Olin College Admission Process". Retrieved April 18, 2022. ^ "Admission - Olin College". Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011. ^ Beckie Supiano (June 18, 2009). "Olin College Discontinues Policy of Full Scholarships for All". Chronicle of Higher Education. ^ "Honor Code". Retrieved July 6, 2016. ^ "NEWMAC". Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "Boston Ski And Sports Club". Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ Boston Ultimate Disc Alliance Archived August 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ USA Ultimate ^ "Best Colleges Specialty Rankings: Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 16, 2022. ^ "Princeton Review".(registration required) ^ "America's 25 New Ivies". Newsweek. August 21, 2006. Retrieved December 10, 2007. ^ "Best College Campuses - Business Insider". Business Insider. August 7, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ Matt Schifrin (August 4, 2014). "Top 100 SAT Scores Ranking: Which Colleges Have The Brightest Kids?". Forbes. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "Acclaimed Olin College bleeds red ink in microcosm of college cost problem - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved January 4, 2016. ^ "Globe issues clarification on Olin article - Olin College". Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ Douglas, Craig (November 18, 2014). "Olin College is doing just fine, in case you heard otherwise". Boston Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved December 30, 2014. External links Official website vteAssociation of Independent Colleges and Universities in Massachusetts (AICUM) Amherst Anna Maria Assumption Babson Bay Path Benjamin F. Cummings Bentley Berklee Boston Architectural Boston College Boston Graduate Boston U Brandeis Cambridge College Clark College of the Holy Cross Curry Dean Eastern Nazarene Elms Emerson Emmanuel Endicott Fisher Gordon Hampshire Harvard Labouré Lasell Lesley MCPHS MIT Merrimack MGH Institute Montserrat Mount Holyoke NECO New England Conservatory Newbury Nichols Northeastern Olin Pine Manor Regis Simmons Smith Springfield Stonehill Suffolk Thomas Aquinas Tufts Urban College of Boston Wellesley WIT Western New England Wheaton William James Williams WPI Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States 42°17′36.44″N 71°15′50.19″W / 42.2934556°N 71.2639417°W / 42.2934556; -71.2639417	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_college"},{"link_name":"Needham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"F. W. Olin Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Olin_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Private engineering college in Needham, MassachusettsOlin College of Engineering, officially Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, is a private college focused on engineering and located in Needham, Massachusetts. Its endowment had been funded primarily by the defunct F. W. Olin Foundation. The college covers half of each admitted student's tuition through the Olin Scholarship.[3]","title":"Olin College"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olin_College_Great_Lawn.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olin_hist_detail-4"},{"link_name":"Franklin W. Olin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_W._Olin"},{"link_name":"donor intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_intent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Richard Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Miller_(Olin_College_President)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olin_hist_detail-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olin_hist_detail-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Perry Dean Rogers Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Dean_Rogers_Architects"},{"link_name":"postmodern style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Babson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A view of Olin College. The dormitories are to the right; the Oval is straight ahead.Olin College was founded by the F. W. Olin Foundation in 1997.[4] The trustees were concerned about perpetuating Franklin W. Olin's donor intent indefinitely, so the foundation's president, Lawrence W. Milas, proposed creating a college. “We always had a bias toward supporting science and engineering schools because Mr. Olin was an engineer,” Milas said. “I was concerned with whether or not this would be consistent with what Mr. Olin had ever considered. I went back and read minutes of board meetings. And sure enough, in the late 1940s, at two or three board meetings shortly before his death, he expressed the idea of starting a new institution.”[5]By 2005, the foundation had donated most of its financial resources to the college, providing Olin with an endowment of about $460 million. Richard Miller was inaugurated as the college's first president on May 3, 2003. Miller was also the first employee of Olin College, and had been working as its president for several years before he was officially inaugurated.In a program known as Invention 2000, Olin College hired its first faculty members and invited 30 students, known as Olin Partners, to help it form a curriculum. The students lived in temporary housing and spent their first year after high school investigating assessment and grading methods, jump-starting the student culture, and experimenting with forms of engineering education.[4]Olin admitted its first full class of 75 students in 2002. This class included the Olin Partners, a group of deferred students known as the Virtual Olin Partners, and recent high school graduates. After admitting three more classes, the college reached its full size of approximately 300 students in fall 2005.[4] It currently has about 390 students.[6]Olin's campus was designed by the architecture firm Perry Dean Rogers Architects in the postmodern style. The first phase, comprising four buildings, was completed in 2002. The construction of a second dormitory, East Hall, was finished in fall 2005.[citation needed] Future plans include an academic building that would contain additional machine shops and project space.[citation needed] Olin shares many campus services, including health, public safety, and athletic facilities, with Babson College.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olin_Center_Sunset.JPG"}],"text":"Sunset over Milas Hall","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"computer engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design"},{"link_name":"biological engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_engineering"},{"link_name":"materials science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science"},{"link_name":"systems design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"click beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_beetle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Teaching and learning","text":"Olin College offers degrees in electrical and computer engineering, mechanical engineering and engineering. Within the engineering program, students may concentrate in computing, design, biological engineering, materials science, or systems design, or they may design their own concentrations with the administration's approval.Unlike many institutions, Olin College does not have separate academic departments.[citation needed] All faculty members hold five-year renewable contracts without offering tenure.[7]Classes emphasize context and interdisciplinary connections. Freshmen take integrated course blocks that teach engineering, calculus, and physics by exploring the relationships among the three subjects. Arts, humanities, social sciences, and entrepreneurship courses take an interdisciplinary approach to subjects such as the self (\"What Is I?\"), history (\"History of Technology\"), and art (\"Wired Ensemble\" and \"Seeing and Hearing\").Olin also emphasizes practically grounded education, connecting concepts to real-world challenges and projects. Beginning in their first year, students receive training in Olin's machine shop for project-based work. First-year students are required to take \"Design Nature\", in which they design and build mechanical toys based on biological systems (such as the click beetle's jumping mechanism). Classes often take a \"do-learn\" format, with the application of concepts being taught before the formal introduction of the underlying theory.As part of its mission to redefine engineering education, Olin is continually undergoing curriculum reviews. The goal of these reviews is to ensure that the college maintains a culture of change and continuous improvement. Significant aspects of the curriculum — such as student assessment, course offerings, and student workload — are considered for detailed review yearly.[citation needed]Much of Olin College's curriculum is built around hands-on engineering and design projects. This project-based teaching begins in a student's first year and culminates in two senior \"capstone\" projects. In the engineering capstone,[8] student teams are hired by corporations, non-profit organizations, or entrepreneurial ventures for real-world engineering projects. In the Affordable Design and Entrepreneurship (ADE) capstone, students work on self-designed projects.[9]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New England Commission of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation_Board_for_Engineering_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Accreditation","text":"Olin College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education and the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology.[10]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Admissions and financial aid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interquartile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range"},{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olin_cds_2021-22-11"},{"link_name":"GPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPA"},{"link_name":"legacy preferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_preferences"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olin_cds_2021-22-11"},{"link_name":"Common App","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_App"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Admissions","text":"Admissions to Olin College are selective, with, as of Fall 2022, 19% of applicants being admitted and the interquartile (middle 50%) of admitted students submitting scores under Olin College’s test-optional policy having SAT scores between 1500 and 1550 or ACT score of 35.[11]Admissions Office considers a student's GPA to be a very important academic factor, with a very high emphasis on an applicant's letters of recommendation, application essays, the rigor of academic record, and high school rank. In terms of non-academic materials as of 2022, Olin ranks extracurricular activities, the interview, talent/ability, and character/personal qualities as 'very important' in making first-time, first-year admission decisions while ranking whether the applicant is a first-generation college applicant, legacy preferences, state and geographical residence as 'considered'. Volunteer work, racial/ethnic status, and work experience are marked as 'important'. The level of an applicant's interest is highly accounted for in the admission decisions.[11]Olin College's admission process is non-conventional and follows a two-step process. Applicants first apply for admission through the Common App, and all applications are reviewed in January. A holistic review process then carefully evaluates each applicant’s academic and personal qualities to determine whether they will advance to the second phase of the admission process. About 225-250 applicants are invited to participate in the second phase, Candidates’ Weekends, for them to learn more about the Olin community, curriculum, and culture. All applicants who reach the second phase of the process are required to participate in Candidates’ Weekends, as the information gleaned provides the basis for final admission decisions.[18]","title":"Admissions and financial aid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College"},{"link_name":"Wellesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"Brandeis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University"},{"link_name":"need-blind admissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need-blind_admissions"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Financial aid","text":"All accepted students receive the merit-based Olin Tuition Scholarship, which pays for half of the tuition and covers cross-registration of courses with Babson College, Wellesley College, and Brandeis University. Olin also shares clubs and intramural sports with those colleges. In addition to the Olin Scholarship, Olin follows need-blind admissions and provides need-based grants to meet each student's full demonstrated need.[19] Olin also allows students to receive funding and non-degree credit for \"passionate pursuits,\" personal projects that the college recognizes as having academic value.It used to provide full-tuition scholarships, but in 2009, responding to a significant decline in the college's endowment caused by the Great Recession, the trustees decided to reduce the merit scholarships to half-tuition for all students since the 2010-11 academic year.[20]","title":"Admissions and financial aid"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olin_College_at_Night.jpg"},{"link_name":"resident assistants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_assistant"}],"sub_title":"Dormitories and student housing","text":"The Miller Academic Center at nightOlin College houses students in dorms and suites in either the West Hall or the East Hall. Olin students are required to live on campus unless an exception is made by the dean of student life due to personal circumstances (e.g., for married students or students with families nearby). In addition, the Office of Student Life picks student \"resident resources\" (R2s) to fill the role traditionally played by resident assistants (RAs) at other schools. Unlike most RAs, R2s are not directly responsible for enforcing dorm policies.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Honor code","text":"The Olin Honor Code has five clauses, titled \"Integrity\", \"Respect for Others\", \"Passion for the Welfare of Olin College\", \"Openness to Change\", and \"Do Something\".[21]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Women%27s_and_Men%27s_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ultimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Players Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Ultimate"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Extracurricular activities","text":"Students can participate in clubs, community service projects, co-curricular activities with faculty and staff (which are noted on transcripts), and \"passionate pursuits\" (independent projects eligible for funding and/or non-degree credit).Olin does not compete alone in the NCAA, and the regional NCAA conference — the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference[22] — has not given approval for students to compete with Babson's varsity teams. Olin students are, however, allowed to participate in club teams and non-NCAA sports at Babson, and the Babson women's rugby team includes several Olin members. Olin has two soccer teams that compete through a Boston athletic organization,[23] as well as an Ultimate team that competes in the BUDA league[24] and the Ultimate Players Association.[25] Additionally, students participate in Sunday morning football games, intramural sports, pick-up Ultimate games, the Student Martial Arts Club, a fencing club, and other athletic organizations.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"rebranding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebranding"},{"link_name":"gradients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_gradient"}],"sub_title":"Mascot","text":"In 2002, the Olin Partners and Virtual Olin Partners selected the phoenix as the school's mascot. The mascot, sometimes unofficially called Frank, represents Olin's willingness to reinvent itself, just as the phoenix is reborn from its ashes. In 2013, Olin underwent a rebranding, and the original school colors, blue and silver, are now seen together only in the school seal and on diplomas. Everywhere else, the school now uses gradients of bright colors.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olin_College&action=edit"},{"link_name":"The Princeton Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Review"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Kaplan, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"Ivies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Business Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"In the 2022–2023 U.S. News & World Report college rankings, Olin was ranked second for the best undergraduate engineering programs among non-doctorate-granting institutions in the United States.[26]As of 2014[update], The Princeton Review ranked Olin College second for classroom experience, third for dormitories, third for amount of studying, fourth for student opinion of professors, fifth for ease of getting around campus, eighth for LGBT friendliness, 11th for financial aid, 11th for quality of life, 12th for science laboratory facilities, 17th for career services, and 19th for student happiness.[27]In 2006, Olin was selected by Kaplan, Inc. and Newsweek as one of \"America's 25 New Ivies\".[28]Business Insider ranked Olin first on its \"Best 20 College Campuses in the US\" list in 2014.[29] It was eighth on Forbes's \"Top 25 Colleges Ranked By SAT Score\", with an average combined critical reading and math score of 1489.[30]","title":"Reputation and rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Moody's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody%27s_Investors_Service"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In 2014, the Boston Globe published an article that criticized the school for poor management of its endowment.[31] The Globe pointed out that despite the abandonment of full-tuition scholarships, Olin's spending remained relatively constant, and payroll costs rose 16% between 2009 and 2011. It also noted that Olin's administrators received \"significantly more than the median salaries of executives in comparable positions\", and that Moody's had downgraded the institution's bond rating. In an open letter to the Olin community, President Richard Miller defended the decisions of the administration and rebutted several of the points made in the article.[citation needed] The college successfully petitioned the Globe to release an official clarification, which stated that the article had \"failed to include the most recent financial information available\".[32] The Boston Business Journal also challenged the Globe's assessment of Olin's finances, reporting that revenue and enrollment had \"rebounded smartly\" in 2013 from recession lows.[33]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etosha Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosha_Cave"},{"link_name":"Twelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_(company)"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"Frances Haugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Haugen"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"whistleblower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower"},{"link_name":"Gui Cavalcanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gui_Cavalcanti"},{"link_name":"Open Source Medical Supplies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Medical_Supplies"},{"link_name":"Artisan's Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan%27s_Asylum"},{"link_name":"MegaBots Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaBots_Inc."},{"link_name":"Kevin Tostado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Tostado"}],"text":"Etosha Cave, co-founder and chief scientific officer of Twelve, a carbon dioxide recycling startup\nFrances Haugen, data engineer, scientist, product manager, and Facebook whistleblower\nGui Cavalcanti, robotics engineer, founder of Open Source Medical Supplies, Artisan's Asylum, and MegaBots Inc.\nKevin Tostado, American documentary filmmaker, and founder of Tostie Productions","title":"Notable alumni"}]	[{"image_text":"A view of Olin College. The dormitories are to the right; the Oval is straight ahead.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Olin_College_Great_Lawn.jpg/220px-Olin_College_Great_Lawn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sunset over Milas Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Olin_Center_Sunset.JPG/220px-Olin_Center_Sunset.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Miller Academic Center at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Olin_College_at_Night.jpg/220px-Olin_College_at_Night.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Association of Independent Technological Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Technological_Universities"},{"title":"Argosy Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_Foundation"}]	[{"reference":"\"Endowment - Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering\". Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/about-offices-and-services-financial-affairs/endowment","url_text":"\"Endowment - Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin's New President\". Olin College of Engineering. Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://olin.edu/about/new-president/","url_text":"\"Olin's New President\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College Announces Change to Scholarship Policy\". Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090705063938/http://www.olin.edu/about_olin/news/press_release.aspx?id=341","url_text":"\"Olin College Announces Change to Scholarship Policy\""},{"url":"http://www.olin.edu/about_olin/news/press_release.aspx?id=341","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College : About Olin : Olin History\". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100721192517/http://www.olin.edu/about_olin/history/olin_history_detail.aspx","url_text":"\"Olin College : About Olin : Olin History\""},{"url":"http://www.olin.edu/about_olin/history/olin_history_detail.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sparks, Evan (Spring 2012). \"New U.\" Philanthropy. Retrieved June 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/new_u","url_text":"\"New U.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved July 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/franklin-w-olin-college-of-engineering-39463","url_text":"\"Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most Presidents Favor No Tenure for Majority of Faculty\". The Chronicle of Higher Education. May 15, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://chronicle.com/article/Most-Presidents-Favor-No/127526/","url_text":"\"Most Presidents Favor No Tenure for Majority of Faculty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senior Capstone Program (SCOPE) - Olin College of Engineering\". Retrieved December 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://scope.olin.edu/about/","url_text":"\"Senior Capstone Program (SCOPE) - Olin College of Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Affordable Design and Entrepreneurship (ADE) capstone program - Olin College of Engineering\". Retrieved November 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/case-studies/affordable-design-and-entrepreneurship-ade","url_text":"\"Affordable Design and Entrepreneurship (ADE) capstone program - Olin College of Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College Accreditation\". Retrieved April 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/about/accreditation","url_text":"\"Olin College Accreditation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College CDS Fall 2022-23\" (PDF). Retrieved May 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/sites/default/files/2023-02/CDS_2022-2023.pdf","url_text":"\"Olin College CDS Fall 2022-23\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2022–2023\" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved May 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/sites/default/files/2023-02/CDS_2022-2023.pdf","url_text":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2022–2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2021–2022\" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved April 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/sites/default/files/2022-01/cds_2021-2022.pdf","url_text":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2021–2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2020–2021\" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved April 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/sites/default/files/2022-01/cds_2020-2021.pdf","url_text":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2020–2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2019–2020\" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved April 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/sites/default/files/2022-01/cds_2019-2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2019–2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2018–2019\" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved April 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/sites/default/files/2022-01/cds_2018-2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2018–2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2017–2018\" (PDF). Olin College (Institutional Research + Decision Support). Retrieved April 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/sites/default/files/2022-01/cds_2017-2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Olin College of Engineering Common Data Set 2017–2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olin College Admission Process\". Retrieved April 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olin.edu/admission/apply/admission-process","url_text":"\"Olin College Admission Process\""}]},{"reference":"\"Admission - Olin College\". Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olin.edu/admission/costs.aspx","url_text":"\"Admission - Olin College\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110206235104/http://olin.edu/admission/costs.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beckie Supiano (June 18, 2009). \"Olin College Discontinues Policy of Full Scholarships for All\". Chronicle of Higher Education.","urls":[{"url":"http://chronicle.com/article/Olin-College-Discontinues/47766/","url_text":"\"Olin College Discontinues Policy of Full Scholarships for All\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honor Code\". Retrieved July 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olin.edu/academic-life/student-affairs-resources/student-life/honor-code/","url_text":"\"Honor Code\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEWMAC\". Retrieved December 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newmacsports.com/landing/index","url_text":"\"NEWMAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston Ski And Sports Club\". Retrieved December 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bssc.com/index.cfm?category=2","url_text":"\"Boston Ski And Sports Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Colleges Specialty Rankings: Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/engineering-overall","url_text":"\"Best Colleges Specialty Rankings: Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Princeton Review\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.princetonreview.com/schools/college/CollegeRankings.aspx?iid=1037875","url_text":"\"Princeton Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"America's 25 New Ivies\". Newsweek. August 21, 2006. Retrieved December 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/americas-25-new-elite-ivies-108771","url_text":"\"America's 25 New Ivies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"}]},{"reference":"\"Best College Campuses - Business Insider\". Business Insider. 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Retrieved January 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/05/26/acclaimed-olin-college-bleeds-red-ink-microcosm-college-cost-problem/cZI4jRjG2ltbKPYnrHEubP/story.html","url_text":"\"Acclaimed Olin College bleeds red ink in microcosm of college cost problem - The Boston Globe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Globe issues clarification on Olin article - Olin College\". Retrieved December 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olin.edu/news-events/2014/globe-issues-clarification-olin-article/","url_text":"\"Globe issues clarification on Olin article - Olin College\""}]},{"reference":"Douglas, Craig (November 18, 2014). \"Olin College is doing just fine, in case you heard otherwise\". Boston Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved December 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/bottom_line/2014/11/olin-doing-just-fine-in-case-you-heard-otherwise.html?page=all","url_text":"\"Olin College is doing just fine, in case you heard otherwise\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Olin_College&params=42_17_36.44_N_71_15_50.19_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"42°17′36.44″N 71°15′50.19″W / 42.2934556°N 71.2639417°W / 42.2934556; -71.2639417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Olin_College&params=42_17_36.48_N_71_15_50.10_W_","external_links_name":"42°17′36.48″N 71°15′50.10″W / 42.2934667°N 71.2639167°W / 42.2934667; -71.2639167"},{"Link":"http://www.olin.edu/","external_links_name":"www.olin.edu"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olin_College&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.olin.edu/about-offices-and-services-financial-affairs/endowment","external_links_name":"\"Endowment - Franklin W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaz_Mulkey	Chaz Mulkey	["1 Career","2 Championships and awards","2.1 Kickboxing","3 Kickboxing record","4 References","5 External links"]	American Muay Thai kickboxer (born 1981) Chaz MulkeyBornChaz Pictro Mulkey (1981-02-04) February 4, 1981 (age 43)Dallas, Texas, United StatesOther namesNo MercyNationality AmericanHeight6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight154 lb (70 kg; 11.0 st)DivisionMiddleweight Super MiddleweightStyleMuay ThaiStanceOrthodoxFighting out ofLas Vegas, Nevada, United StatesTeamJanjira Muay Thai Syndicate MMA Combat Sports AcademyTrainerMaster LookchangYears active2009-presentKickboxing recordTotal15Wins9Losses6Draws0 Last updated on: September 8, 2012 Chaz Pictro Mulkey (born February 4, 1981) is an American Muay Thai kickboxer who competes in the middleweight and super middleweight divisions. He defeated Remy Bonnel to win the WBC Muaythai International Middleweight (-72 kg/160 lb) Championship in 2011. Career Mulkey began practicing Muay Thai in his 20s under Saekson Janjira at Janjira Muay Thai in Dallas, Texas. After training there for six months, he moved to Las Vegas, Nevada. He turned professional in 2009 after an undefeated amateur career. On August 28, 2010, Mulkey lost via unanimous decision to Remy Bonnel in Primm, Nevada. He then lost to Joe Schilling by second round technical knockout in Los Angeles, California on December 5, 2012 in a WBC Muaythai US Super Muddleweight (-76 kg/168 lb) title eliminator. He snapped a two-fight losing streak by defeating Douglas Edwards by TKO in round two in a rematch in Primm, Nevada on February 12, 2011. This was followed up with two back-to-back wins in the space of a month in May 2011 when he beat Ken Tran by unanimous decision in Primm and Phillip Sidkrunoom by TKO due to low kicks in Thailand. This earned him a shot at the WBC Muaythai International Middleweight (-72 kg/160 lb) Championship against familiar opponent Remy Bonnel on August 20, 2011. After a close fight, Mulkey was decided the victor by split decision to become the new champion. He made the first defence of his title against Simon Chu in Las Vegas on November 19, 2011, taking a unanimous decision over the Englishman. He then went up against Gregory Choplin in Las Vegas on May 14, 2012. Choplin floored Mulkey and utilised powerful low kicks en route to a unanimous decision which ended Mulkey's five-fight win-streak. He was slated to face Saiyok Pumpanmuang at Thai Fight: Pattaya in Pattaya, Thailand on April 17, 2012 but instead faced Bernueng TopKing Boxing and lost a decision after three rounds. In March 2012, it was reported that Mulkey had signed with Glory, one of the world's premier kickboxing organizations, to compete in the 2012 Middleweight Slam tournament. He was replaced by Michael Chase Corley, however, as America's second representative alongside Ky Hollenbeck. He joined K-1 instead and debuted against Kit Cope at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 in Los Angeles on September 8, 2012. Cope injured himself while attempting a spinning kick in round two, and Mulkey was able to knock him down three time by attacking his injured leg, which caused the referee to stop the bout and announce Mulkey as the winner by TKO. Championships and awards Kickboxing World Boxing Council Muaythai WBC Muaythai International Middleweight (-72 kg/160 lb) Championship Kickboxing record Kickboxing record 9 wins, 6 losses, 0 draws Date Result Opponent Event Location Method Round Time Record 2012-09-08 Win Kit Cope K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 in Los Angeles Los Angeles, California, US TKO (referee stoppage) 2 2:16 9-6 2012-04-17 Loss Bernueng TopKing Boxing Thai Fight: Pattaya Pattaya, Thailand Decision 3 5:00 8-6 2012-05-14 Loss Gregory Choplin Battle in the Desert 5 Las Vegas, Nevada, US Decision (unanimous) 5 5:00 8-5 2011-11-19 Win Simon Chu Battle in the Desert 4 Las Vegas, Nevada, US Decision (unanimous) 5 3:00 8-4 Defends the WBC Muaythai International Middleweight (-72kg/160lb) Championship. 2011-08-20 Win Remy Bonnel Battle in the Desert 3 Primm, Nevada, US Decision (split) 5 3:00 7-4 Wins the WBC Muaythai International Middleweight (-72kg/160lb) Championship. 2011-05-00 Win Phillip Sidkrunoom Thailand TKO (low kicks) 2 6-4 2011-05-14 Win Ken Tran Battle in the Desert 2 Primm, Nevada, US Decision (unanimous) 5 3:00 5-4 2011-02-12 Win Douglas Edwards Battle in the Desert 1 Primm, Nevada, US TKO (knee) 2 2:41 4-4 2010-12-05 Loss Joe Schilling The Kings Birthday Celebration Los Angeles, California, US TKO (referee stoppage) 2 1:06 3-4 2010-08-28 Loss Remy Bonnel WCK Muay Thai Primm, Nevada, US Decision (unanimous) 5 3:00 3-3 2010-04-30 Win Menno Dijkstra WCK Muay Thai Primm, Nevada, US Decision (unanimous) 5 3:00 3-2 2009-12-05 Win Bryce Krauss WCK Muay Thai Las Vegas, Nevada, US KO 1 1:07 2-2 2009-08-30 Loss Chike Lindsay Las Vegas, Nevada, US Decision (majority) 5 3:00 1-2 2009-06-13 Loss Marfio Canoletti War of the Heroes III Santa Clara, California, US TKO (cut) 5 0:52 1-1 Win Douglas Edwards 1-0 Legend: Win Loss Draw/No contest Notes References ^ NSAC report of WCK Muay Thai ^ "Chaz Mulkey Interview". Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-09-26. ^ "WCK Muay Thai Event Recap: Sitzes, Richards, and Bonnel all victorious". Archived from the original on 2012-12-18. Retrieved 2012-09-26. ^ Chaz Mulkey vs. Joe Schilling set for Dec. 5 Archived 2012-08-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ Event Recap: Ross defeats Malaipet, Schilling finishes Mulkey Archived 2012-08-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ Lion Fight Promotions presents Malaipet vs Mananquil 2 on Feb 12, 2011 Archived August 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Recap: Mananquil avenges loss, Ross drops split decision to Sittisak Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Ross, Mulkey, Yarborough, Romulo & Hollenbeck expected to be back in action at May Lion Fight Promotions event Archived 2012-08-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ Lion Fight Promotions "Battle in the Desert 2" event recap Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ Chaz Mulkey wins in Thailand Archived August 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Remy Bonnel vs. Chaz Mulkey rumored for August 20th Lion Fight Promotions event Archived August 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Four titles on the line at Lion Fight Promotions "Battle in the Desert 3" Archived 2012-08-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ The Re-match: Chaz Mulkey vs. Remy Bonnel Archived August 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Results and Recap: Lion Fight Promotions "Battle in the Desert 3" Archived 2012-07-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ Chaz Mulkey vs. Simon Chu rumored for Lion Fight Promotions "Battle in the Desert 4" Archived August 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Three bouts official for Lion Fight Promotions "Battle in the Desert 4" Archived August 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Results and Recap: Lion Fight Promotions "Battle in the Desert 4" Archived August 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Schilling vs. Marcus, Mulkey vs. Choplin and more expected to take place at Lion Fight Promotions "Battle in the Desert 5" Archived 2012-12-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ Fight card for Lion Fight Promotions "Battle in the Desert 5" Archived 2012-08-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ Results & Recap: Lion Fight Promotions "Battle in the Desert 5" Archived 2012-12-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ Thai Fight set for April 17th in Pattaya, Buakaw returns to action and Chaz Mulkey will fight Saiyok Archived December 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Results and Recap: Thai Fight Pattaya; Buakaw wins by (T)KO Archived November 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Petrosyan, Askerov, Hollenbeck, Pinca, Sato, Mulkey and more expected to fight in Glory World Series 154lb tourney Archived 2012-12-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ Results and Recap: K-1 Los Angeles MAX Tourney fights Archived 2012-09-13 at the Wayback Machine External links Official K-1 profile	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Muay Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muay_Thai"},{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleweight"},{"link_name":"super middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_middleweight"},{"link_name":"WBC Muaythai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Boxing_Council_Muaythai&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Chaz Pictro Mulkey[1] (born February 4, 1981) is an American Muay Thai kickboxer who competes in the middleweight and super middleweight divisions. He defeated Remy Bonnel to win the WBC Muaythai International Middleweight (-72 kg/160 lb) Championship in 2011.","title":"Chaz Mulkey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muay Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muay_Thai"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"unanimous decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanimous_decision"},{"link_name":"Primm, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primm,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"technical knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_knockout"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"WBC Muaythai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Boxing_Council_Muaythai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gregory Choplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Choplin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Saiyok Pumpanmuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiyok_Pumpanmuang"},{"link_name":"Pattaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattaya"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(kickboxing)"},{"link_name":"kickboxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"K-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1"},{"link_name":"Kit Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Cope"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Mulkey began practicing Muay Thai in his 20s under Saekson Janjira at Janjira Muay Thai in Dallas, Texas. After training there for six months, he moved to Las Vegas, Nevada.[2] He turned professional in 2009 after an undefeated amateur career.On August 28, 2010, Mulkey lost via unanimous decision to Remy Bonnel in Primm, Nevada.[3] He then lost to Joe Schilling by second round technical knockout in Los Angeles, California on December 5, 2012 in a WBC Muaythai US Super Muddleweight (-76 kg/168 lb) title eliminator.[4][5]He snapped a two-fight losing streak by defeating Douglas Edwards by TKO in round two in a rematch in Primm, Nevada on February 12, 2011.[6][7] This was followed up with two back-to-back wins in the space of a month in May 2011 when he beat Ken Tran by unanimous decision in Primm[8][9] and Phillip Sidkrunoom by TKO due to low kicks in Thailand.[10]This earned him a shot at the WBC Muaythai International Middleweight (-72 kg/160 lb) Championship against familiar opponent Remy Bonnel on August 20, 2011.[11][12][13] After a close fight, Mulkey was decided the victor by split decision to become the new champion.[14] He made the first defence of his title against Simon Chu in Las Vegas on November 19, 2011, taking a unanimous decision over the Englishman.[15][16][17]He then went up against Gregory Choplin in Las Vegas on May 14, 2012. Choplin floored Mulkey and utilised powerful low kicks en route to a unanimous decision which ended Mulkey's five-fight win-streak.[18][19][20]He was slated to face Saiyok Pumpanmuang at Thai Fight: Pattaya in Pattaya, Thailand on April 17, 2012[21] but instead faced Bernueng TopKing Boxing and lost a decision after three rounds.[22]In March 2012, it was reported that Mulkey had signed with Glory, one of the world's premier kickboxing organizations, to compete in the 2012 Middleweight Slam tournament. He was replaced by Michael Chase Corley, however, as America's second representative alongside Ky Hollenbeck.[23] He joined K-1 instead and debuted against Kit Cope at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 in Los Angeles on September 8, 2012. Cope injured himself while attempting a spinning kick in round two, and Mulkey was able to knock him down three time by attacking his injured leg, which caused the referee to stop the bout and announce Mulkey as the winner by TKO.[24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Boxing Council Muaythai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Boxing_Council_Muaythai&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Kickboxing","text":"World Boxing Council Muaythai\nWBC Muaythai International Middleweight (-72 kg/160 lb) Championship","title":"Championships and awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kickboxing record"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Chaz Mulkey Interview\". Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them_who%3F	Them Who?	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	2015 Italian filmThem Who?Directed byFrancesco Miccichè Fabio BonifacciWritten byFabio BonifacciStarringMarco Giallini Edoardo LeoCinematographyArnaldo CatinariMusic byGianluca MisitiDistributed byWarner Bros.Release date November 19, 2015 (2015-11-19) Running time95 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian Them Who? (Italian: Loro chi? ) is a 2015 comedy film written and directed by Francesco Miccichè and Fabio Bonifacci and starring Marco Giallini and Edoardo Leo. Plot Davide ( Edoardo Leo ), is a 36-year-old suburban man with one single goal in life: to earn the esteem of the president of the company for which he works, get a raise, and be promoted to executive. He finally gets his chance when asked to present a revolutionary patent allowing him to land great recognition. Marcello ( Marco Giallini), is a con man, who has two lovely women partners. They deceive their victims into thinking he can make their dreams come true. The meeting between the two unsettles Davide's quiet life. The two become outlaw odd couple con-men. Hilarious situations with endless bickering. Who is conning who? Can a conned man con another con man or will they both get conned by the other con-man? A fun ride with handsome and innocent Davide falling into the con-man footsteps of rugged & experienced Marcello, or is he? Cast Edoardo Leo as David Marco Giallini as Marcello Catrinel Menghia as Ellen Lisa Bor as Mitra Ivano Marescotti as The President Vincenzo Paci as Melli Antonio Catania as Redattore Maurizio Casagrande as Maresciallo Gallinari Susy Laude as Cinzia Patrizia Loreti as David's Aunt Uccio De Santis as The Mayor See also List of Italian films of 2015 References ^ Chiara Ugolini (10 November 2015). "Giallini e Leo, nuova coppia per una commedia della truffa". La Repubblica. Retrieved 30 March 2016. ^ Luca Marra (19 November 2015). "Loro chi? - recensione del film con Edoardo Leo e Marco Giallini". International Business Times. Retrieved 30 March 2016. N.I.C.E. - New Italian Cinema Events - 26th Annual Film Festival External links Them Who? at IMDb This article related to an Italian comedy film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈloːro ˈki]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Marco Giallini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Giallini"},{"link_name":"Edoardo Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Leo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Them Who? (Italian: Loro chi? [ˈloːro ˈki]) is a 2015 comedy film written and directed by Francesco Miccichè and Fabio Bonifacci and starring Marco Giallini and Edoardo Leo.[1][2]","title":"Them Who?"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Davide ( Edoardo Leo ), is a 36-year-old suburban man with one single goal in life: to earn the esteem of the president of the company for which he works, get a raise, and be promoted to executive. He finally gets his chance when asked to present a revolutionary patent allowing him to land great recognition. Marcello ( Marco Giallini), is a con man, who has two lovely women partners. They deceive their victims into thinking he can make their dreams come true. The meeting between the two unsettles Davide's quiet life. The two become outlaw odd couple con-men. Hilarious situations with endless bickering. Who is conning who? Can a conned man con another con man or will they both get conned by the other con-man? A fun ride with handsome and innocent Davide falling into the con-man footsteps of rugged & experienced Marcello, or is he?","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edoardo Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Leo"},{"link_name":"Marco Giallini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Giallini"},{"link_name":"Ivano Marescotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano_Marescotti"},{"link_name":"Antonio Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Catania"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Casagrande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Casagrande"},{"link_name":"Maresciallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maresciallo"}],"text":"Edoardo Leo as David\nMarco Giallini as Marcello\nCatrinel Menghia as Ellen\nLisa Bor as Mitra\nIvano Marescotti as The President\nVincenzo Paci as Melli\nAntonio Catania as Redattore\nMaurizio Casagrande as Maresciallo Gallinari\nSusy Laude as Cinzia\nPatrizia Loreti as David's Aunt\nUccio De Santis as The Mayor","title":"Cast"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Italian films of 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_films_of_2015"}]	[{"reference":"Chiara Ugolini (10 November 2015). \"Giallini e Leo, nuova coppia per una commedia della truffa\". La Repubblica. Retrieved 30 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/cinema/2015/11/10/news/giallini_e_leo_nuova_coppia_per_una_commedia_della_truffa-127048294/","url_text":"\"Giallini e Leo, nuova coppia per una commedia della truffa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica","url_text":"La Repubblica"}]},{"reference":"Luca Marra (19 November 2015). \"Loro chi? - recensione del film con Edoardo Leo e Marco Giallini\". International Business Times. Retrieved 30 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://it.ibtimes.com/loro-chi-recensione-del-film-con-edoardo-leo-e-marco-giallini-1426273","url_text":"\"Loro chi? - recensione del film con Edoardo Leo e Marco Giallini\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/cinema/2015/11/10/news/giallini_e_leo_nuova_coppia_per_una_commedia_della_truffa-127048294/","external_links_name":"\"Giallini e Leo, nuova coppia per una commedia della truffa\""},{"Link":"http://it.ibtimes.com/loro-chi-recensione-del-film-con-edoardo-leo-e-marco-giallini-1426273","external_links_name":"\"Loro chi? - recensione del film con Edoardo Leo e Marco Giallini\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3734678/","external_links_name":"Them Who?"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Them_Who%3F&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilty_GAA	Quilty GAA	["1 Honours","2 References"]	Gaelic football club in County Clare, Ireland Quilty GAACounty:ClareSenior Club Championships All Ireland Munsterchampions Clarechampions Football: 0 0 3 Quilty GAA is a defunct Gaelic Athletic Association club in County Clare, Ireland. The club was based in Quilty The club only played gaelic football. The club won three times the Clare Senior Football Championship. Most remarkable is the win of 1935, when they played the final against their fellow parishioners and later amalgamation partners Kilmurry Ibrickane. In the 1970s Quilty GAA and Kilmurry Ibrickane amalgamated to form Kilmurry Ibrickane GAA. Honours Clare Senior Football Champions (3): 1935, 1936, 1939 Clare Football League Div. 1 (Cusack Cup) (3): 1933, 1934, 1935 Clare Junior A Football Championship (1): 1933 References ^ GAAinfo - Quilty GAA ^ History vteClare GAA ClubsHurlingSenior Hurling Ballyea Broadford Clarecastle Clonlara Clooney-Quin Cratloe Crusheen Éire Óg, Ennis Feakle Inagh-Kilnamona Kilmaley Newmarket-on-Fergus O'Callaghan's Mills Scariff Sixmilebridge St. Joseph's, Doora-Barefield Wolfe Tones, Shannon Intermediate Hurling Bodyke Corofin Killanena Ogonnelloe Parteen-Meelick Ruan Smith O'Brien's, Killaloe Tubber Tulla Whitegate Junior Hurling Clonbony Ennistymon The Banner, Ennis FootballSenior Football Clondegad Corofin Cratloe Doonbeg Éire Óg, Ennis Ennistymon Kildysart Kilmurry-Ibrickane Lissycasey St. Breckan's, Lisdoonvarna St. Joseph's, Doora-Barefield St. Joseph's, Miltown Malbay Intermediate Football Coolmeen Cooraclare Kilfenora Kilmihil Kilrush Shamrocks Liscannor Michael Cusack's, Carron Naomh Eoin, Cross O'Curry's, Doonaha The Banner, Ennis Shannon Gaels, Labasheeda Wolfe Tones, Shannon Junior Football Ballyvaughan-Fanore Clooney-Quin Killimer Moy Parteen-Meelick St. Senan's, Kilkee This Munster GAA club related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"County Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Quilty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilty,_County_Clare"},{"link_name":"gaelic football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kilmurry Ibrickane GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmurry_Ibrickane_GAA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Quilty GAA is a defunct Gaelic Athletic Association club in County Clare, Ireland. The club was based in Quilty The club only played gaelic football.[1]The club won three times the Clare Senior Football Championship. Most remarkable is the win of 1935, when they played the final against their fellow parishioners and later amalgamation partners Kilmurry Ibrickane.[2]In the 1970s Quilty GAA and Kilmurry Ibrickane amalgamated to form Kilmurry Ibrickane GAA.[citation needed]","title":"Quilty GAA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clare Senior Football Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Clare Football League Div. 1 (Cusack Cup)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Club_Football_League_Division_1_(Cusack_Cup)"},{"link_name":"Clare Junior A Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Junior_Football_Championship"}],"text":"Clare Senior Football Champions (3): 1935, 1936, 1939\nClare Football League Div. 1 (Cusack Cup) (3): 1933, 1934, 1935\nClare Junior A Football Championship (1): 1933","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130123152936/http://www.gaainfo.com/club.php?co=clare&club=quilty","external_links_name":"GAAinfo - Quilty GAA"},{"Link":"http://www.kilmurryibrickane.gaa.ie/history","external_links_name":"History"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quilty_GAA&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmsted_Locks_and_Dam	Olmsted Locks and Dam	["1 History","2 In-the-wet construction","3 Problems with the project – cost increases","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°11′01″N 89°03′50″W / 37.18361°N 89.06389°W / 37.18361; -89.06389 Dam in Illinois / Ballard County, Kentucky United StatesOlmsted Locks and Dam (Locks and Dams 52 and 53 Replacement Project)Rendering of Olmsted Locks and DamLocation Pulaski County, Illinois / Ballard County, Kentucky United StatesCoordinates37°11′01″N 89°03′50″W / 37.18361°N 89.06389°W / 37.18361; -89.06389Construction beganDecember 1995Opening dateAugust 2018Construction costEstimated $3 billion+ (as of February 2018)Operator(s)United States Army Corps of Engineers Louisville DistrictDam and spillwaysImpoundsOhio RiverHeight62 feet (19 m)Length2,596 feet (791 m) The Olmsted Locks and Dam is a locks and wicket dam on the Ohio River at river mile 964.4. The project is intended to reduce tow and barge delays by replacing the existing older, and frequently congested, locks and dams Number 52 and Number 53. The locks are located about 17 miles upstream from the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers at Olmsted, Illinois. The Olmsted has been operational since August 2018 while the removal of Locks and Dams 52 and 53 should be completed around 2022. The project is both the largest and the most expensive inland waterway project ever undertaken in the United States. History The US Congress, through the Water Resources Development Act of 1988 first approved a $775 million budget for the project in 1988 (October 1987 Price Levels). The lock chambers, completed in 2002, are 110 feet (34 m) wide and 1,200 feet (370 m) long. According to the US Army Corps of Engineers, the new dam and locks will reduce passage time to under one hour with the new system. Due to queuing at Lock and Dam Number 52 and Lock and Dam Number 53, it can take cargo traffic 15 to 20 hours each to transit the locks the Olmsted complex is intended to replace. When initiated the complex was projected to cost $775 million. As of February 2018, the estimated cost of the project is over $3 billion. While the project was initially scheduled for completion in 1998, by 2016 it was projected to become operational between 2018 and by 2020, Locks and Dams 52 and 53 would be decommissioned. The project became fully operational on August 30, 2018. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the federal agency responsible for maintaining navigation on the USA's rivers, estimates the delay in completing the project results in a yearly loss of about $640 million to $800 million in lost benefits to the nation. While calculating these benefits is complex because of the amount of variables considered, it essentially takes into account the reduced costs industry (or businesses using the river for commerce) would experience if the Olmsted Project was operational versus the current means of transit through the aging and often unreliable Locks and Dams 52 and 53. These benefits further calculate the reduced costs in moving cargo through the river versus the next available cheapest alternative, usually by rail or by truck. In-the-wet construction The Locks and Dams 52 and 53 Replacement Project, better known as the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project makes use of the innovative in-the-wet construction. When a dam is constructed on a small river, engineers usually create a cofferdam (or an enclosure) within a river and drain the water out of it to facilitate construction. However, building this entire project through the use of cofferdams would have been incredibly disruptive to river traffic. As the largest transit point in the nation's river system where approximately 90 million tons of goods pass through each year, blocking large parts of the river would have caused major delays to river traffic even more so than evidenced at Locks and Dams 52 and 53. Site of the Olmsted Project. Notice the on-land casting yard where concrete elements of the dam are built and then transported into the river for placement. Engineers instead chose to construct the dam portion of the project using the in-the-wet technique, where concrete portions of the dam itself were built offsite at a concrete casting yard, transported into the river for placement, and placed on the bottom of the river, all with minimal disruption to the river. Cofferdam on the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project Site where the Lock Chambers were built Problems with the project – cost increases This has been perhaps the longest and largest civil works project in the history of the Corps of Engineers. Multiple delays, especially in funding have created a 30-year endeavor that has been inflated from a $700+ million price tag to over $3 billion in early 2018. The biggest contributors to these increases have been: Delays in funding and lack of availability of appropriations Costs increases of materials over time Low initial budget proposal for the project (engineers underestimated the initial costs of the project) In-the-wet construction Cost-reimbursable contracts (where the Government carries the majority of the risk of development) Unforeseen engineering problems Stretching of the budget (the USACE had and has other projects that require funds which were in turn taken away from Olmsted) Inflation Changes in design to the project Unpredictable river conditions See also List of locks and dams of the Ohio River References ^ Byrne, Shelley (April 1, 2022). "Demolition At Ohio River L&Ds 52, 53 To Wrap Up In 2022". The Waterways Journal. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ "Olmsted Locks and Dam". Louisville District. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved February 21, 2018. ^ a b c "Factors Contributing to Cost Increases and Schedule Delays in the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project" (PDF). Government Accountability Office. February 2017. ^ "Olmsted Locks and Dam - Project Description". United States Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved November 1, 2013. ^ a b c d Kelley, Tyler J. (November 23, 2016). "Choke Point of a Nation: The High Cost of an Aging River Lock". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2016. ^ Schneider, Keith (August 18, 2014). "On Books Since 1988, Ohio River Dam Project Keeps Rolling Along". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2016. ^ Mariano, Nick (May 27, 2015). "Years overdue, billions overbudget: Olmsted engineers predict the project will be operational in 2018". The Southern Illioisian. Retrieved November 27, 2016. ^ Schimmel, Becca (September 14, 2016). "'Sticky Wicket' Clogs Ohio River Traffic". WKMS NPR. Retrieved December 30, 2016. ^ Cavagnaro, Hank (September 14, 2016). "Ohio River Locks and Dam 52 reopens". KFVS12.com. Retrieved November 27, 2016. ^ Zoeller, David (November 4, 2018). "New locks and dam now fully operational". The Paducah Sun. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ "Engineering for Prefabricated Construction of Navigation Project" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. February 1, 2004. ^ O'Bannon, Patrick (2009). Working in the dry: Cofferdams, in-river construction, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers (PDF). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: United States Army Corps of Engineers. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help) External links Olmsted Locks and Dam project on the USACE website Olmsted Locks and Dam locality map Olmsted Dam Construction on Flickr vteLocks and dams of the Ohio River Emsworth Dashields Montgomery New Cumberland Pike Island Hannibal Willow Island Belleville Racine Byrd Greenup Meldahl Markland McAlpine Cannelton Newburgh Myers Smithland Olmsted Upstream:Smithland Lock and Dam Downstream:None on the Ohio River Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Number 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_Number_52"},{"link_name":"Number 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_Number_53"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Olmsted, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmsted,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corpsofengineers-2"}],"text":"Dam in Illinois / Ballard County, Kentucky United StatesThe Olmsted Locks and Dam is a locks and wicket dam on the Ohio River at river mile 964.4. The project is intended to reduce tow and barge delays by replacing the existing older, and frequently congested, locks and dams Number 52 and Number 53. The locks are located about 17 miles upstream from the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers at Olmsted, Illinois.The Olmsted has been operational since August 2018 while the removal of Locks and Dams 52 and 53 should be completed around 2022.[1] The project is both the largest and the most expensive inland waterway project ever undertaken in the United States.[2]","title":"Olmsted Locks and Dam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Water Resources Development Act of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1988"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAP2017-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"US Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lock and Dam Number 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_Number_52"},{"link_name":"Lock and Dam Number 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_Number_53"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Illioisian1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKMS1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KFVS1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"United States Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAP2017-3"}],"text":"The US Congress, through the Water Resources Development Act of 1988[3] first approved a $775 million budget for the project in 1988 (October 1987 Price Levels). The lock chambers, completed in 2002, are 110 feet (34 m) wide and 1,200 feet (370 m) long.[4]According to the US Army Corps of Engineers, the new dam and locks will reduce passage time to under one hour with the new system.[citation needed] Due to queuing at Lock and Dam Number 52 and Lock and Dam Number 53, it can take cargo traffic 15 to 20 hours each to transit the locks the Olmsted complex is intended to replace.[5]When initiated the complex was projected to cost $775 million.[5] As of February 2018, the estimated cost of the project is over $3 billion.[6][5]While the project was initially scheduled for completion in 1998, by 2016 it was projected to become operational between 2018[5][7] and by 2020, Locks and Dams 52 and 53 would be decommissioned.[8][9] The project became fully operational on August 30, 2018.[10]The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the federal agency responsible for maintaining navigation on the USA's rivers, estimates the delay in completing the project results in a yearly loss of about $640 million to $800 million in lost benefits to the nation. While calculating these benefits is complex because of the amount of variables considered, it essentially takes into account the reduced costs industry (or businesses using the river for commerce) would experience if the Olmsted Project was operational versus the current means of transit through the aging and often unreliable Locks and Dams 52 and 53. These benefits further calculate the reduced costs in moving cargo through the river versus the next available cheapest alternative, usually by rail or by truck.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cofferdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofferdam"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olmsted_dam_project.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cofferdam_Olmsted_Locks_Ohio_River.jpg"}],"text":"The Locks and Dams 52 and 53 Replacement Project, better known as the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project makes use of the innovative in-the-wet construction. When a dam is constructed on a small river, engineers usually create a cofferdam (or an enclosure) within a river and drain the water out of it to facilitate construction. However, building this entire project through the use of cofferdams would have been incredibly disruptive to river traffic. As the largest transit point in the nation's river system where approximately 90 million tons of goods pass through each year, blocking large parts of the river would have caused major delays to river traffic even more so than evidenced at Locks and Dams 52 and 53.[11]Site of the Olmsted Project. Notice the on-land casting yard where concrete elements of the dam are built and then transported into the river for placement.Engineers instead chose to construct the dam portion of the project using the in-the-wet technique, where concrete portions of the dam itself were built offsite at a concrete casting yard, transported into the river for placement, and placed on the bottom of the river, all with minimal disruption to the river.[12]Cofferdam on the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project Site where the Lock Chambers were built","title":"In-the-wet construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAP2017-3"}],"text":"This has been perhaps the longest and largest civil works project in the history of the Corps of Engineers. Multiple delays, especially in funding have created a 30-year endeavor that has been inflated from a $700+ million price tag to over $3 billion in early 2018.[3]The biggest contributors to these increases have been:Delays in funding and lack of availability of appropriations\nCosts increases of materials over time\nLow initial budget proposal for the project (engineers underestimated the initial costs of the project)\nIn-the-wet construction\nCost-reimbursable contracts (where the Government carries the majority of the risk of development)\nUnforeseen engineering problems\nStretching of the budget (the USACE had and has other projects that require funds which were in turn taken away from Olmsted)\nInflation\nChanges in design to the project\nUnpredictable river conditions","title":"Problems with the project – cost increases"}]	[{"image_text":"Site of the Olmsted Project. Notice the on-land casting yard where concrete elements of the dam are built and then transported into the river for placement.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Olmsted_dam_project.jpeg/412px-Olmsted_dam_project.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Cofferdam on the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project Site where the Lock Chambers were built","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cofferdam_Olmsted_Locks_Ohio_River.jpg/414px-Cofferdam_Olmsted_Locks_Ohio_River.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of locks and dams of the Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_locks_and_dams_of_the_Ohio_River"}]	[{"reference":"Byrne, Shelley (April 1, 2022). \"Demolition At Ohio River L&Ds 52, 53 To Wrap Up In 2022\". The Waterways Journal. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterwaysjournal.net/2022/04/01/demolition-at-ohio-river-lds-52-53-to-wrap-up-in-2022/","url_text":"\"Demolition At Ohio River L&Ds 52, 53 To Wrap Up In 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olmsted Locks and Dam\". Louisville District. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved February 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lrl.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Navigation/Locks-and-Dams/Olmsted-Locks-and-Dam/","url_text":"\"Olmsted Locks and Dam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers","url_text":"United States Army Corps of Engineers"}]},{"reference":"\"Factors Contributing to Cost Increases and Schedule Delays in the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project\" (PDF). Government Accountability Office. February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/682825.pdf","url_text":"\"Factors Contributing to Cost Increases and Schedule Delays in the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office","url_text":"Government Accountability Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Olmsted Locks and Dam - Project Description\". United States Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved November 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lrl.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorks/Navigation/LocksandDams/OlmstedLocksandDam/Project.aspx","url_text":"\"Olmsted Locks and Dam - Project Description\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers","url_text":"United States Army Corps of Engineers"}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Tyler J. (November 23, 2016). \"Choke Point of a Nation: The High Cost of an Aging River Lock\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/business/economy/desperately-plugging-holes-in-an-87-year-old-dam.html","url_text":"\"Choke Point of a Nation: The High Cost of an Aging River Lock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Keith (August 18, 2014). \"On Books Since 1988, Ohio River Dam Project Keeps Rolling Along\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/19/us/19dam.html","url_text":"\"On Books Since 1988, Ohio River Dam Project Keeps Rolling Along\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Mariano, Nick (May 27, 2015). \"Years overdue, billions overbudget: Olmsted engineers predict the project will be operational in 2018\". The Southern Illioisian. Retrieved November 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesouthern.com/news/local/years-overdue-billions-overbudget-olmsted-engineers-predict-the-project-will/article_96e07d92-d9cf-5dc3-af7e-1316b1315bd6.html","url_text":"\"Years overdue, billions overbudget: Olmsted engineers predict the project will be operational in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Schimmel, Becca (September 14, 2016). \"'Sticky Wicket' Clogs Ohio River Traffic\". WKMS NPR. Retrieved December 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://wkms.org/post/sticky-wicket-clogs-ohio-river-traffic","url_text":"\"'Sticky Wicket' Clogs Ohio River Traffic\""}]},{"reference":"Cavagnaro, Hank (September 14, 2016). \"Ohio River Locks and Dam 52 reopens\". KFVS12.com. Retrieved November 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kfvs12.com/story/33087606/ohio-river-locks-and-dam-52-reopens","url_text":"\"Ohio River Locks and Dam 52 reopens\""}]},{"reference":"Zoeller, David (November 4, 2018). \"New locks and dam now fully operational\". The Paducah Sun. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paducahsun.com/news/local/new-locks-and-dam-now-fully-operational/article_0e49236e-0a8b-55ad-abeb-8faec849d9ee.html","url_text":"\"New locks and dam now fully operational\""}]},{"reference":"\"Engineering for Prefabricated Construction of Navigation Project\" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. February 1, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-2611.pdf?ver=2013-09-04-072936-400","url_text":"\"Engineering for Prefabricated Construction of Navigation Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers","url_text":"United States Army Corps of Engineers"}]},{"reference":"O'Bannon, Patrick (2009). Working in the dry: Cofferdams, in-river construction, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers (PDF). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: United States Army Corps of Engineers.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lrp.usace.army.mil/Portals/72/docs/Library/workinginthedry.pdf","url_text":"Working in the dry: Cofferdams, in-river construction, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers","url_text":"United States Army Corps of Engineers"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Olmsted_Locks_and_Dam&params=37_11_01_N_89_03_50_W_type:landmark_region:US-IL","external_links_name":"37°11′01″N 89°03′50″W / 37.18361°N 89.06389°W / 37.18361; -89.06389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Olmsted_Locks_and_Dam&params=37_11_01_N_89_03_50_W_type:landmark_region:US-IL","external_links_name":"37°11′01″N 89°03′50″W / 37.18361°N 89.06389°W / 37.18361; -89.06389"},{"Link":"https://www.waterwaysjournal.net/2022/04/01/demolition-at-ohio-river-lds-52-53-to-wrap-up-in-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Demolition At Ohio River L&Ds 52, 53 To Wrap Up In 2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.lrl.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Navigation/Locks-and-Dams/Olmsted-Locks-and-Dam/","external_links_name":"\"Olmsted Locks and Dam\""},{"Link":"https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/682825.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Factors Contributing to Cost Increases and Schedule Delays in the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.lrl.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorks/Navigation/LocksandDams/OlmstedLocksandDam/Project.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Olmsted Locks and Dam - Project Description\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/business/economy/desperately-plugging-holes-in-an-87-year-old-dam.html","external_links_name":"\"Choke Point of a Nation: The High Cost of an Aging River Lock\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/19/us/19dam.html","external_links_name":"\"On Books Since 1988, Ohio River Dam Project Keeps Rolling Along\""},{"Link":"https://thesouthern.com/news/local/years-overdue-billions-overbudget-olmsted-engineers-predict-the-project-will/article_96e07d92-d9cf-5dc3-af7e-1316b1315bd6.html","external_links_name":"\"Years overdue, billions overbudget: Olmsted engineers predict the project will be operational in 2018\""},{"Link":"http://wkms.org/post/sticky-wicket-clogs-ohio-river-traffic","external_links_name":"\"'Sticky Wicket' Clogs Ohio River Traffic\""},{"Link":"http://www.kfvs12.com/story/33087606/ohio-river-locks-and-dam-52-reopens","external_links_name":"\"Ohio River Locks and Dam 52 reopens\""},{"Link":"https://www.paducahsun.com/news/local/new-locks-and-dam-now-fully-operational/article_0e49236e-0a8b-55ad-abeb-8faec849d9ee.html","external_links_name":"\"New locks and dam now fully operational\""},{"Link":"http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-2611.pdf?ver=2013-09-04-072936-400","external_links_name":"\"Engineering for Prefabricated Construction of Navigation Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.lrp.usace.army.mil/Portals/72/docs/Library/workinginthedry.pdf","external_links_name":"Working in the dry: Cofferdams, in-river construction, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers"},{"Link":"http://www.lrl.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorks/Navigation/LocksandDams/OlmstedLocksandDam.aspx","external_links_name":"Olmsted Locks and Dam project on the USACE website"},{"Link":"http://www.lrl.usace.army.mil/Portals/64/docs/Ops/Navigation/Olmsted/OlmstedLocalityMap.jpg","external_links_name":"Olmsted Locks and Dam locality map"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/louisvilleusace/sets/72157624871349306/","external_links_name":"Olmsted Dam Construction"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315590647","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_hypersomnolence_disorder	Idiopathic hypersomnia	["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Management","4.1 Stimulants","4.2 Non-stimulant wake-promoting medications","4.3 Sleep promoting medications","4.4 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy","5 Prognosis","6 Epidemiology","7 Research","7.1 GABA-directed medications","7.2 Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS)","7.3 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)","7.4 Mazindol","7.5 Selegiline","7.6 Atomoxetine","7.7 Ritanserin","7.8 Antidepressants","7.9 Caffeine","7.10 Melatonin","7.11 Levothyroxine","7.12 Hypocretin agonists","7.13 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor","7.14 Levodopa","7.15 Carnitine","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Sleep disorder characterised by excessive sleep and daytime sleepiness without a known cause Medical conditionIdiopathic HypersomniaSpecialtySleep medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is a neurological disorder which is characterized primarily by excessive sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Idiopathic hypersomnia was first described by Bedrich Roth in 1976, and it can be divided into two forms: polysymptomatic and monosymptomatic. The condition typically becomes evident in early adulthood and most patients diagnosed with IH will have had the disorder for many years prior to their diagnosis. As of August 2021, an FDA-approved medication exists for IH called Xywav, which is oral solution of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates; in addition to several off-label treatments (primarily FDA-approved narcolepsy medications). Idiopathic hypersomnia may also be referred to as IH, IHS, or primary hypersomnia and belongs to a group of sleeping disorders known as central hypersomnias, central disorders of hypersomnolence, or hypersomnia of brain origin. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) defines idiopathic hypersomnia as EDS without narcolepsy or the associated features of other sleep disorders. It occurs in the absence of medical problems or sleep disruptions, such as sleep apnea, that can cause secondary hypersomnia. Signs and symptoms This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Individuals with IH share common symptoms including excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep inertia, brain fog, and long sleep periods. Excessive daytime sleepiness, characterized by persistent sleepiness throughout the day and often a general lack of energy, even during the day after apparently adequate or even prolonged nighttime sleep. People with EDS nap repeatedly throughout the day and have strong urges to sleep while driving, working, eating, or conversing with others. Sleep inertia (also known as sleep drunkenness), characterized by having extreme difficulty waking up and feeling an uncontrollable desire to go back to sleep. Clouding of consciousness characterized by inattention, thought process abnormalities, comprehension abnormalities, and language abnormalities. These symptoms may affect performance on perception, memory, learning, executive functions, language, constructive abilities, voluntary motor control, attention, and mental speed. Affected individuals can complain of forgetfulness, confusion, or inability to think clearly. Excessive sleep (9 hours or more over a full 24-hour period), without feeling refreshed after waking. Daytime naps can be up to several hours and are also unrefreshing. Some studies have shown increased frequencies of palpitations, digestive problems, difficulty with body temperature regulation, and other symptoms in patients with IH. Anxiety and depression are frequent, and are likely to be a response to chronic illness. A case series in 2010 found that peripheral vascular symptoms, such as cold hands and feet (e.g., Raynaud Syndrome), were more common in people with IH than in controls. Other autonomic dysfunctional symptoms, such as fainting episodes, dizziness upon arising, possibly migrainous headaches, food cravings, and impotence may also be correlated with IH. Researchers have found that people reporting IH symptoms report high levels of autonomic dysfunction on par with other conditions of autonomic failure (i.e., MSA and diabetes). As of 2019 there is no evidence that such symptoms are related to IH. Causes Unlike narcolepsy with cataplexy, which has a known cause (autoimmune destruction of hypocretin-producing neurons), the cause of IH is largely unknown. As of 2012, researchers have identified a few abnormalities associated with IH, which with further study may help to clarify the etiology. Destruction of noradrenergic neurons has produced hypersomnia in experimental animal studies, and injury to adrenergic neurons has also been shown to lead to hypersomnia. IH has also been associated with a malfunction of the norepinephrine system and decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) histamine levels. Researchers have recently found an abnormal hypersensitivity to GABA (the major brain chemical responsible for sedation) in a subset of patients with central hypersomnia i.e.: IH, narcolepsy without cataplexy and long sleepers. They have identified a small (500 to 3000 daltons) naturally occurring bioactive substance (most likely a peptide as it is trypsin-sensitive) in the CSF of affected patients. Although this substance requires further identification of its chemical structure, it is currently referred to as a "somnogen" because it has been shown to cause hyper-reactivity of GABAA receptors, which leads to increased sedation or somnolence. In essence, it is as though these patients are chronically sedated with a benzodiazepine (medication which acts through the GABA system) such as Versed or Xanax, even though they do not take these medications. Diagnosis Idiopathic hypersomnia lacks a clearly defining biological marker (i.e. HLA-DQB10602 genotype in narcolepsy). Doctors can more carefully exclude these causes of EDS in order to more correctly diagnose IH. However, "even in the presence of other specific causes of hypersomnia, one should carefully assess the contribution of these etiological factors to the complaint of EDS and when specific treatments of these conditions fail to suppress EDS, the additional diagnosis of IH should be considered." The severity of EDS can be quantified by subjective scales, such as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, and also by objective tests, like actigraphy, psychomotor vigilance task, maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT), multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) although as per latest research studies, the effectiveness of MSLT has been called into question. Several groups of researchers have found normal MSLT results in patients who otherwise seem to have IH. Therefore, when IH is suspected, researchers suggest appending a 24-hour continuous polysomnography to the standard overnight/MSLT study in order to record total sleep time. The recent studies have also found that reports of sleepiness in IH relate more to mental fatigue rather than physiological sleepiness per se and the subjective scales like ESS, IH symptom diary (IHSD) and PGIC better captures the severity of symptoms consistently. It is also important to note that whereas narcolepsy is strongly associated with the HLA-DQB10602 genotype, "HLA typing is of no help in the positive diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia." This is "despite some reports that suggest an increase frequency of HLA Cw2 and DRS in idiopathic hypersomnia subjects." In patients with IH, polysomnography typically shows short sleep latency, increased mean slow wave sleep, and a high mean sleep efficiency. "Latency to REM sleep and percentages of light sleep and REM sleep were normal, compared with normal ranges." Despite this, one study has found increased sleep fragmentation in patients with IH without long sleep time, suggesting multiple possible presentations. Per ICSD-3, five criteria must be met for a diagnosis of IH: Daytime lapses into sleep or an irrepressible need to sleep on a daily basis, for at least 3 months Absence of insufficient sleep syndrome Absence of cataplexy Absence of other causes of hypersomnia The presence of positive MSLT tests. The latest ICD 10 defines IH with long sleep time as a neurological disorder that is a rare sleep disorder characterized by prolonged sleep at night and extreme sleepiness during the day. There are no apparent causes. This disorder affects the ability to function. It is of central nervous system origin characterized by prolonged nocturnal sleep and periods of daytime drowsiness. Affected individuals experience difficulty with awakening in the morning and may have associated sleep drunkenness, automatic behaviors, and memory disturbances. This condition differs from narcolepsy in that daytime sleep periods are longer, there is no association with cataplexy, and the multiple sleep latency onset test does not record sleep-onset rapid eye movement sleep. Management Since the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood, treatment efforts have usually focused on symptom management. In August 2021, low-sodium oxybate (Xywav) became the first U.S. FDA-approved treatment for idiopathic hypersomnia. Wake-promoting medications used in narcolepsy are also commonly used off-label to help manage the excessive daytime sleepiness of IH. CNS stimulants tend to be less effective for IH than they are for narcolepsy and may be less well tolerated. Stimulants The main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness is done through central nervous system stimulants. Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine are most used stimulants to controlled EDS. Increased dopamine release is felt to be the main property explaining wake-promotion from these medications. Insomnia is another common side effect and may require additional treatment. Non-stimulant wake-promoting medications Solriamfetol is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea. Pitolisant, a selective histamine 3 (H3) receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, was approved by FDA during August 2019. It works by increasing the synthesis and release of histamine, a wake-promoting neurotransmitter in the brain. Modafinil and Armodafinil elevate hypothalamic histamine levels, and they are known to bind to the dopamine transporter, thereby inhibiting dopamine reuptake. Modafinil can cause uncomfortable side effects, including nausea, headache, and a dry mouth for some patients, while other patients report no noticeable improvement even on relatively high dosages. They may also "interact with low-dose contraceptives, potentially reducing efficacy, although the scientific data supporting this claim is weak and rests on poorly documented anecdotes." Sleep promoting medications Sodium oxybate is an orphan drug which was designed specifically for the treatment of narcolepsy. Common side effects include nausea, dizziness, and hallucinations. A 2016 study by Leu-Semenescu et al. found sodium oxybate reduced daytime sleepiness in IH to the same degree as in patients with narcolepsy type 1, and the drug improved severe sleep inertia in 71% of the hypersomnia patients. In July 2020, the FDA approved Xywav™ (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates), an oral solution for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Although behavioral approaches have not been demonstrated to improve clinical markers of IH, cognitive behavioral therapy has been found to potentially reduce depressive symptoms and improve self-efficacy in people with central disorders of hypersomnolence. Prognosis IH can profoundly affect work, education, and quality of life due to excessive daytime somnolence. Patients will often need to adapt their lifestyle to avoid situations that might be dangerous while sleepy, such as high risk work, or driving. The risks associated with these activities have been found to be higher for patients with hypersomnias than for those with sleep apnea or severe insomnia. Epidemiology Typically, the symptoms of IH begin in adolescence or young adulthood, although they can begin at a later age. After onset, hypersomnia often worsens over several years, but it is often stable by the time of diagnosis and appears to be a lifelong condition. Spontaneous remission is only seen in 10–15% of patients. According to the limited epidemiological data that exists, IH "has more of a female preponderance (1.8/1)." Family cases are frequent, in a range from 25% to 66% without any clear mode of inheritance." IH has long been considered a rare disease, believed to be 10 times less frequent than narcolepsy. The prevalence of narcolepsy (with cataplexy) is estimated between 1/3,300 and 1/5,000. Although the true prevalence of IH is unknown, it is estimated at 1/10,000 to 1/25,000 for the long sleep form and 1/11,000 to 1/100,000 without long sleep. A more precise estimate "is complicated by a lack of clear biologic markers" and a lack of "unambiguous diagnostic criteria." Because of the rarity of IH, research into the condition is limited "Patients are rare, researchers and scientists involved in the field are few and research findings are therefore scarce." "In Europe and in North America there is now a public health concern about helping patients and families affected by these rare diseases. Due to the complexity of the disease, they often experience difficulties to be diagnosed and often face social and professional consequences." Research GABA-directed medications There is ongoing research into the efficacy of gamma aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor antagonists for the treatment of IH. Research findings suggest that the GABA neurotransmitter system plays a significant role in the etiology of primary hypersomnias, such as IH and Narcolepsy Type 2. Given the possible role of hyperactive GABAA receptors in IH, medications that could counteract this activity are being studied to test their potential to improve sleepiness. These currently include clarithromycin and flumazenil. Flumazenil, a GABAA receptor antagonist is approved by the FDA for use in anesthesia reversal and benzodiazepine overdose. Research has shown that flumazenil provides relief for most patients whose CSF contains the unknown "somnogen" that enhances the function of GABAA receptors, making them more susceptible to the sleep-inducing effect of GABA. For one patient, daily administration of flumazenil by sublingual lozenge and topical cream has proven effective for several years. A 2014 case report also showed improvement in IH symptoms after treatment with a continuous subcutaneous flumazenil administration. The patient was treated with a short-term subcutaneous administration through 96-hour continuous low dose (4 mg/day) infusion of flumazenil, followed by a slow-release long term subcutaneous administration through flumazenil implant. Clarithromycin, an antibiotic approved by the FDA for the treatment of infections, was found to return the function of the GABA system to normal in patients with IH. In the pilot study, clarithromycin improved subjective sleepiness in GABA-related hypersomnia. In 2013, a retrospective review evaluating longer-term clarithromycin use showed efficacy in a large percentage of patients with GABA-related hypersomnia. A 2021 Cochrane study determined that the evidence is inadequate to definitively determine the efficacy of clarithromycin in the management of idiopathic hypersomnia. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2021 clinical practice guidelines conditionally suggested its use, especially for those who don't respond to other therapies. Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) Dr. Ferini-Strambi and his colleagues in Milan, Italy, performed neurologic examinations by applying anodal tDCS by placing one electrode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with the cathode over the contralateral orbit over 3 weeks period and found that seven of the eight participants (87.5%) reported improvement in their daytime sleepiness, including for up to two weeks after the end of the study. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Neural networks that regulate arousal and sleep comprise a bottom-up (from the brainstem to the cortex) pathway and a top-down (corticothalamic) pathway. The bottom-up pathway emerges from the ascending reticular arousal system (ARAS) and activates the cortex via well-characterized thalamic and nonthalamic pathways through cholinergic and aminergic neurotransmission. The bottom-up pathway represents the leverage point for pharmaceutical interventions. It is complemented by a corticothalamic top-down pathway, which appears to be modifiable through noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques. A single case report study indicates that high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) might represent an alternative choice for symptom control in narcoleptic patients with cataplexy. rTMS may also exert intrinsic effects on hypersomnia in depressed adolescents. Mazindol Mazindol is a stimulant similar to amphetamines that "has been shown to be effective in treating hypersomnia in narcoleptics." However, it is not currently approved in the US. Selegiline Selegiline, monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor works by slowing the breakdown of certain substances in the brain (mostly dopamine, but also serotonin and norepinephrine). It may also be useful, as it is also a metabolic precursor of amphetamine and exerts most of its therapeutic effects through amphetamine metabolism. It is not commonly prescribed for people with narcolepsy because of the high dosage required and potential for severe side effects. Atomoxetine Atomoxetine (or reboxetine in Europe) is an adrenergic reuptake inhibitor which increases wakefulness (generally less strongly than the medications which act on dopamine) and which has been argued to have a "clear use in the therapeutic arsenal against narcolepsy and hypersomnia although undocumented by clinical trials." Ritanserin Ritanserin is a serotonin antagonist that has "been shown to improve daytime alertness and subjective sleep quality in patients on their usual narcolepsy medications." It is intended as an adjunct (supplement to another main therapeutic agent), and although it is not available in the US, it is available in Europe. Antidepressants Antidepressants seems to have some therapeutic effects as they enhance synaptic levels of noradrenaline and serotonin. Further, different medicines are known to augment the activity of one another like as seen in the case of Fluoxetine which augmented the activity of methylphenidate when taken together. Bupropion, a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), which works by inhibiting the reabsorption of two important brain chemicals – norepinephrine and dopamine, is known to have wake-promoting effects. Fluoxetine, an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class is also known to have mild stimulating effects. It is also known to augment the activity of methylphenidate. Caffeine Caffeine is one of the safer nondopaminergic wake-promoting compounds. It is widely used but "has intolerable side effects at high doses (including cardiovascular), and it is generally not efficient enough for patients with hypersomnia or narcolepsy." Although it is commonly used by people with IH or narcolepsy, many people with these disorders report that it has only limited benefit on their sleepiness. Melatonin Melatonin is a hormone that the body produces to help regulate sleep. One small study, which used a dose of 2 mg slow-release melatonin at bedtime, found that 50% of participants had “shortened nocturnal sleep duration, decreased sleep drunkenness and relieved daytime sleepiness.” Other studies have shown that melatonin synchronizes the circadian rhythms, and improves the “onset, duration and quality of sleep.” Levothyroxine There have been some studies suggesting levothyroxine as a possible treatment for IH, especially for patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. This treatment does carry potential risks (especially for patients without hypothyroidism or subclinical hypothroidism), which include cardiac arrhythmia. Hypocretin agonists Hypocretin-1 has been shown to be strongly wake-promoting in animal models, but it does not cross the blood–brain barrier. Suvorexant, a hypocretin receptor antagonist, has been developed to limit the natural effects of hypocretin in patients with insomnia. It is therefore possible that a hypocretin agonist may be similarly developed for the treatment of hypersomnia. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Antidepressants seems to have some therapeutic effects as they enhance synaptic levels of noradrenaline and serotonin and for same reason enhancing the levels of acetylcholine may have some therapeutic effect. Donepezil showed improvement in one patient by decreasing ESS score from 20 up to 14. Memantine has also shown some positive effect on a patient with narcolepsy. Levodopa Levodopa is an amino acid and is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). As per a study of six narcoleptic patients it was found that L-dopa improved vigilance and performance as evaluated by the AVS and the FCRTT, while the capacity to fall asleep rapidly remained unchanged as evaluated by the MSLT. It raises the hypothesis that dopamine may play a role in the physiopathology of excessive daytime sleepiness of this condition. Carnitine Carnitine, has also been shown to improve narcolepsy symptoms (including daytime sleepiness) by increasing fatty-acid oxidation. Abnormally low levels of acylcarnitine have been observed in patients with narcolepsy. These same low levels have been associated with primary hypersomnia in general in mouse studies. "Mice with systemic carnitine deficiency exhibit a higher frequency of fragmented wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and reduced locomotor activity." Administration of acetyl-L-carnitine was shown to improve these symptoms in mice. A subsequent human trial found that narcolepsy patients given L-carnitine spent less total time in daytime sleep than patients who were given placebo. 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External links ClassificationDICD-10: G47.1, ICD-10-CM G47.11, ICD-10-CM G47.12ICD-9-CM: 327.11, 327.12MeSH: D020177SNOMED CT: 3731000119107External resourcesMedlinePlus: 000803eMedicine: med/3129Orphanet: 33208Hypersomnia FoundationvteDiseases of the nervous system, primarily CNSInflammationBrain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Brain and spinal cord Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Meningitis Meningoencephalitis Brain/encephalopathyDegenerativeExtrapyramidal andmovement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS NBIA PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff-person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer's Early-onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick's Lewy bodies dementia Posterior cortical atrophy Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome Demyelinating Autoimmune Inflammatory Multiple sclerosis For more detailed coverage, see Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS Episodic/paroxysmalSeizures and epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus For more detailed coverage, see Template:Epilepsy Headache Migraine Cluster Tension For more detailed coverage, see Template:Headache Cerebrovascular TIA Stroke For more detailed coverage, see Template:Cerebrovascular diseases Other Sleep disorders For more detailed coverage, see Template:Sleep CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus Normal pressure hydrocephalus Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye syndrome Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto's encephalopathy Static encephalopathy Both/eitherDegenerativeSA Friedreich's ataxia Ataxia–telangiectasia MND UMN only: Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only: Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) SMALED1 SMALED2A SMALED2B SMA-PCH SMA-PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio–Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis vteSleep and sleep disordersStages of sleep cycles Rapid eye movement (REM) Quiescent sleep Slow-wave Brain waves Alpha wave Beta wave Delta wave Gamma wave K-complex Mu rhythm PGO waves Sensorimotor rhythm Sleep spindle Theta wave Sleep disordersAnatomical Bruxism Mouth breathing Sleep apnea Catathrenia Central hypoventilation syndrome Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Obstructive sleep apnea Periodic breathing Snoring Dyssomnia Excessive daytime sleepiness Hypersomnia Insomnia Kleine–Levin syndrome Narcolepsy Idiopathic hypersomnia Night eating syndrome Nocturia Sleep state misperception Circadian rhythmdisorders Advanced sleep phase disorder Cyclic alternating pattern Delayed sleep phase disorder Irregular sleep–wake rhythm Jet lag Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder Shift work sleep disorder Parasomnia Nightmare disorder Night terror Periodic limb movement disorder Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder Sleepwalking Sleep driving Sleep-talking Benign phenomena Dreams Exploding head syndrome Hypnic jerk Hypnagogia / Sleep onset Hypnopompia Sleep paralysis Sleep inertia Somnolence Nocturnal clitoral tumescence Nocturnal penile tumescence Nocturnal emission Treatment Sleep diary Sleep hygiene Sleep induction Hypnosis Lullaby Somnology Polysomnography Other Sleep medicine Behavioral sleep medicine Sleep study Neuroscience of sleep Daily life Bed Bunk bed Daybed Four-poster bed Futon Hammock Mattress Sleeping bag Bed bug Bedding Bedroom Bedtime Procrastination Story Biphasic and polyphasic sleep Chronotype Comfort object Dream diary Microsleep Nap Nightwear Power nap Second wind Siesta Sleep and breathing Sleep and creativity Sleep and learning Sleep and memory Sleep deprivation / Sleep debt Sleeping while on duty Sleepover	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurological disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disorder"},{"link_name":"excessive daytime sleepiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excessive_daytime_sleepiness"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-3-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idiopathic_hypersomnia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Xywav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xywav"},{"link_name":"sodium oxybates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_oxybate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fdaref-5"},{"link_name":"FDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-5-6"},{"link_name":"hypersomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersomnia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rareref-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders"},{"link_name":"EDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excessive_daytime_sleepiness"},{"link_name":"narcolepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcolepsy"},{"link_name":"sleep disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"sleep apnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_apnea"},{"link_name":"hypersomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersomnia"}],"text":"Medical conditionIdiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is a neurological disorder which is characterized primarily by excessive sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS).[1] Idiopathic hypersomnia was first described by Bedrich Roth in 1976, and it can be divided into two forms: polysymptomatic and monosymptomatic.[2][3] The condition typically becomes evident in early adulthood and most patients diagnosed with IH will have had the disorder for many years prior to their diagnosis.[4] As of August 2021[update], an FDA-approved medication exists for IH called Xywav, which is oral solution of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates;[5] in addition to several off-label treatments (primarily FDA-approved narcolepsy medications).[6]Idiopathic hypersomnia may also be referred to as IH, IHS, or primary hypersomnia[7] and belongs to a group of sleeping disorders known as central hypersomnias, central disorders of hypersomnolence, or hypersomnia of brain origin.[8] Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) defines idiopathic hypersomnia as EDS without narcolepsy or the associated features of other sleep disorders.[9] It occurs in the absence of medical problems or sleep disruptions, such as sleep apnea, that can cause secondary hypersomnia.","title":"Idiopathic hypersomnia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"excessive daytime sleepiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excessive_daytime_sleepiness"},{"link_name":"sleep inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_inertia"},{"link_name":"brain fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouding_of_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Excessive daytime sleepiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excessive_daytime_sleepiness"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moawad-13"},{"link_name":"Sleep inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_inertia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moawad-13"},{"link_name":"Clouding of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouding_of_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JohnNoble-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moawad-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Bassetti-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-orig-7-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Bassetti-15"},{"link_name":"Raynaud Syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynauds"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"autonomic dysfunctional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_dysfunction"},{"link_name":"fainting episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"dizziness upon arising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension"},{"link_name":"migrainous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine"},{"link_name":"impotence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impotence"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-orig-7-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Billiard-18"},{"link_name":"MSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idiopathic_hypersomnia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Individuals with IH share common symptoms including excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep inertia, brain fog, and long sleep periods.[10][11][12]Excessive daytime sleepiness, characterized by persistent sleepiness throughout the day and often a general lack of energy, even during the day after apparently adequate or even prolonged nighttime sleep. People with EDS nap repeatedly throughout the day and have strong urges to sleep while driving, working, eating, or conversing with others.[13]\nSleep inertia (also known as sleep drunkenness), characterized by having extreme difficulty waking up and feeling an uncontrollable desire to go back to sleep.[13]\nClouding of consciousness characterized by inattention, thought process abnormalities, comprehension abnormalities, and language abnormalities. These symptoms may affect performance on perception, memory, learning, executive functions, language, constructive abilities, voluntary motor control, attention, and mental speed. Affected individuals can complain of forgetfulness, confusion, or inability to think clearly.[14]\nExcessive sleep (9 hours or more over a full 24-hour period), without feeling refreshed after waking. Daytime naps can be up to several hours and are also unrefreshing.[13]Some studies have shown increased frequencies of palpitations, digestive problems, difficulty with body temperature regulation, and other symptoms in patients with IH.[15][16] Anxiety and depression are frequent, and are likely to be a response to chronic illness.[15] A case series in 2010 found that peripheral vascular symptoms, such as cold hands and feet (e.g., Raynaud Syndrome), were more common in people with IH than in controls.[17]Other autonomic dysfunctional symptoms, such as fainting episodes, dizziness upon arising, possibly migrainous headaches, food cravings, and impotence may also be correlated with IH.[16][18] Researchers have found that people reporting IH symptoms report high levels of autonomic dysfunction on par with other conditions of autonomic failure (i.e., MSA and diabetes). As of 2019[update] there is no evidence that such symptoms are related to IH.[19]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"narcolepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcolepsy"},{"link_name":"cataplexy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataplexy"},{"link_name":"autoimmune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idiopathic_hypersomnia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Mignot-20"},{"link_name":"noradrenergic neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenergic"},{"link_name":"adrenergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid"},{"link_name":"histamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emed_overview_1-21"},{"link_name":"GABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA"},{"link_name":"sedation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedation"},{"link_name":"daltons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"peptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide"},{"link_name":"trypsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsin"},{"link_name":"GABAA receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA-A_receptors"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine"},{"link_name":"Versed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midazolam"},{"link_name":"Xanax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clinicaltrials.gov_Flumazenil-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarithro_Trial-23"}],"text":"Unlike narcolepsy with cataplexy, which has a known cause (autoimmune destruction of hypocretin-producing neurons), the cause of IH is largely unknown. As of 2012[update], researchers have identified a few abnormalities associated with IH, which with further study may help to clarify the etiology.[20]Destruction of noradrenergic neurons has produced hypersomnia in experimental animal studies, and injury to adrenergic neurons has also been shown to lead to hypersomnia. IH has also been associated with a malfunction of the norepinephrine system and decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) histamine levels.[21]Researchers have recently found an abnormal hypersensitivity to GABA (the major brain chemical responsible for sedation) in a subset of patients with central hypersomnia i.e.: IH, narcolepsy without cataplexy and long sleepers. They have identified a small (500 to 3000 daltons) naturally occurring bioactive substance (most likely a peptide as it is trypsin-sensitive) in the CSF of affected patients. Although this substance requires further identification of its chemical structure, it is currently referred to as a \"somnogen\" because it has been shown to cause hyper-reactivity of GABAA receptors, which leads to increased sedation or somnolence. In essence, it is as though these patients are chronically sedated with a benzodiazepine (medication which acts through the GABA system) such as Versed or Xanax, even though they do not take these medications.[22][23]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HLA-DQB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQB1"},{"link_name":"genotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Billiard-18"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Montplaisir-24"},{"link_name":"Epworth Sleepiness Scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epworth_Sleepiness_Scale"},{"link_name":"Stanford Sleepiness Scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Sleepiness_Scale"},{"link_name":"actigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actigraphy"},{"link_name":"psychomotor vigilance task","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_vigilance_task"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"multiple sleep latency test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sleep_latency_test"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"polysomnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysomnography"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-orig-8-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"HLA-DQB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQB1"},{"link_name":"genotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Mignot-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Billiard-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Billiard-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007_Anderson-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Pizza-31"},{"link_name":"ICSD-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Classification_of_Sleep_Disorders#ICSD-3_(2014)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"ICD 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD_10"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Idiopathic hypersomnia lacks a clearly defining biological marker (i.e. HLA-DQB10602 genotype in narcolepsy). Doctors can more carefully exclude these causes of EDS in order to more correctly diagnose IH.[18] However, \"even in the presence of other specific causes of hypersomnia, one should carefully assess the contribution of these etiological factors to the complaint of EDS and when specific treatments of these conditions fail to suppress EDS, the additional diagnosis of IH should be considered.\"[24]The severity of EDS can be quantified by subjective scales, such as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, and also by objective tests, like actigraphy, psychomotor vigilance task, maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT),[25] multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) although as per latest research studies, the effectiveness of MSLT has been called into question.[26][27] Several groups of researchers have found normal MSLT results in patients who otherwise seem to have IH. Therefore, when IH is suspected, researchers suggest appending a 24-hour continuous polysomnography to the standard overnight/MSLT study in order to record total sleep time.[28]The recent studies have also found that reports of sleepiness in IH relate more to mental fatigue rather than physiological sleepiness per se and the subjective scales like ESS, IH symptom diary (IHSD) and PGIC better captures the severity of symptoms consistently.[29]It is also important to note that whereas narcolepsy is strongly associated with the HLA-DQB10602 genotype,[20] \"HLA typing is of no help in the positive diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia.\"[18] This is \"despite some reports that suggest an increase [sic] frequency of HLA Cw2 and DRS in idiopathic hypersomnia subjects.\"[18]In patients with IH, polysomnography typically shows short sleep latency, increased mean slow wave sleep, and a high mean sleep efficiency. \"Latency to REM sleep and percentages of light sleep and REM sleep were normal, compared with normal ranges.\"[30] Despite this, one study has found increased sleep fragmentation in patients with IH without long sleep time, suggesting multiple possible presentations.[31]Per ICSD-3, five criteria[clarification needed] must be met for a diagnosis of IH:Daytime lapses into sleep or an irrepressible need to sleep on a daily basis, for at least 3 months\nAbsence of insufficient sleep syndrome\nAbsence of cataplexy\nAbsence of other causes of hypersomnia\nThe presence of positive MSLT tests.[32][33][34]The latest ICD 10 defines IH with long sleep time as a neurological disorder that is a rare sleep disorder characterized by prolonged sleep at night and extreme sleepiness during the day. There are no apparent causes. This disorder affects the ability to function. It is of central nervous system origin characterized by prolonged nocturnal sleep and periods of daytime drowsiness. Affected individuals experience difficulty with awakening in the morning and may have associated sleep drunkenness, automatic behaviors, and memory disturbances. This condition differs from narcolepsy in that daytime sleep periods are longer, there is no association with cataplexy, and the multiple sleep latency onset test does not record sleep-onset rapid eye movement sleep.[35]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fdaref-5"},{"link_name":"off-label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-label"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-orig-8-28"}],"text":"Since the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood, treatment efforts have usually focused on symptom management. In August 2021, low-sodium oxybate (Xywav) became the first U.S. FDA-approved treatment for idiopathic hypersomnia.[5]\nWake-promoting medications used in narcolepsy are also commonly used off-label to help manage the excessive daytime sleepiness of IH. CNS stimulants tend to be less effective for IH than they are for narcolepsy and may be less well tolerated.[28]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate"},{"link_name":"Dextroamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextroamphetamine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Mignot-20"},{"link_name":"Insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epocrates_adderall-36"}],"sub_title":"Stimulants","text":"The main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness is done through central nervous system stimulants.Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine are most used stimulants to controlled EDS. Increased dopamine release is felt to be the main property explaining wake-promotion from these medications.[20] Insomnia is another common side effect and may require additional treatment.[36]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solriamfetol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solriamfetol"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Pitolisant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitolisant"},{"link_name":"Modafinil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil"},{"link_name":"Armodafinil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armodafinil"},{"link_name":"hypothalamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic"},{"link_name":"histamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epocrates_provigil-39"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Mignot-20"}],"sub_title":"Non-stimulant wake-promoting medications","text":"Solriamfetol is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea.[37]Pitolisant, a selective histamine 3 (H3) receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, was approved by FDA during August 2019. It works by increasing the synthesis and release of histamine, a wake-promoting neurotransmitter in the brain.Modafinil and Armodafinil elevate hypothalamic histamine levels,[38] and they are known to bind to the dopamine transporter, thereby inhibiting dopamine reuptake. Modafinil can cause uncomfortable side effects, including nausea, headache, and a dry mouth for some patients, while other patients report no noticeable improvement even on relatively high dosages.[39] They may also \"interact with low-dose contraceptives, potentially reducing efficacy, although the scientific data supporting this claim is weak and rests on poorly documented anecdotes.\"[20]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sodium oxybate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_oxybate"},{"link_name":"orphan drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_drug"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epocrates_xyrem-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benefits_and_risk_of_sodium_oxybate_in_idiopathic_hypersomnia_versus_narcolepsy_type_1:_a_chart_review-41"},{"link_name":"Xywav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xywav"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Sleep promoting medications","text":"Sodium oxybate is an orphan drug which was designed specifically for the treatment of narcolepsy. Common side effects include nausea, dizziness, and hallucinations.[40] A 2016 study by Leu-Semenescu et al. found sodium oxybate reduced daytime sleepiness in IH to the same degree as in patients with narcolepsy type 1, and the drug improved severe sleep inertia in 71% of the hypersomnia patients.[41] In July 2020, the FDA approved Xywav™ (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates), an oral solution for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy.[42]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cognitive behavioral therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy"},{"link_name":"self-efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacy"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBT1-43"}],"sub_title":"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy","text":"Although behavioral approaches have not been demonstrated to improve clinical markers of IH, cognitive behavioral therapy has been found to potentially reduce depressive symptoms and improve self-efficacy in people with central disorders of hypersomnolence.[43]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-5-6"}],"text":"IH can profoundly affect work, education, and quality of life due to excessive daytime somnolence. Patients will often need to adapt their lifestyle to avoid situations that might be dangerous while sleepy, such as high risk work, or driving. The risks associated with these activities have been found to be higher for patients with hypersomnias than for those with sleep apnea or severe insomnia.[6]","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-orig-5-44"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Bassetti-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Bassetti-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-3-4"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007_Anderson-30"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BilliardSonka2016-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MallampalliCarter2014-46"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-1-26"},{"link_name":"rare disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_disease"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-1-26"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orphanet_narc-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orphanet_ih-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medscape_IH_Epidemiology-49"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-5-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-5-6"}],"text":"Typically, the symptoms of IH begin in adolescence or young adulthood, although they can begin at a later age.[44][15] After onset, hypersomnia often worsens over several years,[15] but it is often stable by the time of diagnosis and appears to be a lifelong condition.[4] Spontaneous remission is only seen in 10–15% of patients.[30][45]According to the limited epidemiological data that exists, IH \"has more of a female preponderance (1.8/1).\"[46] Family cases are frequent, in a range from 25% to 66% without any clear mode of inheritance.\"[26]IH has long been considered a rare disease, believed to be 10 times less frequent than narcolepsy.[26] The prevalence of narcolepsy (with cataplexy) is estimated between 1/3,300 and 1/5,000.[47] Although the true prevalence of IH is unknown, it is estimated at 1/10,000 to 1/25,000 for the long sleep form and 1/11,000 to 1/100,000 without long sleep.[48] A more precise estimate \"is complicated by a lack of clear biologic markers\" and a lack of \"unambiguous diagnostic criteria.\"[49]Because of the rarity of IH, research into the condition is limited \"Patients are rare, researchers and scientists involved in the field are few and research findings are therefore scarce.\"[6] \"In Europe and in North America there is now a public health concern about helping patients and families affected by these rare diseases. Due to the complexity of the disease, they often experience difficulties to be diagnosed and often face social and professional consequences.\"[6]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"clarithromycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycin"},{"link_name":"flumazenil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumazenil"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clinicaltrials.gov_Flumazenil-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarithro_Trial-23"},{"link_name":"Flumazenil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumazenil"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepine overdose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose"},{"link_name":"GABAA receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA-A_receptors"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clinicaltrials.gov_Flumazenil-22"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flumazenil_Infusion_Case_Report-52"},{"link_name":"Clarithromycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycin"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_Sleep_Abstract-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_Clari_Retrospective-54"},{"link_name":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid34031871-55"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Sleep_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid34743789-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AASM_GAG-57"}],"sub_title":"GABA-directed medications","text":"There is ongoing research into the efficacy of gamma aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor antagonists for the treatment of IH.[50] Research findings suggest that the GABA neurotransmitter system plays a significant role in the etiology of primary hypersomnias, such as IH and Narcolepsy Type 2.[51] Given the possible role of hyperactive GABAA receptors in IH, medications that could counteract this activity are being studied to test their potential to improve sleepiness. These currently include clarithromycin and flumazenil.[22][23]Flumazenil, a GABAA receptor antagonist is approved by the FDA for use in anesthesia reversal and benzodiazepine overdose. Research has shown that flumazenil provides relief for most patients whose CSF contains the unknown \"somnogen\" that enhances the function of GABAA receptors, making them more susceptible to the sleep-inducing effect of GABA. For one patient, daily administration of flumazenil by sublingual lozenge and topical cream has proven effective for several years.[22] A 2014 case report also showed improvement in IH symptoms after treatment with a continuous subcutaneous flumazenil administration. The patient was treated with a short-term subcutaneous administration through 96-hour continuous low dose (4 mg/day) infusion of flumazenil, followed by a slow-release long term subcutaneous administration through flumazenil implant.[52]Clarithromycin, an antibiotic approved by the FDA for the treatment of infections, was found to return the function of the GABA system to normal in patients with IH. In the pilot study, clarithromycin improved subjective sleepiness in GABA-related hypersomnia.[53] In 2013, a retrospective review evaluating longer-term clarithromycin use showed efficacy in a large percentage of patients with GABA-related hypersomnia.[54] A 2021 Cochrane study determined that the evidence is inadequate to definitively determine the efficacy of clarithromycin in the management of idiopathic hypersomnia.[55] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2021 clinical practice guidelines conditionally suggested its use, especially for those who don't respond to other therapies.[56][57]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS)","text":"Dr. Ferini-Strambi and his colleagues in Milan, Italy, performed neurologic examinations by applying anodal tDCS by placing one electrode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with the cathode over the contralateral orbit over 3 weeks period and found that seven of the eight participants (87.5%) reported improvement in their daytime sleepiness, including for up to two weeks after the end of the study.[58][59]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurostimulation#Non-invasive_brain_stimulation"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)","text":"Neural networks that regulate arousal and sleep comprise a bottom-up (from the brainstem to the cortex) pathway and a top-down (corticothalamic) pathway. The bottom-up pathway emerges from the ascending reticular arousal system (ARAS) and activates the cortex via well-characterized thalamic and nonthalamic pathways through cholinergic and aminergic neurotransmission. The bottom-up pathway represents the leverage point for pharmaceutical interventions. It is complemented by a corticothalamic top-down pathway, which appears to be modifiable through noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques.[60]\nA single case report study indicates that high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) might represent an alternative choice for symptom control in narcoleptic patients with cataplexy. rTMS may also exert intrinsic effects on hypersomnia in depressed adolescents.[61]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mazindol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazindol"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdenugaAttarian2014-62"}],"sub_title":"Mazindol","text":"Mazindol is a stimulant similar to amphetamines that \"has been shown to be effective in treating hypersomnia in narcoleptics.\" However, it is not currently approved in the US.[62]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selegiline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selegiline"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Mignot-20"}],"sub_title":"Selegiline","text":"Selegiline, monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor works by slowing the breakdown of certain substances in the brain (mostly dopamine, but also serotonin and norepinephrine). It may also be useful, as it is also a metabolic precursor of amphetamine and exerts most of its therapeutic effects through amphetamine metabolism. It is not commonly prescribed for people with narcolepsy because of the high dosage required and potential for severe side effects.[20]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atomoxetine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomoxetine"},{"link_name":"reboxetine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboxetine"},{"link_name":"adrenergic reuptake inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Mignot-20"}],"sub_title":"Atomoxetine","text":"Atomoxetine (or reboxetine in Europe) is an adrenergic reuptake inhibitor which increases wakefulness (generally less strongly than the medications which act on dopamine) and which has been argued to have a \"clear use in the therapeutic arsenal against narcolepsy and hypersomnia although undocumented by clinical trials.\"[20]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ritanserin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritanserin"},{"link_name":"serotonin antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdenugaAttarian2014-62"}],"sub_title":"Ritanserin","text":"Ritanserin is a serotonin antagonist that has \"been shown to improve daytime alertness and subjective sleep quality in patients on their usual narcolepsy medications.\" It is intended as an adjunct (supplement to another main therapeutic agent), and although it is not available in the US, it is available in Europe.[62]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fluoxetine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine"},{"link_name":"Bupropion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fluoxetine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine"},{"link_name":"serotonin reuptake inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Antidepressants","text":"Antidepressants seems to have some therapeutic effects as they enhance synaptic levels of noradrenaline and serotonin. Further, different medicines are known to augment the activity of one another like as seen in the case of Fluoxetine which augmented the activity of methylphenidate when taken together.Bupropion, a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), which works by inhibiting the reabsorption of two important brain chemicals – norepinephrine and dopamine, is known to have wake-promoting effects. [citation needed]Fluoxetine, an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class is also known to have mild stimulating effects. It is also known to augment the activity of methylphenidate.[63]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caffeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Mignot-20"}],"sub_title":"Caffeine","text":"Caffeine is one of the safer nondopaminergic wake-promoting compounds. It is widely used but \"has intolerable side effects at high doses (including cardiovascular), and it is generally not efficient enough for patients with hypersomnia or narcolepsy.\"[20] Although it is commonly used by people with IH or narcolepsy, many people with these disorders report that it has only limited benefit on their sleepiness.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melatonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin_(medication)"}],"sub_title":"Melatonin","text":"Melatonin is a hormone that the body produces to help regulate sleep. One small study, which used a dose of 2 mg slow-release melatonin at bedtime, found that 50% of participants had “shortened nocturnal sleep duration, decreased sleep drunkenness and relieved daytime sleepiness.” Other studies have shown that melatonin synchronizes the circadian rhythms, and improves the “onset, duration and quality of sleep.”","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"levothyroxine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine"},{"link_name":"subclinical hypothyroidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclinical_hypothyroidism"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-orig-11-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-4-65"},{"link_name":"hypothyroidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epocrates_levothyroxine-66"}],"sub_title":"Levothyroxine","text":"There have been some studies suggesting levothyroxine as a possible treatment for IH, especially for patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.[64][65] This treatment does carry potential risks (especially for patients without hypothyroidism or subclinical hypothroidism), which include cardiac arrhythmia.[66]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blood–brain barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier"},{"link_name":"Suvorexant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvorexant"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Mignot-20"}],"sub_title":"Hypocretin agonists","text":"Hypocretin-1 has been shown to be strongly wake-promoting in animal models, but it does not cross the blood–brain barrier. Suvorexant, a hypocretin receptor antagonist, has been developed to limit the natural effects of hypocretin in patients with insomnia. It is therefore possible that a hypocretin agonist may be similarly developed for the treatment of hypersomnia.[20]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor","text":"Antidepressants seems to have some therapeutic effects as they enhance synaptic levels of noradrenaline and serotonin and for same reason enhancing the levels of acetylcholine may have some therapeutic effect. Donepezil showed improvement in one patient by decreasing ESS score from 20 up to 14.[67] Memantine has also shown some positive effect on a patient with narcolepsy.[68]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levodopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levodopa"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Levodopa","text":"Levodopa is an amino acid and is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). As per a study of six narcoleptic patients it was found that L-dopa improved vigilance and performance as evaluated by the AVS and the FCRTT, while the capacity to fall asleep rapidly remained unchanged as evaluated by the MSLT. It raises the hypothesis that dopamine may play a role in the physiopathology of excessive daytime sleepiness of this condition.[69]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnitine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_Miyagawa-71"},{"link_name":"acetyl-L-carnitine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcarnitine"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009_Miyagawa-72"},{"link_name":"L-carnitine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_Miyagawa-73"}],"sub_title":"Carnitine","text":"Carnitine, has also been shown to improve narcolepsy symptoms (including daytime sleepiness) by increasing fatty-acid oxidation.[70] Abnormally low levels of acylcarnitine have been observed in patients with narcolepsy.[71] These same low levels have been associated with primary hypersomnia in general in mouse studies. \"Mice with systemic carnitine deficiency exhibit a higher frequency of fragmented wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and reduced locomotor activity.\" Administration of acetyl-L-carnitine was shown to improve these symptoms in mice.[72] A subsequent human trial found that narcolepsy patients given L-carnitine spent less total time in daytime sleep than patients who were given placebo.[73]","title":"Research"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of investigational sleep drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_investigational_sleep_drugs"},{"title":"Altered level of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_level_of_consciousness"},{"title":"Wakefulness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefulness"},{"title":"Sleep study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_study"},{"title":"Sleep medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_medicine"},{"title":"Sleep hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_hygiene"},{"title":"Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep"},{"title":"Neuroscience of sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep"},{"title":"Ascending reticular activating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_reticular_activating_system"},{"title":"Circadian rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm"},{"title":"Somnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnology"},{"title":"Stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"title":"Nootropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic"},{"title":"Doping in sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_sport"},{"title":"List of drugs banned by WADA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drugs_banned_by_WADA"}]	[{"reference":"Billiard M, Sonka K (2022). \"Idiopathic Hypersomnia: Historical Account, Critical Review of Current Tests and Criteria, Diagnostic Evaluation in the Absence of Biological Markers and Robust Electrophysiological Diagnostic Criteria\". Nature and Science of Sleep. 14: 311–322. doi:10.2147/NSS.S266090. PMC 9017389. PMID 35450222.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9017389","url_text":"\"Idiopathic Hypersomnia: Historical Account, Critical Review of Current Tests and Criteria, Diagnostic Evaluation in the Absence of Biological Markers and Robust Electrophysiological Diagnostic Criteria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2FNSS.S266090","url_text":"10.2147/NSS.S266090"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9017389","url_text":"9017389"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35450222","url_text":"35450222"}]},{"reference":"Billiard M, Rondouin G, Espa F, Dauvilliers Y, Besset A (November 2001). \"[Physiopathology of idiopathic hypersomnia. Current studies and new orientations]\". Revue Neurologique. 157 (11 Pt 2): S101–106. ISSN 0035-3787. PMID 11924018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11924018/","url_text":"\"[Physiopathology of idiopathic hypersomnia. Current studies and new orientations]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-3787","url_text":"0035-3787"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11924018","url_text":"11924018"}]},{"reference":"\"International classification of sleep disorders, revised: Diagnostic and coding manual\" (PDF). American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726034931/http://www.esst.org/adds/ICSD.pdf","url_text":"\"International classification of sleep disorders, revised: Diagnostic and coding manual\""},{"url":"http://www.esst.org/adds/ICSD.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA Approves First Drug for Idiopathic Hypersomnia\". Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210812205606/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/956533","url_text":"\"FDA Approves First Drug for Idiopathic Hypersomnia\""},{"url":"https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/956533","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bayon V, Léger D, Philip P (2009). \"Socio-professional handicap and accidental risk in patients with hypersomnias of central origin\". Sleep Med Rev. 13 (6): 421–426. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.02.001. PMID 19493688.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.smrv.2009.02.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.smrv.2009.02.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19493688","url_text":"19493688"}]},{"reference":"\"Idiopathic Hypersomnia (GARD)\". Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211208190735/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/8737/idiopathic-hypersomnia","url_text":"\"Idiopathic Hypersomnia (GARD)\""},{"url":"https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/8737/idiopathic-hypersomnia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trotti L, Arnulf I (2021). \"Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Other Hypersomnia Syndromes\". Neurotherapeutics. 18 (1): 20–31. doi:10.1007/s13311-020-00919-1. PMC 8116415. PMID 32901432.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116415","url_text":"\"Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Other Hypersomnia Syndromes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13311-020-00919-1","url_text":"10.1007/s13311-020-00919-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116415","url_text":"8116415"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32901432","url_text":"32901432"}]},{"reference":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-IV-. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2000. ISBN 0-89042-025-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89042-025-4","url_text":"0-89042-025-4"}]},{"reference":"Trotti LM (September 2017). \"Idiopathic Hypersomnia\". Sleep Medicine Clinics. 12 (3): 331–344. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2017.03.009. PMC 5558858. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towel_Power	Towel Power	["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Incident","1.3 Aftermath","2 References","3 External links"]	Vancouver Canucks hockey fan tradition Towel Power in Vancouver during the Canucks' 2007 NHL Playoffs Towel Power is a term used by the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL) to describe the waving of rally towels by their fans. The tradition started in the 1982 Campbell Conference Finals when Vancouver played the Chicago Blackhawks. During game two of the series, head coach Roger Neilson waved a white towel on the end of a hockey stick in a mock surrender after being upset with the officiating. Neilson was ejected and the Canucks lost 4–1. When Vancouver returned home from Chicago for the following game fans supported both Neilson and the Canucks by waving towels first at the airport when the team arrived and then during the next game. The Canucks won the next three games and advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals where they were defeated by the New York Islanders. As part of the tradition, the Canucks hand out towels prior to playoff games for fans to help support the team. History Background Towels laid out on each seat at the Pacific Coliseum prior to the 2007 Memorial Cup final in Vancouver. Late in the 1981–82 season the Vancouver Canucks played a game against the Quebec Nordiques in Quebec City. During the game Canucks' enforcer, Tiger Williams was punched by a fan. In response Canucks' head coach Harry Neale went into the crowd to "get the fan" and a few players followed suit. For his actions NHL President John Ziegler suspended Neale for 10 games that began with six games remaining in the season and first four playoff games. Therefore, assistant coach Roger Neilson took over the head coaching duties for Neale. Vancouver finished the year with a 30–33–17 record, second in the Smythe Division, and qualified them for the playoffs. Despite the losing record, the Canucks finished the year with an eight-game unbeaten streak, which continued into their first round match-up with the Calgary Flames. Vancouver swept the Flames in three straight games advancing to the second round where they faced the Los Angeles Kings. With Canucks' General Manager Jake Milford retiring and Neale set to replace him, Neale told Milford to keep Neilson as head coach permanently, believing the team had bonded under his guidance. With Neilson remaining as head coach, the Canucks eliminated the Kings in five games and advanced to the Campbell Conference Finals against the Chicago Blackhawks. Incident Neilson's statue depicting the beginning of Towel Power Vancouver won the first game of the series in Chicago 2–1 in double overtime, but fell behind in game two 3–1. During the game the Canucks felt that referee Bob Myers was making questionable calls against them. A series of events in the third period ignited tempers. First, Vancouver had a goal disallowed. Soon after, there was a perceived non-call against Chicago, followed by a fourth consecutive penalty called against the Canucks. Denis Savard scored on the power play to put the Black Hawks up 4–1. This enraged the Canucks' bench. Assistant coach Ron Smith yelled out "We give up, we surrender, we give up." Williams suggested to Neilson that he throw sticks onto the ice in protest. Neilson noted that he had done that before, and he had a better idea. He proceeded to take a white towel and place it on the end of a hockey stick holding it up in a mock surrender; some of the Canucks' players followed suit. Neilson was ejected from the game along with two players. Vancouver goaltender, Richard Brodeur later noted that although they lost the game the atmosphere in the dressing room was so positive it was as if they had won. Original towel from game 4 against the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1982 playoffs. Aftermath Neilson was fined $1,000 and the franchise was fined $10,000 as a result of the incident. Myers later called Neilson's action "bush league". While NHL executive vice-president Brian O'Neill stated that the mock surrender "disgraced the championship series," Canucks' captain, Stan Smyl, noted that several players were "surprised" by Neilson's action because the coach had always been "respectful", and it was an "extreme way for him to react". When the Canucks returned home, they were greeted by fans at the airport waving towels in support of the team. During game three, fans waved towels to show support for the Canucks. Former professional football player, wrestler, and five time world belly flop champion Butts Giraud got permission from the team to start selling towels with the phrase "Canucks Take no Survivors". He initially had 5,000 of them made at $1 apiece and sold 1,000 of them right away, proceeds going to charity. Giraud would sell 30,000 towels personally, the proceeds for charity amounted to $23,000. Vancouver won game three 4–3 to take the lead in the series. For game four there were more fans waving towels as the Canucks won again 5–3. Vancouver won game five in Chicago and advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals, where they were swept by the New York Islanders. To continue the tradition, the organization produces 20,500 white towels with the Canucks logo for each playoff game. Following his first playoff game in 2007 Vancouver forward Alex Burrows stated "It looks like the fans are really into the game and the atmosphere out there is something else, people are really passionate instead of just sitting and no one moving or anything like some places. It just creates movement and it seems like there is more enthusiasm and intensity in the building." As part of their 40th season celebration the Canucks organization commissioned a permanent statue of Neilson. Standing over 11 feet tall and weighing over 800 pounds, the bronze statue depicts Neilson's mock surrender which started towel power. During their 50th season celebration, the Canucks again acknowledged Neilson's creation of the tradition, this time in a pre-game ceremony where five players from the 1982 Canucks team reenacted the mock surrender at centre ice. The first use of rally towels in professional sports was the Pittsburgh Steelers football team's Terrible Towel, in 1975. Minnesota Twins first used Homer Hanky towels in 1987. In recent years, other NHL hockey teams have used rally towels at home games, including the Anaheim Ducks Fowl Towels. References ^ a b c d e Weiner, Evan (2010-04-30). "Vancouver's towel-power tradition has Quebec roots". National Hockey League. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2011-07-18. ^ "1981-1982 Regular Season". National Hockey League. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2011-07-18. ^ a b c d "1981-82 Vancouver Canucks Schedule and Results". Hockey Reference. Archived from the original on 2011-08-16. Retrieved 2011-07-18. ^ a b c d e f Colebourn, John (2011-06-06). "How Towel Power was born". The Province. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2011-07-20. ^ a b c d e f Jory, Derek (2011-06-04). "Towel power". Vancouver Canucks. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2011-07-20. ^ a b c d Douglas, Greg; Kerr, Grant; Raible, Garry (2010), Canucks at Forty: Our Game, Our Stories, Our Passion, Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd., pp. 91–92, ISBN 978-0-470-67916-6 ^ McIndoe, Sean (November 22, 2013). "NHL Grab Bag: Everyone in Toronto Seems Extremely Chill About Clarkson's First Goal". Grantland.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017. ^ Len, Corben (April 18, 2012). "INSTANT REPLAY: The real story behind the White Towel". North Shore Outlook. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. ^ "CELEBRATE 25 YEARS OF TOWEL POWER - Vancouver Canucks - Team". Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved 2013-05-01. ^ Clifford, Dale (2011-04-09). "Statue honours Roger Neilson". Peterborough Examiner. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-24. ^ "Canucks to unveil permanent outdoor tribute to Roger Neilson". Vancouver Canucks. 2011-04-04. Archived from the original on 2011-04-07. Retrieved 2012-10-24. ^ Pickens, Pat (2019-12-07). "Canucks turn back clock with Flying V, Flying Skate jerseys on 80s Day". NHL. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2021-01-19. ^ McGuire, Tim (2010-09-24). "Homer Hanky history: The making of a successful promotion campaign". MinnPost. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-12. ^ Amen, Rob (2007-10-26). "Terrible Towel copycats". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved 2008-06-10. External links Complete description of the "Towel Power" night from vancouverhistory.ca vteVancouver Canucks Founded in 1970 Based in Vancouver, British Columbia Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Expansion draft Seasons Current season History History WHL years Records Award winners Retired numbers Broadcasters Personnel Owner(s) Canucks Sports & Entertainment (Francesco Aquilini, chairman) President Jim Rutherford General manager Patrik Allvin Head coach Rick Tocchet Team captain Quinn Hughes Current roster Arenas Pacific Coliseum Rogers Arena Rivalries Calgary Flames Affiliates AHL Abbotsford Canucks ECHL Kalamazoo Wings Media TV Sportsnet Pacific Radio Sportsnet 650 Culture and lore Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident Fin the Whale The Green Men Robin Scherbatsky "The House That Heaven Built" I'm Just Here for the Riot Ring of Honour Towel Power West Coast Express Mark Donnelly Jim Robson 1994 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot 2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot 2014 Heritage Classic Thunderbird Sports Centre Category WikiProject Commons vte1981–82 NHL seasonPatrick NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington Adams Boston Buffalo Hartford Montreal Quebec Norris Chicago Detroit Minnesota St. Louis Toronto Winnipeg Smythe Calgary Colorado Edmonton Los Angeles Vancouver See also Draft Waiver Draft All-Star Game Stanley Cup playoffs Miracle on Manchester Towel Power Stanley Cup Finals	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Towelpower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"rally towels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_towel"},{"link_name":"1982 Campbell Conference Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"Roger Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Neilson"},{"link_name":"surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_(military)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"New York Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Islanders"}],"text":"Vancouver Canucks hockey fan traditionTowel Power in Vancouver during the Canucks' 2007 NHL PlayoffsTowel Power is a term used by the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL) to describe the waving of rally towels by their fans. The tradition started in the 1982 Campbell Conference Finals when Vancouver played the Chicago Blackhawks. During game two of the series, head coach Roger Neilson waved a white towel on the end of a hockey stick in a mock surrender after being upset with the officiating. Neilson was ejected and the Canucks lost 4–1. When Vancouver returned home from Chicago for the following game fans supported both Neilson and the Canucks by waving towels first at the airport when the team arrived and then during the next game. The Canucks won the next three games and advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals where they were defeated by the New York Islanders. As part of the tradition, the Canucks hand out towels prior to playoff games for fans to help support the team.","title":"Towel Power"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Memorial_Cup_towels.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"2007 Memorial Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Memorial_Cup"},{"link_name":"1981–82 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"Quebec Nordiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"enforcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcer_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Tiger Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Williams"},{"link_name":"Harry Neale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Neale"},{"link_name":"NHL President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_President"},{"link_name":"John Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ziegler_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Roger Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Neilson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roots-1"},{"link_name":"Smythe Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smythe_Division"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Calgary Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Flames"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-3"},{"link_name":"General Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager"},{"link_name":"Jake Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Milford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roots-1"},{"link_name":"Campbell Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Conference_(NHL)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-3"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Towels laid out on each seat at the Pacific Coliseum prior to the 2007 Memorial Cup final in Vancouver.Late in the 1981–82 season the Vancouver Canucks played a game against the Quebec Nordiques in Quebec City. During the game Canucks' enforcer, Tiger Williams was punched by a fan. In response Canucks' head coach Harry Neale went into the crowd to \"get the fan\" and a few players followed suit. For his actions NHL President John Ziegler suspended Neale for 10 games that began with six games remaining in the season and first four playoff games. Therefore, assistant coach Roger Neilson took over the head coaching duties for Neale.[1] Vancouver finished the year with a 30–33–17 record, second in the Smythe Division, and qualified them for the playoffs.[2] Despite the losing record, the Canucks finished the year with an eight-game unbeaten streak, which continued into their first round match-up with the Calgary Flames. Vancouver swept the Flames in three straight games advancing to the second round where they faced the Los Angeles Kings.[3] With Canucks' General Manager Jake Milford retiring and Neale set to replace him, Neale told Milford to keep Neilson as head coach permanently, believing the team had bonded under his guidance.[1] With Neilson remaining as head coach, the Canucks eliminated the Kings in five games and advanced to the Campbell Conference Finals against the Chicago Blackhawks.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger_neilson_statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-province-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roots-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-province-4"},{"link_name":"Denis Savard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Savard"},{"link_name":"power play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_play_(sporting_term)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caf91-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-province-4"},{"link_name":"Ron Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Smith_(ice_hockey,_born_1944)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caf91-6"},{"link_name":"surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_(military)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caf91-6"},{"link_name":"goaltender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"},{"link_name":"Richard Brodeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brodeur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Towel_Power_-_Show_No_Mercy.png"}],"sub_title":"Incident","text":"Neilson's statue depicting the beginning of Towel PowerVancouver won the first game of the series in Chicago 2–1 in double overtime, but fell behind in game two 3–1.[4] During the game the Canucks felt that referee Bob Myers was making questionable calls against them.[5] A series of events in the third period ignited tempers. First, Vancouver had a goal disallowed. Soon after, there was a perceived non-call against Chicago, followed by a fourth consecutive penalty called against the Canucks.[1][4] Denis Savard scored on the power play to put the Black Hawks up 4–1.[6] This enraged the Canucks' bench.[4] Assistant coach Ron Smith yelled out \"We give up, we surrender, we give up.\"[6] Williams suggested to Neilson that he throw sticks onto the ice in protest. Neilson noted that he had done that before, and he had a better idea. He proceeded to take a white towel and place it on the end of a hockey stick holding it up in a mock surrender; some of the Canucks' players followed suit.[5][7] Neilson was ejected from the game along with two players.[6] Vancouver goaltender, Richard Brodeur later noted that although they lost the game the atmosphere in the dressing room was so positive it was as if they had won.[5]Original towel from game 4 against the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1982 playoffs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O%27Neill_(ice_hockey_b._1929)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-province-4"},{"link_name":"Stan Smyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Smyl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caf91-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-province-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roots-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-3"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"New York Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Islanders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roots-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-province-4"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"Alex Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Burrows"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"rally towels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_towel"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"Terrible Towel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrible_Towel"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"Homer Hanky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Hanky"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-5"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"Neilson was fined $1,000 and the franchise was fined $10,000 as a result of the incident. Myers later called Neilson's action \"bush league\". While NHL executive vice-president Brian O'Neill stated that the mock surrender \"disgraced the championship series,\"[4] Canucks' captain, Stan Smyl, noted that several players were \"surprised\" by Neilson's action because the coach had always been \"respectful\", and it was an \"extreme way for him to react\".When the Canucks returned home, they were greeted by fans at the airport waving towels in support of the team.[6] During game three, fans waved towels to show support for the Canucks.[4] Former professional football player, wrestler, and five time world belly flop champion Butts Giraud got permission from the team to start selling towels with the phrase \"Canucks Take no Survivors\". He initially had 5,000 of them made at $1 apiece and sold 1,000 of them right away, proceeds going to charity.[8] Giraud would sell 30,000 towels personally, the proceeds for charity amounted to $23,000.[5][9] Vancouver won game three 4–3 to take the lead in the series.[3] For game four there were more fans waving towels as the Canucks won again 5–3.[1][3] Vancouver won game five in Chicago and advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals, where they were swept by the New York Islanders.[1]To continue the tradition, the organization produces 20,500 white towels with the Canucks logo for each playoff game.[4] Following his first playoff game in 2007 Vancouver forward Alex Burrows stated \"It looks like the fans are really into the game and the atmosphere out there is something else, people are really passionate instead of just sitting and no one moving or anything like some places. It just creates movement and it seems like there is more enthusiasm and intensity in the building.\"[5] As part of their 40th season celebration the Canucks organization commissioned a permanent statue of Neilson.[10] Standing over 11 feet tall and weighing over 800 pounds, the bronze statue depicts Neilson's mock surrender which started towel power.[11] During their 50th season celebration, the Canucks again acknowledged Neilson's creation of the tradition, this time in a pre-game ceremony where five players from the 1982 Canucks team reenacted the mock surrender at centre ice.[12]The first use of rally towels in professional sports was the Pittsburgh Steelers football team's Terrible Towel, in 1975. Minnesota Twins first used Homer Hanky towels in 1987.[13][14] In recent years, other NHL hockey teams have used rally towels at home games, including the Anaheim Ducks Fowl Towels.[5]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Towel Power in Vancouver during the Canucks' 2007 NHL Playoffs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Towelpower.jpg/220px-Towelpower.jpg"},{"image_text":"Towels laid out on each seat at the Pacific Coliseum prior to the 2007 Memorial Cup final in Vancouver.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2007_Memorial_Cup_towels.jpg/200px-2007_Memorial_Cup_towels.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neilson's statue depicting the beginning of Towel Power","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Roger_neilson_statue.jpg/180px-Roger_neilson_statue.jpg"},{"image_text":"Original towel from game 4 against the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1982 playoffs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Towel_Power_-_Show_No_Mercy.png/220px-Towel_Power_-_Show_No_Mercy.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Weiner, Evan (2010-04-30). \"Vancouver's towel-power tradition has Quebec roots\". National Hockey League. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2011-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=527679","url_text":"\"Vancouver's towel-power tradition has Quebec roots\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130129234049/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=527679","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1981-1982 Regular Season\". National Hockey League. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2011-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/standings.htm?season=19811982&sort=stk&type=DIV","url_text":"\"1981-1982 Regular Season\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025065118/http://www.nhl.com/ice/standings.htm?season=19811982&sort=stk&type=DIV","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1981-82 Vancouver Canucks Schedule and Results\". Hockey Reference. Archived from the original on 2011-08-16. Retrieved 2011-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/VAN/1982_games.html","url_text":"\"1981-82 Vancouver Canucks Schedule and Results\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110816141413/http://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/VAN/1982_games.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Colebourn, John (2011-06-06). \"How Towel Power was born\". The Province. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2011-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609084740/http://www.theprovince.com/sports/Towel+Power+born/4902804/story.html","url_text":"\"How Towel Power was born\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Province","url_text":"The Province"},{"url":"https://theprovince.com/sports/Towel+Power+born/4902804/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jory, Derek (2011-06-04). \"Towel power\". Vancouver Canucks. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2011-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=558295","url_text":"\"Towel power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks","url_text":"Vancouver Canucks"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811005348/http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=558295","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Douglas, Greg; Kerr, Grant; Raible, Garry (2010), Canucks at Forty: Our Game, Our Stories, Our Passion, Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd., pp. 91–92, ISBN 978-0-470-67916-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67916-6","url_text":"978-0-470-67916-6"}]},{"reference":"McIndoe, Sean (November 22, 2013). \"NHL Grab Bag: Everyone in Toronto Seems Extremely Chill About Clarkson's First Goal\". Grantland.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://grantland.com/the-triangle/nhl-grab-bag-everyone-in-toronto-seems-extremely-chill-about-clarksons-first-goal/","url_text":"\"NHL Grab Bag: Everyone in Toronto Seems Extremely Chill About Clarkson's First Goal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050129/http://grantland.com/the-triangle/nhl-grab-bag-everyone-in-toronto-seems-extremely-chill-about-clarksons-first-goal/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Len, Corben (April 18, 2012). \"INSTANT REPLAY: The real story behind the White Towel\". North Shore Outlook. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194255/http://www.northshoreoutlook.com/sports/147942645.html","url_text":"\"INSTANT REPLAY: The real story behind the White Towel\""},{"url":"http://www.northshoreoutlook.com/sports/147942645.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CELEBRATE 25 YEARS OF TOWEL POWER - Vancouver Canucks - Team\". Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved 2013-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://canucks.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=39589","url_text":"\"CELEBRATE 25 YEARS OF TOWEL POWER - Vancouver Canucks - Team\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150204175128/http://canucks.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=39589","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clifford, Dale (2011-04-09). \"Statue honours Roger Neilson\". Peterborough Examiner. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/2011/04/09/statue-honours-roger-neilson","url_text":"\"Statue honours Roger Neilson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Examiner","url_text":"Peterborough Examiner"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191758/http://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/2011/04/09/statue-honours-roger-neilson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canucks to unveil permanent outdoor tribute to Roger Neilson\". Vancouver Canucks. 2011-04-04. Archived from the original on 2011-04-07. Retrieved 2012-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=558287","url_text":"\"Canucks to unveil permanent outdoor tribute to Roger Neilson\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110407015021/http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=558287","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pickens, Pat (2019-12-07). \"Canucks turn back clock with Flying V, Flying Skate jerseys on 80s Day\". NHL. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. 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Retrieved 2012-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2010/09/homer-hanky-history-making-successful-promotion-campaign","url_text":"\"Homer Hanky history: The making of a successful promotion campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinnPost.com","url_text":"MinnPost"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200732/http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2010/09/homer-hanky-history-making-successful-promotion-campaign","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Amen, Rob (2007-10-26). \"Terrible Towel copycats\". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_liberation_theology	Black theology	["1 History","1.1 United States","1.2 South Africa","1.3 Britain","2 Criticism","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading"]	Theological perspective Part of a series onAfrican Americans History Periods Timeline Atlantic slave trade Abolitionism in the United States Slavery in the colonial history of the US Revolutionary War Antebellum period Slavery and military history during the Civil War Reconstruction era Politicians Juneteenth Civil rights movement (1865–1896) Jim Crow era (1896–1954) Civil rights movement (1954–1968) Black power movement Post–civil rights era Aspects Agriculture history Black Belt in the American South Business history Military history Treatment of the enslaved Migrations Great Migration Second Great Migration New Great Migration Culture Lifeways Dance Family structure Film Folktales Music Musical theater Names Neighborhoods Newspapers Soul food Schools Education during the slave 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the US census Racism against Black Americans Reparations for slavery School segregation in the US Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers Stereotypes and media depictions Blackface Criminal stereotypes Hollywood Magical Negro Minstrel show United States portal Category Indexvte Part of a series onTheism Types of faith Agnosticism Apatheism Atheism Classical theism Deism Henotheism Ietsism Ignosticism Monotheism Monism Dualism Monolatry Kathenotheism Omnism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Specific conceptions Brahman Creator Demiurge Deus Father Form of the Good God Great Architect Monad Mother Summum bonum Supreme Being Sustainer The Lord Trinity Tawhid Ditheism Monism Personal Unitarianism In particular religions Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam Baháʼí Faith Mormonism Mandaeism Samaritanism Indo-Iranian Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Yungdrung Bon Zoroastrianism Chinese Tian Shangdi Hongjun Laozu Attributes Eternalness Existence Gender Names ("God") Omnibenevolence Omnipotence Omnipresence Omniscience Aseity Transcendence ExperiencesPractices Belief Esotericism Faith Fideism Gnosis Hermeticism Metaphysics Mysticism Prayer Revelation Worship Related topics Euthyphro dilemma God complex God gene Theology Ontology Problem of evil (theodicy) Religion philosophy texts Portrayals of God in popular media Religion portal vte Black theology, or black liberation theology, refers to a theological perspective which originated among African-American seminarians and scholars, and in some black churches in the United States and later in other parts of the world. It contextualizes Christianity in an attempt to help those of African descent overcome oppression. It especially focuses on the injustices committed against African Americans and black South Africans during American segregation and apartheid, respectively. Black theology seeks to liberate non-white people from multiple forms of political, social, economic, and religious subjugation and views Christian theology as a theology of liberation: "a rational study of the being of God in the world in light of the existential situation of an oppressed community, relating the forces of liberation to the essence of the Gospel, which is Jesus Christ", writes James H. Cone, one of the original advocates of the perspective. Black theology mixes Christianity with questions of civil rights, particularly raised by the Black Power movement, Black supremacy, and the Black Consciousness Movement. History Modern American origins of contemporary black theology can be traced to July 31, 1966, when an ad hoc group of 51 concerned clergy, calling themselves the National Committee of Negro Churchmen, bought a full page ad in The New York Times to publish their "Black Power Statement", which proposed a more aggressive approach to combating racism using the Bible for inspiration. Black theology arose as an affirmation of black Christians in response to critiques from a range of sources, including black Muslims, that claimed Christianity was a "white man's religion", white Christians that saw black churches as inferior, black Marxists that saw religion as an unscientific tool of the oppressor, and black power advocates who saw being Christian as incompatible with being black. In American history, ideas of race and slavery were supported by many Christians from particular readings of the Bible. The Southern Baptist Convention supported slavery and slaveholders; it was not until June 20, 1995, that the formal Declaration of Repentance was adopted. This non-binding resolution declared that racism, in all its forms, is deplorable" and "lamented on a national scale and is also repudiated in history as an act of evil from which a continued bitter harvest unfortunately is reaped." The convention offered an apology for "condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime" and repentance for "racism of which many have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously. These historic events are used to associate Christianity with racism but the Bible stresses that race is irrelevant: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus" (Galatians 3:28). Cone relates that, once upon a time it was acceptable to lynch a black man by hanging him from the tree; but today's economics destroy him by crowding many into a ghetto and letting filth and despair put the final touch on a coveted death. Black theology deals primarily with the African-American community to make Christianity real for black people. It explains Christianity as a matter of liberation here and now, rather than in an afterlife. The goal of black theology is not for special treatment. Instead, "All Black theologians are asking for is for freedom and justice. No more, and no less. In asking for this, the black theologians, turn to scripture as the sanction for their demand. The Psalmist writes for instance, "If God is going to see righteousness established in the land, he himself must be particularly active as "the helper of the fatherless" (Psalm 10:14) to "deliver the needy when he crieth; and the poor that hath no helper" (Psalm 72:12). Black theology would eventually develop outside of the United States to the United Kingdom and parts of Africa, especially addressing apartheid in South Africa. United States James H. Cone first addressed this theology after Malcolm X's proclamation against Christianity being taught as "a white man's religion" in the 1950s. According to black religion expert Jonathan L. Walton: James Cone believed that the New Testament revealed Jesus as one who identified with those suffering under oppression, the socially marginalized and the cultural outcasts. And since the socially constructed categories of race in America (i.e., whiteness and blackness) had come to culturally signify dominance (whiteness) and oppression (blackness), from a theological perspective, Cone argued that Jesus reveals himself as black in order to disrupt and dismantle white oppression. Black theology contends that dominant cultures have corrupted Christianity, and the result is a mainstream faith-based empire that serves its own interests, not God's interests. Black theology asks whose side should God be on – the side of the oppressed or the side of the oppressors. If God values justice over victimization, then God desires that all oppressed people should be liberated. According to Cone, if God is not just, if God does not desire justice, then God needs to be done away with. Liberation from a false god who privileges whites, and the realization of an alternative and true God who desires the empowerment of the oppressed through self-definition, self-affirmation, and self-determination is the core of black theology. Black theology largely foregoes intricate, philosophical views of God, instead, it focuses on God as "God in action", delivering the oppressed because of his righteousness. The central theme of African-American popular religion, as well as abolitionists like Harriet Tubman, was the Old Testament God of Moses freeing the ancient Hebrews from Egyptian rulers. Likewise, Cone based much of his liberationist theology on God's deliverance of Israel from Egypt in the Book of Exodus. He compared the United States to Egypt, predicting that oppressed people will soon be led to a promised land. For Cone, the theme of Yahweh's concern was for "the lack of social, economic, and political justice for those who are poor and unwanted in society." Cone argued that the same God is working for the deliverance of oppressed black Americans. Cone agreed with the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, affirming that Jesus is "truly God and truly man". Cone argued that Jesus' role was to liberate the oppressed, using the Gospel of Luke to illustrate this point: "the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor have the good news preached to them" (Luke 7:22). Cone also argued that, "We cannot solve ethical questions of the twentieth century by looking at what Jesus did in the first. Our choices are not the same as his. Being Christians does not mean following 'in his steps.'" Cone objected to the persistent portrayal of Jesus as white: It's very important because you've got a lot of white images of Christ. In reality, Christ was not white, not European. That's important to the psychic and to the spiritual consciousness of Black people who live in a ghetto and in a white society in which their lord and savior looks just like people who victimize them. God is whatever color God needs to be in order to let people know they're not nobodies, they're somebodies. South Africa Black theology was popularized in southern Africa in the early 1970s by Basil Moore, a Methodist theologian in South Africa. It helped to give rise to, and developed in parallel with, the Black Consciousness Movement. Black theology was particularly influential in South Africa and Namibia for motivating resistance to apartheid. This movement would also be closely related to the South African Kairos Document. Southern African black theologians include Barney Pityana, Allan Boesak, and Itumeleng Mosala. On the African continent, a distinction is often made between black theology, with its emphasis on liberation in southern Africa, and African theology, with its focus on drawing on African cultural ideas towards the inculturation of Christian theology. Britain In the United Kingdom, Robert Beckford is a prominent black theology practitioner. He was the first in the UK to develop and teach a course on black theology at an academic level. Although it is not limited to the British context, an academic journal which has been a key outlet for the discourse around black theology in Britain has been Black Theology, edited by Anthony G. Reddie. Criticism Anthony Bradley of The Christian Post interprets that the language of "economic parity" and references to "mal-distribution" as nothing more than channeling the views of Karl Marx. He believes James H. Cone and Cornel West have worked to incorporate Marxist thought into the black church, forming an ethical framework predicated on a system of oppressor class versus a victim much like Marxism. However, it is known, that White Christianity was the strategy used to justify slavery and to keep enslaved, the black population. Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago, has been cited in the press and by Cone as the best example of a church formally founded on the vision of black theology. The 2008 Jeremiah Wright controversy, over alleged racism and anti-Americanism in Wright's sermons and statements, caused then-Senator Barack Obama to distance himself from his former pastor. Stanley Kurtz of the National Review wrote about the perceived differences with "conventional American Christianity". He quoted the black theologian Obery M. Hendricks Jr.: "According to Hendricks, 'many good church-going folk have been deluded into behaving like modern-day Pharisees and Sadducees when they think they're really being good Christians.' Unwittingly, Hendricks says, these apparent Christians have actually become 'like the false prophets of Ba'al.'" Kurtz also quotes Jeremiah Wright: "How do I tell my children about the African Jesus who is not the guy they see in the picture of the blond-haired, blue-eyed guy in their Bible or the figment of white supremacists imagination that they see in Mel Gibson's movies?" See also Christianity portalUnited States portal Wikiquote has quotations related to Black theology. Bibliography of Black theology Albert Cleage W. E. B. Du Bois Marcus Garvey Dwight Hopkins Martin Luther King Jr. J. Deotis Roberts Christianity and politics Christian communism Christian Identity Christian left Christian nationalism Christian right Christian socialism Christian views on slavery Liberation theology Womanist theology African diaspora religions Religion of black Americans Religion in politics Religious nationalism Slavery and religion Notes ^ Akanji, Israel (2010). "Black Theology". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. Black Theology is a comprehensive term that developed out of both religious and quasi-secular aspirations of oppressed black people and was first used among a small group of African American theologians, led by Black supremacy advocate James Cone, in the second half of the 1960s in the United States.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Bongmba, Elias (2010). "African Theology". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 46–53. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. Liberation, contextual, and black theologies are prophetic theologies that emerged in South African in response to the long domination under apartheid...the Black Consciousness Movement and Black Theology in the United States provided inspiration to the development of black theology in South Africa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Cone 2010, p. 1. ^ Akanji, Israel (2010). "Black Theology". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. In order to speak about their peculiar concerns, specific forms of expression were developed at various times to challenge the social, political, economic, and religious domination of the whites over blacks from the beginning of slavery. Examples include the Pan-Africanists, the Black Nationalists, the Black Intellectuals of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, and Malcolm X, the twentieth-century sociopolitical struggles of the Civil Rights movement with its zenith leader Martin Luther King Jr., and the Black Power movement. Black Theology emerged to complement and continue the rhetoric of speaking against systems, persons, and conditions impeding the realization of dignified African humanity.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Hagerty, Barbara Bradley (March 18, 2008). "A Closer Look at Black Liberation Theology". NPR. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2019. ^ Akanji, Israel (2010). "Black Theology". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. Among the ideas that birthed Black Theology were the taunting by black Muslims that Christianity was as "white man's religion," the branding of Christianity as unscientific and irrelevant by black secular Marxists, and the perceived incompatibility between being black and Christian by the Black Power movement. Also, the 1964 book authored by Joseph R. Washington Jr. Black Religion: The Negro and Christianity in the United States, triggered a fair response from the black clergy. Washington considered the black churches to be lacking in theological content, "a poor carbon copy not to be taken seriously" and, therefore inferior to the white churches.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ a b Matthews, Terry. "A Black Theology of Liberation". Wake Forest University. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2021. ^ "The 21st Century Rise of Black Theology (AKA) Black Liberation Theology". Christian Publishing House Blog. March 6, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2024. ^ "SBC Renounces Racist Past". The Christian Century. Vol. 112, no. 21. July 5, 1995. pp. 671–672. ^ Van Aarde, Timothy (February 4, 2016). "Black theology in South Africa – A theology of human dignity and black identity". HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies. 72 (1): 9 pages. doi:10.4102/hts.v72i1.3176. ISSN 2072-8050. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021. ^ "James Cone". PBS. The Faith Project and Blackside. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019. ^ a b Posner, Sarah (May 3, 2008). "Wright's Theology Not 'New or Radical'". Salon. OCLC 43916723. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019. ^ Cone 2010, pp. 64–67. ^ a b c d Rhodes, Ron (Spring 1991). "Black Theology, Black Power, and the Black Experience". Christian Research Journal. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2019 – via Reasoning from the Scriptures Ministries. ^ Feiler 2009, pp. 134–139. ^ Cone 2010, p. 2. ^ Cone 1997, p. 115. ^ Reynolds, Barbara (November 8, 1989). "James H. Cone". USA Today. p. 11A. ^ Motlhabi 2012. ^ Vellem 2010. ^ Pityana, Barney. "Black Theology and the struggle for liberation." Index on Censorship. October 1983. Web. July 26, 2010. ^ Boesak, Allan (2015). Farewell to innocence : a socio-ethical study on black theology and black power. Eugene, Oregon. ISBN 978-1-4982-2640-0. OCLC 921869316. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ The Unquestionable right to be free : Black theology from South Africa. Itumeleng J. Mosala, Buti Tlhagale. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. 1986. ISBN 0-88344-251-5. OCLC 14948787. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Martey, Emmanuel (2009). African Theology: Inculturation and Liberation. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-60899-125-9. ^ Reddie 2012. ^ "Black Theology: An International Journal". Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2016. ^ Jagessar & Reddie 2014, pp. 1–20. ^ Bradley, Anthony B. (April 2, 2008). "The Marxist Roots of Black Liberation Theology". Acton Institute. Grand Rapids, Michigan. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2019. ^ Derber, Charles; Magrass, Yale (May 1, 2008). "The 'Wright Problem'". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2019. ^ Kurtz, Stanley (May 20, 2008). "Left in Church". National Review. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2019. References Cone, James H. (1997). Black Theology and Black Power. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-60833-037-9. Cone, James H. (2010). A Black Theology of Liberation (40th anniversary ed.). Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-60833-036-2. Feiler, Bruce (2009). America's Prophet: How the Story of Moses Shaped America. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-057488-8. Jagessar, Michael N.; Reddie, Anthony G., eds. (2014) . Black Theology in Britain: A Reader. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96455-0. Motlhabi, Mokgethi (2012). "The History of Black Theology in South Africa". In Hopkins, Dwight N.; Antonio, Edward P. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Black Theology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 221–233. doi:10.1017/ccol9780521879866.017. ISBN 978-1-139-02556-0. Reddie, Anthony (2012). "Black Theology in Britain". In Hopkins, Dwight N.; Antonio, Edward P. (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Black Theology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–244. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521879866.018. ISBN 978-1-139-02556-0. Vellem, Vuyani S. (2010). "Prophetic Theology in Black Theology, with Special Reference to the Kairos Document". HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies. 66 (1). doi:10.4102/hts.v66i1.800. hdl:2263/15815. ISSN 2072-8050. Further reading Burrow, Rufus Jr. (1994). James H. Cone and Black Liberation Theology. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-1146-7. House, H. Wayne (1992). Charts of Christian Theology and Doctrine. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. vteAfrican AmericansHistory Timeline Abolitionism African American founding fathers Afrocentrism American Civil War Atlantic slave trade Black genocide Black Lives Matter Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Children of the plantation Civil Rights Acts 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 1968 Civil rights movement 1865–1896 Civil right movement 1896–1954 Civil rights movement 1954–1968 Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. 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De La Torre (Cuba) Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz (Cuba) Mario I. Aguilar (Chile) Gustavo Gutiérrez (Peru) Gérard Jean-Juste (Haiti) René Padilla (Ecuador) Samuel Ruiz (Mexico) Juan Luis Segundo (Uruguay) Elsa Támez (Mexico) Key figures ofother geographiesAfrica Allan Boesak (South Africa) Jean-Marc Ela (Cameroon) Rubin Phillip (South Africa) Asia Ahn Byung-Mu (Korea) Naim Ateek (Palestine) Elias Chacour (Palestine) Sebastian Kappen (India) Kim Yong-Bock (Korea) Kung Lap-yan (Hong Kong) Arvind P. Nirmal (India) Park Soon-kyung (Korea) Vinay Samuel (India) Europe Giovanni Franzoni (Italy) Paul Gauthier (France) Johann Baptist Metz (Germany) Jürgen Moltmann (Germany) Dorothee Sölle (Germany) North America Robert McAfee Brown (US) James Cone (US) Chung Hyun Kyung (US) Orlando Costas (US) Virgilio Elizondo (US) Marc H. Ellis (US) Kwok Pui-lan (US) George V. Pixley (US) George Tinker (US) Delores S. Williams (US) Organizations Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians Episcopal Conference of Latin America Latin American Theological Fellowship World Council of Churches Denominations Liberation Methodist Connexion Authority control databases: National Israel United States Latvia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"black churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"American segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Christian theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"James H. Cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Cone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECone20101-3"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"Black Power movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Power_movement"},{"link_name":"Black supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_supremacy"},{"link_name":"Black Consciousness Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Theological perspectiveBlack theology, or black liberation theology, refers to a theological perspective which originated among African-American seminarians and scholars, and in some black churches in the United States and later in other parts of the world. It contextualizes Christianity in an attempt to help those of African descent overcome oppression. It especially focuses on the injustices committed against African Americans and black South Africans during American segregation and apartheid, respectively.[1][2]Black theology seeks to liberate non-white people from multiple forms of political, social, economic, and religious subjugation and views Christian theology as a theology of liberation: \"a rational study of the being of God in the world in light of the existential situation of an oppressed community, relating the forces of liberation to the essence of the Gospel, which is Jesus Christ\", writes James H. Cone, one of the original advocates of the perspective.[3] Black theology mixes Christianity with questions of civil rights, particularly raised by the Black Power movement, Black supremacy, and the Black Consciousness Movement.[4]","title":"Black theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matthews-7"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Repentance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention#21st_century"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Galatians 3:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatians_3:28"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matthews-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Modern American origins of contemporary black theology can be traced to July 31, 1966, when an ad hoc group of 51 concerned clergy, calling themselves the National Committee of Negro Churchmen, bought a full page ad in The New York Times to publish their \"Black Power Statement\", which proposed a more aggressive approach to combating racism using the Bible for inspiration.[5] Black theology arose as an affirmation of black Christians in response to critiques from a range of sources, including black Muslims, that claimed Christianity was a \"white man's religion\", white Christians that saw black churches as inferior, black Marxists that saw religion as an unscientific tool of the oppressor, and black power advocates who saw being Christian as incompatible with being black.[6]In American history, ideas of race and slavery were supported by many Christians from particular readings of the Bible.[7] The Southern Baptist Convention supported slavery and slaveholders; it was not until June 20, 1995, that the formal Declaration of Repentance was adopted.[8] This non-binding resolution declared that racism, in all its forms, is deplorable\" and \"lamented on a national scale and is also repudiated in history as an act of evil from which a continued bitter harvest unfortunately is reaped.\" The convention offered an apology for \"condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime\" and repentance for \"racism of which many have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously.[9] These historic events are used to associate Christianity with racism but the Bible stresses that race is irrelevant: \"There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus\" (Galatians 3:28). Cone relates that, once upon a time it was acceptable to lynch a black man by hanging him from the tree; but today's economics destroy him by crowding many into a ghetto and letting filth and despair put the final touch on a coveted death.Black theology deals primarily with the African-American community to make Christianity real for black people. It explains Christianity as a matter of liberation here and now, rather than in an afterlife. The goal of black theology is not for special treatment. Instead, \"All Black theologians are asking for is for freedom and justice. No more, and no less. In asking for this, the black theologians, turn to scripture as the sanction for their demand. The Psalmist writes for instance, \"If God is going to see righteousness established in the land, he himself must be particularly active as \"the helper of the fatherless\" (Psalm 10:14) to \"deliver the needy when he crieth; and the poor that hath no helper\" (Psalm 72:12).[7]Black theology would eventually develop outside of the United States to the United Kingdom and parts of Africa, especially addressing apartheid in South Africa.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James H. Cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Cone"},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jonathan L. Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_L._Walton"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-posner-12"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECone201064%E2%80%9367-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodes-14"},{"link_name":"Harriet Tubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeiler2009134%E2%80%93139-15"},{"link_name":"Book of Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"promised land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_land"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECone20102-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodes-14"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodes-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodes-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECone1997115-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"James H. Cone first addressed this theology after Malcolm X's proclamation against Christianity being taught as \"a white man's religion\" in the 1950s.[11] According to black religion expert Jonathan L. Walton:James Cone believed that the New Testament revealed Jesus as one who identified with those suffering under oppression, the socially marginalized and the cultural outcasts. And since the socially constructed categories of race in America (i.e., whiteness and blackness) had come to culturally signify dominance (whiteness) and oppression (blackness), from a theological perspective, Cone argued that Jesus reveals himself as black in order to disrupt and dismantle white oppression.[12]Black theology contends that dominant cultures have corrupted Christianity, and the result is a mainstream faith-based empire that serves its own interests, not God's interests. Black theology asks whose side should God be on – the side of the oppressed or the side of the oppressors. If God values justice over victimization, then God desires that all oppressed people should be liberated. According to Cone, if God is not just, if God does not desire justice, then God needs to be done away with. Liberation from a false god who privileges whites, and the realization of an alternative and true God who desires the empowerment of the oppressed through self-definition, self-affirmation, and self-determination is the core of black theology.[13]Black theology largely foregoes intricate, philosophical views of God, instead, it focuses on God as \"God in action\", delivering the oppressed because of his righteousness.[14] The central theme of African-American popular religion, as well as abolitionists like Harriet Tubman, was the Old Testament God of Moses freeing the ancient Hebrews from Egyptian rulers.[15] Likewise, Cone based much of his liberationist theology on God's deliverance of Israel from Egypt in the Book of Exodus. He compared the United States to Egypt, predicting that oppressed people will soon be led to a promised land. For Cone, the theme of Yahweh's concern was for \"the lack of social, economic, and political justice for those who are poor and unwanted in society.\"[16] Cone argued that the same God is working for the deliverance of oppressed black Americans.[14]Cone agreed with the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, affirming that Jesus is \"truly God and truly man\".[14] Cone argued that Jesus' role was to liberate the oppressed,[14] using the Gospel of Luke to illustrate this point: \"the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor have the good news preached to them\" (Luke 7:22). Cone also argued that, \"We cannot solve ethical questions of the twentieth century by looking at what Jesus did in the first. Our choices are not the same as his. Being Christians does not mean following 'in his steps.'\"[17] Cone objected to the persistent portrayal of Jesus as white:It's very important because you've got a lot of white images of Christ. In reality, Christ was not white, not European. That's important to the psychic and to the spiritual consciousness of Black people who live in a ghetto and in a white society in which their lord and savior looks just like people who victimize them. God is whatever color God needs to be in order to let people know they're not nobodies, they're somebodies.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Black Consciousness Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotlhabi2012-19"},{"link_name":"Kairos Document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairos_Document"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVellem2010-20"},{"link_name":"Barney Pityana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Pityana"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto0W-1-21"},{"link_name":"Allan Boesak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Boesak"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"African theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_theology"},{"link_name":"inculturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inculturation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"Black theology was popularized in southern Africa in the early 1970s by Basil Moore, a Methodist theologian in South Africa. It helped to give rise to, and developed in parallel with, the Black Consciousness Movement. Black theology was particularly influential in South Africa and Namibia for motivating resistance to apartheid.[19] This movement would also be closely related to the South African Kairos Document.[20] Southern African black theologians include Barney Pityana,[21] Allan Boesak,[22] and Itumeleng Mosala.[23]On the African continent, a distinction is often made between black theology, with its emphasis on liberation in southern Africa, and African theology, with its focus on drawing on African cultural ideas towards the inculturation of Christian theology.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Beckford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Beckford"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddie2012-25"},{"link_name":"academic journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"Anthony G. Reddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_G._Reddie"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJagessarReddie20141%E2%80%9320-27"}],"sub_title":"Britain","text":"In the United Kingdom, Robert Beckford is a prominent black theology practitioner. He was the first in the UK to develop and teach a course on black theology at an academic level.[25]Although it is not limited to the British context, an academic journal which has been a key outlet for the discourse around black theology in Britain has been Black Theology, edited by Anthony G. Reddie.[26][27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Bradley"},{"link_name":"The Christian Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Post"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Cornel West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Wright controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy"},{"link_name":"anti-Americanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Americanism"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-posner-12"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kurtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kurtz"},{"link_name":"National Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review"},{"link_name":"Obery M. Hendricks Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obery_M._Hendricks_Jr."},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Anthony Bradley of The Christian Post interprets that the language of \"economic parity\" and references to \"mal-distribution\" as nothing more than channeling the views of Karl Marx. He believes James H. Cone and Cornel West have worked to incorporate Marxist thought into the black church, forming an ethical framework predicated on a system of oppressor class versus a victim much like Marxism.[28] However, it is known, that White Christianity was the strategy used to justify slavery and to keep enslaved, the black population.Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago, has been cited in the press and by Cone as the best example of a church formally founded on the vision of black theology. The 2008 Jeremiah Wright controversy, over alleged racism and anti-Americanism in Wright's sermons and statements, caused then-Senator Barack Obama to distance himself from his former pastor.[12][29]Stanley Kurtz of the National Review wrote about the perceived differences with \"conventional American Christianity\". He quoted the black theologian Obery M. Hendricks Jr.: \"According to Hendricks, 'many good church-going folk have been deluded into behaving like modern-day Pharisees and Sadducees when they think they're really being good Christians.' Unwittingly, Hendricks says, these apparent Christians have actually become 'like the false prophets of Ba'al.'\" Kurtz also quotes Jeremiah Wright: \"How do I tell my children about the African Jesus who is not the guy they see in the picture of the blond-haired, blue-eyed guy in their Bible or the figment of white supremacists [sic] imagination that they see in Mel Gibson's movies?\"[30]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_1-0"},{"link_name":"The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-533473-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"428033171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220614172005/https://www.worldcat.org/title/oxford-encyclopedia-of-african-thought/oclc/428033171"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_2-0"},{"link_name":"The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-533473-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"428033171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220614172005/https://www.worldcat.org/title/oxford-encyclopedia-of-african-thought/oclc/428033171"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECone20101_3-0"},{"link_name":"Cone 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCone2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_4-0"},{"link_name":"The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-533473-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"428033171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220614172005/https://www.worldcat.org/title/oxford-encyclopedia-of-african-thought/oclc/428033171"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"A Closer Look at Black Liberation 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.acton.org/commentary/443_marxist_roots_of_black_liberation_theology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Derber, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Derber"},{"link_name":"\"The 'Wright Problem'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081011120502/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/01/opinion/edderber.php"},{"link_name":"International Herald Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/01/opinion/edderber.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Kurtz, Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kurtz"},{"link_name":"\"Left in Church\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150215165353/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/224530/left-church/stanley-kurtz"},{"link_name":"National Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalreview.com/articles/224530/left-church/stanley-kurtz?"}],"text":"^ Akanji, Israel (2010). \"Black Theology\". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. Black Theology is a comprehensive term that developed out of both religious and quasi-secular aspirations of oppressed black people and was first used among a small group of African American theologians, led by Black supremacy advocate James Cone, in the second half of the 1960s in the United States.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)\n\n^ Bongmba, Elias (2010). \"African Theology\". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 46–53. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. Liberation, contextual, and black theologies are prophetic theologies that emerged in South African in response to the long domination under apartheid...the Black Consciousness Movement and Black Theology in the United States provided inspiration to the development of black theology in South Africa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)\n\n^ Cone 2010, p. 1.\n\n^ Akanji, Israel (2010). \"Black Theology\". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. In order to speak about their peculiar concerns, specific forms of expression were developed at various times to challenge the social, political, economic, and religious domination of the whites over blacks from the beginning of slavery. Examples include the Pan-Africanists, the Black Nationalists, the Black Intellectuals of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, and Malcolm X, the twentieth-century sociopolitical struggles of the Civil Rights movement with its zenith leader Martin Luther King Jr., and the Black Power movement. Black Theology emerged to complement and continue the rhetoric of speaking against systems, persons, and conditions impeding the realization of dignified African humanity.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)\n\n^ Hagerty, Barbara Bradley (March 18, 2008). \"A Closer Look at Black Liberation Theology\". NPR. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2019.\n\n^ Akanji, Israel (2010). \"Black Theology\". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. Among the ideas that birthed Black Theology were the taunting by black Muslims that Christianity was as \"white man's religion,\" the branding of Christianity as unscientific and irrelevant by black secular Marxists, and the perceived incompatibility between being black and Christian by the Black Power movement. Also, the 1964 book authored by Joseph R. Washington Jr. Black Religion: The Negro and Christianity in the United States, triggered a fair response from the black clergy. Washington considered the black churches to be lacking in theological content, \"a poor carbon copy not to be taken seriously\" and, therefore inferior to the white churches.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)\n\n^ a b Matthews, Terry. \"A Black Theology of Liberation\". Wake Forest University. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2021.\n\n^ \"The 21st Century Rise of Black Theology (AKA) Black Liberation Theology\". Christian Publishing House Blog. March 6, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2024.\n\n^ \"SBC Renounces Racist Past\". The Christian Century. Vol. 112, no. 21. July 5, 1995. pp. 671–672.\n\n^ Van Aarde, Timothy (February 4, 2016). \"Black theology in South Africa – A theology of human dignity and black identity\". HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies. 72 (1): 9 pages. doi:10.4102/hts.v72i1.3176. ISSN 2072-8050. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.\n\n^ \"James Cone\". PBS. The Faith Project and Blackside. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.\n\n^ a b Posner, Sarah (May 3, 2008). \"Wright's Theology Not 'New or Radical'\". Salon. OCLC 43916723. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.\n\n^ Cone 2010, pp. 64–67.\n\n^ a b c d Rhodes, Ron (Spring 1991). \"Black Theology, Black Power, and the Black Experience\". Christian Research Journal. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2019 – via Reasoning from the Scriptures Ministries.\n\n^ Feiler 2009, pp. 134–139.\n\n^ Cone 2010, p. 2.\n\n^ Cone 1997, p. 115.\n\n^ Reynolds, Barbara (November 8, 1989). \"James H. Cone\". USA Today. p. 11A.\n\n^ Motlhabi 2012.\n\n^ Vellem 2010.\n\n^ Pityana, Barney. \"Black Theology and the struggle for liberation.\" Index on Censorship. October 1983. Web. July 26, 2010.\n\n^ Boesak, Allan (2015). Farewell to innocence : a socio-ethical study on black theology and black power. Eugene, Oregon. ISBN 978-1-4982-2640-0. OCLC 921869316. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ The Unquestionable right to be free : Black theology from South Africa. Itumeleng J. Mosala, Buti Tlhagale. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. 1986. ISBN 0-88344-251-5. OCLC 14948787. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\n\n^ Martey, Emmanuel (2009). African Theology: Inculturation and Liberation. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-60899-125-9.\n\n^ Reddie 2012.\n\n^ \"Black Theology: An International Journal\". Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2016.\n\n^ Jagessar & Reddie 2014, pp. 1–20.\n\n^ Bradley, Anthony B. (April 2, 2008). \"The Marxist Roots of Black Liberation Theology\". Acton Institute. Grand Rapids, Michigan. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2019.\n\n^ Derber, Charles; Magrass, Yale (May 1, 2008). \"The 'Wright Problem'\". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2019.\n\n^ Kurtz, Stanley (May 20, 2008). \"Left in Church\". National Review. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James H. 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Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_H._Ellis"},{"link_name":"Kwok Pui-lan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwok_Pui-lan"},{"link_name":"George V. Pixley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V._Pixley"},{"link_name":"George Tinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tinker"},{"link_name":"Delores S. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delores_S._Williams"},{"link_name":"Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Association_of_Third_World_Theologians"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Conference of Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Latin American Theological Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Theological_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"World Council of Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches"},{"link_name":"Liberation Methodist Connexion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Methodist_Connexion"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3943023#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283259305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014636"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000180003&P_CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Burrow, Rufus Jr. (1994). James H. Cone and Black Liberation Theology. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-1146-7.\nHouse, H. Wayne (1992). Charts of Christian Theology and Doctrine. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan.vteAfrican AmericansHistory\nTimeline\nAbolitionism\nAfrican American founding fathers\nAfrocentrism\nAmerican Civil War\nAtlantic slave trade\nBlack genocide\nBlack Lives Matter\nBrown v. Board of Education (1954)\nChildren of the plantation\nCivil Rights Acts\n1964\nVoting Rights Act of 1965\n1968\nCivil rights movement 1865–1896\nCivil right movement 1896–1954\nCivil rights movement 1954–1968\nMontgomery bus boycott\nBrowder v. Gayle (1956)\nSit-in movement\nFreedom Riders\nBirmingham movement\nMarch on Washington\nSelma to Montgomery marches\nChicago Freedom Movement\nPost–civil rights era\nCornerstone Speech\nCOVID-19 impact\nDred Scott v. Sandford (1857)\nFree Negro\nFree people of color\nGeorge Floyd protests\nGreat Migration\nSecond\nNew\nInauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013\nJim Crow laws\nLynching\nMilitary history\nMillion Man March\nNadir of American race relations\nThe Negro Motorist Green Book\nPartus sequitur ventrem\nPlantations\nPlessy v. Ferguson (1896)\nReconstruction Amendments\nReconstruction era\nRedlining\nSeparate but equal\nSilent Parade\nSlavery\nTreatment of slaves\nTulsa race massacre\nUnderground Railroad\nWomen's suffrage movement\nCulture\nAfrofuturism\nArt\nBlack mecca\nBusinesses\nDance\nFamily structure\nFilm\nFolktales\nHair\nHarlem Renaissance\nNew Negro\nHoodoo\nJuneteenth\nKwanzaa\nLGBT community\nLiterature\nMusic\nMusical theater\nNames\nNegro National Anthem\nNeighborhoods\nNewspapers\nSoul food\nStereotypes\nMiddle class\nUpper class\nNotable people\nRalph Abernathy\nMaya Angelou\nCrispus Attucks\nJames Baldwin\nJames Bevel\nJulian Bond\nAmelia Boynton\nJames Bradley\nCarol Moseley Braun\nEdward Brooke\nBlanche Bruce\nRalph Bunche\nGeorge Washington Carver\nShirley Chisholm\nClaudette Colvin\nFrederick Douglass\nW. E. B. Du Bois\nMedgar Evers\nJames Farmer\nHenry Highland Garnet\nMarcus Garvey\nFred Gray\nFannie Lou Hamer\nKamala Harris\nJimi Hendrix\nJesse Jackson\nKetanji Brown Jackson\nMichael Jackson\nHarriet Jacobs\nBarbara Jordan\nCoretta Scott King\nMartin Luther King Jr.\nBernard Lafayette\nJames Lawson\nHuddie Ledbetter\nJohn Lewis\nJoseph Lowery\nMalcolm X\nThurgood Marshall\nToni Morrison\nBob Moses\nDiane Nash\nBarack Obama\nMichelle Obama\nRosa Parks\nAdam Clayton Powell Jr.\nColin Powell\nGabriel Prosser\nJoseph Rainey\nA. Philip Randolph\nHiram Revels\nPaul Robeson\nAl Sharpton\nFred Shuttlesworth\nClarence Thomas\nEmmett Till\nSojourner Truth\nHarriet Tubman\nNat Turner\nDenmark Vesey\nC. T. Vivian\nDavid Walker\nBooker T. Washington\nIda B. Wells\nRoy Wilkins\nOprah Winfrey\nAndrew Young\nWhitney Young\nEducation, scienceand technology\nBlack studies\nBlack schools\nHistorically black colleges and universities\nInventors and scientists\nMuseums\nWomen\nin computer science\nin medicine\nin STEM fields\nReligion\nAfrican-American Jews\nIslam\nAmerican Society of Muslims\nNation of Islam\nBlack church\nAzusa Street Revival\nBlack Hebrew Israelites\nBlack theology\nDoctrine of Father Divine\nPolitical movements\nAnarchism\nBack-to-Africa movement\nBlack power\nMovement\nCapitalism\nConservatism\nLeftism\nPan-Africanism\nPopulism\nRaised fist\nSelf-determination\nNationalism\nSocialism\nCivic and economicgroups\nAssociation for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)\nBlack Panther Party\nCongress of Racial Equality (CORE)\nNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)\nNashville Student Movement\nNational Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)\nNational Council of Negro Women (NCNW)\nNational Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)\nNational Urban League (NUL)\nSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)\nStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)\nThurgood Marshall College Fund\nUnited Negro College Fund (UNCF)\nUniversal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)\nSports\nNegro league baseball\nBaseball color line\nBlack players in professional American football\nBlack NFL quarterbacks\nBlack players in ice hockey\nMuhammad Ali\nArthur Ashe\nJack Johnson\nJoe Louis\nJesse Owens\nJackie Robinson\nSerena Williams\nAthletic associationsand conferences\nCentral (CIAA)\nMid-Eastern (MEAC)\nSouthern (SIAC)\nSouthwestern (SWAC)\nEthnic subdivisions\nBy African descent\nFula\nGullah\nIgbo\nYoruba\nAlabama Creole\nBlack Indians\nBlack Seminoles\nCherokee freedmen controversy\nChoctaw freedmen\nCreek Freedmen\nBlack Southerners\nBlaxicans\nGreat Dismal Swamp maroons\nLouisiana Creole\nof color\nMelungeon\nDemographics\nNeighborhoods\nlist\nU.S. cities with large populations\n2000 majorities\n2010 majorities\nMetropolitan areas\nStates and territories\nIllinois\nOhio\nLanguages\nAfro-Seminole Creole\nAmerican Sign\nBlack American Sign\nEnglish\nAmerican English\nAfrican-American English\nAfrican-American Vernacular English\nsocial context\nGullah\nLouisiana Creole\nBy state/city\nAlabama\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nLos Angeles\nSan Francisco\nCleveland\nFlorida\nJacksonville\nTallahassee\nGeorgia\nAtlanta\nHawaii\nIllinois\nChicago\nIndiana\nIowa\nDavenport\nKansas\nKentucky\nLexington\nLouisiana\nMaryland\nBaltimore\nMassachusetts\nBoston\nMichigan\nDetroit\nMississippi\nNebraska\nOmaha\nNew Jersey\nNew York\nNew York City\nNorth Carolina\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nPhiladelphia\nPuerto Rico\nSouth Carolina\nTennessee\nTexas\nAustin\nDallas–Fort Worth\nHouston\nSan Antonio\nUtah\nVirginia\nWest Virginia\nDiaspora\nAfrica\nGambia\nGhana\nLiberia\nSierra Leone\nAmerica\nCanada\nDominican Republic\nHaiti\nMexico\nTrinidad and Tobago\nIsrael\nEurope\nFrance\nLists\nAfrican Americans\nActivists\nActors\nAstronauts\nBillionaires\nJournalists\nJurists\nMathematicians\nRepublicans\nSingers\nSportspeople\nSpingarn Medal winners\nUS cabinet members\nUS representatives\nUS senators\nVisual artists\nWriters\nAfrican-American firsts\nMayors\nSports firsts\nUS state firsts\nHistoric places\nIndex of related articles\nLandmark African-American legislation\nLynching victims\nMonuments\nNeighborhoods\nTopics related to the African diaspora\n\nCategory\n United States portalvteLiberation theologyFoundations\nContextual theology\nCatholic social teaching\nChristian socialism\nEvangelical left\nMarxism and religion\nOption for the poor\nPedagogy of the Oppressed\nPolitical theology\nPostcolonial theology\nSocial Gospel\nChristian theological praxis\nForms\nBlack\nDalit\nFeminist\nAsian\nWomanist\nIntegral mission\nLatin American Catholic\nMinjung\nPalestinian\nQueer\nKey figures ofLatin Americanliberation theologyArgentina\nMarcella Althaus-Reid\nIvan Petrella\nJosé Severino Croatto [es; de]\nBrazil\nPaulo Freire\nPaulo Evaristo Arns\nRubem Alves\nLeonardo Boff\nHélder Câmara\nPedro Casaldáliga\nIvone Gebara\nAloísio Lorscheider\nJung Mo Sung\nEl Salvador\nIgnacio Ellacuría\nIgnacio Martín-Baró\nSegundo Montes\nÓscar Romero\nJon Sobrino\nNicaragua\nErnesto Cardenal\nFernando Cardenal\nMiguel d'Escoto Brockmann\nOther\nJean-Bertrand Aristide (Haiti)\nMiguel A. De La Torre (Cuba)\nAda Maria Isasi-Diaz (Cuba)\nMario I. Aguilar (Chile)\nGustavo Gutiérrez (Peru)\nGérard Jean-Juste (Haiti)\nRené Padilla (Ecuador)\nSamuel Ruiz (Mexico)\nJuan Luis Segundo (Uruguay)\nElsa Támez (Mexico)\nKey figures ofother geographiesAfrica\nAllan Boesak (South Africa)\nJean-Marc Ela (Cameroon)\nRubin Phillip (South Africa)\nAsia\nAhn Byung-Mu (Korea)\nNaim Ateek (Palestine)\nElias Chacour (Palestine)\nSebastian Kappen (India)\nKim Yong-Bock (Korea)\nKung Lap-yan (Hong Kong)\nArvind P. Nirmal (India)\nPark Soon-kyung (Korea)\nVinay Samuel (India)\nEurope\nGiovanni Franzoni (Italy)\nPaul Gauthier (France)\nJohann Baptist Metz (Germany)\nJürgen Moltmann (Germany)\nDorothee Sölle (Germany)\nNorth America\nRobert McAfee Brown (US)\nJames Cone (US)\nChung Hyun Kyung (US)\nOrlando Costas (US)\nVirgilio Elizondo (US)\nMarc H. Ellis (US)\nKwok Pui-lan (US)\nGeorge V. Pixley (US)\nGeorge Tinker (US)\nDelores S. Williams (US)\nOrganizations\nEcumenical Association of Third World Theologians\nEpiscopal Conference of Latin America\nLatin American Theological Fellowship\nWorld Council of Churches\nDenominations\nLiberation Methodist ConnexionAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Black theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Black_theology"},{"title":"Bibliography of Black theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Black_theology"},{"title":"Albert Cleage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Cleage"},{"title":"W. E. B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"title":"Marcus Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey"},{"title":"Dwight Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Hopkins"},{"title":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"title":"J. Deotis Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Deotis_Roberts"},{"title":"Christianity and politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_politics"},{"title":"Christian communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_communism"},{"title":"Christian Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Identity"},{"title":"Christian left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_left"},{"title":"Christian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_nationalism"},{"title":"Christian right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"title":"Christian socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialism"},{"title":"Christian views on slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery"},{"title":"Liberation theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theology"},{"title":"Womanist theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanist_theology"},{"title":"African diaspora religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora_religions"},{"title":"Religion of black Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_of_black_Americans"},{"title":"Religion in politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_politics"},{"title":"Religious nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_nationalism"},{"title":"Slavery and religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_and_religion"}]	[{"reference":"Akanji, Israel (2010). \"Black Theology\". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. Black Theology is a comprehensive term that developed out of both religious and quasi-secular aspirations of oppressed black people and was first used among a small group of African American theologians, led by Black supremacy advocate James Cone, in the second half of the 1960s in the United States.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171","url_text":"The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9","url_text":"978-0-19-533473-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171","url_text":"428033171"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172005/https://www.worldcat.org/title/oxford-encyclopedia-of-african-thought/oclc/428033171","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bongmba, Elias (2010). \"African Theology\". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 46–53. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. Liberation, contextual, and black theologies are prophetic theologies that emerged in South African in response to the long domination under apartheid...the Black Consciousness Movement and Black Theology in the United States provided inspiration to the development of black theology in South Africa.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171","url_text":"The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9","url_text":"978-0-19-533473-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171","url_text":"428033171"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172005/https://www.worldcat.org/title/oxford-encyclopedia-of-african-thought/oclc/428033171","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Akanji, Israel (2010). \"Black Theology\". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. In order to speak about their peculiar concerns, specific forms of expression were developed at various times to challenge the social, political, economic, and religious domination of the whites over blacks from the beginning of slavery. Examples include the Pan-Africanists, the Black Nationalists, the Black Intellectuals of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, and Malcolm X, the twentieth-century sociopolitical struggles of the Civil Rights movement with its zenith leader Martin Luther King Jr., and the Black Power movement. Black Theology emerged to complement and continue the rhetoric of speaking against systems, persons, and conditions impeding the realization of dignified African humanity.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171","url_text":"The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9","url_text":"978-0-19-533473-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171","url_text":"428033171"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172005/https://www.worldcat.org/title/oxford-encyclopedia-of-african-thought/oclc/428033171","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hagerty, Barbara Bradley (March 18, 2008). \"A Closer Look at Black Liberation Theology\". NPR. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88552254&ft=1&f=1001","url_text":"\"A Closer Look at Black Liberation Theology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180726201844/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88552254&ft=1&f=1001","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Akanji, Israel (2010). \"Black Theology\". The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought. Vol. 1. Abiola Irele, Biodun Jeyifo. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. OCLC 428033171. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. Among the ideas that birthed Black Theology were the taunting by black Muslims that Christianity was as \"white man's religion,\" the branding of Christianity as unscientific and irrelevant by black secular Marxists, and the perceived incompatibility between being black and Christian by the Black Power movement. Also, the 1964 book authored by Joseph R. Washington Jr. Black Religion: The Negro and Christianity in the United States, triggered a fair response from the black clergy. Washington considered the black churches to be lacking in theological content, \"a poor carbon copy not to be taken seriously\" and, therefore inferior to the white churches.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171","url_text":"The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533473-9","url_text":"978-0-19-533473-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428033171","url_text":"428033171"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172005/https://www.worldcat.org/title/oxford-encyclopedia-of-african-thought/oclc/428033171","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Terry. \"A Black Theology of Liberation\". Wake Forest University. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080430193355/http://www.wfu.edu/~matthetl/perspectives/twentyseven.html","url_text":"\"A Black Theology of Liberation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Forest_University","url_text":"Wake Forest University"},{"url":"http://www.wfu.edu/~matthetl/perspectives/twentyseven.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 21st Century Rise of Black Theology (AKA) Black Liberation Theology\". Christian Publishing House Blog. March 6, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://christianpublishinghouse.co/2021/03/06/the-21st-century-rise-of-black-theology-aka-black-liberation-theology/","url_text":"\"The 21st Century Rise of Black Theology (AKA) Black Liberation Theology\""}]},{"reference":"\"SBC Renounces Racist Past\". The Christian Century. Vol. 112, no. 21. July 5, 1995. pp. 671–672.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Van Aarde, Timothy (February 4, 2016). \"Black theology in South Africa – A theology of human dignity and black identity\". HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies. 72 (1): 9 pages. doi:10.4102/hts.v72i1.3176. ISSN 2072-8050. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/3176","url_text":"\"Black theology in South Africa – A theology of human dignity and black identity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fhts.v72i1.3176","url_text":"10.4102/hts.v72i1.3176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2072-8050","url_text":"2072-8050"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211026231704/https://hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/3176","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"James Cone\". PBS. The Faith Project and Blackside. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/people/james_cone.html","url_text":"\"James Cone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324091632/https://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/people/james_cone.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Posner, Sarah (May 3, 2008). \"Wright's Theology Not 'New or Radical'\". Salon. OCLC 43916723. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Posner","url_text":"Posner, Sarah"},{"url":"http://www.salon.com/2008/05/03/black_church/","url_text":"\"Wright's Theology Not 'New or Radical'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)","url_text":"Salon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43916723","url_text":"43916723"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190621060654/http://www.salon.com/2008/05/03/black_church/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rhodes, Ron (Spring 1991). \"Black Theology, Black Power, and the Black Experience\". Christian Research Journal. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2019 – via Reasoning from the Scriptures Ministries.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.earthlink.net/~ronrhodes/BlackTheology.html","url_text":"\"Black Theology, Black Power, and the Black Experience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Research_Journal","url_text":"Christian Research Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905215528/http://home.earthlink.net/~ronrhodes/BlackTheology.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Barbara (November 8, 1989). \"James H. Cone\". USA Today. p. 11A.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Boesak, Allan (2015). Farewell to innocence : a socio-ethical study on black theology and black power. Eugene, Oregon. ISBN 978-1-4982-2640-0. OCLC 921869316. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/921869316","url_text":"Farewell to innocence : a socio-ethical study on black theology and black power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-2640-0","url_text":"978-1-4982-2640-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/921869316","url_text":"921869316"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172006/https://www.worldcat.org/title/farewell-to-innocence-a-socio-ethical-study-on-black-theology-and-black-power/oclc/921869316","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Unquestionable right to be free : Black theology from South Africa. Itumeleng J. Mosala, Buti Tlhagale. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. 1986. ISBN 0-88344-251-5. OCLC 14948787. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14948787","url_text":"The Unquestionable right to be free : Black theology from South Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88344-251-5","url_text":"0-88344-251-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14948787","url_text":"14948787"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172007/https://www.worldcat.org/title/unquestionable-right-to-be-free-black-theology-from-south-africa/oclc/14948787","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martey, Emmanuel (2009). African Theology: Inculturation and Liberation. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-60899-125-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-125-9","url_text":"978-1-60899-125-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Theology: An International Journal\". Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=yblt20","url_text":"\"Black Theology: An International Journal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172006/https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=yblt20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Anthony B. (April 2, 2008). \"The Marxist Roots of Black Liberation Theology\". Acton Institute. Grand Rapids, Michigan. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Bradley","url_text":"Bradley, Anthony B."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080405004249/http://www.acton.org/commentary/443_marxist_roots_of_black_liberation_theology.php","url_text":"\"The Marxist Roots of Black Liberation Theology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Institute","url_text":"Acton Institute"},{"url":"http://www.acton.org/commentary/443_marxist_roots_of_black_liberation_theology","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Derber, Charles; Magrass, Yale (May 1, 2008). \"The 'Wright Problem'\". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Derber","url_text":"Derber, Charles"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011120502/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/01/opinion/edderber.php","url_text":"\"The 'Wright Problem'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune","url_text":"International Herald Tribune"},{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/01/opinion/edderber.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kurtz, Stanley (May 20, 2008). \"Left in Church\". National Review. p. 4. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kurtz","url_text":"Kurtz, Stanley"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215165353/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/224530/left-church/stanley-kurtz","url_text":"\"Left in Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review","url_text":"National Review"},{"url":"http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/224530/left-church/stanley-kurtz?","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cone, James H. (1997). Black Theology and Black Power. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-60833-037-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Cone","url_text":"Cone, James H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60833-037-9","url_text":"978-1-60833-037-9"}]},{"reference":"Cone, James H. (2010). A Black Theology of Liberation (40th anniversary ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamran_Ghulam	Kamran Ghulam	["1 International career","2 References","3 External links"]	Pakistani cricketer Kamran GhulamPersonal informationBorn (1995-10-10) 10 October 1995 (age 28)Upper Dir District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanHeight5 ft 6 in (168 cm)BattingRight-handedBowlingSlow left arm orthodoxRoleAll-rounderInternational information National sidePakistanOnly ODI (cap 240)13 January 2023 v New Zealand Domestic team information YearsTeam2016–2017Islamabad United2019–2023Khyber Pakhtunkhwa2023–presentPeshawar (squad no. 82)2022Lahore Qalandars (squad no. 82) Source: Cricinfo, 15 January 2023 Kamran Ghulam (born 10 October 1995) is a Pakistani cricketer. He was part of Pakistan's squad for the 2014 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup. In September 2019, he was named in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's squad for the 2019–20 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy tournament. In December 2020, during the 2020–21 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, he became the first cricketer to score 1,000 runs in a single season of the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, since the tournament was revamped the previous year. Later the same month, he was shortlisted as one of the Domestic Cricketers of the Year for the 2020 PCB Awards. In January 2021, in the final of the 2020–21 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, he scored a century in the second innings of the match, and also broke the record for the most runs scored in a single edition of the tournament. Following the final, he was named as the Best Batsman of the tournament. In January 2021, he was named in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's squad for the 2020–21 Pakistan Cup. Later the same month, he was named in Pakistan's Test squad for their series against South Africa. In October 2021, he was named in the Pakistan Shaheens squad for their tour of Sri Lanka. On 11 October 2021, in the final group match of the 2021–22 National T20 Cup, he scored his first century in T20 cricket, with an unbeaten 110 runs. In November 2021, he was named in Pakistan's Test squad for their series against Bangladesh. In February 2022, he was named as a reserve player in Pakistan's Test squad for their series against Australia. International career Ghulam made his ODI debut against New Zealand in January 2023. References ^ "Kamran Ghulam". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ "PCB announces squads for 2019-20 domestic season". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 4 September 2019. ^ "Sarfaraz Ahmed and Babar Azam to take charge of Pakistan domestic sides". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 September 2019. ^ "Kamran Ghulam becomes first batsman to score 1,000 runs in revamped Quaid-e-Azam Trophy". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 27 December 2020. ^ "Short-lists for PCB Awards 2020 announced". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 1 January 2021. ^ "Kamran Ghulam's ton leads Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's victory push". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2021. ^ "Central Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa share Quaid-e-Azam Trophy title after spectacular tie". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 5 January 2021. ^ "Pakistan Cup One-Day Tournament promises action-packed cricket". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 7 January 2021. ^ "Pakistan Cup One-Day Tournament: Fixtures Schedule, Teams, Player Squads – All you need to Know". Cricket World. Retrieved 7 January 2021. ^ "Shan Masood, Mohammad Abbas, Haris Sohail dropped from Pakistan Test squad". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 15 January 2021. ^ "Nine uncapped players in 20-member side for South Africa Tests". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 15 January 2021. ^ "Pakistan Shaheens for Sri Lanka tour named". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 2 October 2021. ^ "Pakistan National T20 Cup : Kamran Ghulam stuns Northern with 64-ball 110*". Cricket World. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ "Pakistan squad for Bangladesh Tests named". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 15 November 2021. ^ "Pakistan call up Haris Rauf for Tests against Australia; Shan Masood recalled". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 February 2022. External links Kamran Ghulam at ESPNcricinfo vteLahore Qalandars – current squad 1 Fayyaz 3 Tucker (†) 4 Hope (†) 06 Linde 10 Shaheen (c) 11 Jahandad 12 Z Khan 14 Imran 15 Baig 17 Faridoun 24 Raza 26 Brathwaite 27 Wiese (vc) 28 Lawrence 33 A Hafeez 39 Fakhar 51 Farhan 54 Rajapaksa 57 Shafique 72 van der Dussen 77 Billings 82 Ghulam 150 Rauf 455 T. Abbas Director/Head Coach: Aaqib Javed	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"Pakistan's squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2014 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2019–20 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Quaid-e-Azam_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2020–21 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Quaid-e-Azam_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Quaid-e-Azam Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2020–21 Pakistan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Pakistan_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"against South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_cricket_team_in_Pakistan_in_2020%E2%80%9321"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Shaheens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Shaheens"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2021–22 National T20 Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_National_T20_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"against Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_Bangladesh_in_2021%E2%80%9322"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"against Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_Pakistan_in_2021%E2%80%9322"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Kamran Ghulam (born 10 October 1995) is a Pakistani cricketer.[1] He was part of Pakistan's squad for the 2014 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup. In September 2019, he was named in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's squad for the 2019–20 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy tournament.[2][3]In December 2020, during the 2020–21 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, he became the first cricketer to score 1,000 runs in a single season of the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, since the tournament was revamped the previous year.[4] Later the same month, he was shortlisted as one of the Domestic Cricketers of the Year for the 2020 PCB Awards.[5] In January 2021, in the final of the 2020–21 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, he scored a century in the second innings of the match, and also broke the record for the most runs scored in a single edition of the tournament.[6] Following the final, he was named as the Best Batsman of the tournament.[7]In January 2021, he was named in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's squad for the 2020–21 Pakistan Cup.[8][9] Later the same month, he was named in Pakistan's Test squad for their series against South Africa.[10][11] In October 2021, he was named in the Pakistan Shaheens squad for their tour of Sri Lanka.[12] On 11 October 2021, in the final group match of the 2021–22 National T20 Cup, he scored his first century in T20 cricket, with an unbeaten 110 runs.[13]In November 2021, he was named in Pakistan's Test squad for their series against Bangladesh.[14] In February 2022, he was named as a reserve player in Pakistan's Test squad for their series against Australia.[15]","title":"Kamran Ghulam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ODI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"against New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team_in_Pakistan_in_2022%E2%80%9323_(December_2022)"}],"text":"Ghulam made his ODI debut against New Zealand in January 2023.","title":"International career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kamran Ghulam\". 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Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pakistan-cup-one-day-tournament-promises-action-packed-cricket.html","url_text":"\"Pakistan Cup One-Day Tournament promises action-packed cricket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan Cup One-Day Tournament: Fixtures Schedule, Teams, Player Squads – All you need to Know\". Cricket World. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricketworld.com/pakistan-cup-one-day-tournament-fixtures-schedule-teams-player-squads-all-you-need-to-know/68040.htm","url_text":"\"Pakistan Cup One-Day Tournament: Fixtures Schedule, Teams, Player Squads – All you need to Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shan Masood, Mohammad Abbas, Haris Sohail dropped from Pakistan Test squad\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 15 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-vs-south-africa-test-series-shan-masood-mohammad-abbas-haris-sohail-dropped-1247941","url_text":"\"Shan Masood, Mohammad Abbas, Haris Sohail dropped from Pakistan Test squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine uncapped players in 20-member side for South Africa Tests\". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 15 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/nine-uncapped-players-in-20-member-side-for-south-africa-tests.html","url_text":"\"Nine uncapped players in 20-member side for South Africa Tests\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan Shaheens for Sri Lanka tour named\". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 2 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pakistan-shaheens-for-sri-lanka-tour-named.html","url_text":"\"Pakistan Shaheens for Sri Lanka tour named\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan National T20 Cup : Kamran Ghulam stuns Northern with 64-ball 110\". Cricket World. Retrieved 11 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricketworld.com/pakistan-national-t20-cup-kamran-ghulam-stuns-northern-with-64-ball-110-/73756.htm","url_text":"\"Pakistan National T20 Cup : Kamran Ghulam stuns Northern with 64-ball 110\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan squad for Bangladesh Tests named\". Pakistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 15 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pakistan-squad-for-bangladesh-tests-named.html","url_text":"\"Pakistan squad for Bangladesh Tests named\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan call up Haris Rauf for Tests against Australia; Shan Masood recalled\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pak-vs-aus-2022-pakistan-call-up-haris-rauf-for-tests-against-australia-shan-masood-recalled-1300354","url_text":"\"Pakistan call up Haris Rauf for Tests against Australia; Shan Masood recalled\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/623636.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/623636.html","external_links_name":"\"Kamran Ghulam\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pcb-announces-squads-for-2019-20-domestic-season.html","external_links_name":"\"PCB announces squads for 2019-20 domestic season\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27527401/sarfaraz-ahmed-babar-azam-take-charge-pakistan-domestic-sides","external_links_name":"\"Sarfaraz Ahmed and Babar Azam to take charge of Pakistan domestic sides\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/news-detail/kamran-ghulam-becomes-first-batsman-to-score-1-000-runs-in-revamped-quaid-e-azam-trophy.html","external_links_name":"\"Kamran Ghulam becomes first batsman to score 1,000 runs in revamped Quaid-e-Azam Trophy\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/short-lists-for-pcb-awards-2020-announced.html","external_links_name":"\"Short-lists for PCB Awards 2020 announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/quaid-e-azam-trophy-2020-21-1231307/khyber-pakhtunkhwa-vs-central-punjab-pakistan-final-1231397/match-report","external_links_name":"\"Kamran Ghulam's ton leads Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's victory push\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/news-detail/central-punjab-and-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-share-quaid-e-azam-trophy-title-after-spectacular-tie.html","external_links_name":"\"Central Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa share Quaid-e-Azam Trophy title after spectacular tie\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pakistan-cup-one-day-tournament-promises-action-packed-cricket.html","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan Cup One-Day Tournament promises action-packed cricket\""},{"Link":"https://www.cricketworld.com/pakistan-cup-one-day-tournament-fixtures-schedule-teams-player-squads-all-you-need-to-know/68040.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan Cup One-Day Tournament: Fixtures Schedule, Teams, Player Squads – All you need to Know\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-vs-south-africa-test-series-shan-masood-mohammad-abbas-haris-sohail-dropped-1247941","external_links_name":"\"Shan Masood, Mohammad Abbas, Haris Sohail dropped from Pakistan Test squad\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/nine-uncapped-players-in-20-member-side-for-south-africa-tests.html","external_links_name":"\"Nine uncapped players in 20-member side for South Africa Tests\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pakistan-shaheens-for-sri-lanka-tour-named.html","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan Shaheens for Sri Lanka tour named\""},{"Link":"https://www.cricketworld.com/pakistan-national-t20-cup-kamran-ghulam-stuns-northern-with-64-ball-110-/73756.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan National T20 Cup : Kamran Ghulam stuns Northern with 64-ball 110*\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pakistan-squad-for-bangladesh-tests-named.html","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan squad for Bangladesh Tests named\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pak-vs-aus-2022-pakistan-call-up-haris-rauf-for-tests-against-australia-shan-masood-recalled-1300354","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan call up Haris Rauf for Tests against Australia; Shan Masood recalled\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/623636.html","external_links_name":"Kamran Ghulam"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Smith_(boxer)	Jeff Smith (boxer)	["1 Early career","2 Australian World Middleweight Champion","3 Later career","4 Professional boxing record","4.1 Official Record","4.2 Unofficial record","5 Life after boxing","6 References","7 External links"]	American boxer (1891–1962) Jeff SmithBornJerome Jefferds(1891-04-23)April 23, 1891New York City, U.SDiedFebruary 3, 1962(1962-02-03) (aged 70)Other namesThe Bayonne GlobetrotterStatisticsWeight(s)MiddleweightHeight5 ft 8.5 in (1.74 m)Reach71 in (180 cm)StanceOrthodox Boxing recordTotal fights183; with the inclusion of newspaper decisionsWins141Wins by KO48Losses34Draws5No contests3 Jerome "Jeff Smith" Jefferds (April 23, 1891 – February 3, 1962) was an American professional boxer who held the Australian version of the World Middleweight Title during his career. Despite his relative anonymity, Smith faced off against some the best fighters of his era, including Harry Greb, Gene Tunney, Mike Gibbons, Georges Carpentier, Les Darcy and Tommy Loughran. Statistical boxing website BoxRec lists Smith as the 17th greatest middleweight ever, while Ring Magazine founder Nat Fleischer ranked Smith as the No. 10 Middleweight of all-time. He was inducted into the Ring Magazine hall of fame in 1969 and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2013. Early career Smith (right), during his bout with Georges Carpentier Smith made his pro debut in 1910 (the same year of the death of famed Middleweight Champion Stanley Ketchel), beating Ray Hatfield by newspaper decision over four rounds. On February 20, 1912, Smith beat future World Middleweight Title holder George Chip on points over fifteen rounds in what turned out to be a heated battle. His next notable challenge was against another future Middleweight titleholder in Mike Gibbons, with whom he drew over 10 rounds as decided by newspaper reporters. On October 11, 1913, Smith faced yet another future champion in French fighter and future Light Heavyweight champ Georges Carpentier. Despite a late rally by Smith, Carpentier used his vaunted technique beat him decisively in a twenty round decision. Australian World Middleweight Champion Earning his nickname as the "Bayonne Globetrotter", Smith faced Eddie McGoorty in Australia, losing an extremely unpopular decision over twenty rounds. The decision was so despised that it was later rescinded, and Smith was awarded the Australian version of the World Middleweight Title. Smith would lose the title to Australian pugilist Mick King on November 28, 1914 but regained it just one month later on December 26 of the same year. On January 23, 1915 Smith faced famed Australian fighter Les Darcy, beating him by disqualification after Darcy's handlers threw in a towel in protest to what they claimed was a low blow by Smith. Smith thus maintained his status as Australian champion, but Darcy would later exact his revenge, beating Smith via disqualification for repeated low blows. Later career During his career, Smith had a tremendous rivalry with the legendary Harry Greb; with the two squaring of a total of seven times. Although he lost six times and drew once against the "Pittsburgh Windmill", Greb had great respect for Smith; stating "My toughest fight was with Jeff Smith. (Tommy) Gibbons gave me a hard battle, but nothing like the Smith beating." Also notable was his tetra-logy of fights with Mike Gibbons, resulting in one win and three losses. Near the end of his career, Smith faced the fabled Gene Tunney; losing a clear decision to the much larger "Fighting Marine" after being knocked down twice. Smith retired after being knocked out for the third time by Cuban Bobby Brown on November 18, 1927. Professional boxing record All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated. Official Record 183 fights 88 wins 12 losses By knockout 48 3 By decision 37 8 By disqualification 3 1 Draws 3 No contests 3 Newspaper decisions/draws 77 All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as "no decision" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column. No. Result Record Opponent Type Round Date Age Location Notes 183 Loss 88–12–3 (80) Cuban Bobby Brown TKO 2 (10) Nov 18, 1927 36 years, 209 days Auditorium, Norristown, Pennsylvania, U.S. 182 Loss 88–11–3 (80) George Manley PTS 10 Jul 15, 1927 36 years, 83 days Stockyards Stadium, Denver, Colorado, U.S. 181 Loss 88–10–3 (80) George Manley PTS 10 Jun 11, 1927 36 years, 49 days Olympic Auditorium, Denver, Colorado, U.S. 180 Loss 88–9–3 (80) Fred Cullen PTS 10 Apr 18, 1927 35 years, 360 days El Paso, Texas, U.S. 179 Win 88–8–3 (80) Terry Roberts KO 5 (10) Mar 30, 1927 35 years, 341 days Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S. 178 NC 87–8–3 (80) Henry Lamar NC 7 (10) Mar 22, 1927 35 years, 333 days Auditorium, Washington, D.C., U.S. Boxing was not legally permitted in D.C. 177 Win 87–8–3 (79) Chuck Burns PTS 15 Mar 11, 1927 35 years, 322 days Auditorium, Savannah, Georgia, U.S. 176 Win 86–8–3 (79) Lew Chester NWS 10 Feb 8, 1927 35 years, 291 days Paterson, New Jersey, U.S. 175 Loss 86–8–3 (78) Murray Gitlitz TKO 5 (10) Nov 15, 1926 35 years, 206 days Arena, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 174 Win 86–7–3 (78) Homer Robertson NWS 12 Sep 20, 1926 35 years, 150 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 173 Win 86–7–3 (77) Jack Palmer NWS 8 Jul 26, 1926 35 years, 94 days Waltz Dream Arena, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 172 Loss 86–7–3 (76) Tony Marullo KO 11 (15) Aug 3, 1925 34 years, 102 days Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 171 NC 86–6–3 (76) Bob Lawson NC 5 (12) Jun 19, 1925 34 years, 57 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 170 Win 86–6–3 (75) Buck Aston UD 8 Mar 9, 1925 33 years, 320 days Fulton Opera House, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S. 169 Loss 85–6–3 (75) Gene Tunney NWS 15 Dec 8, 1924 33 years, 229 days Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 168 Win 85–6–3 (74) Frank Moody NWS 12 Nov 11, 1924 33 years, 202 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 167 Win 85–6–3 (73) Happy Howard PTS 15 Oct 27, 1924 33 years, 187 days Tulane Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 166 Win 84–6–3 (73) Billy Britton NWS 10 Oct 20, 1924 33 years, 180 days Tomlinson Hall, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. 165 Draw 84–6–3 (72) Ray Pelkey PTS 4 Oct 1, 1924 33 years, 161 days Auditorium, Oakland, California, U.S. 164 Win 84–6–2 (72) Tony Marullo PTS 15 Sep 11, 1924 33 years, 141 days Tulane Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 163 Win 83–6–2 (72) Ray Neuman DQ 3 (10) Jul 29, 1924 33 years, 97 days Henderson's Bowl, New York City, New York, U.S. 162 Win 82–6–2 (72) George Robinson TKO 4 (12) Jun 30, 1924 33 years, 68 days Stadium, Troy, New York, U.S. 161 Win 81–6–2 (72) Joe Lohman NWS 10 May 30, 1924 33 years, 37 days Tomlinson Hall, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. 160 Win 81–6–2 (71) George Samson KO 2 (10) May 23, 1924 33 years, 30 days R. and P. Park, Mount Holly, New Jersey, U.S. 159 Win 80–6–2 (71) Ray Neuman NWS 12 Apr 28, 1924 33 years, 5 days Arena, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. 158 Win 80–6–2 (70) Joe Lohman KO 9 (10) Mar 7, 1924 32 years, 319 days Auditorium, Atlanta, New Jersey, U.S. 157 Win 79–6–2 (70) Jamaica Kid PTS 12 Feb 18, 1924 32 years, 301 days Lenox A.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 156 Win 78–6–2 (70) Young Fisher KO 10 (12) Nov 12, 1923 32 years, 203 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 155 Win 77–6–2 (70) Chuck Wiggins PTS 15 Oct 1, 1923 32 years, 161 days Tulane Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 154 Win 76–6–2 (70) Lee Anderson PTS 15 Sep 24, 1923 32 years, 154 days Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico 153 Win 75–6–2 (70) Andy Kid Palmer NWS 8 Aug 13, 1923 32 years, 112 days Shibe Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 152 Win 75–6–2 (69) Tommy Loughran NWS 8 Jun 18, 1923 32 years, 56 days Shibe Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 151 Win 75–6–2 (68) Jamaica Kid NWS 12 May 22, 1923 32 years, 29 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 150 Win 75–6–2 (67) Harry Krohn TKO 6 (15) May 10, 1923 32 years, 17 days Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Also reported as occurring May 15 149 Win 74–6–2 (67) Dan O'Dowd NWS 12 Apr 4, 1923 31 years, 346 days Lewiston, Maine, U.S. 148 Win 74–6–2 (66) Bob Roper NWS 12 Mar 20, 1923 31 years, 331 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 147 Loss 74–6–2 (65) Tommy Loughran NWS 10 Mar 8, 1923 31 years, 319 days 109th Infantry Armory, Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S. 146 Win 74–6–2 (64) Jimmy Darcy NWS 12 Mar 2, 1923 31 years, 313 days Oak Hill Auditorium, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. 145 Win 74–6–2 (63) Jamaica Kid PTS 10 Feb 26, 1923 31 years, 309 days Broadway Auditorium, Buffalo, New York, U.S. 144 Win 73–6–2 (63) Jamaica Kid NWS 12 Feb 22, 1923 31 years, 305 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 143 Win 73–6–2 (62) Eddie Tremblay KO 4 (6) Jan 9, 1923 31 years, 261 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 142 Win 72–6–2 (62) Fay Keiser PTS 12 Jan 1, 1923 31 years, 253 days Lakeside Park Pavillion, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. 141 Win 71–6–2 (62) Billy Britton NWS 12 Dec 29, 1922 31 years, 250 days Memorial Hall, Atchison, Kansas, U.S. 140 Win 71–6–2 (61) Clay Turner KO 2 (12) Dec 18, 1922 31 years, 239 days Canton Auditorium, Canton, Ohio, U.S. 139 Win 70–6–2 (61) Martin Burke PTS 15 Dec 1, 1922 31 years, 222 days Louisiana Auditorium, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 138 Win 69–6–2 (61) Bob Roper PTS 15 Oct 18, 1922 31 years, 178 days Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 137 Win 68–6–2 (61) George Robinson NWS 12 Oct 12, 1922 31 years, 172 days Exposition Building, Portland, Oregon, U.S. 136 Win 68–6–2 (60) Harry Krohn NWS 12 Oct 6, 1922 31 years, 166 days Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S. 135 Win 68–6–2 (59) Jackie Clark PTS 12 Sep 4, 1922 31 years, 134 days Convention Hall, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. 134 Win 67–6–2 (59) Jamaica Kid PTS 12 Aug 21, 1922 31 years, 120 days McCabe Arena, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. 133 Win 66–6–2 (59) Ray Benson KO 1 (10) Jul 26, 1922 31 years, 94 days Margolis AC, Averne, New York City, New York, U.S. 132 Win 65–6–2 (59) Bob Moha NWS 10 Jun 19, 1922 31 years, 57 days Empress Theater, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. 131 Win 65–6–2 (58) Glenn Clickner KO 5 (12) May 22, 1922 31 years, 29 days Convention Hall, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. 130 Win 64–6–2 (58) Pat McCarthy PTS 12 May 15, 1922 31 years, 22 days National A.C., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S. 129 Win 63–6–2 (58) Otto Hughes KO 4 (10) May 10, 1922 31 years, 17 days Washington Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. 128 Win 62–6–2 (58) Bob Moha TKO 7 (12) May 3, 1922 31 years, 10 days Oak Hill Auditorium, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. 127 Win 61–6–2 (58) Reuben Jaffe TKO 2 (12) Feb 27, 1922 30 years, 310 days Bolton Hall, Troy, New York, U.S. 126 Loss 60–6–2 (58) Harry Greb NWS 10 Feb 20, 1922 30 years, 303 days Ohio National Guard Armory, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. 125 Win 60–6–2 (57) Frankie Fleming KO 6 (12) Jan 16, 1922 30 years, 268 days Staten Island Coliseum, New York City, New York, U.S. 124 Win 59–6–2 (57) Andy Kid Palmer PTS 15 Jan 4, 1922 30 years, 256 days Convention Hall, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. 123 Loss 58–6–2 (57) Mike McTigue PTS 15 Dec 1, 1921 30 years, 222 days Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. 122 Win 58–5–2 (57) Joe White KO 2 (10) Nov 24, 1921 30 years, 215 days St. Denis Theatre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 121 Win 57–5–2 (57) Jimmy Darcy PTS 15 Oct 7, 1921 30 years, 167 days Tulane Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 120 Loss 56–5–2 (57) Mike Gibbons NWS 12 Aug 9, 1921 30 years, 108 days Armory A.A., Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. 119 Win 56–5–2 (56) Harry Foley PTS 15 Aug 1, 1921 30 years, 100 days Pilsbury Winter Gardens, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 118 Draw 55–5–2 (56) Harry Greb PTS 15 May 20, 1921 30 years, 27 days Louisiana Auditorium, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 117 Win 55–5–1 (56) Pat McCarthy PTS 10 Apr 4, 1921 29 years, 346 days Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S. 116 Win 54–5–1 (56) Cliff Jordan PTS 10 Mar 4, 1921 29 years, 315 days Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S. 115 Loss 53–5–1 (56) Harry Greb PTS 10 Feb 25, 1921 29 years, 308 days Mechanics Building, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 114 Loss 53–4–1 (56) Harry Greb NWS 10 Dec 25, 1920 29 years, 246 days Motor Square Garden, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. 113 Win 53–4–1 (55) George Robinson NWS 10 Nov 29, 1920 29 years, 220 days Monument National, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 112 Loss 53–4–1 (54) Mike O'Dowd SD 15 Nov 9, 1920 29 years, 200 days Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. 111 Win 53–3–1 (54) Jamaica Kid NWS 12 Oct 25, 1920 29 years, 185 days Arena, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. 110 Win 53–3–1 (53) Joe White KO 4 (15) Oct 7, 1920 29 years, 167 days Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 109 Win 52–3–1 (53) George Robinson PTS 15 Sep 1, 1920 29 years, 131 days Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 108 Win 51–3–1 (53) Frank Carbone NWS 12 Aug 24, 1920 29 years, 123 days Idora Park, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. 107 Win 51–3–1 (52) Mike McTigue PTS 15 Aug 10, 1920 29 years, 109 days Armouries, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 106 Win 50–3–1 (52) Johnny Howard NWS 12 Jul 12, 1920 29 years, 80 days Lotus A.C., Perth Amboy, New Jersey, U.S. 105 Win 50–3–1 (51) George Robinson NWS 12 Jul 5, 1920 29 years, 73 days Lewiston Athletic Park, Lewiston, Maine, U.S. 104 Win 50–3–1 (50) Ercole de Balzac KO 3 (15) May 8, 1920 29 years, 15 days Cirque de Paris, Paris, Paris, France 103 Win 49–3–1 (50) Bandsman Dick Rice KO 2 (20) Apr 22, 1920 28 years, 365 days Holborn Stadium, Holborn, London, England, U.K. 102 Win 48–3–1 (50) Bob Scanlon KO 2 (10) Apr 7, 1920 28 years, 350 days Salle Wagram, Paris, Paris, France 101 Win 47–3–1 (50) Jef DePaus TKO 2 (10) Mar 5, 1920 28 years, 317 days Cirque de Paris, Paris, Paris, France 100 Win 46–3–1 (50) Young Herman Miller NWS 6 Jan 23, 1920 28 years, 275 days Orpheum Theatre, York, Maryland, U.S. 99 Win 46–3–1 (49) Young Jack Johnson NWS 12 Jan 7, 1920 28 years, 259 days Lewiston, Maine, U.S. 98 Win 46–3–1 (48) Art Magirl TKO 3 (6) Jan 1, 1920 28 years, 253 days National A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 97 Win 45–3–1 (48) Jack Coyne KO 2 (?) Dec 29, 1919 28 years, 250 days 4th Regiment Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. 96 Draw 44–3–1 (48) Jamaica Kid NWS 10 Dec 11, 1919 28 years, 232 days State Armory, Binghamton, New York, U.S. 95 NC 44–3–1 (47) Jack McCarron NC 6 (12) Nov 21, 1919 28 years, 212 days Coliseum, Toledo, Ohio, U.S. No contest for poor performance from both 94 Win 44–3–1 (46) George Samson NWS 8 Nov 17, 1919 28 years, 208 days Trenton A.C., Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. 93 Win 44–3–1 (45) Jamaica Kid NWS 8 Nov 13, 1919 28 years, 204 days Atlantic City S.C., Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 92 Win 44–3–1 (44) Frank Carbone NWS 10 Nov 6, 1919 28 years, 197 days Town Hall, Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S. 91 Win 44–3–1 (43) Frank Carbone NWS 8 Oct 21, 1919 28 years, 181 days Schuetzen Park, Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S. 90 Win 44–3–1 (42) Frank Mayo KO 1 (8) Oct 13, 1919 28 years, 173 days 2nd Regiment Armory, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. 89 Win 43–3–1 (42) Jackie Clark NWS 10 Oct 7, 1919 28 years, 167 days Arena, Syracuse, New York, U.S. 88 Loss 43–3–1 (41) Harry Greb NWS 12 Sep 1, 1919 28 years, 131 days Idora Park, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. 87 Win 43–3–1 (40) Johnny Howard NWS 8 Aug 12, 1919 28 years, 111 days Bayonne Pavillion, Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S. 86 Loss 43–3–1 (39) Panama Joe Gans NWS 8 Jul 8, 1919 28 years, 76 days Atlantic City S.C., Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 85 Win 43–3–1 (38) Mike Gibbons NWS 10 Jul 4, 1919 28 years, 72 days Association Park, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. 84 Win 43–3–1 (37) Eugene Brosseau NWS 10 Jun 24, 1919 28 years, 62 days National Grounds, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 83 Win 43–3–1 (36) Silent Martin NWS 8 May 16, 1919 28 years, 23 days Bayonne Pavillion, Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S. 82 Win 43–3–1 (35) George Chip PTS 12 May 9, 1919 28 years, 16 days Albaugh Theater, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 81 Win 42–3–1 (35) Frank Carbone NWS 8 Mar 27, 1919 27 years, 338 days Atlantic City S.C., Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 80 Win 42–3–1 (34) Jim Booker KO 2 (8) Mar 13, 1919 27 years, 324 days Atlantic City S.C., Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 79 Win 41–3–1 (34) Johnny Howard NWS 8 Feb 3, 1919 27 years, 286 days Grand View Auditorium, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. 78 Win 41–3–1 (33) Billy Kramer KO 3 (6) Jan 1, 1919 27 years, 253 days National A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 77 Win 40–3–1 (33) Jack Hanlon TKO 1 (6) Nov 30, 1918 27 years, 221 days National A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 76 Loss 39–3–1 (33) Johnny Howard NWS 8 Aug 23, 1918 27 years, 122 days Ballpark, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. 75 Draw 39–3–1 (32) Leo Florian Hauck NWS 6 Jul 4, 1918 27 years, 72 days Erne's Open Air Arena, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S. 74 Win 39–3–1 (31) George Robinson PTS 12 May 3, 1918 27 years, 10 days Commercial A.C., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 73 Win 38–3–1 (31) Kid Sheeler KO 1 (15) Dec 20, 1917 26 years, 241 days Maryland A.C., Ardmore, Maryland, U.S. 72 Win 37–3–1 (31) Mike McTigue NWS 10 Nov 1, 1917 26 years, 192 days Clermont Avenue Rink, New York City, New York, U.S. 71 Loss 37–3–1 (30) Harry Greb NWS 10 Sep 11, 1917 26 years, 141 days Auditorium, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. 70 Win 37–3–1 (29) Zulu Kid PTS 15 Jul 21, 1917 26 years, 89 days Oriole Park, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 69 Win 36–3–1 (29) Len Rowlands PTS 15 Jun 18, 1917 26 years, 56 days Elmwood Arena, Elmwood Place, Ohio, U.S. 68 Loss 35–3–1 (29) Harry Greb NWS 10 May 19, 1917 26 years, 26 days Broadway Auditorium, Buffalo, New York, U.S. 67 Win 35–3–1 (28) Young Ahearn KO 5 (20) Apr 23, 1917 26 years, 0 days Louisiana Auditorium, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 66 Win 34–3–1 (28) Joe Borrell NWS 6 Feb 2, 1917 25 years, 285 days Cambria A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 65 Win 34–3–1 (27) Leo Lavin TKO 4 (10) Jan 30, 1917 25 years, 282 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 64 Loss 33–3–1 (27) Jackie Clark NWS 10 Jan 25, 1917 25 years, 277 days Grand Opera House, Herkimer, New York, U.S. 63 Win 33–3–1 (26) Frank Mantell PTS 15 Jan 1, 1917 25 years, 253 days Monumental Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 62 Win 32–3–1 (26) Joe Eagan PTS 12 Dec 12, 1916 25 years, 233 days Arena (Armory A.A.), Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 61 Win 31–3–1 (26) Kid Henry TKO 7 (10) Nov 30, 1916 25 years, 221 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 60 Win 30–3–1 (26) Joe Herrick KO 3 (10) Nov 10, 1916 25 years, 201 days Auditorium, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. 59 Win 29–3–1 (26) Herman Miller KO 3 (10) Nov 6, 1916 25 years, 197 days Albaugh's Theater, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 58 Loss 28–3–1 (26) Jack McCarron NWS 10 Jul 4, 1916 25 years, 72 days Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S. 57 Loss 28–3–1 (25) Gus Christie NWS 10 Jun 23, 1916 25 years, 61 days Flower City A.C., Rochester, New York, U.S. 56 Win 28–3–1 (24) Zulu Kid NWS 10 Mar 28, 1916 24 years, 340 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 55 Loss 28–3–1 (23) Mike Gibbons NWS 10 Mar 17, 1916 24 years, 329 days Auditorium, Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. World middleweight title claim at stake;(via KO only) 54 Win 28–3–1 (22) George Chip DQ 7 (12) Dec 7, 1915 24 years, 228 days Hippodrome, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 53 Loss 27–3–1 (22) Les Darcy DQ 2 (20) May 22, 1915 24 years, 29 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Lost world middleweight title (Australian version) 52 Win 27–2–1 (22) Harold Hardwick PTS 20 May 1, 1915 24 years, 8 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 51 Win 26–2–1 (22) Mick King PTS 20 Feb 20, 1915 23 years, 303 days West Melbourne Stadium, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Retained world middleweight title (Australian version) 50 Win 25–2–1 (22) Les Darcy DQ 5 (20) Jan 23, 1915 23 years, 275 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Retained world middleweight title (Australian version) 49 Win 24–2–1 (22) Mick King PTS 20 Dec 26, 1914 23 years, 247 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Won world middleweight title (Australian version) 48 Loss 23–2–1 (22) Mick King PTS 20 Nov 28, 1914 23 years, 219 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Lost world middleweight title (Australian version) 47 Win 23–1–1 (22) Jimmy Clabby PTS 20 Jun 6, 1914 23 years, 44 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Retained world middleweight title (Australian version) 46 Win 22–1–1 (22) Pat Bradley KO 16 (20) Apr 13, 1914 22 years, 355 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Retained world middleweight title (Australian version) 45 Win 21–1–1 (22) Eddie McGoorty PTS 20 Mar 14, 1914 22 years, 325 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Won world middleweight title (Australian version) 44 Win 20–1–1 (22) Georges Bernard PTS 20 Nov 15, 1913 22 years, 206 days Luna Park Arena, Paris, Paris, France 43 Loss 19–1–1 (22) Georges Carpentier PTS 20 Oct 11, 1913 22 years, 171 days Luna Park Arena, Paris, Paris, France 42 Win 19–0–1 (22) Adrien Hogan TKO 11 (20) Apr 2, 1913 21 years, 344 days Cirque de Paris, Paris, Paris, France 41 Draw 18–0–1 (22) Frank Mantell PTS 20 Feb 19, 1913 21 years, 302 days Salle Wagram, Paris, Paris, France 40 Win 18–0 (22) Georges Bernard PTS 10 Jan 25, 1913 21 years, 277 days Wonderland, Paris, Paris, France 39 Win 17–0 (22) Jim O'Brien KO 3 (10) Dec 21, 1912 21 years, 242 days Wonderland, Paris, Paris, France 38 Win 16–0 (22) Harry Mansfield RTD 6 (10) Nov 16, 1912 21 years, 207 days Wonderland, Paris, Paris, France 37 Win 15–0 (22) Tom Leary PTS 10 Oct 30, 1912 21 years, 190 days Salle Wagram, Paris, Paris, France 36 Win 14–0 (22) Larry English NWS 10 Sep 23, 1912 21 years, 153 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 35 Win 14–0 (21) Jimmy Howard NWS 10 Jun 25, 1912 21 years, 63 days Atlas A.A., Rockaway Beach, New York City, New York, U.S. 34 Win 14–0 (20) Mike Glover NWS 10 Jun 6, 1912 21 years, 44 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 33 Loss 14–0 (19) Mike Gibbons NWS 10 Apr 11, 1912 20 years, 354 days New Amsterdam Opera House, New York City, New York, U.S. 32 Win 14–0 (18) Billy West NWS 10 Feb 27, 1912 20 years, 310 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 31 Loss 14–0 (17) Eddie Palmer NWS 6 Feb 26, 1912 20 years, 309 days American A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 30 Win 14–0 (16) George Chip PTS 15 Feb 20, 1912 20 years, 303 days Rhode Island A.C., Thornton, Rhode Island, U.S. 29 Win 13–0 (16) Young Loughrey TKO 9 (10) Feb 1, 1912 20 years, 284 days New Amsterdam Opera House, New York City, New York, U.S. 28 Win 12–0 (16) Ted Nelson KO 4 (10) Oct 24, 1911 20 years, 184 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 27 Win 11–0 (16) Willie Lewis NWS 10 Oct 12, 1911 20 years, 172 days New Amsterdam Opera House, New York City, New York, U.S. 26 Loss 11–0 (15) Jack Denning NWS 10 Aug 29, 1911 20 years, 128 days Brown's Gym A.A., Far Rockaway, New York City, New York, U.S. 25 Win 11–0 (14) Jimmy Clabby NWS 10 Jun 22, 1911 20 years, 60 days New Amsterdam Opera House, New York City, New York, U.S. 24 Loss 11–0 (13) Dick Nelson NWS 10 May 16, 1911 20 years, 23 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 23 Win 11–0 (12) Al McCloskey KO 2 (4) May 1, 1911 20 years, 8 days Lotus A.C., Perth Amboy, New Jersey, U.S. 22 Loss 10–0 (12) Paddy Lavin NWS 10 Apr 18, 1911 19 years, 360 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 21 Win 10–0 (11) Johnny Carroll NWS 10 Mar 28, 1911 19 years, 339 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 20 Loss 10–0 (10) Kid Henry NWS 10 Feb 14, 1911 19 years, 297 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 19 Win 10–0 (9) Paddy Murray NWS 4 Feb 13, 1911 19 years, 296 days Colin A.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 18 Win 10–0 (8) Jim Heywood KO 2 (10) Feb 2, 1911 19 years, 285 days New Amsterdam Opera House, National S.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 17 Win 9–0 (8) Charley Lawrence NWS 4 Jan 30, 1911 19 years, 282 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 16 Win 9–0 (7) Charles Sieger TKO 2 (10) Jan 19, 1911 19 years, 271 days New Amsterdam Opera House, National S.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 15 Win 8–0 (7) Young Rector TKO 7 (10) Jan 5, 1911 19 years, 257 days New Amsterdam Opera House, National S.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 14 Loss 7–0 (7) Jack Denning NWS 6 Dec 23, 1910 19 years, 244 days New Amsterdam Opera House, National S.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 13 Win 7–0 (6) Sammy Delmont NWS 4 Dec 10, 1910 19 years, 231 days Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S. 12 Win 7–0 (5) Jack Wade KO 1 (4) Dec 2, 1910 19 years, 223 days New Amsterdam Opera House, National S.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 11 Win 6–0 (5) Bill Lynch KO 2 (4) Nov 25, 1910 19 years, 216 days New Amsterdam Opera House, New York City, New York, U.S. 10 Win 5–0 (5) Battling Larry Ryan NWS 6 Nov 23, 1910 19 years, 214 days Sharkey A.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 9 Loss 5–0 (4) Ray Hatfield NWS 4 Nov 7, 1910 19 years, 198 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 8 Win 5–0 (3) Al Rose KO 3 (4) Oct 25, 1910 19 years, 185 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 7 Win 4–0 (3) Jack Zinn KO 1 (4) Oct 25, 1910 19 years, 185 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 6 Win 3–0 (3) Ben Douglas NWS 4 Aug 22, 1910 19 years, 121 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 5 Win 3–0 (2) Young Joe Grim KO 4 (4) Aug 4, 1910 19 years, 103 days Long Acre A.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 4 Win 2–0 (2) Ray Hatfield NWS 4 Jul 11, 1910 19 years, 79 days Krueger Auditorium, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 3 Win 2–0 (1) Ray Hatfield KO 3 (4) May 14, 1910 19 years, 21 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 2 Win 1–0 (1) Tony Bender PTS 4 Apr 18, 1910 18 years, 360 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 1 Win 0–0 (1) Ray Hatfield NWS 4 Mar 7, 1910 18 years, 318 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. Unofficial record 183 fights 141 wins 34 losses By knockout 48 3 By decision 90 30 By disqualification 3 1 Draws 5 No contests 3 Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column. No. Result Record Opponent Type Round Date Age Location Notes 183 Loss 141–34–5 (3) Cuban Bobby Brown TKO 2 (10) Nov 18, 1927 36 years, 209 days Auditorium, Norristown, Pennsylvania, U.S. 182 Loss 141–33–5 (3) George Manley PTS 10 Jul 15, 1927 36 years, 83 days Stockyards Stadium, Denver, Colorado, U.S. 181 Loss 141–32–5 (3) George Manley PTS 10 Jun 11, 1927 36 years, 49 days Olympic Auditorium, Denver, Colorado, U.S. 180 Loss 141–31–5 (3) Fred Cullen PTS 10 Apr 18, 1927 35 years, 360 days El Paso, Texas, U.S. 179 Win 141–30–5 (3) Terry Roberts KO 5 (10) Mar 30, 1927 35 years, 341 days Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S. 178 NC 140–30–5 (3) Henry Lamar NC 7 (10) Mar 22, 1927 35 years, 333 days Auditorium, Washington, D.C., U.S. Boxing was not legally permitted in D.C. 177 Win 140–30–5 (2) Chuck Burns PTS 15 Mar 11, 1927 35 years, 322 days Auditorium, Savannah, Georgia, U.S. 176 Win 139–30–5 (2) Lew Chester NWS 10 Feb 8, 1927 35 years, 291 days Paterson, New Jersey, U.S. 175 Loss 138–30–5 (2) Murray Gitlitz TKO 5 (10) Nov 15, 1926 35 years, 206 days Arena, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 174 Win 138–29–5 (2) Homer Robertson NWS 12 Sep 20, 1926 35 years, 150 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 173 Win 137–29–5 (2) Jack Palmer NWS 8 Jul 26, 1926 35 years, 94 days Waltz Dream Arena, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 172 Loss 136–29–5 (2) Tony Marullo KO 11 (15) Aug 3, 1925 34 years, 102 days Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 171 NC 136–28–5 (2) Bob Lawson NC 5 (12) Jun 19, 1925 34 years, 57 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 170 Win 136–28–5 (1) Buck Aston UD 8 Mar 9, 1925 33 years, 320 days Fulton Opera House, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S. 169 Loss 135–28–5 (1) Gene Tunney NWS 15 Dec 8, 1924 33 years, 229 days Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 168 Win 135–27–5 (1) Frank Moody NWS 12 Nov 11, 1924 33 years, 202 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 167 Win 134–27–5 (1) Happy Howard PTS 15 Oct 27, 1924 33 years, 187 days Tulane Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 166 Win 133–27–5 (1) Billy Britton NWS 10 Oct 20, 1924 33 years, 180 days Tomlinson Hall, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. 165 Draw 132–27–5 (1) Ray Pelkey PTS 4 Oct 1, 1924 33 years, 161 days Auditorium, Oakland, California, U.S. 164 Win 132–27–4 (1) Tony Marullo PTS 15 Sep 11, 1924 33 years, 141 days Tulane Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 163 Win 131–27–4 (1) Ray Neuman DQ 3 (10) Jul 29, 1924 33 years, 97 days Henderson's Bowl, New York City, New York, U.S. 162 Win 130–27–4 (1) George Robinson TKO 4 (12) Jun 30, 1924 33 years, 68 days Stadium, Troy, New York, U.S. 161 Win 129–27–4 (1) Joe Lohman NWS 10 May 30, 1924 33 years, 37 days Tomlinson Hall, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. 160 Win 128–27–4 (1) George Samson KO 2 (10) May 23, 1924 33 years, 30 days R. and P. Park, Mount Holly, New Jersey, U.S. 159 Win 127–27–4 (1) Ray Neuman NWS 12 Apr 28, 1924 33 years, 5 days Arena, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. 158 Win 126–27–4 (1) Joe Lohman KO 9 (10) Mar 7, 1924 32 years, 319 days Auditorium, Atlanta, New Jersey, U.S. 157 Win 125–27–4 (1) Jamaica Kid PTS 12 Feb 18, 1924 32 years, 301 days Lenox A.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 156 Win 124–27–4 (1) Young Fisher KO 10 (12) Nov 12, 1923 32 years, 203 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 155 Win 123–27–4 (1) Chuck Wiggins PTS 15 Oct 1, 1923 32 years, 161 days Tulane Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 154 Win 122–27–4 (1) Lee Anderson PTS 15 Sep 24, 1923 32 years, 154 days Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico 153 Win 121–27–4 (1) Andy Kid Palmer NWS 8 Aug 13, 1923 32 years, 112 days Shibe Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 152 Win 120–27–4 (1) Tommy Loughran NWS 8 Jun 18, 1923 32 years, 56 days Shibe Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 151 Win 119–27–4 (1) Jamaica Kid NWS 12 May 22, 1923 32 years, 29 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 150 Win 118–27–4 (1) Harry Krohn TKO 6 (15) May 10, 1923 32 years, 17 days Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Also reported as occurring May 15 149 Win 117–27–4 (1) Dan O'Dowd NWS 12 Apr 4, 1923 31 years, 346 days Lewiston, Maine, U.S. 148 Win 116–27–4 (1) Bob Roper NWS 12 Mar 20, 1923 31 years, 331 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 147 Loss 115–27–4 (1) Tommy Loughran NWS 10 Mar 8, 1923 31 years, 319 days 109th Infantry Armory, Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S. 146 Win 115–26–4 (1) Jimmy Darcy NWS 12 Mar 2, 1923 31 years, 313 days Oak Hill Auditorium, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. 145 Win 114–26–4 (1) Jamaica Kid PTS 10 Feb 26, 1923 31 years, 309 days Broadway Auditorium, Buffalo, New York, U.S. 144 Win 113–26–4 (1) Jamaica Kid NWS 12 Feb 22, 1923 31 years, 305 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 143 Win 112–26–4 (1) Eddie Tremblay KO 4 (6) Jan 9, 1923 31 years, 261 days Exposition Building, Portland, Maine, U.S. 142 Win 111–26–4 (1) Fay Keiser PTS 12 Jan 1, 1923 31 years, 253 days Lakeside Park Pavillion, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. 141 Win 110–26–4 (1) Billy Britton NWS 12 Dec 29, 1922 31 years, 250 days Memorial Hall, Atchison, Kansas, U.S. 140 Win 109–26–4 (1) Clay Turner KO 2 (12) Dec 18, 1922 31 years, 239 days Canton Auditorium, Canton, Ohio, U.S. 139 Win 108–26–4 (1) Martin Burke PTS 15 Dec 1, 1922 31 years, 222 days Louisiana Auditorium, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 138 Win 107–26–4 (1) Bob Roper PTS 15 Oct 18, 1922 31 years, 178 days Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 137 Win 106–26–4 (1) George Robinson NWS 12 Oct 12, 1922 31 years, 172 days Exposition Building, Portland, Oregon, U.S. 136 Win 105–26–4 (1) Harry Krohn NWS 12 Oct 6, 1922 31 years, 166 days Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S. 135 Win 104–26–4 (1) Jackie Clark PTS 12 Sep 4, 1922 31 years, 134 days Convention Hall, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. 134 Win 103–26–4 (1) Jamaica Kid PTS 12 Aug 21, 1922 31 years, 120 days McCabe Arena, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. 133 Win 102–26–4 (1) Ray Benson KO 1 (10) Jul 26, 1922 31 years, 94 days Margolis AC, Averne, New York City, New York, U.S. 132 Win 101–26–4 (1) Bob Moha NWS 10 Jun 19, 1922 31 years, 57 days Empress Theater, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. 131 Win 100–26–4 (1) Glenn Clickner KO 5 (12) May 22, 1922 31 years, 29 days Convention Hall, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. 130 Win 99–26–4 (1) Pat McCarthy PTS 12 May 15, 1922 31 years, 22 days National A.C., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S. 129 Win 98–26–4 (1) Otto Hughes KO 4 (10) May 10, 1922 31 years, 17 days Washington Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. 128 Win 97–26–4 (1) Bob Moha TKO 7 (12) May 3, 1922 31 years, 10 days Oak Hill Auditorium, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. 127 Win 96–26–4 (1) Reuben Jaffe TKO 2 (12) Feb 27, 1922 30 years, 310 days Bolton Hall, Troy, New York, U.S. 126 Loss 95–26–4 (1) Harry Greb NWS 10 Feb 20, 1922 30 years, 303 days Ohio National Guard Armory, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. 125 Win 95–25–4 (1) Frankie Fleming KO 6 (12) Jan 16, 1922 30 years, 268 days Staten Island Coliseum, New York City, New York, U.S. 124 Win 94–25–4 (1) Andy Kid Palmer PTS 15 Jan 4, 1922 30 years, 256 days Convention Hall, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. 123 Loss 93–25–4 (1) Mike McTigue PTS 15 Dec 1, 1921 30 years, 222 days Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. 122 Win 93–24–4 (1) Joe White KO 2 (10) Nov 24, 1921 30 years, 215 days St. Denis Theatre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 121 Win 92–24–4 (1) Jimmy Darcy PTS 15 Oct 7, 1921 30 years, 167 days Tulane Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 120 Loss 91–24–4 (1) Mike Gibbons NWS 12 Aug 9, 1921 30 years, 108 days Armory A.A., Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. 119 Win 91–23–4 (1) Harry Foley PTS 15 Aug 1, 1921 30 years, 100 days Pilsbury Winter Gardens, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 118 Draw 90–23–4 (1) Harry Greb PTS 15 May 20, 1921 30 years, 27 days Louisiana Auditorium, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 117 Win 90–23–3 (1) Pat McCarthy PTS 10 Apr 4, 1921 29 years, 346 days Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S. 116 Win 89–23–3 (1) Cliff Jordan PTS 10 Mar 4, 1921 29 years, 315 days Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S. 115 Loss 88–23–3 (1) Harry Greb PTS 10 Feb 25, 1921 29 years, 308 days Mechanics Building, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 114 Loss 88–22–3 (1) Harry Greb NWS 10 Dec 25, 1920 29 years, 246 days Motor Square Garden, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. 113 Win 88–21–3 (1) George Robinson NWS 10 Nov 29, 1920 29 years, 220 days Monument National, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 112 Loss 87–21–3 (1) Mike O'Dowd SD 15 Nov 9, 1920 29 years, 200 days Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. 111 Win 87–20–3 (1) Jamaica Kid NWS 12 Oct 25, 1920 29 years, 185 days Arena, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. 110 Win 86–20–3 (1) Joe White KO 4 (15) Oct 7, 1920 29 years, 167 days Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 109 Win 85–20–3 (1) George Robinson PTS 15 Sep 1, 1920 29 years, 131 days Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 108 Win 84–20–3 (1) Frank Carbone NWS 12 Aug 24, 1920 29 years, 123 days Idora Park, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. 107 Win 83–20–3 (1) Mike McTigue PTS 15 Aug 10, 1920 29 years, 109 days Armouries, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 106 Win 82–20–3 (1) Johnny Howard NWS 12 Jul 12, 1920 29 years, 80 days Lotus A.C., Perth Amboy, New Jersey, U.S. 105 Win 81–20–3 (1) George Robinson NWS 12 Jul 5, 1920 29 years, 73 days Lewiston Athletic Park, Lewiston, Maine, U.S. 104 Win 80–20–3 (1) Ercole de Balzac KO 3 (15) May 8, 1920 29 years, 15 days Cirque de Paris, Paris, Paris, France 103 Win 79–20–3 (1) Bandsman Dick Rice KO 2 (20) Apr 22, 1920 28 years, 365 days Holborn Stadium, Holborn, London, England, U.K. 102 Win 78–20–3 (1) Bob Scanlon KO 2 (10) Apr 7, 1920 28 years, 350 days Salle Wagram, Paris, Paris, France 101 Win 77–20–3 (1) Jef DePaus TKO 2 (10) Mar 5, 1920 28 years, 317 days Cirque de Paris, Paris, Paris, France 100 Win 76–20–3 (1) Young Herman Miller NWS 6 Jan 23, 1920 28 years, 275 days Orpheum Theatre, York, Maryland, U.S. 99 Win 75–20–3 (1) Young Jack Johnson NWS 12 Jan 7, 1920 28 years, 259 days Lewiston, Maine, U.S. 98 Win 74–20–3 (1) Art Magirl TKO 3 (6) Jan 1, 1920 28 years, 253 days National A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 97 Win 73–20–3 (1) Jack Coyne KO 2 (?) Dec 29, 1919 28 years, 250 days 4th Regiment Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. 96 Draw 72–20–3 (1) Jamaica Kid NWS 10 Dec 11, 1919 28 years, 232 days State Armory, Binghamton, New York, U.S. 95 NC 72–20–2 (1) Jack McCarron NC 6 (12) Nov 21, 1919 28 years, 212 days Coliseum, Toledo, Ohio, U.S. No contest for poor performance from both 94 Win 72–20–2 George Samson NWS 8 Nov 17, 1919 28 years, 208 days Trenton A.C., Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. 93 Win 71–20–2 Jamaica Kid NWS 8 Nov 13, 1919 28 years, 204 days Atlantic City S.C., Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 92 Win 70–20–2 Frank Carbone NWS 10 Nov 6, 1919 28 years, 197 days Town Hall, Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S. 91 Win 69–20–2 Frank Carbone NWS 8 Oct 21, 1919 28 years, 181 days Schuetzen Park, Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S. 90 Win 68–20–2 Frank Mayo KO 1 (8) Oct 13, 1919 28 years, 173 days 2nd Regiment Armory, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. 89 Win 67–20–2 Jackie Clark NWS 10 Oct 7, 1919 28 years, 167 days Arena, Syracuse, New York, U.S. 88 Loss 66–20–2 Harry Greb NWS 12 Sep 1, 1919 28 years, 131 days Idora Park, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. 87 Win 66–19–2 Johnny Howard NWS 8 Aug 12, 1919 28 years, 111 days Bayonne Pavillion, Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S. 86 Loss 65–19–2 Panama Joe Gans NWS 8 Jul 8, 1919 28 years, 76 days Atlantic City S.C., Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 85 Win 65–18–2 Mike Gibbons NWS 10 Jul 4, 1919 28 years, 72 days Association Park, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. 84 Win 64–18–2 Eugene Brosseau NWS 10 Jun 24, 1919 28 years, 62 days National Grounds, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 83 Win 63–18–2 Silent Martin NWS 8 May 16, 1919 28 years, 23 days Bayonne Pavillion, Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S. 82 Win 62–18–2 George Chip PTS 12 May 9, 1919 28 years, 16 days Albaugh Theater, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 81 Win 61–18–2 Frank Carbone NWS 8 Mar 27, 1919 27 years, 338 days Atlantic City S.C., Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 80 Win 60–18–2 Jim Booker KO 2 (8) Mar 13, 1919 27 years, 324 days Atlantic City S.C., Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S. 79 Win 59–18–2 Johnny Howard NWS 8 Feb 3, 1919 27 years, 286 days Grand View Auditorium, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. 78 Win 58–18–2 Billy Kramer KO 3 (6) Jan 1, 1919 27 years, 253 days National A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 77 Win 57–18–2 Jack Hanlon TKO 1 (6) Nov 30, 1918 27 years, 221 days National A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 76 Loss 56–18–2 Johnny Howard NWS 8 Aug 23, 1918 27 years, 122 days Ballpark, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. 75 Draw 56–17–2 Leo Florian Hauck NWS 6 Jul 4, 1918 27 years, 72 days Erne's Open Air Arena, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S. 74 Win 56–17–1 George Robinson PTS 12 May 3, 1918 27 years, 10 days Commercial A.C., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 73 Win 55–17–1 Kid Sheeler KO 1 (15) Dec 20, 1917 26 years, 241 days Maryland A.C., Ardmore, Maryland, U.S. 72 Win 54–17–1 Mike McTigue NWS 10 Nov 1, 1917 26 years, 192 days Clermont Avenue Rink, New York City, New York, U.S. 71 Loss 53–17–1 Harry Greb NWS 10 Sep 11, 1917 26 years, 141 days Auditorium, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. 70 Win 53–16–1 Zulu Kid PTS 15 Jul 21, 1917 26 years, 89 days Oriole Park, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 69 Win 52–16–1 Len Rowlands PTS 15 Jun 18, 1917 26 years, 56 days Elmwood Arena, Elmwood Place, Ohio, U.S. 68 Loss 51–16–1 Harry Greb NWS 10 May 19, 1917 26 years, 26 days Broadway Auditorium, Buffalo, New York, U.S. 67 Win 51–15–1 Young Ahearn KO 5 (20) Apr 23, 1917 26 years, 0 days Louisiana Auditorium, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. 66 Win 50–15–1 Joe Borrell NWS 6 Feb 2, 1917 25 years, 285 days Cambria A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 65 Win 49–15–1 Leo Lavin TKO 4 (10) Jan 30, 1917 25 years, 282 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 64 Loss 48–15–1 Jackie Clark NWS 10 Jan 25, 1917 25 years, 277 days Grand Opera House, Herkimer, New York, U.S. 63 Win 48–14–1 Frank Mantell PTS 15 Jan 1, 1917 25 years, 253 days Monumental Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 62 Win 47–14–1 Joe Eagan PTS 12 Dec 12, 1916 25 years, 233 days Arena (Armory A.A.), Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 61 Win 46–14–1 Kid Henry TKO 7 (10) Nov 30, 1916 25 years, 221 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 60 Win 45–14–1 Joe Herrick KO 3 (10) Nov 10, 1916 25 years, 201 days Auditorium, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. 59 Win 44–14–1 Herman Miller KO 3 (10) Nov 6, 1916 25 years, 197 days Albaugh's Theater, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 58 Loss 43–14–1 Jack McCarron NWS 10 Jul 4, 1916 25 years, 72 days Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S. 57 Loss 43–13–1 Gus Christie NWS 10 Jun 23, 1916 25 years, 61 days Flower City A.C., Rochester, New York, U.S. 56 Win 43–12–1 Zulu Kid NWS 10 Mar 28, 1916 24 years, 340 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 55 Loss 42–12–1 Mike Gibbons NWS 10 Mar 17, 1916 24 years, 329 days Auditorium, Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. World middleweight title claim at stake;(via KO only) 54 Win 42–11–1 George Chip DQ 7 (12) Dec 7, 1915 24 years, 228 days Hippodrome, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 53 Loss 41–11–1 Les Darcy DQ 2 (20) May 22, 1915 24 years, 29 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Lost world middleweight title (Australian version) 52 Win 41–10–1 Harold Hardwick PTS 20 May 1, 1915 24 years, 8 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 51 Win 40–10–1 Mick King PTS 20 Feb 20, 1915 23 years, 303 days West Melbourne Stadium, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Retained world middleweight title (Australian version) 50 Win 39–10–1 Les Darcy DQ 5 (20) Jan 23, 1915 23 years, 275 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Retained world middleweight title (Australian version) 49 Win 38–10–1 Mick King PTS 20 Dec 26, 1914 23 years, 247 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Won world middleweight title (Australian version) 48 Loss 37–10–1 Mick King PTS 20 Nov 28, 1914 23 years, 219 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Lost world middleweight title (Australian version) 47 Win 37–9–1 Jimmy Clabby PTS 20 Jun 6, 1914 23 years, 44 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Retained world middleweight title (Australian version) 46 Win 36–9–1 Pat Bradley KO 16 (20) Apr 13, 1914 22 years, 355 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Retained world middleweight title (Australian version) 45 Win 35–9–1 Eddie McGoorty PTS 20 Mar 14, 1914 22 years, 325 days Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Won world middleweight title (Australian version) 44 Win 34–9–1 Georges Bernard PTS 20 Nov 15, 1913 22 years, 206 days Luna Park Arena, Paris, Paris, France 43 Loss 33–9–1 Georges Carpentier PTS 20 Oct 11, 1913 22 years, 171 days Luna Park Arena, Paris, Paris, France 42 Win 33–8–1 Adrien Hogan TKO 11 (20) Apr 2, 1913 21 years, 344 days Cirque de Paris, Paris, Paris, France 41 Draw 32–8–1 Frank Mantell PTS 20 Feb 19, 1913 21 years, 302 days Salle Wagram, Paris, Paris, France 40 Win 32–8 Georges Bernard PTS 10 Jan 25, 1913 21 years, 277 days Wonderland, Paris, Paris, France 39 Win 31–8 Jim O'Brien KO 3 (10) Dec 21, 1912 21 years, 242 days Wonderland, Paris, Paris, France 38 Win 30–8 Harry Mansfield RTD 6 (10) Nov 16, 1912 21 years, 207 days Wonderland, Paris, Paris, France 37 Win 29–8 Tom Leary PTS 10 Oct 30, 1912 21 years, 190 days Salle Wagram, Paris, Paris, France 36 Win 28–8 Larry English NWS 10 Sep 23, 1912 21 years, 153 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 35 Win 27–8 Jimmy Howard NWS 10 Jun 25, 1912 21 years, 63 days Atlas A.A., Rockaway Beach, New York City, New York, U.S. 34 Win 26–8 Mike Glover NWS 10 Jun 6, 1912 21 years, 44 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 33 Loss 25–8 Mike Gibbons NWS 10 Apr 11, 1912 20 years, 354 days New Amsterdam Opera House, New York City, New York, U.S. 32 Win 25–7 Billy West NWS 10 Feb 27, 1912 20 years, 310 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 31 Loss 24–7 Eddie Palmer NWS 6 Feb 26, 1912 20 years, 309 days American A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. 30 Win 24–6 George Chip PTS 15 Feb 20, 1912 20 years, 303 days Rhode Island A.C., Thornton, Rhode Island, U.S. 29 Win 23–6 Young Loughrey TKO 9 (10) Feb 1, 1912 20 years, 284 days New Amsterdam Opera House, New York City, New York, U.S. 28 Win 22–6 Ted Nelson KO 4 (10) Oct 24, 1911 20 years, 184 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 27 Win 21–6 Willie Lewis NWS 10 Oct 12, 1911 20 years, 172 days New Amsterdam Opera House, New York City, New York, U.S. 26 Loss 20–6 Jack Denning NWS 10 Aug 29, 1911 20 years, 128 days Brown's Gym A.A., Far Rockaway, New York City, New York, U.S. 25 Win 20–5 Jimmy Clabby NWS 10 Jun 22, 1911 20 years, 60 days New Amsterdam Opera House, New York City, New York, U.S. 24 Loss 19–5 Dick Nelson NWS 10 May 16, 1911 20 years, 23 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 23 Win 19–4 Al McCloskey KO 2 (4) May 1, 1911 20 years, 8 days Lotus A.C., Perth Amboy, New Jersey, U.S. 22 Loss 18–4 Paddy Lavin NWS 10 Apr 18, 1911 19 years, 360 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 21 Win 18–3 Johnny Carroll NWS 10 Mar 28, 1911 19 years, 339 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 20 Loss 17–3 Kid Henry NWS 10 Feb 14, 1911 19 years, 297 days German Hall, Albany, New York, U.S. 19 Win 17–2 Paddy Murray NWS 4 Feb 13, 1911 19 years, 296 days Colin A.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 18 Win 16–2 Jim Heywood KO 2 (10) Feb 2, 1911 19 years, 285 days New Amsterdam Opera House, National S.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 17 Win 15–2 Charley Lawrence NWS 4 Jan 30, 1911 19 years, 282 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 16 Win 14–2 Charles Sieger TKO 2 (10) Jan 19, 1911 19 years, 271 days New Amsterdam Opera House, National S.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 15 Win 13–2 Young Rector TKO 7 (10) Jan 5, 1911 19 years, 257 days New Amsterdam Opera House, National S.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 14 Loss 12–2 Jack Denning NWS 6 Dec 23, 1910 19 years, 244 days New Amsterdam Opera House, National S.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 13 Win 12–1 Sammy Delmont NWS 4 Dec 10, 1910 19 years, 231 days Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S. 12 Win 11–1 Jack Wade KO 1 (4) Dec 2, 1910 19 years, 223 days New Amsterdam Opera House, National S.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 11 Win 10–1 Bill Lynch KO 2 (4) Nov 25, 1910 19 years, 216 days New Amsterdam Opera House, New York City, New York, U.S. 10 Win 9–1 Battling Larry Ryan NWS 6 Nov 23, 1910 19 years, 214 days Sharkey A.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 9 Loss 8–1 Ray Hatfield NWS 4 Nov 7, 1910 19 years, 198 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 8 Win 8–0 Al Rose KO 3 (4) Oct 25, 1910 19 years, 185 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 7 Win 7–0 Jack Zinn KO 1 (4) Oct 25, 1910 19 years, 185 days Brown's Gym, New York City, New York, U.S. 6 Win 6–0 Ben Douglas NWS 4 Aug 22, 1910 19 years, 121 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 5 Win 5–0 Young Joe Grim KO 4 (4) Aug 4, 1910 19 years, 103 days Long Acre A.C., New York City, New York, U.S. 4 Win 4–0 Ray Hatfield NWS 4 Jul 11, 1910 19 years, 79 days Krueger Auditorium, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 3 Win 3–0 Ray Hatfield KO 3 (4) May 14, 1910 19 years, 21 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 2 Win 2–0 Tony Bender PTS 4 Apr 18, 1910 18 years, 360 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. 1 Win 1–0 Ray Hatfield NWS 4 Mar 7, 1910 18 years, 318 days Central Institute, Newark, New Jersey, U.S. Life after boxing After retiring, he became a physical education instructor with the Bayonne Board of Education and the Fort Dix New Jersey Army Base, he also taught boxing lessons at the local YMCA. References ^ "BoxRec: Jeff Smith". ^ a b c d Jeff Smith's Professional Boxing Record. BoxRec.com. Retrieved on April 5, 2014. ^ All-Time Middleweight Rankings Archived December 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. BoxRec.com. Retrieved on April 26, 2014. ^ a b c Cyber Boxing Encyclopedia – Jeff Smith CyberBoxingZone.com Retrieved on April 5, 2014 ^ a b International Boxing Hall of Fame Jeff Smith IBHOF.com Retrieved on April 5, 2014 ^ a b c d e f Cavanaugh, Douglas (December 16, 2010). "Jeff Smith". International Boxing Research Organization. Retrieved April 5, 2014. ^ Mike Gibbons and Jeff Smith. PapersPast.com. Retrieved on April 5, 2014. ^ "BoxRec: Jeff Smith". External links Boxing record for Jeff Smith from BoxRec (registration required) Jeff Smith at Find a Grave Titles in pretence Preceded byEddie McGoorty World Middleweight Champion March 14, 1914 – November 28, 1914 Only Recognized in Australia Succeeded byMick King Preceded byMick King World Middleweight Champion December 26, 1914 – May 22, 1915 Only Recognized in Australia Succeeded byLes Darcy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Greb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Greb"},{"link_name":"Gene Tunney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Tunney"},{"link_name":"Mike Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gibbons_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Georges Carpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Carpentier"},{"link_name":"Les Darcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Darcy"},{"link_name":"Tommy Loughran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Loughran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer1-2"},{"link_name":"BoxRec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoxRec"},{"link_name":"middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleweight"},{"link_name":"Nat Fleischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Fleischer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer6-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer2-4"},{"link_name":"Ring Magazine hall of fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Magazine_hall_of_fame"},{"link_name":"International Boxing Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer3-5"}],"text":"American boxer (1891–1962)Jerome \"Jeff Smith\" Jefferds (April 23, 1891 – February 3, 1962) was an American professional boxer who held the Australian version of the World Middleweight Title during his career. Despite his relative anonymity, Smith faced off against some the best fighters of his era, including Harry Greb, Gene Tunney, Mike Gibbons, Georges Carpentier, Les Darcy and Tommy Loughran.[2] Statistical boxing website BoxRec lists Smith as the 17th greatest middleweight ever, while Ring Magazine founder Nat Fleischer ranked Smith as the No. 10 Middleweight of all-time.[3][4] He was inducted into the Ring Magazine hall of fame in 1969 and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2013.[4][5]","title":"Jeff Smith (boxer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeff_Smith_vs._Georges_Carpentier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georges Carpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Carpentier"},{"link_name":"Stanley Ketchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Ketchel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer4-6"},{"link_name":"Middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleweight"},{"link_name":"George Chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chip"},{"link_name":"Middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleweight"},{"link_name":"Mike Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gibbons_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer4-6"},{"link_name":"Light Heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"Georges Carpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Carpentier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer1-2"}],"text":"Smith (right), during his bout with Georges CarpentierSmith made his pro debut in 1910 (the same year of the death of famed Middleweight Champion Stanley Ketchel), beating Ray Hatfield by newspaper decision over four rounds.[6] On February 20, 1912, Smith beat future World Middleweight Title holder George Chip on points over fifteen rounds in what turned out to be a heated battle. His next notable challenge was against another future Middleweight titleholder in Mike Gibbons, with whom he drew over 10 rounds as decided by newspaper reporters.[6] On October 11, 1913, Smith faced yet another future champion in French fighter and future Light Heavyweight champ Georges Carpentier. Despite a late rally by Smith, Carpentier used his vaunted technique beat him decisively in a twenty round decision.[2]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eddie McGoorty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_McGoorty"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer4-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer1-2"},{"link_name":"Les Darcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Darcy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer4-6"}],"text":"Earning his nickname as the \"Bayonne Globetrotter\", Smith faced Eddie McGoorty in Australia, losing an extremely unpopular decision over twenty rounds. The decision was so despised that it was later rescinded, and Smith was awarded the Australian version of the World Middleweight Title.[6] Smith would lose the title to Australian pugilist Mick King on November 28, 1914 but regained it just one month later on December 26 of the same year.[2] On January 23, 1915 Smith faced famed Australian fighter Les Darcy, beating him by disqualification after Darcy's handlers threw in a towel in protest to what they claimed was a low blow by Smith. Smith thus maintained his status as Australian champion, but Darcy would later exact his revenge, beating Smith via disqualification for repeated low blows.[6]","title":"Australian World Middleweight Champion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Greb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Greb"},{"link_name":"(Tommy) Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer4-6"},{"link_name":"Mike Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gibbons_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer5-7"},{"link_name":"Gene Tunney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Tunney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer4-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer1-2"}],"text":"During his career, Smith had a tremendous rivalry with the legendary Harry Greb; with the two squaring of a total of seven times. Although he lost six times and drew once against the \"Pittsburgh Windmill\", Greb had great respect for Smith; stating \"My toughest fight was with Jeff Smith. (Tommy) Gibbons gave me a hard battle, but nothing like the Smith beating.\"[6] Also notable was his tetra-logy of fights with Mike Gibbons, resulting in one win and three losses.[7] Near the end of his career, Smith faced the fabled Gene Tunney; losing a clear decision to the much larger \"Fighting Marine\" after being knocked down twice.[6] Smith retired after being knocked out for the third time by Cuban Bobby Brown on November 18, 1927.[2]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BoxRec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoxRec"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"All information in this section is derived from BoxRec,[8] unless otherwise stated.","title":"Professional boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspaper decisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_decision"}],"sub_title":"Official Record","text":"All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as \"no decision\" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.","title":"Professional boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspaper decisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_decision"}],"sub_title":"Unofficial record","text":"Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.","title":"Professional boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxer3-5"}],"text":"After retiring, he became a physical education instructor with the Bayonne Board of Education and the Fort Dix New Jersey Army Base, he also taught boxing lessons at the local YMCA.[4][5]","title":"Life after boxing"}]	[{"image_text":"Smith (right), during his bout with Georges Carpentier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jeff_Smith_vs._Georges_Carpentier.jpg/220px-Jeff_Smith_vs._Georges_Carpentier.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"BoxRec: Jeff Smith\".","urls":[{"url":"https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/11274?offset=0","url_text":"\"BoxRec: Jeff Smith\""}]},{"reference":"Cavanaugh, Douglas (December 16, 2010). \"Jeff Smith\". International Boxing Research Organization. Retrieved April 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibroresearch.com/?p=4194","url_text":"\"Jeff Smith\""}]},{"reference":"\"BoxRec: Jeff Smith\".","urls":[{"url":"https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/11274?offset=0","url_text":"\"BoxRec: Jeff Smith\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/11274?offset=0","external_links_name":"\"BoxRec: Jeff Smith\""},{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=011274&cat=boxer","external_links_name":"Jeff Smith's Professional Boxing Record"},{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/ratings.php?country=&sex=m&division=Middleweight&status=E&SUBMIT=Go","external_links_name":"All-Time Middleweight Rankings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141213200940/http://boxrec.com/ratings.php?country=&sex=m&division=Middleweight&status=E&SUBMIT=Go","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/smith-jeff.htm","external_links_name":"Cyber Boxing Encyclopedia – Jeff Smith"},{"Link":"http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/oldtimer/smith_jeff.html","external_links_name":"International Boxing Hall of Fame Jeff Smith"},{"Link":"http://www.ibroresearch.com/?p=4194","external_links_name":"\"Jeff Smith\""},{"Link":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZTR19191206.2.46.3","external_links_name":"Mike Gibbons and Jeff Smith"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/11274?offset=0","external_links_name":"\"BoxRec: Jeff Smith\""},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/11274","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Jeff Smith"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/102039511","external_links_name":"Jeff Smith"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Hall	Rob Hall	["1 Mountaineering","2 1996 Everest disaster","2.1 Media coverage","3 List of major climbs","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	New Zealand mountaineer (1961–1996) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rob Hall" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For other people named Robert Hall, see Robert Hall (disambiguation). Rob HallNZBS MBEBornRobert Edwin Hall(1961-01-14)14 January 1961Christchurch, New ZealandDied11 May 1996(1996-05-11) (aged 35)Mount Everest, NepalCause of deathHypothermiaResting placeSouth Summit of EverestNationalityNew ZealanderOccupationMountain guideEmployerAdventure ConsultantsKnown for1996 Everest disasterSpouseJan ArnoldChildren1 Robert Edwin Hall NZBS MBE (14 January 1961 – 11 May 1996) was a New Zealand mountaineer. He was the head guide of a 1996 Mount Everest expedition during which he, a fellow guide, and two clients died. A best-selling account of the expedition was given in Jon Krakauer's book Into Thin Air, and the expedition has been dramatised in the 2015 film Everest. At the time of his death, Hall had just completed his fifth ascent to the summit of Everest, more at that time than any other non-Sherpa mountaineer. Hall met his future wife, physician Jan Arnold, during his Everest summit attempt in 1990. Hall and Arnold climbed Denali for their first date and later married. In 1993, Hall and Arnold climbed to the summit of Everest together. In the catastrophic 1996 season, Arnold would have accompanied Hall on his Everest expedition, but she was pregnant. Mountaineering This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rob Hall" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hall grew up in New Zealand where he climbed extensively in the Southern Alps. In 1989, Rob Hall met Gary Ball, who became his climbing partner and close friend. As with most other mountain climbers, Hall and Gary Ball sought corporate sponsorships to fund their expeditions. The partners decided to climb the Seven Summits, but upped the ante by ascending to the summits of all seven in seven months. They started with Everest in May, and climbed the last mountain, Antarctica's Vinson Massif, on 12 December 1990, hours before the deadline. After this success they realised that to retain their sponsorships, each successive climb would have to be ever riskier and more spectacular, increasing the chances of an accident. Hall and Ball therefore decided to quit professional climbing and form a high-altitude guiding business. Their company, Adventure Consultants, was incorporated in 1992 and quickly became a premier expedition guiding company. That year they guided six clients to the top of Everest. In October 1993, Gary Ball died of pulmonary edema on a Himalayan mountain, leaving Hall to run Adventure Consultants on his own. By 1996, Hall had guided thirty-nine climbers up to the top of Everest. Although the price of a guided summit attempt – US$65,000 – was considerably higher than that of other expeditions, Hall's reputation for reliability and safety attracted clients from all over the world. Rob Hall was well known in the mountaineering world as the "mountain goat" or the "show". In the 1994 Queen's Birthday Honours, Hall was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to mountaineering. 1996 Everest disaster Main article: 1996 Mount Everest disaster The Memorial Chorten for Rob Hall, Doug Hansen, Andy Harris, Yasuko Namba Adventure Consultants' 1996 Everest expedition consisted of eight clients and three guides (Hall, Mike Groom, and Andy Harris). Among the clients was Jon Krakauer, a journalist on assignment from Outside magazine. Hall had brokered a deal with Outside; he would guide one of their writers to the summit in exchange for advertising space and a story about the growing popularity of commercial expeditions to Everest. Shortly after midnight on 10 May 1996, the Adventure Consultants expedition began a summit attempt from Camp IV, atop the South Col. They were joined by climbers from Scott Fischer's Mountain Madness company, as well as expeditions sponsored by the governments of Taiwan and India. The expeditions quickly encountered delays. Upon reaching the Hillary Step, the climbers discovered that no fixed line had been placed, and they were forced to wait for an hour while the guides installed the ropes (Rob nonetheless "fixed most of the mountain in 1996"). Since some 33 climbers were attempting to reach the summit on the same day, and Hall and Fischer had asked their climbers to stay within 150 m of each other, there were bottlenecks at the single fixed line at the Hillary Step. Many of the climbers had not yet reached the summit by 2:00 pm, the last safe time to turn around to reach Camp IV before nightfall. Hall's Sardar, Ang Dorje Sherpa, and other climbing Sherpas waited at the summit for the clients. Near 3:00 pm, they began their descent. On the way down, Ang Dorje encountered client Doug Hansen above the Hillary Step, and ordered him to descend. Hansen refused. When Hall arrived at the scene, he sent the Sherpas down to assist the other clients, and stated that he would remain to help Hansen, who had run out of supplementary oxygen. At 5:00 pm, a blizzard struck the Southwest Face of Everest, diminishing visibility and obliterating the trail back to Camp IV. Shortly afterward, Hall radioed for help, saying that Hansen had fallen unconscious but was still alive. Adventure Consultants guide Andy Harris began climbing to the Hillary Step at 5:30 pm with water and supplementary oxygen. On 11 May, at 4:43 am, close to twelve hours after the blizzard had started, Hall radioed down and said that he was on the South Summit. He reported that Harris had reached the two men, but that Hansen had died sometime during the night and that Harris was missing as well. Hall was not breathing bottled oxygen, because his regulator was too choked with ice. By 9:00 am, Hall had fixed his oxygen mask, but indicated that his frostbitten hands and feet were making it difficult to traverse the fixed ropes. Later in the afternoon, he radioed to Base Camp, asking them to call his wife, Jan Arnold, on the satellite phone. During this last communication, he reassured her that he was reasonably comfortable and told her, "Sleep well my sweetheart. Please don't worry too much." He died shortly thereafter. His body was found on 23 May by mountaineers from the IMAX expedition, and still remains just below the South Summit. In the 1999 New Zealand bravery awards, Hall was posthumously awarded the New Zealand Bravery Star for his actions. Media coverage Jon Krakauer published an article in Outside and a book called Into Thin Air shortly after the disaster. In both, he speculated that the delays caused by the missing fixed ropes, as well as the guides' decision not to enforce the 2:00 pm turnaround time, were responsible for the deaths. Krakauer was criticised by Hall's widow for publishing their last conversation. Hall's radio transmission from the summit ridge was patched through and connected to his wife at home. The transcription of Hall's final conversation with his wife was reprinted in the book. Into Thin Air: Death on Everest, a TV movie on the 1996 Everest disaster, starred Nathaniel Parker as Rob Hall. The series Seconds From Disaster published an episode about the 1996 incident called "Into The Death Zone". Rob Hall's ordeal is heavily covered in the episode. The Neil Finn song "The Climber" was inspired by Rob Hall's death. Another documentary directed by David Breashears, who was on Everest in 1996, "Storm Over Everest" aired on the PBS program Frontline in 2008. A feature film based on the events titled Everest (2015) was developed by Working Title Films and Universal Pictures, and directed by Baltasar Kormákur. Rob Hall is portrayed by Jason Clarke. Rob Hall is a character in the opera Everest (2015) by British composer Joby Talbot, which follows the major episodes of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster. The Anjan Dutt song "Mr. Hall" from the album Keu Gaan Gaye is based on Rob Hall's legacy. List of major climbs 1990 – Seven Summits (the Bass list: Aconcagua, Mount Everest, Elbrus, Kilimanjaro, Denali, Kosciuszko, Vinson) 1992 – K2 attempt (Scott Fischer, Ed Viesturs, and Charley Mace helped Hall save his climbing partner Gary Ball from edema) 1992 – Mount Everest 1993 – Dhaulagiri (reached 7300m with Gary Ball and Veikka Gustafsson. Veikka and Rob tried to rescue Gary, who got edema and later died on mountain.) 1993 – Mount Everest (with his wife, Jan Arnold) 1994 – Mount Everest 1994 – Lhotse 1994 – K2 1994 – Cho Oyu 1994 – Makalu 1995 – Cho Oyu 1996 – Mount Everest (died on descent) See also List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest List of people who died climbing Mount Everest References ^ a b c Claudia Glenn Dowling (14 May 2001). "After Everest". Time Warner. Retrieved 21 May 2012. ^ "Meet our team, Dr Jan Arnold". INP Medical Clinic. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2012. ^ Gary Ball, climber, dies on mountain, Reuters, 11 October 1993, archived from the original on 11 September 2016. ^ "Statistics of 7 summits climber Ball". www.7summits.com. Retrieved 12 August 2011. ^ "No. 53697". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 11 June 1994. p. 34. ^ "Fixed ropes – climbers guide to Everest". mounteverest.net. Retrieved 23 March 2015. ^ PBS Frontline, "Storm Over Everest", aired 13 May 2008 ^ "Special honours list 1999 (Bravery Awards)". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 23 October 1999. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ Vom Leben verabschiedet, Der Spiegel, Joachim Hoelzgen, 23. Februar 1998 ^ Hopewell, John (6 August 2013). "'2 Guns' Helmer Kormakur Set to Climb 'Everest'". variety.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014. ^ Dickinson, Matt (1999). The Other Side of Everest: Climbing the North Face through the Killer Storm. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 9780307558879. OCLC 857306645. Retrieved 3 October 2016 – via Google Books. First published as: Dickinson, Matt (1997). The Death Zone: Climbing Everest through the Killer Storm. London, UK: Hutchinson. ISBN 9780091802394. OCLC 59591265. ^ Leino, Eino; Gustafsson, Veikka (1995). Kohti huippua (in Finnish). Porvoo ; Helsinki ; Juva: WSOY. pp. 128–133. ISBN 9510205753. OCLC 58181970. ^ "Ascents - K2". Retrieved 31 May 2016. External links Rob Hall Biography EverestHistory.com Rob Hall Biography Rob Hall Biography at 7summits.com Adventure Consultants 2013: Portrait Painting of Rob Hall Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Hall (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hall_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"NZBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Bravery_Star"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"mountaineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineer"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"Jon Krakauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer"},{"link_name":"Into Thin Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air"},{"link_name":"Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Sherpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpa_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peoplemay2001-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Denali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peoplemay2001-1"}],"text":"For other people named Robert Hall, see Robert Hall (disambiguation).Robert Edwin Hall NZBS MBE (14 January 1961 – 11 May 1996) was a New Zealand mountaineer. He was the head guide of a 1996 Mount Everest expedition during which he, a fellow guide, and two clients died. A best-selling account of the expedition was given in Jon Krakauer's book Into Thin Air, and the expedition has been dramatised in the 2015 film Everest. At the time of his death, Hall had just completed his fifth ascent to the summit of Everest, more at that time than any other non-Sherpa mountaineer.Hall met his future wife, physician Jan Arnold, during his Everest summit attempt in 1990.[1][2] Hall and Arnold climbed Denali for their first date and later married. In 1993, Hall and Arnold climbed to the summit of Everest together.[1] In the catastrophic 1996 season, Arnold would have accompanied Hall on his Everest expedition, but she was pregnant.","title":"Rob Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alps_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Gary Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ball"},{"link_name":"Seven Summits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Summits"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Vinson Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinson_Massif"},{"link_name":"Adventure Consultants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Consultants"},{"link_name":"pulmonary edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edema"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1994 Queen's Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Birthday_Honours_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hall grew up in New Zealand where he climbed extensively in the Southern Alps. In 1989, Rob Hall met Gary Ball, who became his climbing partner and close friend. As with most other mountain climbers, Hall and Gary Ball sought corporate sponsorships to fund their expeditions. The partners decided to climb the Seven Summits, but upped the ante by ascending to the summits of all seven in seven months. They started with Everest in May, and climbed the last mountain, Antarctica's Vinson Massif, on 12 December 1990, hours before the deadline. After this success they realised that to retain their sponsorships, each successive climb would have to be ever riskier and more spectacular, increasing the chances of an accident. Hall and Ball therefore decided to quit professional climbing and form a high-altitude guiding business.Their company, Adventure Consultants, was incorporated in 1992 and quickly became a premier expedition guiding company. That year they guided six clients to the top of Everest. In October 1993, Gary Ball died of pulmonary edema on a Himalayan mountain,[3][4] leaving Hall to run Adventure Consultants on his own. By 1996, Hall had guided thirty-nine climbers up to the top of Everest. Although the price of a guided summit attempt – US$65,000 – was considerably higher than that of other expeditions, Hall's reputation for reliability and safety attracted clients from all over the world. Rob Hall was well known in the mountaineering world as the \"mountain goat\" or the \"show\".In the 1994 Queen's Birthday Honours, Hall was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to mountaineering.[5]","title":"Mountaineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_Chorten_For_Rob_Hall_%26_Doug_Hansen_%26_Andy_Harris_%26_Yasuko_Namba.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andy Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Harris_(mountain_guide)"},{"link_name":"Yasuko Namba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuko_Namba"},{"link_name":"Jon Krakauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer"},{"link_name":"Outside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"South Col","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Col"},{"link_name":"Scott Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Mountain Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Madness"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Hillary Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Step"},{"link_name":"fixed line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_climbing_terms"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hillary Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Step"},{"link_name":"Sardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar"},{"link_name":"Ang Dorje Sherpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Dorje_Sherpa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"IMAX expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"1999 New Zealand bravery awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_bravery_awards"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Bravery Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Bravery_Star"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Memorial Chorten for Rob Hall, Doug Hansen, Andy Harris, Yasuko NambaAdventure Consultants' 1996 Everest expedition consisted of eight clients and three guides (Hall, Mike Groom, and Andy Harris). Among the clients was Jon Krakauer, a journalist on assignment from Outside magazine. Hall had brokered a deal with Outside; he would guide one of their writers to the summit in exchange for advertising space and a story about the growing popularity of commercial expeditions to Everest.Shortly after midnight on 10 May 1996, the Adventure Consultants expedition began a summit attempt from Camp IV, atop the South Col. They were joined by climbers from Scott Fischer's Mountain Madness company, as well as expeditions sponsored by the governments of Taiwan and India.The expeditions quickly encountered delays. Upon reaching the Hillary Step, the climbers discovered that no fixed line had been placed, and they were forced to wait for an hour while the guides installed the ropes (Rob nonetheless \"fixed most of the mountain in 1996\").[6] Since some 33 climbers were attempting to reach the summit on the same day, and Hall and Fischer had asked their climbers to stay within 150 m of each other, there were bottlenecks at the single fixed line at the Hillary Step. Many of the climbers had not yet reached the summit by 2:00 pm, the last safe time to turn around to reach Camp IV before nightfall.Hall's Sardar, Ang Dorje Sherpa, and other climbing Sherpas waited at the summit for the clients. Near 3:00 pm, they began their descent. On the way down, Ang Dorje encountered client Doug Hansen above the Hillary Step, and ordered him to descend. Hansen refused.[7] When Hall arrived at the scene, he sent the Sherpas down to assist the other clients, and stated that he would remain to help Hansen, who had run out of supplementary oxygen.At 5:00 pm, a blizzard struck the Southwest Face of Everest, diminishing visibility and obliterating the trail back to Camp IV. Shortly afterward, Hall radioed for help, saying that Hansen had fallen unconscious but was still alive. Adventure Consultants guide Andy Harris began climbing to the Hillary Step at 5:30 pm with water and supplementary oxygen.On 11 May, at 4:43 am, close to twelve hours after the blizzard had started, Hall radioed down and said that he was on the South Summit. He reported that Harris had reached the two men, but that Hansen had died sometime during the night and that Harris was missing as well. Hall was not breathing bottled oxygen, because his regulator was too choked with ice. By 9:00 am, Hall had fixed his oxygen mask, but indicated that his frostbitten hands and feet were making it difficult to traverse the fixed ropes. Later in the afternoon, he radioed to Base Camp, asking them to call his wife, Jan Arnold, on the satellite phone. During this last communication, he reassured her that he was reasonably comfortable and told her, \"Sleep well my sweetheart. Please don't worry too much.\" He died shortly thereafter. His body was found on 23 May by mountaineers from the IMAX expedition, and still remains just below the South Summit. In the 1999 New Zealand bravery awards, Hall was posthumously awarded the New Zealand Bravery Star for his actions.[8]","title":"1996 Everest disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Outside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Into Thin Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DerSpiegel-9"},{"link_name":"Into Thin Air: Death on Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air:_Death_on_Everest"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Parker"},{"link_name":"Seconds From Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconds_From_Disaster"},{"link_name":"Neil Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Finn"},{"link_name":"David Breashears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Breashears"},{"link_name":"Frontline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Working Title Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Title_Films"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Baltasar Kormákur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Korm%C3%A1kur"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baltasar-10"},{"link_name":"Jason Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Clarke_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Joby Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joby_Talbot"},{"link_name":"1996 Mount Everest disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Mount_Everest_disaster"},{"link_name":"Anjan Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjan_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Keu Gaan Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keu_Gaan_Gaye"}],"sub_title":"Media coverage","text":"Jon Krakauer published an article in Outside and a book called Into Thin Air shortly after the disaster. In both, he speculated that the delays caused by the missing fixed ropes, as well as the guides' decision not to enforce the 2:00 pm turnaround time, were responsible for the deaths. Krakauer was criticised by Hall's widow for publishing their last conversation.[9] Hall's radio transmission from the summit ridge was patched through and connected to his wife at home. The transcription of Hall's final conversation with his wife was reprinted in the book.\nInto Thin Air: Death on Everest, a TV movie on the 1996 Everest disaster, starred Nathaniel Parker as Rob Hall.\nThe series Seconds From Disaster published an episode about the 1996 incident called \"Into The Death Zone\". Rob Hall's ordeal is heavily covered in the episode.\nThe Neil Finn song \"The Climber\" was inspired by Rob Hall's death.\nAnother documentary directed by David Breashears, who was on Everest in 1996, \"Storm Over Everest\" aired on the PBS program Frontline in 2008.\nA feature film based on the events titled Everest (2015) was developed by Working Title Films and Universal Pictures, and directed by Baltasar Kormákur.[10] Rob Hall is portrayed by Jason Clarke.\nRob Hall is a character in the opera Everest (2015) by British composer Joby Talbot, which follows the major episodes of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster.\nThe Anjan Dutt song \"Mr. Hall\" from the album Keu Gaan Gaye is based on Rob Hall's legacy.","title":"1996 Everest disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seven Summits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Summits"},{"link_name":"Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bass"},{"link_name":"Aconcagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"Elbrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Elbrus"},{"link_name":"Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"Denali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali"},{"link_name":"Kosciuszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kosciuszko"},{"link_name":"Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinson_Massif"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2"},{"link_name":"Scott Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Ed Viesturs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Viesturs"},{"link_name":"Gary Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ball"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"Dhaulagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaulagiri"},{"link_name":"Gary Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ball"},{"link_name":"Veikka Gustafsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikka_Gustafsson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickinson_1999-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leino_&_Gustafsson_1995-12"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peoplemay2001-1"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"Lhotse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotse"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cho Oyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu"},{"link_name":"Makalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu"},{"link_name":"Cho Oyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"}],"text":"1990 – Seven Summits (the Bass list: Aconcagua, Mount Everest, Elbrus, Kilimanjaro, Denali, Kosciuszko, Vinson)\n1992 – K2 attempt (Scott Fischer, Ed Viesturs, and Charley Mace helped Hall save his climbing partner Gary Ball from edema)\n1992 – Mount Everest\n1993 – Dhaulagiri (reached 7300m with Gary Ball and Veikka Gustafsson. Veikka and Rob tried to rescue Gary, who got edema and later died on mountain.)[11][12]\n1993 – Mount Everest (with his wife, Jan Arnold[1])\n1994 – Mount Everest\n1994 – Lhotse\n1994 – K2[13]\n1994 – Cho Oyu\n1994 – Makalu\n1995 – Cho Oyu\n1996 – Mount Everest (died on descent)","title":"List of major climbs"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_20th-century_summiters_of_Mount_Everest"},{"title":"List of people who died climbing Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest"}]	[{"reference":"Claudia Glenn Dowling (14 May 2001). \"After Everest\". Time Warner. Retrieved 21 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20134410,00.html","url_text":"\"After Everest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner","url_text":"Time Warner"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet our team, Dr Jan Arnold\". INP Medical Clinic. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130208014929/http://inp.co.nz/jan.html","url_text":"\"Meet our team, Dr Jan Arnold\""},{"url":"http://www.inp.co.nz/jan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gary Ball, climber, dies on mountain, Reuters, 11 October 1993, archived from the original on 11 September 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160911121508/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22539382.html","url_text":"Gary Ball, climber, dies on mountain"},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22539382.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics of 7 summits climber Ball\". www.7summits.com. Retrieved 12 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://7summits.com/statistics/Ball","url_text":"\"Statistics of 7 summits climber Ball\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 53697\". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 11 June 1994. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53697/supplement/34","url_text":"\"No. 53697\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Fixed ropes – climbers guide to Everest\". mounteverest.net. Retrieved 23 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mounteverest.net/expguide/ropes.htm","url_text":"\"Fixed ropes – climbers guide to Everest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special honours list 1999 (Bravery Awards)\". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 23 October 1999. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/special-honours-list-1999-bravery-awards","url_text":"\"Special honours list 1999 (Bravery Awards)\""}]},{"reference":"Hopewell, John (6 August 2013). \"'2 Guns' Helmer Kormakur Set to Climb 'Everest'\". variety.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2013/film/international/2-guns-kormakur-set-to-climb-everest-1200574821/","url_text":"\"'2 Guns' Helmer Kormakur Set to Climb 'Everest'\""}]},{"reference":"Dickinson, Matt (1999). The Other Side of Everest: Climbing the North Face through the Killer Storm. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 9780307558879. OCLC 857306645. Retrieved 3 October 2016 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dickinson","url_text":"Dickinson, Matt"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZbKxTebmyYC&q=Adventure+Consultants&pg=PA15","url_text":"The Other Side of Everest: Climbing the North Face through the Killer Storm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307558879","url_text":"9780307558879"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857306645","url_text":"857306645"}]},{"reference":"Dickinson, Matt (1997). The Death Zone: Climbing Everest through the Killer Storm. London, UK: Hutchinson. ISBN 9780091802394. OCLC 59591265.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/deathzoneclimbin0000dick","url_text":"The Death Zone: Climbing Everest through the Killer Storm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780091802394","url_text":"9780091802394"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59591265","url_text":"59591265"}]},{"reference":"Leino, Eino; Gustafsson, Veikka (1995). Kohti huippua (in Finnish). Porvoo ; Helsinki ; Juva: WSOY. pp. 128–133. ISBN 9510205753. OCLC 58181970.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9510205753","url_text":"9510205753"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58181970","url_text":"58181970"}]},{"reference":"\"Ascents - K2\". Retrieved 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.8000ers.com/cms/download.html?func=startdown&id=150","url_text":"\"Ascents - K2\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rob+Hall%22","external_links_name":"\"Rob Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rob+Hall%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rob+Hall%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rob+Hall%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rob+Hall%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rob+Hall%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rob+Hall%22","external_links_name":"\"Rob Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rob+Hall%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rob+Hall%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rob+Hall%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rob+Hall%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rob+Hall%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20134410,00.html","external_links_name":"\"After Everest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130208014929/http://inp.co.nz/jan.html","external_links_name":"\"Meet our team, Dr Jan Arnold\""},{"Link":"http://www.inp.co.nz/jan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160911121508/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22539382.html","external_links_name":"Gary Ball, climber, dies on mountain"},{"Link":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22539382.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://7summits.com/statistics/Ball","external_links_name":"\"Statistics of 7 summits climber Ball\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53697/supplement/34","external_links_name":"\"No. 53697\""},{"Link":"http://www.mounteverest.net/expguide/ropes.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fixed ropes – climbers guide to Everest\""},{"Link":"https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/special-honours-list-1999-bravery-awards","external_links_name":"\"Special honours list 1999 (Bravery Awards)\""},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-7830265.html","external_links_name":"Vom Leben verabschiedet"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2013/film/international/2-guns-kormakur-set-to-climb-everest-1200574821/","external_links_name":"\"'2 Guns' Helmer Kormakur Set to Climb 'Everest'\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZbKxTebmyYC&q=Adventure+Consultants&pg=PA15","external_links_name":"The Other Side of Everest: Climbing the North Face through the Killer Storm"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857306645","external_links_name":"857306645"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/deathzoneclimbin0000dick","external_links_name":"The Death Zone: Climbing Everest through the Killer Storm"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59591265","external_links_name":"59591265"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58181970","external_links_name":"58181970"},{"Link":"http://www.8000ers.com/cms/download.html?func=startdown&id=150","external_links_name":"\"Ascents - K2\""},{"Link":"http://www.everesthistory.com/climbers/robhall.htm","external_links_name":"Rob Hall Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.steponline.com/everest/rob_hall.asp","external_links_name":"Rob Hall Biography"},{"Link":"http://7summits.com/info/stats2/index2.php?_=d&familyname=Hall","external_links_name":"Rob Hall Biography at 7summits.com"},{"Link":"http://www.adventure.co.nz/","external_links_name":"Adventure Consultants"},{"Link":"http://www.staeudtner.com/allgemein/legends-of-everest/","external_links_name":"2013: Portrait Painting of Rob Hall"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/429097/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000003872817X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/52548406","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRYd46mF3VH7FGC36Myd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/121558312","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99010578","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810590737205606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cummings_(architect)	Peter Cummings (architect)	["1 See also","2 References"]	Peter CummingsFRIBA FMSABorn1879Minsk. RussiaDied8 June 1957OccupationArchitectProjectsCornerhouse, formerly Tatler cinema (1934) Ardwick Apollo theatre (1938) Appleby Lodge apartment blocks (1939) Manchester Reform Synagogue (1952, with Eric Levy) Appleby Lodge, Manchester, UK Peter Cummings FRIBA FMSA (1879 – 8 June 1957) was a British architect of Russian origin. He was a leading Art Deco architect in Manchester, England. Cummings was born Peter Caminesky in Minsk. Russia. He moved to Cheetham Hill, Manchester, northern England, in 1880 with his parents, due to persecution. His father was a rabbi. He worked as an architectural assistant in his teenage years. Cummings was elected Associate of the RIBA in 1909. He anglicised his name and became naturalised in 1928. Cummings was the architect of the Cornerhouse (originally Tatler) cinema (1934) and the Manchester Apollo theatre (1937–1938) in Manchester. The Appleby Lodge apartment blocks on Wilmslow Road, Rusholme, were designed by Gunton & Gunton with Peter Cummings and built during 1936–1939. From 1939, Peter Cummings lived at Appleby Lodge with his new wife Esther. The blocks were Grade II listed in 2003. He also designed the Manchester Reform Synagogue with Eric Levy (1952, opened in 1953), after the original building was destroyed in 1941 during the Manchester Blitz. See also List of British architects References ^ a b c "Peter Cummings". manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk. UK: Architects of Greater Manchester 1800–1940. Retrieved 30 January 2020. ^ a b c Harwood, Elain (2019). "Appleby Lodge". Art Deco Britain: Buildings of the interwar years. Pavilion Books. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1849946537. ^ Harwood, Elain (2019). "Apollo Cinema / O2 Apollo". Art Deco Britain: Buildings of the interwar years. Pavilion Books. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-1849946537. ^ Historic England. "Appleby Lodge (1096151)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ "Immersive Virtual Reality Project Preserves Historic Manchester Synagogue". UK: Manchester School of Architecture. Retrieved 9 February 2020. This article about a United Kingdom architect or firm of architects is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Appleby_Lodge,_Manchester_-_door_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Appleby Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleby_Lodge"},{"link_name":"FRIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRIBA"},{"link_name":"FMSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_School_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manchestervictorianarchitects-pc-1"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harwood19-2"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harwood19-2"},{"link_name":"Cheetham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetham_Hill"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"RIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manchestervictorianarchitects-pc-1"},{"link_name":"Cornerhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerhouse"},{"link_name":"Manchester Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_Apollo_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harwood19-2-3"},{"link_name":"Appleby Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleby_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Wilmslow Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmslow_Road"},{"link_name":"Rusholme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusholme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manchestervictorianarchitects-pc-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harwood19-2"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historicengland-4"},{"link_name":"Manchester Reform Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Reform_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Manchester Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msa-5"}],"text":"Appleby Lodge, Manchester, UKPeter Cummings FRIBA FMSA (1879 – 8 June 1957) was a British architect of Russian origin.[1] He was a leading Art Deco architect in Manchester, England.[2]Cummings was born Peter Caminesky in Minsk. Russia.[2] He moved to Cheetham Hill, Manchester, northern England, in 1880 with his parents, due to persecution. His father was a rabbi. He worked as an architectural assistant in his teenage years. Cummings was elected Associate of the RIBA in 1909.[1] He anglicised his name and became naturalised in 1928.Cummings was the architect of the Cornerhouse (originally Tatler) cinema (1934) and the Manchester Apollo theatre (1937–1938) in Manchester.[3] The Appleby Lodge apartment blocks on Wilmslow Road, Rusholme, were designed by Gunton & Gunton with Peter Cummings and built during 1936–1939.[1] From 1939, Peter Cummings lived at Appleby Lodge with his new wife Esther.[2] The blocks were Grade II listed in 2003.[4] He also designed the Manchester Reform Synagogue with Eric Levy (1952, opened in 1953), after the original building was destroyed in 1941 during the Manchester Blitz.[5]","title":"Peter Cummings (architect)"}]	[{"image_text":"Appleby Lodge, Manchester, UK","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Appleby_Lodge%2C_Manchester_-_door_4.jpg/170px-Appleby_Lodge%2C_Manchester_-_door_4.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of British architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_architects"}]	[{"reference":"\"Peter Cummings\". manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk. 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ISBN 978-1849946537.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elain_Harwood","url_text":"Harwood, Elain"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XarDDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Art Deco Britain: Buildings of the interwar years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion_Books","url_text":"Pavilion Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849946537","url_text":"978-1849946537"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Appleby Lodge (1096151)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1096151","url_text":"\"Appleby Lodge (1096151)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Immersive Virtual Reality Project Preserves Historic Manchester Synagogue\". UK: Manchester School of Architecture. Retrieved 9 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msa.ac.uk/news/item-8639/","url_text":"\"Immersive Virtual Reality Project Preserves Historic Manchester Synagogue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_School_of_Architecture","url_text":"Manchester School of Architecture"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk/architects/peter-cummings","external_links_name":"\"Peter Cummings\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XarDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84","external_links_name":"\"Appleby Lodge\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XarDDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Art Deco Britain: Buildings of the interwar years"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1096151","external_links_name":"\"Appleby Lodge (1096151)\""},{"Link":"https://www.msa.ac.uk/news/item-8639/","external_links_name":"\"Immersive Virtual Reality Project Preserves Historic Manchester Synagogue\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Cummings_(architect)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Lu	Cao Lu	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 2004: Solo career","2.2 2012–2018: Debut with Fiestar, solo activities and group disbandment","2.3 2018–present: New agencies","3 Discography","3.1 EP","4 Filmography","4.1 Television series","4.2 Variety show","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]	Chinese singer and actress (born 1987) In this Chinese name, the family name is Cao. Cao LuCao Lu in April 2016Born (1987-08-30) August 30, 1987 (age 36)Zhangjiajie, Hunan, ChinaOccupationsSingeractresstelevision personalityYears active2004–20052012–presentMusical careerGenresDance-popK-popR&BInstrument(s)VocalsLabelsKakao MFormerly ofFiestar Musical artistChinese nameChinese曹璐TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinCáo LùKorean nameHangul차오루 Cao Lu (Chinese: 曹璐; born August 30, 1987) is a Chinese singer, actress, and television personality. She was a member of the South Korean girl group Fiestar until her group's disbandment in 2018. Early life Cao Lu was born in Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China on August 30, 1987. She is an ethnic Miao. Cao Lu studied at Chung-Ang University in South Korea. Career 2004: Solo career Lu made her solo debut in China under the name Lu Lu. She released her extended play "Cat(貓咪)" in 2004. 2012–2018: Debut with Fiestar, solo activities and group disbandment Main article: Fiestar Cao Lu made her debut as a member of South Korean girl group Fiestar under LOEN Entertainment label on August 31, 2012, with their first single "Vista". In February 2016, Cao Lu was cast in MBC's Real Men for the female soldier edition. In the same month, she was confirmed to cast in We Got Married along with comedian Jo Se-ho as an couple, which she departed from in September 2016. In 2017, Cao Lu collaborated with Yerin and Kisum on the single "Spring Again". On May 15, 2018, Fave Entertainment announced that Fiestar would be disbanded due to the expiration of the other members' contracts on April 30, 2018. Cao Lu's contract expired a month later on May 31, and on June 1, it was confirmed that she left the company after deciding not to renew her contract. 2018–present: New agencies In September 2018, Lu signed with IOK Company. In March 2021, EE-Media announced on Weibo that Cao Lu had joined its ranks. Discography See also: Fiestar § Discography EP Cat(貓咪) (2004) Filmography Television series Year Title Role 2016 The Sound of Your Heart Chinese Actress (Cameo) 2017 Missing Nine Cai Ming Variety show Year Title Notes 2016 Real Men Season 2 – Female Edition 4 Cast member King of Mask Singer Contestant as "Don't Compel to Me, Korean Trip" (episode 87) We Got Married Cast member (paired with Jo Se-ho) Uncontrollably Acting Cast member Video Star Main host 2017 Strong Girls Fixed Cast Member Oppa Thinking Intern (Episode 10–25) 2018 Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend Contestant (episode 357) 2019 Training Korean Cast member, student Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominated work Result 2005 China Central Television's Chinese Music Top 10 Newcomer Award Cat Won 2017 2016 MBC Entertainment Awards Female Excellence Award in a Variety Show We Got Married Nominated Best Couple Award Nominated Popularity Award Won References ^ "China's Cao Lu makes her mark on Korean TV". The Korea Times. February 25, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016. ^ Jung, Bong-0 (December 17, 2015). "차오루 "난 中 묘족"…묘족은 어떤 민족?" . The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved February 26, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "묘족 소녀 차오루의 10년 한국 적응기(인터뷰①)". star.mt.co.kr/ (in Korean). December 24, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2021. ^ "장나라， 이번엔 합류 대사?". ^ "MBC 측 "공현주·이채영·나나·차오루, '진사' 여군특집 출연"(공식입장)". ^ "'우결' 측 "차오루 가상남편 조세호? 방송으로 확인부탁"(공식입장)". February 25, 2016. ^ "MBC 측 "'우결' 차오루 외 명확히 확정된 바 없어" (공식입장)". February 25, 2016. ^ "차오루측 "'우결' 6개월만 하차..2주 전 마지막 녹화"". ^ "차오루X키썸X예린, '왜 또 봄이야' M/V 콘셉트 미리보기" (in Korean). The Korea Economic Daily. March 15, 2017. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019. ^ " 피에스타 측 "차오루 제외 4人 계약만료"…사실상 해산". ^ "차오루, 새 소속사 찾았다..이영자와 한솥밥(공식)". September 7, 2018. ^ "차오루, 아이오케이컴퍼니 전속계약…이영자·김숙과 한솥밥 :: 네이버 TV연예". M.entertain.naver.com. September 19, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "#曹璐加入天娱传媒#". Weibo.com. March 17, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cao Lu. Cao Lu on Instagram Cao Lu on X Cao Lu on Weibo (in Chinese) vteKakao MArtistsSolo IU Zia Group Apink Victon The Boyz Weeekly Just B ATBO Labels IST Entertainment EDAM Entertainment BLUEDOT Entertainment Defunct E&T Story Entertainment Partners AB Entertainment AOMG Brand New Music Brave Entertainment C-JeS Entertainment Core Contents Media Cube Entertainment DI Entertainment DSP Media Eru Entertainment Happy Face Entertainment iHQ Jin-ah Entertainment Jungle Entertainment Leessang Company Music&New Music Farm Mystic89 NH Media Nega Network Pledis Entertainment Soul Shop Entertainment SS Entertainment Star Empire Entertainment Stardom Entertainment TOP Media TS Entertainment WA Entertainment Woollim Entertainment FilmographyTV series Business Proposal Military Prosecutor Doberman Forecasting Love and Weather Behind Every Star The First Responders Not Others Diva of the Deserted Island Web series Amanza Love Revolution No, Thank You Lovestruck in the City A Love So Beautiful How to Be Thirty The Great Shaman Ga Doo-shim Welcome to Wedding Hell Once Upon a Small Town Money Heist: Korea – Joint Economic Area Narco-Saints Song of the Bandits The Worst of Evil Gyeongseong Creature Reality shows Wannabe Ryan Learn Way The Origin – A, B, Or What? Girls Reverse Gomak Boys Film Broker Hunt Remember Concrete Utopia Hopeless Related companies Affinity Equity Partners Kakao Corp. SK Group Starship Entertainment Mun Hwa In Mega Monster Related articles KakaoTV 1theK Originals MelOn MelOn Music Awards Kakao M Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Cao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_(surname)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fiestar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiestar"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Cao.Cao Lu (Chinese: 曹璐; born August 30, 1987) is a Chinese singer, actress, and television personality.[1] She was a member of the South Korean girl group Fiestar until her group's disbandment in 2018.","title":"Cao Lu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chung-Ang University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung-Ang_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Cao Lu was born in Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China on August 30, 1987. She is an ethnic Miao.[2] Cao Lu studied at Chung-Ang University in South Korea.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"2004: Solo career","text":"Lu made her solo debut in China under the name Lu Lu. She released her extended play \"Cat(貓咪)\" in 2004.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Man_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"We Got Married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Got_Married"},{"link_name":"Jo Se-ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Se-ho"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Yerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerin_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Kisum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"2012–2018: Debut with Fiestar, solo activities and group disbandment","text":"Cao Lu made her debut as a member of South Korean girl group Fiestar under LOEN Entertainment label on August 31, 2012, with their first single \"Vista\".In February 2016, Cao Lu was cast in MBC's Real Men for the female soldier edition.[5] In the same month, she was confirmed to cast in We Got Married along with comedian Jo Se-ho as an couple,[6][7] which she departed from in September 2016.[8]In 2017, Cao Lu collaborated with Yerin and Kisum on the single \"Spring Again\".[9]On May 15, 2018, Fave Entertainment announced that Fiestar would be disbanded due to the expiration of the other members' contracts on April 30, 2018. Cao Lu's contract expired a month later on May 31,[10] and on June 1, it was confirmed that she left the company after deciding not to renew her contract.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"EE-Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EE-Media"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2018–present: New agencies","text":"In September 2018, Lu signed with IOK Company.[12]In March 2021, EE-Media announced on Weibo that Cao Lu had joined its ranks.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiestar § Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiestar#Discography"}],"text":"See also: Fiestar § Discography","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EP","text":"Cat(貓咪) (2004)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Variety show","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"China's Cao Lu makes her mark on Korean TV\". The Korea Times. February 25, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/09/201_199030.html","url_text":"\"China's Cao Lu makes her mark on Korean TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"}]},{"reference":"Jung, Bong-0 (December 17, 2015). \"차오루 \"난 中 묘족\"…묘족은 어떤 민족?\" [Cao lu says \"I'm Miao\". What is an ethnic miao?]. The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20151217/75412568/1","url_text":"\"차오루 \"난 中 묘족\"…묘족은 어떤 민족?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo","url_text":"The Dong-a Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"\"묘족 소녀 차오루의 10년 한국 적응기(인터뷰①)\". star.mt.co.kr/ (in Korean). December 24, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2015122321080798908&type=1&outlink=1","url_text":"\"묘족 소녀 차오루의 10년 한국 적응기(인터뷰①)\""}]},{"reference":"\"장나라， 이번엔 합류 대사?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=143&aid=0000067007","url_text":"\"장나라， 이번엔 합류 대사?\""}]},{"reference":"\"MBC 측 \"공현주·이채영·나나·차오루, '진사' 여군특집 출연\"(공식입장)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0000573972","url_text":"\"MBC 측 \"공현주·이채영·나나·차오루, '진사' 여군특집 출연\"(공식입장)\""}]},{"reference":"\"'우결' 측 \"차오루 가상남편 조세호? 방송으로 확인부탁\"(공식입장)\". February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.sportschosun.com/news.htm?id=201602260100232110015479&ServiceDate=20160225&f_url=&stype=o","url_text":"\"'우결' 측 \"차오루 가상남편 조세호? 방송으로 확인부탁\"(공식입장)\""}]},{"reference":"\"MBC 측 \"'우결' 차오루 외 명확히 확정된 바 없어\" (공식입장)\". February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.xportsnews.com/?ac=article_view&entry_id=696643&_REFERER=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.naver.com%2Fsearch.naver%3Fie%3Dutf8%26where%3Dnews%26query%3D%25EC%25B0%25A8%25EC%2598%25A4%25EB%25A3%25A8%26sm%3Dtab_pge%26sort%3D1%26photo%3D0%26field%3D0%26reporter_article%3D%26pd%3D0%26ds%3D%26de%3D%26docid%3D%26nso%3Dso%3Add%2Cp%3Aall%2Ca%3Aall%26mynews%3D0%26start%3D11%26refresh_start%3D0","url_text":"\"MBC 측 \"'우결' 차오루 외 명확히 확정된 바 없어\" (공식입장)\""}]},{"reference":"\"차오루측 \"'우결' 6개월만 하차..2주 전 마지막 녹화\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/music/now/read?oid=108&aid=0002556868","url_text":"\"차오루측 \"'우결' 6개월만 하차..2주 전 마지막 녹화\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"차오루X키썸X예린, '왜 또 봄이야' M/V 콘셉트 미리보기\" (in Korean). The Korea Economic Daily. March 15, 2017. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hankyung.com/news/article/2017031599714","url_text":"\"차오루X키썸X예린, '왜 또 봄이야' M/V 콘셉트 미리보기\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Economic_Daily","url_text":"The Korea Economic Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191224001911/https://www.hankyung.com/news/article/2017031599714","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[공식입장] 피에스타 측 \"차오루 제외 4人 계약만료\"…사실상 해산\".","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/109/0003782214","url_text":"\"[공식입장] 피에스타 측 \"차오루 제외 4人 계약만료\"…사실상 해산\""}]},{"reference":"\"차오루, 새 소속사 찾았다..이영자와 한솥밥(공식)\". September 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2018090711523398103","url_text":"\"차오루, 새 소속사 찾았다..이영자와 한솥밥(공식)\""}]},{"reference":"\"차오루, 아이오케이컴퍼니 전속계약…이영자·김숙과 한솥밥 :: 네이버 TV연예\". M.entertain.naver.com. September 19, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid=079&aid=0003143060","url_text":"\"차오루, 아이오케이컴퍼니 전속계약…이영자·김숙과 한솥밥 :: 네이버 TV연예\""}]},{"reference":"\"#曹璐加入天娱传媒#\". Weibo.com. March 17, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://weibo.com/1921218535/K6E4W2Gtw","url_text":"\"#曹璐加入天娱传媒#\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/09/201_199030.html","external_links_name":"\"China's Cao Lu makes her mark on Korean TV\""},{"Link":"https://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20151217/75412568/1","external_links_name":"\"차오루 \"난 中 묘족\"…묘족은 어떤 민족?\""},{"Link":"https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2015122321080798908&type=1&outlink=1","external_links_name":"\"묘족 소녀 차오루의 10년 한국 적응기(인터뷰①)\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=143&aid=0000067007","external_links_name":"\"장나라， 이번엔 합류 대사?\""},{"Link":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0000573972","external_links_name":"\"MBC 측 \"공현주·이채영·나나·차오루, '진사' 여군특집 출연\"(공식입장)\""},{"Link":"https://m.sportschosun.com/news.htm?id=201602260100232110015479&ServiceDate=20160225&f_url=&stype=o","external_links_name":"\"'우결' 측 \"차오루 가상남편 조세호? 방송으로 확인부탁\"(공식입장)\""},{"Link":"https://m.xportsnews.com/?ac=article_view&entry_id=696643&_REFERER=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.naver.com%2Fsearch.naver%3Fie%3Dutf8%26where%3Dnews%26query%3D%25EC%25B0%25A8%25EC%2598%25A4%25EB%25A3%25A8%26sm%3Dtab_pge%26sort%3D1%26photo%3D0%26field%3D0%26reporter_article%3D%26pd%3D0%26ds%3D%26de%3D%26docid%3D%26nso%3Dso%3Add%2Cp%3Aall%2Ca%3Aall%26mynews%3D0%26start%3D11%26refresh_start%3D0","external_links_name":"\"MBC 측 \"'우결' 차오루 외 명확히 확정된 바 없어\" (공식입장)\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/music/now/read?oid=108&aid=0002556868","external_links_name":"\"차오루측 \"'우결' 6개월만 하차..2주 전 마지막 녹화\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.hankyung.com/news/article/2017031599714","external_links_name":"\"차오루X키썸X예린, '왜 또 봄이야' M/V 콘셉트 미리보기\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191224001911/https://www.hankyung.com/news/article/2017031599714","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/109/0003782214","external_links_name":"\"[공식입장] 피에스타 측 \"차오루 제외 4人 계약만료\"…사실상 해산\""},{"Link":"https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2018090711523398103","external_links_name":"\"차오루, 새 소속사 찾았다..이영자와 한솥밥(공식)\""},{"Link":"https://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid=079&aid=0003143060","external_links_name":"\"차오루, 아이오케이컴퍼니 전속계약…이영자·김숙과 한솥밥 :: 네이버 TV연예\""},{"Link":"https://weibo.com/1921218535/K6E4W2Gtw","external_links_name":"\"#曹璐加入天娱传媒#\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/better_me_caolu/","external_links_name":"Cao Lu"},{"Link":"https://x.com/FIESTAR__Caolu","external_links_name":"Cao Lu"},{"Link":"https://weibo.com/caolufiestar","external_links_name":"Cao Lu"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/99f70680-4c6d-4232-a42e-dea718f2d04a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Chevotet	Jean-Michel Chevotet	["1 Life","2 Works","2.1 Hôtels","2.2 Country houses and gardens","3 Bibliography"]	French architect Jean-Michel ChevotetBorn11 July 1698Died4 December 1772NationalityFrenchOccupationArchitectAwardsPrix de Rome (1722)BuildingsChâteau de Petit-Bourg Jean-Michel Chevotet (11 July 1698, Paris – 4 December 1772) was a French architect. He and Pierre Contant d'Ivry were among the most eminent Parisian architects of the day and designed in both the restrained French Rococo manner, known as the "Louis XV style" and in the "Goût grec" (literally "Greek taste") phase of early Neoclassicism. His grandson was Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Chaussard. Life In 1722, Chevotet won the Académie royale d'architecture's very first Prix de Rome with a study of a triumphal arch. A skilled draughtsman, he illustrated several architectural treatises, such as Jean-Baptiste de Monicart's "Versailles immortalisé" (1720–1725) and Jean Mariette's "L’Architecture française" (1727). On the death of Germain Boffrand in 1754, he became a member of the first rank of the Academie. He and d'Ivray were tutors to Claude Nicolas Ledoux, whom they introduced to Classical architecture, in particular the temples of Paestum. In 1748 and 1753, he unsuccessfully submitted 4 projects for the future Place Louis XV (now Place de la Concorde), and in 1764 was not commissioned for the extension of the Palais Bourbon. Works Hôtels He was more successful in establishing his reputation through his aristocratic clientele and adapted many existing Parisian hôtels to the modern taste, notably working on: hôtel Molé (also called hôtel de Roquelaure) (1741–1742), rue Saint-Dominique (today 246 boulevard Saint-Germain) hôtel de Béthune-Sully (also called hôtel de Lesdiguières) (1756–1757), rue Saint-Dominique (today 248 boulevard Saint-Germain) Hôtel Perrinet de Jars, 33 rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré the Pavillon de Hanovre for Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu, Marshal of France, commemorating his victories in Hanover, on rue Neuve-Saint-Augustin (deconstructed for the construction of the Palais Berlitz on the boulevard des Italiens, and rebuilt in 1932 in the park of the Château de Sceaux) Country houses and gardens Chevotet's Château de Petit-Bourg He also built country houses around Paris, notably: the house and gardens of château de Champlâtreux (1751–1757) for Mathieu-François Molé, president of the Great Council, also designing the gardens the house of Château d'Arnouville at Arnouville-lès-Gonesse (1751–57), for Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville, president of the Great Council, collaborating with d'Ivry the neo-classical house and gardens of Château de Petit-Bourg at Évry (1756) for Germain Louis Chauvelin, president of the Great Council, destroyed 1944 the gardens at Belœil (1754 and 1760) for princes Claude Lamoral de Ligne and Charles-Joseph de Ligne the gardens at Orsay (1758–1764) for Pierre Gaspard Marie Grimod d'Orsay. He may also have worked on the modernisation of the Château of Thoiry (Yvelines). Bibliography Baritou, Jean-Louis, Chevotet, Contant, Chaussard, Paris, Délégation à l'Action Artistique de la Ville de Paris, La Manufacture, 1987, ISBN 2-904638-98-9 Authority control databases International VIAF National France 2 BnF data 2 Germany United States Artists KulturNav RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Pierre Contant d'Ivry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Contant_d%27Ivry"},{"link_name":"Rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"Louis XV style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_style"},{"link_name":"Goût grec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec"},{"link_name":"Neoclassicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Chaussard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jean-Baptiste_Chaussard"}],"text":"Jean-Michel Chevotet (11 July 1698, Paris – 4 December 1772) was a French architect. He and Pierre Contant d'Ivry were among the most eminent Parisian architects of the day and designed in both the restrained French Rococo manner, known as the \"Louis XV style\" and in the \"Goût grec\" (literally \"Greek taste\") phase of early Neoclassicism. His grandson was Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Chaussard.","title":"Jean-Michel Chevotet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Académie royale d'architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Prix de Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Rome"},{"link_name":"triumphal arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste de Monicart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_de_Monicart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean Mariette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Mariette"},{"link_name":"Germain Boffrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain_Boffrand"},{"link_name":"Claude Nicolas Ledoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Nicolas_Ledoux"},{"link_name":"Classical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Paestum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paestum"},{"link_name":"Place de la Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde"},{"link_name":"Palais Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Bourbon"}],"text":"In 1722, Chevotet won the Académie royale d'architecture's very first Prix de Rome with a study of a triumphal arch. A skilled draughtsman, he illustrated several architectural treatises, such as Jean-Baptiste de Monicart's \"Versailles immortalisé\" (1720–1725) and Jean Mariette's \"L’Architecture française\" (1727). On the death of Germain Boffrand in 1754, he became a member of the first rank of the Academie.He and d'Ivray were tutors to Claude Nicolas Ledoux, whom they introduced to Classical architecture, in particular the temples of Paestum.In 1748 and 1753, he unsuccessfully submitted 4 projects for the future Place Louis XV (now Place de la Concorde), and in 1764 was not commissioned for the extension of the Palais Bourbon.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"hôtels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_particulier"},{"link_name":"hôtel de Béthune-Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Perrinet de Jars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Perrinet_de_Jars"},{"link_name":"Pavillon de Hanovre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_Hanovre"},{"link_name":"Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Armand_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Marshal of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France"},{"link_name":"Palais Berlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Berlitz"},{"link_name":"boulevard des Italiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_des_Italiens"},{"link_name":"Château de Sceaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sceaux"}],"sub_title":"Hôtels","text":"He was more successful in establishing his reputation through his aristocratic clientele and adapted many existing Parisian hôtels to the modern taste, notably working on:hôtel Molé (also called hôtel de Roquelaure) (1741–1742), rue Saint-Dominique (today 246 boulevard Saint-Germain)\nhôtel de Béthune-Sully (also called hôtel de Lesdiguières) (1756–1757), rue Saint-Dominique (today 248 boulevard Saint-Germain)\nHôtel Perrinet de Jars, 33 rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré\nthe Pavillon de Hanovre for Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu, Marshal of France, commemorating his victories in Hanover, on rue Neuve-Saint-Augustin (deconstructed for the construction of the Palais Berlitz on the boulevard des Italiens, and rebuilt in 1932 in the park of the Château de Sceaux)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Petit-Bourg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mathieu-François Molé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathieu-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mol%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arnouville-lès-Gonesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnouville-l%C3%A8s-Gonesse"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_de_Machault_D%27Arnouville"},{"link_name":"Château de Petit-Bourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Petit-Bourg"},{"link_name":"Évry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vry,_Essonne"},{"link_name":"Germain Louis Chauvelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain_Louis_Chauvelin"},{"link_name":"Belœil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Bel%C5%93il"},{"link_name":"Claude Lamoral de Ligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lamoral,_6th_Prince_of_Ligne"},{"link_name":"Charles-Joseph de Ligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph,_Prince_de_Ligne"},{"link_name":"Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsay"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gaspard Marie Grimod d'Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Marie_Grimod_d%27Orsay"},{"link_name":"Château of Thoiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Thoiry"},{"link_name":"Yvelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines"}],"sub_title":"Country houses and gardens","text":"Chevotet's Château de Petit-BourgHe also built country houses around Paris, notably:the house and gardens of château de Champlâtreux (1751–1757) for Mathieu-François Molé, president of the Great Council, also designing the gardens\nthe house of Château d'Arnouville at Arnouville-lès-Gonesse (1751–57), for Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville, president of the Great Council, collaborating with d'Ivry\nthe neo-classical house and gardens of Château de Petit-Bourg at Évry (1756) for Germain Louis Chauvelin, president of the Great Council, destroyed 1944\nthe gardens at Belœil (1754 and 1760) for princes Claude Lamoral de Ligne and Charles-Joseph de Ligne\nthe gardens at Orsay (1758–1764) for Pierre Gaspard Marie Grimod d'Orsay.He may also have worked on the modernisation of the Château of Thoiry (Yvelines).","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-904638-98-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-904638-98-9"},{"link_name":"Authority control 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torita_Blake	Torita Blake	["1 Personal","2 Athletics","3 References","4 External links"]	Australian Paralympic athlete Torita Blake2016 Australian Paralympic team portrait of IsaacPersonal informationNationalityAustralianBorn (1995-07-05) 5 July 1995 (age 28)Moree, New South WalesSportCountryAustraliaSportParalympic athleticsClubUniversity of QueenslandCoached byWayne Leaver Medal record IPC Athletics World Championships 2015 Doha 400 m T38 2017 London 400 m T38 Torita Blake (born 5 July 1995) is an Indigenous Australian athlete. She represented Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in athletics and won a bronze medal at the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships. She represented Australia at the 2016 Rio Paralympics in athletics. She competed as Torita Isaac up until 2016. Personal Blake was born on 5 July 1995 in Moree, New South Wales. She is from Logan, Queensland. She was born with cerebral palsy, is blind in her right eye and has only 10% minimised vision in her left. She has fractured her legs eleven times. She has broken both arms falling off a horse. Blake is an Indigenous woman from the Dunghutti Aboriginal people. Blake is an ambassador for the Raise the Bar Academy, a program run by Athletics Australia and Melbourne University, for indigenous secondary school students. She said "I've always wanted to inspire and show my heritage off. I'd like to be a mentor to indigenous kids and also kids with disability in sports. I want to represent Australia, but also my community and my culture. If I can show young indigenous kids you can do something, that nothing can stop you, then that's extra special for me." Athletics Isaac at the 2012 London Paralympics Isaac at the 2012 London Paralympics Isaac first joined an athletics club in 2011, and specialises in sprints. She has been classified as a T13 before being reclassified to T38. She is a former member of Jimboomba Athletics Club. Isaac competed in the 2012 Sydney Track Classic, 2012 Brisbane Track Classic and the 2012 Adelaide Track Classic. At the 2012 Summer Paralympics, she finished seventh in the 100 m T38, seventh in the 200 m T38 and fourth in the 4 × 100 m Relay T35-38event. Competing at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships in Lyon, she finished seventh in both the Women's 100m and 200m T38. At the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships in Doha, she won a bronze medal in the Women's 400m T38. At the 2016 Rio Paralympics, her aim was to receive a podium finish although unfortunately missed out placing 4th overall in the 400 m T38 event with a time of 1:04.47 At the 2017 World Para Athletics Championships in London, England, she won a bronze medal in the Women's 400m T38 and finished seventh in the Women's 200m T38. She is coached by Wayne Leaver in Brisbane. References Sports portalAthletics portal ^ "Shining stars on the road to the Paralympics \| Tracker". Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013. ^ a b "Doha 2015". Athletics Australia website. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. ^ "Australian Paralympic Athletics Team announced". Australian Paralympic Committee News, 2 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ "Torita Blake". Athletics Australia website. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ a b c d e "Torita Isaac profile". International Paralympic Committee website. Retrieved 26 October 2015. ^ a b c "Torita Isaac". Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012. ^ a b Kay, Ross (9 August 2012). "Who are our Queensland Paralympians? - ABC Wide Bay Qld — Australian Broadcasting Corporation". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ a b c d e Boswell, Tom (11 July 2012). "London looms for Jimboomba athlete Torita Isaac \| News, events and sport for Logan". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ a b c d "Isaac ready for London". Moree Champion. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ a b c Lawrence, Ellisa (5 September 2016). "Paralympics 2016: We're the Superhumans - Queensland's champions". Courier Mail. Retrieved 5 September 2016. ^ "Sullivan named among final seven for Australian London 2012 athletics team \| Athletics News". insideworldparasport.biz. 20 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ "Torita Isaac recent performances". Nswathletics.info. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ "Paralympics Team List". BigPond Sport. 6 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ "Women's 400m - T38 Schedule & Results – Paralympic Athletics". Rio Paralympics Results. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016. ^ Ryner, Sascha. "A silver lining for Australia". Athletics Australia News, 16 July 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ Ryner, Sascha. "Photo decider sees O'Hanlon reclaim glory". Athletics Australia News. Retrieved 21 July 2017. External links Torita Blake at Paralympics Australia Torita Blake at the International Paralympic Committee Torita Blake at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived) Torita Blake at Australian Athletics Historical Results vte2016 Australian Paralympic TeamHead coaches shown in italicsArchery Jonathon Milne Athletics Sam Carter Aaron Chatman Jaryd Clifford Gabriel Cole Richard Colman Brayden Davidson Guy Henly Todd Hodgetts Nicholas Hum Kurt Fearnley Deon Kenzie Jake Lappin Rheed McCracken Sam McIntosh Evan O'Hanlon Chad Perris Scott Reardon Michael Roeger Jayden Sawyer Russell Short Brad Scott James Turner Jesse Wyatt Rae Anderson Angie Ballard Carlee Beattie Erin Cleaver Tamsin Colley Brianna Coop Christie Dawes Madison de Rozario Taylor Doyle Jodi Elkington-Jones Louise Ellery Nicole Harris Madeleine Hogan Isis Holt Torita Isaac Claire Keefer Rosemary Little Brydee Moore Jemima Moore Ella Pardy Kath Proudfoot Sarah Walsh Boccia Daniel Michel Ashlee McClure (Ramp Assistant) Cycling Kyle Bridgwood Carol Cooke Alistair Donohoe David Edwards (pilot) Matthew Formston Jessica Gallagher Madison Janssen (pilot) Simone Kennedy Alexandra Lisney Kieran Modra David Nicholas Amanda Reid Susan Powell Stuart Tripp Nick Yallouris (pilot) Equestrian Emma Booth Sharon Jarvis Lisa Martin Katie Umback Goalball Jennifer Blow Nicole Esdaile Meica Horsburgh Raissa Martin Michelle Rzepecki Tyan Taylor Peter Corr Paracanoe Dylan Littlehales Curtis McGrath Colin Sieders Jocelyn Neumueller Amanda Reynolds Susan Seipel Paratriathlon Nic Beveridge Bill Chaffey Brant Garvey Kate Doughty Katie Kelly Michellie Jones (guide) Claire McLean Rowing Gavin Bellis Erik Horrie Brock Ingram Jeremy McGrath Josephine Burnand Davinia Lefroy Kathleen Murdoch Kathryn Ross Sailing Matthew Bugg Daniel Fitzgibbon Liesl Tesch Russell Boaden Colin Harrison Jonathan Harris Shooting Luke Cain Bradley Mark Chris Pitt Anton Zappelli Libby Kosmala Natalie Smith Miro Sipek Swimming Joshua Alford Michael Anderson Jesse Aungles Liam Bekric Blake Cochrane Rowan Crothers Timothy Disken Daniel Fox Matthew Haanappel Brenden Hall Guy Harrison-Murray Timothy Hodge Braedan Jason Ahmed Kelly Matthew Levy Jeremy McClure Rick Pendleton Logan Powell Sean Russo Liam Schluter Jacob Templeton Emily Beecroft Ellie Cole Katja Dedekind Maddison Elliott Tanya Huebner Jenna Jones Paige Leonhardt Ashleigh McConnell Monique Murphy Lakeisha Patterson Madeleine Scott Tiffany Thomas Kane Rachael Watson Prue Watt Kate Wilson Brendan Keogh Table tennis Barak Mizrachi Samuel Von Einem Daniela Di Toro Melissa Tapper Andrea McDonnell Wheelchair basketball Josh Allison Jannik Blair Adam Deans Tristan Knowles Bill Latham Matthew McShane Brad Ness Shaun Norris Tom O'Neill-Thorne Shawn Russell Tige Simmons Brett Stibners Ben Ettridge Wheelchair rugby Ryley Batt Chris Bond Cameron Carr Andrew Edmondson Nazim Erdem Ben Fawcett Andrew Harrison Josh Hose Jason Lees Matt Lewis Ryan Scott Jayden Warn Brad Dubberley Wheelchair tennis Dylan Alcott Heath Davidson Adam Kellerman Ben Weekes Sarah Calati vte2012 Australian Paralympic TeamHead coaches shown in italicsAthletics Nathan Arkley Damien Bowen Matthew Cameron Richard Colman Kurt Fearnley Sam Harding Todd Hodgetts Jake Lappin Hamish MacDonald Richard Nicholson Evan O'Hanlon Rheed McCracken Sam McIntosh Simon Patmore Scott Reardon Michael Roeger Brad Scott Russell Short Matthew Silcocks Tim Sullivan Lindsay Sutton Jack Swift Angie Ballard Carlee Beattie Georgia Beikoff Kelly Cartwright Gabriel Cole Christie Dawes Madison de Rozario Rachael Dodds Jodi Elkington Louise Ellery Michelle Errichiello Jessica Gallagher Madeleine Hogan Torita Isaac Rosemary Little Brydee Moore Katy Parrish Kristy Pond Kath Proudfoot Stephanie Schweitzer Erinn Walters Cycling Nigel Barley Michael Gallagher Bryce Lindores Kieran Modra David Nicholas Stuart Tripp Sean Finning Scott McPhee Carol Cooke Alexandra Green Felicity Johnson Simone Kennedy Jayme Paris Susan Powell Stephanie Morton Equestrian Grace Bowman Hannah Dodd Joann Formosa Rob Oakley Goalball Jennifer Blow Meica Christensen Tyan Taylor Nicole Esdaile Rachel Henderson Michelle Rzepecki Georgina Kenaghan Powerlifting Darren Gardiner Abebe Fekadu Ray Epstein Rowing Erik Horrie Gavin Bellis Kathryn Ross Sailing Matthew Bugg Daniel Fitzgibbon Liesl Tesch Colin Harrison Stephen Churm Jonathan Harris Shooting Ashley Adams Luke Cain Jason Maroney Bradley Mark Libby Kosmala Natalie Smith Miro Sipek Swimming Michael Anderson Tim Antalfy Michael Auprince Blake Cochrane Taylor Corry Matt Cowdrey Jay Dohnt Richard Eliason Daniel Fox Matthew Haanappel Brenden Hall Ahmed Kelly Mitchell Kilduff Matt Levy Jeremy McClure Andrew Pasterfield Grant Patterson Rick Pendleton Aaron Rhind Sean Russo Reagan Wickens Kayla Clarke Ellie Cole Katherine Downie Maddison Elliott Amanda Fowler Jacqueline Freney Tanya Huebner Kara Leo Esther Overton Katrina Porter Sarah Rose Teigan Van Roosmalen Prue Watt Annabelle Williams Table tennis Melissa Tapper Rebecca McDonnell Wheelchair basketball Dylan Alcott Jannik Blair Justin Eveson Michael Hartnett Tristan Knowles Bill Latham Grant Mizens Brad Ness Shaun Norris Tige Simmons Brett Stibners Nick Taylor Amanda Carter Shelley Chaplin Cobi Crispin Leanne Del Toso Kylie Gauci Katie Hill Bridie Kean Tina McKenzie Amber Merritt Clare Nott Sarah Stewart Sarah Vinci John Triscari Wheelchair rugby Nazim Erdem Ryan Scott Jason Lees Cameron Carr Andrew Harrison Greg Smith Cody Meakin Josh Hose Ben Newton Ryley Batt Chris Bond Brad Dubberley Wheelchair tennis Ben Weekes Adam Kellerman Daniela Di Toro Janel Manns Greg Crump Portals: Australia Biography Sports Athletics Authority control databases: People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"2015 IPC Athletics World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_IPC_Athletics_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doha-2"},{"link_name":"2016 Rio Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-athletics-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Torita Blake (born 5 July 1995) is an Indigenous Australian athlete. She represented Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in athletics and won a bronze medal at the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships.[1][2] She represented Australia at the 2016 Rio Paralympics in athletics.[3]She competed as Torita Isaac up until 2016.[4]","title":"Torita Blake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moree, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moree,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apc-6"},{"link_name":"Logan, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fromqld-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londolloms-8"},{"link_name":"cerebral palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipc-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londolloms-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londonready-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londonready-9"},{"link_name":"Dunghutti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunghutti"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apc-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawrence-10"}],"text":"Blake was born on 5 July 1995 in Moree, New South Wales.[5][6] She is from Logan, Queensland.[7][8] She was born with cerebral palsy, is blind in her right eye and has only 10% minimised vision in her left.[5][8] She has fractured her legs eleven times.[9] She has broken both arms falling off a horse.[9] Blake is an Indigenous woman from the Dunghutti Aboriginal people.[6]Blake is an ambassador for the Raise the Bar Academy, a program run by Athletics Australia and Melbourne University, for indigenous secondary school students. She said \"I've always wanted to inspire and show my heritage off. I'd like to be a mentor to indigenous kids and also kids with disability in sports. I want to represent Australia, but also my community and my culture. If I can show young indigenous kids you can do something, that nothing can stop you, then that's extra special for me.\"[10]","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:060912_-_Torita_Isaac_-_3b_-_2012_Summer_Paralympics.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:020912_-_Torita_Isaac_-_3b_-_2012_Summer_Paralympics.JPG"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apc-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fromqld-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londonready-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawrence-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sprints-11"},{"link_name":"T13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T13_(classification)"},{"link_name":"T38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T38_(classification)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londolloms-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londonready-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londolloms-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recentpersom-12"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipc-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-londolloms-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bigpond-13"},{"link_name":"2013 IPC Athletics World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_IPC_Athletics_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipc-5"},{"link_name":"2015 IPC Athletics World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_IPC_Athletics_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doha-2"},{"link_name":"2016 Rio Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2017 World Para Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Para_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipc-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lawrence-10"}],"text":"Isaac at the 2012 London ParalympicsIsaac at the 2012 London ParalympicsIsaac first joined an athletics club in 2011,[6][7][9][10] and specialises in sprints.[11] She has been classified as a T13 before being reclassified to T38.[8][9] She is a former member of Jimboomba Athletics Club.[8]Isaac competed in the 2012 Sydney Track Classic, 2012 Brisbane Track Classic and the 2012 Adelaide Track Classic.[12] At the 2012 Summer Paralympics, she finished seventh in the 100 m T38, seventh in the 200 m T38 and fourth in the 4 × 100 m Relay T35-38event.[5][8][13]Competing at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships in Lyon, she finished seventh in both the Women's 100m and 200m T38.[5] At the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships in Doha, she won a bronze medal in the Women's 400m T38.[2]At the 2016 Rio Paralympics, her aim was to receive a podium finish although unfortunately missed out placing 4th overall in the 400 m T38 event with a time of 1:04.47[14]At the 2017 World Para Athletics Championships in London, England, she won a bronze medal in the Women's 400m T38 and finished seventh in the Women's 200m T38.[15][16]She is coached by Wayne Leaver in Brisbane.[5][10]","title":"Athletics"}]	[{"image_text":"Isaac at the 2012 London Paralympics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/060912_-_Torita_Isaac_-_3b_-_2012_Summer_Paralympics.jpg/220px-060912_-_Torita_Isaac_-_3b_-_2012_Summer_Paralympics.jpg"},{"image_text":"Isaac at the 2012 London Paralympics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/020912_-_Torita_Isaac_-_3b_-_2012_Summer_Paralympics.JPG/220px-020912_-_Torita_Isaac_-_3b_-_2012_Summer_Paralympics.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Shining stars on the road to the Paralympics \| Tracker\". Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216152449/http://tracker.org.au/2012/08/shining-stars-on-the-road-to-the-paralympics/","url_text":"\"Shining stars on the road to the Paralympics \| Tracker\""},{"url":"http://tracker.org.au/2012/08/shining-stars-on-the-road-to-the-paralympics/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Doha 2015\". Athletics Australia website. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://athletics.com.au/News/doha-2015-reardon-ballard","url_text":"\"Doha 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Paralympic Athletics Team announced\". Australian Paralympic Committee News, 2 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org.au/11564-2/","url_text":"\"Australian Paralympic Athletics Team announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torita Blake\". Athletics Australia website. Retrieved 21 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://athletics.com.au/Profiles/AthleteProfiles/toritaBlake","url_text":"\"Torita Blake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torita Isaac profile\". International Paralympic Committee website. Retrieved 26 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/redirect/ipc.asp?page=athletebio&personid=1065679&sportid=513","url_text":"\"Torita Isaac profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torita Isaac\". Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718041700/http://www.paralympic.org.au/team/torita-isaac","url_text":"\"Torita Isaac\""},{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org.au/athlete/torita-blake/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kay, Ross (9 August 2012). \"Who are our Queensland Paralympians? - ABC Wide Bay Qld — Australian Broadcasting Corporation\". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 16 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2012/08/09/3563992.htm","url_text":"\"Who are our Queensland Paralympians? - ABC Wide Bay Qld — Australian Broadcasting Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"Boswell, Tom (11 July 2012). \"London looms for Jimboomba athlete Torita Isaac \| News, events and sport for Logan\". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 16 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/logan/london-looms-for-jimboomba-athlete-torita-isaac/story-fn8m0u8i-1226422195243","url_text":"\"London looms for Jimboomba athlete Torita Isaac \| News, events and sport for Logan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isaac ready for London\". Moree Champion. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moreechampion.com.au/story/189067/isaac-ready-for-london/","url_text":"\"Isaac ready for London\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Ellisa (5 September 2016). \"Paralympics 2016: We're the Superhumans - Queensland's champions\". Courier Mail. Retrieved 5 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/paralympics-2016-were-the-superhumans--queenslands-champions/news-story/fad2ee3f72ced1c0295241efbf5fbc3e","url_text":"\"Paralympics 2016: We're the Superhumans - Queensland's champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sullivan named among final seven for Australian London 2012 athletics team \| Athletics News\". insideworldparasport.biz. 20 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120721171722/http://www.insideworldparasport.biz/athletics/10529-sullivan-named-among-final-seven-for-australian-london-2012-athletics-team","url_text":"\"Sullivan named among final seven for Australian London 2012 athletics team \| Athletics News\""},{"url":"http://www.insideworldparasport.biz/athletics/10529-sullivan-named-among-final-seven-for-australian-london-2012-athletics-team","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Torita Isaac recent performances\". Nswathletics.info. Retrieved 16 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nswathletics.info/liveresults/2012/stc12/profiles/ISAAC_TORITA_95.htm","url_text":"\"Torita Isaac recent performances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paralympics Team List\". BigPond Sport. 6 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120904094545/http://www.bigpondsport.com/paralympics/teams/tabid/711/teamid/48/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Paralympics Team List\""},{"url":"http://www.bigpondsport.com/paralympics/teams/tabid/711/teamid/48/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Women's 400m - T38 Schedule & Results – Paralympic Athletics\". Rio Paralympics Results. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161024152530/https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/athletics-women-s-400m-t38-final","url_text":"\"Women's 400m - T38 Schedule & Results – Paralympic Athletics\""},{"url":"https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/athletics-women-s-400m-t38-final","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ryner, Sascha. \"A silver lining for Australia\". Athletics Australia News, 16 July 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McMillan	Kevin McMillan	["1 Head coaching record","2 References"]	American basketball coach Kevin McMillanCurrent positionTitleHead coachTeamUT MartinConferenceOVCRecord281–194 (.592)Biographical detailsBorn (1967-04-26) April 26, 1967 (age 57)Alma materRhodes College (BMath) Middle Tennessee State University (MHS)Playing career1985–1986Wake Forest1986–1989Rhodes Position(s)ForwardCoaching career (HC unless noted)1990–1997Millington HS1997–2005Westview HS2005–2007Middle Tennessee (assistant)2007–2009Gibson County HS2009–presentUT Martin Administrative career (AD unless noted)2016–2017UT Martin (interim) Head coaching recordOverall281–194 (.592)Tournaments0–4 (NCAA Division I) 1–3 (WNIT)Accomplishments and honorsChampionships 4x OVC Tournament (2011–14) 6x OVC Regular Season (2012, 2014–16, 2020, 2021) Awards 4x OVC Coach of the Year (2010, 2015, 2016, 2021) Daniel Kevin McMillan (born April 26, 1967) is an American college basketball coach and the current women's head coach at the University of Tennessee at Martin (UT Martin). The UT Martin Skyhawks are members of the Ohio Valley Conference and compete in the NCAA Division I. Head coaching record Statistics overview Season Team Overall Conference Standing Postseason UT Martin Skyhawks (Ohio Valley Conference) (2009–present) 2009–10 UT Martin 11–19 8–10 T–4th 2010–11 UT Martin 21–11 14–4 2nd NCAA First Round 2011–12 UT Martin 23–9 15–1 1st NCAA First Round 2012–13 UT Martin 19–15 11–5 2nd (West) NCAA First Round 2013–14 UT Martin 24–8 15–1 1st (West) NCAA First Round 2014–15 UT Martin 22–11 16–0 1st WNIT First Round 2015–16 UT Martin 22–10 14–2 1st WNIT Second Round 2016–17 UT Martin 12–19 8–8 T-5th 2017–18 UT Martin 19–15 13–5 T-2nd WNIT First round 2018–19 UT Martin 23–9 13–5 T-2nd 2019–20 UT Martin 22–10 16–2 T–1st no postseason held 2020–21 UT Martin 22–6 17–2 1st WNIT First Round 2021–22 UT Martin 12–18 9–9 6th 2022–23 UT Martin 13–17 9–9 5th 2023–24 UT Martin 16–17 11–7 T–2nd NCAA First Four Tennessee Martin: 281–194 (.592) 189–70 (.730) Total: 281–194 (.592) National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion Source: References ^ "UTM Sports". ^ "UTM Sports". ^ "Women's Basketball Coaches Career". NCAA. Retrieved 30 Sep 2015. vteCurrent women's basketball head coaches of the Ohio Valley Conference Vacant (Eastern Illinois) Amy Eagan (Lindenwood) Joe Foley (Little Rock) Cayla Petree (Morehead State) Samantha Quigley Smith (SIU Edwardsville) Briley Palmer (Southeast Missouri State) Rick Stein (Southern Indiana) Candice Dupree (Tennessee State) Kim Rosamond (Tennessee Tech) Kevin McMillan (UT Martin) J. D. Gravina (Western Illinois) This biographical article relating to a United States basketball coach is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee at Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Martin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ohio Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Daniel Kevin McMillan (born April 26, 1967) is an American college basketball coach and the current women's head coach at the University of Tennessee at Martin (UT Martin).[1] The UT Martin Skyhawks are members of the Ohio Valley Conference and compete in the NCAA Division I.[2]","title":"Kevin McMillan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Source: [3]","title":"Head coaching record"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"UTM Sports\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utmsports.com/coach.cfm?id=172&","url_text":"\"UTM Sports\""}]},{"reference":"\"UTM Sports\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utmsports.com/","url_text":"\"UTM Sports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Basketball Coaches Career\". NCAA. Retrieved 30 Sep 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careersearch","url_text":"\"Women's Basketball Coaches Career\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.utmsports.com/coach.cfm?id=172&","external_links_name":"\"UTM Sports\""},{"Link":"http://www.utmsports.com/","external_links_name":"\"UTM Sports\""},{"Link":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careersearch","external_links_name":"\"Women's Basketball Coaches Career\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_McMillan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliya_XI	Eliya XI	["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	MarEliya XICatholicos-Patriarch of the EastChurchChurch of the EastInstalled1722Term ended1778PredecessorEliya XSuccessorEliya XIIPersonal detailsDiedApril 1778ResidenceRabban Hormizd Monastery The ancient Rabban Hormizd Monastery, former residence of the Patriarchs of the Church of the East Eliya XI (Syriac: ܐܠܝܐ / Elīyā, 1700 - April 1778) was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1722 to 1778, with his residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery, near Alqosh, in modern Iraq. His father, the priest Hoshaba, was the brother of the previous patriarch Eliya X (died 14 December 1722). Upon that patriarch's death, Eliya XI was elected to the patriarchal see, and enthroned on 25 December 1722. At the beginning of the Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746), his residence, the Patriarchal Monastery of Rabban Hormizd, was attacked and looted in 1743. Faced with frequent conflicts between two mighty Islamic empires (Ottoman and Persian), local Christians in the frontier regions were constantly exposed to danger, not only in times of war, but also during the interwar years, since local Kurdish warlords were accustomed to attack Christian communities and monasteries. Patriarch Eliya XI tried to improve the increasingly worsening position of his Christian flock, by staying loyal to Ottoman authorities, but the local administration was frequently unable to provide effective protection. In older historiography, he was designated as Eliya XI, but later renumbered as Eliya "XII" by some authors. After the resolution of several chronological questions, he was designated again as Eliya XI, and that numeration is generally accepted in recent scholarly works, with some exceptions. See also Patriarch of the Church of the East List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East Assyrian Church of the East Notes ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 26, 29, 148, 196, 250-251. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 205, 263. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 28, 195, 242, 250–251, 355. ^ Malech & Malech 1910, p. 321. ^ Tisserant 1931, p. 261-263. ^ Fiey 1993, p. 39. ^ Lampart 1966, p. 64, 106. ^ Macomber 1969, p. 263-273. ^ Murre van den Berg 1999, p. 247. ^ Baum & Winkler 2000, p. 108-109, 152. ^ Baum & Winkler 2003, p. 119-120, 174. ^ Baum 2004, p. 234-235. ^ Baumer 2005, p. 250, 312. ^ Murre van den Berg 2006, p. 527. ^ Hage 2007, p. 473. ^ Burleson & Rompay 2011, p. 481-491. ^ Jakob 2014, p. 101. ^ Wilmshurst 2011, p. 477. ^ Wilmshurst 2019, p. 804. References Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2000). Die Apostolische Kirche des Ostens: Geschichte der sogenannten Nestorianer. Klagenfurt: Kitab. ISBN 9783902005052. Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN 9781134430192. Baum, Wilhelm (2004). "Die sogenannten Nestorianer im Zeitalter der Osmanen (15. bis 19. Jahrhundert)". Zwischen Euphrat und Tigris: Österreichische Forschungen zum Alten Orient. Münster-Wien: LIT Verlag. pp. 229–246. ISBN 9783825882570. Baumer, Christoph (2005). Frühes Christentum zwischen Euphrat und Jangtse: Eine Zeitreise entlang der Seidenstraße zur Kirche des Ostens. Stuttgart: Urachhaus. ISBN 9783825174507. Baumer, Christoph (2006). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity. London-New York: Tauris. ISBN 9781845111151. Burleson, Samuel; Rompay, Lucas van (2011). "List of Patriarchs of the Main Syriac Churches in the Middle East". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 481–491. Fiey, Jean Maurice (1993). Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux. Beirut: Orient-Institut. ISBN 9783515057189. Hage, Wolfgang (2007). Das orientalische Christentum. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 9783170176683. Jakob, Joachim (2014). Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts. Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 9783643506160. Lampart, Albert (1966). Ein Märtyrer der Union mit Rom: Joseph I. 1681-1696, Patriarch der Chaldäer. Köln: Benziger Verlag. Macomber, William F. (1969). "A Funeral Madraša on the Assassination of Mar Hnanišo". Mémorial Mgr Gabriel Khouri-Sarkis (1898-1968). Louvain: Imprimerie orientaliste. pp. 263–273. Malech, George D.; Malech, Nestorius G. (1910). History of the Syrian nation and the Old Evangelical-Apostolic Church of the East: From Remote Antiquity to the Present Time. Minneapolis: Author's edition. Murre van den Berg, Heleen H. L. (1999). "The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 2 (2): 235–264. doi:10.31826/hug-2010-020119. S2CID 212688640. Murre van den Berg, Heleen H. L. (2006). "A Neo-Aramaic Gospel Lectionary Translation by Israel of Alqosh". Loquentes linguis: Linguistic and Oriental Studies in Honour of Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 523–533. ISBN 9783447054843. Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2008). "Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 335–352. ISBN 9783447057875. Tisserant, Eugène (1931). "L'Église nestorienne". Dictionnaire de théologie catholique. Vol. 11. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. pp. 157–323. Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908765. Wilmshurst, David (2011). The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East. London: East & West Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781907318047. Wilmshurst, David (2019). "The patriarchs of the Church of the East". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 799–805. ISBN 9781138899018. External links Church of the East titles Preceded byEliya X(1700–1722) Catholicos-Patriarch of the Church of the EastEliya line (Alqosh) (1722–1778) Succeeded byEliya XII(1778–1804) vtePatriarchs of the Church of the East Until the schism of 1552 Full list 1st–4th centuries Addai Aggai (66–87) Mari (ob.104) Abris (121–37) Abraham (159–71) Yaʿqob I (c. 190) Ahadabui (204–20) Shahlufa (220–4) Papa (c. 280–317) Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41) Shahdost (341–3) Barbaʿshmin (343–6) Tomarsa (363–71) Qayyoma (377–99) 5th–8th centuries Isaac (399–410) Ahha (410–14) Yahballaha I (415–20) Maʿna (420) Farbokht (421) Dadishoʿ (421–56) Babowai (457–84) Acacius (485–96) Babai (497–503) Shila (503–23) Elishaʿ (524–37) Narsai intrusus (524–37) Paul (539) Aba I (540–52) Joseph (552–67) Ezekiel (570–81) Ishoʿyahb I (582–95) Sabrishoʿ I (596–604) Gregory (605–9) Ishoʿyahb II (628–45) Maremmeh (646–9) Ishoʿyahb III (649–59) Giwargis I (661–80) Yohannan I (680–3) Hnanishoʿ I (686–98) Yohannan Garba intrusus (691–3) Sliba-zkha (714–28) Pethion (731–40) Aba II (741–51) Surin (753) Yaʿqob II (753–73) Hnanishoʿ II (773–80) Timothy I (780–823) 9th–12th centuries Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8) Giwargis II (828–31) Sabrishoʿ II (831–5) Abraham II (837–50) Theodosius (853–8) Sargis (860–72) Israel of Kashkar intrusus (877) Enosh (877–84) Yohannan II (884–91) Yohannan III (893–9) Yohannan IV (900–05) Abraham III (906–37) Emmanuel I (937–60) Israel (961) ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86) Mari (987–99) Yohannan V (1000–11) Yohannan VI (1012–20) Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5) Eliya I (1028–49) Yohannan VII (1049–57) Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72) ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90) Makkikha I (1092–1110) Eliya II (1111–32) Bar Sawma (1134–6) ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48) Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75) Eliya III (1176–90) 13th–16th centuries Yahballaha II (1190–1222) Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–5) Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56) Makkikha II (1257–65) Denha I (1265–81) Yahballaha III (1281–1317) Timothy II (1318–c. 1332) Denha II (1336/7–1381/2) Shemʿon II (c. 1385–c. 1405) Eliya IV (c. 1405–c. 1425) Shemʿon III (c. 1425–c. 1450) Shemʿon IV Basidi (c. 1450–1497) Shemʿon V (1497–1502) Eliya V (1503–4) Shemʿon VI (1504–38) Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58) Christianity portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabban_Hormizd_monastery_founded_on_VII_century_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rabban Hormizd Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Rabban Hormizd 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Hormizd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000205,_263-2"},{"link_name":"conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman-Persian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028,_195,_242,_250%E2%80%93251,_355-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalechMalech1910321-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisserant1931261-263-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiey199339-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELampart196664,_106-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacomber1969263-273-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999247-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2000108-109,_152-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003119-120,_174-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum2004234-235-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2005250,_312-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2006527-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHage2007473-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurlesonRompay2011481-491-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakob2014101-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2011477-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2019804-19"}],"text":"The ancient Rabban Hormizd Monastery, former residence of the Patriarchs of the Church of the EastEliya XI (Syriac: ܐܠܝܐ / Elīyā, 1700 - April 1778) was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1722 to 1778, with his residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery, near Alqosh, in modern Iraq. His father, the priest Hoshaba, was the brother of the previous patriarch Eliya X (died 14 December 1722). Upon that patriarch's death, Eliya XI was elected to the patriarchal see, and enthroned on 25 December 1722.[1]At the beginning of the Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746), his residence, the Patriarchal Monastery of Rabban Hormizd, was attacked and looted in 1743.[2] Faced with frequent conflicts between two mighty Islamic empires (Ottoman and Persian), local Christians in the frontier regions were constantly exposed to danger, not only in times of war, but also during the interwar years, since local Kurdish warlords were accustomed to attack Christian communities and monasteries. Patriarch Eliya XI tried to improve the increasingly worsening position of his Christian flock, by staying loyal to Ottoman authorities, but the local administration was frequently unable to provide effective protection.[3]In older historiography, he was designated as Eliya XI,[4] but later renumbered as Eliya \"XII\" by some authors.[5][6] After the resolution of several chronological questions, he was designated again as Eliya XI,[7][8][9] and that numeration is generally accepted in recent scholarly works,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] with some exceptions.[18][19]","title":"Eliya XI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200026,_29,_148,_196,_250-251_1-0"},{"link_name":"Wilmshurst 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilmshurst2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000205,_263_2-0"},{"link_name":"Wilmshurst 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1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLampart1966"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacomber1969263-273_8-0"},{"link_name":"Macomber 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacomber1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999247_9-0"},{"link_name":"Murre van den Berg 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2000108-109,_152_10-0"},{"link_name":"Baum & Winkler 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBaumWinkler2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003119-120,_174_11-0"},{"link_name":"Baum & Winkler 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaum2004234-235_12-0"},{"link_name":"Baum 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBaum2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2005250,_312_13-0"},{"link_name":"Baumer 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBaumer2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2006527_14-0"},{"link_name":"Murre van den Berg 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHage2007473_15-0"},{"link_name":"Hage 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHage2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurlesonRompay2011481-491_16-0"},{"link_name":"Burleson & Rompay 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBurlesonRompay2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakob2014101_17-0"},{"link_name":"Jakob 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJakob2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2011477_18-0"},{"link_name":"Wilmshurst 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilmshurst2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2019804_19-0"},{"link_name":"Wilmshurst 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilmshurst2019"}],"text":"^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 26, 29, 148, 196, 250-251.\n\n^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 205, 263.\n\n^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 28, 195, 242, 250–251, 355.\n\n^ Malech & Malech 1910, p. 321.\n\n^ Tisserant 1931, p. 261-263.\n\n^ Fiey 1993, p. 39.\n\n^ Lampart 1966, p. 64, 106.\n\n^ Macomber 1969, p. 263-273.\n\n^ Murre van den Berg 1999, p. 247.\n\n^ Baum & Winkler 2000, p. 108-109, 152.\n\n^ Baum & Winkler 2003, p. 119-120, 174.\n\n^ Baum 2004, p. 234-235.\n\n^ Baumer 2005, p. 250, 312.\n\n^ Murre van den Berg 2006, p. 527.\n\n^ Hage 2007, p. 473.\n\n^ Burleson & Rompay 2011, p. 481-491.\n\n^ Jakob 2014, p. 101.\n\n^ Wilmshurst 2011, p. 477.\n\n^ Wilmshurst 2019, p. 804.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The ancient Rabban Hormizd Monastery, former residence of the Patriarchs of the Church of the East","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rabban_Hormizd_monastery_founded_on_VII_century_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-Rabban_Hormizd_monastery_founded_on_VII_century_-_panoramio.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Patriarch of the Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East"},{"title":"List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East"},{"title":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"}]	[{"reference":"Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2000). Die Apostolische Kirche des Ostens: Geschichte der sogenannten Nestorianer. Klagenfurt: Kitab. ISBN 9783902005052.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)","url_text":"Baum, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_W._Winkler","url_text":"Winkler, Dietmar W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QfQkAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Die Apostolische Kirche des Ostens: Geschichte der sogenannten Nestorianer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783902005052","url_text":"9783902005052"}]},{"reference":"Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN 9781134430192.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)","url_text":"Baum, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_W._Winkler","url_text":"Winkler, Dietmar W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Church of the East: A Concise History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134430192","url_text":"9781134430192"}]},{"reference":"Baum, Wilhelm (2004). \"Die sogenannten Nestorianer im Zeitalter der Osmanen (15. bis 19. Jahrhundert)\". Zwischen Euphrat und Tigris: Österreichische Forschungen zum Alten Orient. Münster-Wien: LIT Verlag. pp. 229–246. ISBN 9783825882570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)","url_text":"Baum, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eDXCpQELvTgC","url_text":"\"Die sogenannten Nestorianer im Zeitalter der Osmanen (15. bis 19. Jahrhundert)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825882570","url_text":"9783825882570"}]},{"reference":"Baumer, Christoph (2005). Frühes Christentum zwischen Euphrat und Jangtse: Eine Zeitreise entlang der Seidenstraße zur Kirche des Ostens. Stuttgart: Urachhaus. ISBN 9783825174507.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eO0kAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Frühes Christentum zwischen Euphrat und Jangtse: Eine Zeitreise entlang der Seidenstraße zur Kirche des Ostens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825174507","url_text":"9783825174507"}]},{"reference":"Baumer, Christoph (2006). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity. London-New York: Tauris. ISBN 9781845111151.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7ZAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111151","url_text":"9781845111151"}]},{"reference":"Burleson, Samuel; Rompay, Lucas van (2011). \"List of Patriarchs of the Main Syriac Churches in the Middle East\". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 481–491.","urls":[{"url":"https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/List-of-Patriarchs-Churches-Middle-East","url_text":"\"List of Patriarchs of the Main Syriac Churches in the Middle East\""}]},{"reference":"Fiey, Jean Maurice (1993). Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux. Beirut: Orient-Institut. ISBN 9783515057189.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Maurice_Fiey","url_text":"Fiey, Jean Maurice"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cE5tAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515057189","url_text":"9783515057189"}]},{"reference":"Hage, Wolfgang (2007). Das orientalische Christentum. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 9783170176683.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jgz_NyvRFIUC","url_text":"Das orientalische Christentum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag","url_text":"Kohlhammer Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783170176683","url_text":"9783170176683"}]},{"reference":"Jakob, Joachim (2014). Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts. Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 9783643506160.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vNV8BAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643506160","url_text":"9783643506160"}]},{"reference":"Lampart, Albert (1966). Ein Märtyrer der Union mit Rom: Joseph I. 1681-1696, Patriarch der Chaldäer. Köln: Benziger Verlag.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6DgjDTQRyrAC","url_text":"Ein Märtyrer der Union mit Rom: Joseph I. 1681-1696, Patriarch der Chaldäer"}]},{"reference":"Macomber, William F. (1969). \"A Funeral Madraša on the Assassination of Mar Hnanišo\". Mémorial Mgr Gabriel Khouri-Sarkis (1898-1968). Louvain: Imprimerie orientaliste. pp. 263–273.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yrJIAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"A Funeral Madraša on the Assassination of Mar Hnanišo\""}]},{"reference":"Malech, George D.; Malech, Nestorius G. (1910). History of the Syrian nation and the Old Evangelical-Apostolic Church of the East: From Remote Antiquity to the Present Time. Minneapolis: Author's edition.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ9pAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"History of the Syrian nation and the Old Evangelical-Apostolic Church of the East: From Remote Antiquity to the Present Time"}]},{"reference":"Murre van den Berg, Heleen H. L. (1999). \"The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries\" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 2 (2): 235–264. doi:10.31826/hug-2010-020119. S2CID 212688640.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heleen_Murre-van_den_Berg","url_text":"Murre van den Berg, Heleen H. 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ISBN 9783447054843.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-CTm1NYWrO0C","url_text":"\"A Neo-Aramaic Gospel Lectionary Translation by Israel of Alqosh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447054843","url_text":"9783447054843"}]},{"reference":"Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2008). \"Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800\". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 335–352. ISBN 9783447057875.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVZnCV6ABcC","url_text":"\"Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447057875","url_text":"9783447057875"}]},{"reference":"Tisserant, Eugène (1931). \"L'Église nestorienne\". Dictionnaire de théologie catholique. Vol. 11. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. pp. 157–323.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant","url_text":"Tisserant, Eugène"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JxhAAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"L'Église nestorienne\""}]},{"reference":"Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Segaert	Alec Segaert	["1 Major results","2 References","3 External links"]	Belgian cyclist Alec SegaertSegaert at the 2022 Tour AlsacePersonal informationBorn (2003-01-16) 16 January 2003 (age 21)Height1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Weight79 kg (174 lb)Team informationCurrent teamLotto–DstnyDisciplineRoadRoleRiderRider typeTime trialistAmateur teams2020–2021Gaverzicht–BE Okay2022–2023Lotto–Soudal U23 Professional team2023–Lotto–Dstny Medal record Men's road bicycle racing Representing Belgium World Championships 2022 Wollongong Under-23 time trial 2023 Glasgow Under-23 time trial 2021 Flanders Junior time trial European Championships 2021 Trentino Junior time trial 2022 Anadia Under-23 time trial 2023 Drenthe Under-23 time trial Alec Segaert (born 16 January 2003) is a Belgian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam Lotto–Dstny. Major results 2021 1st Time trial, UEC European Junior Road Championships 1st Overall Internationale Juniorenrundfahrt 1st Stage 1 1st Chrono des Nations Juniors 2nd Paris–Roubaix Juniors 2nd Time trial, National Junior Road Championships 3rd Time trial, UCI Junior Road World Championships 3rd Overall Driedaagse van Axel 9th Overall Aubel–Thimister–Stavelot 2022 1st Time trial, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships 1st Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships 1st Piccolo Giro di Lombardia 1st Chrono des Nations Under-23 1st Hel van Voerendaal 1st Memorial Igor Decraene 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Tour Alsace 2nd Time trial, UCI Road World Under-23 Championships 4th Overall Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux 2023 1st Time trial, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships 1st Stage 1 (ITT) Giro Next Gen 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Tour Alsace UCI Road World Under-23 Championships 2nd Time trial 7th Road race National Road Championships 2nd Road race 2nd Time trial 8th Piccolo Giro di Lombardia 2024 (1 pro win) 1st Grand Prix Criquielion 7th Overall Tour of Belgium References ^ "Development Team". lottosoudal.be. Lotto–Soudal. Retrieved 13 June 2022. ^ "Lotto–Dstny". UCI. Retrieved 18 January 2023. ^ "Team – Lotto–Dstny". Lotto–Dstny. Retrieved 18 January 2023. ^ "Alec Segaert". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 6 September 2022. External links Alec Segaert at Cycling Archives Alec Segaert at ProCyclingStats vteRiders on Lotto–Dstny Johannes Adamietz Jenno Berckmoes Cédric Beullens Victor Campenaerts Logan Currie Jasper De Buyst Thomas De Gendt Arnaud De Lie Jarrad Drizners Pascal Eenkhoorn Jonas Gregaard Sébastien Grignard Jacopo Guarnieri Andreas Kron Arjen Livyns Milan Menten Sylvain Moniquet Mathijs Paasschens Alec Segaert Eduardo Sepúlveda Liam Slock Lionel Taminiaux Jarne Van de Paar Lennert Van Eetvelt Maxim Van Gils Brent Van Moer Henri Vandenabeele Harm Vanhoucke Florian Vermeersch Manager: Stéphane Heulot vteBelgian Professional Cyclist of the YearCrystal Bicycle (men) 1992 De Wolf 1993 Museeuw 1994 Herygers 1995–1997 Museeuw 1998 Steels 1999 Vandenbroucke 2000 Tchmil 2001 Verbrugghe 2002 Museeuw 2003 Van Petegem 2004–2006 Boonen 2007 S. Nys 2008–2011 Gilbert 2012 Boonen 2013 S. Nys 2014–2017 Van Avermaet 2018 Campenaerts 2019 Evenepoel 2020–2021 Van Aert 2022–2023 Evenepoel Best Young Rider (men) 1994 Trouvé 1995 Hoste 1996 D'Hollander 1997–1998 S. Nys 1999 Hulsmans 2000 Van Goolen 2001 Boonen 2002 De Weert 2003 Vansummeren 2004–2005 Albert 2006 Cornu 2007 Albert 2008 Bakelants 2009 Boeckmans 2010 Eijssen 2011 Van der Sande 2012 Van Hoecke 2013 Decraene 2014 Teuns 2015 De Plus 2016–2017 Lambrecht 2018 Evenepoel 2019 Van Wilder 2020–2021 T. Nys 2022 Segaert 2023 Lecerf Best Manager 2000 Lefevere & Bruyneel 2001 Braeckevelt 2002–2003 Bruyneel 2004 Lefevere 2005 De Cauwer 2006 Lefevere 2007–2009 Bruyneel 2010 Sergeant 2011 Lelangue 2012 Bomans 2013 Lefevere 2014–2015 Planckaert 2016 De Weert 2017–2019 Lefevere 2020 Peiper 2021 C. Roodhooft & P. Roodhooft 2022 Vanthourenhout 2023 C. Roodhooft & P. Roodhooft Crystal Drop of Sweat 2005 Hulsmans 2006 Steegmans 2007 Vansummeren 2008 Aerts 2009 Vandenbergh 2010 Aerts 2011 Vanendert 2012 De Weert 2013 Vandenbergh 2014–2016 Keisse 2017 Vermote 2018–2021 Declercq 2022 Benoot 2023 Van Hooydonck Crystal Bicycle (women) 2016–2017 D'Hoore 2018 Degrendele 2019 Cant 2020–2023 Kopecky Best Young Rider (women) 2023 De Wilde This biographical article relating to Belgian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCI ProTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_ProSeries"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Dstny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Alec Segaert (born 16 January 2003) is a Belgian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam Lotto–Dstny.[2][3][4]","title":"Alec Segaert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEC European Junior Road Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_European_Road_Championships"},{"link_name":"Chrono des Nations Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_des_Nations#Junior"},{"link_name":"Paris–Roubaix Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Time 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Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_Giro_di_Lombardia"},{"link_name":"Chrono des Nations Under-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_des_Nations"},{"link_name":"TTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Tour Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Alsace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_uci.svg"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_under-23_time_trial"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Under-23 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Triptyque_des_Monts_et_Ch%C3%A2teaux"},{"link_name":"UEC European Under-23 Road Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Road_Championships"},{"link_name":"ITT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Giro Next Gen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia_Internazionale_Under-23"},{"link_name":"TTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Tour Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Alsace"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Under-23 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_uci.svg"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_under-23_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_under-23_road_race"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"Piccolo Giro di Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_Giro_di_Lombardia"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Criquielion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Criquielion"},{"link_name":"Tour of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_of_Belgium"}],"text":"2021\n1st Time trial, UEC European Junior Road Championships\n1st Overall Internationale Juniorenrundfahrt\n1st Stage 1\n1st Chrono des Nations Juniors\n2nd Paris–Roubaix Juniors\n2nd Time trial, National Junior Road Championships\n3rd Time trial, UCI Junior Road World Championships\n3rd Overall Driedaagse van Axel\n9th Overall Aubel–Thimister–Stavelot\n2022\n1st Time trial, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships\n1st Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships\n1st Piccolo Giro di Lombardia\n1st Chrono des Nations Under-23\n1st Hel van Voerendaal\n1st Memorial Igor Decraene\n1st Stage 1 (TTT) Tour Alsace\n2nd Time trial, UCI Road World Under-23 Championships\n4th Overall Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux\n2023\n1st Time trial, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships\n1st Stage 1 (ITT) Giro Next Gen\n1st Stage 1 (TTT) Tour Alsace\nUCI Road World Under-23 Championships\n2nd Time trial\n7th Road race\nNational Road Championships\n2nd Road race\n2nd Time trial\n8th Piccolo Giro di Lombardia\n2024 (1 pro win)\n1st Grand Prix Criquielion\n7th Overall Tour of Belgium","title":"Major results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Development Team\". lottosoudal.be. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_Car	Panorama Car	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Panorama Car" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Original 7000 series Panorama Car 8800 series Panorama DX 1000 series Panorama Super 1600 series Panorama Super Panorama Car (パノラマカー, Panoramakā) is a trainset series operated by Nagoya Railroad, including the Panorama Super (パノラマスーパー). Like the Romancecar trains of Odakyu Electric Railway, they are designed to be tourist oriented limited express trains, although they also operate on Rapid Limited Express (快速特急, Kaisoku Tokkyū) services. The very first Panorama Car was the 7000 series in 1961, and featured Japan's first 180 degree "Panoramic" seating view. Then came the 8800 series Panorama DX in 1984, followed by the 1000 series Panorama Super and its sister, the 1600 series, launched in 1999. See also Observation car Vistadome References ^ "前面展望式車両、名鉄が最初ではなかった" . Chunichi Shimbun. 30 September 2012. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2022. External links Meitetsu website (in English)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meitetsu_7000_Series_EMU_051.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nagoya-Railroad-8800.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meitetsu_1000_Series_EMU_032.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meitetsu_1600_Series_EMU_013.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Romancecar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancecar"},{"link_name":"Odakyu Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_Electric_Railway"},{"link_name":"limited express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_express"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"7000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitetsu_7000_series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"8800 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitetsu_8800_series"},{"link_name":"1000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitetsu_1000_series"},{"link_name":"1600 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitetsu_1600_series"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Original 7000 series Panorama Car8800 series Panorama DX1000 series Panorama Super1600 series Panorama SuperPanorama Car (パノラマカー, Panoramakā) is a trainset series operated by Nagoya Railroad, including the Panorama Super (パノラマスーパー). Like the Romancecar trains of Odakyu Electric Railway, they are designed to be tourist oriented limited express trains, although they also operate on Rapid Limited Express (快速特急, Kaisoku Tokkyū) services.[citation needed]The very first Panorama Car was the 7000 series in 1961, and featured Japan's first 180 degree \"Panoramic\" seating view.[1] Then came the 8800 series Panorama DX in 1984, followed by the 1000 series Panorama Super and its sister, the 1600 series, launched in 1999.[citation needed]","title":"Panorama Car"}]	[{"image_text":"Original 7000 series Panorama Car","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Meitetsu_7000_Series_EMU_051.JPG/220px-Meitetsu_7000_Series_EMU_051.JPG"},{"image_text":"8800 series Panorama DX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nagoya-Railroad-8800.JPG/220px-Nagoya-Railroad-8800.JPG"},{"image_text":"1000 series Panorama Super","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Meitetsu_1000_Series_EMU_032.JPG/220px-Meitetsu_1000_Series_EMU_032.JPG"},{"image_text":"1600 series Panorama Super","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Meitetsu_1600_Series_EMU_013.JPG/220px-Meitetsu_1600_Series_EMU_013.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Observation car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_car"},{"title":"Vistadome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistadome"}]	[{"reference":"\"前面展望式車両、名鉄が最初ではなかった\" [Meitetsu wasn't the first train with a front view]. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Musgrave_Harvey	John Musgrave Harvey	["1 Early life and family","2 Legal career","3 Judicial career","4 Personal life","5 References"]	Australian judge Sir John HarveyJudge of the Supreme Court of New South WalesIn office15 April 1913 – 31 January 1936Preceded byGeorge RichSucceeded byHarold Nicholas Personal detailsBorn22 December 1865Hampstead, London, EnglandDied13 June 1940 (aged 74)Double Bay, Sydney, AustraliaSpouse Beatrice Ward (m. 1895) Sir John Musgrave Harvey (22 December 1865 – 13 June 1940) was an Australian judge who served on the Supreme Court of New South Wales from 1913 to 1936. He was Chief Judge in Equity from 1925 to 1935 and Acting Chief Justice from 1933 to 1934, as well as chairing multiple New South Wales royal commissions. Early life and family Harvey was born in Hampstead, London, England, the sixth of eight children born to Frances Harriet (née Brewster) and Charles Musgrave Harvey. His father and grandfather were Anglican priests, and his older brother Richard served as Archdeacon of Halifax. His younger brother Sir Ernest Musgrave Harvey was Chief Cashier of the Bank of England and the first of the Harvey baronets. Harvey was educated at Marlborough College from 1878 to 1884 on a scholarship. He was a prefect and member of the rugby team. He subsequently won a scholarship to Keble College, Oxford, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1888. Harvey arrived in Australia in 1889, where he had found a position as tutor to the children of a Sydney lawyer. He subsequently developed an interest in the law himself, and was mentored by Langer Owen. Legal career From 1890 to 1893, Harvey was an associate to William Owen, the Chief Judge in Equity on the Supreme Court of New South Wales. He was called to the bar in March 1892, and developed a speciality in equity. He authored a number of important texts on the subject, including Service of Equitable Process (1898) and The Practice in Equity (1902; co-authored with George Rich). He was also a reporter for the New South Wales Law Reports and the New South Wales Weekly Notes. Judicial career Although still considered a "junior barrister", Harvey was appointed to the Supreme Court of New South Wales on 15 April 1913. He replaced George Rich, who had been elevated to the High Court of Australia. He was made a judge in the probate division in 1918, and Chief Judge in Equity in 1925. In June 1933, Chief Justice Philip Street took a leave of absence pending his official retirement in January 1934. In Street's absence, Harvey was the most senior judge on the bench and thus became Acting Chief Justice. He was suffered from failing eyesight by that time, however, and formally retired in January 1936 after a year of leave. In 1918, Harvey chaired a state Royal Commission into the law of property, with the aim of simplifying the practice of conveyancing. Many of his recommendations were incorporated into the Conveyancing Act 1919, which remains in effect. In the same year, Harvey also conducted an inquiry for the federal government under the terms of the War Precautions Act 1914. He was tasked with investigating whether the military detention of the Darlinghurst Seven – seven members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood at Darlinghurst Gaol – was justified; his report concluded that they should continue to be imprisoned. He was also an official visitor to prisoner-of-war camps during World War I. Harvey conducted two further Royal Commissions for the state government during the 1920s. The first was a 1927 inquiry into the administration of the Child Welfare Department, while the second was a 1928 inquiry into the Sydney City Council's contract with Babcock & Wilcox for the construction of the Bunnerong Power Station. In the latter, he found that a bribe had been paid to the acting general manager of the Electricity Department, but that the company's tender should nonetheless still be accepted as it was the best bid available. Personal life Harvey married Beatrice Ward on 4 January 1895. The couple had one son and three daughters together. He was a warden of St Mark's Church, Darling Point, for 28 years, and from 1934 to 1938 was chancellor of the Anglican Diocese of Sydney. He was also the foundation chairman of Cranbrook School from 1918 to 1938; one of the school's houses is named in his honour. Harvey died at his home in Double Bay on 13 June 1940, at the age of 74. His estate was valued at £22,225. References ^ "M.L.C. BECOMES NEW SUPREME COURT JUDGE". The Daily Telegraph. 1 January 1935. ^ a b c d e f g Hutley, F.C. "Harvey, Sir John Musgrave (1865–1940)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. ^ "Illustrious family". Smith's Weekly. 13 April 1940. ^ a b "Hon. Sir John Musgrave Harvey". NSW State Archives & Records. Authority control databases International VIAF People Australia Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"royal commissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_commissions"}],"text":"Sir John Musgrave Harvey (22 December 1865 – 13 June 1940) was an Australian judge who served on the Supreme Court of New South Wales from 1913 to 1936. He was Chief Judge in Equity from 1925 to 1935 and Acting Chief Justice from 1933 to 1934, as well as chairing multiple New South Wales royal commissions.","title":"John Musgrave Harvey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Charles Musgrave Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Harvey_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey_ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harvey_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Ernest Musgrave Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Musgrave_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Chief Cashier of the Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Cashier_of_the_Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"Harvey baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_baronets"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marlborough College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College"},{"link_name":"Keble College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Langer Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langer_Owen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey_ADB-2"}],"text":"Harvey was born in Hampstead, London, England, the sixth of eight children born to Frances Harriet (née Brewster) and Charles Musgrave Harvey.[2] His father and grandfather were Anglican priests, and his older brother Richard served as Archdeacon of Halifax. His younger brother Sir Ernest Musgrave Harvey was Chief Cashier of the Bank of England and the first of the Harvey baronets.[3]Harvey was educated at Marlborough College from 1878 to 1884 on a scholarship. He was a prefect and member of the rugby team. He subsequently won a scholarship to Keble College, Oxford, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1888. Harvey arrived in Australia in 1889, where he had found a position as tutor to the children of a Sydney lawyer. He subsequently developed an interest in the law himself, and was mentored by Langer Owen.[2]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Owen_(New_South_Wales_judge)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(law)"},{"link_name":"George Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey_ADB-2"}],"text":"From 1890 to 1893, Harvey was an associate to William Owen, the Chief Judge in Equity on the Supreme Court of New South Wales. He was called to the bar in March 1892, and developed a speciality in equity. He authored a number of important texts on the subject, including Service of Equitable Process (1898) and The Practice in Equity (1902; co-authored with George Rich). He was also a reporter for the New South Wales Law Reports and the New South Wales Weekly Notes.[2]","title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"George Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rich"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"probate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probate_court"},{"link_name":"Philip Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Street"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey_ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission"},{"link_name":"conveyancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyancing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey_ADB-2"},{"link_name":"War Precautions Act 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Precautions_Act_1914"},{"link_name":"Darlinghurst Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlinghurst_Seven"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Darlinghurst Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlinghurst_Gaol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rec-4"},{"link_name":"Sydney City Council's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Babcock & Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Bunnerong Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnerong_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rec-4"}],"text":"Although still considered a \"junior barrister\", Harvey was appointed to the Supreme Court of New South Wales on 15 April 1913. He replaced George Rich, who had been elevated to the High Court of Australia. He was made a judge in the probate division in 1918, and Chief Judge in Equity in 1925. In June 1933, Chief Justice Philip Street took a leave of absence pending his official retirement in January 1934. In Street's absence, Harvey was the most senior judge on the bench and thus became Acting Chief Justice. He was suffered from failing eyesight by that time, however, and formally retired in January 1936 after a year of leave.[2]In 1918, Harvey chaired a state Royal Commission into the law of property, with the aim of simplifying the practice of conveyancing. Many of his recommendations were incorporated into the Conveyancing Act 1919, which remains in effect.[2] In the same year, Harvey also conducted an inquiry for the federal government under the terms of the War Precautions Act 1914. He was tasked with investigating whether the military detention of the Darlinghurst Seven – seven members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood at Darlinghurst Gaol – was justified; his report concluded that they should continue to be imprisoned. He was also an official visitor to prisoner-of-war camps during World War I.\n[4]Harvey conducted two further Royal Commissions for the state government during the 1920s. The first was a 1927 inquiry into the administration of the Child Welfare Department, while the second was a 1928 inquiry into the Sydney City Council's contract with Babcock & Wilcox for the construction of the Bunnerong Power Station. In the latter, he found that a bribe had been paid to the acting general manager of the Electricity Department, but that the company's tender should nonetheless still be accepted as it was the best bid available.[4]","title":"Judicial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Mark's Church, Darling Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Church,_Darling_Point"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Anglican Diocese of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Cranbrook School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbrook_School,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey_ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Double Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Bay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey_ADB-2"}],"text":"Harvey married Beatrice Ward on 4 January 1895. The couple had one son and three daughters together. He was a warden of St Mark's Church, Darling Point, for 28 years, and from 1934 to 1938 was chancellor of the Anglican Diocese of Sydney. He was also the foundation chairman of Cranbrook School from 1918 to 1938; one of the school's houses is named in his honour.[2]Harvey died at his home in Double Bay on 13 June 1940, at the age of 74. His estate was valued at £22,225.[2]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"M.L.C. BECOMES NEW SUPREME COURT JUDGE\". The Daily Telegraph. 1 January 1935.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/246494023","url_text":"\"M.L.C. BECOMES NEW SUPREME COURT JUDGE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Hutley, F.C. \"Harvey, Sir John Musgrave (1865–1940)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemente_Gera	Clemente Gera	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links and additional sources"]	Italian Roman Catholic prelate (died 1643) Most ReverendClemente GeraBishop of LodiChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseDiocese of LodiIn office1625–1643PredecessorMichelangelo SeghizziSuccessorPietro VidoniOrdersConsecration30 November 1613by Paolo Emilio SfondratiPersonal detailsDied23 November 1643Lodi, ItalyPrevious post(s)Bishop of Terni (1613–1625) Clemente Gera (died 23 November 1643) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Lodi (1625–1643) and Bishop of Terni (1613–1625). Biography On 13 November 1613, Clemente Gera was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Bishop of Terni. On 30 November 1613, he was consecrated bishop by Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano, with Antonio d'Aquino, Bishop of Sarno, and Giovanni Ambrogio Caccia, Bishop Emeritus of Castro del Lazio, serving as co-consecrators. On 21 May 1625, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Lodi. He served as Bishop of Lodi until his death on 23 November 1643. References ^ a b c Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. IV. Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. p. 216. (in Latin) ^ a b Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. IV. Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. p. 210. (in Latin) ^ a b c d Cheney, David M. "Bishop Clemente Gera". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. ^ Chow, Gabriel. "Bishop Clemente Gera". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. External links and additional sources Cheney, David M. "Diocese of Terni-Narni-Amelia". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Chow, Gabriel. "Diocese of Terni-Narni-Amelia (Italy)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Cheney, David M. "Diocese of Lodi". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Chow, Gabriel. "Diocese of Lodi (Italy)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Catholic Church titles Preceded byLudovico Riva Bishop of Terni 1613–1625 Succeeded byCosimo Mannucci Preceded byMichelangelo Seghizzi Bishop of Lodi 1625–1643 Succeeded byPietro Vidoni Portals: Biography Catholicism Italy Authority control databases: National Italy This article about a 17th-century Italian Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lodi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Lodi-1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Terni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Terni"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Terni-2"}],"text":"Clemente Gera (died 23 November 1643) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Lodi (1625–1643)[1] and Bishop of Terni (1613–1625).[2]","title":"Clemente Gera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Paul V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V"},{"link_name":"Bishop of 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Caccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Ambrogio_Caccia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop Emeritus of Castro del Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Castro_del_Lazio"},{"link_name":"co-consecrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-consecrators"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierCleGer-3"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lodi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Lodi-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierCleGer-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Lodi-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierCleGer-3"}],"text":"On 13 November 1613, Clemente Gera was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Bishop of Terni.[2][3][4]\nOn 30 November 1613, he was consecrated bishop by Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano, with Antonio d'Aquino, Bishop of Sarno, and Giovanni Ambrogio Caccia, Bishop Emeritus of Castro del Lazio, serving as co-consecrators.[3] \nOn 21 May 1625, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Lodi.[1][3]\nHe served as Bishop of Lodi until his death on 23 November 1643.[1][3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Terni-Narni-Amelia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtena.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Terni-Narni-Amelia 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Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Diocese of Terni-Narni-Amelia (Italy)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nCheney, David M. \"Diocese of Lodi\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Diocese of Lodi (Italy)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]Portals: Biography Catholicism ItalyAuthority control databases: National \nItalyThis article about a 17th-century Italian Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External links and additional sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. IV. 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Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/lodi0.htm","url_text":"\"Diocese of Lodi (Italy)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft#page/216/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"},{"Link":"http://www.archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft#page/210/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bgerac.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Clemente Gera\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/lodi0.htm#34039","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Clemente Gera\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtena.html","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Terni-Narni-Amelia\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/tern0.htm","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Terni-Narni-Amelia (Italy)\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dlodi.html","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Lodi\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/lodi0.htm","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Lodi (Italy)\""},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV088478","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clemente_Gera&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderbook:_Book_of_Potions	Book of Potions	["1 Story","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]	2013 video game 2013 video gameBook of PotionsEuropean cover artDeveloper(s)London StudioPublisher(s)Sony Computer EntertainmentSeriesWizarding WorldPlatform(s)PlayStation 3ReleaseEU: 15 November 2013NA: 12 November 2013Genre(s)Augmented realityMode(s)Single-player Book of Potions (or Wonderbook: Book of Potions) is an augmented reality video game developed by London Studio in conjunction with J. K. Rowling and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment as a companion to the Harry Potter series and as a follow-up to the Wonderbook's debut title, Book of Spells. It was released in Europe on 15 November 2013 and North America on 12 November 2013, alongside Diggs Nightcrawler and Walking with Dinosaurs. Story The Book of Potions was written somewhen in the 16th century by Zygmunt Budge, an exceptionally talented potioneer who, after leaving Hogwarts at the age of 14, moved to the Outer Hebridean island of Hermetray where he lived alone, continuing his potioneering studies. Approximately 500 years after his death, a Hogwarts student somehow comes into possession of the Book of Potions, finding that some of Zygmunt's personality lives on within its pages. Under his tutelage, the student begins their ascent to potioneering mastery. After successfully brewing an introductory boil-curing potion for Zygmunt's house elf, the student finds that they have somehow been entered into the Wizarding Schools Potions Championship, a septennial contest between students from magic schools across the globe. With Zygmunt's help, the student brews various potions to overcome the obstacles standing between them and the Golden Cauldron, which, after brewing and imbibing Zygmunt's self-proclaimed finest work, Felix Felicis, they successfully obtain. Having done so, the student earns the right to use the cauldron to brew a new potion all their own. After finding some exceptionally rare ingredients, the student brews a potion which is revealed to be the "Potion of All Potential", which enables its drinker to reach their highest capability. Zygmunt initially comes off as warped and slightly mad, thinking of little but the Golden Cauldron, but, as the student's potioneering skills improve, he finds himself warming to them, eventually revealing exactly why he left Hogwarts: as a student, Zygmunt asked the headmaster if he could enter the Wizarding Schools Potions Championship despite being three years below the minimum age for entry, but he was denied, being told that it was too dangerous. Unable to accept this, Zygmunt immediately left the school in protest, which disabled him from entering the Championship even once he had come of age. Once the student wins the golden cauldron, Zygmunt's spirit finds itself at peace, and he congratulates them wholeheartedly for both obtaining it and brewing the Potion of All Potential. Saying that he'll no longer cause trouble for anyone else, he leaves the student to meet their "adoring public". Gameplay Book of Potions is almost identical to Book of Spells in terms of gameplay; the PlayStation Eye renders the book and its effects while the PlayStation Move controller acts as a wand, as well as other instruments, such as a knife for chopping ingredients and a spoon for stirring the contents of a cauldron. Like its predecessor, the game begins with the player choosing one of the four Hogwarts houses and one of three wands. Alternatively, if the player has a Pottermore account, they can log into it through the game and the choices will be made automatically to reflect those made on the Pottermore website. The game consists of seven chapters, each focussing on a particular potion. Each chapter follows roughly the same structure: an introduction to the potion and its effect(s), gathering ingredients, brewing the potion, a short story related to the potion (which features some multiple-choice fill-in-the-blank interactivity), and, finally, using the potion to advance in the Wizarding Schools Potion Championship. Finding certain hidden creatures during the gathering of ingredients will unlock those ingredients in the Concoctions mode, where the player can freely experiment and create custom potions by combining up to four of any of their gathered ingredients. Reception In a joint review with Walking with Dinosaurs, Telegraph writer Andy Robertson (who also reviewed Diggs Nightcrawler) gave the game a positive review, noting the increased interaction with the Wonderbook itself compared to Book of Spells, as well as clearer signposting helping to make progression easier and more instinctive. References ^ a b "Wonderbook gets more Harry Potter, dinosaurs, detectives on Nov. 12". Joystiq. 31 October 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013. ^ a b c "Wonderbook: Book of Potions arrives on PS3 next month". PlayStation.Blog Europe. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013. ^ Robertson, Andy (18 November 2013). "Wonderbook: Book of Potions and Walking with Dinosaurs review - Telegraph". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2013. External links PlayStation UK page Archived 15 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Pottermore page vteWonderbook games Book of Spells Diggs Nightcrawler Walking with Dinosaurs Book of Potions vteHarry Potter by J. K. Rowling Wizarding World BooksMain novels The Philosopher's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half-Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Spin-offs Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Short stories Prequel Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Feature filmsHarry Potter(cast · music) The Philosopher's Stone soundtrack, "Hedwig's Theme" The Chamber of Secrets soundtrack The Prisoner of Azkaban soundtrack The Goblet of Fire soundtrack The Order of the Phoenix soundtrack The Half-Blood Prince soundtrack The Deathly Hallows – Part 1 production soundtrack The Deathly Hallows – Part 2 production soundtrack accolades Fantastic Beasts(cast · characters) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them soundtrack The Crimes of Grindelwald soundtrack The Secrets of Dumbledore Characters Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Minerva McGonagall Draco Malfoy Neville Longbottom Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Sirius Black Remus Lupin Cedric Diggory Bellatrix Lestrange Dolores Umbridge Luna Lovegood Supporting characters Groups Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Magic creatures objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Hogwarts Beauxbatons Quidditch Other works Wizarding World Digital The Cursed Child Hogwarts Tournament of Houses 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts Inspired mediaVideo games Lego Creator: Harry Potter The Philosopher's Stone (2001) PC Game Boy Advance Game Boy Color The Chamber of Secrets Creator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Philosopher's Stone (2003) The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half-Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4 The Deathly Hallows – Part 1 The Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7 Harry Potter for Kinect Book of Spells Book of Potions Lego Dimensions Fantastic Beasts: Cases From the Wizarding World Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Magic Awakened Hogwarts Legacy Quidditch Champions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure The Escape from Gringotts The Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions The Exhibition A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter Other Lego Harry Potter Trading Card Game Fandom A Celebration of Harry Potter Fandom Forward The Leaky Cauldron Mischief Management MuggleNet Wizard rock Wrockstock Fan fictions All the Young Dudes Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality Hogwarts School of Prayer and Miracles My Immortal Drarry Fan films Hermione Granger and the Quarter Life Crisis Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort: Origins of the Heir Parodies A Very Potter Musical album A Very Potter Sequel EP A Very Potter Senior Year Epic Movie Muddle Earth Too Potter Puppet Pals Puffs (play) Wizard People, Dear Reader Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Politics Portkey Games Religious debates Translation Harry, A History Harry Potter and the Sacred Text The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Pollomuhku ja Posityyhtynen Potterless Heyday Films Category Outline Portal: Video games	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Studio"},{"link_name":"J. K. Rowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Wonderbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderbook"},{"link_name":"Book of Spells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Spells"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSBlog-2"},{"link_name":"Diggs Nightcrawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diggs_Nightcrawler"},{"link_name":"Walking with Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_with_Dinosaurs_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joystiq-1"}],"text":"2013 video gameBook of Potions (or Wonderbook: Book of Potions) is an augmented reality video game developed by London Studio in conjunction with J. K. Rowling and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment as a companion to the Harry Potter series and as a follow-up to the Wonderbook's debut title, Book of Spells. It was released in Europe on 15 November 2013[2] and North America on 12 November 2013, alongside Diggs Nightcrawler and Walking with Dinosaurs.[1]","title":"Book of Potions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potion"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts"},{"link_name":"Outer Hebridean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Hebrides"},{"link_name":"Hermetray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetray"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSBlog-2"}],"text":"The Book of Potions was written somewhen in the 16th century by Zygmunt Budge, an exceptionally talented potioneer who, after leaving Hogwarts at the age of 14, moved to the Outer Hebridean island of Hermetray where he lived alone, continuing his potioneering studies.[2]Approximately 500 years after his death, a Hogwarts student somehow comes into possession of the Book of Potions, finding that some of Zygmunt's personality lives on within its pages. Under his tutelage, the student begins their ascent to potioneering mastery. After successfully brewing an introductory boil-curing potion for Zygmunt's house elf, the student finds that they have somehow been entered into the Wizarding Schools Potions Championship, a septennial contest between students from magic schools across the globe.With Zygmunt's help, the student brews various potions to overcome the obstacles standing between them and the Golden Cauldron, which, after brewing and imbibing Zygmunt's self-proclaimed finest work, Felix Felicis, they successfully obtain. Having done so, the student earns the right to use the cauldron to brew a new potion all their own. After finding some exceptionally rare ingredients, the student brews a potion which is revealed to be the \"Potion of All Potential\", which enables its drinker to reach their highest capability.Zygmunt initially comes off as warped and slightly mad, thinking of little but the Golden Cauldron, but, as the student's potioneering skills improve, he finds himself warming to them, eventually revealing exactly why he left Hogwarts: as a student, Zygmunt asked the headmaster if he could enter the Wizarding Schools Potions Championship despite being three years below the minimum age for entry, but he was denied, being told that it was too dangerous. Unable to accept this, Zygmunt immediately left the school in protest, which disabled him from entering the Championship even once he had come of age.Once the student wins the golden cauldron, Zygmunt's spirit finds itself at peace, and he congratulates them wholeheartedly for both obtaining it and brewing the Potion of All Potential. Saying that he'll no longer cause trouble for anyone else, he leaves the student to meet their \"adoring public\".","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PlayStation Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Eye"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Move"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts#Houses"}],"text":"Book of Potions is almost identical to Book of Spells in terms of gameplay; the PlayStation Eye renders the book and its effects while the PlayStation Move controller acts as a wand, as well as other instruments, such as a knife for chopping ingredients and a spoon for stirring the contents of a cauldron.Like its predecessor, the game begins with the player choosing one of the four Hogwarts houses and one of three wands. Alternatively, if the player has a Pottermore account, they can log into it through the game and the choices will be made automatically to reflect those made on the Pottermore website.The game consists of seven chapters, each focussing on a particular potion. Each chapter follows roughly the same structure: an introduction to the potion and its effect(s), gathering ingredients, brewing the potion, a short story related to the potion (which features some multiple-choice fill-in-the-blank interactivity), and, finally, using the potion to advance in the Wizarding Schools Potion Championship.Finding certain hidden creatures during the gathering of ingredients will unlock those ingredients in the Concoctions mode, where the player can freely experiment and create custom potions by combining up to four of any of their gathered ingredients.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walking with Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_with_Dinosaurs_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Diggs Nightcrawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diggs_Nightcrawler"},{"link_name":"Book of Spells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Spells"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In a joint review with Walking with Dinosaurs, Telegraph writer Andy Robertson (who also reviewed Diggs Nightcrawler) gave the game a positive review, noting the increased interaction with the Wonderbook itself compared to Book of Spells, as well as clearer signposting helping to make progression easier and more instinctive.[3]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Wonderbook gets more Harry Potter, dinosaurs, detectives on Nov. 12\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo_Force	Fargo Force	["1 History","2 Season-by-season records","2.1 NHL draft picks","2.2 Awards and player recognition","2.3 Prospects games participants","3 Roster","4 References","5 External links"]	Junior ice hockey team Fargo ForceCityFargo, North DakotaLeagueUnited States Hockey LeagueConferenceWestFounded2008Home arenaScheels ArenaColorsBlack, blue, white Owner(s)Brandt HoldingsMatt CullenGeneral managerCary EadesHead coachBrett SkinnerFranchise history2008–presentFargo ForceChampionshipsPlayoff championships2 (2018, 2024) The Fargo Force is a Tier I junior ice hockey team in the Western Conference of the United States Hockey League (USHL). The Force have won two league championships in 2018 and 2024 and was awarded USHL Organization of the Year for 2008–09 and 2012–13. History In early 2007, Fargo was granted a USHL team, intended as an anchor tenant for the then-under-construction Urban Plains Center and owned by local businessman Ace Brandt. Dean Blais, former coach of the North Dakota Fighting Sioux hockey program, was hired as the franchise's initial coach and general manager. After a name-the-team contest, the choices were narrowed to Fargo Force, Fargo Phantoms, and Fargo Fire. Twelve people submitted the Force name; as a result, they won a dinner with head coach Dean Blais and each received two season tickets to the Force's inaugural season. As a result of the Force's entry, the area's previous hockey team, the Fargo-Moorhead Jets of the North American Hockey League announced they were leaving the area in April 2008, and folded later that year. Marks retired following the 2014–15 season and was replaced by former University of North Dakota player/assistant coach Cary Eades, who had just led the Sioux Falls Stampede to the 2014–15 Clark Cup Championship. In 2018, Fargo won the Clark Cup Finals over the Youngstown Phantoms to win their first championship in team history. Following the 2018–19 season, Eades stepped down from his coaching position, retaining the general manager title, and associate coach Pierre-Paul Lamoureux was named head coach. Lamoureux left after the 2020–21 season and was replaced by Scott Langer who had spent the previous five seasons with the North American Hockey League's Aberdeen Wings. On October 16, 2021, owner Ace Brandt died of cancer. Season-by-season records Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against Season GP W L OTL Pts GF GA PIM Finish Playoffs 2008–09 60 32 23 5 69 191 166 1135 3rd, Western Conf. Won quarterfinals, 3–0 vs. Omaha LancersWon semifinals, 3–0 vs. Lincoln StarsLost Clark Cup Finals, 1–3 vs. Indiana Ice 2009–10 60 37 17 6 80 227 214 1474 2nd Western Conf. Won quarterfinals, 3–0 vs. Sioux Falls StampedeWon semifinals, 3–2 vs. Omaha LancersLost Clark Cup Finals, 2–3 vs. Green Bay Gamblers 2010–11 60 33 22 5 71 173 151 1201 4th, Western Conf. Won conf. quarterfinals, 2–0 vs. Lincoln StarsLost conf. semifinals, 0–3 vs. Dubuque Fighting Saints 2011–12 60 31 23 6 68 188 160 1007 4th, Western Conf. Won conf. quarterfinals, 2–0 vs. Sioux City MusketeersLost conf. semifinals, 1–3 vs. Lincoln Stars 2012–13 64 38 19 7 83 201 187 981 2nd, Western Conf. Won conf. semifinals, 3–2 vs. Waterloo Black HawksWon conf. finals, 3–2 vs. Sioux Falls StampedeLost Clark Cup Finals, 0–3 vs. Dubuque Fighting Saints 2013–14 60 14 39 7 35 122 229 1275 8th, Western Conf. did not qualify 2014–15 60 26 28 6 58 148 191 933 6th, Western Conf. did not qualify 2015–16 60 32 26 2 66 157 150 995 5th, Western Conf. did not qualify 2016–17 60 36 19 4 77 193 149 792 3rd, Western Conf. Lost conf. semifinals, 0–3 vs. Waterloo Black Hawks 2017–18 60 37 16 7 81 208 133 985 3rd, Western Conf. Won first round, 2–0 vs. Tri-City StormWon conf. semifinals, 3–1 vs. Omaha LancersWon conf. finals, 3–1 vs. Waterloo Black HawksWon Clark Cup Championship, 3–1 vs. Youngstown Phantoms 2018–19 62 34 23 5 73 188 172 910 5th, Western Conf. Lost first round, 0–2 vs. Des Moines Buccaneers 2019–20 48 27 15 6 60 153 143 847 3rd, Western Conf. Season cancelled 2020–21 54 31 21 3 63 169 148 830 4th, Western Conf. Won conf. semifinals, 2–1 vs. Tri-City StormWon conf. finals, 2–0 vs. Sioux City MusketeersLost Clark Cup finals, 1–3 vs. Chicago Steel 2021–22 62 28 28 4 62 187 207 989 5th, Western Conf. Lost first round, 2-0 vs. Omaha Lancers 2022–23 62 40 14 4 88 230 159 895 1st, West Conf. Won conf. semifinals, 2-0 vs. Tri-City StormWon conf. finals, 3-1 vs. Lincoln StarsLost Clark Cup finals, 3-0 vs. Youngstown Phantoms 2023–24 62 50 10 2 102 272 143 579 1st, West Conf. Won conf. semifinals, 3-0 vs. Tri-City StormWon conf. finals, 3-2 vs. Sioux Falls StampedeWon Clark Cup Championship, 3-1 vs. Dubuque Fighting Saints NHL draft picks The Fargo Force have had the following players picked in the NHL draft. Year drafted Player Drafted team Pick 2008 Luke Witkowski Tampa Bay Lightning 6th round, 160th overall 2009 Josh Birkholz Florida Panthers 3rd round, 67th overall Mike Lee Arizona Coyotes 3rd round, 91st overall Nick Oliver Nashville Predators 4th round, 110th overall 2010 Zane McIntyre Boston Bruins 6th round, 165th overall 2011 Garrett Haar Washington Capitals 7th round, 207th overall 2012 Ben Johnson New Jersey Devils 3rd round, 90th overall Dominic Toninato Toronto Maple Leafs 5th round, 126th overall Brian Cooper Anaheim Ducks 5th round, 127th overall Colton Hargrove Boston Bruins 7th round, 205th overall 2013 Teemu Kivihalme Nashville Predators 5th round, 140th overall Jonny Brodzinski Los Angeles Kings 5th round, 148th overall 2016 Riley Tufte Dallas Stars 1st round, 25th overall Chase Priskie Washington Capitals 6th round, 177th overall 2017 Clayton Phillips Pittsburgh Penguins 3rd round, 93rd overall Denis Smirnov Colorado Avalanche 6th round, 156th overall Jack Adams Detroit Red Wings 6th round, 162nd overall 2018 Ryan O'Reilly Detroit Red Wings 4th round, 98th overall Michael Kesselring Edmonton Oilers 6th round, 164th overall 2019 Aaron Huglen Buffalo Sabres 4th round, 102nd overall Josh Nodler Calgary Flames 5th round, 150th overall 2020 Noah Beck St. Louis Blues 7th round, 194th overall 2021 Tristan Broz Pittsburgh Penguins 2nd round, 58th overall 2023 Cole Knuble Philadelphia Flyers 4th round, 103rd overall Ty Henricks New York Rangers 6th round, 183rd overall Awards and player recognition For a more comprehensive list, see List of USHL award winners. Mac Swanson – 2023–24 USHL Player of the Year, Forward of the Year Leo Gruba – 2023–24 Defenseman of the Year Hampton Slukynsky – 2023–24 Goaltender of the Year Brett Skinner – 2023–24 Coach of the Year Cary Eades – 2023–24 General Manager of the Year Cole Knuble – 2022–23 Curt Hammer Award, Dave Tyler Junior Player of the Year Award Nick Oliver – 2022–23 Coach of the Year Jack Adams – 2016–17 All-USHL Team, 2016-17 USHL Most Goals Ryan Bischel – 2017 U.S. Junior Select Team Dean Blais – 2008–09 USHL Coach of the Year Hank Crone – 2016 U.S. Junior Select Team, Cary Eades – 1991–92 USHL General Manager of the Year, 2012–13 USHL Coach of the Year Ty Farmer – 2017–18 All-USHL Team Teemu Kivihalme – 2013 U.S. Junior Select Team Mike Lee – 2008–09 USHL Goaltender of the Year Blake Lizotte – 2016–17 All-USHL Team, 2016 U.S. Junior Select Team Michael Mancinelli – 2017–18 USHL All-Rookie Team Strauss Mann – 2017–18 All-USHL Team Ben Meyers – 2018–19 All-USHL Team Zane McIntyre – 2011–12 USHL Goaltender of the Year Josh Nodler – 2018 U.S. Junior Select Team 2018–19 USHL All-Rookie Team Ryan O'Reilly – 2017–18 USHL All-Rookie Team, 2018 U.S. Junior Select Team Clayton Phillips – 2016–17 USHL All-Rookie Team Nate Schmidt – 2009–10 USHL All-Rookie Team Jacob Schmidt-Svejstrup – 2017–18 All-USHL Team Denis Smirnov – 2015–16 All-USHL Team Anthony Taranto – 2008–09 All-USHL Team Prospects games participants Jack Adams – 2017 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Kaden Bohlsen – 2019 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Charlie Dovorany – 2017 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Mikey Eyssimont – 2015 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Cedric Fiedler – 2019 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Gabe Guertler – 2013 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Brendan Harms – 2013 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Matt Kessel – 2018 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Josh Nodler – 2019 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Ryan O'Reilly – 2017 CCM/USA Hockey All-American Prospects Game, 2018 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Clayton Phillips – 2016 CCM/USA Hockey All-American Prospects Game, 2017 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Ryan Savage – 2017 CCM/USA Hockey All-American Prospects Game, 2018 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Nate Schmidt – 2010 USHL All-Star Game Jacob Schmidt-Svejstrup – 2018 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Denis Smirnov – 2015 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Riley Tufte – 2015 CCM/USA Hockey All-American Prospects Game Luke Witkowski – 2009 USHL All-Star Game Roster This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Last update: September 2022 (June 2024) As of September 21, 2022. No. S/P/C Player Pos Ht Wt DoB Hometown Previous team College commitment 1 Charlie Russell F 5' 10" 175 lb 2003-08-21 Skaneateles, New York Bonnyville (AJHL) Clarkson 2 Camden Shasby D 5' 10" 160 lb 2004-12-02 Anchorage, Alaska Fairbanks (NAHL) Western Michigan 3 Reid Conn D 6' 5" 195 lb 2004-02-02 Centennial, Colorado Minnesota Wilderness (NAHL) None 4 Jacob Napier D 6' 2" 196 lb 2003-03-31 Lancaster, New York Muskegon (USHL) Western Michigan 5 Leo Gruba D 6' 0" 202 lb 2003-12-14 Lake Elmo, Minnesota Hill-Murray (USHS–MN) St. Cloud State 6 Jakob Stender D 5' 11" 190 lb 2002-08-07 Alexandria, Minnesota Aberdeen (NAHL) Minnesota State 7 Ty Henricks F 6' 1" 170 lb 2005-06-28 Mission Viejo, California Anaheim Jr. Ducks U18 (Midget AAA) Western Michigan 8 Brian Lonergan D 5' 10" 165 lb 2005-12-28 Montvale, New Jersey Sioux Falls Power U18 (Midget AAA) Michigan 9 Verner Miettinen F 5' 11" 165 lb 2003-04-07 Espoo, Finland Kiekko-Espoo U20 (U20 SM-sarja) St. Cloud State 10 Bret Link F 6' 2" 181 lb 2002-04-09 Anchorage, Alaska Fairbanks (NAHL) Colorado College 12 Boris Skalos F 5' 11" 175 lb 2003-01-16 Clifton, New Jersey Danbury (NAHL) None 13 Tanner Walos F 5' 10" 183 lb 2005-03-15 Hartland, Wisconsin Milwaukee Jr. Admirals U16 (Midget AAA) Wisconsin 14 Joe Palodichuk D 6' 0" 178 lb 2003-02-26 Cottage Grove, Minnesota Hill-Murray (USHS–MN) Wisconsin 15 Harper Bentz F 6' 1" 175 lb 2004-11-29 Moorhead, Minnesota Moorhead (USHS–MN) None 17 Kyle Smolen F 5' 11" 176 lb 2002-06-18 Crystal Lake, Illinois Chicago Mission U18 (Midget AAA) Arizona State 20 German Yavash F 6' 2" 187 lb 2003-07-03 Minsk, Belarus Minskie Zubry (Vysshaya Liga) Western Michigan 22 Cole Knuble F 5' 10" 170 lb 2004-07-01 East Grand Rapids, Michigan Fox Motors U18 (Midget AAA) Notre Dame 23 Tyson Gross F 6' 2" 180 lb 2002-09-23 Calgary, Alberta Drumheller (AJHL) St. Cloud State 24 J. P. Turner F 5' 11" 195 lb 2003-01-31 East Falmouth, Massachusetts Sioux Falls (USHL) New Hampshire 25 Brasen Boser D 5' 11" 175 lb 2004-02-29 Minot, North Dakota Wenatchee (BCHL) None 26 Anthony Menghini F 5' 10" 183 lb 2002-12-03 Baxter, Minnesota Austin (NAHL) None 27 Mac Swanson F 5' 5" 145 lb 2006-01-10 Anchorage, Alaska Team Alaska U16 (Midget AAA) None 28 Kade Peterson F 6' 1" 190 lb 2003-05-02 West Fargo, North Dakota St. Cloud (NAHL) None 29 Dakota MacIntosh F 6' 2" 194 lb 2006-12-04 Winnipeg, Manitoba Fairbanks (NAHL) Maine 31 Anton Castro G 6' 1" 179 lb 2003-01-23 Mendota Heights, Minnesota Aberdeen (NAHL) Boston University 32 Noah Eyre F 5' 11" 176 lb 2004-06-22 Vienna, Virginia Shattuck-Saint Mary's Prep (Midget AAA) Princeton 33 Matej Marinov G 6' 0" 157 lb 2003-06-16 Nitra, Slovakia Nitra U20 (Slovak Extraliga U20) None References ^ "Fargo Force : About". Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-06-02. ^ Archive_order \| INFORUM \| Fargo, North Dakota - Moorhead, Minnesota ^ Fargo-Moorhead ceases operations ^ "Eades stepping away from coaching hockey, Lamoureux named head coach of the Force". inforum.com. May 28, 2019. ^ "Fargo Force Announce Coaching Changes". OurSports Central. July 16, 2021. ^ "Force Announce New Head and Assistant Coach". OurSports Central. July 28, 2021. ^ "FORCE MOURN LOSS OF FOUNDER & OWNER ACE BRANDT". Fargo Force. October 18, 2021. ^ "USHL Players In NHL Drafts". USHL.com. Retrieved September 9, 2018. ^ "Ben Johnson: The Third Round Pick of the New Jersey Devils in the 2012 NHL Draft". allaboutthejersey.com. ^ "NHL Draft 2012: Dominic Toninato - 5th Round 126th Overall". pensionplanpuppets.com. ^ "Bruins Sign Force Alum to NHL Deal". USHL.com. ^ "Jonny Brodzinski Selected By Los Angeles Kings 5th Round and 148th Overall in 2013 NHL Draft". National Hockey League. ^ "Dallas Stars Select Left Wing Riley Tufte In The First Round Of 2016 NHL Draft". National Hockey League. ^ "2017 NHL Draft: Pittsburgh Penguins select Clayton Phillips in 3rd round". pensburgh.com. ^ "Avalanche Picks Denis Smirnov No. 156 Overall At 2017 NHL Draft". National Hockey League. ^ "Detroit Red Wings Select Ryan O'Reilly in 4th Round and 98th Overall In 2018 NHL Draft". National Hockey League. ^ "Sixth Round: Edmonton Oilers draft defenceman Michael Kesselring 164th overall". Oilersnation.com. ^ "Awards - USHL Most Goals". eliteprospects.com. ^ "2017 U.S. Junior Select Team". USAHockey.com. ^ "21 USHL Players Selected to US World Junior A Challenge Squad". sbncollegehockey.com. ^ "2018 All-USHL Teams Announced". USHL.com. ^ "NHL Draft prospects top U.S. World Junior A roster". National Hockey League. ^ "2017 All-USHL Teams Announced". USHL.com. ^ "All-USHL Teams Announced". USHL.com. USHL. Archived from the original on 2022-04-17. Retrieved 2019-06-05. ^ "2018 U.S. Junior Select Team Coaching Staff and Player Roster Unveiled". USAHockey.com. ^ "USHL All-Rookie Teams Announced". USHL.com. USHL. ^ "2016 All-USHL Teams Announced". USHL.com. ^ "2017 USHL / NHL Top Prospects Game Rosters". USHL.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-09. Retrieved 2018-09-09. ^ "Rosters Named For 2015 USHL / NHL Top Prospects Game". USHL.com. ^ "2019 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game Rosters Announced". USHL.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2018-12-07. ^ "40 Players Chosen For USHL / NHL Top Prospects Game". National Hockey League. ^ "2018 USHL / NHL Top Prospects Game Rosters Announced". USHL.com. ^ "All-American Prospects Game All-Time Roster". AllAmericanProspectsGame.com. ^ "Fargo Force Roster". USHL. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2022. External links Fargo Force official webpage vteUnited States Hockey LeagueWestern Conference Des Moines Buccaneers Fargo Force Lincoln Stars Omaha Lancers Sioux City Musketeers Sioux Falls Stampede Tri-City Storm Waterloo Black Hawks Eastern Conference Cedar Rapids RoughRiders Chicago Steel Dubuque Fighting Saints Green Bay Gamblers Madison Capitols Muskegon Lumberjacks Team USA Youngstown Phantoms Seasons 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Clark Cup Anderson Cup Annual awards NHL alumni NHL draftees vteSports teams based in the DakotasBaseball AA: Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks Sioux Falls Canaries NwL: Bismarck Larks Minot Hot Tots IndL: Badlands Big Sticks, Spearfish Sasquatch Basketball NBA G League: Sioux Falls Skyforce Football AFL Rapid City Marshals IFL Sioux Falls Storm Hockey ECHL: Rapid City Rush USHL: Fargo Force Sioux Falls Stampede NAHL: Aberdeen Wings Bismarck Bobcats Minot Minotauros Watertown Shamrocks Roller derby WFTDA: Fargo Moorhead Derby Girls Sioux Falls Roller Dollz Soccer NPSL: Dakota Fusion FC Sioux Falls Thunder FC College athleticsNCAADivision I North Dakota Fighting Hawks North Dakota State Bison South Dakota Coyotes South Dakota State Jackrabbits NCAADivision II Augustana Vikings Black Hills State Yellow Jackets Mary Marauders Minot State Beavers Northern State Wolves Sioux Falls Cougars South Dakota Mines Hardrockers	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tier I junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_ice_hockey#Tier_I"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"United States Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_USHL_season"}],"text":"The Fargo Force is a Tier I junior ice hockey team in the Western Conference of the United States Hockey League (USHL). The Force have won two league championships in 2018 and 2024 and was awarded USHL Organization of the Year for 2008–09 and 2012–13.","title":"Fargo Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urban Plains Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Plains_Center"},{"link_name":"Dean Blais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Blais"},{"link_name":"North Dakota Fighting Sioux hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fargo-Moorhead Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo-Moorhead_Jets"},{"link_name":"North American Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2014–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls Stampede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Stampede"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"Clark Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Cup"},{"link_name":"Youngstown Phantoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown_Phantoms"},{"link_name":"2018–19 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Paul Lamoureux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Lamoureux"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2020–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Scott Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Langer"},{"link_name":"North American Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Wings"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In early 2007, Fargo was granted a USHL team, intended as an anchor tenant for the then-under-construction Urban Plains Center and owned by local businessman Ace Brandt. Dean Blais, former coach of the North Dakota Fighting Sioux hockey program, was hired as the franchise's initial coach and general manager. After a name-the-team contest, the choices were narrowed to Fargo Force, Fargo Phantoms, and Fargo Fire. Twelve people submitted the Force name; as a result, they won a dinner with head coach Dean Blais and each received two season tickets to the Force's inaugural season.[1]As a result of the Force's entry, the area's previous hockey team, the Fargo-Moorhead Jets of the North American Hockey League announced they were leaving the area in April 2008,[2] and folded later that year.[3]Marks retired following the 2014–15 season and was replaced by former University of North Dakota player/assistant coach Cary Eades, who had just led the Sioux Falls Stampede to the 2014–15 Clark Cup Championship. In 2018, Fargo won the Clark Cup Finals over the Youngstown Phantoms to win their first championship in team history. Following the 2018–19 season, Eades stepped down from his coaching position, retaining the general manager title, and associate coach Pierre-Paul Lamoureux was named head coach.[4] Lamoureux left after the 2020–21 season[5] and was replaced by Scott Langer who had spent the previous five seasons with the North American Hockey League's Aberdeen Wings.[6] On October 16, 2021, owner Ace Brandt died of cancer.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"NHL draft picks","text":"The Fargo Force have had the following players picked in the NHL draft.[8]","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of USHL award winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_USHL_award_winners"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"Brett Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Skinner"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nate Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Awards and player recognition","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of USHL award winners.Mac Swanson – 2023–24 USHL Player of the Year, Forward of the Year\nLeo Gruba – 2023–24 Defenseman of the Year\nHampton Slukynsky – 2023–24 Goaltender of the Year\nBrett Skinner – 2023–24 Coach of the Year\nCary Eades – 2023–24 General Manager of the Year\nCole Knuble – 2022–23 Curt Hammer Award, Dave Tyler Junior Player of the Year Award\nNick Oliver – 2022–23 Coach of the Year\nJack Adams – 2016–17 All-USHL Team, 2016-17 USHL Most Goals[18]\nRyan Bischel – 2017 U.S. Junior Select Team[19]\nDean Blais – 2008–09 USHL Coach of the Year\nHank Crone – 2016 U.S. Junior Select Team,[20]\nCary Eades – 1991–92 USHL General Manager of the Year, 2012–13 USHL Coach of the Year\nTy Farmer – 2017–18 All-USHL Team[21]\nTeemu Kivihalme – 2013 U.S. Junior Select Team[22]\nMike Lee – 2008–09 USHL Goaltender of the Year\nBlake Lizotte – 2016–17 All-USHL Team,[23] 2016 U.S. Junior Select Team\nMichael Mancinelli – 2017–18 USHL All-Rookie Team\nStrauss Mann – 2017–18 All-USHL Team\nBen Meyers – 2018–19 All-USHL Team[24]\nZane McIntyre – 2011–12 USHL Goaltender of the Year\nJosh Nodler – 2018 U.S. Junior Select Team[25] 2018–19 USHL All-Rookie Team[26]\nRyan O'Reilly – 2017–18 USHL All-Rookie Team, 2018 U.S. Junior Select Team\nClayton Phillips – 2016–17 USHL All-Rookie Team\nNate Schmidt – 2009–10 USHL All-Rookie Team\nJacob Schmidt-Svejstrup – 2017–18 All-USHL Team\nDenis Smirnov – 2015–16 All-USHL Team[27]\nAnthony Taranto – 2008–09 All-USHL Team","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"CCM/USA Hockey All-American Prospects Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM/USA_Hockey_All-American_Prospects_Game"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Riley Tufte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Tufte"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Prospects games participants","text":"Jack Adams – 2017 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game[28]\nKaden Bohlsen – 2019 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game\nCharlie Dovorany – 2017 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game\nMikey Eyssimont – 2015 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game[29]\nCedric Fiedler – 2019 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game[30]\nGabe Guertler – 2013 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game[31]\nBrendan Harms – 2013 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game\nMatt Kessel – 2018 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game\nJosh Nodler – 2019 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game\nRyan O'Reilly – 2017 CCM/USA Hockey All-American Prospects Game, 2018 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game\nClayton Phillips – 2016 CCM/USA Hockey All-American Prospects Game, 2017 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game\nRyan Savage – 2017 CCM/USA Hockey All-American Prospects Game, 2018 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game[32]\nNate Schmidt – 2010 USHL All-Star Game\nJacob Schmidt-Svejstrup – 2018 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game\nDenis Smirnov – 2015 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game\nRiley Tufte – 2015 CCM/USA Hockey All-American Prospects Game[33]\nLuke Witkowski – 2009 USHL All-Star Game","title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"As of September 21, 2022.[34]","title":"Roster"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fargo Force : About\". Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705113426/http://www.fargoforce.com/about/","url_text":"\"Fargo Force : About\""},{"url":"http://www.fargoforce.com/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eades stepping away from coaching hockey, Lamoureux named head coach of the Force\". inforum.com. May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inforum.com/sports/hockey/1019833-Eades-stepping-away-from-coaching-hockey-Lamoureux-named-head-coach-of-the-Force","url_text":"\"Eades stepping away from coaching hockey, Lamoureux named head coach of the Force\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fargo Force Announce Coaching Changes\". OurSports Central. July 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/fargo-force-announce-coaching-changes/n-5720738","url_text":"\"Fargo Force Announce Coaching Changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Force Announce New Head and Assistant Coach\". OurSports Central. July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/force-announce-new-head-and-assistant-coach/n-5726141","url_text":"\"Force Announce New Head and Assistant Coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"FORCE MOURN LOSS OF FOUNDER & OWNER ACE BRANDT\". Fargo Force. October 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fargoforce.com/news_article/show/1189240","url_text":"\"FORCE MOURN LOSS OF FOUNDER & OWNER ACE BRANDT\""}]},{"reference":"\"USHL Players In NHL Drafts\". USHL.com. Retrieved September 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ushl.com/nhldraft","url_text":"\"USHL Players In NHL Drafts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Johnson: The Third Round Pick of the New Jersey Devils in the 2012 NHL Draft\". allaboutthejersey.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutthejersey.com/2012/6/23/3112695/ben-johnson-third-round-pick-new-jersey-devils-in-2012","url_text":"\"Ben Johnson: The Third Round Pick of the New Jersey Devils in the 2012 NHL Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"NHL Draft 2012: Dominic Toninato - 5th Round 126th Overall\". pensionplanpuppets.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pensionplanpuppets.com/2012/6/25/3113170/Toronto-Maple-Leafs-nhl-draft-2012-dominic-toninato-5th-round-126th-overall","url_text":"\"NHL Draft 2012: Dominic Toninato - 5th Round 126th Overall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bruins Sign Force Alum to NHL Deal\". USHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ushl.com/news_article/show/497687-bruins-sign-force-alum-to-nhl-deal","url_text":"\"Bruins Sign Force Alum to NHL Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonny Brodzinski Selected By Los Angeles Kings 5th Round and 148th Overall in 2013 NHL Draft\". National Hockey League.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/player/jonny-brodzinski-8477380","url_text":"\"Jonny Brodzinski Selected By Los Angeles Kings 5th Round and 148th Overall in 2013 NHL Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dallas Stars Select Left Wing Riley Tufte In The First Round Of 2016 NHL Draft\". National Hockey League.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/stars/news/dallas-stars-select-left-wing-riley-tufte-in-the-first-round-of-the-2016-nhl-draft/c-887147","url_text":"\"Dallas Stars Select Left Wing Riley Tufte In The First Round Of 2016 NHL Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 NHL Draft: Pittsburgh Penguins select Clayton Phillips in 3rd round\". pensburgh.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pensburgh.com/2017/6/24/15868184/2017-nhl-draft-pittsburgh-penguins-select-clayton-phillips-in-3rd","url_text":"\"2017 NHL Draft: Pittsburgh Penguins select Clayton Phillips in 3rd round\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avalanche Picks Denis Smirnov No. 156 Overall At 2017 NHL Draft\". National Hockey League.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/avalanche/news/avalanche-selects-denis-smirnov-at-no-156/c-290127804","url_text":"\"Avalanche Picks Denis Smirnov No. 156 Overall At 2017 NHL Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit Red Wings Select Ryan O'Reilly in 4th Round and 98th Overall In 2018 NHL Draft\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-154_JSOW	AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon	["1 Development","2 Variants","2.1 AGM-154A (baseline JSOW)","2.2 AGM-154B (anti-armor)","2.3 AGM-154C (unitary variant)","3 Production and upgrades","3.1 JSOW Block III (JSOW-C1)","3.2 AGM-154A-1 (JSOW-A1)","3.3 Powered JSOW (JSOW-ER)","4 Combat history","5 Operators","5.1 Current operators","6 General characteristics","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Type of glide bomb This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon TypeGlide bombService historyIn serviceDecember 1998 – presentUsed byUnited States Armed ForcesRepublic of China Air ForceRoyal Canadian Air ForceFinnish Air ForcePolish Air ForceHellenic Air ForceRoyal Australian Air ForceTurkish Air ForceRepublic of Singapore Air ForceWarsOperation Desert FoxOperation Southern WatchNATO bombing of YugoslaviaWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)Iraq WarProduction historyManufacturerRaytheonUnit costAUPP AGM-154A: $282,000AGM-154B: $484,167AGM-154C: $719,012SpecificationsMass483 to 497 kg (1,065 to 1,095 lb)Length410 cm (160 in)Diameter330 mm (13 in)Wingspan270 cm (106 in)WarheadBLU-97/B - Combined Effects Bomblets (JSOW A)BLU-108 - Sensor fused weapon (JSOW B - now cancelled)BROACH multi-stage warhead (JSOW C)Operationalrangelow altitude release: 22 kilometres (12 nmi)high altitude release: 130 kilometres (70 nmi)GuidancesystemInertial Navigation System coupled with Global Positioning System, terminal Infrared homing (AGM-154C Only) The AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) is a glide bomb that resulted from a joint venture between the United States Navy and Air Force to deploy a standardized medium range precision guided weapon, especially for engagement of defended targets from outside the range of standard anti-aircraft defenses, thereby increasing aircraft survivability and minimizing friendly losses. It is intended to be used against soft targets such as parked aircraft, trucks, armored personnel carriers (APCs), and surface-to-air missile sites (SAMs). Prior to launch, it is given a destination through either a predesignated waypoint or a point marked through a targeting pod. It glides, using two wings that pop out for added lift, to the marked destination and dispenses submunitions in a short, roughly linear pattern. The designation of the Joint Standoff Weapon as an "air-to-ground missile" is a misnomer, as it is an unpowered bomb with guidance avionics, similar to the older GBU-15. Development The JSOW is a fire-and-forget weapon that employs a tightly coupled GPS/INS for navigation, and is capable of day/night and adverse weather operations. The JSOW-C adds an infra-red seeker for terminal guidance. Originally the JSOW was developed by Defense Systems & Electronics division of Texas Instruments. After a first flight, funded by the company in April 1991, a joint program between the US Navy and the US Air Force was awarded. Two other teams had bid on the contract. Texas Instruments sold its defense division to Raytheon in January 1997. US Navy commenced Operational Evaluation (OPEVAL) in February 1997 and JSOW entered operational service in January 1999. The Joint Standoff Weapon is currently used by the US Navy. Foreign Military Sales have been signed with Poland and Turkey for use with their F-16 fighters. Finland, Greece and Singapore are pursuing FMS cases at this time. (Finland cleared the FMS procedure and made the purchase for JSOW as well as JASSM and JDAM in 2017.) The JSOW family is a 450-kilogram (1,000 lb) class weapon intended to provide a low cost, highly lethal air-to-surface glide bomb with standoff capabilities from 28 km (15 nmi) low altitude launch and up to 110 km (60 nmi) high altitude launch. The JSOW can be used against a variety of land targets and operates from ranges outside enemy point defenses. The JSOW is just over 410 centimetres (160 in) in length and weighs about 450 kilograms (1,000 lb). The JSOW was originally to be delivered in three variants, each of which uses a common air vehicle, or truck, while substituting various payloads. The AGM-154A (JSOW-A) entered service in 1999. US Navy and Air Force developed the AGM-154B (JSOW B) up until Multi-Service Operational Test & Evaluation (MOT&E) but the Navy decided not to procure the weapon when the Air Force left the program. The AGM-154C (JSOW BROACH) entered service in February 2005. An F-16C releases an AGM-154 JSOW over the Utah Test and Training Range An expended sub-munition AGM-154 JSOW used during Operation Allied Force, on display at the Belgrade Aviation Museum in Serbia. During the 1990s JSOW was considered to be one of the most successful development programs in DOD history. The system was introduced to operational use a year ahead of schedule. Unlike most guided weapons and aircraft, the system never had a weight management problem, and was deployed at its target weight. The system introduced a new type of fuze, but was able to obtain authority from an independent safety review in record time. Many observers credited these accomplishments to the management style chosen by the DOD and Texas Instruments. After a competitive selection, the program staff was organized into integrated product teams with members from the government, the prime contractor Texas Instruments, and subcontractors. In one case, the prime contractor determined that the best-in-class supplier for a design service was the government, and gave part of its funding back. JSOW was recognized in 1996 with a Laurels Award from Aviation Week & Space Technology. It is notable for a guided weapon to receive this award, which is normally reserved for much larger systems. Because of this history, JSOW has been used as a case study for development programs, and for Integrated Product Teams, and is sometimes cited in academic research on program management. Variants AGM-154A (baseline JSOW) The warhead of the AGM-154A consists of 145 BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb (CEB) submunitions. These bomblets have a shaped charge for armor defeating capability, a fragmenting case for material destruction, and a zirconium ring for incendiary effects. AGM-154B (anti-armor) The warhead for the AGM-154B is the BLU-108/B from the Air Force's Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) program. The JSOW B was to carry six BLU-108/B submunitions. Each submunition releases four projectiles (total of 24 per weapon) that use infrared sensors to detect targets. When a submunition detects that it is aligned with a target, it fires, creating an explosively formed penetrator capable of defeating vehicle armor. This program concluded development but the Navy decided not to procure the weapon. AGM-154C (unitary variant) The AGM-154C uses an Imaging Infrared (IIR) terminal seeker with autonomous guidance. The AGM-154C carries the BROACH warhead. This two stage 225 kg (500 lb) warhead is made up from a WDU-44 shaped augmenting warhead and a WDU-45 follow through bomb. The weapon is designed to attack hardened targets. It entered service with the US Navy in February 2005. Production and upgrades Full rate production started on December 29, 1999. In June 2000 Raytheon was contracted to develop an enhanced electronics package for the JSOW to prevent electronic spoofing of GPS signals. This ultimately resulted in the JSOW Block II weapon, incorporating multiple cost reduction initiatives in addition to the Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) capability. JSOW Block II was scheduled to begin production in March 2007. The JSOW contains a modular control and deployment interface that allows future enhancement and additional configurations since it is likely that additional variants will emerge. The basic airframe is advertised as a "truck" and the JSOW-as-a-truck capability is widely advertised. Raytheon has placed a tremendous investment in the JSOW program and will certainly try to extend the Department of Defense contracts for as long as possible with system upgrades and repackagings for new missions and targets. JSOW Block III (JSOW-C1) The AGM-154C-1 was scheduled to begin production in 2009. The first three launches were conducted in August 2011 from an F/A-18F. The JSOW-C1 completed integrated test and evaluations in January 2015, moving on to operational tests. The C1 version is slated for delivery in 2016. It achieved Initial Operating Capability (IOC) on 22 June 2016. On 11 October 2017 the Department of the Navy declared the Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) C-1 ready for full operational capability. AGM-154A-1 (JSOW-A1) In addition, the AGM-154A-1 configuration is under development by Raytheon for FMS sales. This version replaces the submunition payload of the AGM-154A with a BLU-111 warhead to enhance blast-fragmentation effects without the unexploded ordnance (UXO) concerns with the BLU-97/B payload. Powered JSOW (JSOW-ER) A Pratt & Whitney TJ-150 turbojet engine for a powered JSOW is being tested. This variant is named JSOW-ER, where "ER" is for "extended range". JSOW-ER will increase range from 130 to 560 kilometres (70 to 300 nmi). In February, 2019, the US Navy announced that it would issue a sole-source contract to Raytheon to build an improved JSOW-ER to be placed in service by the end of FY2023. The US Navy eventually scrapped plans to develop the JSOW-ER in its FY2022 budget, instead opting to procure a variant of Lockheed Martin's AGM-158B Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile Extended Range (JASSM-ER) cruise missile to meet both its strike and offensive anti-surface warfare (OASuW) requirements. It is also expected to leverage technology from the AGM-158C Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM), itself a JASSM-ER derivative. Combat history AGM-154 being brought to the flight deck of an aircraft carrier The AGM-154A was the first variant to be used in combat. The AGM-154A is usually used for Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses missions. Initial deployment testing occurred aboard USS Nimitz and later aboard the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower. The first combat deployment of the JSOW occurred over southern Iraq on December 17, 1998, when launched by a single F/A-18C from the "Checkerboards" of VMFA-312, Carrier Air Wing Three embarked aboard USS Enterprise during Operation Desert Fox. The glide range of the JSOW allowed the weapon to strike a target located in the southern suburbs of Baghdad. This weapon has enjoyed success since its early use. One adverse event occurred in February 2001, when a strike of F/A-18s from the USS Harry S. Truman battle group launched a massive attack on Iraqi air-defense sites, nearly every weapon missed the target. The cause of the miss was reported as a software problem. This problem was solved soon afterward. Since 1998, at least 400 of the JSOW weapons have been used in the following conflicts: Operation Desert Fox, Operation Southern Watch, NATO Operation Allied Force, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Operators Map with AGM-154 operators in blue Current operators Australia – AGM-154C upgraded to Block III Canada Finland Greece Morocco Netherlands Poland Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Taiwan Turkey United Arab Emirates United States Side notes USAF terminated production of JSOW in FY 2005, leaving the USN and USMC as the only U.S. services obtaining new JSOWs. According to a test report conducted by the United States Navy's Weapon System Explosives Safety Review Board (WSESRB) established in the wake of the 1967 USS Forrestal fire, the cooking off time for a JSOW is approximately 2 minutes 11 seconds. General characteristics Outline drawing of the AGM-154A JSOW Primary Function: Air-to-surface Standoff from Point Defense (SOPD) weapon, for use against a variety of targets. Contractor: Raytheon Co. Guidance: GPS/INS (Global Position/Inertial), Terminal infrared homing Seeker (unique to 'C' model) Length: 410 centimetres (160 in) Diameter: box shaped 33 centimetres (13 in) on a side / other source 40.6 x 51.9 cm Weight: From 483 to 497 kilograms (1,065 to 1,095 lb) Wingspan: 270 centimetres (106 in) Aircraft Compatibility: Navy: F/A-18C/D, F/A-18E/F Air Force: F-16 Block 40/50/60, B-1B, B-2A, B-52H, F-15E, F-35A/C Other: JAS 39 Gripen Range: Low altitude launch - 12 nmi (22 km) High altitude launch - 70 nmi (130 km) Warhead(s): BLU-97/B - Combined Effects Bomblets (JSOW A) BLU-111/B - Unitary warhead (JSOW-A1) BLU-108 - Sensor fused weapon (JSOW B - now cancelled) BROACH multi-stage warhead (JSOW C) Unit Cost: AUPP AGM-154A, $282,000. Total program cost: $3,327,000. AGM-154B, $484,167. Total program cost: $2,033,500. AGM-154C, $719,012. Total program cost: $5,608,000. Date Deployed: January 1999 See also Cruise missile AGM-158 JASSM – (United States) Storm Shadow/SCALP EG – (France, United Kingdom) Bombkapsel 90 – (Germany) Taurus KEPD 350 – (Sweden, Germany) Saber – (United Arab Emirates) HOPE/HOSBO – (Germany) KGGB – (South Korea) H-2 SOW – (Pakistan) H-4 SOW – (Pakistan) Wan Chien – (Taiwan) References Notes ^ AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW), Airforce Technology, December 2016 ^ a b c "AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW)". United States Navy. Retrieved 2023-12-19. ^ "Finland 08 85" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2008-09-29. ^ "Raytheon Makes First International Joint Standoff Weapon Sale to Turkey - Raytheon press release". prnewswire.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "Raytheon: JSOW Weapon System". www.raytheon.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "AGM-154 JSOW Wins US DoD Acquisition Award". Defenseindustrydaily.com. 2006-02-27. Archived from the original on 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2017-02-17. ^ "Raytheon Delivers 2,000th Joint Standoff Weapon". ^ 11:33, 10 Авг 2011. "Авиация ВМС США выполнила три первых испытательных пуска ракет JSOW С-1". Flot.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2017-02-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ US Navy's JSOW C-1 set for operational testing Archived 2016-01-07 at the Wayback Machine - Shephardmedia.com, 15 January 2015 ^ "Army develops mini missile system components". Spacedaily.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2017-02-17. ^ PEO(U&W) Public Affairs NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND, PATUXENT RIVER, Md (11 October 2017) JSOW C-1 achieves full operational capability (FOC) ^ Raytheon Demonstrates Engine for Powered Joint Standoff Weapon Archived 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine February 20, 2007 ^ Raytheon Completes Free Flight of Joint Standoff Weapon Extended Range Archived 2016-01-07 at the Wayback Machine Nov 02, 2009 ^ VIDEO: Raytheon Demo-Flies Powered JSOW Oct 30, 2009 ^ "Joint Standoff Weapon Extended Range (JSOW-ER)". fbo.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-06-11. Retrieved 2019-05-22. ^ "USN axes JSOW ER in favour of JASSM-ER buy". Janes.com. Retrieved 2022-02-16. ^ Pacific Ranges and Facilities (JSOW strong on fleet support-July 19, 2001) Archived January 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ Raytheon JSOW Product Sheet Archived 2006-10-20 at the Wayback Machine (PDF file) ^ "Raytheon Delivers First Joint Standoff Weapon C To Australia". www.spacewar.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ Pittaway, Nigel (March 2009). "F-111 makes way for Super Hornet". Defence Today. p. 12. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2012. ^ "Canadian Hornet upgrade detailed". Air Forces Monthly. No. 389. August 2020. p. 17. ^ "Ilmavoimat testaa MLU2 -päivityksiä (Finnish Air Force Testing Improvements of Mid Life Upgrade 2)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-07-26. ^ "First JSOW-C and JDAM delivered to the HAF". Archived from the original on 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-11-07. ^ "U.S. approves potential sale of HIMARS rockets to Morocco for estimated $524.2 mln". Retrieved 2023-05-09. ^ "Polskie F-16 po 15 latach. Czas na modernizację? ". ^ Bisaccio, Derek (2017-10-05). "Qatar Procures AGM-154C". Defense Security Monitor. Retrieved 2022-12-19. ^ a b "Washington Beef up the Gulf States with 10,000 Strike Weapons Worth US$10 Billion". Defense Update. 17 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ "為台灣生產50枚AGM-154滑翔炸彈五角大廈與雷神簽約". 自由時報. 2024-02-04. ^ "Defense Industry Daily". defenseindustrydaily.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ Petty, Dan. "The US Navy -- Fact File: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW)". www.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon. AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon - GlobalSecurity.org Raytheon: Joint Stand Off Weapon Raytheon (Texas Instruments) AGM-154 JSOW - Designation Systems Airborne Tactical and Defence Missiles AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) vteRaytheon CompanySubsidiaries A.C. Cossor ELCAN Optical Technologies Raytheon BBN Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems Raytheon Intelligence, Information and Services HRB Systems Raytheon Missile Systems Raytheon Polar Services Company Sarcos ThalesRaytheonSystems Products AGM-65 Maverick AGM-88 HARM AGM-129 ACM AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon AGM-176 Griffin AIM-9 Sidewinder AIM-54 Phoenix AIM-120 AMRAAM ALE-50 towed decoy system ALR-67 radar warning receiver AN/ALE-47 AN/APG-63 radar family AN/APG-65 radar family AN/APG-79 AN/APQ-181 AN/AQS-20A AN/ASQ-213 AN/ASQ-228 ATFLIR AN/AWG-9 AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel Raytheon AN/MSQ-18 Battalion Missile Operations System AN/PAS-13 AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare suite AN/SPS-49 AN/SQQ-32 mine-hunting sonar AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar AN/TPQ-53 Quick Reaction Capability Radar ASARS-2 Beechcraft AQM-37 Jayhawk Tomahawk Controlled Impact Rescue Tool Counter rocket, artillery, and mortar Coyote FGM-148 Javelin FIM-92 Stinger FMRAAM GBU-53/B Ground-Based Midcourse Defense JLENS Lectron Long-Range Engagement Weapon Mark 48 torpedo Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo MIM-23 Hawk MIM-104 Patriot Network Centric Airborne Defense Element Paveway Paveway IV Phalanx CIWS Pyros RAYDAC RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile RIM-66 Standard RIM-67 Standard RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 Sea-based X-band Radar Sentinel SLAMRAAM Space Fence Vigilant Eagle XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System Related RTX Raytheon 9 Vannevar Bush vte1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations, 1963–present1–50 MGM-1 RIM-2 MIM-3 AIM-4 MGM-5 RGM-6 AIM-7 RIM-7 RIM-8 AIM-9 CIM-10 PGM-11 AGM-12 CGM-13/MGM-13 MIM-14 RGM-15 CGM-16 PGM-17 MGM-18 PGM-19 ADM-20 MGM-21 AGM-22 MIM-23 RIM-24 HGM-25A LGM-25C AIM-26 UGM-27 AGM-28 MGM-29 LGM-30 MGM-31A/B (MGM-31C) MGM-32 MQM-33 AQM-34 AQM-35 (I) LGM-35 (II) MQM-36 AQM-37 AQM-38 MQM-39 MQM-40 AQM-41 MQM-42 FIM-43 UUM-44 AGM-45 MIM-46 AIM-47 AGM-48 XLIM-49 LIM-49 RIM-50 51–100 MGM-51 MGM-52 AGM-53 AIM-54 RIM-55 PQM-56 MQM-57 MQM-58 RGM-59 AQM-60 MQM-61 AGM-62 AGM-63 AGM-64 AGM-65 RIM-66 RIM-67 AIM-68 AGM-69 LEM-70 BGM-71 MIM-72 UGM-73 BQM-74 BGM-75 AGM-76 FGM-77 AGM-78 AGM-79 AGM-80 AQM-81 AIM-82 AGM-83 AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84 AGM-84E AGM-84H/K RIM-85 AGM-86 AGM-87 AGM-88 UGM-89 BQM-90 AQM-91 FIM-92 "AIM-92" XQM-93 YQM-94 AIM-95 UGM-96 AIM-97 YQM-98 LIM-99 LIM-100 101–150 RIM-101 PQM-102 AQM-103 MIM-104 MQM-105 BQM-106 MQM-107 BQM-108 BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109 BGM-109G BGM-110 BQM-111 AGM-112 RIM-113 AGM-114 MIM-115 RIM-116 FQM-117 LGM-118 AGM-119 AIM-120 CQM-121/CGM-121 AGM-122 AGM-123 AGM-124 RUM-125/UUM-125 BQM-126 AQM-127 AQM-128 AGM-129 AGM-130 AGM-131 AIM-132 UGM-133 MGM-134 ASM-135 AGM-136 AGM-137 CEM-138 RUM-139 MGM-140 ADM-141 AGM-142 MQM-143 ADM-144 BQM-145 MIM-146 BQM-147 FGM-148 PQM-149 PQM-150 151–200 FQM-151 AIM-152 AGM-153 AGM-154 BQM-155 RIM-156 MGM-157 AGM-158A/B AGM-158C AGM-159 ADM-160 RIM-161 RIM-162 GQM-163 MGM-164 RGM-165 MGM-166 BQM-167 MGM-168 AGM-169 MQM-170 MQM-171 FGM-172 GQM-173 RIM-174 MQM-175 AGM-176 BQM-177 MQM-178 AGM-179 AGM-180 AGM-181 LGM-182 AGM-183 RGM-184 MQM-185 MQM-186 AGM-187 201– AIM-260 MIM-401 Undesignated Aequare ASALM Brazo Common Missile GBI HALO HACM Have Dash JSM KEI LREW LRHW MA-31 MSDM NCADE NLOS OpFires PrSM Senior Prom Sprint Wagtail M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U GLSDB See also: United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963 Drones designated in UAV sequence vteEquipment of the United States Air ForceGroundsystemsC2 AN/USQ-163 Falconer AN/GSQ-272 Sentinel Ground vehicle HMMWV LSSV R-5 Refueler R-9 Refueler R-11 Refueler C300 MunitionsBomb Mk-82 Mk-84 GBU-8 GBU-10 Paveway II GBU-12 Paveway II GBU-15 GBU-24 Paveway III GBU-27 Paveway III GBU-28 GBU-31, GB-32, GB-38 JDAM GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb GBU-44/B Viper Strike GBU-53/B Small Diameter Bomb II GBU-54 Laser JDAM CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition CBU-89 Gator CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon BLU-109 bomb BLU-116 Bunker Buster B61 nuclear bomb B83 nuclear bomb Gun GAU-8 Avenger M61 Vulcan GAU-12 GAU-13 GAU-19 M240 L/60 Bofors M102 howitzer GAU-23/A M2 Browning M134 Minigun Missile AIM-7 Sparrow AIM-9 Sidewinder LGM-30G Minuteman III AGM-65 Maverick AGM-84 Harpoon AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile AGM-84H/K Standoff Land Attack Missile - Expanded Response AGM-86 ALCM AGM-88 HARM AGM-114 Hellfire AIM-120 AMRAAM AGM-130 Powered Standoff Weapon AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon AGM-158 JASSM AGM-176 Griffin Zuni rocket Target BQM-34 Firebee BQM-167 Subscale Aerial Target MQM-107 Streaker QF-4 Aerial Target Small armsSidearm/PDW M11 Pistol M9 Pistol M17 Pistol MP5 submachine gun USAF Pilot's Survival Knife Rifle/carbine GUU-5/P Carbine M4 carbine M14 Stand-off Munitions Disruptor (SMUD) M16A2 Rifle M24 Sniper Weapon System M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle Mk 14 Mod 0 Enhanced Battle Rifle Support/CQB M60 machine gun M2HB Browning machine gun M240B Medium Machine Gun M249 light machine gun M1014 shotgun Remington 870 MCS shotgun Ordnance M136 AT4 Light Anti-tank Weapon M18A1 Claymore Mine M67 Fragmentation Grenade M72 Light Anti-tank Weapon (LAW) M79 grenade launcher MK-19 automatic grenade launcher Uniforms andother equipment Airman Battle Uniform Army Combat Uniform Flight Suit Physical Training Uniform Service Dress Uniform Mess dress CMU – 33A/P22P-18	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glide bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_bomb"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft"},{"link_name":"soft targets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_target"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck"},{"link_name":"armored personnel carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"waypoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waypoint"},{"link_name":"targeting pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeting_pod"},{"link_name":"submunitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_munition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"misnomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misnomer"},{"link_name":"bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb"},{"link_name":"avionics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics"},{"link_name":"GBU-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBU-15"}],"text":"The AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) is a glide bomb that resulted from a joint venture between the United States Navy and Air Force to deploy a standardized medium range precision guided weapon, especially for engagement of defended targets from outside the range of standard anti-aircraft defenses, thereby increasing aircraft survivability and minimizing friendly losses.\nIt is intended to be used against soft targets such as parked aircraft, trucks, armored personnel carriers (APCs), and surface-to-air missile sites (SAMs). Prior to launch, it is given a destination through either a predesignated waypoint or a point marked through a targeting pod. It glides, using two wings that pop out for added lift, to the marked destination and dispenses submunitions in a short, roughly linear pattern.[2] The designation of the Joint Standoff Weapon as an \"air-to-ground missile\" is a misnomer, as it is an unpowered bomb with guidance avionics, similar to the older GBU-15.","title":"AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fire-and-forget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-and-forget"},{"link_name":"GPS/INS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS/INS"},{"link_name":"infra-red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra-red"},{"link_name":"terminal guidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_guidance"},{"link_name":"Defense Systems & Electronics division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments#Defense_electronics"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Raytheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon"},{"link_name":"Standoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standoff_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Foreign Military Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Military_Sales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AGM-154_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"F-16C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16C#F-16C/D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMG-154.jpg"},{"link_name":"Operation Allied Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuze"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Laurels Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurels_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aviation Week & Space Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The JSOW is a fire-and-forget weapon that employs a tightly coupled GPS/INS for navigation, and is capable of day/night and adverse weather operations. The JSOW-C adds an infra-red seeker for terminal guidance.Originally the JSOW was developed by Defense Systems & Electronics division of Texas Instruments. After a first flight, funded by the company in April 1991, a joint program between the US Navy and the US Air Force was awarded. Two other teams had bid on the contract. Texas Instruments sold its defense division to Raytheon in January 1997.US Navy commenced Operational Evaluation (OPEVAL) in February 1997 and JSOW entered operational service in January 1999.\nThe Joint Standoff Weapon is currently used by the US Navy. Foreign Military Sales have been signed with Poland and Turkey for use with their F-16 fighters. Finland, Greece and Singapore are pursuing FMS cases at this time.[3][4] (Finland cleared the FMS procedure and made the purchase for JSOW as well as JASSM and JDAM in 2017.) The JSOW family is a 450-kilogram (1,000 lb) class weapon intended to provide a low cost, highly lethal air-to-surface glide bomb with standoff capabilities from 28 km (15 nmi) low altitude launch and up to 110 km (60 nmi)[5] high altitude launch. The JSOW can be used against a variety of land targets and operates from ranges outside enemy point defenses.The JSOW is just over 410 centimetres (160 in) in length and weighs about 450 kilograms (1,000 lb). The JSOW was originally to be delivered in three variants, each of which uses a common air vehicle, or truck, while substituting various payloads. The AGM-154A (JSOW-A) entered service in 1999. US Navy and Air Force developed the AGM-154B (JSOW B) up until Multi-Service Operational Test & Evaluation (MOT&E) but the Navy decided not to procure the weapon when the Air Force left the program. The AGM-154C (JSOW BROACH) entered service in February 2005.An F-16C releases an AGM-154 JSOW over the Utah Test and Training RangeAn expended sub-munition AGM-154 JSOW used during Operation Allied Force, on display at the Belgrade Aviation Museum in Serbia.During the 1990s JSOW was considered to be one of the most successful development programs in DOD history.[6] The system was introduced to operational use a year ahead of schedule. Unlike most guided weapons and aircraft, the system never had a weight management problem, and was deployed at its target weight. The system introduced a new type of fuze, but was able to obtain authority from an independent safety review in record time. Many observers credited these accomplishments to the management style chosen by the DOD and Texas Instruments. After a competitive selection, the program staff was organized into integrated product teams with members from the government, the prime contractor Texas Instruments, and subcontractors. In one case, the prime contractor determined that the best-in-class supplier for a design service was the government, and gave part of its funding back. JSOW was recognized in 1996 with a Laurels Award from Aviation Week & Space Technology. It is notable for a guided weapon to receive this award, which is normally reserved for much larger systems. Because of this history, JSOW has been used as a case study for development programs, and for Integrated Product Teams, and is sometimes cited in academic research on program management[citation needed].","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLU-97/B_Combined_Effects_Bomb"}],"sub_title":"AGM-154A (baseline JSOW)","text":"The warhead of the AGM-154A consists of 145 BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb (CEB) submunitions. These bomblets have a shaped charge for armor defeating capability, a fragmenting case for material destruction, and a zirconium ring for incendiary effects.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BLU-108/B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLU-108/B"},{"link_name":"Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor-fuzed_weapon"}],"sub_title":"AGM-154B (anti-armor)","text":"The warhead for the AGM-154B is the BLU-108/B from the Air Force's Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) program. The JSOW B was to carry six BLU-108/B submunitions. Each submunition releases four projectiles (total of 24 per weapon) that use infrared sensors to detect targets. When a submunition detects that it is aligned with a target, it fires, creating an explosively formed penetrator capable of defeating vehicle armor. This program concluded development but the Navy decided not to procure the weapon.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BROACH warhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BROACH_warhead"}],"sub_title":"AGM-154C (unitary variant)","text":"The AGM-154C uses an Imaging Infrared (IIR) terminal seeker with autonomous guidance. The AGM-154C carries the BROACH warhead. This two stage 225 kg (500 lb) warhead is made up from a WDU-44 shaped augmenting warhead and a WDU-45 follow through bomb. The weapon is designed to attack hardened targets. It entered service with the US Navy in February 2005.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spoofing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoofing_attack"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"}],"text":"Full rate production started on December 29, 1999. In June 2000 Raytheon was contracted to develop an enhanced electronics package for the JSOW to prevent electronic spoofing of GPS signals. This ultimately resulted in the JSOW Block II weapon, incorporating multiple cost reduction initiatives in addition to the Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) capability. JSOW Block II was scheduled to begin production in March 2007.The JSOW contains a modular control and deployment interface that allows future enhancement and additional configurations since it is likely that additional variants will emerge. The basic airframe is advertised as a \"truck\" and the JSOW-as-a-truck capability is widely advertised. Raytheon has placed a tremendous investment in the JSOW program and will certainly try to extend the Department of Defense contracts for as long as possible with system upgrades and repackagings for new missions and targets.","title":"Production and upgrades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Initial Operating Capability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_Operating_Capability"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foc-11"}],"sub_title":"JSOW Block III (JSOW-C1)","text":"The AGM-154C-1 was scheduled to begin production in 2009.[7] The first three launches were conducted in August 2011 from an F/A-18F.[8] The JSOW-C1 completed integrated test and evaluations in January 2015, moving on to operational tests. The C1 version is slated for delivery in 2016.[9] It achieved Initial Operating Capability (IOC) on 22 June 2016.[10] On 11 October 2017 the Department of the Navy declared the Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) C-1 ready for full operational capability.[11]","title":"Production and upgrades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BLU-97/B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLU-97/B"}],"sub_title":"AGM-154A-1 (JSOW-A1)","text":"In addition, the AGM-154A-1 configuration is under development by Raytheon for FMS sales. This version replaces the submunition payload of the AGM-154A with a BLU-111 warhead to enhance blast-fragmentation effects without the unexploded ordnance (UXO) concerns with the BLU-97/B payload.","title":"Production and upgrades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"JASSM-ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JASSM-ER"},{"link_name":"LRASM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRASM"},{"link_name":"JASSM-ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JASSM-ER"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Powered JSOW (JSOW-ER)","text":"A Pratt & Whitney TJ-150 turbojet engine for a powered JSOW is being tested. This variant is named JSOW-ER, where \"ER\" is for \"extended range\". JSOW-ER will increase range from 130 to 560 kilometres (70 to 300 nmi).[12][13][14] In February, 2019, the US Navy announced that it would issue a sole-source contract to Raytheon to build an improved JSOW-ER to be placed in service by the end of FY2023.[15]The US Navy eventually scrapped plans to develop the JSOW-ER in its FY2022 budget, instead opting to procure a variant of Lockheed Martin's AGM-158B Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile Extended Range (JASSM-ER) cruise missile to meet both its strike and offensive anti-surface warfare (OASuW) requirements. It is also expected to leverage technology from the AGM-158C Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM), itself a JASSM-ER derivative.[16]","title":"Production and upgrades"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AGM-154_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_Enemy_Air_Defenses"},{"link_name":"USS Nimitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nimitz"},{"link_name":"USS Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"F/A-18C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18C"},{"link_name":"VMFA-312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMFA-312"},{"link_name":"Carrier Air Wing Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Three"},{"link_name":"USS Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Fox"},{"link_name":"F/A-18s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18"},{"link_name":"USS Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Fox"},{"link_name":"Operation Southern Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch"},{"link_name":"Operation Allied Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force"},{"link_name":"Operation Enduring Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Operation Iraqi Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"AGM-154 being brought to the flight deck of an aircraft carrierThe AGM-154A was the first variant to be used in combat. The AGM-154A is usually used for Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses missions. Initial deployment testing occurred aboard USS Nimitz and later aboard the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower. The first combat deployment of the JSOW occurred over southern Iraq on December 17, 1998, when launched by a single F/A-18C from the \"Checkerboards\" of VMFA-312, Carrier Air Wing Three embarked aboard USS Enterprise during Operation Desert Fox. The glide range of the JSOW allowed the weapon to strike a target located in the southern suburbs of Baghdad. This weapon has enjoyed success since its early use. One adverse event occurred in February 2001, when a strike of F/A-18s from the USS Harry S. Truman battle group launched a massive attack on Iraqi air-defense sites, nearly every weapon missed the target. The cause of the miss was reported as a software problem. This problem was solved soon afterward.[17] Since 1998, at least 400 of the JSOW weapons have been used in the following conflicts: Operation Desert Fox, Operation Southern Watch, NATO Operation Allied Force, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom.[18]","title":"Combat history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AGM-154_operators.png"}],"text":"Map with AGM-154 operators in blue","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisaccio_2017-26"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAUAE10.8-27"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAUAE10.8-27"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Weapon System Explosives Safety Review Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_System_Safety"},{"link_name":"1967 USS Forrestal fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_USS_Forrestal_fire"},{"link_name":"cooking off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_off"}],"sub_title":"Current operators","text":"Australia[19] – AGM-154C upgraded to Block III[20]\n Canada[21]\n Finland[22]\n Greece[23]\n Morocco[24]\n Netherlands\n Poland[25]\n Qatar[26]\n Saudi Arabia[27]\n Singapore\n Taiwan[28]\n Turkey\n United Arab Emirates[27]\n United StatesSide notesUSAF terminated production of JSOW in FY 2005, leaving the USN and USMC as the only U.S. services obtaining new JSOWs.[29]\nAccording to a test report conducted by the United States Navy's Weapon System Explosives Safety Review Board (WSESRB) established in the wake of the 1967 USS Forrestal fire, the cooking off time for a JSOW is approximately 2 minutes 11 seconds.","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agm-154a.png"},{"link_name":"Air-to-surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile"},{"link_name":"Point Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-defence"},{"link_name":"Raytheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"INS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_guidance_system"},{"link_name":"infrared homing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing"},{"link_name":"F/A-18C/D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"F/A-18E/F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18_Super_Hornet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"F-16 Block 40/50/60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"B-1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1_Lancer"},{"link_name":"B-2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirit"},{"link_name":"B-52H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"F-15E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"F-35A/C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"JAS 39 Gripen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen"},{"link_name":"BLU-97/B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLU-97/B"},{"link_name":"BLU-111/B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_82_bomb"},{"link_name":"BLU-108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLU-108"},{"link_name":"Sensor fused weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_fused_weapon"},{"link_name":"BROACH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BROACH_warhead"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Outline drawing of the AGM-154A JSOWPrimary Function: Air-to-surface Standoff from Point Defense (SOPD) weapon, for use against a variety of targets.\nContractor: Raytheon Co.\nGuidance: GPS/INS (Global Position/Inertial), Terminal infrared homing Seeker (unique to 'C' model)\nLength: 410 centimetres (160 in)\nDiameter: box shaped 33 centimetres (13 in) on a side / other source 40.6 x 51.9 cm\nWeight: From 483 to 497 kilograms (1,065 to 1,095 lb)\nWingspan: 270 centimetres (106 in)\nAircraft Compatibility:\nNavy: F/A-18C/D, F/A-18E/F[2]\nAir Force: F-16 Block 40/50/60, B-1B, B-2A, B-52H, F-15E, F-35A/C[2]\nOther: JAS 39 Gripen\nRange:\nLow altitude launch - 12 nmi (22 km)\nHigh altitude launch - 70 nmi (130 km)\nWarhead(s):\nBLU-97/B - Combined Effects Bomblets (JSOW A)\nBLU-111/B - Unitary warhead (JSOW-A1)\nBLU-108 - Sensor fused weapon (JSOW B - now cancelled)\nBROACH multi-stage warhead (JSOW C)\nUnit Cost:\nAUPP AGM-154A, $282,000. Total program cost: $3,327,000.\nAGM-154B, $484,167. Total program cost: $2,033,500.\nAGM-154C, $719,012. Total program cost: $5,608,000.\nDate Deployed: January 1999[30]","title":"General characteristics"}]	[{"image_text":"An F-16C releases an AGM-154 JSOW over the Utah Test and Training Range","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/AGM-154_03.jpg/220px-AGM-154_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"An expended sub-munition AGM-154 JSOW used during Operation Allied Force, on display at the Belgrade Aviation Museum in Serbia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AMG-154.jpg/220px-AMG-154.jpg"},{"image_text":"AGM-154 being brought to the flight deck of an aircraft carrier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/AGM-154_01.jpg/220px-AGM-154_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map with AGM-154 operators in blue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AGM-154_operators.png/400px-AGM-154_operators.png"},{"image_text":"Outline drawing of the AGM-154A JSOW","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Agm-154a.png"}]	[{"title":"Cruise missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"title":"AGM-158 JASSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-158_JASSM"},{"title":"Storm Shadow/SCALP EG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Shadow"},{"title":"Bombkapsel 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombkapsel_90"},{"title":"Taurus KEPD 350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_KEPD_350"},{"title":"Saber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saber_(cruise_missile)"},{"title":"HOPE/HOSBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOPE/HOSBO"},{"title":"KGGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGGB"},{"title":"H-2 SOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-2_SOW"},{"title":"H-4 SOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-4_SOW"},{"title":"Wan Chien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Chien"}]	[{"reference":"AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW), Airforce Technology, December 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/agm-154-joint-standoff-weapon-jsow/","url_text":"AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW)"}]},{"reference":"\"AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW)\". 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Archived from the original on 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defencenet.gr/defence/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9458&Itemid=139","url_text":"\"First JSOW-C and JDAM delivered to the HAF\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091104010143/http://www.defencenet.gr/defence/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9458&Itemid=139","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. approves potential sale of HIMARS rockets to Morocco for estimated $524.2 mln\". Retrieved 2023-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-approves-potential-sale-himars-rockets-morocco-estimated-5242-mln-2023-04-12/","url_text":"\"U.S. approves potential sale of HIMARS rockets to Morocco for estimated $524.2 mln\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polskie F-16 po 15 latach. Czas na modernizację? [RAPORT]\".","urls":[{"url":"https://defence24.pl/polskie-f-16-po-15-latach-czas-na-modernizacje-raport","url_text":"\"Polskie F-16 po 15 latach. Czas na modernizację? 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Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2006/02/agm154-jsow-wins-us-dod-acquisition-award/index.php#more","url_text":"\"Defense Industry Daily\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203234249/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2006/02/agm154-jsow-wins-us-dod-acquisition-award/index.php#more","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Petty, Dan. \"The US Navy -- Fact File: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW)\". www.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Harvey	Bessie Harvey	["1 Early life and family","2 Career","3 Works","4 Exhibitions, holdings, and influence","5 Selected exhibitions","6 References","7 External links"]	American sculptor (1929–1994) Bessie HarveyHarvey, Golden Dreams (n.d.)BornBessie Ruth White(1929-10-11)October 11, 1929Dallas, Georgia, United StatesDiedAugust 12, 1994(1994-08-12) (aged 64)Alcoa, Tennessee, United StatesEducationSelf-taughtKnown forSculpture Bessie Harvey (born Bessie Ruth White; October 11, 1929 – August 12, 1994) was an American artist best known for her sculptures constructed out of found objects, primarily pieces of wood. A deeply religious person, Harvey's faith and her own interest in nature were primary sources for her work. Early life and family Born Bessie Ruth White in Dallas, Georgia, she was the seventh of 13 children born to Homer and Rosie Mae White. At the age of 14, Bessie married Charles Harvey and settled in Buena Vista, Georgia. She divorced Harvey in 1968 and relocated independently to Alcoa, Tennessee, where she was raising 11 children by the age of 35. As a child, she recalls making "something out of nothing," often creating her own toys and dolls. In addition to having 11 children, Harvey had 28 grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Career In 1977, Harvey began working at Blount Memorial Hospital as a housekeeper. For extra income, at night while everyone was asleep Harvey would make dolls. She entered one of her sculptures, a work entitled "Banda", into the hospital's yearly art show which then sold, beginning her artistic career. One of the staff doctors introduced her to the directors of the Cavin-Morris Gallery in New York City, which continued to sell her work exclusively for several years. Works Harvey's sculptures are made of found materials, predominantly wood branches and roots, which she then decorated with paint, glitter, jewelry, and other materials. Though she worked primarily with wood, Harvey also created sculptures from clay and some works on paper. She began creating art in 1974, shortly after her mother, Rosie White, passed away. Harvey's work belongs to a larger tradition of black vernacular art created in the American South. The assemblage aspect of her work, the use of found materials, and emphasis on religious themes are common to the black vernacular art tradition. As a creator of visionary art, she often claims that God is the main source for her work, even to the extent that He is working through her: "I’m really not the artist. God is the artist in my work; nature and insects, they shape my work for me, because they belong to God. I belong to God, and all things belong to God, because it’s in his Word that all things are made to him, that without him there’s not anything made." According to Harvey, God allowed her to see anthropomorphic forms within the wood she worked with, and with that help she could give physical shape to the spiritual presences within these tree roots, limbs, and pieces of driftwood. Her interest in nature was due in part to her belief that she could access or see the spirit of her ancestors within trees, for example, and her general belief in transcendentalism. Her work often reflected specific biblical stories, including stories from Genesis and Revelation. She also created a series of works inspired by the African-American experience in the United States. When naming her works, she frequently used an African-English dictionary to provide a direct connection to her African heritage. Exhibitions, holdings, and influence Harvey's work has been included in over 50 exhibitions, including a posthumous inclusion in the 1995 Whitney Biennial. Her work Cross Bearers was subsequently purchased by the Whitney Museum for its permanent collection. She was also the subject of a major retrospective in 1997 at the Knoxville Museum of Art. Her works are in the permanent collections of the Knoxville Museum of Art the American Folk Art Museum, New York, and KMAC Museum in Louisville, Kentucky. Some of Harvey's works were also purchased from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco as part of an acquisition of the works of African American artists from the Southern United States. This work was displayed in an exhibition called Revelations: Art from the African American South from June 3, 2017 through April 1, 2018. Her work is in the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, and included in the exhibit of Black American Artists of the American South Called to Create. Harvey's work continues to be featured in exhibitions in museums such as the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Turner Contemporary in England as part of exhibitions on African American artwork from the American South. Harvey has been cited as an influence by Alison Saar, and a street in Alcoa has been named after her. Selected exhibitions Called To Create: Black Artists of the American South, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, September 18, 2022 – March 26, 2023. References ^ a b c d Wertkin, Gerard C (2014). Encyclopedia of American Folk Art. ISBN 9780203644485. OCLC 999123349. ^ a b King-Hammond, Leslie (1995). Gumbo Ya Ya. New York: Midmarch Arts Press. p. 93. ISBN 1-877675-07-5. ^ a b Hillstrom, Laurie Collier; Hillstrom, Kevin (1999). Contemporary women artists. Detroit: St. James Press. ^ Harvey, Bessie. "Bird and Spirit Root by Bessie Harvey". intuitiveeye.org. Retrieved March 8, 2015. ^ Harvey, Bessie. "Bessie Harvey". Souls Grown Deep. Retrieved July 20, 2023. ^ Souls Grown Deep: African American Vernacular Art of the South. Tinwood Books. 1999. p. 41. ISBN 9780965376600. ^ Simmons, Frederica (February 10, 2022). "The Gift of Humanity in Bessie Harvey's Art, An Interview With Faye Harvey Dean". Hyperallergic. Retrieved July 20, 2023. ^ Harvey, Bessie. "God is the Artist". Souls Grown Deep. Retrieved March 8, 2015. ^ American Folk Art: A Regional Reference. ABC-CLIO. 2012. pp. 200–202. ISBN 9780313349362. ^ Morris, Shari Cavin (1987). "Bessie Harvey: the Spirit in the Wood". The Clarion. Retrieved March 8, 2015. ^ Perry, Paul Wardell (2000). "Bessie Harvey's Sculpture: The Beast in the Tree Trunk". The Crisis (July–August 2000). Retrieved March 8, 2015. ^ The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. 2011. p. 465. ISBN 9780195335798. ^ C., Wicks, Stephen (1997). Awakening the spirits : art by Bessie Harvey : an exhibition organized by the Knoxville Museum of Art, in collaboration with Austin-East High School : Knoxville, Tennessee, April 4-July 27, 1997. Harvey, Bessie, 1929-1994., Stein, Judith E., Cogswell, Robert S., Knoxville Museum of Art., Austin-East High School (Knoxville, Tenn.). Knoxville, Tenn.: The Museum. ISBN 0963588141. OCLC 37004186.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Archive". kmacmuseum. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ "Ancestry & Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum Smithsonian Institution, 2001". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2010. ^ "Artists: Bessie Harvey". American Folk Art Museum. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2015. ^ a b "Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco Make Historic Acquisition of 62 Works of African American Art from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation". de Young. February 2, 2017. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2021. ^ "Called to Create: Black Artists of the American South". www.nga.gov. Retrieved September 24, 2022. ^ "Souls Grown Deep: Artists of the African American South \| Souls Grown Deep". www.soulsgrowndeep.org. Retrieved March 6, 2021. ^ "We Will Walk – Art and Resistance in the American South \| Souls Grown Deep". www.soulsgrowndeep.org. Retrieved March 6, 2021. ^ Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance. JHU Press. 2006. p. 208. ISBN 9780801883699. ^ Alcoa. Arcadia Publishing. 2011. p. 123. ISBN 9780738587813. External links "Remembering Bessie Harvey". Maryville, TN: Blount Today. October 9, 2008. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Artists ULAN Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bessie Harvey (born Bessie Ruth White; October 11, 1929 – August 12, 1994) was an American artist best known for her sculptures constructed out of found objects, primarily pieces of wood. A deeply religious person, Harvey's faith and her own interest in nature were primary sources for her work.","title":"Bessie Harvey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Alcoa, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bird-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"text":"Born Bessie Ruth White in Dallas, Georgia, she was the seventh of 13 children born to Homer and Rosie Mae White. At the age of 14, Bessie married Charles Harvey and settled in Buena Vista, Georgia.[1][2] She divorced Harvey in 1968 and relocated independently to Alcoa, Tennessee, where she was raising 11 children by the age of 35.[3][1] As a child, she recalls making \"something out of nothing,\" often creating her own toys and dolls.[4]In addition to having 11 children, Harvey had 28 grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.[1]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"In 1977, Harvey began working at Blount Memorial Hospital as a housekeeper. For extra income, at night while everyone was asleep Harvey would make dolls.[2] She entered one of her sculptures, a work entitled \"Banda\", into the hospital's yearly art show which then sold, beginning her artistic career.[5] One of the staff doctors introduced her to the directors of the Cavin-Morris Gallery in New York City, which continued to sell her work exclusively for several years.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_South"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"transcendentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"text":"Harvey's sculptures are made of found materials, predominantly wood branches and roots, which she then decorated with paint, glitter, jewelry, and other materials. Though she worked primarily with wood, Harvey also created sculptures from clay and some works on paper.[6] She began creating art in 1974, shortly after her mother, Rosie White, passed away.[7]Harvey's work belongs to a larger tradition of black vernacular art created in the American South. The assemblage aspect of her work, the use of found materials, and emphasis on religious themes are common to the black vernacular art tradition. As a creator of visionary art, she often claims that God is the main source for her work, even to the extent that He is working through her: \"I’m really not the artist. God is the artist in my work; nature and insects, they shape my work for me, because they belong to God. I belong to God, and all things belong to God, because it’s in his Word that all things are made to him, that without him there’s not anything made.\"[8] According to Harvey, God allowed her to see anthropomorphic forms within the wood she worked with, and with that help she could give physical shape to the spiritual presences within these tree roots, limbs, and pieces of driftwood. Her interest in nature was due in part to her belief that she could access or see the spirit of her ancestors within trees, for example, and her general belief in transcendentalism.[citation needed]Her work often reflected specific biblical stories, including stories from Genesis and Revelation.[9] She also created a series of works inspired by the African-American experience in the United States.[10] When naming her works, she frequently used an African-English dictionary to provide a direct connection to her African heritage.[1]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitney Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Knoxville Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"American Folk Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Folk_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"KMAC Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMAC_Museum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Souls Grown Deep Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souls_Grown_Deep_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts_Museums_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Turner Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Contemporary"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Alison Saar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Saar"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Harvey's work has been included in over 50 exhibitions, including a posthumous inclusion in the 1995 Whitney Biennial. Her work Cross Bearers was subsequently purchased by the Whitney Museum for its permanent collection.[11] She was also the subject of a major retrospective in 1997 at the Knoxville Museum of Art.[12] Her works are in the permanent collections of the Knoxville Museum of Art[13] the American Folk Art Museum, New York, and KMAC Museum in Louisville, Kentucky.[14][15][16] Some of Harvey's works were also purchased from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco as part of an acquisition of the works of African American artists from the Southern United States.[17] This work was displayed in an exhibition called Revelations: Art from the African American South from June 3, 2017 through April 1, 2018.[17] Her work is in the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, and included in the exhibit of Black American Artists of the American South Called to Create.[18] Harvey's work continues to be featured in exhibitions in museums such as the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Turner Contemporary in England as part of exhibitions on African American artwork from the American South.[19][20]Harvey has been cited as an influence by Alison Saar,[21] and a street in Alcoa has been named after her.[22]","title":"Exhibitions, holdings, and influence"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Called To Create: Black Artists of the American South, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, September 18, 2022 – March 26, 2023.","title":"Selected exhibitions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Wertkin, Gerard C (2014). Encyclopedia of American Folk Art. ISBN 9780203644485. OCLC 999123349.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203644485","url_text":"9780203644485"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/999123349","url_text":"999123349"}]},{"reference":"King-Hammond, Leslie (1995). Gumbo Ya Ya. New York: Midmarch Arts Press. p. 93. ISBN 1-877675-07-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877675-07-5","url_text":"1-877675-07-5"}]},{"reference":"Hillstrom, Laurie Collier; Hillstrom, Kevin (1999). Contemporary women artists. Detroit: St. James Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/40869639.html","url_text":"Contemporary women artists"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Bessie. \"Bird and Spirit Root by Bessie Harvey\". intuitiveeye.org. Retrieved March 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://intuitiveeye.org/Bird-and-Spirit-Root-by-Bessie-Harvey","url_text":"\"Bird and Spirit Root by Bessie Harvey\""}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Bessie. \"Bessie Harvey\". Souls Grown Deep. Retrieved July 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/bessie-harvey","url_text":"\"Bessie Harvey\""}]},{"reference":"Souls Grown Deep: African American Vernacular Art of the South. Tinwood Books. 1999. p. 41. 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Retrieved March 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/bessie-harvey","url_text":"\"God is the Artist\""}]},{"reference":"American Folk Art: A Regional Reference. ABC-CLIO. 2012. pp. 200–202. ISBN 9780313349362.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313349362","url_text":"9780313349362"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Shari Cavin (1987). \"Bessie Harvey: the Spirit in the Wood\". The Clarion. Retrieved March 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://issuu.com/american_folk_art_museum/docs/clarion_12_3_spr-sum1987","url_text":"\"Bessie Harvey: the Spirit in the Wood\""}]},{"reference":"Perry, Paul Wardell (2000). \"Bessie Harvey's Sculpture: The Beast in the Tree Trunk\". The Crisis (July–August 2000). Retrieved March 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FEMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76","url_text":"\"Bessie Harvey's Sculpture: The Beast in the Tree Trunk\""}]},{"reference":"The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. 2011. p. 465. ISBN 9780195335798.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195335798","url_text":"9780195335798"}]},{"reference":"C., Wicks, Stephen (1997). Awakening the spirits : art by Bessie Harvey : an exhibition organized by the Knoxville Museum of Art, in collaboration with Austin-East High School : Knoxville, Tennessee, April 4-July 27, 1997. Harvey, Bessie, 1929-1994., Stein, Judith E., Cogswell, Robert S., Knoxville Museum of Art., Austin-East High School (Knoxville, Tenn.). Knoxville, Tenn.: The Museum. ISBN 0963588141. OCLC 37004186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0963588141","url_text":"0963588141"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37004186","url_text":"37004186"}]},{"reference":"\"Archive\". kmacmuseum. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kmacmuseum.org/archive","url_text":"\"Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ancestry & Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum Smithsonian Institution, 2001\". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100721060854/http://www.sites.si.edu/images/exhibits/ancestry_innovation/slideshow/pages/2004-23-1-Black-Horse_jpg.htm","url_text":"\"Ancestry & Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum Smithsonian Institution, 2001\""},{"url":"http://www.sites.si.edu/images/exhibits/ancestry_innovation/slideshow/pages/2004-23-1-Black-Horse_jpg.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Artists: Bessie Harvey\". American Folk Art Museum. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115449/http://collection.folkartmuseum.org/view/people/asitem/H/6?t:state:flow=d3bd52eb-199c-43d2-afd3-e64413bca270","url_text":"\"Artists: Bessie Harvey\""},{"url":"http://collection.folkartmuseum.org/view/people/asitem/H/6?t:state:flow=d3bd52eb-199c-43d2-afd3-e64413bca270","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco Make Historic Acquisition of 62 Works of African American Art from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation\". de Young. February 2, 2017. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201130053817/https://deyoung.famsf.org/press-room/fine-arts-museums-san-francisco-make-historic-acquisition-62-works-african-american-art","url_text":"\"Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco Make Historic Acquisition of 62 Works of African American Art from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation\""},{"url":"https://deyoung.famsf.org/press-room/fine-arts-museums-san-francisco-make-historic-acquisition-62-works-african-american-art","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Called to Create: Black Artists of the American South\". www.nga.gov. Retrieved September 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2022/called-to-create.html","url_text":"\"Called to Create: Black Artists of the American South\""}]},{"reference":"\"Souls Grown Deep: Artists of the African American South \| Souls Grown Deep\". www.soulsgrowndeep.org. Retrieved March 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/exhibition/souls-grown-deep-artists-african-american-south","url_text":"\"Souls Grown Deep: Artists of the African American South \| Souls Grown Deep\""}]},{"reference":"\"We Will Walk – Art and Resistance in the American South \| Souls Grown Deep\". www.soulsgrowndeep.org. Retrieved March 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/exhibition/we-will-walk-%E2%80%93-art-and-resistance-american-south","url_text":"\"We Will Walk – Art and Resistance in the American South \| Souls Grown Deep\""}]},{"reference":"Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance. JHU Press. 2006. p. 208. ISBN 9780801883699.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801883699","url_text":"9780801883699"}]},{"reference":"Alcoa. Arcadia Publishing. 2011. p. 123. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_West	Tasmanian West	["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Bioegion in Tasmania, Australia This article is about the bioregion. For the geographic region, see West Coast, Tasmania. Tasmanian WestTasmaniaThe interim Australian bioregions,with the Tasmanian West in redArea1,565 km2 (604.2 sq mi) Localities around Tasmanian West: Bass Strait King Northern Slopes Southern Ocean Tasmanian West Central Highlands Southern Ocean Southern Ranges Southern Ranges Tasmanian West is an interim Australian bioregion located in the western region of Tasmania, comprising 1,565,077 hectares (3,867,390 acres). See also Australia portalEnvironment portal Ecoregions in Australia Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia Regions of Tasmania References ^ "Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA7) regions and codes". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Australian Government. 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013. ^ "Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia, Version 7" (PDF). Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Australian Government. 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2015. Further reading Thackway, R and I D Cresswell (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia : a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program Version 4.0 Canberra : Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Reserve Systems Unit, 1995. ISBN 0-642-21371-2 vteInterim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) Arnhem Coast Arnhem Plateau Australian Alps Avon Wheatbelt Ben Lomond Brigalow Belt North Brigalow Belt South Broken Hill Complex Burt Plain Cape York Peninsula Carnarvon Central Arnhem Central Kimberley Central Mackay Coast Central Ranges Channel Country Cobar Peneplain Coolgardie Coral Sea Cumberland Plain Daly Basin Dampierland Darling Riverine Plains Darwin Coastal Davenport Murchison Ranges Desert Uplands Einasleigh Uplands Esperance Plains Eyre Yorke Block Finke Flinders Lofty Block Furneaux Gascoyne Gawler Geraldton Sandplains Gibson Desert Great Sandy Desert Great Victoria Desert Gulf Coastal Gulf Fall and Uplands Gulf Plains Hampton Indian Tropical Islands Jarrah Forest Kanmantoo King Little Sandy Desert MacDonnell Ranges Mallee Mitchell Grass Downs Mount Isa Inlier Mulga Lands Murchison Murray Darling Depression Nandewar Naracoorte Coastal Plain New England Tablelands Northern Kimberley New South Wales North Coast New South Wales South Western Slopes Nullarbor Plain Ord Victoria Plain Pacific Subtropical Islands Pine Creek Pilbara Riverina Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields South East Coastal Plain South East Corner South Eastern Highlands South Eastern Queensland Southern Volcanic Plain Stony Plains Sturt Plateau Subantarctic Islands Swan Coastal Plain Sydney Basin Tanami Tasmanian Central Highlands Tasmanian Northern Midlands Tasmanian Northern Slopes Tasmanian South East Tasmanian Southern Ranges Tasmanian West Tiwi Cobourg Victoria Bonaparte Victorian Midlands Warren Wet Tropics Yalgoo Bioregions of the National Reserve System vteWestern region of Tasmania, AustraliaCities andother settlements Queenstown Crotty Darwin Dundas Gormanston Guildford Linda Pillinger Regatta Point Rosebery Strahan Tullah Waratah Williamsford Zeehan Governance Braddon (federal) Braddon (state) Franklin Land District Montgomery Land District Montagu Land District West Coast Council Lyell Murchison Zeehan MountainsWestCoastRange Black Darwin Dundas Heemskirk Huxley Jukes Lyell Murchison Owen Read Read Volcanics Sedgwick Sorell Strahan Zeehan Tyndall Geikie Tyndall Eldon Eldon Peak Engineer unnamed peak Raglan unnamed peak Sticht unnamed peak National parks Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Rivers Anne Anthony Franklin Gordon Henty King Lea Mackintosh Murchison Pieman Queen Sophia Lakes Beatrice Burbury Dora Gordon Mackintosh Margaret Murchison Pieman Rosebery Westwood Dams Crotty Darwin Gordon Power stations Anthony Power Development Bastyan Gordon John Butters Lake Margaret Mackintosh Reece Tribute Transport Anthony Road Hercules Haulage Lyell Highway Murchison Highway Queenstown Airport Strahan Airport Railways Emu Bay Macquarie Heads breakwater Melba Mount Dundas – Zeehan North East Dundas North Mount Lyell Strahan–Zeehan Wee Georgie Wood West Coast Wilderness Locomotives and rolling stock TGR G class (1896) TGR K class Railway stations andformer railway stations Queenstown Regatta Point Zeehan LandmarksNatural Birchs Inlet Cape Sorell Darwin Crater Granville Harbour Hells Gates Iron Blow Kelly Basin Linda Valley Macquarie Harbour Montezuma Falls Nelson Falls Ocean Beach Trial Harbour Man-made Cape Sorell Lighthouse Gaiety Theatre Galley Museum Paragon Theatre Queenstown Oval People of note Convicts on the West Coast Crotty Davey Gould Joyce Long Moore Pearce Piguenit Piners Rae Sticht Whitham Mining Comstock Mine Copper Mines Henty Gold Mine Mount Jukes Mine sites Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company Mount Lyell Remediation and Research and Demonstration Program North Mount Lyell North Mount Lyell Disaster (1912) Renison Bell Stichtite West Coast Tasmania Mines Books andnewspapers For the Term of His Natural Life Gould's Book of Fish The Peaks of Lyell Walk to the West Western Tasmania: A land of Riches and Beauty Zeehan and Dundas Herald The West Coast Miner Other Darwin glass The Unconformity Round Earth Theatre Company Tasmanian West bioregion Western Tasmanian Football Association Western Tasmanian languages vteSouth West region of Tasmania, AustraliaSettlements Adamsfield Melaleuca Strathgordon Governance Braddon (federal) Franklin (federal) Braddon (state) Franklin (state) Derwent Valley Council Huon Valley Council West Coast Council Mountains Engineer Range Frenchmans Cap Anne Frankland Range Citadel, The Cleft Peak Cupola, The Frankland Greycap Lion, The Lloyd Jones Murpheys Bluff Redtop Right Angle Scotts Secheron Terminal Arthur Range Federation King William RangeMount King WilliamPrince of Wales Range (Tasmania) Diamond Peak Protected areas,parks and reserves Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park Melaleuca to Birchs Inlet Important Bird Area Port Davey/Bathurst Harbour Marine Nature Reserve Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area Southwest National Park South West Wilderness Tasman Fracture Commonwealth Marine Reserve Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Rivers Anne Davey Franklin Gordon Huon Serpentine Spero Lakes Edgar Lake Pedder controversy Gordon Pedder Lake Pedder Action Committee United Tasmania Group DamsFranklin controversy Edgar Gordon Scotts Peak Serpentine Commonwealth v Tasmania The Wilderness Society Harbours, bays, inlets and estuaries Bathurst Harbour Bathurst Channel James Kelly Basin Port Davey Coastal features High Rocky Point Low Rocky Point Point Hibbs South Coast South West Cape Power stations Gordon Transport Gordon River Road Scotts Peak Dam Road Railways Great Western Railway (proposed never constructed) LandmarksNatural Gordon Splits Man-made Maatsuyker Island Lighthouse Port Davey Track South Coast Track People of note Bob Brown Peter Dombrovskis Helen Gee James Goodwin Brenda Hean Richard Jones Deny King Eric Reece Olegas Truchanas T. B. Moore Islands Eddystone Hibbs Pyramid Inner Rocks Sidmouth Rock Breaksea Fitzroy Kathleen Main Mavourneen Munday North Maatsuyker (group) Chicken De Witt Flat Top Flat Witch Hen Ile du Golfe Louisa Maatsuyker (island) Needles Round Top Walker Western Rocks Swainson (group) Big Caroline Hay Lourah Shanks Swainson Mutton Bird (group) East Pyramids Mutton Bird Island Mutton Bird Islet (southeast) Mutton Bird Islet (southwest) Sugarloaf Sugarmouse Wendar Wild Wind Pedra Branca Mewstone Trumpeter Coffee Pot, The Hobbs Trumpeter West Pyramid Books and newspapers Tasmania's offshore islands Tasmania's Wilderness Battles The South West Book South West Tasmania Resources Survey Flora, fauna, and fishlife Orange-bellied parrot Pedder galaxias Pedder earthworm Pedder planarian Pedra Branca skink Bioregions Southern Ranges (bioregion) West (bioregion) Indigenous heritage Kutikina Cave Toogee language Western Tasmanian languages This Tasmania article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Coast, Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"interim Australian bioregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBRA7-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBRA7map-2"}],"text":"This article is about the bioregion. 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Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Plains"},{"link_name":"Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Indian Tropical Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Tropical_Islands"},{"link_name":"Jarrah Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrah_Forest"},{"link_name":"Kanmantoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanmantoo_bioregion"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Little Sandy Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Sandy_Desert"},{"link_name":"MacDonnell Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacDonnell_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Mallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Grass Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Grass_Downs_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Mount Isa Inlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Isa_Inlier"},{"link_name":"Mulga Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulga_Lands"},{"link_name":"Murchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Murray Darling Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Darling_Depression"},{"link_name":"Nandewar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandewar"},{"link_name":"Naracoorte Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naracoorte_Coastal_Plain"},{"link_name":"New England Tablelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Tablelands_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Northern Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Kimberley"},{"link_name":"New South Wales North Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_North_Coast"},{"link_name":"New South Wales South Western Slopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_South_Western_Slopes"},{"link_name":"Nullarbor Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain"},{"link_name":"Ord Victoria 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(group)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swainson_Island_Group"},{"link_name":"Big Caroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Caroline_Rock"},{"link_name":"Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Island_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Lourah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourah_Island"},{"link_name":"Shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanks_Islands"},{"link_name":"Swainson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swainson_Island"},{"link_name":"East Pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pyramids"},{"link_name":"Mutton Bird Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton_Bird_Island"},{"link_name":"Mutton Bird Islet (southeast)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Mutton_Bird_Islet"},{"link_name":"Mutton Bird Islet (southwest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Mutton_Bird_Islet"},{"link_name":"Sugarloaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarloaf_Rock_(Mutton_Bird_Group)"},{"link_name":"Sugarmouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarmouse_Island"},{"link_name":"Wendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendar_Island"},{"link_name":"Wild Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Wind_Islets"},{"link_name":"Pedra Branca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_Branca_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Mewstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewstone"},{"link_name":"Coffee Pot, The","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coffee_Pot_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbs_Island_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Trumpeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeter_Islets"},{"link_name":"West Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Tasmania's offshore islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania%27s_offshore_islands"},{"link_name":"Tasmania's Wilderness Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania%27s_Wilderness_Battles"},{"link_name":"The South West Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_South_West_Book"},{"link_name":"South West Tasmania Resources Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Tasmania_Resources_Survey"},{"link_name":"Orange-bellied parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-bellied_parrot"},{"link_name":"Pedder galaxias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedder_galaxias"},{"link_name":"Pedder earthworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pedder_earthworm"},{"link_name":"Pedder planarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pedder_planarian"},{"link_name":"Pedra Branca skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_Branca_skink"},{"link_name":"Southern Ranges (bioregion)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Southern_Ranges"},{"link_name":"West (bioregion)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kutikina Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutikina_Cave"},{"link_name":"Toogee language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toogee_language"},{"link_name":"Western Tasmanian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tasmania_in_Australia_map.png"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tasmanian_West&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tasmania-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tasmania-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tasmania-stub"}],"text":"Thackway, R and I D Cresswell (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia : a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program Version 4.0 Canberra : Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Reserve Systems Unit, 1995. ISBN 0-642-21371-2vteInterim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA)\nArnhem Coast\nArnhem Plateau\nAustralian Alps\nAvon Wheatbelt\nBen Lomond\nBrigalow Belt North\nBrigalow Belt South\nBroken Hill Complex\nBurt Plain\nCape York Peninsula\nCarnarvon\nCentral Arnhem\nCentral Kimberley\nCentral Mackay Coast\nCentral Ranges\nChannel Country\nCobar Peneplain\nCoolgardie\nCoral Sea\nCumberland Plain\nDaly Basin\nDampierland\nDarling Riverine Plains\nDarwin Coastal\nDavenport Murchison Ranges\nDesert Uplands\nEinasleigh Uplands\nEsperance Plains\nEyre Yorke Block\nFinke\nFlinders Lofty Block\nFurneaux\nGascoyne\nGawler\nGeraldton Sandplains\nGibson Desert\nGreat Sandy Desert\nGreat Victoria Desert\nGulf Coastal\nGulf Fall and Uplands\nGulf Plains\nHampton\nIndian Tropical Islands\nJarrah Forest\nKanmantoo\nKing\nLittle Sandy Desert\nMacDonnell Ranges\nMallee\nMitchell Grass Downs\nMount Isa Inlier\nMulga Lands\nMurchison\nMurray Darling Depression\nNandewar\nNaracoorte Coastal Plain\nNew England Tablelands\nNorthern Kimberley\nNew South Wales North Coast\nNew South Wales South Western Slopes\nNullarbor Plain\nOrd Victoria Plain\nPacific Subtropical Islands\nPine Creek\nPilbara\nRiverina\nSimpson Strzelecki Dunefields\nSouth East Coastal Plain\nSouth East Corner\nSouth Eastern Highlands\nSouth Eastern Queensland\nSouthern Volcanic Plain\nStony Plains\nSturt Plateau\nSubantarctic Islands\nSwan Coastal Plain\nSydney Basin\nTanami\nTasmanian Central Highlands\nTasmanian Northern Midlands\nTasmanian Northern Slopes\nTasmanian South East\nTasmanian Southern Ranges\nTasmanian West\nTiwi Cobourg\nVictoria Bonaparte\nVictorian Midlands\nWarren\nWet Tropics\nYalgoo\nBioregions of the National Reserve SystemvteWestern region of Tasmania, AustraliaCities andother settlements\nQueenstown\nCrotty\nDarwin\nDundas\nGormanston\nGuildford\nLinda\nPillinger\nRegatta Point\nRosebery\nStrahan\nTullah\nWaratah\nWilliamsford\nZeehan\nGovernance\nBraddon (federal)\nBraddon (state)\nFranklin Land District\nMontgomery Land District\nMontagu Land District\nWest Coast Council\nLyell\nMurchison\nZeehan\nMountainsWestCoastRange\nBlack\nDarwin\nDundas\nHeemskirk\nHuxley\nJukes\nLyell\nMurchison\nOwen\nRead\nRead Volcanics\nSedgwick\nSorell\nStrahan\nZeehan\n Tyndall\nGeikie\nTyndall\nEldon\nEldon Peak\nEngineer\nunnamed peak\nRaglan\nunnamed peak\nSticht\nunnamed peak\n\nNational parks\nFranklin-Gordon Wild Rivers\nTasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area\nRivers\nAnne\nAnthony\nFranklin\nGordon\nHenty\nKing\nLea\nMackintosh\nMurchison\nPieman\nQueen\nSophia\nLakes\nBeatrice\nBurbury\nDora\nGordon\nMackintosh\nMargaret\nMurchison\nPieman\nRosebery\nWestwood\nDams\nCrotty\nDarwin\nGordon\nPower stations\nAnthony Power Development\nBastyan\nGordon\nJohn Butters\nLake Margaret\nMackintosh\nReece\nTribute\nTransport\nAnthony Road\nHercules Haulage\nLyell Highway\nMurchison Highway\nQueenstown Airport\nStrahan Airport\n Railways\nEmu Bay\nMacquarie Heads breakwater\nMelba\nMount Dundas – Zeehan\nNorth East Dundas\nNorth Mount Lyell\nStrahan–Zeehan\nWee Georgie Wood\nWest Coast Wilderness\nLocomotives and rolling stock\nTGR G class (1896)\nTGR K class\nRailway stations andformer railway stations\nQueenstown\nRegatta Point\nZeehan\n\nLandmarksNatural\nBirchs Inlet\nCape Sorell\nDarwin Crater\nGranville Harbour\nHells Gates\nIron Blow\nKelly Basin\nLinda Valley\nMacquarie Harbour\nMontezuma Falls\nNelson Falls\nOcean Beach\nTrial Harbour\nMan-made\nCape Sorell Lighthouse\nGaiety Theatre\nGalley Museum\nParagon Theatre\nQueenstown Oval\nPeople of note\nConvicts on the West Coast\nCrotty\nDavey\nGould\nJoyce\nLong\nMoore\nPearce\nPiguenit\nPiners\nRae\nSticht\nWhitham\nMining\nComstock Mine\nCopper Mines\nHenty Gold Mine\nMount Jukes Mine sites\nMount Lyell Mining and Railway Company\nMount Lyell Remediation and Research and Demonstration Program\nNorth Mount Lyell\nNorth Mount Lyell Disaster (1912)\nRenison Bell\nStichtite\nWest Coast Tasmania Mines\nBooks andnewspapers\nFor the Term of His Natural Life\nGould's Book of Fish\nThe Peaks of Lyell\nWalk to the West\nWestern Tasmania: A land of Riches and Beauty\nZeehan and Dundas Herald\nThe West Coast Miner\nOther\nDarwin glass\nThe Unconformity\nRound Earth Theatre Company\nTasmanian West bioregion\nWestern Tasmanian Football Association\nWestern Tasmanian languagesvteSouth West region of Tasmania, AustraliaSettlements\nAdamsfield\nMelaleuca\nStrathgordon\nGovernance\nBraddon (federal)\nFranklin (federal)\nBraddon (state)\nFranklin (state)\nDerwent Valley Council\nHuon Valley Council\nWest Coast Council\nMountains\nEngineer Range\nFrenchmans Cap\nAnne\n Frankland Range\nCitadel, The\nCleft Peak\nCupola, The\nFrankland\nGreycap\nLion, The\nLloyd Jones\nMurpheys Bluff\nRedtop\nRight Angle\nScotts\nSecheron\nTerminal\nArthur Range\nFederation\nKing William RangeMount King WilliamPrince of Wales Range (Tasmania)\nDiamond Peak\n\nProtected areas,parks and reserves\nFranklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park\nMelaleuca to Birchs Inlet Important Bird Area\nPort Davey/Bathurst Harbour Marine Nature Reserve\nPort Davey Islands Important Bird Area\nSouthwest National Park\nSouth West Wilderness\nTasman Fracture Commonwealth Marine Reserve\nTasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area\nRivers\nAnne\nDavey\nFranklin\nGordon\nHuon\nSerpentine\nSpero\nLakes\nEdgar\nLake Pedder controversy\n\nGordon\nPedder\nLake Pedder Action Committee\nUnited Tasmania Group\nDamsFranklin controversy\nEdgar\nGordon\nScotts Peak\nSerpentine\nCommonwealth v Tasmania\nThe Wilderness Society\nHarbours, bays, inlets and estuaries\nBathurst Harbour\nBathurst Channel\nJames Kelly Basin\nPort Davey\nCoastal features\nHigh Rocky Point\nLow Rocky Point\nPoint Hibbs\nSouth Coast\nSouth West Cape\nPower stations\nGordon\nTransport\nGordon River Road\nScotts Peak Dam Road\n Railways\nGreat Western Railway (proposed never constructed)\n\nLandmarksNatural\nGordon Splits\nMan-made\nMaatsuyker Island Lighthouse\nPort Davey Track\nSouth Coast Track\nPeople of note\nBob Brown\nPeter Dombrovskis\nHelen Gee\nJames Goodwin\nBrenda Hean\nRichard Jones\nDeny King\nEric Reece\nOlegas Truchanas\nT. B. Moore\nIslands\nEddystone\nHibbs Pyramid\nInner Rocks\nSidmouth Rock\n Breaksea\nFitzroy\nKathleen\nMain\nMavourneen\nMunday\nNorth\nMaatsuyker (group)\nChicken\nDe Witt\nFlat Top\nFlat Witch\nHen\nIle du Golfe\nLouisa\nMaatsuyker (island)\nNeedles\nRound Top\nWalker\nWestern Rocks\nSwainson (group)\nBig Caroline\nHay\nLourah\nShanks\nSwainson\nMutton Bird (group)\nEast Pyramids\nMutton Bird Island\nMutton Bird Islet (southeast)\nMutton Bird Islet (southwest)\nSugarloaf\nSugarmouse\nWendar\nWild Wind\nPedra Branca\nMewstone\nTrumpeter\nCoffee Pot, The\nHobbs\nTrumpeter\nWest Pyramid\n\nBooks and newspapers\nTasmania's offshore islands\nTasmania's Wilderness Battles\nThe South West Book\nSouth West Tasmania Resources Survey\nFlora, fauna, and fishlife\nOrange-bellied parrot\nPedder galaxias\nPedder earthworm\nPedder planarian\nPedra Branca skink\nBioregions\nSouthern Ranges (bioregion)\nWest (bioregion)\nIndigenous heritage\nKutikina Cave\nToogee language\nWestern Tasmanian languagesThis Tasmania article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"title":"Environment portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"title":"Ecoregions in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregions_in_Australia"},{"title":"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia"},{"title":"Regions of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Tasmania"}]	[{"reference":"\"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA7) regions and codes\". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Australian Government. 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/ibracode7.html","url_text":"\"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA7) regions and codes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_(Australia)","url_text":"Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia","url_text":"Australian Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia, Version 7\" (PDF). Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Australian Government. 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/5b3d2d31-2355-4b60-820c-e370572b2520/files/bioregions-new.pdf","url_text":"\"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia, Version 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_(Australia)","url_text":"Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia","url_text":"Australian Government"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/ibracode7.html","external_links_name":"\"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA7) regions and codes\""},{"Link":"http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/5b3d2d31-2355-4b60-820c-e370572b2520/files/bioregions-new.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia, Version 7\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tasmanian_West&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow_Junction_railway_station	Lucknow Junction railway station	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 26°49′55″N 80°55′08″E / 26.832°N 80.919°E / 26.832; 80.919Indian railway station For the Northern Railway station, see Lucknow Charbagh railway station. Lucknow Junctionलखनऊ जंक्शन (छोटी लाइन) Indian Railways, Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway and Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway stationGeneral informationOther namesLucknow NERLocationCharbagh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226004IndiaCoordinates26°49′55″N 80°55′08″E / 26.832°N 80.919°E / 26.832; 80.919Elevation126 metres (413 ft)Owned byGovernment of IndiaOperated byIndian RailwaysLine(s)Lucknow–Aishbagh–Daliganj–Sitapur lineLucknow–Kanpur Suburban RailwayLucknow–Aishbagh–Daliganj–Malhaur lineLucknow-Manaknagar lineLucknow-Alamnagar linePlatforms5Tracks8+26ConstructionStructure typeStandard on-ground stationParkingYesBicycle facilitiesAvailableAccessibleOther informationStatusFunctioningStation codeLJNFare zoneNorth Eastern Railway zoneHistoryOpened1914; 110 years ago (1914)ElectrifiedYesPrevious namesOudh and Rohilkhand Railway / East Indian Railway CompanyLocationLucknow Junction railway stationLocation in Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Junction (officially Lucknow NER, station code: LJN) is one of the two main railway stations of Lucknow city for 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge trains. It is situated right next to Lucknow Charbagh railway station. See also India portalTrains portal Lucknow Charbagh railway station Aishbagh railway station References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lucknow Junction. Lucknow Junction railway station at the India Rail Info Google. "Lucknow Junction railway station" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lucknow. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rail travel in India. vteRailway stations in Uttar PradeshECRTooltip East Central Railway zoneDhanbad Chopan Obra Dam Renukoot Shaktinagar Terminal Danapur Dildarnagar Junction Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Chandauli Majhwar Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction NRTooltip Northern Railway zoneAmbala Saharanpur Junction Delhi Baghpat Road Ghaziabad Junction Khatauli Meerut City Meerut Cantt Modinagar Muzaffarnagar New Ghaziabad Sahibabad Junction Tapri Junction Lucknow NR Acharya Narendra Dev Nagar Akbarganj Akbarpur Junction Amausi Amethi Ayodhya Junction Faizabad Junction Balrampur Barabanki Junction Goshainganj Jarauna Jaunpur City Jaunpur Junction Lucknow Charbagh Manak Nagar Nihalgarh Pindra Road Rae Bareli Junction Sultanpur Junction Sri Krishna Nagar Unnao Junction Zafarabad Junction Moradabad Amroha Aonla Bareilly Cantt Bareilly City Bareilly Junction Basharatganj Bhitaura Bijnor Bilaspur Road Bilpur Chandausi Chodiala Clutterbuckganj Dhaneta Hapur Junction Iqbalpur Kakori Moradabad Nagaria Sadat Nisoi Parsa Khera Pitambarpur Pt Ram Prasad Bismil Rampur Junction Rasuiya Reoti Bahora Khera Shahjahanpur Tisua NCRTooltip North Central Railway zoneAgra Agra Cantonment Agra City Agra Fort Bhuteshwar Idgah Mathura Junction Mathura Cantt Raja ki Mandi Vrindavan Vrindaban Road Yamuna Bridge Prayagraj Aligarh Junction Barhan Junction Chakeri Chandari Junction Chunar Chamrola Dadri Etah Etawah Junction Fatehpur Firozabad Govindpuri Hathras Junction Hathras Kila Jalesar Road Kanpur Anwarganj Kanpur Central Kanpur Bridge Left Bank Kanpur Khurja Junction Mainpuri Manikpur Junction Mirzapur Mendu Junction Mitawali Mitawali Bypass Cabin Panki Prayag Junction Prayagraj Junction Prayagraj Chheoki Junction Prayagraj Rambagh Prayagraj Sangam Pora Shikohabad Subedarganj Saifai Sasni Tundla Junction Jhansi Banda Chitrakutdham Karwi Kulpahar Mahoba Junction Jhansi Junction NERTooltip North Eastern Railway zoneIzzatnagar Agsoli Bastoi Halt Baheri Bhojipura Junction Bijauria Junction Budaun Farrukhabad Junction Fatehgarh Hathras City Hathras Road Izzatnagar Kannauj Kannauj City Kasganj Junction Mandhana Junction Marhera Mursan Pilibhit Junction Ramganga Rati Ka Nagla Sheikhupur Sikandra Rao Soron Shukar Kshetra Tanakpur Ujhani Lucknow NER Aishbagh Anand Nagar Junction Babhnan Badshahnagar Bahraich Barhni Basti Brahmavart Chauri Chaura Daliganj Junction Domingarh Dudhwa Gola Gokarannath Gomti Nagar Gonda Junction Gorakhpur Junction Jharkhandi Kalyanpur Khalilabad Lucknow Junction Lucknow City Mailani Junction Nautanwa Puranpur Siddharthnagar Sitapur Junction Sitapur City Junction Sitapur Cutchery Shohratgarh Tulsipur Varanasi Aunrihar Junction Azamgarh Ballia Babatpur Banaras Belthara Road Bhulanpur Deoria Sadar Ghazipur City Ghazipur Ghat Gyanpur Road Kachhwa Road Kaptanganj Junction Kerakat Kashi Mau Junction Padrauna Phephna Junction Tamkuhi Road Varanasi Junction Varanasi City Vyasnagar See also Delhi & NCR Metro stations This article about a railway station in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucknow Charbagh railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow_Charbagh_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"5 ft 6 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"broad gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_gauge"},{"link_name":"Lucknow Charbagh railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow_Charbagh_railway_station"}],"text":"Indian railway stationFor the Northern Railway station, see Lucknow Charbagh railway station.Lucknow Junction (officially Lucknow NER, station code: LJN) is one of the two main railway stations of Lucknow city for 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge trains. It is situated right next to Lucknow Charbagh railway station.","title":"Lucknow Junction railway station"}]	[]	[{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_train.svg"},{"title":"Trains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Trains"},{"title":"Lucknow Charbagh railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow_Charbagh_railway_station"},{"title":"Aishbagh railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishbagh_railway_station"}]	[{"reference":"Google. \"Lucknow Junction railway station\" (Map). Google Maps. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moragahakanda_Dam	Moragahakanda Dam	["1 History","1.1 Mahaweli Development programme","2 Dam and reservoir","3 Primary uses","3.1 Irrigation","3.2 Inland fishing","3.3 Water supply","3.4 Power generation","4 Roads and bridges","5 Rename","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 07°41′56″N 80°46′12″E / 7.69889°N 80.77000°E / 7.69889; 80.77000 Dam in Elahera, North Central ProvinceMoragahakanda DamSpillways of the Moragahakanda Dam.Location of Moragahakanda Dam in Sri LankaOfficial nameමොරගහකන්ද අරමුනCountrySri LankaLocationElahera, North Central ProvinceCoordinates07°41′56″N 80°46′12″E / 7.69889°N 80.77000°E / 7.69889; 80.77000PurposePowerStatusOperationalConstruction began25 January 2007 (2007-01-25)Opening date8 January 2018 (2018-01-08)Owner(s)Mahaweli AuthorityDam and spillwaysType of damGravity damImpoundsAmban RiverHeight (foundation)65 m (213 ft)ReservoirCreatesKulasinghe Reservoir කුලසිංහ ජලාශයActive capacity521,000,000 m3 (1.84×1010 cu ft)Normal elevation185 m (607 ft)Coordinates07°41′59″N 80°46′11″E / 7.69972°N 80.76972°E / 7.69972; 80.76972Operator(s)Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka-MASLInstalled capacity25 MW The Moragahakanda Dam (Sinhala: මොරගහකන්ද ව්‍යාපෘතිය), officially Kulasinghe Reservoir, is a large gravity dam, and the main component of the larger and more complex Moragahakanda — Kalu Ganga Project, across the Amban River at Elahera, in the Matale District of Sri Lanka. Construction began on 25 January 2007 and was completed in 2018. The maiden water release of the dam was in January 2017. Morgahakanda/Kaluganga project is the last of the Great Mahaveli project The larger combined project involves the construction of the Moragahakanda Dam and Reservoir, along with the separate Kalu Ganga Dam and Reservoir, for irrigation and power generation purposes. Both these sites would be located approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) apart. The total development cost for both sites totals to approximately Rs. 48.145 billion (approximately US$370 million) and is being carried out by SMEC Holdings and Sinohydro. A granite Buddha statue built opposite the Moragahakanda reservoir was unveiled on 23 July 2018. History The original Moragahakanda reservoir was first constructed by King Wasaba in 111 AD. Mahaweli Development programme According to the Mahaweli Master Plan of 1968, the development of Mahaweli was divided to three projects named A, B and C out of which the last 'C' project was the Moragahakanda Multi-Purpose Reservoir. In 1977 the project was modified and the Accelerated Mahaweli Scheme(AMS) started and was completed in 6 years. However Moragahakanda was not in the AMS. The J.R. Jayewardene Government would later secure funding for the project from Japan but communal violence delayed the project. The construction of the project commenced on 2007 and completed in 2018. Dam and reservoir The Moragahakanda Dam, is a 65 m (213 ft) high gravity dam. The dam created the Moragahakanda Reservoir, which has an active storage capacity of 521,000,000 m3 (1.84×1010 cu ft) of water, at a surface elevation of 185 m (607 ft). Two additional embankment saddle dams will also be built to contain the Moragahakanda Reservoir. The reservoir of the Kalu Ganga Dam will be linked via tunnel. Primary uses Moragahakanda Reservoir in February 2017. Irrigation Water from both, the Moragahakanda and Kalu Ganga reservoirs, will be primarily used to support agricultural needs to an area of at least 81,422 ha (814.2 km2). This will increase rice production by 81% or 109,000 t (240,000,000 lb), amounting to an estimated monetary benefit of US$1.67 million, annually. Inland fishing The reservoirs would also create a source of inland fishing, generating approximately 4,700 t (10,400,000 lb) or the monetary equivalent of US$1.67 million, annually. Water supply Along with the reservoir of the Kalu Ganga Dam, an increase of 64,000,000 m3 (2.3×109 cu ft) of potable and industrial water supply could be ensured by 2032, to regions including Matale, Anuradhapura, Trincomalee, and Polonnaruwa. Power generation Water from the Moragahakanda Reservoir is used to power the 25-megawatt Moragahakanda Hydroelectric Power Station. The substitution of this hydropower with traditional fossil fuel power generation is estimated to save up to US$ 2.49 billion annually. * Construction of the power station costs US$382 million, with an EIRR (Economic Internal Rate of Return) of 22%. Roads and bridges The construction of the dam and reservoir also required the construction of multiple access roads and rerouting of existing main roads, as well as the construction of the 300 m (984 ft) long Moragahakanda Bridge costing Rs. 308 million. Rename On 23 July 2018, under the patronage of president Maithreepala Sirisena, the reservoir has been officially named as Kulasinghe Reservoir, in memory of late Dr. A.N.S. Kulasinghe. Deshabandu Dr. A.N.S Kulasinghe was a Sri Lankan Civil Engineer who served in several projects throughout the country. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moragahakanda Dam. List of dams and reservoirs in Sri Lanka List of power stations in Sri Lanka References ^ "President proposes to name Moragahakanda after Kulasinghe". Daily News. Retrieved 3 April 2018. ^ a b "Work on Moragahakanda Kalu Ganga Project progressing satisfactorily". ITN News. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Happiest day - says the President as maiden waters of the Moragahakanda Reservoir flow - Sri Lanka News". Sri Lanka News - Newsfirst \| Breaking News and Latest News provider \| Political \| Sports \| International \| Business. 11 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017. ^ "New vistas in development". ^ "Moragahakanda and Kaluganga Development Project" (PDF). Ministry of Finance and Planning. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "SMEC Wins Major Project with World's Largest Hydroelectric Company". SMEC Holdings. 23 October 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Moragahakanda project on schedule". LankaNewspapers.com. 8 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ Shirajiv Sirimane (3 June 2013). "Moragahakanda multi purpose project construction on track". Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "President to inaugurate filling of Kalu Ganga reservoir tomorrow". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 3 April 2018. ^ "Moragahakanda : Biggest yahapalana hybrid project". President's media division. 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017. ^ "Moragahakanda Development Project national ceremony on January 8". ^ a b c d e Shirajiv Sirimane (18 November 2012). "Moragahakanda project will be completed ahead of schedule". Sunday Observer. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ a b c Ravi Ladduwahetty (28 January 2007). "Moragahakanda and Kalu Ganga development projects, the last phase of the Accelerated Mahaweli Programme". The Nation. Retrieved 15 January 2014. ^ "President inspects progress of Moragahakanda - Kalu Ganga project". Target.lk. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Morgahakanda Reservoir named "Kulasinghe Reservoir"". Newsfirst. Retrieved 23 July 2018. External links Uditha Jayasinghe (9 June 2012). "Chinese firm gets $ 382 million Moragahaka". Daily FT. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014. "Background Information: Moragahakande & Kalu Ganga Sectors". Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in \|publisher= (help) vteElectricity in Sri LankaSustainablepower stationsHydro powerLaxapana Complex Broadlands Canyon Castlereigh Laxapana Maskeliya Norton Mahaweli Complex Bowatenna Deduru Oya Kotmale Moragahakanda Nilambe Polgolla Randenigala Rantembe Upper Kotmale Victoria Other Gal Oya Kukule Ganga Samanala Udawalawe Solar power Hambantota Laugfs Maduru Oya (proposed) Sagasolar Solar One Ceylon Wind power Ambewela Aitken Spence Hambantota Madurankuliya Mampuri-I Mampuri-II Mampuri-III Mannar Island (proposed) Nala Danavi Nirmalapura Pawan Danavi Pollupalai Seguwantivu Uppudaluwa Vallimunai Vidatamunai Willwind Fossil-fuelpower stationsOperational / UC Aitken Spence Asia Power Sapugaskanda Colombo Port Ace Embilipitiya KCHT Karadiyana Kelanitissa Lakdhanavi Lakvijaya Northern Sampur (cancelled) Sapugaskanda Sojitz Kelanitissa Uthuru Janani Yugadanavi Decommissioned Ace Horana Ace Matara Aggreko Chunnakam Heladhanavi Koolair Pettah Organizations Ceylon Electricity Board Ceylon Petroleum Corporation Lanka Electricity Company Ministry of Power and Energy Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection Sapugaskanda Refinery Hambantota Refinery List of dams and reservoirs in Sri Lanka List of power stations in Sri Lanka vteInland waters of Sri Lanka Sri Lankan irrigation network Tank cascade system Mahaweli Authority Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management Rivers≥100km Deduru Oya Gal Oya Gin Ganga Kala Oya Kalu Ganga Kukule Ganga Kelani River Kehelgamu Oya Maskeliya Oya Pusweli Oya Kirindi Oya Kumbukkan Oya Maduru Oya Maha Oya Malwathu Oya Amban Ganga Kotmale Oya Nanu Oya Mahaweli Ganga Menik Ganga Mi Oya Walawe River Belihul Oya Yan Oya <100km Akkarayan Aru Kanakarayan Aru Kodalikkallu Aru Madu Ganga Mandekal Aru Mavil Aru Nay Aru (Mannar) Nay Aru (Mullaitivu) Netheli Aru Nilwala River Pali Aru Pallavarayankaddu Aru Parangi Aru Per Aru Piramenthal Aru Theravil Aru Valukkai Aru Verugal Aru Lakes Abhaya Wewa Beira Lake Bolgoda Lake Diyawanna Giant's Tank Giritale Tank Iranamadu Tank Kala Wewa Kandalama Reservoir Kandy Lake Konduwattuwana Wewa Lake Gregory Minneriya Tank Muthuiyankaddu Kulam Nachchaduwa wewa Parakrama Samudra Ratgama Lake Sembuwatta Lake Sorabora Wewa Tissa Wewa (Anuradhapura) Tissa Wewa (Tissamaharama) Vavuni Kulam LagoonsEastern coast Batticaloa Lagoon Chalai Lagoon Chundikkulam Lagoon Kokkilai Lagoon Nai Aru Lagoon Nanthi Lagoon Ullackalie Lagoon Upaar Lagoon Vadamarachchi Lagoon Valaichchenai Lagoon Western coast Jaffna Lagoon Mundal Lagoon Negombo Lagoon Puttalam Lagoon Uppu Aru Lagoon Southern coast Koggala Lagoon Rekawa Lagoon Malala-Ambilikala Lagoons Dams andreservoirsWith hydroelectriccapabilities Bowatenna Broadlands Canyon Castlereigh Deduru Oya Dyraaba Gal Oya Kotmale Kukule Ganga Laxapana Maskeliya Moragahakanda Moragolla Nilambe Norton Polgolla Randenigala Rantembe Samanala Udawalawe Upper Kotmale Victoria Irrigation-only(incl. ancient tanks) Abhayavapi Diyawanna Giant's Tank Giritale Tank Inginimitiya Iranamadu Tank Kala Wewa Kalu Ganga Kandalama Kantale Konduwattuwana Wewa Lake Gregory Lunugamwehera Maduru Oya Minneriya Tank Muthuiyankaddu Kulam Nachchaduwa wewa Parakrama Samudra Puhulpola Rajanganaya Rambakan Oya Ratkinda Sorabora Wewa Tissa Wewa (Anuradhapura) Tissa Wewa (Tissamaharama) Ulhitiya Vavuni Kulam Canals Hamilton Canal Yodha Ela	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sinhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"gravity dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_dam"},{"link_name":"Amban River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amban_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elahera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elahera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matale 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Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMEC_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Sinohydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinohydro"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMEC-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LankaNewspapers-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyNews1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Dam in Elahera, North Central ProvinceThe Moragahakanda Dam (Sinhala: මොරගහකන්ද ව්‍යාපෘතිය), officially Kulasinghe Reservoir,[1] is a large gravity dam, and the main component of the larger and more complex Moragahakanda — Kalu Ganga Project, across the Amban River at Elahera, in the Matale District of Sri Lanka. Construction began on 25 January 2007 and was completed in 2018.[2] The maiden water release of the dam was in January 2017.[3]\nMorgahakanda/Kaluganga project is the last of the Great Mahaveli project[4]The larger combined project involves the construction of the Moragahakanda Dam and Reservoir, along with the separate Kalu Ganga Dam and Reservoir, for irrigation and power generation purposes. Both these sites would be located approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) apart.[5]The total development cost for both sites totals to approximately Rs. 48.145 billion (approximately US$370 million) and is being carried out by SMEC Holdings and Sinohydro.[6][7][8]A granite Buddha statue built opposite the Moragahakanda reservoir was unveiled on 23 July 2018.[9]","title":"Moragahakanda Dam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wasaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasabha_of_Anuradhapura"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The original Moragahakanda reservoir was first constructed by King Wasaba in 111 AD.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahaweli Master Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaweli_Development_programme"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Mahaweli Development programme","text":"According to the Mahaweli Master Plan of 1968, the development of Mahaweli was divided to three projects named A, B and C out of which the last 'C' project was the Moragahakanda Multi-Purpose Reservoir. In 1977 the project was modified and the Accelerated Mahaweli Scheme(AMS) started and was completed in 6 years. However Moragahakanda was not in the AMS. The J.R. Jayewardene Government would later secure funding for the project from Japan but communal violence delayed the project. The construction of the project commenced on 2007 and completed in 2018.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gravity dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_dam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayObserver1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheNation1-13"},{"link_name":"embankment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_dam"},{"link_name":"saddle dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_dam"},{"link_name":"Kalu Ganga Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalu_Ganga_Dam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITNnews.lk-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheNation1-13"}],"text":"The Moragahakanda Dam, is a 65 m (213 ft) high gravity dam. The dam created the Moragahakanda Reservoir, which has an active storage capacity of 521,000,000 m3 (1.84×1010 cu ft) of water,[12] at a surface elevation of 185 m (607 ft).[13]Two additional embankment saddle dams will also be built to contain the Moragahakanda Reservoir. The reservoir of the Kalu Ganga Dam will be linked via tunnel.[2][13]","title":"Dam and reservoir"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moragahakanda_reservoir_at_dam_construction_site.jpg"}],"text":"Moragahakanda Reservoir in February 2017.","title":"Primary uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayObserver1-12"}],"sub_title":"Irrigation","text":"Water from both, the Moragahakanda and Kalu Ganga reservoirs, will be primarily used to support agricultural needs to an area of at least 81,422 ha (814.2 km2). This will increase rice production by 81% or 109,000 t (240,000,000 lb), amounting to an estimated monetary benefit of US$1.67 million, annually.[12]","title":"Primary uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayObserver1-12"}],"sub_title":"Inland fishing","text":"The reservoirs would also create a source of inland fishing, generating approximately 4,700 t (10,400,000 lb) or the monetary equivalent of US$1.67 million, annually.[12]","title":"Primary uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"potable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"Matale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matale"},{"link_name":"Anuradhapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapura"},{"link_name":"Trincomalee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trincomalee"},{"link_name":"Polonnaruwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonnaruwa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayObserver1-12"}],"sub_title":"Water supply","text":"Along with the reservoir of the Kalu Ganga Dam, an increase of 64,000,000 m3 (2.3×109 cu ft) of potable and industrial water supply could be ensured by 2032, to regions including Matale, Anuradhapura, Trincomalee, and Polonnaruwa.[12]","title":"Primary uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"megawatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt"},{"link_name":"fossil fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SundayObserver1-12"},{"link_name":"EIRR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_Internal_rate_of_return&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheNation1-13"}],"sub_title":"Power generation","text":"Water from the Moragahakanda Reservoir is used to power the 25-megawatt Moragahakanda Hydroelectric Power Station. The substitution of this hydropower with traditional fossil fuel power generation is estimated to save up to US$ 2.49 billion annually.[12] *[This latter claim requires correction, as it is impossible to generate this much power from a 25-megawatt generator in one year. The maximum power possible from a 25-megawatt generator at .06 per kw (wholesale) is $13.14 million (US).]Construction of the power station costs US$382 million, with an EIRR (Economic Internal Rate of Return) of 22%.[13]","title":"Primary uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rs.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Target.lk-14"}],"text":"The construction of the dam and reservoir also required the construction of multiple access roads and rerouting of existing main roads, as well as the construction of the 300 m (984 ft) long Moragahakanda Bridge costing Rs. 308 million.[14]","title":"Roads and bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.N.S. Kulasinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._N._S._Kulasinghe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On 23 July 2018, under the patronage of president Maithreepala Sirisena, the reservoir has been officially named as Kulasinghe Reservoir, in memory of late Dr. A.N.S. Kulasinghe. Deshabandu Dr. A.N.S Kulasinghe was a Sri Lankan Civil Engineer who served in several projects throughout the country.[15]","title":"Rename"}]	[{"image_text":"Moragahakanda Reservoir in February 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Moragahakanda_reservoir_at_dam_construction_site.jpg/260px-Moragahakanda_reservoir_at_dam_construction_site.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Moragahakanda Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moragahakanda_Dam"},{"title":"List of dams and reservoirs in Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"title":"List of power stations in Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Sri_Lanka"}]	[{"reference":"\"President proposes to name Moragahakanda after Kulasinghe\". Daily News. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailynews.lk/2018/01/09/local/139369/president-proposes-name-moragahakanda-after-kulasinghe","url_text":"\"President proposes to name Moragahakanda after Kulasinghe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Work on Moragahakanda Kalu Ganga Project progressing satisfactorily\". ITN News. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itnnews.lk/?p=8859","url_text":"\"Work on Moragahakanda Kalu Ganga Project progressing satisfactorily\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Network","url_text":"ITN News"}]},{"reference":"\"Happiest day - says the President as maiden waters of the Moragahakanda Reservoir flow - Sri Lanka News\". Sri Lanka News - Newsfirst \| Breaking News and Latest News provider \| Political \| Sports \| International \| Business. 11 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170126052825/http://newsfirst.lk/english/2017/01/159421/159421","url_text":"\"Happiest day - says the President as maiden waters of the Moragahakanda Reservoir flow - Sri Lanka News\""},{"url":"http://newsfirst.lk/english/2017/01/159421/159421","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New vistas in development\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dailynews.lk/2016/07/25/features/88436","url_text":"\"New vistas in development\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moragahakanda and Kaluganga Development Project\" (PDF). Ministry of Finance and Planning. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116084626/http://www.treasury.gov.lk/depts/npd/publications/projecpipeline-chap/Irrigation.pdf","url_text":"\"Moragahakanda and Kaluganga Development Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_and_Planning_(Sri_Lanka)","url_text":"Ministry of Finance and Planning"},{"url":"https://www.treasury.gov.lk/depts/npd/publications/projecpipeline-chap/Irrigation.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SMEC Wins Major Project with World's Largest Hydroelectric Company\". SMEC Holdings. 23 October 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Lyell	Baron Lyell	["1 Barons Lyell (1914)","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]	Extinct barony in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Not to be confused with Baron Lisle. Baron Lyell, of Kinnordy in the County of Forfar, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1914 for the Scottish Liberal politician Sir Leonard Lyell, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet, of Kinnordy in the County of Forfar, in 1894. As his son Charles, a Liberal Member of Parliament, died on 18 October 1918 of pneumonia while serving as Assistant Military Attaché to the USA, he was succeeded by his grandson, the second Baron. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions in North Africa during the Second World War. He was succeeded in the titles by his son, the third Baron, in 1943. He was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat on the Conservative benches. The titles became extinct on his death in 2017. The first Baron Lyell was the nephew of the geologist Sir Charles Lyell, 1st and last Baronet, of Kinnordy. Barons Lyell (1914) Leonard Lyell, 1st Baron Lyell (1850–1926) Charles Anthony Lyell, 2nd Baron Lyell (1913–1943) Charles Lyell, 3rd Baron Lyell (1939–2017) See also Lyell baronets of Kinnordy Notes This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Baron Lyell" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) References ^ "No. 28849". The London Gazette. 14 July 1914. p. 5448. ^ "No. 26479". The London Gazette. 26 January 1894. p. 508. Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baron Lisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Lisle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Sir Leonard Lyell, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Lyell,_1st_Baron_Lyell"},{"link_name":"baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Lyell"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Military Attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"ninety elected hereditary peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hereditary_peers_elected_under_the_House_of_Lords_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"House of Lords Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Lyell, 1st and last Baronet, of Kinnordy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Lyell,_1st_Baronet"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Baron Lisle.Baron Lyell, of Kinnordy in the County of Forfar,[1] was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1914 for the Scottish Liberal politician Sir Leonard Lyell, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet, of Kinnordy in the County of Forfar, in 1894.[2] As his son Charles, a Liberal Member of Parliament, died on 18 October 1918 of pneumonia while serving as Assistant Military Attaché to the USA, he was succeeded by his grandson, the second Baron. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions in North Africa during the Second World War. He was succeeded in the titles by his son, the third Baron, in 1943. He was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat on the Conservative benches. The titles became extinct on his death in 2017.The first Baron Lyell was the nephew of the geologist Sir Charles Lyell, 1st and last Baronet, of Kinnordy.","title":"Baron Lyell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonard Lyell, 1st Baron Lyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Lyell,_1st_Baron_Lyell"},{"link_name":"Charles Anthony Lyell, 2nd Baron Lyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell,_2nd_Baron_Lyell"},{"link_name":"Charles Lyell, 3rd Baron Lyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell,_3rd_Baron_Lyell"}],"text":"Leonard Lyell, 1st Baron Lyell (1850–1926)\nCharles Anthony Lyell, 2nd Baron Lyell (1913–1943)\nCharles Lyell, 3rd Baron Lyell (1939–2017)","title":"Barons Lyell (1914)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lyell baronets of Kinnordy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyell_baronets"}]	[{"reference":"\"No. 28849\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Twisted_Lip	The Man with the Twisted Lip	["1 Plot summary","2 Points of interest","3 Publication history","4 Adaptations","4.1 Film and television","4.2 Radio","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Short story by Arthur Conan Doyle featuring Sherlock Holmes This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (November 2022) "The Man with the Twisted Lip"Short story by Arthur Conan DoyleHugh Boone begs for pennies in a London street, 1891 illustration by Sidney PagetText available at WikisourceCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenre(s)Detective fiction short storiesPublicationPublished inStrand MagazinePublication dateDecember 1891ChronologySeriesThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes The Five Orange Pips The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle "The Man with the Twisted Lip", one of the 56 short Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is the sixth of the twelve stories in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. The story was first published in the Strand Magazine in December 1891. Doyle ranked "The Man with the Twisted Lip" sixteenth in a list of his nineteen favourite Sherlock Holmes stories. Plot summary The story begins when a friend of Dr. Watson's wife comes to Watson's house, frantic because her husband, who is addicted to opium, has gone missing. Watson helps her pull him out of the opium den and sends him home. Watson is surprised to find that Sherlock Holmes is there too, in disguise and trying to get information to solve a different case about a man who has disappeared. Watson stays to listen to Holmes tell the story of the case of Neville St. Clair. St. Clair is a prosperous, respectable, punctual man. His family's home is in the country, but he visits London every day on business. One day when Mr. St. Clair was in London, Mrs. St. Clair also went to London separately. She happened to pass down Upper Swandam Lane, a "vile alley" near the London docks, where the opium den is. Glancing up, she saw her husband at a second-floor window of the opium den. He vanished from the window immediately, and Mrs. St. Clair was sure that there was something wrong. She tried to enter the building; but her way was blocked by the opium den's owner, a lascar. She fetched the police, but they did not find Mr. St. Clair. The room behind the window was the lair of a dirty, disfigured beggar, known to the police as Hugh Boone. The police were about to put her story down as a mistake of some kind when Mrs. St. Clair noticed a box of wooden toy bricks that her husband said he would buy for their son. A further search turned up some of St. Clair's clothes. Later, his coat, with the pockets stuffed with hundreds of pennies and halfpennies, was found on the bank of the River Thames, just below the building's back window. Hugh Boone was arrested at once, but would say nothing, except to deny any knowledge of St. Clair. He also resisted any attempt to make him wash. Holmes was initially quite convinced that St. Clair had been murdered, and that Boone was involved. Thus he investigated the den in disguise. He and Watson return to St. Clair's home, to a surprise. It is several days after the disappearance; but on that day Mrs. St. Clair had received a letter from her husband in his own handwriting, with his wedding ring enclosed, telling her not to worry. This forces Holmes to reconsider his conclusions, leading him eventually to an extraordinary solution. Holmes and Watson go the police station where Hugh Boone is held; Holmes brings a bath sponge in a Gladstone bag. Finding Boone asleep, Holmes washes the sleeping Boone's dirty face—revealing Neville St. Clair. Mr. St. Clair has been leading a double life, as a respectable businessman, and as a beggar. In his youth, he had been an actor before becoming a newspaper reporter. In order to research an article, he had disguised himself as a beggar for a short time, and was able to collect a surprising amount of money due to a skillset uncommon to beggars; his actor's skills enabled him to emulate a more sympathetic character with make-up, as well as provide a repertoire of witty dialogue with which to entertain passers-by to offer coins—he was as much a street performer as a beggar. Later, he was saddled with a large debt, and returned to the street to beg for several days to pay it off. His newspaper salary was meagre and, tempted by the much larger returns of begging, he eventually became a "professional" beggar. His takings were large enough that he was able to establish himself as a country gentleman, marry well, and begin a respectable family. His wife and children never knew what he did for a living, and when arrested, he feared exposure more than prison or the gallows. But there is no murder, so he is released, and Holmes and the police agree to keep Mr. St. Clair's secret as long as no more is heard of Hugh Boone. Points of interest The ability of St. Clair to earn a good living begging is considered by some to be an unlikely event, but others disagree. Doyle may have got the idea of a professional man making his money from begging from a short story by William Makepeace Thackeray called "Miss Shum's Husband" (1838). In one in-universe point of interest, Watson's wife Mary calls him by the name "James" despite his established first name being "John". This led Dorothy L. Sayers to speculate that Mary may be using his middle name Hamish (an Anglicisation of "Sheumais", the vocative form of "Seumas", the Scottish Gaelic for James), though Doyle himself never addresses this beyond including the initial. Publication history "The Man with the Twisted Lip" was first published in the UK in The Strand Magazine in December 1891, and in the United States in the US edition of the Strand in January 1892. The story was published with ten illustrations by Sidney Paget in The Strand Magazine. It was included in the short story collection The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, which was published in October 1892. Adaptations Film and television A silent short film version of the story titled The Man with the Twisted Lip was released in 1921. It was made as part of the Stoll film series starring Eille Norwood as Holmes. In 1951, Rudolph Cartier produced an adaptation entitled The Man Who Disappeared. This adaptation was a pilot for a proposed television series starring John Longden as Holmes and Campbell Singer as Watson. In 1964, the story was adapted into an episode of the BBC series Sherlock Holmes starring Douglas Wilmer and Nigel Stock, with Peter Madden as Inspector Lestrade and Anton Rodgers as Neville St Clair. The adaptation developed St Clair's attributed ability at repartee by showing him quoting from the classics, including Shakespeare. Granada Television also produced a version in 1986, adapted by Alan Plater as part of their The Return of Sherlock Holmes television series, starring Jeremy Brett and Edward Hardwicke, with Denis Lill as Inspector Bradstreet, Clive Francis as Neville St. Clair, and Albert Moses as the Lascar. An episode of the animated television series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century was adapted from the story. The episode, titled "The Man with the Twisted Lip", aired in 2000. The 2014 Sherlock episode "His Last Vow" begins with Sherlock being found in a drug den by John, reminiscent of the scene in the opium den from this story. Radio Edith Meiser adapted the story as an episode of the American radio series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, which aired on 24 November 1930, starring Richard Gordon as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson. Remakes of the script aired on 12 May 1935 (with Louis Hector as Holmes and Lovell as Watson) and 22 February 1936 (with Gordon as Holmes and Harry West as Watson). Meiser also adapted the story as an episode of the American radio series The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, with Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson, that aired on 23 October 1939. Other episodes in the same series that were adapted from the story aired in 1940, 1943, 1944, and 1946 (with Frederick Worlock as Neville St Clair and Herbert Rawlinson as Inspector Bradstreet). A radio adaptation aired on the BBC Light Programme in 1959, as part of the 1952–1969 radio series starring Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson. It was adapted by Michael Hardwick. "The Man with the Twisted Lip" was dramatised by Peter Mackie for BBC Radio 4 in 1990, as part of the 1989–1998 radio series starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. The story was adapted as an episode of The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, a series on the American radio show Imagination Theatre, with John Patrick Lowrie as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson. The episode first aired in 2012. See also Arthur Pember, a real-life 19th-century journalist who published stories based on disguising himself as a beggar References Notes ^ Madsen, Diane Gilbert (20 September 2016). "What's Your Favorite Sherlock Holmes Story?". The Strand Magazine. Retrieved 17 December 2019. ^ "How much money do beggars make?". 27 June 2006. Retrieved 16 January 2009. ^ John Robert Moore, "Sherlock Holmes Borrows a Plot," Modern Language Quarterly 8 (1947): 85-90. ^ Dorothy L. Sayers, "Dr Watson's Christian Name", in Unpopular Opinions (London: Victor Gollancz, 1946), 148–151. ^ Smith (2014), p. 54. ^ a b Cawthorne (2011), p. 64. ^ Cawthorne (2011), p. 54. ^ "SilentEra: PSFL: The Man with the Twisted Lip (1921)". Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2007. ^ Eyles, Alan (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration. Harper & Row. pp. 131. ISBN 0-06-015620-1. ^ "Cartier, Rudolph (1904–94) — Film & TV credits". Screenonline. Retrieved 24 February 2007. ^ "The Man Who Disappeared (Failed Pilot) (1951)". Internet Archive. Retrieved 5 February 2012. ^ Davies, David Stuart (2007). Starring Sherlock Holmes. Titan Books. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-1845765378. ^ Barnes, Alan (2011). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Titan Books. p. 186. ISBN 9780857687760. ^ "Plater, Alan (1935–) — Film & TV credits". Screenonline. Retrieved 24 February 2007. ^ Barnes, Alan (2011). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Titan Books. p. 225. ISBN 9780857687760. ^ Dickerson (2019), p. 25. ^ Dickerson (2019), p. 64. ^ Dickerson (2019), p. 73. ^ Dickerson (2019), p. 87. ^ Dickerson (2019), p. 90. ^ Dickerson (2019), p. 129. ^ Dickerson (2019), p. 135. ^ Dickerson (2019), p. 200. ^ De Waal, Ronald Burt (1974). The World Bibliography of Sherlock Holmes. Bramhall House. p. 386. ISBN 0-517-217597. ^ Bert Coules. "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes". The BBC complete audio Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 12 December 2016. ^ Wright, Stewart (30 April 2019). "The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Broadcast Log" (PDF). Old-Time Radio. Retrieved 14 June 2020. Sources Cawthorne, Nigel (2011). A Brief History of Sherlock Holmes. Running Press. ISBN 978-0762444083. Dickerson, Ian (2019). Sherlock Holmes and His Adventures on American Radio. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1629335087. Smith, Daniel (2014) . The Sherlock Holmes Companion: An Elementary Guide (Updated ed.). Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-78131-404-3. External links The full text of The Man with the Twisted Lip at Wikisource Media related to The Man with the Twisted Lip at Wikimedia Commons The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, including The Man with the Twisted Lip at Standard Ebooks The Man with the Twisted Lip public domain audiobook at LibriVox vteThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle "A Scandal in Bohemia" "The Red-Headed League" "A Case of Identity" "The Boscombe Valley Mystery" "The Five Orange Pips" "The Man with the Twisted Lip" "The Blue Carbuncle" "The Speckled Band" "The Engineer's Thumb" "The Noble Bachelor" "The Beryl Coronet" "The Copper Beeches" A Study in Scarlet The Sign of the Four The Adventures The Memoirs The Hound of the Baskervilles The Return The Valley of Fear His Last Bow The Case-Book Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Strand Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"The Man with the Twisted Lip\", one of the 56 short Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is the sixth of the twelve stories in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. The story was first published in the Strand Magazine in December 1891. Doyle ranked \"The Man with the Twisted Lip\" sixteenth in a list of his nineteen favourite Sherlock Holmes stories.[1]","title":"The Man with the Twisted Lip"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Watson"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"lascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascar"},{"link_name":"pennies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_penny"},{"link_name":"halfpennies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_halfpenny"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_(tool)"},{"link_name":"Gladstone bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_bag"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter"},{"link_name":"street performer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_performance"}],"text":"The story begins when a friend of Dr. Watson's wife comes to Watson's house, frantic because her husband, who is addicted to opium, has gone missing. Watson helps her pull him out of the opium den and sends him home. Watson is surprised to find that Sherlock Holmes is there too, in disguise and trying to get information to solve a different case about a man who has disappeared. Watson stays to listen to Holmes tell the story of the case of Neville St. Clair.St. Clair is a prosperous, respectable, punctual man. His family's home is in the country, but he visits London every day on business. One day when Mr. St. Clair was in London, Mrs. St. Clair also went to London separately. She happened to pass down Upper Swandam Lane, a \"vile alley\" near the London docks, where the opium den is. Glancing up, she saw her husband at a second-floor window of the opium den. He vanished from the window immediately, and Mrs. St. Clair was sure that there was something wrong.She tried to enter the building; but her way was blocked by the opium den's owner, a lascar. She fetched the police, but they did not find Mr. St. Clair. The room behind the window was the lair of a dirty, disfigured beggar, known to the police as Hugh Boone. The police were about to put her story down as a mistake of some kind when Mrs. St. Clair noticed a box of wooden toy bricks that her husband said he would buy for their son. A further search turned up some of St. Clair's clothes. Later, his coat, with the pockets stuffed with hundreds of pennies and halfpennies, was found on the bank of the River Thames, just below the building's back window.Hugh Boone was arrested at once, but would say nothing, except to deny any knowledge of St. Clair. He also resisted any attempt to make him wash. Holmes was initially quite convinced that St. Clair had been murdered, and that Boone was involved. Thus he investigated the den in disguise. He and Watson return to St. Clair's home, to a surprise. It is several days after the disappearance; but on that day Mrs. St. Clair had received a letter from her husband in his own handwriting, with his wedding ring enclosed, telling her not to worry. This forces Holmes to reconsider his conclusions, leading him eventually to an extraordinary solution.Holmes and Watson go the police station where Hugh Boone is held; Holmes brings a bath sponge in a Gladstone bag. Finding Boone asleep, Holmes washes the sleeping Boone's dirty face—revealing Neville St. Clair.Mr. St. Clair has been leading a double life, as a respectable businessman, and as a beggar. In his youth, he had been an actor before becoming a newspaper reporter. In order to research an article, he had disguised himself as a beggar for a short time, and was able to collect a surprising amount of money due to a skillset uncommon to beggars; his actor's skills enabled him to emulate a more sympathetic character with make-up, as well as provide a repertoire of witty dialogue with which to entertain passers-by to offer coins—he was as much a street performer as a beggar. Later, he was saddled with a large debt, and returned to the street to beg for several days to pay it off. His newspaper salary was meagre and, tempted by the much larger returns of begging, he eventually became a \"professional\" beggar. His takings were large enough that he was able to establish himself as a country gentleman, marry well, and begin a respectable family. His wife and children never knew what he did for a living, and when arrested, he feared exposure more than prison or the gallows. But there is no murder, so he is released, and Holmes and the police agree to keep Mr. St. Clair's secret as long as no more is heard of Hugh Boone.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-straight_dope-2"},{"link_name":"William Makepeace Thackeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Morstan"},{"link_name":"Dorothy L. Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers"},{"link_name":"speculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlockian_game"},{"link_name":"Hamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish"},{"link_name":"Anglicisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation"},{"link_name":"Seumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seumas"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The ability of St. Clair to earn a good living begging is considered by some to be an unlikely event, but others disagree.[2]Doyle may have got the idea of a professional man making his money from begging from a short story by William Makepeace Thackeray called \"Miss Shum's Husband\" (1838).[3]In one in-universe point of interest, Watson's wife Mary calls him by the name \"James\" despite his established first name being \"John\". This led Dorothy L. Sayers to speculate that Mary may be using his middle name Hamish (an Anglicisation of \"Sheumais\", the vocative form of \"Seumas\", the Scottish Gaelic for James), though Doyle himself never addresses this beyond including the initial.[4]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Strand Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sidney Paget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Paget"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cawthorne_64-6"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cawthorne_64-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"The Man with the Twisted Lip\" was first published in the UK in The Strand Magazine in December 1891, and in the United States in the US edition of the Strand in January 1892.[5] The story was published with ten illustrations by Sidney Paget in The Strand Magazine.[6] It was included in the short story collection The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes,[6] which was published in October 1892.[7]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Man with the Twisted Lip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Twisted_Lip_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1921_Version-8"},{"link_name":"Stoll film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(Stoll_film_series)"},{"link_name":"Eille Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eille_Norwood"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Cartier"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-10"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Disappeared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Disappeared_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"John Longden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Longden"},{"link_name":"Campbell Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Singer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(1965_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Wilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Wilmer"},{"link_name":"Nigel Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Stock_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Peter Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Madden_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Anton Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Granada Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Television"},{"link_name":"Alan Plater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Plater"},{"link_name":"The Return of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Brett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Brett"},{"link_name":"Edward Hardwicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hardwicke"},{"link_name":"Denis Lill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Lill"},{"link_name":"Clive Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Francis"},{"link_name":"Albert Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Moses"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plater-14"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_in_the_22nd_Century"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sherlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"His Last Vow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Last_Vow"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"A silent short film version of the story titled The Man with the Twisted Lip was released in 1921.[8] It was made as part of the Stoll film series starring Eille Norwood as Holmes.[9]In 1951, Rudolph Cartier produced[10] an adaptation entitled The Man Who Disappeared. This adaptation was a pilot for a proposed television series starring John Longden as Holmes and Campbell Singer as Watson.[11][12]In 1964, the story was adapted into an episode of the BBC series Sherlock Holmes starring Douglas Wilmer and Nigel Stock, with Peter Madden as Inspector Lestrade and Anton Rodgers as Neville St Clair.[13] The adaptation developed St Clair's attributed ability at repartee by showing him quoting from the classics, including Shakespeare.Granada Television also produced a version in 1986, adapted by Alan Plater as part of their The Return of Sherlock Holmes television series, starring Jeremy Brett and Edward Hardwicke, with Denis Lill as Inspector Bradstreet, Clive Francis as Neville St. Clair, and Albert Moses as the Lascar.[14]An episode of the animated television series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century was adapted from the story. The episode, titled \"The Man with the Twisted Lip\", aired in 2000.[15]The 2014 Sherlock episode \"His Last Vow\" begins with Sherlock being found in a drug den by John, reminiscent of the scene in the opium den from this story.","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edith Meiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Meiser"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes_(radio_series)"},{"link_name":"Richard Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gordon_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Louis Hector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hector"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Basil Rathbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Rathbone"},{"link_name":"Nigel Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Bruce"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Frederick Worlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Worlock"},{"link_name":"Herbert Rawlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Rawlinson"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"BBC Light Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Light_Programme"},{"link_name":"1952–1969 radio series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(1952_radio_series)"},{"link_name":"Carleton Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"Norman Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Michael Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"1989–1998 radio series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(1989_radio_series)"},{"link_name":"Clive Merrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Merrison"},{"link_name":"Michael Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classic_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Imagination Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination_Theatre"},{"link_name":"John Patrick Lowrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patrick_Lowrie"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"Edith Meiser adapted the story as an episode of the American radio series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, which aired on 24 November 1930, starring Richard Gordon as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson.[16] Remakes of the script aired on 12 May 1935 (with Louis Hector as Holmes and Lovell as Watson)[17] and 22 February 1936 (with Gordon as Holmes and Harry West as Watson).[18]Meiser also adapted the story as an episode of the American radio series The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, with Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson, that aired on 23 October 1939.[19] Other episodes in the same series that were adapted from the story aired in 1940,[20] 1943,[21] 1944,[22] and 1946 (with Frederick Worlock as Neville St Clair and Herbert Rawlinson as Inspector Bradstreet).[23]A radio adaptation aired on the BBC Light Programme in 1959, as part of the 1952–1969 radio series starring Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson. It was adapted by Michael Hardwick.[24]\"The Man with the Twisted Lip\" was dramatised by Peter Mackie for BBC Radio 4 in 1990, as part of the 1989–1998 radio series starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson.[25]The story was adapted as an episode of The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, a series on the American radio show Imagination Theatre, with John Patrick Lowrie as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson. The episode first aired in 2012.[26]","title":"Adaptations"}]	[]	[{"title":"Arthur Pember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Pember"}]	[{"reference":"Madsen, Diane Gilbert (20 September 2016). \"What's Your Favorite Sherlock Holmes Story?\". The Strand Magazine. Retrieved 17 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://strandmag.com/top-ten-sherlock-holmes-stories/","url_text":"\"What's Your Favorite Sherlock Holmes Story?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine#1998_revival","url_text":"The Strand Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"How much money do beggars make?\". 27 June 2006. Retrieved 16 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2255/how-much-money-do-beggars-make","url_text":"\"How much money do beggars make?\""}]},{"reference":"\"SilentEra: PSFL: The Man with the Twisted Lip (1921)\". Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705161532/http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/M/ManwiththeTwistedLip1921.html","url_text":"\"SilentEra: PSFL: The Man with the Twisted Lip (1921)\""},{"url":"http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/M/ManwiththeTwistedLip1921.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eyles, Alan (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration. Harper & Row. pp. 131. ISBN 0-06-015620-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sherlockholmesce0000eyle","url_text":"Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sherlockholmesce0000eyle/page/131","url_text":"131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015620-1","url_text":"0-06-015620-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Cartier, Rudolph (1904–94) — Film & TV credits\". Screenonline. Retrieved 24 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1181098/credits.html","url_text":"\"Cartier, Rudolph (1904–94) — Film & TV credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenonline","url_text":"Screenonline"}]},{"reference":"\"The Man Who Disappeared (Failed Pilot) (1951)\". Internet Archive. Retrieved 5 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/SherlockHolmes-TheManWhoDisappearedfailedPilot","url_text":"\"The Man Who Disappeared (Failed Pilot) (1951)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Davies, David Stuart (2007). Starring Sherlock Holmes. Titan Books. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-1845765378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stuart_Davies","url_text":"Davies, David Stuart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845765378","url_text":"978-1845765378"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Alan (2011). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Titan Books. p. 186. ISBN 9780857687760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Barnes_(writer)","url_text":"Barnes, Alan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857687760","url_text":"9780857687760"}]},{"reference":"\"Plater, Alan (1935–) — Film & TV credits\". Screenonline. Retrieved 24 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/473028/credits.html","url_text":"\"Plater, Alan (1935–) — Film & TV credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenonline","url_text":"Screenonline"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Alan (2011). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Titan Books. p. 225. ISBN 9780857687760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Barnes_(writer)","url_text":"Barnes, Alan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857687760","url_text":"9780857687760"}]},{"reference":"De Waal, Ronald Burt (1974). The World Bibliography of Sherlock Holmes. Bramhall House. p. 386. ISBN 0-517-217597.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldbibliograph00dewa","url_text":"The World Bibliography of Sherlock Holmes"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldbibliograph00dewa/page/386","url_text":"386"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-217597","url_text":"0-517-217597"}]},{"reference":"Bert Coules. \"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\". The BBC complete audio Sherlock Holmes. Retrieved 12 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://merrisonholmes.com/adventures.php","url_text":"\"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Stewart (30 April 2019). \"The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Broadcast Log\" (PDF). Old-Time Radio. Retrieved 14 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.old-time.com/otrlogs2/classicsh_sw.log.pdf","url_text":"\"The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Broadcast Log\""}]},{"reference":"Cawthorne, Nigel (2011). A Brief History of Sherlock Holmes. Running Press. ISBN 978-0762444083.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Cawthorne","url_text":"Cawthorne, Nigel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0762444083","url_text":"978-0762444083"}]},{"reference":"Dickerson, Ian (2019). Sherlock Holmes and His Adventures on American Radio. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1629335087.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Dickerson","url_text":"Dickerson, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629335087","url_text":"978-1629335087"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Daniel (2014) [2009]. The Sherlock Holmes Companion: An Elementary Guide (Updated ed.). Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-78131-404-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-404-3","url_text":"978-1-78131-404-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://strandmag.com/top-ten-sherlock-holmes-stories/","external_links_name":"\"What's Your Favorite Sherlock Holmes Story?\""},{"Link":"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2255/how-much-money-do-beggars-make","external_links_name":"\"How much money do beggars make?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705161532/http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/M/ManwiththeTwistedLip1921.html","external_links_name":"\"SilentEra: PSFL: The Man with the Twisted Lip (1921)\""},{"Link":"http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/M/ManwiththeTwistedLip1921.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sherlockholmesce0000eyle","external_links_name":"Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sherlockholmesce0000eyle/page/131","external_links_name":"131"},{"Link":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1181098/credits.html","external_links_name":"\"Cartier, Rudolph (1904–94) — Film & TV credits\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/SherlockHolmes-TheManWhoDisappearedfailedPilot","external_links_name":"\"The Man Who Disappeared (Failed Pilot) (1951)\""},{"Link":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/473028/credits.html","external_links_name":"\"Plater, Alan (1935–) — Film & TV credits\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/worldbibliograph00dewa","external_links_name":"The World Bibliography of Sherlock Holmes"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/worldbibliograph00dewa/page/386","external_links_name":"386"},{"Link":"http://merrisonholmes.com/adventures.php","external_links_name":"\"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\""},{"Link":"https://www.old-time.com/otrlogs2/classicsh_sw.log.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Broadcast Log\""},{"Link":"https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/arthur-conan-doyle/the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes","external_links_name":"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, including The Man with the Twisted Lip"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Man+with+the+Twisted+Lip&author=Doyle&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"The Man with the Twisted Lip"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/e029e2c8-cd87-4e0a-906c-fb5b16a5542d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Jones_(actor)	Gareth Jones (actor)	["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Death","4 References","4.1 Further reading","5 External links"]	British actor (1925–1958) Gareth JonesDied30 November 1958 OccupationActor, television actor Gareth Jones (6 June 1925 – 30 November 1958) was a British actor, chiefly remembered for the circumstances of his death, during the transmission of a live television play, Underground, part of the Armchair Theatre series. Biography This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2022) Jones was born in Lampeter, Wales. Career This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2022) Jones appeared in Dundee Repertory Theatre plays including "Petticoat Influence" (1952), The Beaver Coat (1952), "The Hollow Crown" (1952), "The Queen's Husband" (1952), "Young Madame Conti" (1952), and The Lark (1955). He also appeared in three other Armchair Theatre plays in 1958 - "Noon on Doomsday" (6 July 1958), "Trial By Candlelight" (22 June 1958), and "Miss Olive" (6 April 1958). Other TV appearances included the ITV Television Playhouse production of "Thunder on Sycamore Street" (11 October 1957), the BBC Television adaptation of Under Milk Wood (9 May 1957), the BBC series "Onion Boys" (1957), and "A Tale of Two Cities" (1957). Death During a live television broadcast of the anthology series Armchair Theatre in the play Underground on the ITV network in the UK on 30 November 1958, Jones suffered a massive heart attack and died while off-camera between two of his scenes. Some contemporary news reports stated that he had suffered the heart attack while on camera, although most references claim that he was stricken while in a make-up chair, between scenes. However, actor Peter Bowles, also in the cast, recalled that "During transmission, a little group of us was talking on camera while awaiting the arrival of Gareth Jones's character, who had some information for us. We could see him coming up towards us, but we saw him fall. We had no idea what had happened, but he certainly wasn't coming our way". Director Ted Kotcheff and the remaining cast were forced to improvise to carry the play to its conclusion, with producer Sydney Newman ordering Kotcheff to "shoot it like a football match". Coincidentally, Jones's character was to have suffered a fatal heart attack during the play. References ^ "Scottish Theatre Archive - Event Details". special.lib.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2018. ^ Dundee Courier, 29 July 1952 ^ "Scottish Theatre Archive - Event Details". special.lib.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2018. ^ Dundee Courier, 12 August 1952 ^ "Scottish Theatre Archive - Event Details". special.lib.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2018. ^ Dundee Courier, 26 August 1952 ^ "Scottish Theatre Archive - Event Details". special.lib.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2018. ^ Dundee Courier, 9 September 1952 ^ Dundee Courier, 23 September 1952 ^ "Scottish Theatre Archive - Event Details". special.lib.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2018. ^ "Armchair Theatre - Noon on Doomsday (TV Episode 1958)". IMDb. ^ "Armchair Theatre - Trial by Candlelight (TV Episode 1958)". IMDb. ^ "Armchair Theatre Miss Olive (TV Episode 1958)". IMDb. ^ "ITV Television Playhouse - Thunder on Sycamore Street (TV Episode 1957)". IMDb. ^ "Under Milk Wood (TV Movie 1957)". IMDb. 9 May 1957. ^ "Onion Boys (TV Series 1957–1958)". IMDb. ^ "A Tale of Two Cities (TV Mini-Series 1957)". IMDb. ^ "The Miami News - Google News Archive Search". google.com. ^ Gareth Rubin (30 May 2009). "Live TV drama is resurrected as Sky shrugs off lessons of history". The Guardian. Further reading "Underground (1958)". British Television Drama. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022. External links Gareth Jones at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_(Armchair_Theatre)"},{"link_name":"Armchair Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armchair_Theatre"}],"text":"Gareth Jones (6 June 1925[citation needed] – 30 November 1958) was a British actor, chiefly remembered for the circumstances of his death, during the transmission of a live television play, Underground, part of the Armchair Theatre series.","title":"Gareth Jones (actor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lampeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampeter"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Jones was born in Lampeter, Wales.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dundee Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_Repertory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Beaver Coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beaver_Coat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Lark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lark_(play)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"BBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Under Milk Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Jones appeared in Dundee Repertory Theatre plays including \"Petticoat Influence\" (1952),[1][2] The Beaver Coat (1952),[3][4] \"The Hollow Crown\" (1952),[5][6] \"The Queen's Husband\" (1952),[7][8] \"Young Madame Conti\" (1952),[9] and The Lark (1955).[10]He also appeared in three other Armchair Theatre plays in 1958 - \"Noon on Doomsday\" (6 July 1958),[11] \"Trial By Candlelight\" (22 June 1958),[12] and \"Miss Olive\" (6 April 1958).[13] Other TV appearances included the ITV Television Playhouse production of \"Thunder on Sycamore Street\" (11 October 1957),[14] the BBC Television adaptation of Under Milk Wood (9 May 1957),[15] the BBC series \"Onion Boys\" (1957),[16] and \"A Tale of Two Cities\" (1957).[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"live television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_television"},{"link_name":"Armchair Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armchair_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_(Armchair_Theatre)"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Peter Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bowles"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ted Kotcheff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kotcheff"},{"link_name":"Sydney Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Newman"}],"text":"During a live television broadcast of the anthology series Armchair Theatre in the play Underground on the ITV network in the UK on 30 November 1958, Jones suffered a massive heart attack and died while off-camera between two of his scenes. Some contemporary news reports stated that he had suffered the heart attack while on camera,[18] although most references claim that he was stricken while in a make-up chair, between scenes. However, actor Peter Bowles, also in the cast, recalled that \"During transmission, a little group of us was talking on camera while awaiting the arrival of Gareth Jones's character, who had some information for us. We could see him coming up towards us, but we saw him fall. We had no idea what had happened, but he certainly wasn't coming our way\".[19]Director Ted Kotcheff and the remaining cast were forced to improvise to carry the play to its conclusion, with producer Sydney Newman ordering Kotcheff to \"shoot it like a football match\". Coincidentally, Jones's character was to have suffered a fatal heart attack during the play.","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Scottish Theatre Archive - Event Details\". special.lib.gla.ac.uk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Nee	Chris Nee	["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Television","3.2 Streaming television","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Irish-American children's television screenwriter and producer Chris NeeNee pictured accepting the Peabody for Doc McStuffinsNationalityAmericanOccupationsScreenwriterproducerYears active1996–presentNotable workDoc McStuffinsVampirinaChildren1 Christine Nee is an American children's television screenwriter and producer. Nee is best known as the creator of Doc McStuffins, which she conceived as Cheers for preschoolers. She has previously worked as an associate producer on several international versions of Sesame Street. Career Nee said that while she did not originally connect with any shows because she did not see herself "represented onscreen," she first tried to be an actor. Realizing she couldn't fit in, she worked on scripts for Blue's Clues in 2001 and Wonder Pets, continuing to work as a producer, the latter on Deadliest Catch for two episodes. Nee conceived of her award-winning show, Doc McStuffins while in the shower after her son had visited the doctor for asthma a few days before. It was her idea to make the lead character female and she readily agreed when Nancy Kanter, the creative head of Disney Junior, suggested that she should be African-American. Although some at Disney were hesitant originally that a show with a female lead "might not have mass appeal," this did not deter Kanter, and within a year of the show's release in 2012, "merchandise generated about $500 million in sales." Nee said she was very pleased that her character had unusual background for a TV character, and hoped this would influence the next generation. Nee was the executive producer and developer of the Disney Junior series, Vampirina, based on the children's picture book Vampirina Ballerina. The series, which featured many of the same staff who worked on Doc McStuffins, premiered on October 1, 2017, and ended on June 28, 2021 after 3 seasons and 75 episodes during its 4-year run. In April 2019, Nee joined other WGA writers in firing their agents as part of the WGA's stand against the ATA and the practice of packaging. On July 4, 2021, a 10-part series of animated music videos, which Nee created, titled We the People, premiered on Netflix. Kenya Barris was also a showrunner and the series was produced by Michelle Obama and Barack Obama. On July 13, 2021, Ridley Jones, an animated series for children, is set to debut on the same network. It is part of a slate of animated preschool series on the streaming service, with others including Spirit Rangers, and Ada Twist, Scientist, of which Nee is the showrunner. Dino Daycare was originally part of this slate. On April 29, 2022, it was announced that Dino Daycare was scrapped. Personal life Nee is of Irish descent. At age 18, during the 1980s, Nee came out as lesbian. In June 2021, she described herself as a gay and "relatively butch" woman. She has one child. Filmography Television Year Title Notes 2001 Blue's Clues Writer (2 episodes) 2001–03 Little Bill Writer (5 episodes) 2003–05 Oobi Head writer (season 2), staff writer (season 3) 2004 Maya & Miguel Writer (3 episodes) 2004-07 Unfabulous Writer (16 episodes) Higglytown Heroes Writer (4 episodes) 2005 Deadliest Catch Producer (2 episodes) 2005–07 American Dragon: Jake Long Writer (6 episodes) 2006–08 The Backyardigans Writer (3 episodes) 2006-09 Wonder Pets! Writer (unknown episodes) 2007 Johnny and the Sprites Teleplay, writer (3 episodes) 2008–10 Ni Hao, Kai-Lan Writer, story editor (12 episodes) 2009 Cyberchase Writer (ep. "Spellbound") Casper's Scare School Writer (3 episodes) 2010 Olivia Writer (ep. "Olivia Talks Turkey") 2011 Guess How Much I Love You Writer (ep. "The Nest") 2011–12 Special Agent Oso Writer (2 episodes) 2012–2020 Doc McStuffins Creator, executive producer, voice of Emmie and Alma's mom 2013–14 Henry Hugglemonster Writer, lyricist (9 episodes) 2017 Nella the Princess Knight Writer (1 episode) 2017–2021 Vampirina Creator, executive producer, writer, lyricist 2021–2023 Ada Twist, Scientist Developed by, executive producer Streaming television Year Title Notes 2021 We the People Creator, executive producer 2021 – 2023 Ridley Jones Creator, executive producer, writer, lyricist 2021 – 2023 Ada Twist, Scientist Creator, executive producer 2022 – 2024 Spirit Rangers Executive producer Notes ^ Christine – Chris is short for "Christine". References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Nee. ^ a b c Karpel, Ari (March 20, 2012). "How The Creator Of "Doc McStuffins" Bucked The Norm And Made "Cheers" For Preschoolers". Fast Company. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ^ a b Ruiz, Lorena (October 2013). "Meet Chris Nee, creator of Disney's 'Doc McStuffins'". MSNBC. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ^ a b c d Bierly, Mandi (July 2, 2015). "'Doc McStuffins' Creator Chris Nee: From 'Deadliest Catch' to Disney Junior". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ^ "Doc McStuffins". Peabody Awards. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ^ a b Jarlath Regan (April 9, 2016). "Chris Nee". An Irishman Abroad (Podcast) (134 ed.). SoundCloud. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ^ a b c d Gupta, Alisha Haridasani (June 20, 2021). "She Never Saw Herself in Children's TV Shows. So She Created Her Own". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ^ Steinberg, Brian (March 4, 2016). "Disney Junior Renews 'Lion Guard,' Orders 'Vampirina,' 'Puppy Dog Tails'". Variety. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 12, 2019). "Writers Share Signed Termination Letters As Mass Firing Of Agents Begins After WGA-ATA Talks Fail". Deadline. Archived from the original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ^ Framke, Caroline (July 4, 2021). "Netflix's 'We the People,' From Executive Producers Barack and Michelle Obama, Puts Optimistic Spin on Civic Duty: TV Review". Variety. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ^ "H.E.R, Lin-Manuel Miranda among artists featured in We the People, the Obamas' Netflix series on civics". Firstpost. Associated Press. July 4, 2021. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ^ Halcombe, Daniel (October 15, 2020). "Chris Nee Unveils First Slate of Netflix Animated Preschool Series for Kids Around the World" (Press release). United States: Netflix. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2021. ^ "Netflix Shuts Down 2 Animated Kids' Series". The Hollywood Reporter. 30 April 2022. ^ "Netflix Releases Trailer and Poster for Chris Nee's 'Ridley Jones'". Animation World Network. June 8, 2021. ^ "'Ada Twist, Scientist' Series In The Works At Netflix From The Obamas, Kerri Grant". Shadow and Act. October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020. ^ "Chris Nee Unveils First Slate of Netflix Animated Preschool Series For Kids Around The World". Netflix Media Center. 15 October 2020. External links Chris Nee at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Israel Czech Republic Netherlands Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norm-2"},{"link_name":"children's television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_television"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_producer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSNBC-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bierly-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Doc McStuffins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_McStuffins"},{"link_name":"Cheers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norm-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IrishmanAbroad-6"},{"link_name":"associate producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_producer"},{"link_name":"international versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_international_co-productions"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bierly-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norm-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IrishmanAbroad-6"}],"text":"Christine[a] Nee[1] is an American children's television screenwriter and producer.[2][3][4] Nee is best known as the creator of Doc McStuffins, which she conceived as Cheers for preschoolers.[1][5] She has previously worked as an associate producer on several international versions of Sesame Street.[3][1][5]","title":"Chris Nee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue's Clues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%27s_Clues"},{"link_name":"Wonder Pets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Pets"},{"link_name":"Deadliest Catch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadliest_Catch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bierly-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2021-7"},{"link_name":"Doc McStuffins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_McStuffins"},{"link_name":"Disney Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Junior"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2021-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSNBC-3"},{"link_name":"Vampirina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampirina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"WGA's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"ATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Talent_Agents"},{"link_name":"packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_packaging"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"We the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_People_(2021_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ridley Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Jones"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Nee said that while she did not originally connect with any shows because she did not see herself \"represented onscreen,\" she first tried to be an actor. Realizing she couldn't fit in, she worked on scripts for Blue's Clues in 2001 and Wonder Pets, continuing to work as a producer, the latter on Deadliest Catch for two episodes.[3][6]Nee conceived of her award-winning show, Doc McStuffins while in the shower after her son had visited the doctor for asthma a few days before. It was her idea to make the lead character female and she readily agreed when Nancy Kanter, the creative head of Disney Junior, suggested that she should be African-American.[6] Although some at Disney were hesitant originally that a show with a female lead \"might not have mass appeal,\" this did not deter Kanter, and within a year of the show's release in 2012, \"merchandise generated about $500 million in sales.\" Nee said she was very pleased that her character had unusual background for a TV character, and hoped this would influence the next generation.[2]Nee was the executive producer and developer of the Disney Junior series, Vampirina, based on the children's picture book Vampirina Ballerina.[7] The series, which featured many of the same staff who worked on Doc McStuffins, premiered on October 1, 2017, and ended on June 28, 2021 after 3 seasons and 75 episodes during its 4-year run.In April 2019, Nee joined other WGA writers in firing their agents as part of the WGA's stand against the ATA and the practice of packaging.[8]On July 4, 2021, a 10-part series of animated music videos, which Nee created, titled We the People, premiered on Netflix. Kenya Barris was also a showrunner and the series was produced by Michelle Obama and Barack Obama.[9][10] On July 13, 2021, Ridley Jones, an animated series for children, is set to debut on the same network. It is part of a slate of animated preschool series on the streaming service, with others including Spirit Rangers, and Ada Twist, Scientist, of which Nee is the showrunner.[11] Dino Daycare was originally part of this slate.On April 29, 2022, it was announced that Dino Daycare was scrapped.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"butch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_and_femme#Butch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2021-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes2021-7"}],"text":"Nee is of Irish descent. At age 18, during the 1980s, Nee came out as lesbian. In June 2021, she described herself as a gay and \"relatively butch\" woman.[6] She has one child.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Streaming television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Christine – Chris is short for \"Christine\".","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Karpel, Ari (March 20, 2012). \"How The Creator Of \"Doc McStuffins\" Bucked The Norm And Made \"Cheers\" For Preschoolers\". Fast Company. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/1680182/how-the-creator-of-doc-mcstuffins-bucked-the-norm-and-made-cheers-for-preschoolers","url_text":"\"How The Creator Of \"Doc McStuffins\" Bucked The Norm And Made \"Cheers\" For Preschoolers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company","url_text":"Fast Company"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210128063917/https://www.fastcompany.com/1680182/how-the-creator-of-doc-mcstuffins-bucked-the-norm-and-made-cheers-for-preschoolers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ruiz, Lorena (October 2013). \"Meet Chris Nee, creator of Disney's 'Doc McStuffins'\". MSNBC. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msnbc.com/melissa-harris-perry/meet-chris-nee-creator-disneys-doc","url_text":"\"Meet Chris Nee, creator of Disney's 'Doc McStuffins'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC","url_text":"MSNBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200219182237/https://www.msnbc.com/melissa-harris-perry/meet-chris-nee-creator-disneys-doc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bierly, Mandi (July 2, 2015). \"'Doc McStuffins' Creator Chris Nee: From 'Deadliest Catch' to Disney Junior\". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/tv/doc-mcstuffins-creator-chris-nee-interview-123023243645.html","url_text":"\"'Doc McStuffins' Creator Chris Nee: From 'Deadliest Catch' to Disney Junior\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News","url_text":"Yahoo! News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070251/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/doc-mcstuffins-creator-chris-nee-interview-123023243645.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doc McStuffins\". Peabody Awards. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/doc-mcstuffins","url_text":"\"Doc McStuffins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Awards","url_text":"Peabody Awards"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210622005029/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/doc-mcstuffins/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jarlath Regan (April 9, 2016). \"Chris Nee\". An Irishman Abroad (Podcast) (134 ed.). SoundCloud. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarlath_Regan","url_text":"Jarlath Regan"},{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/an-irishman-abroad/chris-nee-episode-134","url_text":"\"Chris Nee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Irishman_Abroad","url_text":"An Irishman Abroad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud","url_text":"SoundCloud"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170111020755/https://soundcloud.com/an-irishman-abroad/chris-nee-episode-134","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Alisha Haridasani (June 20, 2021). \"She Never Saw Herself in Children's TV Shows. So She Created Her Own\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/20/us/chris-nee-doc-mcstuffins-ridley-jones.html","url_text":"\"She Never Saw Herself in Children's TV Shows. So She Created Her Own\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210622005024/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/20/us/chris-nee-doc-mcstuffins-ridley-jones.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, Brian (March 4, 2016). \"Disney Junior Renews 'Lion Guard,' Orders 'Vampirina,' 'Puppy Dog Tails'\". Variety. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/2016-tv-upfront-disney-junior-lion-guard-vampirina-1201722712/","url_text":"\"Disney Junior Renews 'Lion Guard,' Orders 'Vampirina,' 'Puppy Dog Tails'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308031040/https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/2016-tv-upfront-disney-junior-lion-guard-vampirina-1201722712/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (April 12, 2019). \"Writers Share Signed Termination Letters As Mass Firing Of Agents Begins After WGA-ATA Talks Fail\". Deadline. Archived from the original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/04/writers-form-letters-agencies-mass-firing-of-agents-begins-wga-ata-talks-fail-1202595219/","url_text":"\"Writers Share Signed Termination Letters As Mass Firing Of Agents Begins After WGA-ATA Talks Fail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210313050031/https://deadline.com/2019/04/writers-form-letters-agencies-mass-firing-of-agents-begins-wga-ata-talks-fail-1202595219/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Framke, Caroline (July 4, 2021). \"Netflix's 'We the People,' From Executive Producers Barack and Michelle Obama, Puts Optimistic Spin on Civic Duty: TV Review\". Variety. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/tv/reviews/we-the-people-review-netflix-obamas-1235009253/","url_text":"\"Netflix's 'We the People,' From Executive Producers Barack and Michelle Obama, Puts Optimistic Spin on Civic Duty: TV Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210704220210/https://variety.com/2021/tv/reviews/we-the-people-review-netflix-obamas-1235009253/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"H.E.R, Lin-Manuel Miranda among artists featured in We the People, the Obamas' Netflix series on civics\". Firstpost. Associated Press. July 4, 2021. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/h-e-r-lin-manuel-miranda-among-artists-featured-in-we-the-people-the-obamas-netflix-series-on-civics-9777911.html","url_text":"\"H.E.R, Lin-Manuel Miranda among artists featured in We the People, the Obamas' Netflix series on civics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firstpost","url_text":"Firstpost"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210704220034/https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/h-e-r-lin-manuel-miranda-among-artists-featured-in-we-the-people-the-obamas-netflix-series-on-civics-9777911.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Halcombe, Daniel (October 15, 2020). \"Chris Nee Unveils First Slate of Netflix Animated Preschool Series for Kids Around the World\" (Press release). United States: Netflix. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://about.netflix.com/en/news/chris-nee-unveils-first-slate-of-netflix-animated-preschool-series-for-kids","url_text":"\"Chris Nee Unveils First Slate of Netflix Animated Preschool Series for Kids Around the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix","url_text":"Netflix"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201230002017/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/chris-nee-unveils-first-slate-of-netflix-animated-preschool-series-for-kids","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix Shuts Down 2 Animated Kids' Series\". The Hollywood Reporter. 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-scraps-2-kids-animated-series-1235138508/","url_text":"\"Netflix Shuts Down 2 Animated Kids' Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix Releases Trailer and Poster for Chris Nee's 'Ridley Jones'\". Animation World Network. June 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/netflix-releases-trailer-and-poster-chris-nees-ridley-jones","url_text":"\"Netflix Releases Trailer and Poster for Chris Nee's 'Ridley Jones'\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Ada Twist, Scientist' Series In The Works At Netflix From The Obamas, Kerri Grant\". Shadow and Act. October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://shadowandact.com/ada-twist-scientist-series-in-the-works-at-netflix-from-the-obamas-kerri-grant","url_text":"\"'Ada Twist, Scientist' Series In The Works At Netflix From The Obamas, Kerri Grant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Nee Unveils First Slate of Netflix Animated Preschool Series For Kids Around The World\". Netflix Media Center. 15 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://about.netflix.com/en/news/chris-nee-unveils-first-slate-of-netflix-animated-preschool-series-for-kids","url_text":"\"Chris Nee Unveils First Slate of Netflix Animated Preschool Series For Kids Around The World\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.fastcompany.com/1680182/how-the-creator-of-doc-mcstuffins-bucked-the-norm-and-made-cheers-for-preschoolers","external_links_name":"\"How The Creator Of \"Doc McStuffins\" Bucked The Norm And Made \"Cheers\" For Preschoolers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210128063917/https://www.fastcompany.com/1680182/how-the-creator-of-doc-mcstuffins-bucked-the-norm-and-made-cheers-for-preschoolers","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.msnbc.com/melissa-harris-perry/meet-chris-nee-creator-disneys-doc","external_links_name":"\"Meet Chris Nee, creator of Disney's 'Doc McStuffins'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200219182237/https://www.msnbc.com/melissa-harris-perry/meet-chris-nee-creator-disneys-doc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/tv/doc-mcstuffins-creator-chris-nee-interview-123023243645.html","external_links_name":"\"'Doc McStuffins' Creator Chris Nee: From 'Deadliest Catch' to Disney Junior\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070251/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/doc-mcstuffins-creator-chris-nee-interview-123023243645.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/doc-mcstuffins","external_links_name":"\"Doc McStuffins\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210622005029/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/doc-mcstuffins/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://soundcloud.com/an-irishman-abroad/chris-nee-episode-134","external_links_name":"\"Chris Nee\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170111020755/https://soundcloud.com/an-irishman-abroad/chris-nee-episode-134","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/20/us/chris-nee-doc-mcstuffins-ridley-jones.html","external_links_name":"\"She Never Saw Herself in Children's TV Shows. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Mistake	Best Mistake	["1 Production and composition","2 Release","3 Commercial performance","4 Critical reception","5 Live performances","6 Credits and personnel","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications","9 References"]	2014 promotional single by Ariana Grande featuring Big Sean"Best Mistake"Promotional single by Ariana Grande featuring Big Seanfrom the album My Everything ReleasedAugust 12, 2014 (2014-08-12)Recorded2014Genre R&B hip hop Length3:53LabelRepublicSongwriter(s) Ariana Grande Sean Anderson Key Wane Producer(s) Key Wane Sauce Ariana Grande promotional singles chronology "Almost Is Never Enough" (2013) "Best Mistake" (2014) "Be Alright" (2016) "Best Mistake" is a song by American recording artist Ariana Grande that features American hip hop recording artist Big Sean. The song served as a promotional single from Grande's second studio album, My Everything (2014), and was released at midnight on August 12, 2014. Written by Grande, Big Sean, and Key Wane with production being done by the latter, the song is a ballad with piano, string, and drum machine instrumentation that lyrically deals with a couple trying to decide on what their future, troubled relationship is going to be like. Commercially, it peaked on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 49, and within the top 50 on other record charts in North America, Europe, and Oceania. On the US Digital Songs chart, it debuted at number six, making Grande the first act since Michael Jackson, and also the first female artist, to have three songs in the top ten on that chart the same week, with the other two songs being "Bang Bang" (with Jessie J and Nicki Minaj) and "Break Free" (featuring Zedd). Grande and Big Sean have performed the song live, including at the iHeartRadio theater in Los Angeles. Production and composition "Best Mistake" was written by Ariana Grande, Big Sean and Key Wane, with production, programming and instruments done by the latter. The vocals were produced by Curtis "Sauce" Wilson, with Gregg Rominiecki engineering Big Sean's vocals. Serban Ghenea handled the mixing of the track, which was engineered by John Hanes, and finally the mix was mastered by Aya Merrill and Tom Coyne. It is a minimal hip-hop piano ballad lament that uses instrumentation from strings and a drum machine. It is about a couple trying to "make up their minds about the future of their relationship, with deep affection buried underneath their problems." Grande revealed that "Best Mistake" was her favorite track on My Everything: "I just think the world of and I'm obsessed with his writing on this song in particular. I'm a huge fan of his in general but I feel like his writing on this song is so, so fantastic, it like strikes a chord in my heart. I love it so much." Release Grande first confirmed the title of "Best Mistake" on June 28, 2014, the same day that she confirmed the name of her second studio album, My Everything. On July 8, 2014, Grande released a 15-second snippet of "Best Mistake" onto her Instagram profile. The song finally came out on August 12, and the release added more speculation to the relationship rumors between Grande and Big Sean. Commercial performance With "Best Mistake", Grande became the first act since Michael Jackson (pictured in 1988) to have three songs in the top ten of the US Digital Songs chart on the same week. In the United States, shortly after its release, the song reached number two on the weekly Billboard Twitter Real-Time chart and topped the iTunes singles chart. It sold 104,000 digital downloads in its first week, landing at number six on the Digital Songs chart. This made Grande the first female to have three songs in the top ten on that chart, the other two being "Bang Bang" and "Break Free." The last artist to do this was Michael Jackson, shortly after his death, on the issue dated July 18, 2009. The sales of "Best Mistake" also helped it land at number 49 on the US Billboard Hot 100 In Canada, the track appeared on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 39. In European nations, "Best Mistake" debuted at number 49 and 10 on the Flanders Ultratop 50 and Urban chart respectively, number 29 on the Danish Tracklisten chart, 23 on the Finnish Singles Chart, 103 on the French SNEP chart, 5 on the Billboard Greek Digital chart, 67 on the Netherlands Mega Single Top 100, 35 on the Spain PROMUSICAE chart, and number 154 on the UK Singles Chart. In Oceania, it reached number 45 and 19 on the Australian ARIA pop and urban songs chart respectively, and 29 on the Official New Zealand Music Chart. On the Billboard Japan Hot 100, it peaked at the 74th spot. As of Year-End 2016, Best Mistake has sold 684,337 digital downloads in South Korea, according to Gaon Music Chart. Critical reception Big Sean's verse on "Best Mistake" garnered mixed reviews. Evan Sawdey of PopMatters called it the second best song from My Everything, coming close to "Love Me Harder", and Bustle writer Kadeen Griffiths called it "one of Grande's best love songs so far." HollywoodLife's Caitlin Beck said it was "sure to be another hit!" Carolyn Menyes of the Music Times applauded Grande for her calming vocals and transition into a more mature sound of music. Billboard's Jason Lipshutz called the production "impressive" and said the song "rows stickier upon each listen". Digital Spy writer Lewis Corner and Entertainmentwise's Shaun Kitchener noted the song showed her R&B roots, the latter stating that it "wouldn't have sounded out of place on Kelly Rowland's under-rated last album ." The Official Charts Company critic Rob Copsey felt it was "like an extension of Yours Truly, albeit moodier and more grown up." Brennan Carley of Spin called it "classic Grande, eshcewing any of the bells and whistles that she's fond of, instead focusing entirely on her carefully sung vocals and the quiet piano line in the song's background." Newsday critic Glenn Gamboa described "Best Mistake" as a "gorgeous hip-hop" song that "showcases her wide-ranging voice, without focusing on the upper notes too much." Sydney Gore of The 405 called it an improvement of the two's previous collaboration "Right There", writing that "the singer and rapper serenade us on the grounds that sneaking around with each other was the best mistake they ever made." There were, however, some mixed reviews of "Best Mistake". Idolator's Kathy Iandoli described it as "the average looking cousin of their previous duet "Right There"". Reviewing for Slant Magazine, Andrew Chan said it "makes the mistake of hemming her into her frail middle register, where she has a habit of delivering every word as if it were a pout." Big Sean's appearance on "Best Mistake" also got varied reception. Pitchfork Media's Meaghan Garvey said his rap on the track made "a mockery of the song's serious tone with hysterically awful lines like "How can we keep the feelings fresh/ How do we Ziploc it?"" Lipshutz found his verse "unnecessary, yet has morphed into an interesting confessional now that the dating rumors are on." Sawdey called it a "pretty outstanding verse," with "his own voice never overpowering the sparse atmosphere, his rhymes measured and metered in a way that fits the song perfectly", while James Shotwell of Under the Gun Review said "Grande is a treat, but I think it's Big Sean who steals the show." Live performances In 2014, Grande and Big Sean performed "Best Mistake" on the Honda Stage at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. They also performed "Best Mistake" at A Very Grammy Christmas on November 18, 2014. Grande also performed the song during The Honeymoon Tour. Big Sean performed the song with her at the tour's stop in Detroit. An a cappella version of "Best Mistake" was performed during two shows of The Sweetener Sessions in 2018. Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from the liner notes of My Everything. Songwriting, vocals – Ariana Grande, Sean Anderson ("Big Sean") Songwriting, production, programming, instruments – Key Wane Vocal production – Curtis Wilson ("Sauce") Big Sean Vocal engineering – Greg Rominiecki Mixing – Serban Ghenea Mix engineering – John Hanes Mastering – Aya Merrill, Tom Coyne Charts Weekly charts Chart (2014–18) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 45 Australia Urban (ARIA) 14 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 49 Belgium Urban (Ultratop Flanders) 10 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 39 Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100) 46 Denmark (Tracklisten) 29 Finland Download (Latauslista) 23 France (SNEP) 103 Greece (Billboard) 5 Japan (Japan Hot 100) 74 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 67 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 29 Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100) 59 South Korea International Chart (Gaon) 3 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 34 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 154 US Billboard Hot 100 49 Year-end charts Chart (2015) Position South Korea International Chart (Gaon) 13 Chart (2016) Position South Korea International Chart (Gaon) 17 Chart (2017) Position South Korea International Chart (Gaon) 46 Certifications Certifications for "Best Mistake" Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Gold 35,000‡ Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) Gold 30,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. 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August 18, 2014. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Coleman, Miriam (June 29, 2014). "Ariana Grande Reveals New Album With Sci-Fi Video Teaser". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ a b Shotwell, James (August 13, 2014). "Ariana And Big Sean Make The 'Best Mistake' On New Single". Under The Gun Review. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Zupkus, Lauren (August 12, 2014). "Ariana Grande and Big Sean Are Probably Dating". HuffPost. AOL. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ a b Griffiths, Kadeen (August 12, 2014). "Ariana Grande & Big Sean's "Best Mistake" Is A Sultry Ballad That Will Fuel Those Dating Rumors". Bustle. ^ "Billboard Twitter Top Tracks". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Grande, Ariana (August 13, 2014). "ok this is the last 1 I'm posting of these iTunes updates I swear but aaaaah!!! when's the next time this will ever happen?!? 1, 3, 4, and 12.... seriously can't thank u enough. I can't wait for you to hear the rest of the album. thank you so much for making this such a special time for me. y'all are everything. 💜💜💜💜💜". Instagram. Facebook, Inc. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2014. ^ Caulfield, Keith (August 20, 2014). "Billboard 200: Did 'Guardians of the Galaxy' Soundtrack Stay at No. 1?". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 24, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ a b "Ariana Grande Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 21, 2014. ^ a b "Ariana Grande Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 21, 2014. ^ a b "Ariana Grande feat. Big Sean – Best Mistake". Tracklisten. Retrieved August 21, 2014. ^ a b "Ariana Grande: Best Mistake (feat. Big Sean)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved August 21, 2014. ^ a b "Ariana Grande feat. Big Sean – Best Mistake" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved August 21, 2014. ^ a b "Greece Digital Songs". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ a b "Ariana Grande feat. Big Sean – Best Mistake" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved August 21, 2014. ^ a b "Ariana Grande feat. Big Sean – Best Mistake" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved August 21, 2014. ^ a b Zywietz, Tobias. "CHART: CLUK Update 6.09.2014 (wk35)". Zobbel. Retrieved September 6, 2014. ^ a b "ARIA Report" (PDF). ARIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ a b "Ariana Grande feat. Big Sean – Best Mistake". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved August 21, 2014. ^ a b "Ariana Grande Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 21, 2014. ^ "2015년 Download Chart". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "2016년 Download Chart". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b Sawdey, Evan (September 2, 2014). "Ariana Grande: My Everything". PopMatters. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Beck, Caitlin (August 12, 2014). "Ariana Grande Releases Sexy New Song With Big Sean Amid Dating Rumors". HollywoodLife. Archived from the original on August 17, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Menyes, Carolyn (August 12, 2014). "Review: Ariana Grande, Big Sean 'Best Mistake' Marks Mature Sound for 'Bang Bang' Singer and Possible Boyfriend". Music Times. Retrieved August 19, 2014. ^ a b Lipshutz, Jason (August 25, 2014). "Ariana Grande Expands on 'My Everything': Track-By-Track Review". Billbosrd. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Corner, Lewis (August 22, 2014). "Ariana Grande My Everything album review: 'Her voice shines supreme'". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ a b Kitchener, Shaun (August 16, 2014). "Ariana Grande's 'My Everything': Track-By-Track Review". Entertainmentwise. Gigwise. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Copsey, Rob (August 17, 2014). "Ariana Grande's new album My Everything: Track-by-track". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Carley, Brennan (August 12, 2014). "Ariana Grande Teases New Album With Big Sean Single". Spin. SpinMedia. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Gamboa, Glenn (August 25, 2014). "Ariana Grande's 'My Everything' review: 'Mini-Mariah' comes into her own". Newsday. Cablevision. Archived from the original on August 31, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Gore, Sydney (August 29, 2014). "Ariana Grande – My Everything". The 405. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Iandoli, Kathy (August 25, 2014). "Ariana Grande's 'My Everything': Album Review". Idolator. SpinMedia. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Chan, Andrew (August 24, 2014). "Ariana Grande: My Everything". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ Garvey, Meaghan (August 29, 2014). "Ariana Grande: My Everything". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ "Best Mistake (Live on the Honda Stage at the iHeartRadio Theater LA)". Ariana Grande VEVO. September 2, 2014. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2014. ^ "Ariana Grande, Big Sean Hold Hands in Romantic Grammy Christmas Performance: Photos". Us Weekly. November 19, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014. ^ "Ariana Grande feat. Big Sean – Best Mistake". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved August 21, 2014. ^ "Ariana Grande feat. Big Sean – Best Mistake" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved August 22, 2014. ^ "Ariana Grande feat. Big Sean – Best Mistake" (in Dutch). Ultratop Urban. Retrieved August 22, 2014. ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – SINGLES DIGITAL – TOP 100 and insert 201437 into search. Retrieved September 16, 2014. ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select SINGLES DIGITAL - TOP 100 and insert 201437 into search. Retrieved September 16, 2014. ^ "Gaon Digital Chart – Week 3, 2015" (in Korean). Gaon. Retrieved August 27, 2015. ^ "2015년 Digital Chart (International)" (in Korean). GAON. Retrieved September 14, 2017. ^ "2016년 Digital Chart (International)" (in Korean). GAON. Retrieved September 14, 2017. ^ "2017년 Digital Chart (International)" (in Korean). GAON. Retrieved May 4, 2018. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2023 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved July 7, 2023. ^ "Brazilian single certifications – Ariana Grande – Best Mistake" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved December 18, 2023. ^ "British single certifications – Ariana Grande – Best Mistake". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 26, 2024. vteAriana Grande songs Discography Songs Yours Truly "Baby I" "Right There" "The Way" "Almost Is Never Enough" "Popular Song" Christmas Kisses "Last Christmas" "Santa Baby" "Santa Tell Me" My Everything "Problem" "One Last Time" "Break Free" "Best Mistake" "Love Me Harder" "Bang Bang" Dangerous Woman "Dangerous Woman" "Be Alright" "Into You" "Side to Side" "Let Me Love You" "Greedy" "Everyday" "Focus" Sweetener "The Light Is Coming" "R.E.M." "God Is a Woman" "Sweetener" "Everytime" "Breathin" "No Tears Left to Cry" "Goodnight n Go" "Pete Davidson" "Get Well Soon" Thank U, Next "Imagine" "Needy" "NASA" "Bloodline" "Bad Idea" "Ghostin" "In My Head" "7 Rings" "Thank U, Next" "Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored" "Monopoly" Positions "34+35" "Motive" "Off the Table" "My Hair" "Positions" "POV" Eternal Sunshine "Intro (End of the World)" "Bye" "Saturn Returns Interlude" "True Story" "The Boy Is Mine" "Yes, And?" "We Can't Be Friends (Wait for Your Love)" "Imperfect for You" Other songs "Put Your Hearts Up" "E Più Ti Penso" "What Do You Mean?" (remix) "Beauty and the Beast" "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" "The Wizard and I" "Earth" "Boyfriend" "Don't Call Me Angel" "Stuck with U" "Rain on Me" "Save Your Tears" (remix) "Santa, Can't You Hear Me" "Just Look Up" "Die for You" (remix) "Fantasize" As featured artist "Popular Song" "All My Love" "Get on Your Knees" "Research" "Adore" "Boys Like You" "Over and Over Again" "My Favorite Part" "Faith" "Heatstroke" "Dance to This" "Bed" "Rule the World" "Good as Hell" (remix) "Time" "Oh Santa!" "Met Him Last Night" "It Was a... (Masked Christmas)" vteBig Sean Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Finally Famous (2011) Hall of Fame (2013) Dark Sky Paradise (2015) I Decided. (2017) Double or Nothing (with Metro Boomin) (2017) Detroit 2 (2020) EPs What You Expect (with Hit-Boy) (2021) Mixtapes Finally Famous Vol. 3: Big (2010) Detroit (2012) Singles "My Last" "Marvin & Chardonnay" "Dance (Ass)" "Mercy" "Clique" "Guap" "Switch Up" "Beware" "Fire" "I Don't Fuck with You" "Paradise" "Blessings" "One Man Can Change the World" "Play No Games" "Champions" "Bounce Back" "Moves" "Jump Out the Window" "Miracles (Someone Special)" "Pull Up N Wreck" "So Good" "Single Again" "Bezerk" "Deep Reverence" "Wolves" "Hate Our Love" "Precision" Featured singles "Lay It on Me" "Till I Die" "Naked" "My Homies Still" "As Long as You Love Me" "Burn" "Show Out" "All That (Lady)" "Wild" "Right There" "Sorry" "All Me" "Detroit vs. Everybody" "Open Wide" "B Boy" "How Many Times" "Back Up" "Workin" "Holy Key" "I Think of You" "Feels" "Alone" "Big Bank" "None of Your Concern" "I Do It" "Way Out" "Easy Lover" Promotional singles "I Do It" "Oh My" "What Yo Name Iz?" "Control" "Best Mistake" Other songs "See Me Now" "Paper, Scissors, Rock" "Don't Like.1" "Sanctified" "All Your Fault" "Research" "No Favors" "Sacrifices" "Go Legend" Related articles GOOD Music Twenty88 Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Big Sean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sean"},{"link_name":"promotional single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_single"},{"link_name":"My Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Everything_(Ariana_Grande_album)"},{"link_name":"Key Wane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Wane"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Bang_(Jessie_J,_Ariana_Grande_and_Nicki_Minaj_song)"},{"link_name":"Jessie J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_J"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Break Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Free_(song)"},{"link_name":"Zedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedd_(musician)"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio"}],"text":"2014 promotional single by Ariana Grande featuring Big Sean\"Best Mistake\" is a song by American recording artist Ariana Grande that features American hip hop recording artist Big Sean. The song served as a promotional single from Grande's second studio album, My Everything (2014), and was released at midnight on August 12, 2014. Written by Grande, Big Sean, and Key Wane with production being done by the latter, the song is a ballad with piano, string, and drum machine instrumentation that lyrically deals with a couple trying to decide on what their future, troubled relationship is going to be like.Commercially, it peaked on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 49, and within the top 50 on other record charts in North America, Europe, and Oceania. On the US Digital Songs chart, it debuted at number six, making Grande the first act since Michael Jackson, and also the first female artist, to have three songs in the top ten on that chart the same week, with the other two songs being \"Bang Bang\" (with Jessie J and Nicki Minaj) and \"Break Free\" (featuring Zedd). Grande and Big Sean have performed the song live, including at the iHeartRadio theater in Los Angeles.","title":"Best Mistake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Sean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sean"},{"link_name":"Key Wane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Wane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Album_Credits-1"},{"link_name":"minimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_music"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_music"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_ballad"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"lament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Idolator-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"Best Mistake\" was written by Ariana Grande, Big Sean and Key Wane, with production, programming and instruments done by the latter. The vocals were produced by Curtis \"Sauce\" Wilson, with Gregg Rominiecki engineering Big Sean's vocals. Serban Ghenea handled the mixing of the track, which was engineered by John Hanes, and finally the mix was mastered by Aya Merrill and Tom Coyne.[1] It is a minimal hip-hop piano ballad lament that uses instrumentation from strings and a drum machine.[2] It is about a couple trying to \"make up their minds about the future of their relationship, with deep affection buried underneath their problems.\"[2][3][4][5] Grande revealed that \"Best Mistake\" was her favorite track on My Everything: \"I just think the world of [Big Sean] and I'm obsessed with his writing on this song in particular. I'm a huge fan of his in general but I feel like his writing on this song is so, so fantastic, it like strikes a chord in my heart. I love it so much.\"[6]","title":"Production and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Idolator-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Under_the_Gun_Review-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bustle-10"}],"text":"Grande first confirmed the title of \"Best Mistake\" on June 28, 2014, the same day that she confirmed the name of her second studio album, My Everything.[7] On July 8, 2014, Grande released a 15-second snippet of \"Best Mistake\" onto her Instagram profile.[3] The song finally came out on August 12, and the release added more speculation to the relationship rumors between Grande and Big Sean.[8][9][10]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Twitter Real-Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Twitter_Real-Time"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Bang_(Jessie_J,_Ariana_Grande_and_Nicki_Minaj_song)"},{"link_name":"Break Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Free_(Ariana_Grande_song)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USHot100-14"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-15"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop_50"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracklisten"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dk-16"},{"link_name":"Finnish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fin-17"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr-19"},{"link_name":"Mega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaCharts"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLD-20"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-es-21"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-22"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-23"},{"link_name":"Official New Zealand Music Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-24"},{"link_name":"Billboard Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-25"},{"link_name":"Gaon Music Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"With \"Best Mistake\", Grande became the first act since Michael Jackson (pictured in 1988) to have three songs in the top ten of the US Digital Songs chart on the same week.In the United States, shortly after its release, the song reached number two on the weekly Billboard Twitter Real-Time chart[11] and topped the iTunes singles chart.[12] It sold 104,000 digital downloads in its first week, landing at number six on the Digital Songs chart. This made Grande the first female to have three songs in the top ten on that chart, the other two being \"Bang Bang\" and \"Break Free.\" The last artist to do this was Michael Jackson, shortly after his death, on the issue dated July 18, 2009.[13] The sales of \"Best Mistake\" also helped it land at number 49 on the US Billboard Hot 100[14] In Canada, the track appeared on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 39.[15]In European nations, \"Best Mistake\" debuted at number 49 and 10 on the Flanders Ultratop 50 and Urban chart respectively, number 29 on the Danish Tracklisten chart,[16] 23 on the Finnish Singles Chart,[17] 103 on the French SNEP chart,[18] 5 on the Billboard Greek Digital chart,[19] 67 on the Netherlands Mega Single Top 100,[20] 35 on the Spain PROMUSICAE chart,[21] and number 154 on the UK Singles Chart.[22] In Oceania, it reached number 45 and 19 on the Australian ARIA pop and urban songs chart respectively,[23] and 29 on the Official New Zealand Music Chart.[24] On the Billboard Japan Hot 100, it peaked at the 74th spot.[25] As of Year-End 2016, Best Mistake has sold 684,337 digital downloads in South Korea, according to Gaon Music Chart.[26][27]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_sean.jpg"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popmatters-28"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bustle-10"},{"link_name":"HollywoodLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboardtrackbytrack-31"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"Entertainmentwise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigwise"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entertainmentwise-33"},{"link_name":"Kelly Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Rowland"},{"link_name":"Talk a Good Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_a_Good_Game"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entertainmentwise-33"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"Yours Truly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yours_Truly_(Ariana_Grande_album)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCCreview-34"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"The 405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_405_(website)"},{"link_name":"Right There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_There_(Ariana_Grande_song)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Idolator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboardtrackbytrack-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popmatters-28"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Under_the_Gun_Review-8"}],"text":"Big Sean's verse on \"Best Mistake\" garnered mixed reviews.Evan Sawdey of PopMatters called it the second best song from My Everything, coming close to \"Love Me Harder\",[28] and Bustle writer Kadeen Griffiths called it \"one of Grande's best love songs so far.\"[10] HollywoodLife's Caitlin Beck said it was \"sure to be another hit!\"[29] Carolyn Menyes of the Music Times applauded Grande for her calming vocals and transition into a more mature sound of music.[30] Billboard's Jason Lipshutz called the production \"impressive\" and said the song \"rows stickier upon each listen\".[31] Digital Spy writer Lewis Corner and Entertainmentwise's Shaun Kitchener noted the song showed her R&B roots,[32][33] the latter stating that it \"wouldn't have sounded out of place on Kelly Rowland's under-rated last album [Talk a Good Game].\"[33] The Official Charts Company critic Rob Copsey felt it was \"like an extension of Yours Truly, albeit moodier and more grown up.\"[34] Brennan Carley of Spin called it \"classic Grande, eshcewing any of the bells and whistles that she's fond of, instead focusing entirely on her carefully sung vocals and the quiet piano line in the song's background.\"[35] Newsday critic Glenn Gamboa described \"Best Mistake\" as a \"gorgeous hip-hop\" song that \"showcases her wide-ranging voice, without focusing on the upper notes too much.\"[36] Sydney Gore of The 405 called it an improvement of the two's previous collaboration \"Right There\", writing that \"the singer and rapper serenade us on the grounds that sneaking around with each other was the best mistake they ever made.\"[37]There were, however, some mixed reviews of \"Best Mistake\". Idolator's Kathy Iandoli described it as \"the average looking cousin of their previous duet \"Right There\"\".[38] Reviewing for Slant Magazine, Andrew Chan said it \"makes the mistake of hemming her into her frail middle register, where she has a habit of delivering every word as if it were a pout.\"[39] Big Sean's appearance on \"Best Mistake\" also got varied reception. Pitchfork Media's Meaghan Garvey said his rap on the track made \"a mockery of the song's serious tone with hysterically awful lines like \"How can we keep the feelings fresh/ How do we Ziploc it?\"\"[40] Lipshutz found his verse \"unnecessary, yet [it] has morphed into an interesting confessional now that the dating rumors are on.\"[31] Sawdey called it a \"pretty outstanding verse,\" with \"his own voice never overpowering the sparse atmosphere, his rhymes measured and metered in a way that fits the song perfectly\",[28] while James Shotwell of Under the Gun Review said \"Grande is a treat, but I think it's Big Sean who steals the show.\"[8]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"The Honeymoon Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honeymoon_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Sweetener Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sweetener_Sessions"}],"text":"In 2014, Grande and Big Sean performed \"Best Mistake\" on the Honda Stage at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles.[41] They also performed \"Best Mistake\" at A Very Grammy Christmas on November 18, 2014.[42] Grande also performed the song during The Honeymoon Tour. Big Sean performed the song with her at the tour's stop in Detroit. An a cappella version of \"Best Mistake\" was performed during two shows of The Sweetener Sessions in 2018.","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Album_Credits-1"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Sean Anderson (\"Big Sean\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sean"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"Key Wane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Wane"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_engineer"},{"link_name":"Mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_(music_production)"},{"link_name":"Serban Ghenea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serban_Ghenea"},{"link_name":"Mix engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_engineer"},{"link_name":"Mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_engineer"}],"text":"Credits are adapted from the liner notes of My Everything.[1]Songwriting, vocals – Ariana Grande, Sean Anderson (\"Big Sean\")\nSongwriting, production, programming, instruments – Key Wane\nVocal production – Curtis Wilson (\"Sauce\")\nBig Sean Vocal engineering – Greg Rominiecki\nMixing – Serban Ghenea\nMix engineering – John Hanes\nMastering – Aya Merrill, Tom Coyne","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_Mistake&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Ariana_Grande_feat._Big_Sean-43"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-23"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Ariana_Grande_feat._Big_Sean-44"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Urban_Ariana_Grande_feat._Big_Sean-45"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-15"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czechdigital_-46"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dk-16"},{"link_name":"Latauslista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fin-17"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-18"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr-19"},{"link_name":"Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-25"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLD-20"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-24"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakdigital_-47"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-es-21"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-22"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USHot100-14"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_Mistake&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2014–18)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[43]\n\n45\n\n\nAustralia Urban (ARIA)[23]\n\n14\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[44]\n\n49\n\n\nBelgium Urban (Ultratop Flanders)[45]\n\n10\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[15]\n\n39\n\n\nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[46]\n\n46\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[16]\n\n29\n\n\nFinland Download (Latauslista)[17]\n\n23\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[18]\n\n103\n\n\nGreece (Billboard)[19]\n\n5\n\n\nJapan (Japan Hot 100)[25]\n\n74\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[20]\n\n67\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[24]\n\n29\n\n\nSlovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[47]\n\n59\n\n\nSouth Korea International Chart (Gaon)[48]\n\n3\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[21]\n\n34\n\n\nUK Singles (Official Charts Company)[22]\n\n154\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[14]\n\n49\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2015)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSouth Korea International Chart (Gaon)[49]\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSouth Korea International Chart (Gaon)[50]\n\n17\n\n\n\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSouth Korea International Chart (Gaon)[51]\n\n46","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[{"image_text":"With \"Best Mistake\", Grande became the first act since Michael Jackson (pictured in 1988) to have three songs in the top ten of the US Digital Songs chart on the same week.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg/220px-Michael_Jackson1_1988.jpg"},{"image_text":"Big Sean's verse on \"Best Mistake\" garnered mixed reviews.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Big_sean.jpg/220px-Big_sean.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Lipshutz, Jason (August 12, 2014). \"Ariana Grande & Big Sean Re-Team For 'Best Mistake': Listen\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140902202810/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6214406/ariana-grande-big-sean-best-mistake","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande & Big Sean Re-Team For 'Best Mistake': Listen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6214406/ariana-grande-big-sean-best-mistake","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Christina (July 8, 2014). \"Ariana Grande Teases 'Best Mistake' Featuring Big Sean: Listen\". Idolator. SpinMedia. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808065350/http://www.idolator.com/7525751/ariana-grande-big-sean-best-mistake-preview","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande Teases 'Best Mistake' Featuring Big Sean: Listen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)","url_text":"Idolator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpinMedia","url_text":"SpinMedia"},{"url":"http://www.idolator.com/7525751/ariana-grande-big-sean-best-mistake-preview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zaleski, Annie (August 26, 2014). \"Ariana Grande's sweet, sweet fantasies are polished but disappointing\". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Archived from the original on September 1, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140901091610/http://www.avclub.com/review/ariana-grandes-sweet-sweet-fantasies-are-polished--208534","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande's sweet, sweet fantasies are polished but disappointing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion","url_text":"The Onion"},{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/review/ariana-grandes-sweet-sweet-fantasies-are-polished--208534","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Mikael (August 12, 2014). \"Ariana Grande Dials It Down With Big Sean In 'Best Mistake'\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 1, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140901053026/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-listen-ariana-grande-big-sean-best-mistake-20140812-story.html","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande Dials It Down With Big Sean In 'Best Mistake'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-listen-ariana-grande-big-sean-best-mistake-20140812-story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ariana Grande Walks MTV Through 'My Everything' Track-By-Track\". MTV News (UK). Viacom. August 18, 2014. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Dingler	Hugo Dingler	["1 Life","2 Thought","3 Influence","4 Works","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	German scientist and philosopher (1881–1954) Hugo Albert Emil Hermann Dingler (July 7, 1881, Munich – June 29, 1954, Munich) was a German scientist and philosopher. Life Hugo Dingler studied mathematics, philosophy, and physics with Felix Klein, Hermann Minkowski, David Hilbert, Edmund Husserl, Woldemar Voigt, and Wilhem Roentgen at the universities of Göttingen and Munich. He graduated from the University of Munich with a thesis under Aurel Voss. Dingler earned his Ph.D. in mathematics, physics and astronomy in 1906. His doctoral advisor was Ferdinand von Lindemann. In 1910 Dingler's first attempt to earn a Habilitation failed. His second try in 1912 was successful. Dingler then taught as a Privatdozent and hold lectures on mathematics, philosophy and the history of science. He became a professor at the University of Munich in 1920. Dingler got a position as Professor ordinarius in Darmstadt in 1932. In 1934, one year after the Nazis took power Dingler was dismissed from his teaching position for still unclear reasons. Dingler himself told several interviewers that this was because of his favorable writings concerning Jews. In fact both philo-semitic as well as anti-semitic statements by Dingler had been noted. From 1934 to 1936 he again held a teaching position. In 1940 Dingler joined the Nazi Party and was again given a teaching position. Of Dingler's 1944 book Aufbau der exakten Fundamentalwissenschaft only thirty copies survived wartime bombing. Thought Dingler's position is usually characterized as "conventionalist" by Karl Popper and others. Sometimes he is called a "radical conventionalist" (also referred to as "critical voluntarism" in the secondary literature), as by the early Rudolf Carnap. Dingler himself initially characterized it as "critical conventionalism", to contrast it with the "naïve conventionalism" of other philosophers such as Poincaré, but he himself later ceased to call his position conventionalist. Dingler agrees with the conventionalists that the fundamental assumptions of geometry and physics are not extracted empirically and cannot be given a transcendental deduction. However, Dingler disagrees with conventionalists such as Henri Poincaré in that he does not believe there is freedom to choose alternative assumptions. Dingler believes that one can give a foundation to mathematics and physics by means of operations as building stones. Dingler claims that this operational analysis leads one to Euclidean geometry and Newtonian mechanics, which are the only possible results. Dingler opposed Albert Einstein's relativity theory and was therefore opposed and snubbed by most of the leaders of the German physics and mathematics community. This opposition, at least to the theory of general relativity, remains in the work of his follower Paul Lorenzen. Influence Paul Lorenzen, noted for his work on constructive foundations of mathematics was a follower of Dingler, at least with respect to the foundations of geometry and physics. The so-called Erlangen School of followers and allies of Lorenzen, including Kuno Lorenz, Wilhelm Kamlah, and Peter Janich, and more indirectly, Jürgen Mittelstraß, is thus in large part pursuing a modernized version of Dingler's program which claims to incorporate relativity, quantum theory and quantum logic. Works Beiträge zur Kenntnis der infinitesimalen Deformation einer Fläche (thesis directed by Aurel Voss), Amorbach, 1907. Grundlinien einer Kritik und exakten Theorie der Wissenschaften, 1907. Grenzen und Ziele der Wissenschaft, 1910. Die Grundlagen der angewandten Geometrie, Leipzig, 1911 / Die Grundlagen der Geometrie, Stuttgart, 1933. Die Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie, 1913 Kritische Bemerkungen zu den Grundlagen der Relativitätstheorie, Physikalische Zeitschrift, vol 21 (1920), 668-675. Reissued as pamphlet in Leipzig, 1921. Metaphysik als Wissenschaft und der Primat der Philosophie, Munich, 1926. Philosophie der Logik und Arithmetik, Munich, 1931. Geschichte der Naturphilosophie, Berlin, 1932. Das System, Munich, 1933. Das Handeln im Sinne des höchsten Zieles, Munich, 1935. Die Methode der Physik, Munich, 1938. Vom Tierseele zur Menschenseele, Leipzig, 1941. Lehrbuch der Exakten Naturwissenschaften, Berlin, 1944. Edited posthumously by Paul Lorenzen as Aufbau der Fundamentalwissenschaften, Munich, 1964. Grundriss der methodischen Philosophie, Fuessen, 1949 Ergreifung des Wirklichen, Munich 1955. Reprinted (with intro. by Kuno Lorenz and Jürgen Mittelstrass), Frankfurt, 1969. References ^ Eckart Menzler-Trott, Gentzens Problem. Mathematische Logik im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland. Basel 2001, ISBN 3-7643-6574-9; Opportunismus als Naturanlage: Hugo Dingler und das „Dritte Reich“. In: Peter Janich (Hrsg.): Entwicklungen der methodischen Philosophie. Frankfurt a. M. 1992, S. 270 ^ Peter Janich, Protophysics of Time: Constructive Foundation and History of Time Measurement, Springer, 2012. ^ Church, Alonzo (1935). "Book Review: Die Grundlagen der Geometrie, ihre Bedeutung für Philosophie, Mathematik, Physik und Technik". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 41 (1): 9–10. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1935-06012-4. ISSN 0002-9904. ^ Sheldon, W. H. (1914). "Review of Die Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie". 23 (3): 355–357. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) Further reading Ceccato, Silvia, Silvio, "Contra-Dingler, pro Dingler" Methodos, Vol. 4 (1952) English transl. 266-290, and Dinger, reply, 297-299. Toretti, Roberto,"Hugo Dingler's Philosophy of Geometry," Dialogos, vol. 32, (1978), 85-118. Wolters, Gereon, "The First Man Who Almost Wholly Understands Me: Carnap, Dingler, and Conventionalism," in Nicholas Rescher, ed., The Heritage of Logical Positivism,Lantham MD: University Press of America, 1985, 93-107. Carl Friedrich von Weizsaecker, "Geometrie und Physik," in C. P. Enz and Jagdish Mehra, eds., Physical Reality and Mathematical Description, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1974, esp. 60-63. Jürgen Mittelstraß: Dingler, Hugo in: ders.: Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie. Zweite Auflage. Band 2, Metzler 2005 ISBN 978-3-476-02101-4 S. 218-220 Peter Janich (Hrsg.): Wissenschaft und Leben – Philosophische Begründungsprobleme in Auseinandersetzung mit Hugo Dingler. Bielefeld 2006, ISBN 3-89942-475-1. Wilhelm Krampf: Die Philosophie Hugo Dinglers. München 1955. Wilhelm Krampf: Hugo Dingler – Gedenkbuch zum 75. Geburtstag. München 1956. Peter Schroeder-Heister / Gereon Wolters: Der wissenschaftliche Nachlaß von Hugo Dingler (1881-1954). Verzeichnis mit einer Bibliographie der Schriften Dinglers. Konstanz 1979. Bruno Thüring: Dr. Hugo Dingler, Universitätsprofessor, München. In: Aschaffenburger Jahrbuch für Geschichte, Landeskunde und Kunst des Untermaingebietes. 3, 1956, S. 408–411. Jörg Willer: Relativität und Eindeutigkeit – Hugo Dinglers Beitrag zur Begründungsproblematik. Meisenheim 1973. Gereon Wolters: Opportunismus als Naturanlage: Hugo Dingler und das ‚Dritte Reich', in: Peter Janich (Hrsg.), Entwicklungen der methodischen Philosophie, Frankfurt a. M. 1992, S. 257-327. Kirstin Zeyer: Die methodische Philosophie Hugo Dinglers und der transzendentale Idealismus Immanuel Kants. Hildesheim 1999. ISBN 3-487-10812-7. External links Works by or about Hugo Dingler at Internet Archive Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project Scopus zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"}],"text":"Hugo Albert Emil Hermann Dingler (July 7, 1881, Munich – June 29, 1954, Munich) was a German scientist and philosopher.","title":"Hugo Dingler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Felix Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Klein"},{"link_name":"Hermann Minkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski"},{"link_name":"David Hilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert"},{"link_name":"Edmund Husserl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl"},{"link_name":"Woldemar Voigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woldemar_Voigt"},{"link_name":"Wilhem Roentgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhem_Roentgen"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"Aurel Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Voss"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand von Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Lindemann"},{"link_name":"Habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"Privatdozent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatdozent"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"}],"text":"Hugo Dingler studied mathematics, philosophy, and physics with Felix Klein, Hermann Minkowski, David Hilbert, Edmund Husserl, Woldemar Voigt, and Wilhem Roentgen at the universities of Göttingen and Munich. He graduated from the University of Munich with a thesis under Aurel Voss. Dingler earned his Ph.D. in mathematics, physics and astronomy in 1906. His doctoral advisor was Ferdinand von Lindemann. In 1910 Dingler's first attempt to earn a Habilitation failed. His second try in 1912 was successful. Dingler then taught as a Privatdozent and hold lectures on mathematics, philosophy and the history of science. He became a professor at the University of Munich in 1920. Dingler got a position as Professor ordinarius in Darmstadt in 1932.In 1934, one year after the Nazis took power Dingler was dismissed from his teaching position for still unclear reasons. Dingler himself told several interviewers that this was because of his favorable writings concerning Jews. In fact both philo-semitic as well as anti-semitic statements by Dingler had been noted.[1]From 1934 to 1936 he again held a teaching position.In 1940 Dingler joined the Nazi Party and was again given a teaching position. Of Dingler's 1944 book Aufbau der exakten Fundamentalwissenschaft only thirty copies survived wartime bombing.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conventionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventionalism"},{"link_name":"Karl Popper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper"},{"link_name":"critical voluntarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_voluntarism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Carnap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap"},{"link_name":"Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"transcendental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"deduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning"},{"link_name":"operational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry"},{"link_name":"Newtonian mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"relativity theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_theory"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"general relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity"},{"link_name":"Paul Lorenzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lorenzen"}],"text":"Dingler's position is usually characterized as \"conventionalist\" by Karl Popper and others. Sometimes he is called a \"radical conventionalist\" (also referred to as \"critical voluntarism\" in the secondary literature),[2] as by the early Rudolf Carnap. Dingler himself initially characterized it as \"critical conventionalism\", to contrast it with the \"naïve conventionalism\" of other philosophers such as Poincaré, but he himself later ceased to call his position conventionalist. Dingler agrees with the conventionalists that the fundamental assumptions of geometry and physics are not extracted empirically and cannot be given a transcendental deduction. However, Dingler disagrees with conventionalists such as Henri Poincaré in that he does not believe there is freedom to choose alternative assumptions. Dingler believes that one can give a foundation to mathematics and physics by means of operations as building stones. Dingler claims that this operational analysis leads one to Euclidean geometry and Newtonian mechanics, which are the only possible results.Dingler opposed Albert Einstein's relativity theory and was therefore opposed and snubbed by most of the leaders of the German physics and mathematics community. This opposition, at least to the theory of general relativity, remains in the work of his follower Paul Lorenzen.","title":"Thought"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuno Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuno_Lorenz"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Kamlah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Kamlah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Janich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Janich"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Mittelstraß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Mittelstra%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity"},{"link_name":"quantum theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"quantum logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic"}],"text":"Paul Lorenzen, noted for his work on constructive foundations of mathematics was a follower of Dingler, at least with respect to the foundations of geometry and physics. The so-called Erlangen School of followers and allies of Lorenzen, including Kuno Lorenz, Wilhelm Kamlah, and Peter Janich, and more indirectly, Jürgen Mittelstraß, is thus in large part pursuing a modernized version of Dingler's program which claims to incorporate relativity, quantum theory and quantum logic.","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Church1935-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Beiträge zur Kenntnis der infinitesimalen Deformation einer Fläche (thesis directed by Aurel Voss), Amorbach, 1907.\nGrundlinien einer Kritik und exakten Theorie der Wissenschaften, 1907.\nGrenzen und Ziele der Wissenschaft, 1910.\nDie Grundlagen der angewandten Geometrie, Leipzig, 1911 / Die Grundlagen der Geometrie, Stuttgart, 1933.[3]\nDie Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie, 1913[4]\nKritische Bemerkungen zu den Grundlagen der Relativitätstheorie, Physikalische Zeitschrift, vol 21 (1920), 668-675. Reissued as pamphlet in Leipzig, 1921.\nMetaphysik als Wissenschaft und der Primat der Philosophie, Munich, 1926.\nPhilosophie der Logik und Arithmetik, Munich, 1931.\nGeschichte der Naturphilosophie, Berlin, 1932.\nDas System, Munich, 1933.\nDas Handeln im Sinne des höchsten Zieles, Munich, 1935.\nDie Methode der Physik, Munich, 1938.\nVom Tierseele zur Menschenseele, Leipzig, 1941.\nLehrbuch der Exakten Naturwissenschaften, Berlin, 1944. Edited posthumously by Paul Lorenzen as Aufbau der Fundamentalwissenschaften, Munich, 1964.\nGrundriss der methodischen Philosophie, Fuessen, 1949\nErgreifung des Wirklichen, Munich 1955. Reprinted (with intro. by Kuno Lorenz and Jürgen Mittelstrass), Frankfurt, 1969.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Rescher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rescher"},{"link_name":"Jagdish Mehra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdish_Mehra"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Mittelstraß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Mittelstra%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-476-02101-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-476-02101-4"},{"link_name":"Peter Janich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Janich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89942-475-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89942-475-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-487-10812-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-487-10812-7"}],"text":"Ceccato, Silvia, Silvio, \"Contra-Dingler, pro Dingler\" Methodos, Vol. 4 (1952) English transl. 266-290, and Dinger, reply, 297-299.\nToretti, Roberto,\"Hugo Dingler's Philosophy of Geometry,\" Dialogos, vol. 32, (1978), 85-118.\nWolters, Gereon, \"The First Man Who Almost Wholly Understands Me: Carnap, Dingler, and Conventionalism,\" in Nicholas Rescher, ed., The Heritage of Logical Positivism,Lantham MD: University Press of America, 1985, 93-107.\nCarl Friedrich von Weizsaecker, \"Geometrie und Physik,\" in C. P. Enz and Jagdish Mehra, eds., Physical Reality and Mathematical Description, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1974, esp. 60-63.\nJürgen Mittelstraß: Dingler, Hugo in: ders.: Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie. Zweite Auflage. Band 2, Metzler 2005 ISBN 978-3-476-02101-4 S. 218-220\nPeter Janich (Hrsg.): Wissenschaft und Leben – Philosophische Begründungsprobleme in Auseinandersetzung mit Hugo Dingler. Bielefeld 2006, ISBN 3-89942-475-1.\nWilhelm Krampf: Die Philosophie Hugo Dinglers. München 1955.\nWilhelm Krampf: Hugo Dingler – Gedenkbuch zum 75. Geburtstag. München 1956.\nPeter Schroeder-Heister / Gereon Wolters: Der wissenschaftliche Nachlaß von Hugo Dingler (1881-1954). Verzeichnis mit einer Bibliographie der Schriften Dinglers. Konstanz 1979.\nBruno Thüring: Dr. Hugo Dingler, Universitätsprofessor, München. In: Aschaffenburger Jahrbuch für Geschichte, Landeskunde und Kunst des Untermaingebietes. 3, 1956, S. 408–411.\nJörg Willer: Relativität und Eindeutigkeit – Hugo Dinglers Beitrag zur Begründungsproblematik. Meisenheim 1973.\nGereon Wolters: Opportunismus als Naturanlage: Hugo Dingler und das ‚Dritte Reich', in: Peter Janich (Hrsg.), Entwicklungen der methodischen Philosophie, Frankfurt a. M. 1992, S. 257-327.\nKirstin Zeyer: Die methodische Philosophie Hugo Dinglers und der transzendentale Idealismus Immanuel Kants. Hildesheim 1999. ISBN 3-487-10812-7.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Church, Alonzo (1935). \"Book Review: Die Grundlagen der Geometrie, ihre Bedeutung für Philosophie, Mathematik, Physik und Technik\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 41 (1): 9–10. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1935-06012-4. ISSN 0002-9904.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Church","url_text":"Church, Alonzo"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1935-06012-4","url_text":"\"Book Review: Die Grundlagen der Geometrie, ihre Bedeutung für Philosophie, Mathematik, Physik und Technik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1935-06012-4","url_text":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1935-06012-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904","url_text":"0002-9904"}]},{"reference":"Sheldon, W. H. (1914). \"Review of Die Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie\". 23 (3): 355–357.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GT7kAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA355","url_text":"\"Review of Die Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1935-06012-4","external_links_name":"\"Book Review: Die Grundlagen der Geometrie, ihre Bedeutung für Philosophie, Mathematik, Physik und Technik\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1935-06012-4","external_links_name":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1935-06012-4"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904","external_links_name":"0002-9904"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GT7kAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA355","external_links_name":"\"Review of Die Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Dingler%2C%20Hugo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hugo%20Dingler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dingler%2C%20Hugo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hugo%20Dingler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dingler%2C%20H%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Hugo%20Dingler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Dingler%2C%20Hugo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hugo%20Dingler%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1954%22%20AND%20Dingler%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Hugo Dingler"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/163006/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121296718","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/41849542","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrP3K366JGttvhwvYtrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90147149","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11997015f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11997015f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/11852576X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260457805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85163189","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/pm148kw745xg83x","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000243742&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002161487&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36344504","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000423453&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070441480","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810533631305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/347403","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02366579?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/209437","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=51989","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16648218200","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:dingler.hugo","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11852576X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1249086","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xr0481","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028059271","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze_State	Jabal Druze State	["1 Nomenclature","2 History","3 Governors","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1921–1936 autonomous state in the French Mandate of Syria This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jabal Druze State" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) State of Jabal al-DruzeDjebel Druzeجبل الدروز1 May 1921–9 September 1936 FlagLocation of Jabal al-Druze (turquoise-blue) in the Mandate for Syria and the LebanonStatusMandate of FranceCapitalAs-SuwaydaCommon languagesFrenchArabicReligion ChristianityDruzeSunni IslamGovernor • 1921–1923 Prince Salim Basha al-Atrash• 1935–1936 Pierre Tarit Historical eraInterwar period• Established 1 May 1921• Named "State of Souaida" 4 March 1922• Named "Jabal al-Druze" 1 June 1927• Disestablished 9 September 1936 Preceded by Succeeded by State of Damascus First Syrian Republic Jabal al-Druze (Arabic: جبل الدروز, French: Djebel Druze) was an autonomous state in the French Mandate of Syria from 1921 to 1936, designed to function as a government for the local Druze population under French oversight. Nomenclature Arrete No. 1343, which laid out the borders of the State of Jebel Druze, March 1922Statut Organique of the State of Jebel Druze, 14 May 1930 On 4 March 1922, it was proclaimed as the State of Souaida, after the capital As-Suwayda, but in 1927 it was renamed Jabal al-Druze or Jabal Druze State. The name comes from the Jabal al-Druze mountain. History Part of a series on Druze Beliefs Al-Muwahhidun-Ahl at-Tawhid Reincarnation Theophany Esotericism Divine Call Seven Druze pillars Taqiya Walayah Important figures Shu'ayb Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah Hamza ibn Ali Al-Darazi Baha al-Din al-Muqtana Al-Tanukhi Texts Epistles of Wisdom (Rasa'il al-Hikma) Holy places Mount Druze Shrine of Shu'ayb Khalwat Holy days Eid al-Adha Ziyara History Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty Ma'n dynasty 1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667) Battle of Ain Dara 1838 Druze Revolt 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus Hauran Druze Rebellion Jabal Druze State Jaysh al-Muwahhidin Qalb Loze massacre Druze communities Syrian Druze Lebanese Druze Israeli Druze Jordanian Druze Related topics Persecution of Druze List of Druze Religious symbols Christianity and Druze Religion portalvte The Druze state was formed on 1 May 1921 in former Ottoman territory, while other statelets were installed in other parts of the Syrian mandate (e.g. the Alawite State in the Lattakia region). Jabal al-Druze was home to about 50,000 Druze. It was the first, and remains the only, autonomous entity to be populated and governed by Druze. The 1925 Syrian Revolution began in Jabal al-Druze under the leadership of Sultan al-Atrash, and quickly spread to Damascus and other non-Druze areas outside the Jabal al-Druze region. Protests against the division of Syrian territory into statelets were a main theme of Syrian anti-colonial nationalism, which eventually won the victory to reunite the entire French-mandated territory, except Lebanon (which had become independent) and Alexandretta, which was annexed to Turkey as the Hatay Province. As a result of Syrian nationalist pressure, under the Franco-Syrian Treaty of 1936, Jabal al-Druze ceased to exist as an autonomous entity and was incorporated into Syria. General distribution of population in the State of Jabal Druze according to the French census in 1921–22 Religion Inhabitants Percentage Druze 43,000 84.8% Christians 7,000 13.8% Sunni 700 1.4% Total 50,700 100% Druze celebrating their independence in 1925 Governors Amir Salim Pasha al-Atrash (1 May 1921 – 15 September 1923) Trenga (provisional) (September 1923 – 6 March 1924) Gabriel Marie Victor Carbillet (6 March 1924 – 14 October 1925), provisional to 1 October 1924 Sultan Pasha al-Atrash (18 July 1925 – 1 June 1927), chief of state; in dissidence Charles Andréa (15 October 1925 – 1927) Marie Joseph Léon Augustin Henry (1927) Abel Jean Ernest Clément-Grancourt (1927–1932) Claude-Gabriel-Renaud Massiet (3 February 1932 – 28 January 1934) Justin-Antoine Devicq (1934–1935) Pierre-Joseph-François Tarrit (1935 – 2 December 1936) See also Druze in Syria Jaysh al-Muwahhideen References ^ E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 2, page 301. ^ Jabal Druze: Heads of State: 1921–1936 External links Syria at WorldStatesmen.org. Map Archived 4 December 2012 at archive.today at unimaps.com. vteFrench Mandate of SyriaStates State of Syria State of Aleppo State of Damascus Al-Jazira Province Jabal Druze State Alawite State Sanjak of Alexandretta Greater Lebanon Conflicts 1919 revolt Franco-Syrian War Battle of Maysalun Capture of Damascus Hananu Revolt 1925–1927 revolt Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa Capture of Salkhad Battle of al-Kafr Battle of al-Mazraa Battle of al-Musayfirah 1925 Hama uprising 1936 general strike Syria–Lebanon campaign Levant Crisis Treaties Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916) Paulet–Newcombe Agreement (1920) Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence (1936) PeopleSyrian Yusuf al-Azma Saleh al-Ali Ibrahim Hananu Hashim al-Atassi Mustafa Bey Barmada Shukri al-Quwatli Khalid al-Azm Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah Jamil Mardam Bey Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi Sultan al-Atrash Saadallah al-Jabiri Haqqi al-Azm Ayyash Al-Haj Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar French French High Commissioner Charles de Gaulle Henri Gouraud vteFrench overseas empireFormervteFormer French colonies in Africa and the Indian OceanNorth Africa Algeria Morocco Tunisia West Africa Côte d'Ivoire Dahomey Sudan Guinea Mauritania Arguin Island Niger Senegal Four Communes Upper Volta Togoland James Island Albreda Equatorial Africa Chad Gabon Middle Congo Ubangi-Shari Cameroons Comoros Anjouan Grande Comore Mohéli Somaliland (Djibouti) Madagascar Isle de France vteFormer French colonies in the AmericasFrench North America Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Florida French Texas French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint-Domingue Haïti, Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company vteFormer French colonies in Asia and OceaniaFrench India Chandernagor Coromandel Coast Madras Mahé Pondichéry Karaikal Yanaon Indochinese Union Cambodia Laos Vietnam Cochinchina Annam Tonkin Kouang-Tchéou-Wan Mandate for Syriaand the Lebanon State of Syria Aleppo Damascus Alawite State Greater Lebanon Jabal al-Druze Sanjak of Alexandretta Oceania New Hebrides Vanuatu Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) France–Asia relations French East India Company PresentvteOverseas FranceInhabited territoriesOverseas regions1 French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte2 Réunion Overseas collectivities French Polynesia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Sui generis collectivity New Caledonia Uninhabited territoriesNorth Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island Overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) Adélie Land Crozet Islands French domains of Saint Helena French domains of the Holy Land Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India3 Europa Island3 Glorioso Islands2, 3 Banc du Geyser Juan de Nova Island3 Tromelin Island4 1 Also known as overseas departments 2 Claimed by the Comoros 3 Claimed by Madagascar 4 Claimed by Mauritius vteDruzeBeliefs Al-Muwahhidūn/Mowahhid-Ahl at-Tawhīd Divine call Esotericism Reincarnation Taqiya Theophany Seven Durzi pillars Walayah Important figures Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana Hamza ibn Ali Shuaib Muhammad al-Darazī Texts Epistles of Wisdom (Rasa'il al-Hikma) Holy places Druze Khalwa Jabal al-Druze Khalwat al-Bayada Nabi Shu'ayb Holy days Eid Al Adha Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb History Wadi al-Taym Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305) Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty Ma'n dynasty Mount Lebanon Emirate 1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667) Battle of Ain Dara 1838 Druze Revolt 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate Hauran Druze Rebellion Jabal Druze State Mountain War Druze in Mandatory Palestine Jaysh al-Muwahhideen Qalb Loze massacre Prophets Adam Abraham Jesus Khidr Elijah John the Baptist Saint George Moses Muhammad Noah Salman the Persian Relationship with other religions Christianity and Druze Maronite-Druze dualism Islam and Druze Judaism and Druze Druze Zionism Druze communities Syrian Druze Lebanese Druze Israeli Druze Jordanian Druze Druze diaspora OtherFeatures Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine Al-Atrash clan Sultan al-Atrash Alam al-Din dynasty Amin Tarif Druze Arabic dialect Druze cuisine Jumblatt family List of Druze List of Israeli Druze Majid Arslan Mowafaq Tarif Persecution of Druze Religion portal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"French Mandate of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"}],"text":"Jabal al-Druze (Arabic: جبل الدروز, French: Djebel Druze) was an autonomous state in the French Mandate of Syria from 1921 to 1936, designed to function as 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Protests against the division of Syrian territory into statelets were a main theme of Syrian anti-colonial nationalism, which eventually won the victory to reunite the entire French-mandated territory, except Lebanon (which had become independent) and Alexandretta, which was annexed to Turkey as the Hatay Province.As a result of Syrian nationalist pressure, under the Franco-Syrian Treaty of 1936, Jabal al-Druze ceased to exist as an autonomous entity and was incorporated into Syria.Druze celebrating their independence in 1925","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan Pasha al-Atrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Pasha_al-Atrash"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Amir Salim Pasha al-Atrash (1 May 1921 – 15 September 1923)\nTrenga (provisional) (September 1923 – 6 March 1924)\nGabriel Marie Victor Carbillet (6 March 1924 – 14 October 1925), provisional to 1 October 1924\nSultan Pasha al-Atrash (18 July 1925 – 1 June 1927), chief of state; in dissidence\nCharles Andréa (15 October 1925 – 1927)\nMarie Joseph Léon Augustin Henry (1927)\nAbel Jean Ernest Clément-Grancourt (1927–1932)\nClaude-Gabriel-Renaud Massiet (3 February 1932 – 28 January 1934)\nJustin-Antoine Devicq (1934–1935)\nPierre-Joseph-François Tarrit (1935 – 2 December 1936)[2]","title":"Governors"}]	[]	[{"title":"Druze in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_in_Syria"},{"title":"Jaysh al-Muwahhideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhideen"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jabal+Druze+State%22","external_links_name":"\"Jabal Druze State\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jabal+Druze+State%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jabal+Druze+State%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jabal+Druze+State%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jabal+Druze+State%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jabal+Druze+State%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.archontology.org/nations/syria/jabal_druze/00_1921_1936_s.php","external_links_name":"Jabal Druze: Heads of State: 1921–1936"},{"Link":"http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Syria.html#Jebel%20Druze","external_links_name":"Syria"},{"Link":"http://unimaps.com/syria-leb1923/mainmap.gif","external_links_name":"Map"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121204160840/unimaps.com/syria-leb1923/mainmap.gif","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Jussawalla	Adil Jussawalla	["1 Biography","2 Selected works","3 Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies","4 Interviews","5 References","6 External links"]	Indian poet and critic (born 1940) Adil Jehangir JussawallaBornApril 8, 1940Mumbai, IndiaOccupationPoet, Magazine Editor, TranslatorAlma materUniversity College, OxfordPeriod1957–presentGenrePoetry, EssaysNotable worksLand's End Missing Person Sea Breeze Bombay Trying to Say GoodbyeNotable awardsSahitya Akademi Award (2014) Adil Jehangir Jussawalla (born 8 April 1940, Mumbai) is an Indian poet, magazine editor and translator. He has written two books of poetry, Land's End and Missing Person. Sea Breeze Bombay is a fine, city poem by this poet. It is actually a response to the historical incident of partition in the year 1947 according to the poet, Bombay is a 'Surrogate City'. It provided shelter to numerous refugees after partition, during which there were many riots in India. Thousands of people were killed and many became homeless. The city Bombay acted as a substitute or surrogate mother to all refugees. In the poem 'Sea Breeze Bombay' the poet presents a picture of the suffering of the refugees. These people from the north got relief in the worst heat. In the city many communities were reformed. In the hot sun a cool breeze gives pleasant, soothing experience. In the same way, the city Bombay also provided pleasant experience to all the refugees. Biography He was born to a Parsi family and completed his primary education at the Cathedral and John Connon School in 1956. He then attended the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London from 1957–58. Later, he studied at University College, Oxford, receiving his M.A. in 1964. He worked briefly as a substitute teacher for the Greater London Council, then became a language teacher at the EF International Language Centre; a post he held until 1969. He then returned to Mumbai, where he taught at several colleges, becoming a lecturer in English language and literature at St. Xavier's College in 1972. He was an Honorary Fellow of the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa in 1976. After that, he focused on journalism, serving as the book review editor at The Indian Express from 1980–81 and literary editor for The Express Magazine from 1980–82. In 1987, he became the literary editor for Debonair, a magazine originally modeled after Playboy. In 1989, he was promoted to editor and served in that position for several years, after which he returned to his writing career. He has also translated several works by Gulam Mohammed Sheikh. Together with Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Arun Kolatkar and Gieve Patel, he helped create "Clearing House", a poet's publishing co-operative. In 2014, he was presented with the Sahitya Akademi Award for his book of poetry, Trying to Say Goodbye. Selected works New Writing in India, Penguin Books Ltd, 1974, 978-0140036459 Trying to Say Goodbye, Almost Island Books, 2011 ISBN 978-81-921295-0-1 The Right Kind of Dog, Duckbill Books, 2013 ISBN 978-81-925948-5-9 Maps for a Mortal Moon: Essays and Entertainments (edited by Jerry Pinto), Aleph Books, 2014 ISBN 978-93-82277-67-5 I Dreamt a Horse Fell From the Sky, a collection of poetry and prose, Hachette, 2015 ISBN 978-93-5009-858-5 The Magic Hand of Chance, Paperwall Publishing, 2021, 978-8195378739 Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets (1992) ed. by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra and published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi The Golden Treasure of Writers Workshop Poetry (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by Writers Workshop, Calcutta Converse: Contemporary English Poetry by Indians (2022) ed. by Sudeep Sen published by Pippa Rann Books, London Interviews An interview with Jussawalla by Sohini Das Gupta @ Daily News and Analysis An appreciation of Jussawalla by Bijay Kant Dubey @ the Literarism blog "Before and After: An Interview with Adil Jussawalla" Archived 17 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Almost Island journal. References ^ "Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation, Adil Jussawalla". jnaf.org. Retrieved 7 April 2019. ^ "Now, Adil Jussawalla". guftugu.in. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2019. ^ "Jussawalla, Adil (Jehangir)". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ a b c Archived 22 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine "Adil Jussawalla: The Missing Man of Indian Poetry in English" by Bijay Kant Dubey @ Boloji.com ^ a b c Brief biography@ Encyclopedia.com ^ Adil Jussawalla @ Sangam House ^ About the Author @ Google Books. ^ "Trying to Say Goodbye by Adil Jussawalla". worldliteraturetoday.org. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2019. ^ "The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets". cse.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 23 August 2018. ^ "Book review: 'Twelve Modern Indian Poets' by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra". indiatoday.in. Retrieved 23 August 2018. ^ Mandal, Somdatta (15 June 2009). "Rubana Huq, ed. The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry. Review: Asiatic, Volume 3, Number 1, June 2009". Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature. 3 (1). journals.iium.edu.my: 126–129. Retrieved 4 September 2018. External links Trying to Say Goodbye by Adil Jussawalla @ World Literature Today vteSahitya Akademi Award for English1960–1970 The Guide by R. K. Narayan (1960) The Serpent and the Rope by Raja Rao (1964) The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin by Verrier Elwin (1965) Shadow From Ladakh by Bhabani Bhattacharya (1967) An Artist in Life by Niharranjan Ray (1969) 1971–1980 Morning Face by Mulk Raj Anand (1971) Scholar Extraordinary by Nirad C. Chaudhuri (1975) Jawaharlal Nehru by Sarvepalli Gopal (1976) Azadi by Chaman Nahal (1977) Fire on the Mountain by Anita Desai (1978) Inside the Haveli by Rama Mehta (1979) On the Mother by K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar (1980) 1981–1990 Relationship by Jayanta Mahapatra (1981) The Last Labyrinth by Arun Joshi (1982) Latter-Day Psalms by Nissim Ezekiel (1983) The Keeper of the Dead by Keki N. Daruwalla (1984) Collected Poems by Kamala Das (1985) Rich Like Us by Nayantara Sahgal (1986) Trapfalls In the Sky by Shiv K. Kumar (1987) The Golden Gate by Vikram Seth (1988) The Shadow Lines by Amitav Ghosh (1989) That Long Silence by Shashi Deshpande (1990) 1991–2000 The Trotter-Nama by Allan Sealy (1991) Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra by Ruskin Bond (1992) After Amnesia by G. N. Devy (1993) Serendip by Dom Moraes (1994) Memories of Rain by Sunetra Gupta (1996) Final Solutions and Other Plays by Mahesh Dattani (1998) The Collected Poems by A. K. Ramanujan (1999) Cuckold by Kiran Nagarkar (2000) 2001–2010 Rajaji: A Life by Rajmohan Gandhi (2001) A New World by Amit Chaudhuri (2002) The Perishable Empire by Meenakshi Mukherjee (2003) The Mammaries of the Welfare State by Upamanyu Chatterjee (2004) The Algebra of Infinite Justice by Arundhati Roy (2005) The Sari Shop by Rupa Bajwa (2006) Disorderly Women by Malathi Rao (2007) Mahabharata: An Inquiry into the Human Condition by Chaturvedi Badrinath (2009) The Book of Rachel by Esther David (2010) 2011–2020 India after Gandhi by Ramachandra Guha (2011) These Errors are Correct by Jeet Thayil (2012) Laburnum For My Head by Temsula Ao (2013) Trying to Say Goodbye by Adil Jussawalla (2014) Chronicle of a Corpse Bearer by Cyrus Mistry (2015) Em and the Big Hoom by Jerry Pinto (2016) The Black Hill by Mamang Dai (2017) The Blind Lady's Descendants by Anees Salim (2018) An Era of Darkness by Shashi Tharoor (2019) When God is a Traveller by Arundhathi Subramaniam (2020) 2021–present Things to Leave Behind by Namita Gokhale (2021) All The Lives We Never Lived by Anuradha Roy (2022) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Adil Jehangir Jussawalla (born 8 April 1940, Mumbai) is an Indian poet,[1][2] magazine editor and translator.[3] He has written two books of poetry, Land's End and Missing Person.Sea Breeze Bombay is a fine, city poem by this poet. It is actually a response to the historical incident of partition in the year 1947 according to the poet, Bombay is a 'Surrogate City'. It provided shelter to numerous refugees after partition, during which there were many riots in India. Thousands of people were killed and many became homeless. The city Bombay acted as a substitute or surrogate mother to all refugees.In the poem 'Sea Breeze Bombay' the poet presents a picture of the suffering of the refugees. These people from the north got relief in the worst heat. In the city many communities were reformed. In the hot sun a cool breeze gives pleasant, soothing experience. In the same way, the city Bombay also provided pleasant experience to all the refugees.","title":"Adil Jussawalla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-4"},{"link_name":"Cathedral and John Connon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_and_John_Connon_School"},{"link_name":"Architectural Association School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Association_School_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-5"},{"link_name":"Greater London Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Council"},{"link_name":"EF International Language Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Academy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-5"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-4"},{"link_name":"International Writing Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Writing_Program"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-4"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"Debonair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debonair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-5"},{"link_name":"Gulam Mohammed Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulam_Mohammed_Sheikh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Arvind Krishna Mehrotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Krishna_Mehrotra"},{"link_name":"Arun Kolatkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Kolatkar"},{"link_name":"Gieve Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gieve_Patel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award"}],"text":"He was born to a Parsi family[4] and completed his primary education at the Cathedral and John Connon School in 1956. He then attended the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London from 1957–58. Later, he studied at University College, Oxford, receiving his M.A. in 1964.[5]He worked briefly as a substitute teacher for the Greater London Council, then became a language teacher at the EF International Language Centre; a post he held until 1969.[5] He then returned to Mumbai, where he taught at several colleges, becoming a lecturer in English language and literature at St. Xavier's College in 1972.[4]He was an Honorary Fellow of the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa in 1976.[4] After that, he focused on journalism, serving as the book review editor at The Indian Express from 1980–81 and literary editor for The Express Magazine from 1980–82. In 1987, he became the literary editor for Debonair, a magazine originally modeled after Playboy. In 1989, he was promoted to editor and served in that position for several years, after which he returned to his writing career.[5] He has also translated several works by Gulam Mohammed Sheikh.[6] Together with Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Arun Kolatkar and Gieve Patel, he helped create \"Clearing House\", a poet's publishing co-operative.[7]In 2014, he was presented with the Sahitya Akademi Award for his book of poetry, Trying to Say Goodbye.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-921295-0-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-921295-0-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-925948-5-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-925948-5-9"},{"link_name":"Jerry Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Pinto"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-82277-67-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82277-67-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-5009-858-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5009-858-5"}],"text":"New Writing in India, Penguin Books Ltd, 1974, 978-0140036459\nTrying to Say Goodbye, Almost Island Books, 2011 ISBN 978-81-921295-0-1[8]\nThe Right Kind of Dog, Duckbill Books, 2013 ISBN 978-81-925948-5-9\nMaps for a Mortal Moon: Essays and Entertainments (edited by Jerry Pinto), Aleph Books, 2014 ISBN 978-93-82277-67-5\nI Dreamt a Horse Fell From the Sky, a collection of poetry and prose, Hachette, 2015 ISBN 978-93-5009-858-5\nThe Magic Hand of Chance, Paperwall Publishing, 2021, 978-8195378739","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arvind Krishna Mehrotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Krishna_Mehrotra"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Writers Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Workshop_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Writers Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Workshop_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets (1992) ed. by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra and published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi[9][10]\nThe Golden Treasure of Writers Workshop Poetry (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by Writers Workshop, Calcutta[11]\nConverse: Contemporary English Poetry by Indians (2022) ed. by Sudeep Sen published by Pippa Rann Books, London","title":"Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An interview with Jussawalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-political-correctness-devitalizes-language-says-adil-jussawalla-2274922"},{"link_name":"Daily News and Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis"},{"link_name":"An appreciation of Jussawalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//literarism.blogspot.com/2015/06/adil-jussawalla-by-bijay-kant-duibey.html"},{"link_name":"\"Before and After: An Interview with Adil Jussawalla\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//almostisland.com/monsoon_2012/interviews/before_and_after.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180317093244/http://almostisland.com/monsoon_2012/interviews/before_and_after.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"An interview with Jussawalla by Sohini Das Gupta @ Daily News and Analysis\nAn appreciation of Jussawalla by Bijay Kant Dubey @ the Literarism blog\n\"Before and After: An Interview with Adil Jussawalla\" Archived 17 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Almost Island journal.","title":"Interviews"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation, Adil Jussawalla\". jnaf.org. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://jnaf.org/artist/adil-jussawalla/","url_text":"\"Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation, Adil Jussawalla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Now, Adil Jussawalla\". guftugu.in. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://guftugu.in/2018/12/now-adil-jussawalla/","url_text":"\"Now, Adil Jussawalla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jussawalla, Adil (Jehangir)\". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/jussawalla-adil-jehangir","url_text":"\"Jussawalla, Adil (Jehangir)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trying to Say Goodbye by Adil Jussawalla\". worldliteraturetoday.org. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2013/march/trying-say-goodbye-adil-jussawalla","url_text":"\"Trying to Say Goodbye by Adil Jussawalla\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets\". cse.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 23 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/mehrotra-1993-oxford-india-anthology.html","url_text":"\"The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book review: 'Twelve Modern Indian Poets' by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra\". indiatoday.in. Retrieved 23 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920815-book-review-twelve-modern-indian-poets-by-arvind-krishna-mehrotra-766731-2013-01-03","url_text":"\"Book review: 'Twelve Modern Indian Poets' by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra\""}]},{"reference":"Mandal, Somdatta (15 June 2009). \"Rubana Huq, ed. The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry. Review: Asiatic, Volume 3, Number 1, June 2009\". Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature. 3 (1). journals.iium.edu.my: 126–129. Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/AJELL/article/view/82/67","url_text":"\"Rubana Huq, ed. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogress	Ogre	["1 Etymology","2 In modern fiction","3 Fairy tales that feature ogres","4 Gallery","4.1 In illustration","4.2 In sculpture","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Legendary monster This article is about the mythological creature. For other uses, see Ogre (disambiguation). "Ogress" redirects here. For the heraldic term, see Roundel (heraldry). Not to be confused with Orge. Puss in Boots before the ogre. One of the platters on the table serves human babies (illustrated by Gustave Doré). An ogre (feminine: ogress) is a legendary monster depicted as a large, hideous, man-like being that eats ordinary human beings, especially infants and children. Ogres frequently feature in mythology, folklore, and fiction throughout the world. They appear in many classic works of literature, and are most often associated in fairy tales and legend. Japanese depiction of the demon-ogre In mythology, ogres are often depicted as inhumanly large, tall, and having a disproportionately large head, abundant hair, unusually colored skin, a voracious appetite, and a strong body. Ogres are closely linked with giants and with human cannibals in mythology. In both folklore and fiction, giants are often given ogrish traits (such as the giants in "Jack and the Beanstalk" and "Jack the Giant Killer", the Giant Despair in The Pilgrim's Progress, and the Jötunn of Norse mythology); while ogres may be given giant-like traits. Famous examples of ogres in folklore include the ogre in "Puss in Boots" and the ogre in "Hop-o'-My-Thumb". Other characters sometimes described as ogres include the title character from "Bluebeard", the Beast from Beauty and the Beast, Humbaba from the Epic of Gilgamesh, Grendel from Beowulf, Polyphemus the Cyclops from Homer's Odyssey, the man-eating giant in "Sinbad the Sailor", the oni of Japanese folklore and the ghouls of pre-Islamic Arabian religion. Etymology Puss in Boots before the ogre (illustrated by Walter Crane). The word ogre is of French origin, originally derived from the Etruscan god Orcus, who fed on human flesh. Its earliest attestation is in Chrétien de Troyes' late 12th-century verse romance Perceval, li contes del graal, which contains the lines: Et s'est escrit que il ert ancore que toz li reaumes de Logres, qui jadis fu la terre as ogres, ert destruite par cele lance. "And it is written that he will come again, to all the realms of Logres, which was formerly land of ogres, and destroy them with that lance." The ogres in this rhyme may refer to the ogres who were, in the pseudohistorical work History of the Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth, the inhabitants of Britain prior to human settlement. The Italian author Giambattista Basile (1575–1632) used the related Neapolitan word uerco, or in standard Italian, orco in some of his tales. This word is documented in earlier Italian works (Fazio degli Uberti, 14th century; Luigi Pulci, 15th century; Ludovico Ariosto, 15th–16th centuries) and has even older cognates with the Latin orcus and the Old English orcnēas found in Beowulf lines 112–113, which inspired J.R.R. Tolkien's Orc. All these words may derive from a shared Indo-European mythological concept (as Tolkien himself speculated, as cited by Tom Shippey, The Road to Middle-earth, 45). The Dictionary of the Academy of France alternatively states that the name is derived from the word Hongrois, which means Hungarian, as of western cultures referred to Hungarians as a kind of monstrosity. Ogre could possibly also derive from the biblical Og, last of the giants (or from the Greek river god Oiagros, father of Orpheus). The word ogre came into wider usage in the works of Charles Perrault (1628–1703) or Marie-Catherine Jumelle de Berneville, Comtesse d' Aulnoy (1650–1705), both of whom were French authors. The first appearance of the word ogre in Perrault's work occurred in his Histoires ou Contes du temps Passé (1696). It later appeared in several of his other fairy tales, many of which were based on the Neapolitan tales of Basile. The first example of a female ogre being referred to as an ogress is found in his version of Sleeping Beauty, where it is spelled ogresse. Madame d'Aulnoy first employed the word ogre in her story L'Orangier et l'Abeille (1698), and was the first to use the word ogree to refer to the creature's offspring. In modern fiction In modern times, ogres have appeared in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game as large, powerful humanoid creatures, with slightly below average intelligence,: 249, 257 throughout its editions as adversaries but also playable characters. The ogre was counted among the ten best low-level monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies. They posit that the ogre "teaches players about fighting big, powerful, stupid monsters, which is an iconic D&D experience". The green-skinned ogre Shrek is a fictional character created by the American author William Steig that since 1990 has appeared in a book, several movies by DreamWorks Animation, a TV series, and a musical. The Ogre Mulgarath is the main antagonist in The Spiderwick Chronicles books series (also adapted into a film and a TV series). Ogres make up the army of Duke Igthorn, antagonists in Adventures of the Gummi Bears. In this children's TV series, they are presented as antropomorphized creatures, emphasized through neomedieval trappings in clothing and equipment. In Smurfs, ogres appear human-like but are stouter than humans. In Disenchantment, Elfo's maternal family are ogres which makes him a hybrid between an ogre and an elf. Fairy tales that feature ogres Hop-o'-My-Thumb steals the ogre's seven-league boots (illustrated by Gustave Doré, 1862). "Bearskin" "The Bee and the Orange Tree" "Corvetto" "The Dove" "The Enchanted Doe" "Finette Cendron" or "Cunning Cinders" "The Flea" "Garulfo" "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" "Liisa and the Prince" "Mr Miacca" "Puss in Boots" "The Selfish Giant" "Sleeping Beauty" "Tale of the Ogre" "The Three Crowns" "Violet" Gallery In illustration Giovanni Lanfranco: Norandino and Lucina Discovered by the Ogre, oil on canvas, c. 1624 Gustave Doré (1832–1883): Bluebeard, woodcut from an 1862 edition of Histoires ou contes du temps passé Gustave Doré: Illustration for Le Petit Poucet, 1862 Gustave Doré: Illustration for Le Petit Poucet, 1862 Alexander Zick (1845–1907): Illustration for Der kleine Däumling The ogre and his wife, illustration for Hop-o'-My-Thumb from a late-19th-century German fairy tale book An oni in pilgrim's clothing Kawanabe Kyōsai (1831–1889): An oni in wandering Buddhist priest's robes, 1864 Katsushika Hokusai (1760–1849): An oni being chased away by scattered beans, detail of a print Political cartoon from 1900 depicting Australia as an ogre and referencing its origins as a penal colony In sculpture The ogre from Hop-o'-My-Thumb at Efteling, Netherlands An ogre king represented at Mandalay Hill, Myanmar The ogress Sanda Muhki represented at Mandalay Hill A Japanese oni An oni in Beppu, Kyushu Ogre Fountain (lit. "Child Eater Fountain") at Corn House Square, Bern , Switzerland . See also Buggane Child cannibalism Cyclopes Darkspawn Daeva Fictional ogres (category) Giant Goliath Humbaba Jinn Ghoul Jötunn Ke'let Mapinguari Oni Orc Rakshasa Shrek Stallo Troll Wendigo References ^ Warner, Marina. Why do Ogres Eat Babies?. SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-13816-6_18. ^ Vocabolario Degli Accademici Della Crusca Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Beowulf". Humanities.mcmaster.ca. Retrieved 2012-03-28. ^ Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1932–35) ^ a b Ammann, Keith (2019). The Monsters Know What They're Doing. Saga Press. ISBN 978-1982122669. ^ Croitoriu, Michaël (May–June 1998). "Aide Au Jouer: Talents & Pouvoirs". Backstab (in French). Vol. 9. p. 54. ^ Gygax, Gary, and Dave Arneson. Dungeons & Dragons (3-Volume Set) (TSR, 1974) ^ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual (TSR, 1977) ^ Gygax, Gary, and Dave Arneson , edited by J. Eric Holmes. Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set (TSR, 1977) ^ Gygax, Gary, and Dave Arneson , edited by Frank Mentzer. Dungeons & Dragons Set 1: Basic Rules (TSR, 1983) ^ Cook, David, et al. Monstrous Compendium Volume One (TSR, 1989) ^ Slavicsek, Bill. Dungeons & Dragons Adventure Game (TSR, 1999) ^ Cook, Monte, Jonathan Tweet, and Skip Williams. Monster Manual (Wizards of the Coast, 2000) ^ Mearls, Mike, Stephen Schubert, and James Wyatt. Monster Manual (Wizards of the Coast, 2008) ^ Slavicsek, Bill. The Complete Book of Humanoids (TSR, 1993) ^ Croitoriu, Michaël (November 2000). "Dungeon Master's Guide". Backstab (in French). No. 24. pp. 74–75. ^ Eckelberry, David, Rich Redman, and Jennifer Clarke Wilkes. Savage Species (Wizards of the Coast, 2003) ^ Slavicsek, Bill; Baker, Rich; Grubb, Jeff (2005). Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Publishing. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-7645-8459-6. Retrieved 27 March 2012. ^ Burak, Alexander (2011). "Some Like It Hot – Goblin-Style: 'Ozhivliazh' in Russian Film Translations". Russian Language Journal. 61 (1): 5–31. ^ Mussies, Martine (2021). "'Dashing and daring, courageous and caring': Neomedievalism as a Marker of Anthropomorphism in the Parent Fan Fiction Inspired by Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears". Dzieciństwo. Literatura i Kultura. 3 (2): 60–83. Further reading Briggs, Kathrine Mary. The Fairies in Tradition and Literature. London: Routledge, 2002. "Ogre." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 May 2006, search.eb.com Rose, Carol. Giants, Monsters, & Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001. ISBN 0-393-32211-4 Shippey, Tom. The Road to Middle-earth. London: HarperCollins, 1992 (rev.). ISBN 0-261-10275-3 South, Malcolm, ed. Mythical and Fabulous Creatures: A Source Book and Research Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987. Reprint, New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1988. ISBN 0-87226-208-1 External links Look up ogre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 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Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast"},{"link_name":"Humbaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbaba"},{"link_name":"Epic of Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh"},{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"Polyphemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphemus"},{"link_name":"Cyclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclops"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Sinbad the Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor"},{"link_name":"oni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni"},{"link_name":"Japanese folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_folklore"},{"link_name":"ghouls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouls"},{"link_name":"pre-Islamic Arabian religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia"}],"text":"This article is about the mythological creature. For other uses, see Ogre (disambiguation).\"Ogress\" redirects here. For the heraldic term, see Roundel (heraldry).Not to be confused with Orge.Puss in Boots before the ogre. One of the platters on the table serves human babies (illustrated by Gustave Doré).An ogre (feminine: ogress) is a legendary monster depicted as a large, hideous, man-like being that eats ordinary human beings, especially infants and children.[1] Ogres frequently feature in mythology, folklore, and fiction throughout the world. They appear in many classic works of literature, and are most often associated in fairy tales and legend.Japanese depiction of the demon-ogreIn mythology, ogres are often depicted as inhumanly large, tall, and having a disproportionately large head, abundant hair, unusually colored skin, a voracious appetite, and a strong body. Ogres are closely linked with giants and with human cannibals in mythology. In both folklore and fiction, giants are often given ogrish traits (such as the giants in \"Jack and the Beanstalk\" and \"Jack the Giant Killer\", the Giant Despair in The Pilgrim's Progress, and the Jötunn of Norse mythology); while ogres may be given giant-like traits.Famous examples of ogres in folklore include the ogre in \"Puss in Boots\" and the ogre in \"Hop-o'-My-Thumb\". Other characters sometimes described as ogres include the title character from \"Bluebeard\", the Beast from Beauty and the Beast, Humbaba from the Epic of Gilgamesh, Grendel from Beowulf, Polyphemus the Cyclops from Homer's Odyssey, the man-eating giant in \"Sinbad the Sailor\", the oni of Japanese folklore and the ghouls of pre-Islamic Arabian religion.","title":"Ogre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Chat_face_%C3%A0_l%27ogre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Puss in Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puss_in_Boots"},{"link_name":"Walter Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Crane"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Orcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcus"},{"link_name":"Chrétien de Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes"},{"link_name":"Perceval, li contes del graal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail"},{"link_name":"Logres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logres"},{"link_name":"pseudohistorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohistorical"},{"link_name":"History of the Kings of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey of Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Giambattista Basile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Basile"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fazio degli Uberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literature#Imitators"},{"link_name":"Luigi Pulci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pulci"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Ariosto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Orc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orc#Early_Modern"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tom Shippey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Og","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og"},{"link_name":"Oiagros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeagrus"},{"link_name":"Orpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus"},{"link_name":"Charles Perrault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Perrault"},{"link_name":"Marie-Catherine Jumelle de Berneville, Comtesse d' Aulnoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_d%27Aulnoy"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Madame d'Aulnoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_d%27Aulnoy"},{"link_name":"L'Orangier et l'Abeille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bee_and_the_Orange_Tree"}],"text":"Puss in Boots before the ogre (illustrated by Walter Crane).The word ogre is of French origin, originally derived from the Etruscan god Orcus, who fed on human flesh. Its earliest attestation is in Chrétien de Troyes' late 12th-century verse romance Perceval, li contes del graal, which contains the lines:Et s'est escrit que il ert ancore\nque toz li reaumes de Logres,\nqui jadis fu la terre as ogres,\nert destruite par cele lance.\n\n\"And it is written that he will come again,\nto all the realms of Logres,\nwhich was formerly land of ogres,\nand destroy them with that lance.\"The ogres in this rhyme may refer to the ogres who were, in the pseudohistorical work History of the Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth, the inhabitants of Britain prior to human settlement. The Italian author Giambattista Basile (1575–1632) used the related Neapolitan word uerco, or in standard Italian, orco in some of his tales. This word is documented[2] in earlier Italian works (Fazio degli Uberti, 14th century; Luigi Pulci, 15th century; Ludovico Ariosto, 15th–16th centuries) and has even older cognates with the Latin orcus and the Old English orcnēas found in Beowulf lines 112–113, which inspired J.R.R. Tolkien's Orc.[3] All these words may derive from a shared Indo-European mythological concept (as Tolkien himself speculated, as cited by Tom Shippey, The Road to Middle-earth, 45). The Dictionary of the Academy of France alternatively states that the name is derived from the word Hongrois, which means Hungarian, as of western cultures referred to Hungarians as a kind of monstrosity.[4] Ogre could possibly also derive[citation needed] from the biblical Og, last of the giants (or from the Greek river god Oiagros, father of Orpheus).The word ogre came into wider usage in the works of Charles Perrault (1628–1703) or Marie-Catherine Jumelle de Berneville, Comtesse d' Aulnoy (1650–1705), both of whom were French authors. The first appearance of the word ogre in Perrault's work occurred in his Histoires ou Contes du temps Passé (1696). It later appeared in several of his other fairy tales, many of which were based on the Neapolitan tales of Basile. The first example of a female ogre being referred to as an ogress is found in his version of Sleeping Beauty, where it is spelled ogresse. Madame d'Aulnoy first employed the word ogre in her story L'Orangier et l'Abeille (1698), and was the first to use the word ogree to refer to the creature's offspring.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KA-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KA-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dummies-18"},{"link_name":"Shrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_(character)"},{"link_name":"William Steig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Steig"},{"link_name":"a book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek!"},{"link_name":"DreamWorks Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation"},{"link_name":"The Spiderwick Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spiderwick_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Adventures of the Gummi Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_the_Gummi_Bears"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"neomedieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-medievalism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Smurfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurfs"},{"link_name":"Disenchantment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenchantment_(TV_series)"}],"text":"In modern times, ogres have appeared in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game as large, powerful humanoid creatures, with slightly below average intelligence,[5]: 249, 257 [6] throughout its editions as adversaries[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][5] but also playable characters.[15][16][17] The ogre was counted among the ten best low-level monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies. They posit that the ogre \"teaches players about fighting big, powerful, stupid monsters, which is an iconic D&D experience\".[18]The green-skinned ogre Shrek is a fictional character created by the American author William Steig that since 1990 has appeared in a book, several movies by DreamWorks Animation, a TV series, and a musical.The Ogre Mulgarath is the main antagonist in The Spiderwick Chronicles books series (also adapted into a film and a TV series).Ogres make up the army of Duke Igthorn, antagonists in Adventures of the Gummi Bears.[19]\nIn this children's TV series, they are presented as antropomorphized creatures, emphasized through neomedieval trappings in clothing and equipment.[20]In Smurfs, ogres appear human-like but are stouter than humans.In Disenchantment, Elfo's maternal family are ogres which makes him a hybrid between an ogre and an elf.","title":"In modern fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poucet11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hop-o'-My-Thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop-o%27-My-Thumb"},{"link_name":"seven-league boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-league_boots"},{"link_name":"Gustave Doré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bearskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearskin_(French_fairy_tale)"},{"link_name":"The Bee and the Orange Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bee_and_the_Orange_Tree"},{"link_name":"Corvetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvetto_(fairy_tale)"},{"link_name":"The Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dove_(fairy_tale)"},{"link_name":"The Enchanted Doe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enchanted_Doe"},{"link_name":"Finette Cendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finette_Cendron"},{"link_name":"The Flea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flea_(fairy_tale)"},{"link_name":"Garulfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garulfo"},{"link_name":"Hop-o'-My-Thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop-o%27-My-Thumb"},{"link_name":"Liisa and the Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liisa_and_the_Prince"},{"link_name":"Mr Miacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Miacca"},{"link_name":"Puss in Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puss_in_Boots"},{"link_name":"The Selfish Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Tale of the Ogre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tale_of_the_Ogre"},{"link_name":"The Three Crowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Crowns"},{"link_name":"Violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_(fairy_tale)"}],"text":"Hop-o'-My-Thumb steals the ogre's seven-league boots (illustrated by Gustave Doré, 1862).\"Bearskin\"\n\"The Bee and the Orange Tree\"\n\"Corvetto\"\n\"The Dove\"\n\"The Enchanted Doe\"\n\"Finette Cendron\" or \"Cunning Cinders\"\n\"The Flea\"\n\"Garulfo\"\n\"Hop-o'-My-Thumb\"\n\"Liisa and the Prince\"\n\"Mr Miacca\"\n\"Puss in Boots\"\n\"The Selfish Giant\"\n\"Sleeping Beauty\"\n\"Tale of the Ogre\"\n\"The Three Crowns\"\n\"Violet\"","title":"Fairy tales that feature ogres"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Lanfranco_-_Norandino_and_Lucina_Discovered_by_the_Ogre_-_WGA12455.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Lanfranco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Lanfranco"},{"link_name":"Norandino and Lucina Discovered by the Ogre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Furioso"},{"link_name":"oil on canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_on_canvas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbebleue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gustave Doré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bluebeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebeard"},{"link_name":"woodcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut"},{"link_name":"Histoires ou contes du temps passé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoires_ou_contes_du_temps_pass%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poucet10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Le Petit Poucet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop-o%27-My-Thumb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poucet8.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%A4umling.jpg"},{"link_name":"Der kleine Däumling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop-o%27-My-Thumb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Der_kleine_Daumling_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hop-o'-My-Thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop-o%27-My-Thumb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oni_in_pilgrim%27s_clothing.jpg"},{"link_name":"oni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyosai_Oni_in_priest%27s_robes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kawanabe Kyōsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanabe_Ky%C5%8Dsai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oni_pelted_by_beans.jpg"},{"link_name":"Katsushika Hokusai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_ogre_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"origins as a penal colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia"}],"sub_title":"In illustration","text":"Giovanni Lanfranco: Norandino and Lucina Discovered by the Ogre, oil on canvas, c. 1624\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGustave Doré (1832–1883): Bluebeard, woodcut from an 1862 edition of Histoires ou contes du temps passé\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGustave Doré: Illustration for Le Petit Poucet, 1862\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGustave Doré: Illustration for Le Petit Poucet, 1862\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlexander Zick (1845–1907): Illustration for Der kleine Däumling\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ogre and his wife, illustration for Hop-o'-My-Thumb from a late-19th-century German fairy tale book\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn oni in pilgrim's clothing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKawanabe Kyōsai (1831–1889): An oni in wandering Buddhist priest's robes, 1864\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKatsushika Hokusai (1760–1849): An oni being chased away by scattered beans, detail of a print\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolitical cartoon from 1900 depicting Australia as an ogre and referencing its origins as a penal colony","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kleinduimpje_Efteling.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hop-o'-My-Thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop-o%27-My-Thumb"},{"link_name":"Efteling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efteling"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ogre_king_at_Mandalay_Hill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mandalay Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_Hill"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanda_Muhki,_Mandalay_Hill,_Myanmar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mandalay Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oni.jpg"},{"link_name":"oni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%AC%BC%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84PB060318.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beppu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beppu,_%C5%8Cita"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4377_-_Bern_-_Kindlifresserbrunnen_am_Kornhausplatz.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"}],"sub_title":"In sculpture","text":"The ogre from Hop-o'-My-Thumb at Efteling, Netherlands\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn ogre king represented at Mandalay Hill, Myanmar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ogress Sanda Muhki represented at Mandalay Hill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Japanese oni\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn oni in Beppu, Kyushu\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOgre Fountain (lit. \"Child Eater Fountain\") at Corn House Square, Bern , Switzerland .","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Fairies in Tradition and Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=si_cXO1yJNwC"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online"},{"link_name":"search.eb.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9125639"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"W. W. Norton & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-32211-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32211-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-261-10275-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-261-10275-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87226-208-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87226-208-1"}],"text":"Briggs, Kathrine Mary. The Fairies in Tradition and Literature. London: Routledge, 2002.\n\"Ogre.\" Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 May 2006, search.eb.com[dead link]\nRose, Carol. Giants, Monsters, & Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001. ISBN 0-393-32211-4\nShippey, Tom. The Road to Middle-earth. London: HarperCollins, 1992 (rev.). ISBN 0-261-10275-3\nSouth, Malcolm, ed. Mythical and Fabulous Creatures: A Source Book and Research Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987. Reprint, New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1988. ISBN 0-87226-208-1","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Puss in Boots before the ogre. One of the platters on the table serves human babies (illustrated by Gustave Doré).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lechatbotte4.jpg/300px-Lechatbotte4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japanese depiction of the demon-ogre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NDL-DC_9369963-004_Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi_crd1.jpg/220px-NDL-DC_9369963-004_Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi_crd1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Puss in Boots before the ogre (illustrated by Walter Crane).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Le_Chat_face_%C3%A0_l%27ogre.jpg/170px-Le_Chat_face_%C3%A0_l%27ogre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hop-o'-My-Thumb steals the ogre's seven-league boots (illustrated by Gustave Doré, 1862).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Poucet11.jpg/220px-Poucet11.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Buggane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buggane"},{"title":"Child cannibalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_cannibalism"},{"title":"Cyclopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopes"},{"title":"Darkspawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkspawn"},{"title":"Daeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daeva"},{"title":"Fictional ogres (category)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fictional_ogres"},{"title":"Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_(mythology)"},{"title":"Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath"},{"title":"Humbaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbaba"},{"title":"Jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn"},{"title":"Ghoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoul"},{"title":"Jötunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn"},{"title":"Ke'let","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%27let"},{"title":"Mapinguari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapinguari"},{"title":"Oni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni"},{"title":"Orc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orc"},{"title":"Rakshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakshasa"},{"title":"Shrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_(character)"},{"title":"Stallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallo"},{"title":"Troll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll"},{"title":"Wendigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendigo"}]	[{"reference":"Warner, Marina. Why do Ogres Eat Babies?. SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-13816-6_18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-13816-6_18","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-349-13816-6_18"}]},{"reference":"\"Beowulf\". Humanities.mcmaster.ca. Retrieved 2012-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~beowulf/main.html","url_text":"\"Beowulf\""}]},{"reference":"Ammann, Keith (2019). The Monsters Know What They're Doing. Saga Press. ISBN 978-1982122669.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ax2zDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8","url_text":"The Monsters Know What They're Doing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga_Press","url_text":"Saga Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1982122669","url_text":"978-1982122669"}]},{"reference":"Croitoriu, Michaël (May–June 1998). \"Aide Au Jouer: Talents & Pouvoirs\". Backstab (in French). Vol. 9. p. 54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Croitoriu, Michaël (November 2000). \"Dungeon Master's Guide\". Backstab (in French). No. 24. pp. 74–75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Slavicsek, Bill; Baker, Rich; Grubb, Jeff (2005). Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Publishing. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-7645-8459-6. Retrieved 27 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Slavicsek","url_text":"Slavicsek, Bill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Baker_(game_designer)","url_text":"Baker, Rich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Grubb","url_text":"Grubb, Jeff"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xNU7E01MCEgC&dq=ogre&pg=PA356","url_text":"Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-8459-6","url_text":"978-0-7645-8459-6"}]},{"reference":"Burak, Alexander (2011). \"Some Like It Hot – Goblin-Style: 'Ozhivliazh' in Russian Film Translations\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviticus:_Faggot	Leviticus: Faggot	["1 Music video","1.1 Controversy","2 Chart positions","3 References","4 External links"]	1996 single by Meshell Ndegeocello "Leviticus: Faggot"Cover art for commercial international releasesSingle by Meshell Ndegeocellofrom the album Peace Beyond Passion B-side"Deuteronomy: Niggerman"Released1996 (1996)GenreNeo soulLength6:08LabelMaverickSongwriter(s)Meshell NdegeocelloProducer(s)David GamsonMeshell Ndegeocello singles chronology "Who Is He and What Is He to You" (1996) "Leviticus: Faggot" (1996) "Never Miss the Water" (1996) Music video"Leviticus: Faggot" at VH1.com "Leviticus: Faggot" is a song written and performed by Meshell Ndegeocello, issued as the second single from her second studio album Peace Beyond Passion. The song peaked at number 15 on the Billboard dance chart. Music video The official music video for the song was directed by Kevin Bray. The beginning of the video depicts a young man who is thrown out of his house for being gay, and the video concludes with the man (presumably) committing suicide. Controversy Because of the subject matter, the use of the word "faggot" being used so prominently in the song, and presumably the same-sex relations depicted in the video, many music video stations refused to air it without edits. The Box aired the video in its entirety, while MTV aired it but omitted a clip of the male protagonist showing the razor blade he later uses to commit suicide. BET would not air the video at all, with then-music director Gregg Diggs stating that the network's decision not to air it was strictly because of the use of the word "faggot" and not because of "anything sexual". Ndegeocello declared Diggs' explanation "a crock of bull" and further stated that networks that edited the video or did not air the video missed the point that the song and video were making. Chart positions Chart (1996) Peakposition US Dance Music/Club Play Singles (Billboard) 15 References ^ "Me'Shell NdegéOcello - Leviticus: Faggot (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. Zink Media. 1996. Retrieved January 14, 2015. ^ a b c "Leviticus: Faggot - Meshell Ndegeocello \| Listen, Appearances, Song Review \| AllMusic". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved January 14, 2015. ^ "Me'Shell NdegéOcello - Leviticus: Faggot (CD) at Discogs". Discogs. Zink Media. 1996. Retrieved January 14, 2015. ^ "Meshell Ndegeocello \| Awards \| AllMusic". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved January 14, 2015. ^ ""Leviticus: Faggot" by Meshell Ndegeocello \| Music Video \| VH1.com". VH1. Viacom International. July 3, 1996. Retrieved January 14, 2015. ^ a b c Atwood, Brett (June 15, 1996). "Billboard". Billboard. Los Angeles. p. 85. Retrieved January 14, 2015. ^ a b c d "The Advocate". The Advocate. Here Media: 58. July 23, 1996. Retrieved January 14, 2015. External links "Leviticus: Faggot" at AllMusic "Leviticus: Faggot" at Discogs (list of releases) vteMeshell NdegeocelloStudio albums Plantation Lullabies (1993) Peace Beyond Passion (1996) Bitter (1999) Cookie: The Anthropological Mixtape (2002) Comfort Woman (2003) The Spirit Music Jamia: Dance of the Infidel (2005) The World Has Made Me the Man of My Dreams (2007) Devil's Halo (2009) Weather (2011) Pour une Âme Souveraine: A Dedication to Nina Simone (2012) Comet, Come to Me (2014) Ventriloquism (2018) The Omnichord Real Book (2023) Notable singles "If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)" "Who Is He and What Is He to You" "Leviticus: Faggot" "Never Miss the Water"	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"Meshell Ndegeocello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshell_Ndegeocello"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Peace Beyond Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Beyond_Passion"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic2-4"}],"text":"\"Leviticus: Faggot\" is a song written[2] and performed by Meshell Ndegeocello, issued as the second single from her second studio album Peace Beyond Passion. The song peaked at number 15 on the Billboard dance chart.[4]","title":"Leviticus: Faggot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Kevin Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bray_(director)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vh1-5"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-6"}],"text":"The official music video for the song was directed by Kevin Bray.[5] The beginning of the video depicts a young man who is thrown out of his house for being gay, and the video concludes with the man (presumably) committing suicide.[6]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"faggot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faggot_(slang)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advocate-7"},{"link_name":"The Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Box_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-6"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advocate-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advocate-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advocate-7"}],"sub_title":"Controversy","text":"Because of the subject matter, the use of the word \"faggot\" being used so prominently in the song, and presumably[7] the same-sex relations depicted in the video, many music video stations refused to air it without edits. The Box aired the video in its entirety, while MTV aired it but omitted a clip of the male protagonist showing the razor blade he later uses to commit suicide.[6] BET would not air the video at all, with then-music director Gregg Diggs stating that the network's decision not to air it was strictly because of the use of the word \"faggot\" and not because of \"anything sexual\".[7] Ndegeocello declared Diggs' explanation \"a crock of bull\"[7] and further stated that networks that edited the video or did not air the video missed the point that the song and video were making.[6][7]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart positions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Me'Shell NdegéOcello - Leviticus: Faggot (Vinyl) at Discogs\". Discogs. Zink Media. 1996. Retrieved January 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/MeShell-Ndeg%C3%A9Ocello-Leviticus-Faggot/release/2152385","url_text":"\"Me'Shell NdegéOcello - Leviticus: Faggot (Vinyl) at Discogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Leviticus: Faggot - Meshell Ndegeocello \| Listen, Appearances, Song Review \| AllMusic\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved January 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/leviticus-faggot-mt0008846960","url_text":"\"Leviticus: Faggot - Meshell Ndegeocello \| Listen, Appearances, Song Review \| AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Me'Shell NdegéOcello - Leviticus: Faggot (CD) at Discogs\". Discogs. Zink Media. 1996. 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Retrieved January 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vh1.com/video/meshell-ndegeocello/47056/leviticus-faggot.jhtml","url_text":"\"\"Leviticus: Faggot\" by Meshell Ndegeocello \| Music Video \| VH1.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1","url_text":"VH1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_International","url_text":"Viacom International"}]},{"reference":"Atwood, Brett (June 15, 1996). \"Billboard\". Billboard. Los Angeles. p. 85. Retrieved January 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Atwood","url_text":"Atwood, Brett"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qwkEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles","url_text":"Los Angeles"}]},{"reference":"\"The Advocate\". The Advocate. Here Media: 58. July 23, 1996. Retrieved January 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fGMEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"The Advocate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)","url_text":"The Advocate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Media","url_text":"Here Media"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.vh1.com/video/meshell-ndegeocello/47056/leviticus-faggot.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Leviticus: Faggot\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/MeShell-Ndeg%C3%A9Ocello-Leviticus-Faggot/release/2152385","external_links_name":"\"Me'Shell NdegéOcello - Leviticus: Faggot (Vinyl) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/leviticus-faggot-mt0008846960","external_links_name":"\"Leviticus: Faggot - Meshell Ndegeocello \| Listen, Appearances, Song Review \| AllMusic\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/MeShell-Ndeg%C3%A9Ocello-Leviticus-Faggot/release/634294","external_links_name":"\"Me'Shell NdegéOcello - Leviticus: Faggot (CD) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/meshell-ndegeocello-mn0000402351/awards","external_links_name":"\"Meshell Ndegeocello \| Awards \| AllMusic\""},{"Link":"http://www.vh1.com/video/meshell-ndegeocello/47056/leviticus-faggot.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"\"Leviticus: Faggot\" by Meshell Ndegeocello \| Music Video \| VH1.com\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qwkEAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fGMEAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"\"The Advocate\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/mt0008846960","external_links_name":"\"Leviticus: Faggot\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/84540","external_links_name":"Leviticus: Faggot"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Grimano	Monte Grimano Terme	["1 References"]	Comune in Marche, ItalyMonte Grimano TermeComuneComune di Monte Grimano Terme Coat of armsLocation of Monte Grimano Terme Monte Grimano TermeLocation of Monte Grimano Terme in ItalyShow map of ItalyMonte Grimano TermeMonte Grimano Terme (Marche)Show map of MarcheCoordinates: 43°50′N 12°25′E / 43.833°N 12.417°E / 43.833; 12.417CountryItalyRegionMarcheProvincePesaro e Urbino (PU)FrazioniMontelicciano, Savignano Monte TassiGovernment • MayorDaniele D'AntonioArea • Total24 km2 (9 sq mi)Elevation536 m (1,759 ft)Population (28 February 2009) • Total1,256 • Density52/km2 (140/sq mi)DemonymMontegrimanesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code61010Dialing code0541Patron saintSt. SylvesterSaint dayDecember 31 Monte Grimano Terme is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pesaro e Urbino in the Italian region Marche, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Ancona and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of Pesaro. Until 2002, it was known as Monte Grimano. Monte Grimaro Terme borders the following municipalities: Fiorentino, Macerata Feltria, Mercatino Conca, Monte Cerignone, Montecopiolo, Montegiardino, San Leo, Sassofeltrio. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat. ^ "Marche" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023. vteMarche · Comuni of the Province of Pesaro and Urbino Acqualagna Apecchio Belforte all'Isauro Borgo Pace Cagli Cantiano Carpegna Cartoceto Colli al Metauro Fano Fermignano Fossombrone Fratte Rosa Frontino Frontone Gabicce Mare Gradara Isola del Piano Lunano Macerata Feltria Mercatello sul Metauro Mercatino Conca Mombaroccio Mondavio Mondolfo Monte Cerignone Monte Grimano Monte Porzio Montecalvo in Foglia Montecopiolo Montefelcino Montelabbate Peglio Pergola Pesaro Petriano Piandimeleto Pietrarubbia Piobbico San Costanzo San Lorenzo in Campo Sant'Angelo in Vado Sant'Ippolito Sassocorvaro Auditore Sassofeltrio Serra Sant'Abbondio Tavoleto Tavullia Terre Roveresche Urbania Urbino Vallefoglia This Marche location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Pesaro e Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pesaro_e_Urbino"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancona"},{"link_name":"Pesaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro"},{"link_name":"Fiorentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorentino"},{"link_name":"Macerata Feltria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macerata_Feltria"},{"link_name":"Mercatino Conca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercatino_Conca"},{"link_name":"Monte Cerignone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cerignone"},{"link_name":"Montecopiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecopiolo"},{"link_name":"Montegiardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montegiardino"},{"link_name":"San Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leo"},{"link_name":"Sassofeltrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassofeltrio"},{"link_name":"I Borghi più belli d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Monte Grimano Terme is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pesaro e Urbino in the Italian region Marche, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Ancona and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of Pesaro. Until 2002, it was known as Monte Grimano.Monte Grimaro Terme borders the following municipalities: Fiorentino, Macerata Feltria, Mercatino Conca, Monte Cerignone, Montecopiolo, Montegiardino, San Leo, Sassofeltrio. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia (\"The most beautiful villages of Italy\").[3]","title":"Monte Grimano Terme"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marche\" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/marche/","url_text":"\"Marche\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monte_Grimano_Terme&params=43_50_N_12_25_E_type:city(1,176)_region:IT","external_links_name":"43°50′N 12°25′E / 43.833°N 12.417°E / 43.833; 12.417"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/marche/","external_links_name":"\"Marche\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Grimano_Terme&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Lang	Carter Lang	["1 Production and songwriting credits","2 Awards and nominations","3 References"]	American producer, songwriter, musician Carter LangBornChicago, Illinois, U.S.Alma materLoyola University New OrleansMusical careerGenresR&Bjazzsoulhip-hoppopOccupation(s)ProducersongwritermusicianLabelsElectric FeelWarner Chappell Music Musical artist Carter Lang is an American producer, songwriter, and musician, best known for his work on SZA's acclaimed 2017 album Ctrl, as well as his contributions to Chicago's burgeoning R&B/Hip-Hop scene. Lang has received several Grammy nominations for work on projects from Post Malone, Doja Cat, Lil Nas X, and SZA, and recently signed a publishing deal renewal with Warner Chappell Music. Lang, trained in classical piano and bass guitar, moved from Chicago to New Orleans to attend Loyola University New Orleans, where he was exposed to a diverse soundscape. After graduating and returning to Chicago, Lang began producing for members of Chicago Hip-Hop collective Savemoney, with whom he grew up. Lang was subsequently introduced to recording artist SZA in 2015 through mutual friends. He became a member of her touring band and is credited as a writer and/or producer on 8 tracks from her 2017 debut album, including hit single "Love Galore". Production and songwriting credits Credits are courtesy of Discogs, Tidal, Apple Music, and AllMusic. Title Year Artist Album "Burnout" (Featuring Eryn Allen Kane) 2014 Saba ComfortZone "Wanna Be Cool" 2015 Donnie Trumpet Surf "Just Wait" "All 4 You" (featuring Yuna) Kyle Smyle "Japanese" (featuring Twista) Alex Wiley Village Party 2: Heavens Gate "Addicted (Interlude)" Towkio .Wav Theory "Break You Off" "How Great" (featuring Jay Electronica) 2016 Chance the Rapper Coloring Book "Shades of Blue" Vic Mensa There's Alot Going On "There's Alot Going On" "Lonely" (featuring Lornie Chia) Jamila Woods There's Alot Going On "Lately" "Holy" "Don't Matter" Isaiah Rashad The Sun's Tirade "Love Galore" (featuring Travis Scott) 2017 SZA Ctrl "Drew Barrymore" "Prom" "Go Gina" "Anything" "Normal Girl" "Pretty Little Birds" (featuring Isaiah Rashad) "20 Something" "Didn't I (Say I Didn't)" Vic Mensa The Autobiography "I Love You So Much" (featuring Chance the Rapper) DJ Khaled Grateful "Thirst" Ravyn Lenae Midnight Moonlight "Cool" (with Alex Wiley & Calez) 2018 Mick Jenkins Non-album single "Sunflower" Post Malone & Swae Lee Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (soundtrack) & Hollywood's Bleeding "Hollywood's Bleeding" 2019 Post Malone Hollywood's Bleeding "Small Worlds" Mac Miller Swimming "Wires in the Way" Sir Chasing Summer "Easy" Camila Cabello Romance "I Got You (Always and Forever)" (featuring En Vogue, Ari Lennox & Kierra Sheard) Chance the Rapper The Big Day "The Big Day" (featuring Francis and the Lights) "Let's Go on the Run" (featuring Knox Fortune) "Zanies and Fools" (featuring Darius Scott & Nicki Minaj) "Good Days" 2020 SZA SOS "Thin White Lies" 5 Seconds of Summer Calm "Cinderella Story" A Boogie wit da Hoodie Artist 2.0 "Ain't No Doubts" Rich the Kid Boss Man "I Want Mo" Rich the Kid & London on da Track "Hi 5" (featuring Eryn Allen Kane, Grace Weber, Sing Harlem & Yebba) Peter CottonTale CATCH "Compromise" Knox Fortune Stock Child Wonder "Change Up" "Static" "Kiss Me More" (featuring SZA) 2021 Doja Cat Planet Her "Void" Lil Nas X Montero "Life After Salem" "What a Life" Big Sean & Hit-Boy What You Expect "Feels Like" Gracie Abrams This Is What It Feels Like "Breath Away" 24kGoldn El Dorado "All Pride Aside" Shelley FKA Dram & Summer Walker Shelley FKA Dram "In The Dark" Swae Lee & Jhené Aiko Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings: The Album "Come for Me" (featuring Khalid & Lucky Daye) Alicia Keys Keys "The Anonymous Ones" SZA Dear Evan Hansen Original Motion Picture Soundtrack "I Hate U" SOS "Love Galore (ALT)" 2022 Ctrl (Deluxe) "Talk" Omar Apollo Ivory (Marfil) Deluxe "No Good Reason" "Killing Me" "Go Away" "Waiting on You" "Petrified" "Personally" "Mr. Neighbour" "Archetype" "Pretty Boy" "Remind Me" Giveon Give or Take "Conversation" Muni Long Public Displays Of Affection: The Album "Arya" (featuring ASAP Rocky) Nigo I Know Nigo! "Happy Hurts" Lykke Li Eyeye "5D" "Kill Bill" SZA SOS "Seek & Destroy" "Love Language" "Blind" "Notice Me" "Gone Girl" "Ghost in the Machine" (featuring Phoebe Bridgers) "F2F" "Nobody Gets Me" "Too Late" "Far" "PSA" (Web Store Bonus Track) "Okloser" 2024 Doja Cat Scarlet 2 Claude Awards and nominations Year Category Nominated work Result Ref. 2020 Grammy Award for Record of the Year "Sunflower" Nominated 2022 Grammy Award for Album of the Year Planet Her (Deluxe) Nominated Grammy Award for Album of the Year Montero Nominated Grammy Award for Song of the Year "Kiss Me More" Nominated Grammy Award for Best R&B Song "Good Days" Nominated 2023 Soul Train Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award "Kill Bill" Nominated BMI Most-Performed R&B/Hip-Hop Songs "I Hate U" Won 2024 Grammy Award for Record of the Year "Kill Bill" Nominated Grammy Award for Song of the Year "Kill Bill" Nominated Grammy Award for Album of the Year SOS Nominated References ^ "Carter Lang – Electric Feel". Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ "Warner Chappell Music Extends Global Publishing Agreement with Grammy-Nominated Producer Carter Lang". November 12, 2021. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023. ^ a b Saponara, Michael (January 16, 2018). "Carter Lang Talks Crafting 'CTRL' With SZA, Working With Vic Mensa & Why Chicago Keeps Winning". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ "Carter Lang – Electric Feel". Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ "Interview: Producer Carter Lang on Making SZA's "CTRL" and His "MacGyver" Home Studio". June 20, 2018. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023. ^ Robinson, Kristin (November 12, 2021). "Warner Chappell and Electric Feel Partner to Strike Publishing Deal with Carter Lang". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ "Warner Chappell Music extends global publishing agreement with Carter Lang". www.musicweek.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ "School of Music Industry \| Music and Media". Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023. ^ "Loyola College of Music & Media named Top 20 Music Biz Schools - OffBeat Magazine". May 11, 2020. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023. ^ "Carter Lang Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More". AllMusic. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023. ^ "Carter Lang". Discogs. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023. ^ "Carter Lang Interview - Hit Pop Songwriter & Producer". Songwriter Universe \| Songwriting News, Articles & Song Contest. January 16, 2019. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ "Carter Lang". grammy.com. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2023. ^ "'Being a good producer is having the ability to adapt to the environment or the people that you're with.'". Music Business Worldwide. February 15, 2022. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ Cohn, Gabe (November 23, 2021). "Grammy Awards 2022: The Full List of Nominees". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2022 – via NYTimes.com. ^ Eggertsen, Chris (May 7, 2021). "The Players Behind Doja Cat's 'Kiss Me More' Feat. SZA: See the Full Credits". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ Shannon, Delisa (March 30, 2022). "The Making of SZA's 'Good Days'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ Grein, Paul (November 1, 2023). "SZA, Usher & Summer Walker Lead 2023 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Full List". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023. ^ "2023 BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards". BMI.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2024. ^ a b c "2024 GRAMMY Nominations: See The Full Nominees List \| GRAMMY.com". www.grammy.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023. Authority control databases: Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz This article about an American record producer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an American songwriter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZA"},{"link_name":"Ctrl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctrl_(SZA_album)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Post Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Malone"},{"link_name":"Doja Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doja_Cat"},{"link_name":"Lil Nas X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Nas_X"},{"link_name":"SZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZA"},{"link_name":"Warner Chappell Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Loyola University New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Savemoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savemoney"},{"link_name":"SZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZA"},{"link_name":"debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctrl_(SZA_album)"},{"link_name":"Love Galore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Galore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"Carter Lang is an American producer, songwriter, and musician, best known for his work on SZA's acclaimed 2017 album Ctrl, as well as his contributions to Chicago's burgeoning R&B/Hip-Hop scene.[3][4][5] Lang has received several Grammy nominations for work on projects from Post Malone, Doja Cat, Lil Nas X, and SZA, and recently signed a publishing deal renewal with Warner Chappell Music.[6][7]Lang, trained in classical piano and bass guitar, moved from Chicago to New Orleans to attend Loyola University New Orleans, where he was exposed to a diverse soundscape.[8][9] After graduating and returning to Chicago, Lang began producing for members of Chicago Hip-Hop collective Savemoney, with whom he grew up. Lang was subsequently introduced to recording artist SZA in 2015 through mutual friends. He became a member of her touring band and is credited as a writer and/or producer on 8 tracks from her 2017 debut album, including hit single \"Love Galore\".[3]","title":"Carter Lang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Discogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs"},{"link_name":"Tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Credits are courtesy of Discogs, Tidal, Apple Music, and AllMusic.[10][11]","title":"Production and songwriting credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Carter Lang – Electric Feel\". Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electricfeelent.com/publishing/carter-lang","url_text":"\"Carter Lang – Electric Feel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010002/https://www.electricfeelent.com/publishing/carter-lang","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Warner Chappell Music Extends Global Publishing Agreement with Grammy-Nominated Producer Carter Lang\". November 12, 2021. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmg.com/news/warner-chappell-music-extends-global-publishing-agreement-grammy-nominated-producer-carter-lang","url_text":"\"Warner Chappell Music Extends Global Publishing Agreement with Grammy-Nominated Producer Carter Lang\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116202031/https://www.wmg.com/news/warner-chappell-music-extends-global-publishing-agreement-grammy-nominated-producer-carter-lang","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saponara, Michael (January 16, 2018). \"Carter Lang Talks Crafting 'CTRL' With SZA, Working With Vic Mensa & Why Chicago Keeps Winning\". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/carter-lang-interview-ctrl-sza-vic-mensa-8078602/","url_text":"\"Carter Lang Talks Crafting 'CTRL' With SZA, Working With Vic Mensa & Why Chicago Keeps Winning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010436/https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/carter-lang-interview-ctrl-sza-vic-mensa-8078602/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carter Lang – Electric Feel\". Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electricfeelent.com/publishing/carter-lang","url_text":"\"Carter Lang – Electric Feel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010002/https://www.electricfeelent.com/publishing/carter-lang","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Producer Carter Lang on Making SZA's \"CTRL\" and His \"MacGyver\" Home Studio\". June 20, 2018. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://reverb.com/ca/news/interview-carter-lang-on-making-szas-ctrl-and-his-macgyver-home-studio","url_text":"\"Interview: Producer Carter Lang on Making SZA's \"CTRL\" and His \"MacGyver\" Home Studio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116202351/https://reverb.com/ca/news/interview-carter-lang-on-making-szas-ctrl-and-his-macgyver-home-studio","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Kristin (November 12, 2021). \"Warner Chappell and Electric Feel Partner to Strike Publishing Deal with Carter Lang\". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/warner-chappell-electric-feel-carter-lang-publishing-deal/","url_text":"\"Warner Chappell and Electric Feel Partner to Strike Publishing Deal with Carter Lang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010435/https://www.billboard.com/pro/warner-chappell-electric-feel-carter-lang-publishing-deal/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Warner Chappell Music extends global publishing agreement with Carter Lang\". www.musicweek.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/warner-chappell-music-extends-global-publishing-agreement-with-carter-lang/084644","url_text":"\"Warner Chappell Music extends global publishing agreement with Carter Lang\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010817/https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/warner-chappell-music-extends-global-publishing-agreement-with-carter-lang/084644","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"School of Music Industry \| Music and Media\". Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://cmm.loyno.edu/school-of-music-industry","url_text":"\"School of Music Industry \| Music and Media\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230123205234/http://cmm.loyno.edu/school-of-music-industry","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Loyola College of Music & Media named Top 20 Music Biz Schools - OffBeat Magazine\". May 11, 2020. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offbeat.com/news/loyola-college-of-music-media-named-top-20-music-biz-schools/","url_text":"\"Loyola College of Music & Media named Top 20 Music Biz Schools - OffBeat Magazine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230123205221/https://www.offbeat.com/news/loyola-college-of-music-media-named-top-20-music-biz-schools/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carter Lang Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/carter-lang-mn0003011955","url_text":"\"Carter Lang Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116201850/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/carter-lang-mn0003011955","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carter Lang\". Discogs. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/3387002-Carter-Lang","url_text":"\"Carter Lang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116211127/https://www.discogs.com/artist/3387002-Carter-Lang","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carter Lang Interview - Hit Pop Songwriter & Producer\". Songwriter Universe \| Songwriting News, Articles & Song Contest. January 16, 2019. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songwriteruniverse.com/carter-lang-songwriter-2019.htm","url_text":"\"Carter Lang Interview - Hit Pop Songwriter & Producer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129014530/https://www.songwriteruniverse.com/carter-lang-songwriter-2019.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carter Lang\". grammy.com. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/carter-lang/224821","url_text":"\"Carter Lang\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085900/https://www.grammy.com/artists/carter-lang/224821","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Being a good producer is having the ability to adapt to the environment or the people that you're with.'\". Music Business Worldwide. February 15, 2022. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/being-a-good-producer-is-having-the-ability-to-adapt-to-the-environment-or-the-people-that-youre-with/","url_text":"\"'Being a good producer is having the ability to adapt to the environment or the people that you're with.'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010449/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/being-a-good-producer-is-having-the-ability-to-adapt-to-the-environment-or-the-people-that-youre-with/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cohn, Gabe (November 23, 2021). \"Grammy Awards 2022: The Full List of Nominees\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2022 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/23/arts/music/grammys-nominee-list.html","url_text":"\"Grammy Awards 2022: The Full List of Nominees\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211123165418/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/23/arts/music/grammys-nominee-list.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eggertsen, Chris (May 7, 2021). \"The Players Behind Doja Cat's 'Kiss Me More' Feat. SZA: See the Full Credits\". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/doja-cat-sza-kiss-me-more-recording-credits-9568739/","url_text":"\"The Players Behind Doja Cat's 'Kiss Me More' Feat. SZA: See the Full Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129011139/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/doja-cat-sza-kiss-me-more-recording-credits-9568739/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shannon, Delisa (March 30, 2022). \"The Making of SZA's 'Good Days'\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/making-szas-good-days-1329402/","url_text":"\"The Making of SZA's 'Good Days'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010856/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/making-szas-good-days-1329402/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grein, Paul (November 1, 2023). \"SZA, Usher & Summer Walker Lead 2023 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Full List\". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-soul-train-awards-nominations-list-sza-usher-summer-walker-1235459621/","url_text":"\"SZA, Usher & Summer Walker Lead 2023 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Full List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231108192734/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-soul-train-awards-nominations-list-sza-usher-summer-walker-1235459621/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2023 BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards\". BMI.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bmi.com/award-shows/rnb-2023/","url_text":"\"2023 BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231219195022/https://www.bmi.com/award-shows/rnb-2023/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2024 GRAMMY Nominations: See The Full Nominees List \| GRAMMY.com\". www.grammy.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list","url_text":"\"2024 GRAMMY Nominations: See The Full Nominees List \| GRAMMY.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231110180725/https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.electricfeelent.com/publishing/carter-lang","external_links_name":"\"Carter Lang – Electric Feel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010002/https://www.electricfeelent.com/publishing/carter-lang","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wmg.com/news/warner-chappell-music-extends-global-publishing-agreement-grammy-nominated-producer-carter-lang","external_links_name":"\"Warner Chappell Music Extends Global Publishing Agreement with Grammy-Nominated Producer Carter Lang\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116202031/https://www.wmg.com/news/warner-chappell-music-extends-global-publishing-agreement-grammy-nominated-producer-carter-lang","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/carter-lang-interview-ctrl-sza-vic-mensa-8078602/","external_links_name":"\"Carter Lang Talks Crafting 'CTRL' With SZA, Working With Vic Mensa & Why Chicago Keeps Winning\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010436/https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/carter-lang-interview-ctrl-sza-vic-mensa-8078602/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.electricfeelent.com/publishing/carter-lang","external_links_name":"\"Carter Lang – Electric Feel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010002/https://www.electricfeelent.com/publishing/carter-lang","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://reverb.com/ca/news/interview-carter-lang-on-making-szas-ctrl-and-his-macgyver-home-studio","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Producer Carter Lang on Making SZA's \"CTRL\" and His \"MacGyver\" Home Studio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116202351/https://reverb.com/ca/news/interview-carter-lang-on-making-szas-ctrl-and-his-macgyver-home-studio","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/warner-chappell-electric-feel-carter-lang-publishing-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Warner Chappell and Electric Feel Partner to Strike Publishing Deal with Carter Lang\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010435/https://www.billboard.com/pro/warner-chappell-electric-feel-carter-lang-publishing-deal/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/warner-chappell-music-extends-global-publishing-agreement-with-carter-lang/084644","external_links_name":"\"Warner Chappell Music extends global publishing agreement with Carter Lang\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010817/https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/warner-chappell-music-extends-global-publishing-agreement-with-carter-lang/084644","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cmm.loyno.edu/school-of-music-industry","external_links_name":"\"School of Music Industry \| Music and Media\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230123205234/http://cmm.loyno.edu/school-of-music-industry","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.offbeat.com/news/loyola-college-of-music-media-named-top-20-music-biz-schools/","external_links_name":"\"Loyola College of Music & Media named Top 20 Music Biz Schools - 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SZA: See the Full Credits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129011139/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/doja-cat-sza-kiss-me-more-recording-credits-9568739/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/making-szas-good-days-1329402/","external_links_name":"\"The Making of SZA's 'Good Days'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221129010856/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/making-szas-good-days-1329402/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-soul-train-awards-nominations-list-sza-usher-summer-walker-1235459621/","external_links_name":"\"SZA, Usher & Summer Walker Lead 2023 Soul Train Awards Nominations: Full List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231108192734/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-soul-train-awards-nominations-list-sza-usher-summer-walker-1235459621/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bmi.com/award-shows/rnb-2023/","external_links_name":"\"2023 BMI R&B/Hip-Hop Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231219195022/https://www.bmi.com/award-shows/rnb-2023/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list","external_links_name":"\"2024 GRAMMY Nominations: See The Full Nominees List \| GRAMMY.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231110180725/https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/carter-lang/224821","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/24d311f8-da82-4068-896b-ca061deaccb6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carter_Lang&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carter_Lang&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Schellbourne	Schellbourne, Nevada	["1 History","2 References"]	Coordinates: 39°47′50″N 114°40′50″W / 39.79722°N 114.68056°W / 39.79722; -114.68056 Unincorporated community in the state of Nevada, United States United States historic placeFort SchellbourneU.S. National Register of Historic Places Remaining buildingsLocation within the state of NevadaShow map of NevadaSchellbourne, Nevada (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationWhite Pine County, NevadaNearest cityEly, NevadaCoordinates39°47′50″N 114°40′50″W / 39.79722°N 114.68056°W / 39.79722; -114.68056Area320 acres (130 ha)Built1860 (1860)NRHP reference No.72000768 Nevada Historical MarkerReference no.51 Added to NRHPFebruary 23, 1972 Schellbourne, formerly known as Fort Schellbourne and Schell Creek Station is a ghost town located in the Schell Creek Range in White Pine County in Nevada, United States, located 43 miles (69 km) north of Ely. The town was a stopover along the Central Overland Route, Pony Express and original routing of the Lincoln Highway. It is today Nevada Historical Marker number 51. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Its boundaries were increased in 1977. History Schellbourne is named for Major A. J. Schell, who was in charge of troops responsible for protecting the Butterfield Overland Mail. The location was once a Shoshone Indian village. It became an Overland Stage and Mail stop in 1859, and a Pony Express station in 1860 as Schell Creek station. The Overland Telegraph came through in 1861. It was briefly known as Fort Schellbourne in 1862 when troops camped here to counter Indian harassment of the stages and mails. In the 1870s, Schellbourne became a mining town, with about 500 inhabitants. The Schellbourne post office was in operation from December 1871 until October 1925. It declined after the Central Pacific Railroad was completed in 1869, to the north. Then it revived as a mining camp in 1871 after gold discoveries nearby. Nowadays it is well preserved ghost town on a private ranch. It is listed as Nevada Historical Marker 51. Illustrated Map of Pony Express Route in 1860by William Henry Jackson~ Courtesy the Library of Congress ~The Pony Express mail route, April 3, 1860 – October 24, 1861; Reproduction of Jackson illustration issued to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Pony Express founding on April 3, 1960. Reproduction of Jackson's map issued by the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Schell Cr. is now known as Schellbourne. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Schellbourne ^ Carlson, Helen S. (1985). Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-094-8. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Schell Creek Station (historical) ^ a b Cassinelli, Dennis (May 6, 2020). "Eastern Nevada Pony Express Stations, Part 2". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ a b c W. E. Wieprecht (August 25, 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Fort Schellbourne / Schellbourne". National Park Service. Retrieved September 7, 2016. with three photos from 1966 ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Schellbourne Post Office (historical) ^ "Schellbourne". ghosttowns.com. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ "Schellbourne". Nevada State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration". National Park Service. with photos vteNational Register of Historic Places in White Pine County, Nevada American Legion Hall Bahsahwahbee Baker Ranger Station Capital Theater Central Theater East Ely Depot Ely City Hall and Fire Station Ely L. D. S. Stake Tabernacle Fort Ruby Fort Schellbourne Fort Schellbourne (Boundary Increase) Johnson Lake Mine Historic District Lehman Orchard and Aqueduct Lund Grade School McGill Drug Store Nevada Northern Railway East Ely Yards and Shops Nevada Northern Railway-McGill Depot Osceola (East) Ditch Rhodes Cabin Sunshine Locality U.S. Post Office Ward Charcoal Ovens White Pine County Courthouse National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada Nevada State Historic Places by county vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category vteMunicipalities and communities of White Pine County, Nevada, United StatesCounty seat: ElyCity Ely White Pine County mapCDPs Baker Lund McGill Preston Ruth Othercommunities Cherry Creek East Ely Majors Place Schellbourne Shoshone Tippett Indianreservations Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation‡ Ghost towns Aurum Eightmile Hamilton Hobson Kimberly Lages Station Osceola Pleasant Valley Regan Riepetown Strawberry Treasure City Tungstonia Veteran Ward Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Nevada portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ghost town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Schell Creek Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schell_Creek_Range"},{"link_name":"White Pine County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Pine_County"},{"link_name":"Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Central Overland Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Overland_Route"},{"link_name":"Pony Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Express"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Highway"},{"link_name":"Nevada Historical Marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Historical_Marker"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in the state of Nevada, United StatesUnited States historic placeSchellbourne, formerly known as Fort Schellbourne and Schell Creek Station is a ghost town located in the Schell Creek Range in White Pine County in Nevada, United States, located 43 miles (69 km) north of Ely. The town was a stopover along the Central Overland Route, Pony Express and original routing of the Lincoln Highway. It is today Nevada Historical Marker number 51. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Its boundaries were increased in 1977.[1]","title":"Schellbourne, Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Butterfield Overland Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlson-3"},{"link_name":"Overland Stage and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Stage_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"Pony Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Express"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cassinelli-5"},{"link_name":"Overland Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-original-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cassinelli-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Central Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-original-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nevada Historical Marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Historical_Markers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-markers-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-original-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-increase-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pony_Express_Map_William_Henry_Jackson.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Henry Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Jackson"}],"text":"Schellbourne is named for Major A. J. Schell, who was in charge of troops responsible for protecting the Butterfield Overland Mail.[3] The location was once a Shoshone Indian village. It became an Overland Stage and Mail stop in 1859, and a Pony Express station in 1860 as Schell Creek station.[4][5] The Overland Telegraph came through in 1861. It was briefly known as Fort Schellbourne in 1862 when troops camped here to counter Indian harassment of the stages and mails.[6]In the 1870s, Schellbourne became a mining town, with about 500 inhabitants.[5] The Schellbourne post office was in operation from December 1871 until October 1925.[7]It declined after the Central Pacific Railroad was completed in 1869, to the north. Then it revived as a mining camp in 1871 after gold discoveries nearby.[6]Nowadays it is well preserved ghost town on a private ranch.[8] It is listed as Nevada Historical Marker 51.[9][6][10]Illustrated Map of Pony Express Route in 1860by William Henry Jackson~ Courtesy the Library of Congress ~The Pony Express mail route, April 3, 1860 – October 24, 1861; Reproduction of Jackson illustration issued to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Pony Express founding on April 3, 1960. Reproduction of Jackson's map issued by the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Schell Cr. is now known as Schellbourne.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Illustrated Map of Pony Express Route in 1860by William Henry Jackson~ Courtesy the Library of Congress ~The Pony Express mail route, April 3, 1860 – October 24, 1861; Reproduction of Jackson illustration issued to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Pony Express founding on April 3, 1960. Reproduction of Jackson's map issued by the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Schell Cr. is now known as Schellbourne.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pony_Express_Map_William_Henry_Jackson.jpg/770px-Pony_Express_Map_William_Henry_Jackson.jpg"},{"image_text":"White Pine County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Map_of_Nevada_highlighting_White_Pine_County.svg/51px-Map_of_Nevada_highlighting_White_Pine_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Helen S. (1985). Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-094-8. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7GyVDwAAQBAJ&q=schellbourne","url_text":"Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-094-8","url_text":"978-0-87417-094-8"}]},{"reference":"Cassinelli, Dennis (May 6, 2020). \"Eastern Nevada Pony Express Stations, Part 2\". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/opinion/dennis-cassinelli-eastern-nevada-pony-express-stations-part-2/","url_text":"\"Eastern Nevada Pony Express Stations, Part 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Appeal","url_text":"Nevada Appeal"}]},{"reference":"W. E. Wieprecht (August 25, 1971). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Fort Schellbourne / Schellbourne\". National Park Service. Retrieved September 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/72000768_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Fort Schellbourne / Schellbourne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Schellbourne\". ghosttowns.com. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/nv/schellbourne.html","url_text":"\"Schellbourne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schellbourne\". Nevada State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://shpo.nv.gov/nevadas-historical-markers/historical-markers/Schellbourne","url_text":"\"Schellbourne\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/77001544_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Schellbourne,_Nevada&params=39_47_50_N_114_40_50_W_type:landmark_region:US_NV_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"39°47′50″N 114°40′50″W / 39.79722°N 114.68056°W / 39.79722; -114.68056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Schellbourne,_Nevada&params=39_47_50_N_114_40_50_W_type:landmark_region:US_NV_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"39°47′50″N 114°40′50″W / 39.79722°N 114.68056°W / 39.79722; -114.68056"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72000768","external_links_name":"72000768"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/862271","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Schellbourne"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7GyVDwAAQBAJ&q=schellbourne","external_links_name":"Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/862604","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Schell Creek Station (historical)"},{"Link":"https://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/opinion/dennis-cassinelli-eastern-nevada-pony-express-stations-part-2/","external_links_name":"\"Eastern Nevada Pony Express Stations, Part 2\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/72000768_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Fort Schellbourne / Schellbourne\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/72000768_photos","external_links_name":"three photos from 1966"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/864693","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Schellbourne Post Office (historical)"},{"Link":"http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/nv/schellbourne.html","external_links_name":"\"Schellbourne\""},{"Link":"http://shpo.nv.gov/nevadas-historical-markers/historical-markers/Schellbourne","external_links_name":"\"Schellbourne\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/77001544_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/77001544_photos","external_links_name":"photos"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_(Insane_Clown_Posse_song)	Miracles (Insane Clown Posse song)	["1 Music and lyrics","2 Music video","3 Reception","4 \"Magnets\" meme","5 References","6 External links"]	Song by Insane Clown Posse "Miracles"Single by Insane Clown Possefrom the album Bang! Pow! Boom! Released2010RecordedSeptember 2008 – July 2009Fun House StudioGenreRap rockLength5:13LabelPsychopathicSongwriter(s)Joseph Bruce, Joseph Utsler, Mike E. ClarkProducer(s)Mike E. ClarkInsane Clown Posse singles chronology "In Yo Face" (2009) "Miracles" (2010) "Juggalo Island" (2010) "Miracles" is a song written by the American hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse and record producer Mike E. Clark. It was released as a single from the duo's 2009 album Bang! Pow! Boom!. A music video was produced for the 2010 reissue of the album, dubbed the "Nuclear Edition". The song's lyrics focus on things experienced in everyday life, displaying an appreciation for them, and perceiving them as miraculous and outside of the laws of physics. The song sparked a number of Internet memes, and was parodied on Saturday Night Live and by Lonely Island in the song "Incredible Thoughts". Music and lyrics Inspiration for the song's lyrics came via the Internet generation and group members Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope raising children. In response to both modern jadedness and their children experiencing wonders of the world for the first time, the group wanted to write a song about natural phenomena humans experience in life which often go unacknowledged. The closing lyrics encourage listeners to take time to look at the world and "appreciate the things that life has to offer". According to Violent J, "What's a shame is how people walk around blind to it all. They lost their spirit about everything. If you can't even see the miracle in animals, then you must have never truly loved a pet." Despite verbally calling scientists "liars" in the song, he afterward stated that what he meant was that scientific explanations can sometimes kill the intriguing mysteries of the world, such as how ancient pyramids were made. Violent J admits that the song's lyrics discuss "things may not be actual miracles. They may have scientific facts explaining them But nonetheless, these things are still incredible and they should be appreciated." He added that the group's use of the word 'miracle' was intended to mean "something fuckin' amazing and incredible, special, awesome event, a great, wonderful thing." The lyrics focus on introspective themes which critics considered to be uncommon in Insane Clown Posse's music; however, Violent J states that these themes are important in the duo's work, and reveal their depth. In response to accusations that the group has changed its style and gone soft, Violent J calls the song "classic ICP," noting that the group has always included one or two deep and meaningful songs on every album, and that this is just the first time that they've created a video for one of those songs. Several reviewers have suggested that the song contains an anti-science message, as the song literally states that scientists profess lies. Violent J disputes the claim, asserting that "the concept is about appreciating everything in this world. It's not about God; religion; science." Joseph Laycock of Religion Dispatches suggests that rather than rejecting science, the song disapproves of disenchantment. The song's music is built around an ascending synthesizer melody, and climaxes with an electric guitar solo performed by Mike E. Clark, and beatboxing by Shaggy 2 Dope. Music video A special effect from the music video, which has become viral. The music video for the song debuted on April 6, 2010, as part of the "Nuclear Edition" reissue of Bang! Pow! Boom!. The video's green screen sequences were directed by Paul Andresen, with post-production being completed in Michigan. The video has received over 19 million views on YouTube. On April 17, Saturday Night Live aired a sketch that parodied the "Miracles" music video. In the sketch, fictional personalities DJ Supersoak (played by Jason Sudeikis) and Lil' Blaster (played by Nasim Pedrad) debuted a fictional music video by the Thrilla Killa Klownz called "Magical Mysteries" as part of the Under Underground Records' "Underground Rock Minute". In the fictional video, Ryan Phillippe and Bobby Moynihan rap about things such as "where the sun hides at night" and how blankets work. Saturday Night Live had previously parodied Psychopathic Records in 2009. Insane Clown Posse called the "Miracles" parody "a huge honor". Violent J called the parody "off the hook hilarious". Shaggy noted that Coolio initially reacted unfavorably towards "Amish Paradise", "Weird Al" Yankovic's parody of the rapper's song "Gangsta's Paradise", and stated "If Weird Al wanted to do one of our songs, I'd be like, 'Hell yeah.' To me, it's the same thing with Saturday Night Live." The music video also appeared in the webcomic Homestuck. Reception Adah Graham of The Detroit News disliked the song, writing that "hearing this song makes you wish ICP would stick to serial killing". Slate writer Jonah Weiner praised the song's music, but panned its lyrics. The A.V. Club writer Nathan Rabin described the song as "fucking insane". A Chicago Tribune critic mocked the song's lyrics saying, "I'm glad that when my kids get strep throat, their doctor doesn't say, '(Bleeping) antibiotics, how do they work?'" James Montgomery described the music video as "a psychedelic special effects extravaganza that is sometimes really literal... and sometimes just confusing." Pitchfork included "Miracles" on their list of The Top Music Videos of 2010. "Magnets" meme The song's lyric "Fucking magnets, how do they work?" became an Internet meme. The following line, "and I don't want to talk to a scientist, y'all motherfuckers lyin', and gettin' me pissed" also drew ire from scientifically-minded Internet users. Scientists created blog entries to teach Insane Clown Posse fans and even did so in person. References ^ a b Bang! Pow! Boom! (CD booklet). Insane Clown Posse. Detroit, Michigan: Psychopathic Records. 2009.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Anderson, Kyle (April 27, 2010). "Insane Clown Posse's Violent J Weighs In On The Cult Of 'Miracles'". Retrieved May 5, 2010. ^ "Finally, the Age of Bieber Has Its Spinal Tap". 3 June 2016. ^ a b c Adam Carolla (2011-08-08). "Insane Clown Posse". AdamCarolla.com (Podcast). The Adam Carolla Show. Archived from the original on 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2011-08-17. ^ a b c Bruce, Joseph (September 4, 2009). "Violent J's Personal Review of Bang Pow Boom!". Psychopathic Records. Retrieved September 5, 2009. ^ a b Laycock, Joseph (May 19, 2010). "'Miracles' Rejects Disenchantment, Not Science". Religion Dispatches. Retrieved 22 May 2010. ^ a b c d "The Buzz on "Miracles"". The Hatchet Herald, Volume 13, Issue 5. Psychopathic Records. April 23, 2010. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-25. ^ Ronson, Jon (2010-10-09). "Insane Clown Posse: And god created controversy". The Guardian. London. ^ a b c Lazlo (2010-04-19). "Interview with Violent J". The Church of Lazlo. Kansas City, Missouri. KRBZ. Archived from the original on 2009-01-31. Retrieved 2010-04-25. ^ a b Keilman, John (2010-11-30). "Rappers' ode to 'miracles' taps into anti-science angst". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 9 December 2010. ^ Mike Daniels (2010-10-12). "Insane Clown Posse comes out . . . as evangelical Christians". Culture Wars. Secular News Daily. Retrieved 2011-08-18. ^ Louis Pattison (2010-08-18). "Insane Clown Posse: a magnet for ignorance". Music. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2011-08-18. ^ Jason Richards (2010-04-27). "Violent J of Insane Clown Posse Explains the Remarkable Song 'Miracles'". Entertainment. New York Media LLC. Retrieved 2011-08-16. ^ a b Weiner, Jonah (April 13, 2010). "Do You Believe in Miracles? The wild, weird world of Insane Clown Posse". Slate. ^ "Bang! Pow! Boom! Nuclear Edition Out NOW!". Psychopathic Records. Archived from the original on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010. ^ a b c d Itzkoff, Dave (April 26, 2010). "Fools' Gold: An Oral History of the Insane Clown Posse Parodies". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 April 2010. ^ Insane Clown Posse (artists) (2012-09-25). Insane Clown Posse - Miracles (music video). Michigan: Psychopathic Video. Retrieved 2011-08-17. ^ a b Anderson, Kyle (April 18, 2010). "'Saturday Night Live' Takes Down Insane Clown Posse With 'Miracles' Parody". MTV News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010. ^ a b c "Saturday Night Live Parodies the "Miracles" Music Video!". Psychopathic Records. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010. ^ "Homestuck". ^ Graham, Adam (September 1, 2009). "Pow! ICP revisits the Dark Carnival". The Detroit News. ^ Rabin, Nathan (April 8, 2010). "Great job, Internet! Insane Clown Posse, rainbows, fucking magnets and the miracle of existence". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2010-04-13. ^ Montgomery, James (2010-04-08). "Insane Clown Posse's 'Miracles' Video Explained". MTV Networks. Retrieved 2010-04-13. ^ "The Top Music Videos of 2010". Pitchfork Media. 1 December 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010. ^ O'Brien, Daniel (9 April 2010). "Learn Your Motherf#@kin' Science: A Textbook for Juggalos". Cracked. ^ "Noisebridge Attempts to Teach Science To Juggalos at Insane Clown Posse Show In San Francisco". Laughing Squid. 18 June 2010. External links "Miracles" on YouTube Decade-long retrospective on the song from New York vteInsane Clown Posse Violent J Shaggy 2 Dope Studio albums Carnival of Carnage Ringmaster Riddle Box The Great Milenko The Amazing Jeckel Brothers Bizaar Bizzar The Wraith: Shangri-La The Wraith: Hell's Pit The Tempest Bang! Pow! Boom! The Mighty Death Pop! The Marvelous Missing Link: Lost The Marvelous Missing Link: Found Fearless Fred Fury Yum Yum Bedlam EPs Intelligence and Violence Bass-ment Cuts Dog Beats Beverly Kills 50187 The Terror Wheel A Carnival Christmas Tunnel of Love Dark Carnival Action Figures The Calm Eye of the Storm American Psycho House of Wax Flip the Rat Compilations Forgotten Freshness Mutilation Mix Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2 Forgotten Freshness Volume 3 The Pendulum Forgotten Freshness Volume 4 The Wraith: Remix Albums Jugganauts: The Best of Insane Clown Posse The Old Shit Featuring Freshness Mike E. Clark's Extra Pop Emporium Forgotten Freshness Volume 5 Box sets The First Six Collaborative albums Tales from the Lotus Pod Black Rain Furious The Opaque Brotherhood The Mud, Water, Air & Blood Reindeer Games Hurricane of Diamonds Cover albums Smothered, Covered & Chunked Freaky Tales Singles "Chicken Huntin'" "Santa's a Fat Bitch" "Halls of Illusions" "Hokus Pokus" "Another Love Song" "Fuck the World" "Let's Go All the Way" "Homies" "Bowling Balls" "Miracles" "Leck mich im Arsch" "Chris Benoit" Filmography Big Money Hustlas Bowling Balls Death Racers Big Money Rustlas Supergroups Dark Lotus Psychopathic Rydas Soopa Villainz Psychopathic Family Related articles Dark Carnival Discography Behind the Paint Psychopathic Records Gathering of the Juggalos Juggalo Juggalo Championship Wrestling Mike E. Clark Legz Diamond Professional wrestling career	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"Insane Clown Posse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insane_Clown_Posse"},{"link_name":"Mike E. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_E._Clark"},{"link_name":"Bang! Pow! Boom!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang!_Pow!_Boom!"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Internet memes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-2"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Lonely Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Miracles\" is a song written by the American hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse and record producer Mike E. Clark. It was released as a single from the duo's 2009 album Bang! Pow! Boom!. A music video was produced for the 2010 reissue of the album, dubbed the \"Nuclear Edition\". The song's lyrics focus on things experienced in everyday life, displaying an appreciation for them, and perceiving them as miraculous and outside of the laws of physics.The song sparked a number of Internet memes,[2] and was parodied on Saturday Night Live and by Lonely Island in the song \"Incredible Thoughts\".[3]","title":"Miracles (Insane Clown Posse song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_generation"},{"link_name":"Violent J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent_J"},{"link_name":"Shaggy 2 Dope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaggy_2_Dope"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdamCarolla-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdamCarolla-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReligionDispatches-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HatchetHerald-7"},{"link_name":"ancient pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-8"},{"link_name":"miracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KRBZ-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HatchetHerald-7"},{"link_name":"Insane Clown Posse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insane_Clown_Posse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KRBZ-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HatchetHerald-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KRBZ-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secularnewsdaily-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianblog-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdamCarolla-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYMag-13"},{"link_name":"Religion Dispatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_Dispatches"},{"link_name":"disenchantment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenchantment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReligionDispatches-6"},{"link_name":"Mike E. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_E._Clark"},{"link_name":"beatboxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatboxing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruce-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weiner-14"}],"text":"Inspiration for the song's lyrics came via the Internet generation and group members Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope raising children.[4] In response to both modern jadedness and their children experiencing wonders of the world for the first time, the group wanted to write a song about natural phenomena humans experience in life which often go unacknowledged.[4] The closing lyrics encourage listeners to take time to look at the world and \"appreciate the things that life has to offer\".[5][6] According to Violent J, \"What's a shame is how people walk around blind to it all. They lost their spirit about everything. If you can't even see the miracle in animals, then you must have never truly loved a pet.\"[7] Despite verbally calling scientists \"liars\" in the song, he afterward stated that what he meant was that scientific explanations can sometimes kill the intriguing mysteries of the world, such as how ancient pyramids were made.[8] Violent J admits that the song's lyrics discuss \"things [... that] may not be actual miracles. They may have scientific facts explaining them [...] But nonetheless, these things are still incredible [...] and they should be appreciated.\"[9] He added that the group's use of the word 'miracle' was intended to mean \"something fuckin' amazing and incredible, [... a] special, awesome event, [...] a great, wonderful thing.\"[7]The lyrics focus on introspective themes which critics considered to be uncommon in Insane Clown Posse's music; however, Violent J states that these themes are important in the duo's work, and reveal their depth.[5] In response to accusations that the group has changed its style and gone soft,[9] Violent J calls the song \"classic ICP,\" noting that the group has always included one or two deep and meaningful songs on every album, and that this is just the first time that they've created a video for one of those songs.[7][9] Several reviewers have suggested that the song contains an anti-science message, as the song literally states that scientists profess lies.[10][11][12] Violent J disputes the claim, asserting that \"the [song's] concept is about appreciating everything in this world. It's not about God; [...] religion; [.. or] science.\"[4][13] Joseph Laycock of Religion Dispatches suggests that rather than rejecting science, the song disapproves of disenchantment.[6]The song's music is built around an ascending synthesizer melody, and climaxes with an electric guitar solo performed by Mike E. Clark, and beatboxing by Shaggy 2 Dope.[5][14]","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICP_Miracles.jpg"},{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuclearEdition-15"},{"link_name":"green screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Itzkoff-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YoutubeVideo-17"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-18"},{"link_name":"Jason Sudeikis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Sudeikis"},{"link_name":"Nasim Pedrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasim_Pedrad"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNL-19"},{"link_name":"Ryan Phillippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Phillippe"},{"link_name":"Bobby Moynihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Moynihan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNL-19"},{"link_name":"Psychopathic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathic_Records"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Itzkoff-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNL-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HatchetHerald-7"},{"link_name":"Coolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolio"},{"link_name":"Amish Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish_Paradise"},{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"Gangsta's Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangsta%27s_Paradise_(song)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Itzkoff-16"},{"link_name":"Homestuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestuck"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dave_:_Answer_Gamzee-20"}],"text":"A special effect from the music video, which has become viral.The music video for the song debuted on April 6, 2010, as part of the \"Nuclear Edition\" reissue of Bang! Pow! Boom!.[15] The video's green screen sequences were directed by Paul Andresen, with post-production being completed in Michigan.[16] The video has received over 19 million views on YouTube.[17]On April 17, Saturday Night Live aired a sketch that parodied the \"Miracles\" music video.[18] In the sketch, fictional personalities DJ Supersoak (played by Jason Sudeikis) and Lil' Blaster (played by Nasim Pedrad) debuted a fictional music video by the Thrilla Killa Klownz called \"Magical Mysteries\" as part of the Under Underground Records' \"Underground Rock Minute\".[19] In the fictional video, Ryan Phillippe and Bobby Moynihan rap about things such as \"where the sun hides at night\" and how blankets work.[18][19] Saturday Night Live had previously parodied Psychopathic Records in 2009.[16]Insane Clown Posse called the \"Miracles\" parody \"a huge honor\".[19] Violent J called the parody \"off the hook hilarious\".[7] Shaggy noted that Coolio initially reacted unfavorably towards \"Amish Paradise\", \"Weird Al\" Yankovic's parody of the rapper's song \"Gangsta's Paradise\", and stated \"If Weird Al wanted to do one of our songs, I'd be like, 'Hell yeah.' To me, it's the same thing with Saturday Night Live.\"[16]The music video also appeared in the webcomic Homestuck.[20]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Detroit News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-review-21"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weiner-14"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Itzkoff-16"}],"text":"Adah Graham of The Detroit News disliked the song, writing that \"hearing this song makes you wish ICP would stick to serial killing\".[21] Slate writer Jonah Weiner praised the song's music, but panned its lyrics.[14] The A.V. Club writer Nathan Rabin described the song as \"fucking insane\".[22] A Chicago Tribune critic mocked the song's lyrics saying, \"I'm glad that when my kids get strep throat, their doctor doesn't say, '(Bleeping) antibiotics, how do they work?'\"[10] James Montgomery described the music video as \"a psychedelic special effects extravaganza that is sometimes really literal... and sometimes just confusing.\"[23] Pitchfork included \"Miracles\" on their list of The Top Music Videos of 2010.[24][16]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnets"},{"link_name":"Internet meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magnets_blog_entry-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The song's lyric \"Fucking magnets, how do they work?\" became an Internet meme. The following line, \"and I don't want to talk to a scientist, y'all motherfuckers lyin', and gettin' me pissed\" also drew ire from scientifically-minded Internet users. Scientists created blog entries[25] to teach Insane Clown Posse fans and even did so in person.[26]","title":"\"Magnets\" meme"}]	[{"image_text":"A special effect from the music video, which has become viral.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/ICP_Miracles.jpg/220px-ICP_Miracles.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Bang! Pow! Boom! (CD booklet). Insane Clown Posse. Detroit, Michigan: Psychopathic Records. 2009.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Anderson, Kyle (April 27, 2010). \"Insane Clown Posse's Violent J Weighs In On The Cult Of 'Miracles'\". Retrieved May 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/04/27/insane-clown-posse-violent-j-miracles/","url_text":"\"Insane Clown Posse's Violent J Weighs In On The Cult Of 'Miracles'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finally, the Age of Bieber Has Its Spinal Tap\". 3 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/movies/2016/06/the_lonely_island_s_popstar_reviewed.html","url_text":"\"Finally, the Age of Bieber Has Its Spinal Tap\""}]},{"reference":"Adam Carolla (2011-08-08). \"Insane Clown Posse\". AdamCarolla.com (Podcast). The Adam Carolla Show. Archived from the original on 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2011-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110915151610/http://www.adamcarolla.com/ACPBlog/2011/08/08/insane-clown-posse/","url_text":"\"Insane Clown Posse\""},{"url":"http://www.adamcarolla.com/ACPBlog/2011/08/08/insane-clown-posse/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Joseph (September 4, 2009). \"Violent J's Personal Review of Bang Pow Boom!\". Psychopathic Records. Retrieved September 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insaneclownposse.com/music/violent-js-personal-review-of-bang-pow-boom/","url_text":"\"Violent J's Personal Review of Bang Pow Boom!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathic_Records","url_text":"Psychopathic Records"}]},{"reference":"Laycock, Joseph (May 19, 2010). \"'Miracles' Rejects Disenchantment, Not Science\". Religion Dispatches. Retrieved 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/culture/2638/%E2%80%98miracles%E2%80%99_rejects_disenchantment,_not_science/","url_text":"\"'Miracles' Rejects Disenchantment, Not Science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_Dispatches","url_text":"Religion Dispatches"}]},{"reference":"\"The Buzz on \"Miracles\"\". The Hatchet Herald, Volume 13, Issue 5. Psychopathic Records. April 23, 2010. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426025115/http://psychopathicrecords.com/hatchetherald/100423/index.html","url_text":"\"The Buzz on \"Miracles\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathic_Records","url_text":"Psychopathic Records"},{"url":"http://psychopathicrecords.com/hatchetherald/100423/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ronson, Jon (2010-10-09). \"Insane Clown Posse: And god created controversy\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/09/insane-clown-posse-christians-god","url_text":"\"Insane Clown Posse: And god created controversy\""}]},{"reference":"Lazlo (2010-04-19). \"Interview with Violent J\". The Church of Lazlo. Kansas City, Missouri. KRBZ. Archived from the original on 2009-01-31. Retrieved 2010-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090131160126/http://blogs.965thebuzz.com/lazlo/","url_text":"\"Interview with Violent J\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRBZ","url_text":"KRBZ"},{"url":"http://blogs.965thebuzz.com/lazlo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Keilman, John (2010-11-30). \"Rappers' ode to 'miracles' taps into anti-science angst\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 9 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-11-30/news/ct-talk-keilman-miracles-1130-20101130_1_pomegranate-juice-science-rappers","url_text":"\"Rappers' ode to 'miracles' taps into anti-science angst\""}]},{"reference":"Mike Daniels (2010-10-12). \"Insane Clown Posse comes out . . . as evangelical Christians\". Culture Wars. Secular News Daily. Retrieved 2011-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.secularnewsdaily.com/2010/10/12/insane-clown-posse-comes-out-as-evangelical-christian/","url_text":"\"Insane Clown Posse comes out . . . as evangelical Christians\""}]},{"reference":"Louis Pattison (2010-08-18). \"Insane Clown Posse: a magnet for ignorance\". Music. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2011-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2010/aug/18/insane-clown-posse","url_text":"\"Insane Clown Posse: a magnet for ignorance\""}]},{"reference":"Jason Richards (2010-04-27). \"Violent J of Insane Clown Posse Explains the Remarkable Song 'Miracles'\". Entertainment. New York Media LLC. Retrieved 2011-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/04/violent_j_of_insane_clown_poss.html","url_text":"\"Violent J of Insane Clown Posse Explains the Remarkable Song 'Miracles'\""}]},{"reference":"Weiner, Jonah (April 13, 2010). \"Do You Believe in Miracles? The wild, weird world of Insane Clown Posse\". Slate.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/id/2250217/pagenum/all/","url_text":"\"Do You Believe in Miracles? The wild, weird world of Insane Clown Posse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"}]},{"reference":"\"Bang! Pow! Boom! Nuclear Edition Out NOW!\". Psychopathic Records. Archived from the original on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100410123145/http://www.insaneclownposse.com/general-news/bang-pow-boom-nuclear-edition-out-now/","url_text":"\"Bang! Pow! Boom! Nuclear Edition Out NOW!\""},{"url":"http://www.insaneclownposse.com/general-news/bang-pow-boom-nuclear-edition-out-now/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Itzkoff, Dave (April 26, 2010). \"Fools' Gold: An Oral History of the Insane Clown Posse Parodies\". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/26/fools-gold-an-oral-history-of-the-insane-clown-posse-parodies/?src=mv","url_text":"\"Fools' Gold: An Oral History of the Insane Clown Posse Parodies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Insane Clown Posse (artists) (2012-09-25). Insane Clown Posse - Miracles (music video). Michigan: Psychopathic Video. Retrieved 2011-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-agl0pOQfs","url_text":"Insane Clown Posse - Miracles"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Kyle (April 18, 2010). \"'Saturday Night Live' Takes Down Insane Clown Posse With 'Miracles' Parody\". MTV News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20100420090005/http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/04/18/saturday-night-live-miracles-parody/","url_text":"\"'Saturday Night Live' Takes Down Insane Clown Posse With 'Miracles' Parody\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News","url_text":"MTV News"},{"url":"http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/04/18/saturday-night-live-miracles-parody/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday Night Live Parodies the \"Miracles\" Music Video!\". Psychopathic Records. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426013256/http://www.insaneclownposse.com/general-news/saturday-night-live-parodies-the-miracles-music-video/","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Live Parodies the \"Miracles\" Music Video!\""},{"url":"http://www.insaneclownposse.com/general-news/saturday-night-live-parodies-the-miracles-music-video/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Homestuck\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.homestuck.com/story/2818","url_text":"\"Homestuck\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Adam (September 1, 2009). \"Pow! ICP revisits the Dark Carnival\". The Detroit News.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News","url_text":"The Detroit News"}]},{"reference":"Rabin, Nathan (April 8, 2010). \"Great job, Internet! Insane Clown Posse, rainbows, fucking magnets and the miracle of existence\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2010-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/great-job-internet-insane-clown-posse-rainbows-fuc,39928/","url_text":"\"Great job, Internet! Insane Clown Posse, rainbows, fucking magnets and the miracle of existence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, James (2010-04-08). \"Insane Clown Posse's 'Miracles' Video Explained\". MTV Networks. Retrieved 2010-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/04/08/insane-clown-posse-miracles/","url_text":"\"Insane Clown Posse's 'Miracles' Video Explained\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Top Music Videos of 2010\". Pitchfork Media. 1 December 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/8729-the-top-music-videos-of-2010/3/","url_text":"\"The Top Music Videos of 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media","url_text":"Pitchfork Media"}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, Daniel (9 April 2010). \"Learn Your Motherf#@kin' Science: A Textbook for Juggalos\". Cracked.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cracked.com/blog/learn-your-motherfuckin-science-with-the-icp/","url_text":"\"Learn Your Motherf#@kin' Science: A Textbook for Juggalos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noisebridge Attempts to Teach Science To Juggalos at Insane Clown Posse Show In San Francisco\". Laughing Squid. 18 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://laughingsquid.com/noisebridge-attempts-to-teach-science-to-juggalos-at-insane-clown-posse-show-in-san-francisco/","url_text":"\"Noisebridge Attempts to Teach Science To Juggalos at Insane Clown Posse Show In San Francisco\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/04/27/insane-clown-posse-violent-j-miracles/","external_links_name":"\"Insane Clown Posse's Violent J Weighs In On The Cult Of 'Miracles'\""},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/movies/2016/06/the_lonely_island_s_popstar_reviewed.html","external_links_name":"\"Finally, the Age of Bieber Has Its Spinal Tap\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110915151610/http://www.adamcarolla.com/ACPBlog/2011/08/08/insane-clown-posse/","external_links_name":"\"Insane Clown Posse\""},{"Link":"http://www.adamcarolla.com/ACPBlog/2011/08/08/insane-clown-posse/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.insaneclownposse.com/music/violent-js-personal-review-of-bang-pow-boom/","external_links_name":"\"Violent J's Personal Review of Bang Pow Boom!\""},{"Link":"http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/culture/2638/%E2%80%98miracles%E2%80%99_rejects_disenchantment,_not_science/","external_links_name":"\"'Miracles' Rejects Disenchantment, Not Science\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426025115/http://psychopathicrecords.com/hatchetherald/100423/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The Buzz on \"Miracles\"\""},{"Link":"http://psychopathicrecords.com/hatchetherald/100423/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/09/insane-clown-posse-christians-god","external_links_name":"\"Insane Clown Posse: And god created controversy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090131160126/http://blogs.965thebuzz.com/lazlo/","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Violent J\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.965thebuzz.com/lazlo/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-11-30/news/ct-talk-keilman-miracles-1130-20101130_1_pomegranate-juice-science-rappers","external_links_name":"\"Rappers' ode to 'miracles' taps into anti-science angst\""},{"Link":"http://www.secularnewsdaily.com/2010/10/12/insane-clown-posse-comes-out-as-evangelical-christian/","external_links_name":"\"Insane Clown Posse comes out . . . as evangelical Christians\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2010/aug/18/insane-clown-posse","external_links_name":"\"Insane Clown Posse: a magnet for ignorance\""},{"Link":"http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/04/violent_j_of_insane_clown_poss.html","external_links_name":"\"Violent J of Insane Clown Posse Explains the Remarkable Song 'Miracles'\""},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/id/2250217/pagenum/all/","external_links_name":"\"Do You Believe in Miracles? The wild, weird world of Insane Clown Posse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100410123145/http://www.insaneclownposse.com/general-news/bang-pow-boom-nuclear-edition-out-now/","external_links_name":"\"Bang! Pow! Boom! Nuclear Edition Out NOW!\""},{"Link":"http://www.insaneclownposse.com/general-news/bang-pow-boom-nuclear-edition-out-now/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/26/fools-gold-an-oral-history-of-the-insane-clown-posse-parodies/?src=mv","external_links_name":"\"Fools' Gold: An Oral History of the Insane Clown Posse Parodies\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-agl0pOQfs","external_links_name":"Insane Clown Posse - Miracles"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20100420090005/http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/04/18/saturday-night-live-miracles-parody/","external_links_name":"\"'Saturday Night Live' Takes Down Insane Clown Posse With 'Miracles' Parody\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/04/18/saturday-night-live-miracles-parody/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426013256/http://www.insaneclownposse.com/general-news/saturday-night-live-parodies-the-miracles-music-video/","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Night Live Parodies the \"Miracles\" Music Video!\""},{"Link":"http://www.insaneclownposse.com/general-news/saturday-night-live-parodies-the-miracles-music-video/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.homestuck.com/story/2818","external_links_name":"\"Homestuck\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/great-job-internet-insane-clown-posse-rainbows-fuc,39928/","external_links_name":"\"Great job, Internet! Insane Clown Posse, rainbows, fucking magnets and the miracle of existence\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/04/08/insane-clown-posse-miracles/","external_links_name":"\"Insane Clown Posse's 'Miracles' Video Explained\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/8729-the-top-music-videos-of-2010/3/","external_links_name":"\"The Top Music Videos of 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.cracked.com/blog/learn-your-motherfuckin-science-with-the-icp/","external_links_name":"\"Learn Your Motherf#@kin' Science: A Textbook for Juggalos\""},{"Link":"http://laughingsquid.com/noisebridge-attempts-to-teach-science-to-juggalos-at-insane-clown-posse-show-in-san-francisco/","external_links_name":"\"Noisebridge Attempts to Teach Science To Juggalos at Insane Clown Posse Show In San Francisco\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-agl0pOQfs","external_links_name":"\"Miracles\""},{"Link":"https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/04/insane-clown-posses-miracles-video-is-ten-years-old.html","external_links_name":"Decade-long retrospective on the song"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazin_(bread)	Bazin (bread)	["1 Sauce","2 History","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Unleavened bread in Libyan cuisine BazinBazin (center) served with a stew and whole hard-boiled eggs.Place of originLibyaAssociated cuisineLibyan cuisineMain ingredientsbarley, water and salt Media: Bazin Bazin (Arabic: البازين, pronounced , is an unleavened bread in the cuisine of Libya prepared with barley, water and salt. Bazin is prepared by boiling barley flour in water and then beating it to create a dough using a magraf, which is a unique stick designed for this purpose. The dough may then be placed in a pan and allowed time to harden, after which it is baked or steamed. The salt contributes to the hardness of the bazin. Bazin may have a paste-like and hardened texture. It may also be prepared using whole wheat flour, olive oil and pepper as ingredients. Bazin is typically served with a tomato sauce, eggs, potatoes and mutton. This preparation method involves shaping the dough into the shape of a pyramid or dome, after which it may be served with a tomato-based soup or meat-and-potato stew poured atop or around it and garnished with hard-boiled eggs. A raw egg may also be placed in the hot soup. Aseeda is a dish prepared using bazin, honey, date syrup and butter or oil. Bazin may also be accompanied with a cooked pumpkin and tomato sauce mixture. When consumed, bazin may be "crumpled and eaten with the fingers." It is typically eaten using the right hand, and may be consumed communally. Bazin has been described as a traditional dish and as a national dish of Libya. Sauce Bazin sauce may be prepared by frying mutton (preferably shoulder or leg) with chopped onions, turmeric, salt, chilli powder, helba (fenugreek), sweet paprika, black pepper and tomato paste. Broad beans, lentils and potatoes may also be added. The sauce, eggs, potatoes and meat are arranged around the dough dome. The dish is typically served with lemon and fresh or pickled (imsaiyar) chillies. History The old way of making bazin is to form the dough into palm-size cakes and cook in water in a special copper pot called a qidir. The barley cakes, having become solid, are then broken up in the pot with a large, flat, wooden ladle and mixed to form one large piece. Nowadays, a blender is often used, or the dough is cooked immediately in water like a pudding. See also List of Middle Eastern dishes Food portalLibya portal Fufu List of African dishes List of breads Notes ^ "... and bazin, made of steamed wheat or barley and a sauce of stewed vegetables and meat." ^ "Bazin is a Libyan speciality - hard, paste-like food made of water, salt and barley and is really not recommended except to the gastronomically hardy." ^ "Pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo) grown in Libya are widely utilized as cooked vegetable served with tomato sauce with such national starchy dishes as 'KosKos' and 'Bazin'." References ^ Rozario, P. (2004). Libya. Countries of the world. Gareth Stevens Pub. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8368-3111-5. ^ a b Davidson, A.; Jaine, T.; Davidson, J.; Saberi, H. (2006). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions. OUP Oxford. p. 1356. ISBN 978-0-19-101825-1. ^ a b c d e f g Long, L.M. (2015). Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-4422-2731-6. ^ Grolier Educational Staff (1992). New Book of Knowledge 1992. Grolier. p. 188. ISBN 0717205231. ^ McLachlan, Anne; McLachlan, Keith Stanley (1997). Tunisia Handbook with Libya. Footprint Handbooks. p. 438. ISBN 9780844248677. Retrieved 26 March 2016. ^ a b c Blady, K. (2000). Jewish Communities in Exotic Places. Jason Aronson, Incorporated. p. 327. ISBN 978-1-4616-2908-5. ^ "The Libyan Journal of Agriculture". Volume 4. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alfateh. 1977. p. 199. Retrieved 26 March 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bazeen. "37. Bazeen (from Dr. B. Shetewi)", a recipe from Libyan Cuisine and Recipes "Bazeen (By: mahmud abudaber)", a recipe from Janzour.com Of “Bazeen” and Local Cuisine, Zainab Al-Arabi"	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[baːˈziːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic"},{"link_name":"unleavened bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unleavened_bread"},{"link_name":"cuisine of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rozario_2004-1"},{"link_name":"barley flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_flour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davidson_Jaine_Davidson_Saberi_2006-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long_2015-3"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long_2015-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blady_2000-8"},{"link_name":"mutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davidson_Jaine_Davidson_Saberi_2006-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long_2015-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long_2015-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long_2015-3"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blady_2000-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long_2015-3"},{"link_name":"traditional dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_food"},{"link_name":"national dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long_2015-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blady_2000-8"}],"text":"Bazin (Arabic: البازين, pronounced [baːˈziːn], is an unleavened bread in the cuisine of Libya prepared with barley, water and salt.[1] Bazin is prepared by boiling barley flour in water and then beating it to create a dough using a magraf, which is a unique stick designed for this purpose.[2] The dough may then be placed in a pan and allowed time to harden,[3] after which it is baked or steamed.[a] The salt contributes to the hardness of the bazin. Bazin may have a paste-like and hardened texture.[b] It may also be prepared using whole wheat flour, olive oil and pepper as ingredients.[3][6]Bazin is typically served with a tomato sauce, eggs, potatoes and mutton. This preparation method involves shaping the dough into the shape of a pyramid or dome, after which it may be served with a tomato-based soup or meat-and-potato stew poured atop or around it and garnished with hard-boiled eggs.[2][3] A raw egg may also be placed in the hot soup.[3] Aseeda is a dish prepared using bazin, honey, date syrup and butter or oil.[3] Bazin may also be accompanied with a cooked pumpkin and tomato sauce mixture.[c]When consumed, bazin may be \"crumpled and eaten with the fingers.\"[6] It is typically eaten using the right hand, and may be consumed communally.[3] Bazin has been described as a traditional dish and as a national dish of Libya.[3][6]","title":"Bazin (bread)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bazin sauce may be prepared by frying mutton (preferably shoulder or leg) with chopped onions, turmeric, salt, chilli powder, helba (fenugreek), sweet paprika, black pepper and tomato paste. Broad beans, lentils and potatoes may also be added. The sauce, eggs, potatoes and meat are arranged around the dough dome. The dish is typically served with lemon and fresh or pickled (imsaiyar) chillies.","title":"Sauce"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The old way of making bazin is to form the dough into palm-size cakes and cook in water in a special copper pot called a qidir. The barley cakes, having become solid, are then broken up in the pot with a large, flat, wooden ladle and mixed to form one large piece. Nowadays, a blender is often used, or the dough is cooked immediately in water like a pudding.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grolier-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Footprint-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Libyan_Journal_of_Agriculture_1977-9"}],"text":"^ \"... and bazin, made of steamed wheat or barley and a sauce of stewed vegetables and meat.\"[4]\n\n^ \"Bazin is a Libyan speciality - hard, paste-like food made of water, salt and barley and is really not recommended except to the gastronomically hardy.\"[5]\n\n^ \"Pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo) grown in Libya are widely utilized as cooked vegetable served with tomato sauce with such national starchy dishes as 'KosKos' and 'Bazin'.\"[7]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Middle Eastern dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_dishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Libya portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Libya"},{"title":"Fufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufu"},{"title":"List of African dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_dishes"},{"title":"List of breads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_breads"}]	[{"reference":"Rozario, P. (2004). Libya. Countries of the world. Gareth Stevens Pub. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8368-3111-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/libyaroza00roza","url_text":"Libya"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/libyaroza00roza/page/40","url_text":"40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-3111-5","url_text":"978-0-8368-3111-5"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, A.; Jaine, T.; Davidson, J.; Saberi, H. (2006). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions. OUP Oxford. p. 1356. ISBN 978-0-19-101825-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ-1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1356","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101825-1","url_text":"978-0-19-101825-1"}]},{"reference":"Long, L.M. (2015). Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-4422-2731-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA376","url_text":"Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2731-6","url_text":"978-1-4422-2731-6"}]},{"reference":"Grolier Educational Staff (1992). New Book of Knowledge 1992. Grolier. p. 188. ISBN 0717205231.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZY8Id8eL3sYC&q=%22bazin%22","url_text":"New Book of Knowledge 1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717205231","url_text":"0717205231"}]},{"reference":"McLachlan, Anne; McLachlan, Keith Stanley (1997). Tunisia Handbook with Libya. Footprint Handbooks. p. 438. ISBN 9780844248677. Retrieved 26 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hbouAQAAIAAJ&q=%22bazin%22","url_text":"Tunisia Handbook with Libya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844248677","url_text":"9780844248677"}]},{"reference":"Blady, K. (2000). Jewish Communities in Exotic Places. Jason Aronson, Incorporated. p. 327. ISBN 978-1-4616-2908-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T0g2RsZI1yMC&pg=PA327","url_text":"Jewish Communities in Exotic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-2908-5","url_text":"978-1-4616-2908-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The Libyan Journal of Agriculture\". Volume 4. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alfateh. 1977. p. 199. Retrieved 26 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fB9HAAAAYAAJ&q=%22bazin%22","url_text":"\"The Libyan Journal of Agriculture\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/libyaroza00roza","external_links_name":"Libya"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/libyaroza00roza/page/40","external_links_name":"40"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ-1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1356","external_links_name":"The Oxford Companion to Food"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA376","external_links_name":"Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZY8Id8eL3sYC&q=%22bazin%22","external_links_name":"New Book of Knowledge 1992"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hbouAQAAIAAJ&q=%22bazin%22","external_links_name":"Tunisia Handbook with Libya"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T0g2RsZI1yMC&pg=PA327","external_links_name":"Jewish Communities in Exotic Places"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fB9HAAAAYAAJ&q=%22bazin%22","external_links_name":"\"The Libyan Journal of Agriculture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090301150623/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/dr_ibrahim_ighneiwa/food.htm#mon1","external_links_name":"\"37. Bazeen (from Dr. B. Shetewi)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020654/http://www.janzour.com/Bazeen.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bazeen (By: mahmud abudaber)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226153937/http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=5&i=1386&archive=1","external_links_name":"Of “Bazeen” and Local Cuisine, Zainab Al-Arabi\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropic_vorticity_equation	Barotropic vorticity equation	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	The barotropic vorticity equation assumes the atmosphere is nearly barotropic, which means that the direction and speed of the geostrophic wind are independent of height. In other words, there is no vertical wind shear of the geostrophic wind. It also implies that thickness contours (a proxy for temperature) are parallel to upper level height contours. In this type of atmosphere, high and low pressure areas are centers of warm and cold temperature anomalies. Warm-core highs (such as the subtropical ridge and the Bermuda-Azores high) and cold-core lows have strengthening winds with height, with the reverse true for cold-core highs (shallow Arctic highs) and warm-core lows (such as tropical cyclones). A simplified form of the vorticity equation for an inviscid, divergence-free flow (solenoidal velocity field), the barotropic vorticity equation can simply be stated as D η D t = 0 , {\displaystyle {\frac {D\eta }{Dt}}=0,} where D/Dt is the material derivative and η = ζ + f {\displaystyle \eta =\zeta +f} is absolute vorticity, with ζ being relative vorticity, defined as the vertical component of the curl of the fluid velocity and f is the Coriolis parameter f = 2 Ω sin ⁡ φ , {\displaystyle f=2\Omega \sin \varphi ,} where Ω is the angular frequency of the planet's rotation (Ω = 0.7272×10−4 s−1 for the earth) and φ is latitude. In terms of relative vorticity, the equation can be rewritten as D ζ D t = − v β , {\displaystyle {\frac {D\zeta }{Dt}}=-v\beta ,} where β = ∂f/∂y is the variation of the Coriolis parameter with distance y in the north–south direction and v is the component of velocity in this direction. In 1950, Charney, Fjørtoft, and von Neumann integrated this equation (with an added diffusion term on the right-hand side) on a computer for the first time, using an observed field of 500 hPa geopotential height for the first timestep. This was one of the first successful instances of numerical weather prediction. See also Barotropic References ^ Wallace, John M. and Peter V. Hobbs (1977). Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. Academic Press, Inc. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0-12-732950-1. ^ T. N. Krishnamurti; H. S. Bedi; V. M. Hardiker; L. Ramaswamy (2006). An Introduction to Global Spectral Modeling (2 ed.). Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0-387-30254-6. ^ Charney, J. G.; Fjørtoft, R.; von Neumann, J. (1950), "Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation", Tellus, 2 (4): 237–254, Bibcode:1950TellA...2..237C, doi:10.3402/tellusa.v2i4.8607 External links http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/~ross/Science/BarVor.html This geophysics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This fluid dynamics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This mathematical physics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vorticity equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticity_equation"},{"link_name":"divergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence"},{"link_name":"solenoidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoidal_vector_field"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"material derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_derivative"},{"link_name":"vorticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticity"},{"link_name":"curl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Coriolis parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_parameter"},{"link_name":"angular frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_frequency"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"diffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion"},{"link_name":"right-hand side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-hand_side_and_right-hand_side_of_an_equation"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"hPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"geopotential height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopotential_height"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"numerical weather prediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction"}],"text":"A simplified form of the vorticity equation for an inviscid, divergence-free flow (solenoidal velocity field), the barotropic vorticity equation can simply be stated as[2]D\n η\n \n \n D\n t\n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {D\\eta }{Dt}}=0,}where D/Dt is the material derivative andη\n =\n ζ\n +\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta =\\zeta +f}is absolute vorticity, with ζ being relative vorticity, defined as the vertical component of the curl of the fluid velocity and f is the Coriolis parameterf\n =\n 2\n Ω\n sin\n ⁡\n φ\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f=2\\Omega \\sin \\varphi ,}where Ω is the angular frequency of the planet's rotation (Ω = 0.7272×10−4 s−1 for the earth) and φ is latitude.In terms of relative vorticity, the equation can be rewritten asD\n ζ\n \n \n D\n t\n \n \n \n =\n −\n v\n β\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {D\\zeta }{Dt}}=-v\\beta ,}where β = ∂f/∂y is the variation of the Coriolis parameter with distance y in the north–south direction and v is the component of velocity in this direction.In 1950, Charney, Fjørtoft, and von Neumann integrated this equation (with an added diffusion term on the right-hand side) on a computer for the first time, using an observed field of 500 hPa geopotential height for the first timestep.[3] This was one of the first successful instances of numerical weather prediction.","title":"Barotropic vorticity equation"}]	[]	[{"title":"Barotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropic"}]	[{"reference":"Wallace, John M. and Peter V. Hobbs (1977). Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. Academic Press, Inc. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0-12-732950-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-732950-1","url_text":"0-12-732950-1"}]},{"reference":"T. N. Krishnamurti; H. S. Bedi; V. M. Hardiker; L. Ramaswamy (2006). An Introduction to Global Spectral Modeling (2 ed.). Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0-387-30254-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30254-6","url_text":"978-0-387-30254-6"}]},{"reference":"Charney, J. G.; Fjørtoft, R.; von Neumann, J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-scene_anti-aliasing	Spatial anti-aliasing	["1 Examples","2 Simplest approach to anti-aliasing","3 Signal processing approach to anti-aliasing","4 Two dimensional considerations","5 Practical real-time anti-aliasing approximations","5.1 Mipmapping","6 Example of an image with extreme pseudo-random aliasing","7 Super sampling / full-scene anti-aliasing","8 Object-based anti-aliasing","9 Anti-aliasing and gamma compression","10 History","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]	Minimising distortion artifacts when representing a high-resolution image at a lower resolution This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In digital signal processing, spatial anti-aliasing is a technique for minimizing the distortion artifacts (aliasing) when representing a high-resolution image at a lower resolution. Anti-aliasing is used in digital photography, computer graphics, digital audio, and many other applications. Anti-aliasing means removing signal components that have a higher frequency than is able to be properly resolved by the recording (or sampling) device. This removal is done before (re)sampling at a lower resolution. When sampling is performed without removing this part of the signal, it causes undesirable artifacts such as black-and-white noise. In signal acquisition and audio, anti-aliasing is often done using an analog anti-aliasing filter to remove the out-of-band component of the input signal prior to sampling with an analog-to-digital converter. In digital photography, optical anti-aliasing filters made of birefringent materials smooth the signal in the spatial optical domain. The anti-aliasing filter essentially blurs the image slightly in order to reduce the resolution to or below that achievable by the digital sensor (the larger the pixel pitch, the lower the achievable resolution at the sensor level). Examples In computer graphics, anti-aliasing improves the appearance of "jagged" polygon edges, or "jaggies", so they are smoothed out on the screen. However, it incurs a performance cost for the graphics card and uses more video memory. The level of anti-aliasing determines how smooth polygon edges are (and how much video memory it consumes).Visual distortion when anti-aliasing is not usedAnti-aliasedAnti-aliased via Lanczos resamplingMagnified portion of image lacking anti-aliasing (left) and anti-aliased (right) Near the top of an image with a receding checker-board pattern, the image is both difficult to recognise and not aesthetically appealing. In contrast, when anti-aliased the checker-board near the top blends into grey, which is usually the desired effect when the resolution is insufficient to show the detail. Even near the bottom of the image, the edges appear much smoother in the anti-aliased image. Multiple methods exist, including the sinc filter, which is considered a better anti-aliasing algorithm. When magnified, it can be seen how anti-aliasing interpolates the brightness of the pixels at the boundaries to produce grey pixels since the space is occupied by both black and white tiles. These help make the sinc filter antialiased image appear much smoother than the original. Left: an aliased version of a simple shape. Right: an anti-aliased version of the same shape. In a simple diamond image, anti-aliasing blends the boundary pixels; this reduces the aesthetically jarring effect of the sharp, step-like boundaries that appear in the aliased graphic. Anti-aliasing is often applied in rendering text on a computer screen, to suggest smooth contours that better emulate the appearance of text produced by conventional ink-and-paper printing. Particularly with fonts displayed on typical LCD screens, it is common to use subpixel rendering techniques like ClearType. Sub-pixel rendering requires special colour-balanced anti-aliasing filters to turn what would be severe colour distortion into barely-noticeable colour fringes. Equivalent results can be had by making individual sub-pixels addressable as if they were full pixels, and supplying a hardware-based anti-aliasing filter as is done in the OLPC XO-1 laptop's display controller. Pixel geometry affects all of this, whether the anti-aliasing and sub-pixel addressing are done in software or hardware. Simplest approach to anti-aliasing The most basic approach to anti-aliasing a pixel is determining what percentage of the pixel is occupied by a given region in the vector graphic - in this case a pixel-sized square, possibly transposed over several pixels - and using that percentage as the colour. A very basic plot of a single, white-on-black anti-aliased point using that method can be done as follows: def plot_antialiased_point(x: float, y: float): """Plot a single, white-on-black anti-aliased point.""" for rounded_x in floor(x) to ceil(x): for rounded_y in floor(y) to ceil(y): percent_x = 1 - abs(x - rounded_x) percent_y = 1 - abs(y - rounded_y) percent = percent_x * percent_y draw_pixel(coordinates=(rounded_x, rounded_y), color=percent (range 0-1)) This method is generally best suited for simple graphics, such as basic lines or curves, and applications that would otherwise have to convert absolute coordinates to pixel-constrained coordinates, such as 3D graphics. It is a fairly fast function, but it is relatively low-quality, and gets slower as the complexity of the shape increases. For purposes requiring very high-quality graphics or very complex vector shapes, this will probably not be the best approach. Note: The draw_pixel routine above cannot blindly set the colour value to the percent calculated. It must add the new value to the existing value at that location up to a maximum of 1. Otherwise, the brightness of each pixel will be equal to the darkest value calculated in time for that location which produces a very bad result. For example, if one point sets a brightness level of 0.90 for a given pixel and another point calculated later barely touches that pixel and has a brightness of 0.05, the final value set for that pixel should be 0.95, not 0.05. For more sophisticated shapes, the algorithm may be generalized as rendering the shape to a pixel grid with higher resolution than the target display surface (usually a multiple that is a power of 2 to reduce distortion), then using bicubic interpolation to determine the average intensity of each real pixel on the display surface. Signal processing approach to anti-aliasing In this approach, the ideal image is regarded as a signal. The image displayed on the screen is taken as samples, at each (x,y) pixel position, of a filtered version of the signal. Ideally, one would understand how the human brain would process the original signal, and provide an on-screen image that will yield the most similar response by the brain. The most widely accepted analytic tool for such problems is the Fourier transform; this decomposes a signal into basis functions of different frequencies, known as frequency components, and gives us the amplitude of each frequency component in the signal. The waves are of the form: cos ⁡ ( 2 j π x ) cos ⁡ ( 2 k π y ) {\displaystyle \ \cos(2j\pi x)\cos(2k\pi y)} where j and k are arbitrary non-negative integers. There are also frequency components involving the sine functions in one or both dimensions, but for the purpose of this discussion, the cosine will suffice. The numbers j and k together are the frequency of the component: j is the frequency in the x direction, and k is the frequency in the y direction. The goal of an anti-aliasing filter is to greatly reduce frequencies above a certain limit, known as the Nyquist frequency, so that the signal will be accurately represented by its samples, or nearly so, in accordance with the sampling theorem; there are many different choices of detailed algorithm, with different filter transfer functions. Current knowledge of human visual perception is not sufficient, in general, to say what approach will look best. Two dimensional considerations Sinc function, with separate X and Y The previous discussion assumes that the rectangular mesh sampling is the dominant part of the problem. The filter usually considered optimal is not rotationally symmetrical, as shown in this first figure; this is because the data is sampled on a square lattice, not using a continuous image. This sampling pattern is the justification for doing signal processing along each axis, as it is traditionally done on one dimensional data. Lanczos resampling is based on convolution of the data with a discrete representation of the sinc function. If the resolution is not limited by the rectangular sampling rate of either the source or target image, then one should ideally use rotationally symmetrical filter or interpolation functions, as though the data were a two dimensional function of continuous x and y. The sinc function of the radius has too long a tail to make a good filter (it is not even square-integrable). A more appropriate analog to the one-dimensional sinc is the two-dimensional Airy disc amplitude, the 2D Fourier transform of a circular region in 2D frequency space, as opposed to a square region. Gaussian plus differential function One might consider a Gaussian plus enough of its second derivative to flatten the top (in the frequency domain) or sharpen it up (in the spatial domain), as shown. Functions based on the Gaussian function are natural choices, because convolution with a Gaussian gives another Gaussian whether applied to x and y or to the radius. Similarly to wavelets, another of its properties is that it is halfway between being localized in the configuration (x and y) and in the spectral (j and k) representation. As an interpolation function, a Gaussian alone seems too spread out to preserve the maximum possible detail, and thus the second derivative is added. As an example, when printing a photographic negative with plentiful processing capability and on a printer with a hexagonal pattern, there is no reason to use sinc function interpolation. Such interpolation would treat diagonal lines differently from horizontal and vertical lines, which is like a weak form of aliasing. Practical real-time anti-aliasing approximations There are only a handful of primitives used at the lowest level in a real-time rendering engine (either software or hardware accelerated). These include "points", "lines" and "triangles". If one is to draw such a primitive in white against a black background, it is possible to design such a primitive to have fuzzy edges, achieving some sort of anti-aliasing. However, this approach has difficulty dealing with adjacent primitives (such as triangles that share an edge). To approximate the uniform averaging algorithm, one may use an extra buffer for sub-pixel data. The initial (and least memory-hungry) approach used 16 extra bits per pixel, in a 4 × 4 grid. If one renders the primitives in a careful order, such as front-to-back, it is possible to create a reasonable image. Since this requires that the primitives be in some order, and hence interacts poorly with an application programming interface such as OpenGL, the latest methods simply have two or more full sub-pixels per pixel, including full color information for each sub-pixel. Some information may be shared between the sub-pixels (such as the Z-buffer.) Mipmapping Main article: Mipmap There is also an approach specialised for texture mapping called mipmapping, which works by creating lower resolution, pre-filtered versions of the texture map. When rendering the image, the appropriate-resolution mipmap is chosen and hence the texture pixels (texels) are already filtered when they arrive on the screen. Mipmapping is generally combined with various forms of texture filtering in order to improve the final result. Example of an image with extreme pseudo-random aliasing Because fractals have unlimited detail and no noise other than arithmetic round-off error, they illustrate aliasing more clearly than do photographs or other measured data. The escape times, which are converted to colours at the exact centres of the pixels, go to infinity at the border of the set, so colours from centres near borders are unpredictable, due to aliasing. This example has edges in about half of its pixels, so it shows much aliasing. The first image is uploaded at its original sampling rate. (Since most modern software anti-aliases, one may have to download the full-size version to see all of the aliasing.) The second image is calculated at five times the sampling rate and down-sampled with anti-aliasing. Assuming that one would really like something like the average colour over each pixel, this one is getting closer. It is clearly more orderly than the first. In order to properly compare these images, viewing them at full-scale is necessary. 1. As calculated with the program "MandelZot" 2. Anti-aliased by blurring and down-sampling by a factor of five 3. Edge points interpolated, then anti-aliased and down-sampled 4. An enhancement of the points removed from the previous image 5. Down-sampled again, without anti-aliasing It happens that, in this case, there is additional information that can be used. By re-calculating with a "distance estimator" algorithm, points were identified that are very close to the edge of the set, so that unusually fine detail is aliased in from the rapidly changing escape times near the edge of the set. The colours derived from these calculated points have been identified as unusually unrepresentative of their pixels. The set changes more rapidly there, so a single point sample is less representative of the whole pixel. Those points were replaced, in the third image, by interpolating the points around them. This reduces the noisiness of the image but has the side effect of brightening the colours. So this image is not exactly the same that would be obtained with an even larger set of calculated points. To show what was discarded, the rejected points, blended into a grey background, are shown in the fourth image. Finally, "Budding Turbines" is so regular that systematic (Moiré) aliasing can clearly be seen near the main "turbine axis" when it is downsized by taking the nearest pixel. The aliasing in the first image appears random because it comes from all levels of detail, below the pixel size. When the lower level aliasing is suppressed, to make the third image and then that is down-sampled once more, without anti-aliasing, to make the fifth image, the order on the scale of the third image appears as systematic aliasing in the fifth image. Pure down-sampling of an image has the following effect (viewing at full-scale is recommended): 1) A picture of a particular spiral feature of the Mandelbrot set 2) 4 samples per pixel 3) 25 samples per pixel 4) 400 samples per pixel Super sampling / full-scene anti-aliasing Super sampling anti-aliasing (SSAA), also called full-scene anti-aliasing (FSAA), is used to avoid aliasing (or "jaggies") on full-screen images. SSAA was the first type of anti-aliasing available with early video cards. But due to its tremendous computational cost and the advent of multisample anti-aliasing (MSAA) support on GPUs, it is no longer widely used in real time applications. MSAA provides somewhat lower graphic quality, but also tremendous savings in computational power. The resulting image of SSAA may seem softer, and should also appear more realistic. However, while useful for photo-like images, a simple anti-aliasing approach (such as super-sampling and then averaging) may actually worsen the appearance of some types of line art or diagrams (making the image appear fuzzy), especially where most lines are horizontal or vertical. In these cases, a prior grid-fitting step may be useful (see hinting). In general, super-sampling is a technique of collecting data points at a greater resolution (usually by a power of two) than the final data resolution. These data points are then combined (down-sampled) to the desired resolution, often just by a simple average. The combined data points have less visible aliasing artifacts (or moiré patterns). Full-scene anti-aliasing by super-sampling usually means that each full frame is rendered at double (2x) or quadruple (4x) the display resolution, and then down-sampled to match the display resolution. Thus, a 2x FSAA would render 4 super-sampled pixels for each single pixel of each frame. Rendering at larger resolutions will produce better results; however, more processor power is needed, which can degrade performance and frame rate. Sometimes FSAA is implemented in hardware in such a way that a graphical application is unaware the images are being super-sampled and then down-sampled before being displayed. Object-based anti-aliasing A graphics rendering system creates an image based on objects constructed of polygonal primitives; the aliasing effects in the image can be reduced by applying an anti-aliasing scheme only to the areas of the image representing silhouette edges of the objects. The silhouette edges are anti-aliased by creating anti-aliasing primitives which vary in opacity. These anti-aliasing primitives are joined to the silhouetted edges, and create a region in the image where the objects appear to blend into the background. The method has some important advantages over classical methods based on the accumulation buffer since it generates full-scene anti-aliasing in only two passes and does not require the use of additional memory required by the accumulation buffer. Object-based anti-aliasing was first developed at Silicon Graphics for their Indy workstation. Anti-aliasing and gamma compression Digital images are usually stored in a gamma-compressed format, but most optical anti-aliasing filters are linear. So to down-sample an image in a way that would match optical blurring, one should first convert it to a linear format, then apply the anti-aliasing filter, and finally convert it back to a gamma compressed format. Using linear arithmetic on a gamma-compressed image results in values which are slightly different from the ideal filter. This error is larger when dealing with high contrast areas, causing high contrast areas to become dimmer: bright details (such as a cat's whiskers) become visually thinner, and dark details (such as tree branches) become thicker, relative to the optically anti-aliased image. Each pixel is individually distorted, meaning outlines become unsmooth after anti-aliasing. Because the conversion to and from a linear format greatly slows down the process, and because the differences are usually subtle, most image editing software, including Final Cut Pro and Adobe Photoshop, process images in the gamma-compressed domain. Most modern GPUs support storing textures in memory in sRGB format, and can perform transformation to linear space and back transparently, with essentially no loss in performance. History Important early works in the history of anti-aliasing include: Freeman, H. (March 1974). "Computer processing of line drawing images". ACM Computing Surveys. 6 (1): 57–97. doi:10.1145/356625.356627. S2CID 18962414. Crow, Franklin C. (November 1977). "The aliasing problem in computer-generated shaded images". Communications of the ACM. 20 (11): 799–805. doi:10.1145/359863.359869. S2CID 18799849. Catmull, Edwin (August 23–25, 1978). "A hidden-surface algorithm with anti-aliasing". Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. pp. 6–11. See also Alpha to coverage Anisotropic filtering Font rasterization Sampling (signal processing) Temporal anti-aliasing References ^ Leler, William J. (July 1980). "Human vision, anti-aliasing, and the cheap 4000 line display". ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. 14 (3): 308–313. doi:10.1145/965105.807509. ^ "AMD's Radeon HD 5870: Bringing About the Next Generation Of GPUs". AnandTech.com. ^ Jason Gregory, Jeff Lander (2009). Game Engine Architecture. A K Peters, Ltd. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-56881-413-1. ^ M. Carmen Juan Lizandra (June 2000). "Graphic libraries for Windows programming". Crossroads. 6 (4). ACM: 14–18. doi:10.1145/333424.333433. S2CID 15786664. ^ Maruszczyk, Kuba; Denes, Gyorgy; Mantiuk, Rafal K. (2018). "Improving Quality of Anti-Aliasing in Virtual Reality" (PDF). EG UK Computer Graphics & Visual Computing. S2CID 54081570. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-18. ^ Brasseur, Eric. "Gamma error in picture scaling". www.4p8.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2012-12-14. External links Antialiasing and Transparency Tutorial: Explains interaction between anti-aliasing and transparency, especially when dealing with web graphics Interpolation and Gamma Correction In most real-world systems, gamma correction is required to linearize the response curve of the sensor and display systems. If this is not taken into account, the resultant non-linear distortion will defeat the purpose of anti-aliasing calculations based on the assumption of a linear system response. The Future of Anti-Aliasing: A comparison of the different algorithms MSAA, MLAA, DLAA and FXAA (in French) Le rôle du filtre anti-aliasing dans les APN (the function of anti-aliasing filter in dSLR) "SMOOTHVISION™" (PDF). ATI Technologies. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 18, 2007.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing"},{"link_name":"aliasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasing"},{"link_name":"Anti-aliasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing"},{"link_name":"digital photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography"},{"link_name":"computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"digital audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"anti-aliasing filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter"},{"link_name":"analog-to-digital converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter"},{"link_name":"birefringent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringent"},{"link_name":"pixel pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_pitch"}],"text":"In digital signal processing, spatial anti-aliasing is a technique for minimizing the distortion artifacts (aliasing) when representing a high-resolution image at a lower resolution. Anti-aliasing is used in digital photography, computer graphics, digital audio, and many other applications.Anti-aliasing means removing signal components that have a higher frequency than is able to be properly resolved by the recording (or sampling) device. This removal is done before (re)sampling at a lower resolution. When sampling is performed without removing this part of the signal, it causes undesirable artifacts such as black-and-white noise.In signal acquisition and audio, anti-aliasing is often done using an analog anti-aliasing filter to remove the out-of-band component of the input signal prior to sampling with an analog-to-digital converter. In digital photography, optical anti-aliasing filters made of birefringent materials smooth the signal in the spatial optical domain. The anti-aliasing filter essentially blurs the image slightly in order to reduce the resolution to or below that achievable by the digital sensor (the larger the pixel pitch, the lower the achievable resolution at the sensor level).","title":"Spatial anti-aliasing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jaggies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggies"},{"link_name":"graphics card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Card"},{"link_name":"video memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_memory"},{"link_name":"polygon edges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_edge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aliased.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antialiased.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antialiased_lanczos.png"},{"link_name":"Lanczos resampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanczos_resampling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antialiased-zoom.png"},{"link_name":"resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolution"},{"link_name":"sinc filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc_filter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-refA-1"},{"link_name":"pixels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-aliased-diamonds.png"},{"link_name":"fonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_font"},{"link_name":"subpixel rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpixel_rendering"},{"link_name":"ClearType","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearType"},{"link_name":"OLPC XO-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLPC_XO-1"},{"link_name":"Pixel geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_geometry"}],"text":"In computer graphics, anti-aliasing improves the appearance of \"jagged\" polygon edges, or \"jaggies\", so they are smoothed out on the screen. However, it incurs a performance cost for the graphics card and uses more video memory. The level of anti-aliasing determines how smooth polygon edges are (and how much video memory it consumes).Visual distortion when anti-aliasing is not usedAnti-aliasedAnti-aliased via Lanczos resamplingMagnified portion of image lacking anti-aliasing (left) and anti-aliased (right)Near the top of an image with a receding checker-board pattern, the image is both difficult to recognise and not aesthetically appealing. In contrast, when anti-aliased the checker-board near the top blends into grey, which is usually the desired effect when the resolution is insufficient to show the detail. Even near the bottom of the image, the edges appear much smoother in the anti-aliased image. Multiple methods exist, including the sinc filter, which is considered a better anti-aliasing algorithm.[1] When magnified, it can be seen how anti-aliasing interpolates the brightness of the pixels at the boundaries to produce grey pixels since the space is occupied by both black and white tiles. These help make the sinc filter antialiased image appear much smoother than the original.Left: an aliased version of a simple shape. Right: an anti-aliased version of the same shape.In a simple diamond image, anti-aliasing blends the boundary pixels; this reduces the aesthetically jarring effect of the sharp, step-like boundaries that appear in the aliased graphic.Anti-aliasing is often applied in rendering text on a computer screen, to suggest smooth contours that better emulate the appearance of text produced by conventional ink-and-paper printing. Particularly with fonts displayed on typical LCD screens, it is common to use subpixel rendering techniques like ClearType. Sub-pixel rendering requires special colour-balanced anti-aliasing filters to turn what would be severe colour distortion into barely-noticeable colour fringes. Equivalent results can be had by making individual sub-pixels addressable as if they were full pixels, and supplying a hardware-based anti-aliasing filter as is done in the OLPC XO-1 laptop's display controller. Pixel geometry affects all of this, whether the anti-aliasing and sub-pixel addressing are done in software or hardware.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bicubic interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicubic_interpolation"}],"text":"The most basic approach to anti-aliasing a pixel is determining what percentage of the pixel is occupied by a given region in the vector graphic - in this case a pixel-sized square, possibly transposed over several pixels - and using that percentage as the colour.A very basic plot of a single, white-on-black anti-aliased point using that method can be done as follows:def plot_antialiased_point(x: float, y: float):\n \"\"\"Plot a single, white-on-black anti-aliased point.\"\"\"\n for rounded_x in floor(x) to ceil(x):\n for rounded_y in floor(y) to ceil(y):\n percent_x = 1 - abs(x - rounded_x)\n percent_y = 1 - abs(y - rounded_y)\n percent = percent_x * percent_y\n draw_pixel(coordinates=(rounded_x, rounded_y), color=percent (range 0-1))This method is generally best suited for simple graphics, such as basic lines or curves, and applications that would otherwise have to convert absolute coordinates to pixel-constrained coordinates, such as 3D graphics. It is a fairly fast function, but it is relatively low-quality, and gets slower as the complexity of the shape increases. For purposes requiring very high-quality graphics or very complex vector shapes, this will probably not be the best approach.Note: The draw_pixel routine above cannot blindly set the colour value to the percent calculated. It must add the new value to the existing value at that location up to a maximum of 1. Otherwise, the brightness of each pixel will be equal to the darkest value calculated in time for that location which produces a very bad result. For example, if one point sets a brightness level of 0.90 for a given pixel and another point calculated later barely touches that pixel and has a brightness of 0.05, the final value set for that pixel should be 0.95, not 0.05.For more sophisticated shapes, the algorithm may be generalized as rendering the shape to a pixel grid with higher resolution than the target display surface (usually a multiple that is a power of 2 to reduce distortion), then using bicubic interpolation to determine the average intensity of each real pixel on the display surface.","title":"Simplest approach to anti-aliasing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform"},{"link_name":"basis functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_function"},{"link_name":"amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"sine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine"},{"link_name":"cosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine"},{"link_name":"Nyquist frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_frequency"},{"link_name":"sampling theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_theorem"},{"link_name":"transfer functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function"},{"link_name":"human visual perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_visual_perception"}],"text":"In this approach, the ideal image is regarded as a signal. The image displayed on the screen is taken as samples, at each (x,y) pixel position, of a filtered version of the signal. Ideally, one would understand how the human brain would process the original signal, and provide an on-screen image that will yield the most similar response by the brain.The most widely accepted analytic tool for such problems is the Fourier transform; this decomposes a signal into basis functions of different frequencies, known as frequency components, and gives us the amplitude of each frequency component in the signal. The waves are of the form:cos\n ⁡\n (\n 2\n j\n π\n x\n )\n cos\n ⁡\n (\n 2\n k\n π\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\cos(2j\\pi x)\\cos(2k\\pi y)}where j and k are arbitrary non-negative integers. There are also frequency components involving the sine functions in one or both dimensions, but for the purpose of this discussion, the cosine will suffice.The numbers j and k together are the frequency of the component: j is the frequency in the x direction, and k is the frequency in the y direction.The goal of an anti-aliasing filter is to greatly reduce frequencies above a certain limit, known as the Nyquist frequency, so that the signal will be accurately represented by its samples, or nearly so, in accordance with the sampling theorem; there are many different choices of detailed algorithm, with different filter transfer functions. Current knowledge of human visual perception is not sufficient, in general, to say what approach will look best.","title":"Signal processing approach to anti-aliasing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinc(x)_x_sinc(y)_plot.jpg"},{"link_name":"square lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_lattice"},{"link_name":"Lanczos resampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanczos_resampling"},{"link_name":"square-integrable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-integrable"},{"link_name":"Airy disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy_disc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaussian_plus_its_own_curvature.jpg"}],"text":"Sinc function, with separate X and YThe previous discussion assumes that the rectangular mesh sampling is the dominant part of the problem. The filter usually considered optimal is not rotationally symmetrical, as shown in this first figure; this is because the data is sampled on a square lattice, not using a continuous image. This sampling pattern is the justification for doing signal processing along each axis, as it is traditionally done on one dimensional data. Lanczos resampling is based on convolution of the data with a discrete representation of the sinc function.If the resolution is not limited by the rectangular sampling rate of either the source or target image, then one should ideally use rotationally symmetrical filter or interpolation functions, as though the data were a two dimensional function of continuous x and y. The sinc function of the radius has too long a tail to make a good filter (it is not even square-integrable). A more appropriate analog to the one-dimensional sinc is the two-dimensional Airy disc amplitude, the 2D Fourier transform of a circular region in 2D frequency space, as opposed to a square region.Gaussian plus differential functionOne might consider a Gaussian plus enough of its second derivative to flatten the top (in the frequency domain) or sharpen it up (in the spatial domain), as shown. Functions based on the Gaussian function are natural choices, because convolution with a Gaussian gives another Gaussian whether applied to x and y or to the radius. Similarly to wavelets, another of its properties is that it is halfway between being localized in the configuration (x and y) and in the spectral (j and k) representation. As an interpolation function, a Gaussian alone seems too spread out to preserve the maximum possible detail, and thus the second derivative is added.As an example, when printing a photographic negative with plentiful processing capability and on a printer with a hexagonal pattern, there is no reason to use sinc function interpolation. Such interpolation would treat diagonal lines differently from horizontal and vertical lines, which is like a weak form of aliasing.","title":"Two dimensional considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primitives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_primitive"},{"link_name":"real-time rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_rendering"},{"link_name":"OpenGL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL"},{"link_name":"Z-buffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-buffer"}],"text":"There are only a handful of primitives used at the lowest level in a real-time rendering engine (either software or hardware accelerated). These include \"points\", \"lines\" and \"triangles\". If one is to draw such a primitive in white against a black background, it is possible to design such a primitive to have fuzzy edges, achieving some sort of anti-aliasing. However, this approach has difficulty dealing with adjacent primitives (such as triangles that share an edge).To approximate the uniform averaging algorithm, one may use an extra buffer for sub-pixel data. The initial (and least memory-hungry) approach used 16 extra bits per pixel, in a 4 × 4 grid. If one renders the primitives in a careful order, such as front-to-back, it is possible to create a reasonable image.Since this requires that the primitives be in some order, and hence interacts poorly with an application programming interface such as OpenGL, the latest methods simply have two or more full sub-pixels per pixel, including full color information for each sub-pixel. Some information may be shared between the sub-pixels (such as the Z-buffer.)","title":"Practical real-time anti-aliasing approximations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"texture mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_mapping"},{"link_name":"mipmapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mipmap"},{"link_name":"texture filtering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_filtering"}],"sub_title":"Mipmapping","text":"There is also an approach specialised for texture mapping called mipmapping, which works by creating lower resolution, pre-filtered versions of the texture map. When rendering the image, the appropriate-resolution mipmap is chosen and hence the texture pixels (texels) are already filtered when they arrive on the screen. Mipmapping is generally combined with various forms of texture filtering in order to improve the final result.","title":"Practical real-time anti-aliasing approximations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fractals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractals"},{"link_name":"escape times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set#Escape_time_algorithm"},{"link_name":"down-sampled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downsampling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_%22Turbine%22_desk_shape.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_Turbine_big_all_samples.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_Budding_turbines.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_Turbine_Chaff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_Budding_Turbines_downsampled.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot-spiral-original.png"},{"link_name":"Mandelbrot set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot-spiral-antialiased-4-samples.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot-spiral-antialiased-25-samples.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandelbrot-spiral-antialiased-400-samples.png"}],"text":"Because fractals have unlimited detail and no noise other than arithmetic round-off error, they illustrate aliasing more clearly than do photographs or other measured data. The escape times, which are converted to colours at the exact centres of the pixels, go to infinity at the border of the set, so colours from centres near borders are unpredictable, due to aliasing. This example has edges in about half of its pixels, so it shows much aliasing. The first image is uploaded at its original sampling rate. (Since most modern software anti-aliases, one may have to download the full-size version to see all of the aliasing.) The second image is calculated at five times the sampling rate and down-sampled with anti-aliasing. Assuming that one would really like something like the average colour over each pixel, this one is getting closer. It is clearly more orderly than the first.In order to properly compare these images, viewing them at full-scale is necessary.1. As calculated with the program \"MandelZot\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2. Anti-aliased by blurring and down-sampling by a factor of five\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t3. Edge points interpolated, then anti-aliased and down-sampled\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t4. An enhancement of the points removed from the previous image\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t5. Down-sampled again, without anti-aliasingIt happens that, in this case, there is additional information that can be used. By re-calculating with a \"distance estimator\" algorithm, points were identified that are very close to the edge of the set, so that unusually fine detail is aliased in from the rapidly changing escape times near the edge of the set. The colours derived from these calculated points have been identified as unusually unrepresentative of their pixels. The set changes more rapidly there, so a single point sample is less representative of the whole pixel. Those points were replaced, in the third image, by interpolating the points around them. This reduces the noisiness of the image but has the side effect of brightening the colours. So this image is not exactly the same that would be obtained with an even larger set of calculated points. To show what was discarded, the rejected points, blended into a grey background, are shown in the fourth image.Finally, \"Budding Turbines\" is so regular that systematic (Moiré) aliasing can clearly be seen near the main \"turbine axis\" when it is downsized by taking the nearest pixel. The aliasing in the first image appears random because it comes from all levels of detail, below the pixel size. When the lower level aliasing is suppressed, to make the third image and then that is down-sampled once more, without anti-aliasing, to make the fifth image, the order on the scale of the third image appears as systematic aliasing in the fifth image.Pure down-sampling of an image has the following effect (viewing at full-scale is recommended):1) A picture of a particular spiral feature of the Mandelbrot set\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2) 4 samples per pixel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t3) 25 samples per pixel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t4) 400 samples per pixel","title":"Example of an image with extreme pseudo-random aliasing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super sampling anti-aliasing (SSAA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersampling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"jaggies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggies"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"multisample anti-aliasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisample_anti-aliasing"},{"link_name":"hinting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinting"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average"},{"link_name":"moiré patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern"},{"link_name":"display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_display"},{"link_name":"pixels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixels"}],"text":"Super sampling anti-aliasing (SSAA),[2] also called full-scene anti-aliasing (FSAA),[3] is used to avoid aliasing (or \"jaggies\") on full-screen images.[4] SSAA was the first type of anti-aliasing available with early video cards. But due to its tremendous computational cost and the advent of multisample anti-aliasing (MSAA) support on GPUs, it is no longer widely used in real time applications. MSAA provides somewhat lower graphic quality, but also tremendous savings in computational power.The resulting image of SSAA may seem softer, and should also appear more realistic. However, while useful for photo-like images, a simple anti-aliasing approach (such as super-sampling and then averaging) may actually worsen the appearance of some types of line art or diagrams (making the image appear fuzzy), especially where most lines are horizontal or vertical. In these cases, a prior grid-fitting step may be useful (see hinting).In general, super-sampling is a technique of collecting data points at a greater resolution (usually by a power of two) than the final data resolution. These data points are then combined (down-sampled) to the desired resolution, often just by a simple average. The combined data points have less visible aliasing artifacts (or moiré patterns).Full-scene anti-aliasing by super-sampling usually means that each full frame is rendered at double (2x) or quadruple (4x) the display resolution, and then down-sampled to match the display resolution. Thus, a 2x FSAA would render 4 super-sampled pixels for each single pixel of each frame. Rendering at larger resolutions will produce better results; however, more processor power is needed, which can degrade performance and frame rate. Sometimes FSAA is implemented in hardware in such a way that a graphical application is unaware the images are being super-sampled and then down-sampled before being displayed.","title":"Super sampling / full-scene anti-aliasing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silhouetted edges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette_edge"},{"link_name":"accumulation buffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_buffer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Silicon Graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics"},{"link_name":"Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGI_Indy"}],"text":"A graphics rendering system creates an image based on objects constructed of polygonal primitives; the aliasing effects in the image can be reduced by applying an anti-aliasing scheme only to the areas of the image representing silhouette edges of the objects. The silhouette edges are anti-aliased by creating anti-aliasing primitives which vary in opacity. These anti-aliasing primitives are joined to the silhouetted edges, and create a region in the image where the objects appear to blend into the background. The method has some important advantages over classical methods based on the accumulation buffer[clarification needed] since it generates full-scene anti-aliasing in only two passes and does not require the use of additional memory required by the accumulation buffer. Object-based anti-aliasing was first developed at Silicon Graphics for their Indy workstation.","title":"Object-based anti-aliasing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gamma-compressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_compression"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"image editing software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_editing_software"},{"link_name":"Final Cut Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro"},{"link_name":"Adobe Photoshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop"},{"link_name":"GPUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU"},{"link_name":"textures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_mapping"},{"link_name":"sRGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB"}],"text":"Digital images are usually stored in a gamma-compressed format, but most optical anti-aliasing filters are linear. So to down-sample an image in a way that would match optical blurring, one should first convert it to a linear format, then apply the anti-aliasing filter, and finally convert it back to a gamma compressed format.[5] Using linear arithmetic on a gamma-compressed image results in values which are slightly different from the ideal filter. This error is larger when dealing with high contrast areas, causing high contrast areas to become dimmer: bright details (such as a cat's whiskers) become visually thinner, and dark details (such as tree branches) become thicker, relative to the optically anti-aliased image.[6] Each pixel is individually distorted, meaning outlines become unsmooth after anti-aliasing. Because the conversion to and from a linear format greatly slows down the process, and because the differences are usually subtle, most image editing software, including Final Cut Pro and Adobe Photoshop, process images in the gamma-compressed domain.Most modern GPUs support storing textures in memory in sRGB format, and can perform transformation to linear space and back transparently, with essentially no loss in performance.","title":"Anti-aliasing and gamma compression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freeman, H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Freeman"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1145/356625.356627","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F356625.356627"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18962414","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18962414"},{"link_name":"Crow, Franklin C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_C._Crow"},{"link_name":"\"The aliasing problem in computer-generated shaded images\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F359863.359869"},{"link_name":"Communications of the ACM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1145/359863.359869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F359863.359869"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18799849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18799849"},{"link_name":"Catmull, Edwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Catmull"}],"text":"Important early works in the history of anti-aliasing include:Freeman, H. (March 1974). \"Computer processing of line drawing images\". ACM Computing Surveys. 6 (1): 57–97. doi:10.1145/356625.356627. S2CID 18962414.\nCrow, Franklin C. (November 1977). \"The aliasing problem in computer-generated shaded images\". Communications of the ACM. 20 (11): 799–805. doi:10.1145/359863.359869. S2CID 18799849.\nCatmull, Edwin (August 23–25, 1978). \"A hidden-surface algorithm with anti-aliasing\". Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. pp. 6–11.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Left: an aliased version of a simple shape. Right: an anti-aliased version of the same shape.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Anti-aliased-diamonds.png"},{"image_text":"Sinc function, with separate X and Y","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sinc%28x%29_x_sinc%28y%29_plot.jpg/220px-Sinc%28x%29_x_sinc%28y%29_plot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gaussian plus differential function","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gaussian_plus_its_own_curvature.jpg/220px-Gaussian_plus_its_own_curvature.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Alpha to coverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_to_coverage"},{"title":"Anisotropic filtering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisotropic_filtering"},{"title":"Font rasterization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_rasterization"},{"title":"Sampling (signal processing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)"},{"title":"Temporal anti-aliasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_anti-aliasing"}]	[{"reference":"Freeman, H. (March 1974). \"Computer processing of line drawing images\". ACM Computing Surveys. 6 (1): 57–97. doi:10.1145/356625.356627. S2CID 18962414.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Freeman","url_text":"Freeman, H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F356625.356627","url_text":"10.1145/356625.356627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18962414","url_text":"18962414"}]},{"reference":"Crow, Franklin C. (November 1977). \"The aliasing problem in computer-generated shaded images\". Communications of the ACM. 20 (11): 799–805. doi:10.1145/359863.359869. S2CID 18799849.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_C._Crow","url_text":"Crow, Franklin C."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359863.359869","url_text":"\"The aliasing problem in computer-generated shaded images\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM","url_text":"Communications of the ACM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359863.359869","url_text":"10.1145/359863.359869"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18799849","url_text":"18799849"}]},{"reference":"Catmull, Edwin (August 23–25, 1978). \"A hidden-surface algorithm with anti-aliasing\". Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. pp. 6–11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Catmull","url_text":"Catmull, Edwin"}]},{"reference":"Leler, William J. (July 1980). \"Human vision, anti-aliasing, and the cheap 4000 line display\". ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. 14 (3): 308–313. doi:10.1145/965105.807509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F965105.807509","url_text":"10.1145/965105.807509"}]},{"reference":"\"AMD's Radeon HD 5870: Bringing About the Next Generation Of GPUs\". AnandTech.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anandtech.com/show/2841/14","url_text":"\"AMD's Radeon HD 5870: Bringing About the Next Generation Of GPUs\""}]},{"reference":"Jason Gregory, Jeff Lander (2009). Game Engine Architecture. A K Peters, Ltd. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-56881-413-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Lander","url_text":"Jeff Lander"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LJ20tsePKk4C&pg=PA442","url_text":"Game Engine Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-413-1","url_text":"978-1-56881-413-1"}]},{"reference":"M. Carmen Juan Lizandra (June 2000). \"Graphic libraries for Windows programming\". Crossroads. 6 (4). ACM: 14–18. doi:10.1145/333424.333433. S2CID 15786664.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F333424.333433","url_text":"10.1145/333424.333433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15786664","url_text":"15786664"}]},{"reference":"Maruszczyk, Kuba; Denes, Gyorgy; Mantiuk, Rafal K. (2018). \"Improving Quality of Anti-Aliasing in Virtual Reality\" (PDF). EG UK Computer Graphics & Visual Computing. S2CID 54081570. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190218080915/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09e2/3e0d23bc641642ff57cc6fa2d6c741ae4bbe.pdf","url_text":"\"Improving Quality of Anti-Aliasing in Virtual Reality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54081570","url_text":"54081570"},{"url":"http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09e2/3e0d23bc641642ff57cc6fa2d6c741ae4bbe.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brasseur, Eric. \"Gamma error in picture scaling\". www.4p8.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2012-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121223021721/http://www.4p8.com/eric.brasseur/gamma.html","url_text":"\"Gamma error in picture scaling\""},{"url":"http://www.4p8.com/eric.brasseur/gamma.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SMOOTHVISION™\" (PDF). ATI Technologies. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Golladay	Jeffrey Golladay	["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Companies and Roles","3.1 San Francisco Ballet","3.2 Houston Ballet","3.3 American Ballet Theatre","4 Awards","5 Reviews","6 DVD recordings","7 References","8 External links"]	American ballet dancer Jeffrey GolladayBornJeffrey GolladayNationalityAmericanEducationBallet Dallas, Houston Ballet Academy, San Francisco BalletKnown forBalletAwardsNFAA Jeffrey Golladay is an American ballet dancer and was a member of the corps de ballet with American Ballet Theatre (ABT). Biography Born in Virginia and raised in Dallas, Texas, he started his training at Ballet Dallas at age 10 under the instruction of Thom Clower and Anna Donovan. In 1994 he began his professional career when he joined Ballet Dallas' main company and remained until 1996. In the spring of 1996 he decided to leave Ballet Dallas and further his training at the Houston Ballet Academy. In the summer of 1997, Mr. Golladay officially joined the San Francisco Ballet. Career Jeffrey Golladay joined San Francisco Ballet in 1997 and continued dancing with the company until 2001. During this time he danced a variety of roles, including parts in Lubovitch's Othello, Balanchine's Symphony in C, Lew Christensen's Con Amore and roles in various classical pieces including Giselle, The Sleeping Beauty and Swan Lake. Golladay left San Francisco Ballet at the end of the 2001 Season and joined Houston Ballet. His repertoire with the flagship Texan ballet company includes roles in James Kudelka's Firebird, McIntye's Peter Pan and Stevenson's stagings of Cleopatra, The Nutcracker and Swan Lake. His contribution in young choreographer Brian Enos' The Long Road Home in March 2001 was particularly well received. He reportedly ended his tenure with Houston Ballet in 2002 without a landing spot. The Houston Chronicle attributed this to the fact that, despite Golladay's star potential, the dancer was not promoted. In 2003, Golladay joined American Ballet Theatre as a corps de ballet dancer. During his time with the company Mr Golladay has danced leading roles in Sechs Tänze, Sinfonietta, Within You Without You: A Tribute to George Harrison, workwithinwork and Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes, Michel Fokine's Petrouchka, Kenneth MacMillan's Manon as well as roles in Agnes de Mille's Rodeo, Lar Lubovitch's Meadow, Frederick Ashton's Sylvia, and Twyla Tharp's In the Upper Room. His guest appearances have included dancing the Caballero and Gunslinger roles in Linda Walker's A Southwest Nutcracker with the Tucson Regional Ballet. Mr Golladay was part of ABT's principal dancer Ethan Stiefel's troupe "Stiefel and Stars", a four-week summer workshop for dance students held annually on Martha's Vineyard in the month of August offering pre-professional dancers a chance to learn from the stars of the field. Star guest teachers include Stiefel, Gillian Murphy, Johan Kobborg, Marcelo Gomes, Sascha Radetsky, Stella Abrera, and Alina Cojocaru. In the summer of 2012, Golladay left American Ballet Theatre and retired from dancing. Companies and Roles San Francisco Ballet After joining the San Francisco Ballet, Jeffrey danced with the company until the 2001 season. Under Helgi Tomasson's direction he performed a variety of roles, including: An Acrobat in Helgi Tomasson's Romeo and Juliet The Carnival Dance in Lar Lubovitch's Othello The Gangster in Lew Christensen's Filling Station The Chinese Dance in Lew Christensen's The Nutcracker The Green Man in Lila York's Celts Helgi Tomasson's Criss Cross Jerome Robbins’ Glass Pieces The Entertainers in Kenneth MacMillan's The Invitation Harald Lander's Etudes Helgi Tomasson's Giselle The Student in Lew Christensen's Con Amore Balanchine's Theme and Variations Helgi Tomasson's Swan Lake Helgi Tomasson's Much Ado . . . Vladimir Anguelov's Impetuous Mark Morris’ Pacific Demi-Soloist in the Fourth Movement of Balanchine's Symphony in C Helgi Tomasson's The Sleeping Beauty Four Men in Nureyev's Raymonda - Act III Christopher Stowell's Opus 50 Yuri Possokov's Magrittomania Houston Ballet Jeffrey subsequently joined the Houston Ballet as a full-time member of its corps de ballet under the artistic direction of Ben Stevenson until his departure in 2002. During this time his roles with the company included: Brian Enos’ The Long Road Home John in Trey McIntye's Peter Pan Jaguar in James Kudelka's The Firebird The Senate in Ben Stevenson's Cleopatra A Militron and the Russian Dance in Ben Stevenson's The Nutcracker The Pas de Trois in Ben Stevenson's Swan Lake Lila York's Rules of the Game A Street Dancer in Ben Stevenson's Don Quixote American Ballet Theatre Since his start with American Ballet Theatre in 2003, Jeffrey has performed a variety of classical and contemporary roles with the company. He has been predominantly noticed for his contemporary interpretations. His repertoire with the company comprises: Lead Pontevedrian in Ronald Hynd's The Merry Widow Head Fakir in Natalia Makarova's La Bayadère Reds in Twyla Tharp's Brief Fling Ensemble in Twyla Tharp's Rabbit and Rogue Satyr in Lar Lubovitch's Artemis Jiří Kylián's Sechs Tänze Jiří Kylián's Sinfonietta Bugle Boy In Paul Taylor's Company B William Forsythe's Workwithinwork Sancho Panza in Kevin's Mckenzie's staging of Don Quixote A Toreador in Kevin Mckenzie's staging of Don Quixote A Villager in Kevin McKenzie's staging of Giselle Neapolitan in Kevin Mckenzie's staging of Swan Lake Red Couples in John Neumeier's Lady of the Camellias The Lovers-in-Innocence piece in Antony Tudor's Pillar of Fire Stanton Welch's Isn’t It A Pity? piece in Within You, Without You A Mandolin in Sir Kenneth MacMillan's Romeo and Juliet Frederick Ashton's Sylvia A Groom in Michel Fokine's Petrouchka A Young Boy in Michel Fokine's Polovtsian Dances The Caller in Agnes de Mille's in Rodeo Mark Morris’ Drink To me Only with Thine Eyes Lar Lubovitch's Othello as Carnival A Soldier in Kurt Jooss’ The Green Table Ensemble in Lar Lubovitch's Meadow The Beggar Chief in Sir Kenneth MacMillan's Manon Demi-Soloist in Balanchine's Theme and Variations A Pirate in Marius Petipa's Le Corsaire Antony Tudor's The Leaves are Fading Twyla Tharp's Baker's Dozen Speaker of the Jury in Agnes de Mille's Fall River Legend Awards National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts awardee (1997). Reviews The Nutcracker, Haglund's Heel, 30/12/10: "The Kitchen Scene, which included the ever-theatrical cook, Jeffrey Golladay, (...) is but one of the many unique pluses of this new production. Don Quixote, Roberta on the Arts, 02/06/10: " His side-kick, Sancho Panza, expertly portrayed by (...) Jeffrey Golladay, was a delight. " La Bayadère, Roberta on the Arts, 28/06/2008: "As Magdaveya, Jeffrey Golladay seemed smoothly driven, with a sense of danger. (...) as head fakir, (he) drew the audience in, hovering over the smoldering cauldron center stage." Fall River Legend, Roberta on the Arts, 4/11/2007: " ...Jeffrey Golladay, as Speaker of the Jury, captivated the onstage and offstage crowds with linguistic largesse." Rodeo, Explore Dance, 21/10/2006: "One last note – Jeffrey Golladay knows how to call a square dance! A ballet dancer with a way for words." Southwest Nutcracker, Tucson Weekly, 02/12/2004: "Guest stars Renata Pavam and Jeffrey Golladay of ABT will fly in from New York to undertake the parts of the Prickly Pear Fairy and her Caballero. (...) When the two of them dance together, people's jaws just drop. They're all legs and extensions and gorgeous arms." Sechs Tänze, Critical Dance, 23/10/2004: "Closing the program was Kylian's "Sechs Tänze" danced by Monique Meunier, Anne Milewski, Laura Hidalgo, Marian Butler, Julio Bragado-Young, Jeffrey Golladay, Isaac Stappas, and Kenneth Easter. The comedy of the piece is not subtle, and the dancers ate it up." Pillar of Fire, Dance Magazine, 02/2004: "The dancers looked in great shape--including a few I haven't yet mentioned, (...) such as Kenneth Easter, Jeffrey Golladay, Danny Tidwell, and Eric Underwood." Sechs Tänze, Critical Dance, 08/11/2003: "In contrast with the aggression of "Petit Mort", but with equal energy and intensity, the eight dancers (Monique Meunier, Anne Milewski, Sasha Dmochowski, Marta Rodriguez-Coca, Isaac Stappas, Jeffrey Golladay, Craig Salstien and Sascha Radetski) explored their brutal, troubled world with humor." Artemis, GayCityNews, 30/05/2003: "The other dancers who eloquently fulfilled Lubovitch's vision were ..Satyrs Julio bragado-Young, Jeffrey Golladay, and Craig Salstein." The Nutcracker, The Houston Chronicle, 26/11/2001: "Sharon Teague, Jeffrey Golladay and Lisa Kaczmarek were appealing in the Dance of the Mirlitons." The Long Road Home, The Houston Chronicle, 03/11/2001: "Lucas Priolo stood out in brief solo bits, as did Leticia Oliveira, Kim Wagman and Jeffrey Golladay." Impetuous, San Francisco Chronicle, 30/03/2000:"The rest of the cast, many of whom shone as well in the other ballets, consisted of (...) Jeffrey Golladay, Ikolo Griffin, Pablo Piantino, Mikhail Plain and Erik Wagner. Each was used sensitively, and together they moved with an equine elegance seldom seen outside the Spanish Riding School." Much Ado . . ., San Francisco Chronicle, 25/01/2000: "The selection at the Opera House whetted the appetite for the whole thing and shone a flattering light on one of San Francisco's most gifted young dancers, Gonzalo Garcia, backed with verve by (...) Jeff Golladay." Con Amore, San Francisco Chronicle, 3/08/1999: " ...the Mistress' trio of suitors were gems of dance characterization: Damian Smith as the Rake, Michael Eaton as the Sailor and Jeff Golladay as the Student.." Criss Cross, San Francisco Chronicle, 13/03/1999: "The ensemble, especially in the first section that included Peter Brandenhoff, Jeffrey Golladay and Gonzalo Garcia, was terrific." Con Amore, San Francisco Chronicle, 11/03/1999: " ...and Jeffrey Golladay -- a corps member exuberantly in line for promotion -- as the shy Student." The Nutcracker, San Francisco Chronicle, 22/12/1998: "Jeff Golladay squired Stephanie Orza and Kathryn Thomas through the Chinese Tea number." Filling Station, San Francisco Chronicle, 05/02/1998: "Every stage bit became a star turn, from Kester Cotton's spunky truck driver to Jeff Golladay's repentant Gangster." DVD recordings Swan Lake with Gillian Murphy and Angel Corella (American Ballet Theatre - 2005). References ^ a b ABT Bio ^ The SFB Press Release ^ The Houston Chronicle review ^ The Houston Chronicle article ^ "Ballet Dance Magazine". Archived from the original on 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2007-05-15. ^ Tucson Weekly article ^ The Winger - Zin Attack! ^ "Steifel and Stars". Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2020-02-02. ^ ABT City Center – Week One – Ballet Talk ^ "Swinging Into Comedy (and Along With Sinatra) (Published 2007)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. ^ American Ballet Theatre Fall Season: Two Americana Revivals ^ "NFAA Page". Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-06-20. ^ Jeffrey Golladay at IMDb External links Jeffrey Golladay at IMDb American Ballet Theatre website bio. YouTube The Long Road Home by Brian Enos Biography portal Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corps de ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_de_ballet"},{"link_name":"American Ballet Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre"}],"text":"Jeffrey Golladay is an American ballet dancer and was a member of the corps de ballet with American Ballet Theatre (ABT).","title":"Jeffrey Golladay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Houston Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Ballet"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"}],"text":"Born in Virginia and raised in Dallas, Texas, he started his training at Ballet Dallas at age 10 under the instruction of Thom Clower and Anna Donovan. In 1994 he began his professional career when he joined Ballet Dallas' main company and remained until 1996. In the spring of 1996 he decided to leave Ballet Dallas and further his training at the Houston Ballet Academy. In the summer of 1997, Mr. Golladay officially joined the San Francisco Ballet.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanchine"},{"link_name":"Giselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giselle"},{"link_name":"Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Houston Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Houston Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"American Ballet Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre"},{"link_name":"corps de ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_de_ballet"},{"link_name":"Petrouchka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrouchka"},{"link_name":"Kenneth MacMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_MacMillan"},{"link_name":"Manon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon"},{"link_name":"Agnes de Mille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lar Lubovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_Lubovitch"},{"link_name":"Frederick Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Ashton"},{"link_name":"Twyla Tharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twyla_Tharp"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ethan Stiefel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Stiefel"},{"link_name":"Martha's Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gillian Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Johan Kobborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Kobborg"},{"link_name":"Sascha Radetsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascha_Radetsky"},{"link_name":"Alina Cojocaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Cojocaru"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Jeffrey Golladay joined San Francisco Ballet in 1997 and continued dancing with the company until 2001. During this time he danced a variety of roles, including parts in Lubovitch's Othello, Balanchine's Symphony in C, Lew Christensen's Con Amore and roles in various classical pieces including Giselle, The Sleeping Beauty and Swan Lake.[1]Golladay left San Francisco Ballet at the end of the 2001 Season and joined Houston Ballet.[2]His repertoire with the flagship Texan ballet company includes roles in James Kudelka's Firebird, McIntye's Peter Pan and Stevenson's stagings of Cleopatra, The Nutcracker and Swan Lake. His contribution in young choreographer Brian Enos' The Long Road Home in March 2001 was particularly well received.[3]He reportedly ended his tenure with Houston Ballet in 2002 without a landing spot. The Houston Chronicle attributed this to the fact that, despite Golladay's star potential, the dancer was not promoted.[4]In 2003, Golladay joined American Ballet Theatre as a corps de ballet dancer.During his time with the company Mr Golladay has danced leading roles in Sechs Tänze, Sinfonietta, Within You Without You: A Tribute to George Harrison, workwithinwork and Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes, Michel Fokine's Petrouchka, Kenneth MacMillan's Manon as well as roles in Agnes de Mille's Rodeo,[5] Lar Lubovitch's Meadow, Frederick Ashton's Sylvia, and Twyla Tharp's In the Upper Room.His guest appearances have included dancing the Caballero and Gunslinger roles in Linda Walker's A Southwest Nutcracker with the Tucson Regional Ballet.[6]Mr Golladay was part of ABT's principal dancer Ethan Stiefel's troupe \"Stiefel and Stars\", a four-week summer workshop for dance students held annually on Martha's Vineyard in the month of August offering pre-professional dancers a chance to learn from the stars of the field.[7]Star guest teachers include Stiefel, Gillian Murphy, Johan Kobborg, Marcelo Gomes, Sascha Radetsky, Stella Abrera, and Alina Cojocaru.[8]In the summer of 2012, Golladay left American Ballet Theatre and retired from dancing.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Companies and Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Helgi Tomasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgi_T%C3%B3masson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Helgi Tomasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgi_T%C3%B3masson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Lar Lubovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_Lubovitch"},{"link_name":"The Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"Helgi Tomasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgi_T%C3%B3masson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Jerome Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Kenneth MacMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_MacMillan"},{"link_name":"Harald Lander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Lander"},{"link_name":"Helgi Tomasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgi_T%C3%B3masson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Giselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giselle"},{"link_name":"Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanchine"},{"link_name":"Helgi Tomasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgi_T%C3%B3masson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake"},{"link_name":"Helgi Tomasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgi_T%C3%B3masson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Mark Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Morris_(choreographer)"},{"link_name":"Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanchine"},{"link_name":"Helgi Tomasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgi_T%C3%B3masson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Nureyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Nureyev"},{"link_name":"Raymonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymonda"}],"sub_title":"San Francisco Ballet","text":"After joining the San Francisco Ballet, Jeffrey danced with the company until the 2001 season. Under Helgi Tomasson's direction he performed a variety of roles, including:An Acrobat in Helgi Tomasson's Romeo and Juliet\nThe Carnival Dance in Lar Lubovitch's Othello\nThe Gangster in Lew Christensen's Filling Station\nThe Chinese Dance in Lew Christensen's The Nutcracker\nThe Green Man in Lila York's Celts\nHelgi Tomasson's Criss Cross\nJerome Robbins’ Glass Pieces\nThe Entertainers in Kenneth MacMillan's The Invitation\nHarald Lander's Etudes\nHelgi Tomasson's Giselle\nThe Student in Lew Christensen's Con Amore\nBalanchine's Theme and Variations\nHelgi Tomasson's Swan Lake\nHelgi Tomasson's Much Ado . . . \nVladimir Anguelov's Impetuous\nMark Morris’ Pacific\nDemi-Soloist in the Fourth Movement of Balanchine's Symphony in C\nHelgi Tomasson's The Sleeping Beauty\nFour Men in Nureyev's Raymonda - Act III\nChristopher Stowell's Opus 50\nYuri Possokov's Magrittomania","title":"Companies and Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Ballet"},{"link_name":"corps de ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_de_ballet"},{"link_name":"Ben Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stevenson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"The Firebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firebird"},{"link_name":"Ben Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stevenson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Ben Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stevenson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"The Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"Ben Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stevenson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake"},{"link_name":"Ben Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stevenson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote_(ballet)"}],"sub_title":"Houston Ballet","text":"Jeffrey subsequently joined the Houston Ballet as a full-time member of its corps de ballet under the artistic direction of Ben Stevenson until his departure in 2002. During this time his roles with the company included:Brian Enos’ The Long Road Home\nJohn in Trey McIntye's Peter Pan\nJaguar in James Kudelka's The Firebird\nThe Senate in Ben Stevenson's Cleopatra\nA Militron and the Russian Dance in Ben Stevenson's The Nutcracker\nThe Pas de Trois in Ben Stevenson's Swan Lake\nLila York's Rules of the Game\nA Street Dancer in Ben Stevenson's Don Quixote","title":"Companies and Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Hynd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hynd"},{"link_name":"Natalia Makarova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Makarova"},{"link_name":"Twyla Tharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twyla_Tharp"},{"link_name":"Twyla Tharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twyla_Tharp"},{"link_name":"Lar Lubovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_Lubovitch"},{"link_name":"Jiří Kylián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kyli%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Jiří Kylián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kyli%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Paul Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(choreographer)"},{"link_name":"William Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forsythe_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Giselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giselle"},{"link_name":"Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake"},{"link_name":"Lady of the Camellias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_the_Camellias"},{"link_name":"Antony Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Tudor"},{"link_name":"Kenneth MacMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_MacMillan"},{"link_name":"Frederick Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Ashton"},{"link_name":"Michel Fokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Fokine"},{"link_name":"Petrouchka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrouchka"},{"link_name":"Michel Fokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Fokine"},{"link_name":"Polovtsian Dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polovtsian_Dances"},{"link_name":"Agnes de Mille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille"},{"link_name":"Mark Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Morris_(choreographer)"},{"link_name":"Lar Lubovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_Lubovitch"},{"link_name":"Kurt Jooss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Jooss"},{"link_name":"The Green Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Table"},{"link_name":"Lar Lubovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_Lubovitch"},{"link_name":"Kenneth MacMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_MacMillan"},{"link_name":"Manon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon"},{"link_name":"Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanchine"},{"link_name":"Marius Petipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Petipa"},{"link_name":"Antony Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Tudor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Twyla Tharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twyla_Tharp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Agnes de Mille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"American Ballet Theatre","text":"Since his start with American Ballet Theatre in 2003, Jeffrey has performed a variety of classical and contemporary roles with the company. He has been predominantly noticed for his contemporary interpretations. His repertoire with the company comprises:Lead Pontevedrian in Ronald Hynd's The Merry Widow\nHead Fakir in Natalia Makarova's La Bayadère\nReds in Twyla Tharp's Brief Fling\nEnsemble in Twyla Tharp's Rabbit and Rogue\nSatyr in Lar Lubovitch's Artemis\nJiří Kylián's Sechs Tänze\nJiří Kylián's Sinfonietta\nBugle Boy In Paul Taylor's Company B\nWilliam Forsythe's Workwithinwork\nSancho Panza in Kevin's Mckenzie's staging of Don Quixote\nA Toreador in Kevin Mckenzie's staging of Don Quixote\nA Villager in Kevin McKenzie's staging of Giselle\nNeapolitan in Kevin Mckenzie's staging of Swan Lake\nRed Couples in John Neumeier's Lady of the Camellias\nThe Lovers-in-Innocence piece in Antony Tudor's Pillar of Fire\nStanton Welch's Isn’t It A Pity? piece in Within You, Without You\nA Mandolin in Sir Kenneth MacMillan's Romeo and Juliet\nFrederick Ashton's Sylvia\nA Groom in Michel Fokine's Petrouchka\nA Young Boy in Michel Fokine's Polovtsian Dances\nThe Caller in Agnes de Mille's in Rodeo\nMark Morris’ Drink To me Only with Thine Eyes\nLar Lubovitch's Othello as Carnival\nA Soldier in Kurt Jooss’ The Green Table\nEnsemble in Lar Lubovitch's Meadow\nThe Beggar Chief in Sir Kenneth MacMillan's Manon\nDemi-Soloist in Balanchine's Theme and Variations\nA Pirate in Marius Petipa's Le Corsaire\nAntony Tudor's The Leaves are Fading [9]\nTwyla Tharp's Baker's Dozen [10]\nSpeaker of the Jury in Agnes de Mille's Fall River Legend [11]","title":"Companies and Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts awardee (1997).[12]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote_(ballet)"}],"text":"The Nutcracker, Haglund's Heel, 30/12/10: \"The Kitchen Scene, which included the ever-theatrical cook, Jeffrey Golladay, (...) is but one of the many unique pluses of this new production.\nDon Quixote, Roberta on the Arts, 02/06/10: \" His side-kick, Sancho Panza, expertly portrayed by (...) Jeffrey Golladay, was a delight. \"\nLa Bayadère, Roberta on the Arts, 28/06/2008: \"As Magdaveya, Jeffrey Golladay seemed smoothly driven, with a sense of danger. (...) as head fakir, (he) drew the audience in, hovering over the smoldering cauldron center stage.\"\nFall River Legend, Roberta on the Arts, 4/11/2007: \" ...Jeffrey Golladay, as Speaker of the Jury, captivated the onstage and offstage crowds with linguistic largesse.\"\nRodeo, Explore Dance, 21/10/2006: \"One last note – Jeffrey Golladay knows how to call a square dance! A ballet dancer with a way for words.\"\nSouthwest Nutcracker, Tucson Weekly, 02/12/2004: \"Guest stars Renata Pavam and Jeffrey Golladay of ABT will fly in from New York to undertake the parts of the Prickly Pear Fairy and her Caballero. (...) When the two of them dance together, people's jaws just drop. They're all legs and extensions and gorgeous arms.\"\nSechs Tänze, Critical Dance, 23/10/2004: \"Closing the program was Kylian's \"Sechs Tänze\" danced by Monique Meunier, Anne Milewski, Laura Hidalgo, Marian Butler, Julio Bragado-Young, Jeffrey Golladay, Isaac Stappas, and Kenneth Easter. The comedy of the piece is not subtle, and the dancers ate it up.\"\n Pillar of Fire, Dance Magazine, 02/2004: \"The dancers looked in great shape--including a few I haven't yet mentioned, (...) such as Kenneth Easter, Jeffrey Golladay, Danny Tidwell, and Eric Underwood.\"\nSechs Tänze, Critical Dance, 08/11/2003: \"In contrast with the aggression of \"Petit Mort\", but with equal energy and intensity, the eight dancers (Monique Meunier, Anne Milewski, Sasha Dmochowski, Marta Rodriguez-Coca, Isaac Stappas, Jeffrey Golladay, Craig Salstien and Sascha Radetski) explored their brutal, troubled world with humor.\"\nArtemis, GayCityNews, 30/05/2003: \"The other dancers who eloquently fulfilled Lubovitch's vision were ..Satyrs Julio bragado-Young, Jeffrey Golladay, and Craig Salstein.\"\nThe Nutcracker, The Houston Chronicle, 26/11/2001: \"Sharon Teague, Jeffrey Golladay and Lisa Kaczmarek were appealing in the Dance of the Mirlitons.\"\nThe Long Road Home, The Houston Chronicle, 03/11/2001: \"Lucas Priolo stood out in brief solo bits, as did Leticia Oliveira, Kim Wagman and Jeffrey Golladay.\"\nImpetuous, San Francisco Chronicle, 30/03/2000:\"The rest of the cast, many of whom shone as well in the other ballets, consisted of (...) Jeffrey Golladay, Ikolo Griffin, Pablo Piantino, Mikhail Plain and Erik Wagner. Each was used sensitively, and together they moved with an equine elegance seldom seen outside the Spanish Riding School.\"\nMuch Ado . . ., San Francisco Chronicle, 25/01/2000: \"The selection at the Opera House whetted the appetite for the whole thing and shone a flattering light on one of San Francisco's most gifted young dancers, Gonzalo Garcia, backed with verve by (...) Jeff Golladay.\"\nCon Amore, San Francisco Chronicle, 3/08/1999: \" ...the Mistress' trio of suitors were gems of dance characterization: Damian Smith as the Rake, Michael Eaton as the Sailor and Jeff Golladay as the Student..\"\nCriss Cross, San Francisco Chronicle, 13/03/1999: \"The ensemble, especially in the first section that included Peter Brandenhoff, Jeffrey Golladay and Gonzalo Garcia, was terrific.\"\nCon Amore, San Francisco Chronicle, 11/03/1999: \" ...and Jeffrey Golladay -- a corps member exuberantly in line for promotion -- as the shy Student.\"\nThe Nutcracker, San Francisco Chronicle, 22/12/1998: \"Jeff Golladay squired Stephanie Orza and Kathryn Thomas through the Chinese Tea number.\"\nFilling Station, San Francisco Chronicle, 05/02/1998: \"Every stage bit became a star turn, from Kester Cotton's spunky truck driver to Jeff Golladay's repentant Gangster.\"","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gillian Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Angel Corella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Corella"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Swan Lake with Gillian Murphy and Angel Corella (American Ballet Theatre - 2005).[13]","title":"DVD recordings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ballet Dance Magazine\". Archived from the original on 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2007-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191101023339/http://www.ballet-dance.com/","url_text":"\"Ballet Dance Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.ballet-dance.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steifel and Stars\". Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2020-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070708201545/http://www.stiefelandstars.com/","url_text":"\"Steifel and Stars\""},{"url":"http://www.stiefelandstars.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Swinging Into Comedy (and Along With Sinatra) (Published 2007)\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/arts/dance/01thar.html?ref=dance","url_text":"\"Swinging Into Comedy (and Along With Sinatra) (Published 2007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211140825/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/arts/dance/01thar.html?ref=dance","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NFAA Page\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071009051311/http://www.artsawards.org/Alumni/Alumni%20News/Dance%20Companies/","url_text":"\"NFAA Page\""},{"url":"http://www.artsawards.org/Alumni/Alumni%20News/Dance%20Companies","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.abt.org/dancers/detail.asp?Dancer_ID=64","external_links_name":"ABT Bio"},{"Link":"http://www.baydance.com/sfb/news_summer01.htm3302645","external_links_name":"The SFB Press Release"},{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2001_3345873","external_links_name":"The Houston Chronicle review"},{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2002_3550934","external_links_name":"The Houston Chronicle article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191101023339/http://www.ballet-dance.com/","external_links_name":"\"Ballet Dance Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.ballet-dance.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tucsonweekly.com/gbase/Arts/Content?oid=63453","external_links_name":"Tucson Weekly article"},{"Link":"http://thewinger.com/words/2006/zin-attack","external_links_name":"The Winger - Zin Attack!"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070708201545/http://www.stiefelandstars.com/","external_links_name":"\"Steifel and Stars\""},{"Link":"http://www.stiefelandstars.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ballettalk.invisionzone.com/index.php?showtopic=25862&st=30","external_links_name":"ABT City Center – Week One – Ballet Talk"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/arts/dance/01thar.html?ref=dance","external_links_name":"\"Swinging Into Comedy (and Along With Sinatra) (Published 2007)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211140825/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/arts/dance/01thar.html?ref=dance","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.robertaonthearts.com/dance/idOnstage11.html","external_links_name":"American Ballet Theatre Fall Season: Two Americana Revivals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071009051311/http://www.artsawards.org/Alumni/Alumni%20News/Dance%20Companies/","external_links_name":"\"NFAA Page\""},{"Link":"http://www.artsawards.org/Alumni/Alumni%20News/Dance%20Companies","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2412033/","external_links_name":"Jeffrey Golladay"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2412033/","external_links_name":"Jeffrey Golladay"},{"Link":"http://www.abt.org/dancers/detail.asp?Dancer_ID=64","external_links_name":"American Ballet Theatre website bio."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6Qp1IBY1j8","external_links_name":"YouTube The Long Road Home by Brian Enos"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/34419987","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRRdhW4Ck3rTtFjpGrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2006021011","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cahn	Andrew Cahn	["1 Career","2 Personal life/family","3 Affiliations","4 Honours","5 Controversy","6 Footnotes"]	This article is about Andrew Cahn. Not to be confused with Andrew Kahn. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Andrew Cahn" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cahn at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in 2013 Sir Andrew Thomas Cahn, KCMG (born 1 April 1951) is chair of the board of governors of Birkbeck, University of London, and a former senior civil servant. Career In January 2011, Cahn stepped down after five years in charge of UK Trade & Investment, the government department that promotes exports and attracts foreign direct investment. Prime Minister, David Cameron, said: "Andrew has been a wonderful chief executive of UK Trade & Investment and a fantastic ambassador for the UK. He has been central to the Government’s efforts to make Britain an attractive place to invest and to sell Britain to the world." After stepping down, Cahn took on a number of non-executive directorships, including Nomura Group, Lloyd's of London and Huawei and pro-bono roles including WWF and the Institute for Government. Career summary: 2015–2020 Non-executive director, Huawei Technologies (UK) and Chair of the Audit and Risk Committees 2012–2018 Non-executive director, Nomura International plc 2012–2019 Non-executive director, General Dynamics UK 2011–2014 chairman Huawei Technologies UK advisory board 2011–2012 vice-chairman (Public Policy), Nomura Group 2011–2019 Franchise Board of Lloyd's of London 2006 – 2011 chief executive officer, UK Trade & Investment 2000 – 2006 Director of Government and Industry Affairs, British Airways 1997 – 2000 Chef de Cabinet (Chief of Staff) to Neil Kinnock, Vice-President of the European Commission 1995 – 1997 Deputy Head of European Secretariat, Cabinet Office 1992 – 1995 Principal Private Secretary to the Rt. Hon. William Waldegrave MP, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and subsequently Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1988 – 1992 Head of Research Policy, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1984 – 1988 Member of the Cabinet of Lord Cockfield, Vice-President of the European Commission and Commissioner for the Single Market. 1982 – 1984 First Secretary, United Kingdom Representation to the European Communities 1979 – 1982 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1978 – 1979 Private Secretary to the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1977 – 1978 UK Representation to the European Economic Community 1973 – 1977 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Personal life/family Cahn is the son of one of the founders of Materials Science, Robert W. Cahn FRS. He was educated at Bedales School and then Trinity College, Cambridge (BA 1st class Hons). He is married to Virginia Beardshaw, who was Chief Executive of I Can, the children's communications charity; they have one daughter, and two sons. Affiliations Cahn was a trustee of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation from 1996 to 2023 and is a governor and member of the Executive Committee of the Institute for Government. He was previously a trustee of the Arvon Foundation, a member of the Government's Financial Services Trade and Investment Board, Board member of CityUK, Chair of the City of London's International Trade and Investment Group, a member of the Advisory Council of the Rector of the University of the Arts, is an Association Member of BUPA and was a member of the Governing Board of Business for New Europe. He has also served as trustee of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, where he was Chairman of their Audit Committee, and of Japan Society. Cahn was chair of WWF (UK), a member of the global Board of WWF and Chair of the Audit Committee from April 2014 -June 2020. He was also formerly a non-executive director at Cadbury Ltd and a Governor of Bedales School. Honours Already a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG), Cahn was elevated to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 2009 New Year Honours. Controversy Cahn encountered controversy in January 2011, when an internal email he had sent saying the FCO wished to find ways to spend up to its 2010/11 budget ceiling, was leaked to the Daily Mail. In the email, Cahn said: "The FCO is heading for an underspend and wants to get money out of the door." Footnotes ^ "Birkbeck appoints Sir Andrew Cahn as Chair of Governors". ^ "Sir Andrew Cahn, KCMG". Debrett's People of Today. Retrieved 2 February 2013. ^ Huawei appoints three non-executive directors to UK board ^ New Chair of our Board of Trustees, wwf.org.uk. Accessed 29 October 2022. ^ "Key People \| Gatsby". ^ "StackPath". ^ "WWF appoints Tesco's Dave Lewis as Chair of the Board of Trustees". ^ "No. 58929". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2008. p. 2. ^ "Department chief's dilemma: how best to spend a spare £1m?". The Guardian. 6 January 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Kahn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_Cahn_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about Andrew Cahn. Not to be confused with Andrew Kahn.Cahn at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in 2013Sir Andrew Thomas Cahn, KCMG (born 1 April 1951) is chair of the board of governors of Birkbeck, University of London,[1] and a former senior civil servant.[2]","title":"Andrew Cahn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Trade & Investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Nomura Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomura_Group"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London"},{"link_name":"Huawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"WWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Institute for Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Government"},{"link_name":"Huawei Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Nomura International plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomura_Group"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.generaldynamics.uk.com/"},{"link_name":"Nomura Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomura_Group"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London"},{"link_name":"UK Trade & Investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment"},{"link_name":"British Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways"},{"link_name":"Neil Kinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kinnock"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"William Waldegrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waldegrave,_Baron_Waldegrave_of_North_Hill"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lord Cockfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Cockfield"},{"link_name":"Vice-President of the European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Single Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Market"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"In January 2011, Cahn stepped down after five years in charge of UK Trade & Investment, the government department that promotes exports and attracts foreign direct investment. Prime Minister, David Cameron, said: \"Andrew has been a wonderful chief executive of UK Trade & Investment and a fantastic ambassador for the UK. He has been central to the Government’s efforts to make Britain an attractive place to invest and to sell Britain to the world.\"After stepping down, Cahn took on a number of non-executive directorships, including Nomura Group, Lloyd's of London and Huawei[3] and pro-bono roles including WWF[4] and the Institute for Government.Career summary:2015–2020 Non-executive director, Huawei Technologies (UK) and Chair of the Audit and Risk Committees\n2012–2018 Non-executive director, Nomura International plc\n2012–2019 Non-executive director, General Dynamics UK\n2011–2014 chairman Huawei Technologies UK advisory board\n2011–2012\tvice-chairman (Public Policy), Nomura Group\n2011–2019 Franchise Board of Lloyd's of London\n2006 – 2011\tchief executive officer, UK Trade & Investment\n2000 – 2006\tDirector of Government and Industry Affairs, British Airways\n1997 – 2000\tChef de Cabinet (Chief of Staff) to Neil Kinnock, Vice-President of the European Commission\n1995 – 1997\tDeputy Head of European Secretariat, Cabinet Office\n1992 – 1995\tPrincipal Private Secretary to the Rt. Hon. William Waldegrave MP, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and subsequently Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food\n1988 – 1992\tHead of Research Policy, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food\n1984 – 1988\tMember of the Cabinet of Lord Cockfield, Vice-President of the European Commission and Commissioner for the Single Market.\n1982 – 1984\tFirst Secretary, United Kingdom Representation to the European Communities\n1979 – 1982\tMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food\n1978 – 1979\tPrivate Secretary to the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food\n1977 – 1978\tUK Representation to the European Economic Community\n1973 – 1977\tMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert W. Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Cahn"},{"link_name":"Bedales School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedales_School"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beardshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beardshaw"},{"link_name":"I Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_(charity)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Cahn is the son of one of the founders of Materials Science, Robert W. Cahn FRS. He was educated at Bedales School and then Trinity College, Cambridge (BA 1st class Hons).He is married to Virginia Beardshaw, who was Chief Executive of I Can, the children's communications charity; they have one daughter, and two sons.","title":"Personal life/family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gatsby Charitable Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatsby_Charitable_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Institute for Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Government"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Arvon Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvon_Foundation"},{"link_name":"University of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London"},{"link_name":"BUPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BUPA"},{"link_name":"Business for New Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_for_New_Europe"},{"link_name":"Royal Botanic Gardens Kew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens_Kew"},{"link_name":"Japan Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Society_of_the_UK"},{"link_name":"WWF (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bedales School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedales_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Cahn was a trustee of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation[5] from 1996 to 2023 and is a governor and member of the Executive Committee of the Institute for Government.[6]He was previously a trustee of the Arvon Foundation, a member of the Government's Financial Services Trade and Investment Board, Board member of CityUK, Chair of the City of London's International Trade and Investment Group, a member of the Advisory Council of the Rector of the University of the Arts, is an Association Member of BUPA and was a member of the Governing Board of Business for New Europe. He has also served as trustee of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, where he was Chairman of their Audit Committee, and of Japan Society. Cahn was chair of WWF (UK), a member of the global Board of WWF and Chair of the Audit Committee from April 2014 -June 2020.[7]He was also formerly a non-executive director at Cadbury Ltd and a Governor of Bedales School.[citation needed]","title":"Affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"2009 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Already a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG), Cahn was elevated to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 2009 New Year Honours.[8]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Cahn encountered controversy in January 2011, when an internal email he had sent saying the FCO wished to find ways to spend up to its 2010/11 budget ceiling, was leaked to the Daily Mail. In the email, Cahn said: \"The FCO is heading for an underspend and wants to get money out of the door.\"[9]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Birkbeck appoints Sir Andrew Cahn as Chair of Governors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bbk.ac.uk/news/birkbeck-appoints-sir-andrew-cahn-as-chair-of-governors#:~:text=Sir%20Andrew%20Cahn%20has%20been%20appointed%20as%20the,served%20three%20terms%20%28the%20maximum%20allowed%29%2C%20steps%20down."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Sir Andrew Cahn, KCMG\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/c/1182/Andrew+Thomas.aspx"},{"link_name":"Debrett's People of Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrett%27s_People_of_Today"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Huawei appoints three non-executive directors to UK board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mobilenewscwp.co.uk/2015/02/16/huawei-appoints-three-non-executive-directors-to-its-uk-board/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"New Chair of our Board of Trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wwf.org.uk/wwf_articles.cfm?unewsid=7098"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Key People \| Gatsby\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gatsby.org.uk/about-gatsby/key-people"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"StackPath\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/person/sir-andrew-cahn"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"WWF appoints Tesco's Dave Lewis as Chair of the Board of Trustees\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wwf.org.uk/press-release/wwf-appoints-tescos-dave-lewis-chair-board-trustees"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"No. 58929\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58929/supplement/2"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Department chief's dilemma: how best to spend a spare £1m?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/jan/06/uk-trade-investment-budget-million"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180929045721/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/jan/06/uk-trade-investment-budget-million"}],"text":"^ \"Birkbeck appoints Sir Andrew Cahn as Chair of Governors\".\n\n^ \"Sir Andrew Cahn, KCMG\". Debrett's People of Today. Retrieved 2 February 2013.\n\n^ Huawei appoints three non-executive directors to UK board\n\n^ New Chair of our Board of Trustees, wwf.org.uk. Accessed 29 October 2022.\n\n^ \"Key People \| Gatsby\".\n\n^ \"StackPath\".\n\n^ \"WWF appoints Tesco's Dave Lewis as Chair of the Board of Trustees\".\n\n^ \"No. 58929\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2008. p. 2.\n\n^ \"Department chief's dilemma: how best to spend a spare £1m?\". The Guardian. 6 January 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Cahn at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Andrew_Cahn_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg/170px-Andrew_Cahn_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Birkbeck appoints Sir Andrew Cahn as Chair of Governors\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbk.ac.uk/news/birkbeck-appoints-sir-andrew-cahn-as-chair-of-governors#:~:text=Sir%20Andrew%20Cahn%20has%20been%20appointed%20as%20the,served%20three%20terms%20%28the%20maximum%20allowed%29%2C%20steps%20down.","url_text":"\"Birkbeck appoints Sir Andrew Cahn as Chair of Governors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Andrew Cahn, KCMG\". Debrett's People of Today. Retrieved 2 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/c/1182/Andrew+Thomas.aspx","url_text":"\"Sir Andrew Cahn, KCMG\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrett%27s_People_of_Today","url_text":"Debrett's People of Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Key People \| Gatsby\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gatsby.org.uk/about-gatsby/key-people","url_text":"\"Key People \| Gatsby\""}]},{"reference":"\"StackPath\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/person/sir-andrew-cahn","url_text":"\"StackPath\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWF appoints Tesco's Dave Lewis as Chair of the Board of Trustees\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwf.org.uk/press-release/wwf-appoints-tescos-dave-lewis-chair-board-trustees","url_text":"\"WWF appoints Tesco's Dave Lewis as Chair of the Board of Trustees\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 58929\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2008. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58929/supplement/2","url_text":"\"No. 58929\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Department chief's dilemma: how best to spend a spare £1m?\". The Guardian. 6 January 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alstede_(AF-48)	USS Alstede	["1 Pacific Ocean operations","2 Korean War operations","2.1 Supplying units in Korean waters","2.2 Korea and Taiwan areas of responsibility","3 Stateside overhaul","4 Reassigned to the Atlantic Fleet","5 Overhaul work at Staten Island and Norfolk","6 Second Med cruise","7 January 1956 Med tour","8 Routine operations","9 Awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal","10 Decommissioning","11 Military awards and honors","12 References","13 External links"]	Cargo ship of the United States Navy Alstede in 1966 History United States Ordered as SS Ocean Chief R2-S-BV1 hull, MC hull 1206 Laid down30 September 1944 Launched28 November 1944 Acquired10 May 1946 Commissioned17 May 1946 Decommissioned31 October 1969 Stricken31 October 1969 FateSold, 2 June 1970, for scrapping General characteristics Displacement15,500 t.(fl) Length459 ft 2 in (139.95 m) Beam63 ft (19 m) Draught28 ft (8.5 m) Propulsioncross-compound turbines, single propeller Speed16 kts Complement292 Armamenttwo 40 mm double-barreled guns in bow USS Alstede (AF-48) was an Alstede-class stores ship acquired by the U.S. Navy at the end of World War II. Her task was to carry stores, refrigerated items, and equipment to ships in the fleet, and to remote stations and staging areas. Ocean Chief was laid down on 30 September 1944 at Oakland, California, by the Moore Dry Dock Company. under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1206); launched on 28 November 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Anton Wille; and delivered to the War Shipping Administration on 4 May 1945. She was operated by the United Fruit Co. under a contract with the War Shipping Administration for almost exactly one year. Acquired by the Navy on 10 May 1946, she was renamed Alstede; designated store ship AF-48; and commissioned at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 17 May 1946. Pacific Ocean operations Alstede completed trials and moored at the Naval Supply Depot, Oakland, California, to take on supplies destined for American servicemen participating in the postwar occupation of the islands of the Central Pacific Ocean. For over four years, the store ship made the circuit from the West Coast through the Marshall Islands to the Mariana Islands and back home to the United States. During those voyages, she most frequently visited Kwajalein and Eniwetok in the Marshalls and Guam and Saipan in the Marianas. On the outbound and return legs of those voyages, the ship made calls at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and frequently stopped at lonely Wake Island. Points of departure and return in the United States included San Diego, Long Beach, Oakland, San Francisco, Bremerton, and Seattle. Even the outbreak of hostilities in Korea in June 1950 did not at first interrupt her routine. While other American forces rushed to the aid of hard-pressed South Korea, Alstede played no role in the conflict until the end of the year. Initially, that participation consisted only of a single, round-trip voyage to Sasebo, Japan—to deliver stores to that forward base—and back to the U.S. West Coast. Korean War operations The last month of 1950 and the first of 1951 brought another circuit through the Marshalls and the Marianas before Alstede began to concentrate more heavily on supporting the struggle of the United Nations to stem the tide of North Korean aggression and to counter Chinese intervention on the side of that aggression. During the second month of 1951, the store ship began round-trip voyages between the West Coast and ports in Japan—notably Yokosuka and Sasebo—to the exclusion of her former Central Pacific ports of call. She made three such voyages in the spring of 1951 before entering the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for regular overhaul on 27 July 1951. When the ship emerged from the extended repair period on 8 November, she conducted local operations for a short period and then loaded cargo at Oakland. On 8 December, Alstede put to sea bound once more for the western Pacific. Supplying units in Korean waters The advent of 1952 heralded an even closer involvement in the Korean War. Alstede arrived in Sasebo on 18 January 1952 and remained there about three weeks. On 11 February, the ship put to sea for a replenishment rendezvous off Wonsan harbor with units of the U.S. 7th Fleet. During the ensuing seven months, the store ship shuttled back and forth between Japan and the American warships operating along the coast of Korea. On three occasions, Alstede entered port at Pusan, Korea, though each time she remained in the harbor but a few hours. The ship returned to Japan from her final replenishment mission of the year on 23 September and visited Sasebo until 2 October then moved to Yokosuka where she remained from 4 to 28 October. Returning to Sasebo on the last day of the month, she spent a week at that port before getting underway for home on 6 November. She arrived back in Oakland, California, on 21 November. However, her stay in the United States lasted only a month. On 21 December, Alstede returned to sea for another round-trip voyage to Japan. She visited Yokosuka between 6 and 8 January 1953, stopped at Sasebo from the 10th to the 16th, and returned to Yokosuka for three days before heading back to the United States on the 21st. The ship arrived back at Oakland on 4 February and, for the next month, called at several ports on the California coast before standing out of Oakland on 14 March, bound once more for the Far East. She pulled into Sasebo on 1 April and remained there for almost three weeks. Korea and Taiwan areas of responsibility On the 19th, the vessel put to sea to rendezvous with 7th Fleet warships operating off the Korean coast. After transferring stores at sea, she returned to Sasebo on 23 April. For the next three months, Alstede plied back and forth between Japanese ports and the combat zone off the Korean coast to replenish the men-of-war supporting United Nations' troops engaged in the struggle in Korea. At the end of July, she voyaged south from Japan to Taiwan and operated from 3 to 6 August with units of the Taiwan Strait Patrol. From there, the store ship returned north to the southeastern coast of Korea and spent five days—10 to 15 August—near Koje Do, the island where communist prisoners of war were confined. She arrived back in Sasebo on the 15th, visited there and at Yokosuka, and departed the latter port on 26 August. Alstede reached Oakland on 7 September and entered the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on the 11th for her regular overhaul. Stateside overhaul She completed overhaul on 18 November and then spent the following four weeks engaged in post-overhaul trials and refresher training. Concluding those evolutions on 14 December, the store ship moored at Treasure Island, California, for the holidays. Underway again on 11 January 1954, the ship moved to Oakland to load supplies in preparation for another tour of duty in the Far East. She put to sea for that deployment on 15 January and arrived in Sasebo on 5 February. She made one replenishment rendezvous with 7th Fleet units off the Korean coast in mid-February and—after a return visit to Sasebo—sailed south on the 21st. The ship called at Manila in the Philippine Islands from 25 February to 1 March and put in at Takao, Taiwan, for a few hours on 6 March before setting course for Japan. She entered port at Yokosuka on 11 March to begin a month's stay before getting underway on 10 April for another swing to the south. That circuit brought visits to Subic Bay in the Philippines, Keelung, Taiwan, and Manila. During her return north, Alstede made a replenishment rendezvous off the Korean coast before reaching Sasebo on 1 May. After a bit more than a month at Sasebo, the store ship got underway again on 3 June, paid a four-day call at Yokosuka on 9 June, and headed for home. Reassigned to the Atlantic Fleet Since her return to the United States on 22 June coincided with a reassignment to the Atlantic Fleet, she remained at Oakland only eight days before sailing for Norfolk, Virginia. En route, the store ship stopped at San Diego from 2 to 4 July, arrived at Balboa in the Panama Canal Zone on 12 July, and transited the Panama Canal on the 14th. Alstede moored at her new home port, Norfolk, on 19 July. Over the ensuing three months, the ship engaged in maneuvers and other evolutions in and out of Norfolk. On 11 October, she began taking on supplies in preparation for her first tour of duty with the U.S. 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea and, 11 days later passed between Cape Charles and Cape Henry to begin her first Atlantic crossing. The ship entered the "middle sea" around the end of the month and made her first port call—at Naples, Italy—on 4 and 5 November. Visits to Salonika, Greece, and Valencia, Spain, punctuated her replenishment missions with elements of the 6th Fleet. Alstede made a return call at Naples from 4 to 7 December before setting a course for home. She concluded her first Mediterranean deployment upon arrival back at Norfolk on 23 December. Overhaul work at Staten Island and Norfolk Holiday routine and post-deployment leave and upkeep occupied the remainder of 1954 and the first two weeks of 1955. After unloading supplies at the Norfolk Naval Supply Center and ammunition at the Naval Ammunition Depot, Earle, New Jersey, Alstede entered the Bethlehem Steel yard at Staten Island, New York, on 21 January for a regularly scheduled overhaul. She left the yard on 22 March and, after taking on ammunition at Earle, returned to Norfolk on the 24th. The ship spent just over three weeks at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard before getting underway on 15 April for post-overhaul refresher training in the vicinity of Newport, Rhode Island. She again moored at Norfolk on 6 May but remained there only eight days before putting to sea on the 14th. Alstede steamed north to the waters near Argentia, Newfoundland. There, she joined Mazama and Haynsworth in testing underway replenishment equipment. The store ship arrived back in Norfolk on 29 May and began preparations to deploy to the Mediterranean once again. Second Med cruise Alstede exited the Chesapeake Bay on 17 June. After 10 days in the Atlantic Ocean the ship transited the Strait of Gibraltar on 27 June and joined the 6th Fleet. For the next two months, she varied underway replenishment missions with visits to such ports as Golfe Juan, France; Barcelona and Valencia, Spain; Phaleron Bay, Greece; and Naples, Italy. The store ship departed the latter port on 28 August on her way back to the United States. She arrived back in Norfolk on 10 September and began a month in port after the cruise to the Mediterranean. On 16 October, she put to sea once more and shaped a course northward. For several days, Alstede participated in antisubmarine warfare exercises in Block Island Sound. She returned to Norfolk on 21 October to undergo repairs at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. Back at sea on 9 November, the store ship embarked upon a 19-day cruise to the West Indies. During that mission, she tested underway replenishment equipment and made port calls at San Juan, Puerto Rico, and at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The vessel arrived back in Norfolk on 28 November and, two weeks later, entered the shipyard of the Norfolk Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. for a month of repairs. Alstede replenishes USS Northampton, circa in 1964. January 1956 Med tour She emerged from the shipyard on 6 January 1956 and headed for the Naval Supply Center, Norfolk, to take on supplies. Alstede operated out of Norfolk for the next two months. On 7 March, she got underway to return to the Mediterranean. After passing through the Strait of Gibraltar on 20 March, the store ship replenished units of the 6th Fleet over the next month and made visits to Cannes, France; Naples, Italy; Cagliari, Sardinia; Tangier, French Morocco; and at the Spanish ports of Barcelona and Valencia. She departed Barcelona on 23 April and shaped a course back to the United States. The ship arrived back in Norfolk on 5 May and began repairs to her hull which had been damaged in a collision while provisioning Croaker in Cannes on 23 March. The repair period lasted until late August, and 18 days of local operations followed. On 14 September, she headed back to the Mediterranean. Routine operations At that point, the pattern for the remainder of Alstede's career was established. For the next 13 years, the stores ship deployed to the Mediterranean Sea two or three times a year to resupply units of the U.S. 6th Fleet operating there. When not assigned to that fleet, she engaged in diverse occupations. The ship participated in U.S. 2d Fleet training exercises along the Atlantic coast and in the West Indies as well as conducting independent ship's drills. She entered shipyards periodically to undergo her normal overhauls. Awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Of special note, the late spring of 1965 brought Alstede the award of the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal when she provided logistics support for the Navy ships which constituted a portion of the Organization of American States' peacekeeping force sent to the Dominican Republic to mediate the civil strife that had broken out between supporters of the ousted president, Juan Bosch, and forces of the ruling, three-man junta that had supplanted him. Her schedule of Mediterranean resupply missions alternated with 2d Fleet operations and repair periods came to an end on 31 October 1969 when she was decommissioned. Decommissioning Her name was struck from the Navy List that same day. Berthed at the Naval Inactive Ship Facility, Norfolk, Virginia, for non-industrial stripping she was sold to N.W. Kennedy, Ltd., of Vancouver, Canada, on 2 June 1970 for scrapping. Military awards and honors Alstede earned four battle stars during the Korean War: Second Korean Winter Korean Defense Summer-Fall 1952 Third Korean Winter Korean Summer-Fall 1953 Alstede's crew was eligible for the following medals: National Defense Service Medal Korean Service Medal (4) Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal (1-Dominican Republic) United Nations Service Medal Republic of Korea War Service Medal References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. External links Photo gallery of Alstede at NavSource Naval History vteAlstede-class stores ships Alstede Zelima Bald Eagle Blue Jacket Golden Eagle / Arcturus Pictor Aludra Sirius Procyon Bellatrix List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alstede-class stores ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_R_ship"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Moore Dry Dock Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Dry_Dock_Company"},{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"War Shipping Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Shipping_Administration"},{"link_name":"United Fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard"}],"text":"USS Alstede (AF-48) was an Alstede-class stores ship acquired by the U.S. Navy at the end of World War II. Her task was to carry stores, refrigerated items, and equipment to ships in the fleet, and to remote stations and staging areas.Ocean Chief was laid down on 30 September 1944 at Oakland, California, by the Moore Dry Dock Company. under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1206); launched on 28 November 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Anton Wille; and delivered to the War Shipping Administration on 4 May 1945. She was operated by the United Fruit Co. under a contract with the War Shipping Administration for almost exactly one year. Acquired by the Navy on 10 May 1946, she was renamed Alstede; designated store ship AF-48; and commissioned at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 17 May 1946.","title":"USS Alstede"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kwajalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Bremerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerton,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Sasebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"U.S. West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._West_Coast"}],"text":"Alstede completed trials and moored at the Naval Supply Depot, Oakland, California, to take on supplies destined for American servicemen participating in the postwar occupation of the islands of the Central Pacific Ocean. For over four years, the store ship made the circuit from the West Coast through the Marshall Islands to the Mariana Islands and back home to the United States. During those voyages, she most frequently visited Kwajalein and Eniwetok in the Marshalls and Guam and Saipan in the Marianas. On the outbound and return legs of those voyages, the ship made calls at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and frequently stopped at lonely Wake Island. Points of departure and return in the United States included San Diego, Long Beach, Oakland, San Francisco, Bremerton, and Seattle.Even the outbreak of hostilities in Korea in June 1950 did not at first interrupt her routine. While other American forces rushed to the aid of hard-pressed South Korea, Alstede played no role in the conflict until the end of the year. Initially, that participation consisted only of a single, round-trip voyage to Sasebo, Japan—to deliver stores to that forward base—and back to the U.S. West Coast.","title":"Pacific Ocean operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"North Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_Naval_Shipyard"}],"text":"The last month of 1950 and the first of 1951 brought another circuit through the Marshalls and the Marianas before Alstede began to concentrate more heavily on supporting the struggle of the United Nations to stem the tide of North Korean aggression and to counter Chinese intervention on the side of that aggression. During the second month of 1951, the store ship began round-trip voyages between the West Coast and ports in Japan—notably Yokosuka and Sasebo—to the exclusion of her former Central Pacific ports of call. She made three such voyages in the spring of 1951 before entering the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for regular overhaul on 27 July 1951. When the ship emerged from the extended repair period on 8 November, she conducted local operations for a short period and then loaded cargo at Oakland. On 8 December, Alstede put to sea bound once more for the western Pacific.","title":"Korean War operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Wonsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsan"},{"link_name":"U.S. 7th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._7th_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Pusan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusan"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"}],"sub_title":"Supplying units in Korean waters","text":"The advent of 1952 heralded an even closer involvement in the Korean War. Alstede arrived in Sasebo on 18 January 1952 and remained there about three weeks. On 11 February, the ship put to sea for a replenishment rendezvous off Wonsan harbor with units of the U.S. 7th Fleet. During the ensuing seven months, the store ship shuttled back and forth between Japan and the American warships operating along the coast of Korea. On three occasions, Alstede entered port at Pusan, Korea, though each time she remained in the harbor but a few hours. The ship returned to Japan from her final replenishment mission of the year on 23 September and visited Sasebo until 2 October then moved to Yokosuka where she remained from 4 to 28 October. Returning to Sasebo on the last day of the month, she spent a week at that port before getting underway for home on 6 November. She arrived back in Oakland, California, on 21 November.However, her stay in the United States lasted only a month. On 21 December, Alstede returned to sea for another round-trip voyage to Japan. She visited Yokosuka between 6 and 8 January 1953, stopped at Sasebo from the 10th to the 16th, and returned to Yokosuka for three days before heading back to the United States on the 21st. The ship arrived back at Oakland on 4 February and, for the next month, called at several ports on the California coast before standing out of Oakland on 14 March, bound once more for the Far East. She pulled into Sasebo on 1 April and remained there for almost three weeks.","title":"Korean War operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Koje Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koje_Do"}],"sub_title":"Korea and Taiwan areas of responsibility","text":"On the 19th, the vessel put to sea to rendezvous with 7th Fleet warships operating off the Korean coast. After transferring stores at sea, she returned to Sasebo on 23 April. For the next three months, Alstede plied back and forth between Japanese ports and the combat zone off the Korean coast to replenish the men-of-war supporting United Nations' troops engaged in the struggle in Korea. At the end of July, she voyaged south from Japan to Taiwan and operated from 3 to 6 August with units of the Taiwan Strait Patrol. From there, the store ship returned north to the southeastern coast of Korea and spent five days—10 to 15 August—near Koje Do, the island where communist prisoners of war were confined. She arrived back in Sasebo on the 15th, visited there and at Yokosuka, and departed the latter port on 26 August. Alstede reached Oakland on 7 September and entered the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on the 11th for her regular overhaul.","title":"Korean War operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treasure Island, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island,_California"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Islands"},{"link_name":"Takao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Keelung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung"}],"text":"She completed overhaul on 18 November and then spent the following four weeks engaged in post-overhaul trials and refresher training. Concluding those evolutions on 14 December, the store ship moored at Treasure Island, California, for the holidays. Underway again on 11 January 1954, the ship moved to Oakland to load supplies in preparation for another tour of duty in the Far East. She put to sea for that deployment on 15 January and arrived in Sasebo on 5 February. She made one replenishment rendezvous with 7th Fleet units off the Korean coast in mid-February and—after a return visit to Sasebo—sailed south on the 21st. The ship called at Manila in the Philippine Islands from 25 February to 1 March and put in at Takao, Taiwan, for a few hours on 6 March before setting course for Japan. She entered port at Yokosuka on 11 March to begin a month's stay before getting underway on 10 April for another swing to the south. That circuit brought visits to Subic Bay in the Philippines, Keelung, Taiwan, and Manila. During her return north, Alstede made a replenishment rendezvous off the Korean coast before reaching Sasebo on 1 May. After a bit more than a month at Sasebo, the store ship got underway again on 3 June, paid a four-day call at Yokosuka on 9 June, and headed for home.","title":"Stateside overhaul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Balboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balboa,_Panama"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"U.S. 6th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._6th_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Cape Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Charles_(headland)"},{"link_name":"Cape Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Henry"},{"link_name":"Naples, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Salonika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonika"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Valencia, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Spain"}],"text":"Since her return to the United States on 22 June coincided with a reassignment to the Atlantic Fleet, she remained at Oakland only eight days before sailing for Norfolk, Virginia. En route, the store ship stopped at San Diego from 2 to 4 July, arrived at Balboa in the Panama Canal Zone on 12 July, and transited the Panama Canal on the 14th. Alstede moored at her new home port, Norfolk, on 19 July. Over the ensuing three months, the ship engaged in maneuvers and other evolutions in and out of Norfolk. On 11 October, she began taking on supplies in preparation for her first tour of duty with the U.S. 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea and, 11 days later passed between Cape Charles and Cape Henry to begin her first Atlantic crossing. The ship entered the \"middle sea\" around the end of the month and made her first port call—at Naples, Italy—on 4 and 5 November. Visits to Salonika, Greece, and Valencia, Spain, punctuated her replenishment missions with elements of the 6th Fleet. Alstede made a return call at Naples from 4 to 7 December before setting a course for home. She concluded her first Mediterranean deployment upon arrival back at Norfolk on 23 December.","title":"Reassigned to the Atlantic Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earle, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel"},{"link_name":"Staten Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Argentia, Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentia,_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Mazama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mazama"},{"link_name":"Haynsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Haynsworth"}],"text":"Holiday routine and post-deployment leave and upkeep occupied the remainder of 1954 and the first two weeks of 1955. After unloading supplies at the Norfolk Naval Supply Center and ammunition at the Naval Ammunition Depot, Earle, New Jersey, Alstede entered the Bethlehem Steel yard at Staten Island, New York, on 21 January for a regularly scheduled overhaul. She left the yard on 22 March and, after taking on ammunition at Earle, returned to Norfolk on the 24th. The ship spent just over three weeks at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard before getting underway on 15 April for post-overhaul refresher training in the vicinity of Newport, Rhode Island. She again moored at Norfolk on 6 May but remained there only eight days before putting to sea on the 14th. Alstede steamed north to the waters near Argentia, Newfoundland. There, she joined Mazama and Haynsworth in testing underway replenishment equipment. The store ship arrived back in Norfolk on 29 May and began preparations to deploy to the Mediterranean once again.","title":"Overhaul work at Staten Island and Norfolk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Strait of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Golfe Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfe_Juan"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Phaleron Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaleron_Bay"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"antisubmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisubmarine"},{"link_name":"Block Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Guantánamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Shipbuilding & Drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Shipbuilding_%26_Drydock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Alstede_(AF-48)_replenishes_USS_Northampton_(CC-1)_c1964.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Northampton_(CLC-1)"}],"text":"Alstede exited the Chesapeake Bay on 17 June. After 10 days in the Atlantic Ocean the ship transited the Strait of Gibraltar on 27 June and joined the 6th Fleet. For the next two months, she varied underway replenishment missions with visits to such ports as Golfe Juan, France; Barcelona and Valencia, Spain; Phaleron Bay, Greece; and Naples, Italy. The store ship departed the latter port on 28 August on her way back to the United States. She arrived back in Norfolk on 10 September and began a month in port after the cruise to the Mediterranean. On 16 October, she put to sea once more and shaped a course northward. For several days, Alstede participated in antisubmarine warfare exercises in Block Island Sound. She returned to Norfolk on 21 October to undergo repairs at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. Back at sea on 9 November, the store ship embarked upon a 19-day cruise to the West Indies. During that mission, she tested underway replenishment equipment and made port calls at San Juan, Puerto Rico, and at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The vessel arrived back in Norfolk on 28 November and, two weeks later, entered the shipyard of the Norfolk Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. for a month of repairs.Alstede replenishes USS Northampton, circa in 1964.","title":"Second Med cruise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier"},{"link_name":"French Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Croaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Croaker"}],"text":"She emerged from the shipyard on 6 January 1956 and headed for the Naval Supply Center, Norfolk, to take on supplies. Alstede operated out of Norfolk for the next two months. On 7 March, she got underway to return to the Mediterranean. After passing through the Strait of Gibraltar on 20 March, the store ship replenished units of the 6th Fleet over the next month and made visits to Cannes, France; Naples, Italy; Cagliari, Sardinia; Tangier, French Morocco; and at the Spanish ports of Barcelona and Valencia. She departed Barcelona on 23 April and shaped a course back to the United States. The ship arrived back in Norfolk on 5 May and began repairs to her hull which had been damaged in a collision while provisioning Croaker in Cannes on 23 March. The repair period lasted until late August, and 18 days of local operations followed. On 14 September, she headed back to the Mediterranean.","title":"January 1956 Med tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. 2d Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._2d_Fleet"}],"text":"At that point, the pattern for the remainder of Alstede's career was established. For the next 13 years, the stores ship deployed to the Mediterranean Sea two or three times a year to resupply units of the U.S. 6th Fleet operating there. When not assigned to that fleet, she engaged in diverse occupations. The ship participated in U.S. 2d Fleet training exercises along the Atlantic coast and in the West Indies as well as conducting independent ship's drills. She entered shipyards periodically to undergo her normal overhauls.","title":"Routine operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal"},{"link_name":"Organization of American States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Juan Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bosch_(politician)"}],"text":"Of special note, the late spring of 1965 brought Alstede the award of the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal when she provided logistics support for the Navy ships which constituted a portion of the Organization of American States' peacekeeping force sent to the Dominican Republic to mediate the civil strife that had broken out between supporters of the ousted president, Juan Bosch, and forces of the ruling, three-man junta that had supplanted him. Her schedule of Mediterranean resupply missions alternated with 2d Fleet operations and repair periods came to an end on 31 October 1969 when she was decommissioned.","title":"Awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"Naval Inactive Ship Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Inactive_Ship_Facility"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_Canada"}],"text":"Her name was struck from the Navy List that same day. Berthed at the Naval Inactive Ship Facility, Norfolk, Virginia, for non-industrial stripping she was sold to N.W. Kennedy, Ltd., of Vancouver, Canada, on 2 June 1970 for scrapping.","title":"Decommissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"National Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Korean Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal"},{"link_name":"United Nations Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea War Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_War_Service_Medal"}],"text":"Alstede earned four battle stars during the Korean War:Second Korean Winter\nKorean Defense Summer-Fall 1952\nThird Korean Winter\nKorean Summer-Fall 1953Alstede's crew was eligible for the following medals:National Defense Service Medal\nKorean Service Medal (4)\nArmed Forces Expeditionary Medal (1-Dominican Republic)\nUnited Nations Service Medal\nRepublic of Korea War Service Medal","title":"Military awards and honors"}]	[{"image_text":"Alstede replenishes USS Northampton, circa in 1964.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/USS_Alstede_%28AF-48%29_replenishes_USS_Northampton_%28CC-1%29_c1964.jpg/220px-USS_Alstede_%28AF-48%29_replenishes_USS_Northampton_%28CC-1%29_c1964.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/alstede.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/06/0648.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure_of_Siena	Bonaventure of Siena	["1 Life","2 Work","3 Notes","4 Bibliography"]	Bonaventure (Bonauenture de Sene) named as translator in the preface to the French Muhammad's Ladder Bonaventure of Siena (Italian: Bonaventura da Siena) was a Tuscan scribe and translator who worked at the court of Alfonso X of Castile in the 1260s, when Alfonso was claiming the Holy Roman Empire. His most famous work is a translation of the Book of Muhammad's Ladder into Latin and French. Life Nothing is known of Bonaventure's family or of his biography before he arrived at the court of Alfonso X in Seville. He arrived after Alfonso's election as Holy Roman emperor, along with may other expatriates from the Ghibelline city of Siena. The earliest reference to him is from 1264, when he was a "notary and scribe of the lord king". On 10 May 1266, on Alfonso X's instruction, he drew up the act by which the infante Fernando de la Cerda named the men who would represent him at his proxy marriage to Blanche, daughter of Louis IX of France. On 18 January 1284, Peter III of Aragon named a certain Filippo Bonaventura da Siena, recommended to him by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini, as a member of his familia regis. This may have been Bonaventure's son. His presence in Spain would be explained by his father's earlier contacts there, although the exact purpose of his visit is unknown. Work Bonaventure was commissioned by Alfonso X to translate the Book of Muhammad's Ladder into Latin and possibly also French. He worked from Abraham of Toledo's Spanish translation of an Arabic original. A note in the only surviving French manuscript indicates that the French translation was completed in May 1264. Some doubts have been raised about the ascription of the French translation to Bonaventure. It has been argued that he only produced the Latin translation shortly before 1264, while the French translation was made from the Latin shortly after by an anonymous translator from Provence. He wrote an original preface to the Latin translation, addressed to Alfonso. Notes ^ a b c Cerulli 1969. ^ Cerulli 1969: notarius atque scriba domini regis. ^ Cerulli 1969 and Carmona Ruiz 2018. These were Enrique el Toscano and Juan Martínez, bishop of Cádiz. ^ Monfrin 1951, pp. 289–290. ^ a b Hyatte 1997, p. 21. ^ Monfrin 1951, p. 287. ^ Jacques Monfrin and Peter Wunderli both reject Bonaventure as the French translator. Hyatte 1997, p. 21, is sympathetic Monfrin's position, but Cerulli 1969 argues against it. Bibliography Carmona Ruiz, María Antonia (2018). "La sucesión de Alfonso X: Fernando de la Cerda y Sancho IV" (PDF). Alcanate: Revista de Estudios Alfonsíes. 11: 151–186. Cerulli, Enrico (1969). "Bonaventura da Siena". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 11: Boccadibue–Bonetti (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6. Hyatte, Reginald (1997). The Prophet of Islam in Old French: The Romance of Muhammad (1258) and The Book of Muhammad's Ladder (1264). Brill. Monfrin, Jacques (1951). "Les sources arabes de la Divine Comédie et la traduction française du Livre de l'Ascension de Mahomet". Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes. 109 (2): 277–290.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Book of Muhammad's Ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Muhammad%27s_Ladder"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"}],"text":"Bonaventure of Siena (Italian: Bonaventura da Siena) was a Tuscan scribe and translator who worked at the court of Alfonso X of Castile in the 1260s, when Alfonso was claiming the Holy Roman Empire. His most famous work is a translation of the Book of Muhammad's Ladder into Latin and French.","title":"Bonaventure of Siena"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Alfonso's election as Holy Roman emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_imperial_election"},{"link_name":"Ghibelline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghibelline"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerulli1969-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"infante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante"},{"link_name":"Fernando de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_la_Cerda_(1255%E2%80%931275)"},{"link_name":"proxy marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_marriage"},{"link_name":"Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France,_Infanta_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peter III of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Latino Malabranca Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_Malabranca_Orsini"},{"link_name":"familia regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_regis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerulli1969-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfrin1951289%E2%80%93290-4"}],"text":"Nothing is known of Bonaventure's family or of his biography before he arrived at the court of Alfonso X in Seville. He arrived after Alfonso's election as Holy Roman emperor, along with may other expatriates from the Ghibelline city of Siena.[1] The earliest reference to him is from 1264, when he was a \"notary and scribe of the lord king\".[2] On 10 May 1266, on Alfonso X's instruction, he drew up the act by which the infante Fernando de la Cerda named the men who would represent him at his proxy marriage to Blanche, daughter of Louis IX of France.[3]On 18 January 1284, Peter III of Aragon named a certain Filippo Bonaventura da Siena, recommended to him by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini, as a member of his familia regis. This may have been Bonaventure's son.[1] His presence in Spain would be explained by his father's earlier contacts there, although the exact purpose of his visit is unknown.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of Muhammad's Ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Muhammad%27s_Ladder"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"},{"link_name":"Abraham of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Spanish"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyatte199721-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyatte199721-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonfrin1951287-6"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerulli1969-1"}],"text":"Bonaventure was commissioned by Alfonso X to translate the Book of Muhammad's Ladder into Latin and possibly also French. He worked from Abraham of Toledo's Spanish translation of an Arabic original.[5] A note in the only surviving French manuscript indicates that the French translation was completed in May 1264.[5][6] Some doubts have been raised about the ascription of the French translation to Bonaventure. It has been argued that he only produced the Latin translation shortly before 1264, while the French translation was made from the Latin shortly after by an anonymous translator from Provence.[7]He wrote an original preface to the Latin translation, addressed to Alfonso.[1]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerulli1969_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerulli1969_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerulli1969_1-2"},{"link_name":"Cerulli 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCerulli1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Cerulli 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCerulli1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Cerulli 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCerulli1969"},{"link_name":"Carmona Ruiz 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarmona_Ruiz2018"},{"link_name":"Juan Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_(bishop_of_C%C3%A1diz)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfrin1951289%E2%80%93290_4-0"},{"link_name":"Monfrin 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMonfrin1951"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyatte199721_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyatte199721_5-1"},{"link_name":"Hyatte 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHyatte1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonfrin1951287_6-0"},{"link_name":"Monfrin 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMonfrin1951"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Hyatte 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHyatte1997"},{"link_name":"Cerulli 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCerulli1969"}],"text":"^ a b c Cerulli 1969.\n\n^ Cerulli 1969: notarius atque scriba domini regis.\n\n^ Cerulli 1969 and Carmona Ruiz 2018. These were Enrique el Toscano and Juan Martínez, bishop of Cádiz.\n\n^ Monfrin 1951, pp. 289–290.\n\n^ a b Hyatte 1997, p. 21.\n\n^ Monfrin 1951, p. 287.\n\n^ Jacques Monfrin and Peter Wunderli both reject Bonaventure as the French translator. Hyatte 1997, p. 21, is sympathetic Monfrin's position, but Cerulli 1969 argues against it.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"La sucesión de Alfonso X: Fernando de la Cerda y Sancho IV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7687405.pdf"},{"link_name":"Cerulli, Enrico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Cerulli"},{"link_name":"\"Bonaventura da Siena\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonaventura-da-siena_(Dizionario-Biografico)/"},{"link_name":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani"},{"link_name":"Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8-81200032-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"},{"link_name":"\"Les sources arabes de la Divine Comédie et la traduction française du Livre de l'Ascension de Mahomet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1951_num_109_2_449448"}],"text":"Carmona Ruiz, María Antonia (2018). \"La sucesión de Alfonso X: Fernando de la Cerda y Sancho IV\" (PDF). Alcanate: Revista de Estudios Alfonsíes. 11: 151–186.\nCerulli, Enrico (1969). \"Bonaventura da Siena\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 11: Boccadibue–Bonetti (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.\nHyatte, Reginald (1997). The Prophet of Islam in Old French: The Romance of Muhammad (1258) and The Book of Muhammad's Ladder (1264). Brill.\nMonfrin, Jacques (1951). \"Les sources arabes de la Divine Comédie et la traduction française du Livre de l'Ascension de Mahomet\". Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes. 109 (2): 277–290.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Bonaventure (Bonauenture de Sene) named as translator in the preface to the French Muhammad's Ladder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Bonaventura_da_Siena.png/220px-Bonaventura_da_Siena.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Carmona Ruiz, María Antonia (2018). \"La sucesión de Alfonso X: Fernando de la Cerda y Sancho IV\" (PDF). Alcanate: Revista de Estudios Alfonsíes. 11: 151–186.","urls":[{"url":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7687405.pdf","url_text":"\"La sucesión de Alfonso X: Fernando de la Cerda y Sancho IV\""}]},{"reference":"Cerulli, Enrico (1969). \"Bonaventura da Siena\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 11: Boccadibue–Bonetti (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Cerulli","url_text":"Cerulli, Enrico"},{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonaventura-da-siena_(Dizionario-Biografico)/","url_text":"\"Bonaventura da Siena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani","url_text":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana","url_text":"Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6","url_text":"978-8-81200032-6"}]},{"reference":"Hyatte, Reginald (1997). The Prophet of Islam in Old French: The Romance of Muhammad (1258) and The Book of Muhammad's Ladder (1264). Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Monfrin, Jacques (1951). \"Les sources arabes de la Divine Comédie et la traduction française du Livre de l'Ascension de Mahomet\". Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes. 109 (2): 277–290.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1951_num_109_2_449448","url_text":"\"Les sources arabes de la Divine Comédie et la traduction française du Livre de l'Ascension de Mahomet\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7687405.pdf","external_links_name":"\"La sucesión de Alfonso X: Fernando de la Cerda y Sancho IV\""},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonaventura-da-siena_(Dizionario-Biografico)/","external_links_name":"\"Bonaventura da Siena\""},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1951_num_109_2_449448","external_links_name":"\"Les sources arabes de la Divine Comédie et la traduction française du Livre de l'Ascension de Mahomet\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Society_(2014_film)	High Society (2014 film)	["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]	2014 French filmHigh SocietyFilm posterFrenchLe beau monde Directed byJulie Lopes-CurvalWritten bySophie HietJulie Lopes-CurvalProduced byFabienne VornierFrancis BoespflugStéphane ParthenayStarringAna GirardotBastien BouillonBaptiste LecaplainCinematographyCéline BozonEdited byMuriel BretonMusic bySébastien SchullerProductioncompanyPyramide ProductionsDistributed byPyramide DistributionRelease date 13 August 2014 (2014-08-13) (France) Running time95 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrenchBudget$3.4 million Box office$307.025 High Society (French: Le beau monde) is a 2014 French romantic drama film written and directed by Julie Lopes-Curval. The film stars Ana Girardot, Bastien Bouillon and Baptiste Lecaplain. It was selected to be screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. In January 2015, the film received two nominations at the 20th Lumières Awards. Plot summary This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2023) Cast Ana Girardot as Alice Bastien Bouillon as Antoine Baptiste Lecaplain as Kevin Aurélia Petit as Agnès Sergi López as Harold India Hair as Manon Stéphane Bissot as Christiane Jean-Noël Brouté as Monsieur Jacquard Michèle Gleizer as Arlette David Houri as Rodolphe Blanche Cluzet as Catherine Cécile Bernot as Déborah Lawrence Valin as Martin References ^ https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=14450 ^ https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt3129916/?ref_=bo_se_r_1 ^ "High Society". Cineuropa. Retrieved 17 August 2014. ^ "TIFF Adds 'Clouds of Sils Maria' and 'Two Days, One Night,' Reveals 5 More Lineups". Indiewire. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014. ^ "France's Lumiere Awards Nominations Unveiled". The Hollywood Reporter. 12 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015. External links High Society at IMDb High Society at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Julie Lopes-Curval Seaside (2002) Toi et moi (2006) Hidden Diary (2009) High Society (2014) This article related to a French film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"romantic drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_drama"},{"link_name":"Julie Lopes-Curval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Lopes-Curval"},{"link_name":"Ana Girardot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Girardot"},{"link_name":"Bastien Bouillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastien_Bouillon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2014 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIFF-4"},{"link_name":"20th Lumières Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Lumi%C3%A8res_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"2014 French filmHigh Society (French: Le beau monde) is a 2014 French romantic drama film written and directed by Julie Lopes-Curval. The film stars Ana Girardot, Bastien Bouillon and Baptiste Lecaplain.[3] It was selected to be screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.[4] In January 2015, the film received two nominations at the 20th Lumières Awards.[5]","title":"High Society (2014 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ana Girardot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Girardot"},{"link_name":"Bastien Bouillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastien_Bouillon"},{"link_name":"Baptiste Lecaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptiste_Lecaplain"},{"link_name":"Sergi López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergi_L%C3%B3pez_i_Ayats"},{"link_name":"India Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Hair"}],"text":"Ana Girardot as Alice\nBastien Bouillon as Antoine\nBaptiste Lecaplain as Kevin\nAurélia Petit as Agnès\nSergi López as Harold\nIndia Hair as Manon\nStéphane Bissot as Christiane\nJean-Noël Brouté as Monsieur Jacquard\nMichèle Gleizer as Arlette\nDavid Houri as Rodolphe\nBlanche Cluzet as Catherine\nCécile Bernot as Déborah\nLawrence Valin as Martin","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"High Society\". Cineuropa. Retrieved 17 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://cineuropa.org/f.aspx?t=film&did=261515","url_text":"\"High Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"TIFF Adds 'Clouds of Sils Maria' and 'Two Days, One Night,' Reveals 5 More Lineups\". Indiewire. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/toronto-international-film-festival-reveals-7-big-new-lineups-20140812","url_text":"\"TIFF Adds 'Clouds of Sils Maria' and 'Two Days, One Night,' Reveals 5 More Lineups\""}]},{"reference":"\"France's Lumiere Awards Nominations Unveiled\". The Hollywood Reporter. 12 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frances-lumiere-awards-nominations-unveiled-762567","url_text":"\"France's Lumiere Awards Nominations Unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Society_(2014_film)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=14450","external_links_name":"https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=14450"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt3129916/?ref_=bo_se_r_1","external_links_name":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt3129916/?ref_=bo_se_r_1"},{"Link":"http://cineuropa.org/f.aspx?t=film&did=261515","external_links_name":"\"High Society\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/toronto-international-film-festival-reveals-7-big-new-lineups-20140812","external_links_name":"\"TIFF Adds 'Clouds of Sils Maria' and 'Two Days, One Night,' Reveals 5 More Lineups\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frances-lumiere-awards-nominations-unveiled-762567","external_links_name":"\"France's Lumiere Awards Nominations Unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3129916/","external_links_name":"High Society"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v1102446564","external_links_name":"High Society"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Society_(2014_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Automation	Office automation	["1 Outline","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]	Office automation refers to the varied computer machinery and software used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks. Raw data storage, electronic transfer, and the management of electronic business information comprise the basic activities of an office automation system. Office automation helps in optimizing or automating existing office procedures. The backbone of office automation is a local area network, which allows users to transfer data, mail and voice across the network. All office functions, including dictation, typing, filing, copying, fax, telex, microfilm and records management, telephone and telephone switchboard operations, fall into this category. Office automation was a popular term in the 1970s and 1980s as the desktop computer exploded onto the scene. Advantages of office automation include that it can get many tasks accomplished faster, it eliminates the need for a large staff, less storage is required to store data, and multiple people can update data simultaneously in the event of changes in schedule. Outline Businesses can easily purchase and stock their wares with the aid of technology. Many of the manual tasks that used to be done by hand can now be done through hand held devices and UPC and SKU coding. In the retail setting, automation also increases choice. Customers can easily process their payments through automated credit card machines and no longer have to wait in line for an employee to process and manually type in the credit card numbers. Office payrolls have been automated, which means no one has to manually cut checks, and those checks that are cut can be printed through computer programs. Direct deposit can be automatically set up and this further reduces the manual process, and most employees who participate in direct deposit often find their paychecks come earlier than if they'd have to wait for their checks to be written and then cleared by the bank. Other ways automation has reduced employee manpower on tasks is automated voice direction. Through the use of prompts, automated phone menus and directed calls, the need for employees to be dedicated to answer the phones has been reduced, and in some cases, eliminated. See also Apache OpenOffice References ^ "Office Automation". Archived from the original on 2006-04-20. Retrieved 2006-06-27. ^ Computing Dictionary Further reading The Electronic Sweatshop: How Computers Are Transforming the Office of the Future into the Factory of the Past, Barbara Garson. New York: Penguin Books, 1989, cop. 1988. ISBN 0-14-012145-5 pbk. Wilkie Office Automation What is OA?, June 2006, Accessed 21 June 2006 Authority control databases: National Israel United States This business software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local area network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network"},{"link_name":"typing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typing"},{"link_name":"fax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax"},{"link_name":"telex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex"},{"link_name":"microfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilm"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"},{"link_name":"telephone switchboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_switchboard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The backbone of office automation is a local area network, which allows users to transfer data, mail and voice across the network. All office functions, including dictation, typing, filing, copying, fax, telex, microfilm and records management, telephone and telephone switchboard operations, fall into this category. Office automation was a popular term in the 1970s and 1980s as the desktop computer exploded onto the scene. Advantages of office automation include that it can get many tasks accomplished faster, it eliminates the need for a large staff, less storage is required to store data, and multiple people can update data simultaneously in the event of changes in schedule.[2]","title":"Office automation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Product_Code"},{"link_name":"SKU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_keeping_unit"},{"link_name":"paychecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paycheck"}],"text":"Businesses can easily purchase and stock their wares with the aid of technology. Many of the manual tasks that used to be done by hand can now be done through hand held devices and UPC and SKU coding. In the retail setting, automation also increases choice. Customers can easily process their payments through automated credit card machines and no longer have to wait in line for an employee to process and manually type in the credit card numbers.Office payrolls have been automated, which means no one has to manually cut checks, and those checks that are cut can be printed through computer programs. Direct deposit can be automatically set up and this further reduces the manual process, and most employees who participate in direct deposit often find their paychecks come earlier than if they'd have to wait for their checks to be written and then cleared by the bank.Other ways automation has reduced employee manpower on tasks is automated voice direction. 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New York: Penguin Books, 1989, cop. 1988. ISBN 0-14-012145-5 pbk.\nWilkie Office Automation What is OA?, June 2006, Accessed 21 June 2006Authority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited StatesThis business software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Apache OpenOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_OpenOffice"}]	[{"reference":"\"Office Automation\". Archived from the original on 2006-04-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_History_of_Primitive_Christianity	A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity	["1 External links"]	A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity（German:Zur Geschichte des Urchristentums）is a work written by Friedrich Engels in 1894 and later published in Die Neue Zeit between 1894 and 1895. This work mainly compares the similarity between early Christianity and contemporary labour movement. External links A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity On the History of Early Christianity Zur Geschichte des Urchristentums vteWorks by Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsMarxDas Kapital Das Kapital, Volume I (1867) Das Kapital, Volume II (1885, posthumous) Das Kapital, Volume III (1894, posthumous) Other works Scorpion and Felix (1837) Oulanem (1839) The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature (1841) "The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law" (1842) Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (1843, published 1927) "On the Jewish Question" (1843) "Notes on James Mill" (1844) Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (1844, published 1932) "Theses on Feuerbach" (1845, published 1888) The Poverty of Philosophy (1847) "Wage Labour and Capital" (1847) The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850 (1850) The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852) Grundrisse (1857, published 1939) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859) Theories of Surplus Value (three volumes, 1862) "Value, Price and Profit" (1865) "The Belgian Massacres" (1869) "The Civil War in France" (1871) Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875) Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx (1968) Marx's notebooks on the history of technology Marx andEngels The Holy Family (1844) The German Ideology (1845, published 1932) The Communist Manifesto (1848) The Civil War in the United States (1861) Engels The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) Principles of Communism (1847) The Peasant War in Germany (1850) "The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man" (1876) Anti-Dühring (1878) Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880) Dialectics of Nature (1883) The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (1884) Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1886) A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity (1894) Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany (1896, posthumous) Collections Marx/Engels Collected Works (1975–2004) Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (1975–today) Karl Marx Library (1971–1977) This article about a book related to Christianity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a book about religion is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.slp.org/pdf/marx/prim_christ_engels.pdf","external_links_name":"A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity"},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894/early-christianity/","external_links_name":"On the History of Early Christianity"},{"Link":"http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me22/me22_447.htm","external_links_name":"Zur Geschichte des Urchristentums"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Contribution_to_the_History_of_Primitive_Christianity&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Contribution_to_the_History_of_Primitive_Christianity&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Thomaes	Rudi Thomaes	["1 Education","2 Career","3 Sources"]	Belgian businessman (1952–2018) Rudi, Baron Thomaes (21 August 1952 – 25 July 2018) was a Belgian businessman and CEO of the Federation of Belgian Enterprises and a member of VOKA. Education He graduated as a bachelor of law from the University of Antwerp (UFSIA) and obtained a master's degree in law from the University of Antwerp (UIA). Career He started his career as a Financial Export Coordinator at Bell Telephone in 1976. He became managing director and Chairman of the Management Committee of Alcatel Bell in 1999. From 1979 until 1981 he was responsible for social, legal and fiscal affairs with ITT Industries in Belgium. In 1981 he returned to Bell Telephone as a contract lawyer until 1983, during this period he negotiated the joint venture and licence contract with China. From 1984 until 1986, he was Assistant Director and Head of the Export Treasury and International Contracts Department at Bell Telephone. From 1986 until 1988 he was Area Manager EMEA and responsible for the marketing of digital switching networks. From 1988 until 1998, he was General Counsel for Alcatel Bell, and responsible for the legal department and the relations with the European Union. In 1997, he became responsible for the strategic change plan of Alcatel Bell. On 1 January 1999, he became Chief Operating Officer and on 1 October 1999 Chief Executive Officer and President of the Alcatel Bell Management Committee From 2004 to 2012, Rudi Thomaes was CEO of the Federation of Belgian Enterprises and since 29 March 2005 he was a regent of the National Bank of Belgium. Sources Rudi Thomaes (European Business Summit] Rudi Thomaes (NBB) This business-related Belgian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"Federation of Belgian Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Belgian_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"VOKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOKA"}],"text":"Rudi, Baron Thomaes (21 August 1952 – 25 July 2018) was a Belgian businessman and CEO of the Federation of Belgian Enterprises and a member of VOKA.","title":"Rudi Thomaes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antwerp"}],"text":"He graduated as a bachelor of law from the University of Antwerp (UFSIA) and obtained a master's degree in law from the University of Antwerp (UIA).","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell Telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent"},{"link_name":"ITT Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Alcatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Federation of Belgian Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Belgian_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium"}],"text":"He started his career as a Financial Export Coordinator at Bell Telephone in 1976. He became managing director and Chairman of the Management Committee of Alcatel Bell in 1999. From 1979 until 1981 he was responsible for social, legal and fiscal affairs with ITT Industries in Belgium. In 1981 he returned to Bell Telephone as a contract lawyer until 1983, during this period he negotiated the joint venture and licence contract with China. From 1984 until 1986, he was Assistant Director and Head of the Export Treasury and International Contracts Department at Bell Telephone. From 1986 until 1988 he was Area Manager EMEA and responsible for the marketing of digital switching networks. From 1988 until 1998, he was General Counsel for Alcatel Bell, and responsible for the legal department and the relations with the European Union. In 1997, he became responsible for the strategic change plan of Alcatel Bell. On 1 January 1999, he became Chief Operating Officer and on 1 October 1999 Chief Executive Officer and President of the Alcatel Bell Management CommitteeFrom 2004 to 2012, Rudi Thomaes was CEO of the Federation of Belgian Enterprises and since 29 March 2005 he was a regent of the National Bank of Belgium.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudi Thomaes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ebsummit.org/cv_details.html?cvid=25"},{"link_name":"Rudi Thomaes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nbb.be/pub/01_00_00_00_00/01_02_00_00_00/01_02_04_00_00/Thomaes+Rudi.htm?l=en&t=ho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Thomaes&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Belgium-business-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Belgium-business-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgium-business-bio-stub"}],"text":"Rudi Thomaes (European Business Summit]\nRudi Thomaes (NBB)This business-related Belgian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.ebsummit.org/cv_details.html?cvid=25","external_links_name":"Rudi Thomaes"},{"Link":"http://www.nbb.be/pub/01_00_00_00_00/01_02_00_00_00/01_02_04_00_00/Thomaes+Rudi.htm?l=en&t=ho","external_links_name":"Rudi Thomaes"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Thomaes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFEO	World Federation of Engineering Organizations	["1 Structure, membership, activities","1.1 Standing Technical Committees / Policy Implementation Committees","1.2 Conferences","1.3 Presidents","2 International members","3 References","4 External links"]	This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "World Federation of Engineering Organizations" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) World Federation of Engineering OrganizationsAbbreviationWFEOFMOIFormation1968; 56 years ago (1968)TypeNGOLegal statusActiveHeadquartersParis, FranceMembers 100 nationsHeadMustafa ShehuPresident of WFEOWebsiteWFEO.net Logo of WFEO The World Federation of Engineering Organizations (French: Federation Mondiale des Organisations d'Ingenieurs; WFEO) is an international, non-governmental organization representing the engineering profession worldwide. Founded in 1968 by a group of regional engineering organizations, under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) in Paris, WFEO is a non governmental international organization that brings together national engineering organizations from over 90 nations and represents some 20 million engineers from around the world. WFEO is part of the United Nations system as an NGO in official relations with UNESCO (associate status) since its foundation, and as taking part in the work of its main bodies, mainly the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and its specialized agencies, notably the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme. At the UN ECOSOC, WFEO co-organizes with the International Science Council the Scientific and Technological Community Major Group. In 2019, based on proposal by WFEO, the UNESCO's General Conference approved the creation of the UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development, to be celebrated on 4 March of each year. Since then, WFEO has been coordinating the related celebrations around the world, through its membership and partnering institutions. Structure, membership, activities The governing body of WFEO is the General Assembly. Between meetings of the General Assembly the affairs of the Federation are directed by the Executive Council. The business of the Federation is dealt with by the Executive Board, supported by the Executive Director. Actions the General Assembly, Executive Council, or Executive Board are by majority vote. WFEO's membership comprises a hundred member institutions, including national members representing a country, and international members representing either a global region or continent, or representing a branch of the engineering profession at the global scale. Standing Technical Committees / Policy Implementation Committees WFEO's main activities in specialized fields of engineering is carried out by its committees, which are hosted by national members for a four-year term. Anti-corruption Disaster Risk Management Education in Engineering Energy Information & Communication Engineering & the Environment Engineering Capacity Building Engineering for Innovative Technology Water Women in Engineering Young Engineers / Future Leaders Conferences WFEO body meets annually for the General Assembly or Executive Council, and the Committees' meetings. These meetings are framed by a conference, where non affiliated engineers can join. In general these meetings and conferences are held in November. Last conferences Year City Country Name of the conference Theme 2009 Kuwait City Kuwait Alternative Energy Applications – Option or Necessity 2010 Buenos Aires Argentina World Engineering Week (WEW) Technology, Innovation and Production for Sustainable Development 2011 Geneva Switzerland World Engineering Conference (WEC) 2012 Ljubljana Slovenia World Engineering Forum (WEF) Sustainable Construction for People 2013 Singapore Singapore World Engineering Summit (WES) Innovative and Sustainable Solutions to Climate Change 2014 Abuja Nigeria Nigeria, World Engineering Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure (WECSI) Development of Sustainable Infrastructure in Africa 2015 Kyoto Japan World Engineering Conference and Convention (WECC) Engineering: Innovation and Society 2016 Lima Peru World Engineering Conference ON Disaster Risk Reduction Engineering: Disaster Risk 2017 Rome Italy World Engineering Forum Engineering for humankind's heritage 2018 London UK Global Engineering Congress Engineering for the Sustainable Development Goals 2019 Melbourne Australia World Engineering Convention 2022 San José Costa Rica World Engineers Summit Presidents WFEO's President is elected by the General Assembly for a two-years term, in the context of an immediate past president/president/president-elect system. WFEO's presidents since its foundation Years President Country 1968–1974 Eric Choisy Switzerland 1975–1986 Sadok Ben Jemaa Tunisia 1986–1991 A.Y Ishlinsky Russia (U.S.S.R.) 1991–1995 William J. Caroll US 1995–1999 Conrado Bauer Argentina 1999–2003 José Medem Spain 2003–2005 Dato Lee Yee Cheong Malaysia 2005–2007 Kamel Ayadi Tunisia 2007–2009 Barry Grear Australia 2009–2011 Maria Prieto Laffargue Spain 2011–2013 Adel Al-Kharafi Kuwait 2013–2015 Marwan Abdelhamid Palestine 2015–2017 Jorge Spitalnik Brazil 2017–2019 Marlene Kanga Australia 2019–2021 Gong Ke China 2021–2023 José Manuel Vieira Portugal 2023–2025 Mustafa Shehu Nigeria International members Commonwealth Engineers Council (CEC) Federation of Arab Engineers (FAE) Federation of African Engineering Organizations (FAEO) European Federation of National Engineering Associations (FEANI) Federation of Engineering Institutions of South and Central Asia (FEISCA) Federation of Engineering Institutions of Asia and the Pacific (FEIAP) International Federation of Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) International Federation of Municipal Engineers (IFME) Pan American Federation of Engineers Society (UPADI) Union of Scientific and Engineering Societies (USEA) World Council of Civil Engineers (WCCE) References ^ www.wef2012.si, last visit on 29 March 2013 ^ www.wes2013.org, last visit on 29 March 2013 ^ www.wec2014.org, last visit on 18 September 2013 ^ www.wecc2015.com, last visit on 29 March 2013 ^ "Home". Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019. ^ "Brochure" (PDF). www.tuttoingegnere.it. 2017. ^ "Global Engineering Congress \| Institution of Civil Engineers". Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ "World Engineers Convention 2019 contribution goes beyond the economic benefits". melbournecb.com.au. 22 November 2019. External links Official website vteUnited Nations Secretary-General: António Guterres Deputy Secretary-General: Amina J. 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Criminal Court International Narcotics Control Board International Day of Peace International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years Interpreters UN laissez-passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Canada Ralph Bunche Park SDG Publishers Compact Sustainable Development Goals United Nations Postal Administration UN Block By Block Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules) Treaty Series Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities UN Day Millennium Declaration Millennium Summit Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection Security Council mural UN Federal Credit Union UN International School Hanoi UN Mandate UN Memorial Cemetery Korea UN Sacco University for Peace Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action Woodrow Wilson Memorial World Federation of United Nations Associations Other Outline United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights United Nations Medal United Nations Radio UN television film series (1964–1966) UN Special magazine Ex Tempore magazine United Nations in popular culture UNICEF club Model UN Withdrawal from the United Nations Women in peacekeeping World portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WFEO_logo.gif"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"United Nations Economic and Social Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council"},{"link_name":"United Nations Industrial Development 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Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190103042042/http://wecdrr2016.cip.org.pe/","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"http://wecdrr2016.cip.org.pe/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brochure\" (PDF). www.tuttoingegnere.it. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuttoingegnere.it/images/eventi/2016/Allegato_1_Brochure_WEF_2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Brochure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Engineering Congress \| Institution of Civil Engineers\". Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Code	Rebel Code	["1 References"]	Rebel Code AuthorGlyn MoodyLanguageEnglishPublished2001PublisherBasic BooksISBN0-7382-0670-9 Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution is a technology book by Glyn Moody published in 2001. It describes the evolution and significance of the free software and open source movements with many interviews with notable hackers. The british journalist Stephen Poole wrote in 2001 that the open source movement might have the effect of reducing the price people are willing to pay for other products. He also highlighted the inconsistency between the free cost of open source and the price the publishers were asking for the book. Chris Douce wrote in 2001 that the book is an "important addition to the genre of writing that will undoubtedly become termed 'pop-computing'". He also wrote that the book raised interesting questions regarding the relationship between technology and culture, as lot of early design decisions about the Linux kernel were determined by microprocessors. Sean Jewett wrote in 2001 that "Rebel Code, despite some flaws, is a must read for those using Linux. It helps put into perspective the decisions that were made early on, and sheds light on the revolution to come." References ^ Poole, Stephen (27 January 2001). "Give it away". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2015. ^ www.open.ac.uk: CV ^ Douce, Chris (1 July 2001). "Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution". Psychology of Programming Interest Group. Retrieved 20 April 2015. ^ Jewett, Sean (2 March 2001). "Book Review: Rebel Code: Inside the Linux and Open Source Revolution". linux.omnipotent.net. Retrieved 20 April 2015.	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Retrieved 20 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://linux.omnipotent.net/article.php?article_id=11835","url_text":"\"Book Review: Rebel Code: Inside the Linux and Open Source Revolution\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jan/27/computingandthenet.stevenpoole","external_links_name":"\"Give it away\""},{"Link":"https://www.open.ac.uk/people/crd96","external_links_name":"CV"},{"Link":"http://www.ppig.org/news/2001-07-01/book-review-rebel-code-linux-and-open-source-revolution","external_links_name":"\"Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution\""},{"Link":"http://linux.omnipotent.net/article.php?article_id=11835","external_links_name":"\"Book Review: Rebel Code: Inside the Linux and Open Source Revolution\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Museum	Harris Museum	["1 History","2 Design","2.1 Exterior","2.2 Interior","3 Collections","4 Library","5 Gallery","6 Renovation Project","7 Appearances in media and products","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°45′33″N 2°41′54″W / 53.75911°N 2.69825°W / 53.75911; -2.69825Art gallery and public library in Preston, England "The Harris" redirects here. For other uses, see Harris. Harris MuseumThe Harris buildingHarris MuseumLocation in Preston city centreEstablished1893; 131 years ago (1893)LocationMarket Square, Preston, EnglandCoordinates53°45′33″N 2°41′54″W / 53.75911°N 2.69825°W / 53.75911; -2.69825TypeArt Gallery and Public LibraryWebsitewww.theharris.org.uk Listed Building – Grade IOfficial nameHarris Public Library, Museum and Art GalleryDesignated12 June 1950Reference no.1207306 The Harris Museum is a Grade I-listed building in Preston, Lancashire, England. Founded by Edmund Harris in 1877, it is a local history and fine art museum. History In the 19th century, it became legal to raise money for libraries by local taxation, and the town of Preston wanted a grand museum and library for its inhabitants. From 1850, local people held fund-raising events; and in 1877 Edmund Robert Harris, a Preston lawyer, left in his will £300,000 to establish a trust and support a public library, museum and art gallery with Preston Corporation. In 1879, the first Preston lending library was set up in the Town Hall basement, while a public museum was set up on Cross Street, opening 1 May 1880. Success led the council to erect a new building for both. Work started on the museum in 1882 during the Preston Guild, and it officially opened in 1893. Design The building was designed by a local architect, James Hibbert, who chose a Neo-Classical style. For the 1880s, this was in some ways contrary to the Gothic Revival style which was popular at the time and features in numerous contemporary buildings in Preston, including the old Town Hall which stood on the western side of the Harris. Exterior The building's exterior reflects Hibbert's vision of a neo-classicism through "“simplicity, symmetry of plan, truthfulness of expression and refinement of detail”. Unlike other public buildings designed in this style (such as the British Museum in London and the Konzerthaus in Berlin), Hibbert's design does not feature steps leading up from the Flag Market but instead has ground-level entrances on each side of the building. A pediment dominates the front of the building and features a sculpture based upon Raphael's painting The School of Athens. Interpreting Hibbert's design fell to London sculptor Edwin Roscoe Mullins and features the central figure of the Ancient Athenian general Pericles, surrounded by twelve other men arranged symmetrically to either side. The sculpture is considered Mullins' principal work. Beneath the pediment is the inscription To Literature, Arts and Science. There are further inscriptions along the sides, including "on Earth there is nothing great but man : in man there is nothing great but mind." On the lantern tower a quotation in Ancient Greek from Pericles' Funeral Oration. Supporting the pediment are six Ionic fluted columns leading down to a raised portico overlooking the Flag Market. Interior The building's interior is dominated by a central hall rising over 120 feet from the ground floor to the ceiling of the lantern tower. As well as the ground floor, there are three upper floors with balconies opening up onto the central hall, and collection halls and exhibition spaces on each floor. The interior design features classical influences from Ancient Greece, Assyria and Egypt, including columns and mosaic floors, and copies of Classical and Renaissance sculpture representing the “whole range and history of the world’s greatest achievements in art”. Only the Greek and Assyrian friezes on the upper floors and the copy of Lorenzo Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise on the ground floor remain of the original sculptures. Collections The Harris collections cover fine art, decorative art, costume, textiles and history including collections on archaeology and local history. The museum has a permanent history gallery called Discover Preston which covers Preston's history but also includes a Discovery Room featuring the wider collections. Highlights of the Discovery Room include a display of the complete skeleton discovered in 1970, of the 13,500-year-old Poulton Elk, a skeleton of an Ice Age elk with two embedded man-made barbed points, the earliest relic of human occupation of Lancashire. The fine art collection includes over 800 oil paintings featuring work by Richard Ansdell, George Frederick Watts, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Stanley Spencer, Lucian Freud, Ivon Hitchens and Graham Sutherland as well as local artists Anthony Devis and Reginald Aspinwall. The decorative art collection includes collections of British ceramics and glass, and are displayed in the Ceramics and Glass Gallery. In addition there is a contemporary art programme of national and international artists, touring shows and in-house exhibitions. A Foucault pendulum hangs in the central foyer, through all the floors, over a butterfly-shaped plate marked with the hours of the day. As a result of the rotation of the Earth, this functions as a decorative and reasonably-accurate clock. The building is also decorated with a number of plaster casts of classical friezes throughout the central atrium and a 19th-century copy of the Baptistery doors from Florence is located on the ground floor. These were part of the original design scheme by the architect James Hibbert. Library The building also houses Preston City's Public Library, which is run by Lancashire County Council. The first librarian of the Harris Free Public Library was a William Bramwell who retired in 1916 aged eighty-one. The Harris library holds important book collections including the Shepherd Collection donated to Preston by Dr Richard Shepherd in 1761, with additions funded by the Shepherd bequest, local studies material, nineteenth-century journals, rare books and art books. Also the Spencer collection of illustrated children's books and chapbooks. At the time of the opening of the Harris, William Bramwell was also the librarian of the Dr Shepherd Library which found a home at the Harris having been located in various buildings and institutions across the town. Gallery The Harris Detail of the sculptures above the columns The front of the building, as seen from the Flag Market The pediment, with the central figure of Pericles The entrance and rotunda from the first floor The gallery entrances from the first floor landing The skylight pyramid at the top of the main atrium In the Bey's Garden, by John Frederick Lewis, in the museum Copy of The Gates of Paradise - the east doors of The Florence Baptistery. In the Golden Olden Time, by John Atkinson Grimshaw, oil on canvas, c1870 Scapa Flow by B. F. Gribble, depicting the surrender of the German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow on 18 November 1918, oil on canvas, 1920 Blue hour photograph of the Harris Museum taken in the morning 5 March 2022 Renovation Project Following a successful bid for support from the National Lottery Heritage Fund, in October 2020 plans were submitted for a £10.7M renovation and restoration project called #HarrisYourPlace with the aim "to establish the Harris as the UK’s first blended museum, art gallery and library". The project is said to include "much-needed conservation works" on the roof, stonework and basement to help address the building's "long-standing damp problem". It will also reveal some of the Harris’ original architectural details which have been hidden by previous building works, including reopening an original entrance way to improve accessibility. A new lift and toilet on the ground floor will improve the building's accessibility to disabled visitors, and a new staircase will replace the existing fire exit stairs. These proposed works are in addition to a £150K Children's Place scheme scheduled to open in 2024, which will redevelop the children's library space and improve facilities for school groups and families. Appearances in media and products The Harris features in the Preston version of Monopoly, launched in October 2020. See also Listed buildings in Preston, Lancashire References ^ a b Historic England. "Harris Public Library, Museum and art gallery (1207306)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ a b "Harris Museum History". Visit Preston. Retrieved 15 February 2020. ^ a b c d e "Architecture of the Harris Building". The Harris. Retrieved 15 February 2020. ^ "Edwin Roscoe Mullins (1848-1907)". Bob Speel. Retrieved 16 February 2020. ^ Harris Museum: The Poulton Elk. ^ Reginald Aspinwall's Paintings, BBC Your Paintings, accessed April 2013 ^ "Harris Museum Exhibition". Preston Grasshoppers. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ "Harris Museum". Visit North West. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ "Welcome to the Library and Information Service web siteBack - Preston Harris Home Page". Lancashire County Council. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2008. ^ "Lancashire Lantern: Lancashire Life And Times E-Resource Network". Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015. ^ A Catalogue of the Spencer Collection of Early Children's Books and Chapbooks, Presented to the Harris Public Library, Preston, By Mr. J. H. Spencer, 1967 ^ Convey, John (1993).The Harris Free Public Library and Museum, Preston 1893-1993, p.37, Lancashire County Books, Preston. ISBN 9781871236309 ^ Phil Cunnington (28 October 2020). "Bosses submit £10m plans to transform Preston's Harris Museum". Lancashire Evening Post. Retrieved 14 November 2020. ^ Abigail Donoghue (11 October 2020). "New £150,000 children's space being created in The Harris". Blog Preston. Retrieved 14 November 2020. ^ Anthony Gilmour (19 October 2020). "The BIG Preston Edition Monopoly Game Launch Is Happening On Thursday". Preston Hub. Retrieved 14 November 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harris Museum and Art Gallery. www.theharris.org.uk vteBuildings and structures in the City of PrestonGrade I Harris Museum Preston Cenotaph Places of worship Preston: St Walburge Grade II* Arkwright House Avenham Park Miller Park Moor Park Sessions House Places of worship Preston: St George the Martyr St John's Minster St Mark St Peter St Wilfrid Syro-Malabar Cathedral (former St Ignatius) Ashton-on-Ribble: St Michael & All Angels Broughton: St John the Baptist Goosnargh: St Mary the Virgin Woodplumpton: St Anne Grade II Archbishop Temple School Black Horse Chingle Hall Church Cottage Museum Corn Exchange Covered Market Fulwood Barracks (including Lancashire Infantry Museum) The Guild Miller Arcade Museum of Lancashire Penwortham Old Bridge Preston bus station Preston railway station Preston Royal Infirmary Preston Town Hall Ribbleton railway station St Joseph's Orphanage Tulketh Mill Ye Horns Inn Places of worship Preston: All Saints Carey Baptist City Emmanuel English Martyrs Fishergate Baptist Moor Park Methodist Preston Central Methodist St Joseph St Luke St Mary St Paul St Thomas Ashton-on-Ribble: St Andrew Barton: St Lawrence Fernyhalgh: St Mary Grimsargh: St Michael Inglewhite: Congregational Chapel Unlisted County Hall Fishergate Shopping Centre The Green Man at Inglewhite HM Prison Preston Park Hotel The Plough at Eaves Preston Crown Court Preston Guild Hall RAF Barton Hall Royal Preston Hospital St George's Shopping Centre The Warehouse Kimberley Barracks Places of worship Preston: Jamea Masjid St Matthew Fulwood: Christ Church Ribbleton: St Mary Magdalene Derelict ordemolished Preston Castle Preston Greyfriars Red Scar Mill Tulketh Hall Tulketh Priory Whittingham Hospital Lists Mills in Preston Tallest in Preston Listed in Barton Broughton Goosnargh Grimsargh Haighton Lea Preston Whittingham Woodplumpton	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Grade I-listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Preston, Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listed-1"}],"text":"Art gallery and public library in Preston, England\"The Harris\" redirects here. For other uses, see Harris.The Harris Museum is a Grade I-listed building in Preston, Lancashire, England.[1] Founded by Edmund Harris in 1877, it is a local history and fine art museum.","title":"Harris Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Edmund Robert Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Robert_Harris"},{"link_name":"public library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarrisHistory-2"},{"link_name":"Preston Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Guild"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarrisHistory-2"}],"text":"In the 19th century, it became legal to raise money for libraries by local taxation, and the town of Preston wanted a grand museum and library for its inhabitants. From 1850, local people held fund-raising events; and in 1877 Edmund Robert Harris, a Preston lawyer, left in his will £300,000 to establish a trust and support a public library, museum and art gallery with Preston Corporation.[2]In 1879, the first Preston lending library was set up in the Town Hall basement, while a public museum was set up on Cross Street, opening 1 May 1880. Success led the council to erect a new building for both. Work started on the museum in 1882 during the Preston Guild, and it officially opened in 1893.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"James Hibbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hibbert"},{"link_name":"Neo-Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarrisArchitecture-3"}],"text":"The building was designed by a local architect, James Hibbert, who chose a Neo-Classical style. For the 1880s, this was in some ways contrary to the Gothic Revival style which was popular at the time and features in numerous contemporary buildings in Preston, including the old Town Hall which stood on the western side of the Harris.[3]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Konzerthaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzerthaus_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarrisArchitecture-3"},{"link_name":"pediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"Raphael's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"The School of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Edwin Roscoe Mullins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Roscoe_Mullins"},{"link_name":"Ancient Athenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Athens"},{"link_name":"Pericles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"lantern tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantern_tower"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Pericles' Funeral Oration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles%27_Funeral_Oration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarrisArchitecture-3"},{"link_name":"Ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"fluted columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listed-1"}],"sub_title":"Exterior","text":"The building's exterior reflects Hibbert's vision of a neo-classicism through \"“simplicity, symmetry of plan, truthfulness of expression and refinement of detail”. Unlike other public buildings designed in this style (such as the British Museum in London and the Konzerthaus in Berlin), Hibbert's design does not feature steps leading up from the Flag Market but instead has ground-level entrances on each side of the building.[3]A pediment dominates the front of the building and features a sculpture based upon Raphael's painting The School of Athens. Interpreting Hibbert's design fell to London sculptor Edwin Roscoe Mullins and features the central figure of the Ancient Athenian general Pericles, surrounded by twelve other men arranged symmetrically to either side. The sculpture is considered Mullins' principal work.[4] Beneath the pediment is the inscription To Literature, Arts and Science. There are further inscriptions along the sides, including \"on Earth there is nothing great but man : in man there is nothing great but mind.\" On the lantern tower a quotation in Ancient Greek from Pericles' Funeral Oration.[3]Supporting the pediment are six Ionic fluted columns leading down to a raised portico overlooking the Flag Market.[1]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarrisArchitecture-3"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column"},{"link_name":"mosaic floors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"friezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti#Gates_of_Paradise_panels"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarrisArchitecture-3"}],"sub_title":"Interior","text":"The building's interior is dominated by a central hall rising over 120 feet from the ground floor to the ceiling of the lantern tower. As well as the ground floor, there are three upper floors with balconies opening up onto the central hall, and collection halls and exhibition spaces on each floor.[3]The interior design features classical influences from Ancient Greece, Assyria and Egypt, including columns and mosaic floors, and copies of Classical and Renaissance sculpture representing the “whole range and history of the world’s greatest achievements in art”. Only the Greek and Assyrian friezes on the upper floors and the copy of Lorenzo Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise on the ground floor remain of the original sculptures.[3]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Richard Ansdell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ansdell"},{"link_name":"George Frederick Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_Watts"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Alma-Tadema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema"},{"link_name":"Stanley Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Lucian Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Freud"},{"link_name":"Ivon Hitchens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivon_Hitchens"},{"link_name":"Graham Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Anthony Devis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Devis"},{"link_name":"Reginald Aspinwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Aspinwall"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Foucault pendulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_pendulum"},{"link_name":"Baptistery doors from Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Baptistery#Baptistery_doors"},{"link_name":"James Hibbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hibbert"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Harris collections cover fine art, decorative art, costume, textiles and history including collections on archaeology and local history. The museum has a permanent history gallery called Discover Preston which covers Preston's history but also includes a Discovery Room featuring the wider collections. Highlights of the Discovery Room include a display of the complete skeleton discovered in 1970, of the 13,500-year-old Poulton Elk, a skeleton of an Ice Age elk with two embedded man-made barbed points, the earliest relic of human occupation of Lancashire.[5]The fine art collection includes over 800 oil paintings featuring work by Richard Ansdell, George Frederick Watts, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Stanley Spencer, Lucian Freud, Ivon Hitchens and Graham Sutherland as well as local artists Anthony Devis and Reginald Aspinwall.[6] The decorative art collection includes collections of British ceramics and glass, and are displayed in the Ceramics and Glass Gallery. In addition there is a contemporary art programme of national and international artists, touring shows and in-house exhibitions.[7]A Foucault pendulum hangs in the central foyer, through all the floors, over a butterfly-shaped plate marked with the hours of the day. As a result of the rotation of the Earth, this functions as a decorative and reasonably-accurate clock. The building is also decorated with a number of plaster casts of classical friezes throughout the central atrium and a 19th-century copy of the Baptistery doors from Florence is located on the ground floor. These were part of the original design scheme by the architect James Hibbert.[8]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The building also houses Preston City's Public Library,[9] which is run by Lancashire County Council. The first librarian of the Harris Free Public Library was a William Bramwell who retired in 1916 aged eighty-one. The Harris library holds important book collections including the Shepherd Collection donated to Preston by Dr Richard Shepherd in 1761, with additions funded by the Shepherd bequest,[10] local studies material, nineteenth-century journals, rare books and art books. Also the Spencer collection of illustrated children's books and chapbooks.[11] At the time of the opening of the Harris, William Bramwell was also the librarian of the Dr Shepherd Library which found a home at the Harris having been located in various buildings and institutions across the town.[12]","title":"Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harris_Museum_Preston.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harris_Museum_detail_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harris_Museum_and_Art_Gallery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harris_Museum_Preston_20181224.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pericles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harris_Museum_Preston_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harris_Museum_Preston_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harris_Museum_Preston_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_the_beys_garden.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Frederick Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_Baptistery_Door_Copy_-_Harris_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Florence Baptistery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Baptistery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grimshaw_Golden_Olden_Time_20181203.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Atkinson Grimshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atkinson_Grimshaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gribble_Scapa_Flow_20181203.jpg"},{"link_name":"B. F. Gribble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Gribble"},{"link_name":"surrender of the German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_at_Scapa_Flow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Harris_Museum,_Art_Gallery_%26_Library.jpg"}],"text":"The Harris\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetail of the sculptures above the columns\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe front of the building, as seen from the Flag Market\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe pediment, with the central figure of Pericles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe entrance and rotunda from the first floor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe gallery entrances from the first floor landing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe skylight pyramid at the top of the main atrium\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn the Bey's Garden, by John Frederick Lewis, in the museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCopy of The Gates of Paradise - the east doors of The Florence Baptistery.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn the Golden Olden Time, by John Atkinson Grimshaw, oil on canvas, c1870\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScapa Flow by B. F. Gribble, depicting the surrender of the German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow on 18 November 1918, oil on canvas, 1920\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlue hour photograph of the Harris Museum taken in the morning 5 March 2022","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Lottery Heritage Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lottery_Heritage_Fund"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Following a successful bid for support from the National Lottery Heritage Fund, in October 2020 plans were submitted for a £10.7M renovation and restoration project called #HarrisYourPlace with the aim \"to establish the Harris as the UK’s first blended museum, art gallery and library\". The project is said to include \"much-needed conservation works\" on the roof, stonework and basement to help address the building's \"long-standing damp problem\". It will also reveal some of the Harris’ original architectural details which have been hidden by previous building works, including reopening an original entrance way to improve accessibility. A new lift and toilet on the ground floor will improve the building's accessibility to disabled visitors, and a new staircase will replace the existing fire exit stairs.[13]These proposed works are in addition to a £150K Children's Place scheme scheduled to open in 2024, which will redevelop the children's library space and improve facilities for school groups and families.[14]","title":"Renovation Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_(game)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Harris features in the Preston version of Monopoly, launched in October 2020.[15]","title":"Appearances in media and products"}]	[]	[{"title":"Listed buildings in Preston, Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Preston,_Lancashire"}]	[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Harris Public Library, Museum and art gallery (1207306)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1207306","url_text":"\"Harris Public Library, Museum and art gallery (1207306)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Harris Museum History\". Visit Preston. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visitpreston.com/welcome/preston-s-history/buildings-and-heritage/harris-museum-history/","url_text":"\"Harris Museum History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Architecture of the Harris Building\". The Harris. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.harrismuseum.org.uk/about-us/21-architecture-of-the-harris-building","url_text":"\"Architecture of the Harris Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edwin Roscoe Mullins (1848-1907)\". Bob Speel. Retrieved 16 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speel.me.uk/sculpt/roscoemullins.htm","url_text":"\"Edwin Roscoe Mullins (1848-1907)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harris Museum Exhibition\". Preston Grasshoppers. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgrfc.co.uk/150th-events/harris-museum-exhibition/","url_text":"\"Harris Museum Exhibition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harris Museum\". Visit North West. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitnorthwest.com/sights/harris-museum/","url_text":"\"Harris Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Library and Information Service web siteBack - Preston Harris Home Page\". Lancashire County Council. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071205044100/http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/libraries/librarydetails/libsearch1.asp?name=Preston%20Harris","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Library and Information Service web siteBack - Preston Harris Home Page\""},{"url":"http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/libraries/librarydetails/libsearch1.asp?name=Preston+Harris","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lancashire Lantern: Lancashire Life And Times E-Resource Network\". Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151002234647/http://lanternimages.lancashire.gov.uk/index.php?a=collections&s=item&key=C&pg=21","url_text":"\"Lancashire Lantern: Lancashire Life And Times E-Resource Network\""},{"url":"http://lanternimages.lancashire.gov.uk/index.php?a=collections&s=item&key=C&pg=21","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phil Cunnington (28 October 2020). \"Bosses submit £10m plans to transform Preston's Harris Museum\". Lancashire Evening Post. Retrieved 14 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lep.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/bosses-submit-ps10m-plans-transform-prestons-harris-museum-3017510","url_text":"\"Bosses submit £10m plans to transform Preston's Harris Museum\""}]},{"reference":"Abigail Donoghue (11 October 2020). \"New £150,000 children's space being created in The Harris\". Blog Preston. Retrieved 14 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blogpreston.co.uk/2020/10/new-150000-childrens-space-being-created-in-the-harris/","url_text":"\"New £150,000 children's space being created in The Harris\""}]},{"reference":"Anthony Gilmour (19 October 2020). \"The BIG Preston Edition Monopoly Game Launch Is Happening On Thursday\". Preston Hub. Retrieved 14 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprestonhub.co.uk/2020/10/19/the-big-preston-edition-monopoly-game-launch-is-happening-on-thursday/","url_text":"\"The BIG Preston Edition Monopoly Game Launch Is Happening On Thursday\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harris_Museum&params=53.75911_N_2.69825_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°45′33″N 2°41′54″W / 53.75911°N 2.69825°W / 53.75911; -2.69825"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harris_Museum&params=53.75911_N_2.69825_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°45′33″N 2°41′54″W / 53.75911°N 2.69825°W / 53.75911; -2.69825"},{"Link":"https://www.theharris.org.uk/","external_links_name":"www.theharris.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1207306","external_links_name":"1207306"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1207306","external_links_name":"\"Harris Public Library, Museum and art gallery (1207306)\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitpreston.com/welcome/preston-s-history/buildings-and-heritage/harris-museum-history/","external_links_name":"\"Harris Museum History\""},{"Link":"http://www.harrismuseum.org.uk/about-us/21-architecture-of-the-harris-building","external_links_name":"\"Architecture of the Harris Building\""},{"Link":"http://www.speel.me.uk/sculpt/roscoemullins.htm","external_links_name":"\"Edwin Roscoe Mullins (1848-1907)\""},{"Link":"http://www.harrismuseum.org.uk/current-exhibitions/stories-from-discover-preston/85-the-poulton-elk","external_links_name":"Harris Museum: The Poulton Elk"},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/search/search/search/keyword:reginald-aspinwall","external_links_name":"Reginald Aspinwall's Paintings"},{"Link":"https://www.pgrfc.co.uk/150th-events/harris-museum-exhibition/","external_links_name":"\"Harris Museum Exhibition\""},{"Link":"https://www.visitnorthwest.com/sights/harris-museum/","external_links_name":"\"Harris Museum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071205044100/http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/libraries/librarydetails/libsearch1.asp?name=Preston%20Harris","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the Library and Information Service web siteBack - Preston Harris Home Page\""},{"Link":"http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/libraries/librarydetails/libsearch1.asp?name=Preston+Harris","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151002234647/http://lanternimages.lancashire.gov.uk/index.php?a=collections&s=item&key=C&pg=21","external_links_name":"\"Lancashire Lantern: Lancashire Life And Times E-Resource Network\""},{"Link":"http://lanternimages.lancashire.gov.uk/index.php?a=collections&s=item&key=C&pg=21","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lep.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/bosses-submit-ps10m-plans-transform-prestons-harris-museum-3017510","external_links_name":"\"Bosses submit £10m plans to transform Preston's Harris Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.blogpreston.co.uk/2020/10/new-150000-childrens-space-being-created-in-the-harris/","external_links_name":"\"New £150,000 children's space being created in The Harris\""},{"Link":"https://theprestonhub.co.uk/2020/10/19/the-big-preston-edition-monopoly-game-launch-is-happening-on-thursday/","external_links_name":"\"The BIG Preston Edition Monopoly Game Launch Is Happening On Thursday\""},{"Link":"https://www.theharris.org.uk/","external_links_name":"www.theharris.org.uk"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_matrices	Moore matrix	["1 See also","2 References"]	In linear algebra, a Moore matrix, introduced by E. H. Moore (1896), is a matrix defined over a finite field. When it is a square matrix its determinant is called a Moore determinant (this is unrelated to the Moore determinant of a quaternionic Hermitian matrix). The Moore matrix has successive powers of the Frobenius automorphism applied to its columns (beginning with the zeroth power of the Frobenius automorphism in the first column), so it is an m × n matrix M = [ α 1 α 1 q … α 1 q n − 1 α 2 α 2 q … α 2 q n − 1 α 3 α 3 q … α 3 q n − 1 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ α m α m q … α m q n − 1 ] {\displaystyle M={\begin{bmatrix}\alpha _{1}&\alpha _{1}^{q}&\dots &\alpha _{1}^{q^{n-1}}\\\alpha _{2}&\alpha _{2}^{q}&\dots &\alpha _{2}^{q^{n-1}}\\\alpha _{3}&\alpha _{3}^{q}&\dots &\alpha _{3}^{q^{n-1}}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\\alpha _{m}&\alpha _{m}^{q}&\dots &\alpha _{m}^{q^{n-1}}\\\end{bmatrix}}} or M i , j = α i q j − 1 {\displaystyle M_{i,j}=\alpha _{i}^{q^{j-1}}} for all indices i and j. (Some authors use the transpose of the above matrix.) The Moore determinant of a square Moore matrix (so m = n) can be expressed as: det ( V ) = ∏ c ( c 1 α 1 + ⋯ + c n α n ) , {\displaystyle \det(V)=\prod _{\mathbf {c} }\left(c_{1}\alpha _{1}+\cdots +c_{n}\alpha _{n}\right),} where c runs over a complete set of direction vectors, made specific by having the last non-zero entry equal to 1, i.e., det ( V ) = ∏ 1 ≤ i ≤ n ∏ c 1 , … , c i − 1 ( c 1 α 1 + ⋯ + c i − 1 α i − 1 + α i ) . {\displaystyle \det(V)=\prod _{1\leq i\leq n}\prod _{c_{1},\dots ,c_{i-1}}\left(c_{1}\alpha _{1}+\cdots +c_{i-1}\alpha _{i-1}+\alpha _{i}\right).} In particular the Moore determinant vanishes if and only if the elements in the left hand column are linearly dependent over the finite field of order q. So it is analogous to the Wronskian of several functions. Dickson used the Moore determinant in finding the modular invariants of the general linear group over a finite field. See also Alternant matrix Vandermonde matrix Vandermonde determinant List of matrices References Dickson, Leonard Eugene (1958) , Magnus, Wilhelm (ed.), Linear groups: With an exposition of the Galois field theory, Dover Phoenix editions, New York: Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-49548-4, MR 0104735 David Goss (1996). Basic Structures of Function Field Arithmetic. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-63541-6. Chapter 1. Moore, E. H. (1896), "A two-fold generalization of Fermat's theorem.", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 2 (7): 189–199, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1896-00337-2, JFM 27.0139.05 vteMatrix classesExplicitly constrained entries Alternant Anti-diagonal Anti-Hermitian Anti-symmetric Arrowhead Band Bidiagonal Bisymmetric Block-diagonal Block Block tridiagonal Boolean Cauchy Centrosymmetric Conference Complex Hadamard Copositive Diagonally dominant Diagonal Discrete Fourier Transform Elementary Equivalent Frobenius Generalized permutation Hadamard Hankel Hermitian Hessenberg Hollow Integer Logical Matrix unit Metzler Moore Nonnegative Pentadiagonal Permutation Persymmetric Polynomial Quaternionic Signature Skew-Hermitian Skew-symmetric Skyline Sparse Sylvester Symmetric Toeplitz Triangular Tridiagonal Vandermonde Walsh Z Constant Exchange Hilbert Identity Lehmer Of ones Pascal Pauli Redheffer Shift Zero Conditions on eigenvalues or eigenvectors Companion Convergent Defective Definite Diagonalizable Hurwitz Positive-definite Stieltjes Satisfying conditions on products or inverses Congruent Idempotent or Projection Invertible Involutory Nilpotent Normal Orthogonal Unimodular Unipotent Unitary Totally unimodular Weighing With specific applications Adjugate Alternating sign Augmented Bézout Carleman Cartan Circulant Cofactor Commutation Confusion Coxeter Distance Duplication and elimination Euclidean distance Fundamental (linear differential equation) Generator Gram Hessian Householder Jacobian Moment Payoff Pick Random Rotation Seifert Shear Similarity Symplectic Totally positive Transformation Used in statistics Centering Correlation Covariance Design Doubly stochastic Fisher information Hat Precision Stochastic Transition Used in graph theory Adjacency Biadjacency Degree Edmonds Incidence Laplacian Seidel adjacency Tutte Used in science and engineering Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa Density Fundamental (computer vision) Fuzzy associative Gamma Gell-Mann Hamiltonian Irregular Overlap S State transition Substitution Z (chemistry) Related terms Jordan normal form Linear independence Matrix exponential Matrix representation of conic sections Perfect matrix Pseudoinverse Row echelon form Wronskian Mathematics portal List of matrices Category:Matrices This article about matrices is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linearly dependent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearly_dependent"},{"link_name":"Wronskian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wronskian"},{"link_name":"modular invariants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_invariant_of_a_group"},{"link_name":"general linear group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group"}],"text":"M\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 1\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n \n …\n \n \n \n α\n \n 1\n \n \n \n q\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 2\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n \n …\n \n \n \n α\n \n 2\n \n \n \n q\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 3\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n \n …\n \n \n \n α\n \n 3\n \n \n \n q\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋱\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n m\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n \n …\n \n \n \n α\n \n m\n \n \n \n q\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M={\\begin{bmatrix}\\alpha _{1}&\\alpha _{1}^{q}&\\dots &\\alpha _{1}^{q^{n-1}}\\\\\\alpha _{2}&\\alpha _{2}^{q}&\\dots &\\alpha _{2}^{q^{n-1}}\\\\\\alpha _{3}&\\alpha _{3}^{q}&\\dots &\\alpha _{3}^{q^{n-1}}\\\\\\vdots &\\vdots &\\ddots &\\vdots \\\\\\alpha _{m}&\\alpha _{m}^{q}&\\dots &\\alpha _{m}^{q^{n-1}}\\\\\\end{bmatrix}}}M\n \n i\n ,\n j\n \n \n =\n \n α\n \n i\n \n \n \n q\n \n j\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M_{i,j}=\\alpha _{i}^{q^{j-1}}}ijtransposeThe Moore determinant of a square Moore matrix (so m = n) can be expressed as:det\n (\n V\n )\n =\n \n ∏\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n α\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n c\n \n n\n \n \n \n α\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det(V)=\\prod _{\\mathbf {c} }\\left(c_{1}\\alpha _{1}+\\cdots +c_{n}\\alpha _{n}\\right),}where c runs over a complete set of direction vectors, made specific by having the last non-zero entry equal to 1, i.e.,det\n (\n V\n )\n =\n \n ∏\n \n 1\n ≤\n i\n ≤\n n\n \n \n \n ∏\n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n c\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n α\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n c\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n α\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n α\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det(V)=\\prod _{1\\leq i\\leq n}\\prod _{c_{1},\\dots ,c_{i-1}}\\left(c_{1}\\alpha _{1}+\\cdots +c_{i-1}\\alpha _{i-1}+\\alpha _{i}\\right).}In particular the Moore determinant vanishes if and only if the elements in the left hand column are linearly dependent over the finite field of order q. So it is analogous to the Wronskian of several functions.Dickson used the Moore determinant in finding the modular invariants of the general linear group over a finite field.","title":"Moore matrix"}]	[]	[{"title":"Alternant matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternant_matrix"},{"title":"Vandermonde matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandermonde_matrix"},{"title":"Vandermonde determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandermonde_determinant"},{"title":"List of matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_matrices"}]	[{"reference":"Dickson, Leonard Eugene (1958) [1901], Magnus, Wilhelm (ed.), Linear groups: With an exposition of the Galois field theory, Dover Phoenix editions, New York: Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-49548-4, MR 0104735","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Eugene_Dickson","url_text":"Dickson, Leonard Eugene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Magnus","url_text":"Magnus, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lineargroupswith00dickuoft","url_text":"Linear groups: With an exposition of the Galois field theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-49548-4","url_text":"978-0-486-49548-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0104735","url_text":"0104735"}]},{"reference":"David Goss (1996). Basic Structures of Function Field Arithmetic. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-63541-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Goss","url_text":"David Goss"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Verlag","url_text":"Springer Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-63541-6","url_text":"3-540-63541-6"}]},{"reference":"Moore, E. H. (1896), \"A two-fold generalization of Fermat's theorem.\", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 2 (7): 189–199, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1896-00337-2, JFM 27.0139.05","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._Moore","url_text":"Moore, E. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1896-00337-2","url_text":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1896-00337-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:27.0139.05","url_text":"27.0139.05"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lineargroupswith00dickuoft","external_links_name":"Linear groups: With an exposition of the Galois field theory"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0104735","external_links_name":"0104735"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1896-00337-2","external_links_name":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1896-00337-2"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:27.0139.05","external_links_name":"27.0139.05"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moore_matrix&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_States_Power_Company	Northern States Power Company	["1 History","1.1 Primergy merger","1.2 Xcel merger","2 See also","3 References","4 External links","5 Additional resources"]	Former publicly traded S&P 500 electric and natural gas utility holding company Northern States Power Company (NYSE: NSP) was a publicly traded S&P 500 electric and natural gas utility holding company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, that is now a subsidiary of Xcel Energy (NYSE: XEL). History The company's founder, Henry Marison Byllesby, had worked for two electric utility industry pioneers before getting into the business for himself. He was one of Thomas Edison's draftsmen when the Pearl Street Station was being built. He then worked for George Westinghouse, starting as a sales agent and working his way up to vice president of Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. Byllesby's next job was with the Thomson-Houston Co. (one of General Electric's two predecessors) before settling down in Chicago in 1902 and establishing the H. M. Byllesby Co., which provided engineering and management services to electric utilities. Byllesby acquired the Stillwater Gas & Electric Co. of Stillwater, Minnesota in 1909, and reorganized it as the Washington County Light & Power Co. This was the first company added to Byllesby's Consumers Power Co., which then added three companies in North Dakota in 1910 (Minot Light & Telephone Co., Red River Power Co., and Union Light, Heatng, & Power Co.). Over the next few years, Consumers Power Co. grew rapidly as companies across the Twin Cities and central Minnesota were acquired and linked with transmission lines. These lines linked Minneapolis, St. Paul, Shakopee, Faribault, Mankato, Northfield, Coon Rapids, Rockford, Delano, Watertown, and even distant places such as Crookston and Pipestone. The last addition to the company's territory was when a group of towns around Waconia was acquired from Interstate Power Co. in 1956. There may have been confusion with an unrelated company by the same name in Michigan, so in 1916, the company changed its name to Northern States Power Co. The company acquired the Minneapolis General Electric Co. the same year, and continued its acquisitions, with 42 more systems added over the next seven years. The company has always been publicly traded, and which consistently did well enough to pay a cash dividend to shareholders every year since 1910. While the bulk of the company's territory has always been in Minnesota, it has some territory in and around the larger towns in North Dakota (Minot, Grand Forks, and Fargo) as well as southeastern South Dakota (Sioux Falls area). Its territory also extends east across Wisconsin and into the upper peninsula of Michigan, but due to state regulations requiring local ownership of all utilities, this portion of the territory is operated as a separate subsidiary: Northern States Power-Wisconsin. To power this vast territory, the company built numerous power plants, many of which have long since been retired and decommissioned. Some capacity was extended withtransmission lines and substations. The currently operational nuclear power plants are Prairie Island (1974), and Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant (1971). Sherburne County Generating Station (Sherco) and Allen S. King in Bayport are the last to be fueled by coal. Three other coal-fired plants, Riverside, High Bridge, and Black Dog, have been retrofitted to run on natural gas. By 1986, the company had grown to be included among the S&P 500 list of 500 of the largest companies in the United States. By that time it had accumulated nearly $1.2 billion in long-term debt. NSP served the agriculturally based region of its headquarters state of Minnesota, and also the neighboring states of North Dakota and South Dakota to the west. These territories were served through its subsidiary, NSP-Minnesota. Primergy merger On May 3, 1995, Northern States Power Company and Wisconsin Energy Corporation (NYSE: WEC) each filed a Securities and Exchange Commission Form 8-K to combine in a merger-of-equals transaction to form Primergy Corporation, which would be a registered public utility holding company, and to be the new parent of both NSP and of the operating subsidiaries of WEC. It would be the tenth largest investor-owned electric and gas utility company in the United States, based on market capitalization at that time of about US$6.0 billion, and with 1994 combined revenues of US$4.2 billion and with total assets of more than US$10.0 billion. Shareholders of NSP common stock would own 1.626 shares of stock of Primergy for each share of NSP stock they owned, and WEC shareholders were to receive one-for-one shares of Primergy. At that time, Richard A. Abdoo, served as chairman, president and chief executive officer of Wisconsin Energy. James J. Howard served in the same positions with Northern States Power. With the new Primergy Corporation, Howard would become chairman and CEO, and Abdoo would serve as vice chairman, president and chief operating officer. Further, with Howard scheduled to retire in July 2000, Abdoo would then succeed him as chairman of Primergy. Wisconsin Energy's two then-existing utility subsidiaries, Wisconsin Electric Power Company (WEPCO) and Wisconsin Natural Gas Company (WNG) were to be consolidated under a new subsidiary name, Wisconsin Energy Company. Under that name, it and Northern States Power Company would continue to operate as the two principal subsidiaries of Primergy Corp. Also, NSP-Wisconsin would merge into the operating subsidiary Wisconsin Energy Company. The headquarters of the two utilities would remain distinct and separate in their existing respective state locations--Milwaukee for Wisconsin Energy and Minneapolis for NSP. The merged company would have been headquartered in Minneapolis (with NSP as the nominal survivor), but incorporated in Wisconsin. The Primergy board of directors were to be equally split, composed of six from each company. The merger deal was expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 1996. By 1997, approvals had been granted by the state regulatory commissions in Michigan and North Dakota, but not by the commissions in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Approvals from the Securities & Exchange Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice were still pending. On May 16, 1997, both CEOs announced that the boards of directors of both companies had voted that day to terminate the merger plan. Howard stated that the problem was that the regulatory agencies were changing their merger policies as they were considering the companies' filing. In particular, Howard blamed the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which had issued a decision earlier in the week remanding the case back to the companies, for further negotiation among themselves. "There is simply no end to this process in sight," stated Howard. Abdoo said the decision to end the merger factored in that after two years of already waiting, the further likely wait of at least six months of delay would significantly reduce the benefits of the Primergy transaction. The delay had put the merger five months behind schedule and had reduced earnings for both utilities by a total of US$58 million to that point, costs which had not been passed on to consumers. Adding to the discomfort was a growing gap between the performance of the two companies by early 1997. Wisconsin Energy's stock had by then fallen about 13% since early 1995 when the deal had been announced, due to other ongoing problems that had developed within the company, including issues with its Point Beach Nuclear Generating Station in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin. But Northern States Power's stock had risen by 6%. The case was considered to be a bellwether in the utilities industry, putting an end to the rapid pace of mergers and acquisitions that had been ongoing up to then. Xcel merger However, in 1998, after the failed Primergy merger, NSP merged with New Century Energies of Denver, owner of Public Service Company of Colorado and Southwestern Public Service, to form Xcel Energy. See also St. Anthony Falls Hydroelectric Development - Northern States Power NSP is the successor to several companies that developed hydroelectric power, starting as early as 1852, at the St. Anthony Falls, Minneapolis, Minnesota. As a result NSP acquired and operated 3 hydroelectric power plants at the falls and just downstream, all built by 1908. One of the plants is still operating. References ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2016-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b Standard & Poor's Stock Guide, various issues ^ a b c d Wisconsin Energy Corp. Form 8-K, SEC Info, Filed On 5/3/95, SEC File 1-09057, Accession Number 107815-95-8 ^ a b c d Xcel Energy Inc. Form 8-K, SEC Info, Filed On 5/3/95, SEC File 1-03034, Accession Number 898822-95-46 ^ a b Wisconsin Energy Corp., Northern States Power Co. Agree to Terminate Merger Proceedings, PRNewswire, May 16, 1997 ^ Primergy too strong for regulators' taste, Google cache, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, by LEE BERGQUIST, May 18, 1997 External links Xcel Energy Additional resources The Historical Records of Northern States Power Company's predecessors are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_States_Power_logo.gif"},{"link_name":"NYSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"S&P 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"},{"link_name":"NYSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"XEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:XEL"}],"text":"Northern States Power Company (NYSE: NSP) was a publicly traded S&P 500 electric and natural gas utility holding company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, that is now a subsidiary of Xcel Energy (NYSE: XEL).","title":"Northern States Power Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"George Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse"},{"link_name":"Stillwater, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillwater,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citizing-1"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_Energy#History"},{"link_name":"dividend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividend"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stockguide-2"},{"link_name":"Prairie Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Island_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello_Nuclear_Generating_Plant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citizing-1"},{"link_name":"Sherburne County Generating Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherburne_County_Generating_Station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stockguide-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec950503-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec950503-2-4"}],"text":"The company's founder, Henry Marison Byllesby, had worked for two electric utility industry pioneers before getting into the business for himself. He was one of Thomas Edison's draftsmen when the Pearl Street Station was being built. He then worked for George Westinghouse, starting as a sales agent and working his way up to vice president of Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. Byllesby's next job was with the Thomson-Houston Co. (one of General Electric's two predecessors) before settling down in Chicago in 1902 and establishing the H. M. Byllesby Co., which provided engineering and management services to electric utilities.Byllesby acquired the Stillwater Gas & Electric Co. of Stillwater, Minnesota in 1909, and reorganized it as the Washington County Light & Power Co. This was the first company added to Byllesby's Consumers Power Co., which then added three companies in North Dakota in 1910 (Minot Light & Telephone Co., Red River Power Co., and Union Light, Heatng, & Power Co.). Over the next few years, Consumers Power Co. grew rapidly as companies across the Twin Cities and central Minnesota were acquired and linked with transmission lines. These lines linked Minneapolis, St. Paul, Shakopee, Faribault, Mankato, Northfield, Coon Rapids, Rockford, Delano, Watertown, and even distant places such as Crookston and Pipestone. [1] The last addition to the company's territory was when a group of towns around Waconia was acquired from Interstate Power Co. in 1956.There may have been confusion with an unrelated company by the same name in Michigan, so in 1916, the company changed its name to Northern States Power Co. The company acquired the Minneapolis General Electric Co. the same year, and continued its acquisitions, with 42 more systems added over the next seven years. The company has always been publicly traded, and which consistently did well enough to pay a cash dividend to shareholders every year since 1910.[2]While the bulk of the company's territory has always been in Minnesota, it has some territory in and around the larger towns in North Dakota (Minot, Grand Forks, and Fargo) as well as southeastern South Dakota (Sioux Falls area). Its territory also extends east across Wisconsin and into the upper peninsula of Michigan, but due to state regulations requiring local ownership of all utilities, this portion of the territory is operated as a separate subsidiary: Northern States Power-Wisconsin.To power this vast territory, the company built numerous power plants, many of which have long since been retired and decommissioned. Some capacity was extended withtransmission lines and substations. The currently operational nuclear power plants are Prairie Island (1974), and Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant (1971).[1] Sherburne County Generating Station (Sherco) and Allen S. King in Bayport are the last to be fueled by coal. Three other coal-fired plants, Riverside, High Bridge, and Black Dog, have been retrofitted to run on natural gas.By 1986, the company had grown to be included among the S&P 500 list of 500 of the largest companies in the United States. By that time it had accumulated nearly $1.2 billion in long-term debt. NSP served the agriculturally based region of its headquarters state of Minnesota, and also the neighboring states of North Dakota and South Dakota to the west.[2] These territories were served through its subsidiary, NSP-Minnesota.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin Energy Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Energy_Corporation"},{"link_name":"NYSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"WEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:WEC"},{"link_name":"Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"Form 8-K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_8-K"},{"link_name":"Primergy Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primergy_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec950503-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec950503-2-4"},{"link_name":"Richard A. Abdoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_A._Abdoo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"James J. Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_J._Howard_(CEO)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"chief operating officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec950503-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec950503-2-4"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec950503-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec950503-2-4"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prnewswire-5"},{"link_name":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prnewswire-5"},{"link_name":"Point Beach Nuclear Generating Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Beach_Nuclear_Generating_Station"},{"link_name":"Manitowoc County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitowoc_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalsentinel-6"}],"sub_title":"Primergy merger","text":"On May 3, 1995, Northern States Power Company and Wisconsin Energy Corporation (NYSE: WEC) each filed a Securities and Exchange Commission Form 8-K to combine in a merger-of-equals transaction to form Primergy Corporation, which would be a registered public utility holding company, and to be the new parent of both NSP and of the operating subsidiaries of WEC. It would be the tenth largest investor-owned electric and gas utility company in the United States, based on market capitalization at that time of about US$6.0 billion, and with 1994 combined revenues of US$4.2 billion and with total assets of more than US$10.0 billion. Shareholders of NSP common stock would own 1.626 shares of stock of Primergy for each share of NSP stock they owned, and WEC shareholders were to receive one-for-one shares of Primergy.[3][4]At that time, Richard A. Abdoo, served as chairman, president and chief executive officer of Wisconsin Energy. James J. Howard served in the same positions with Northern States Power. With the new Primergy Corporation, Howard would become chairman and CEO, and Abdoo would serve as vice chairman, president and chief operating officer. Further, with Howard scheduled to retire in July 2000, Abdoo would then succeed him as chairman of Primergy.[3][4]Wisconsin Energy's two then-existing utility subsidiaries, Wisconsin Electric Power Company (WEPCO) and Wisconsin Natural Gas Company (WNG) were to be consolidated under a new subsidiary name, Wisconsin Energy Company. Under that name, it and Northern States Power Company would continue to operate as the two principal subsidiaries of Primergy Corp. Also, NSP-Wisconsin would merge into the operating subsidiary Wisconsin Energy Company. The headquarters of the two utilities would remain distinct and separate in their existing respective state locations--Milwaukee for Wisconsin Energy and Minneapolis for NSP. The merged company would have been headquartered in Minneapolis (with NSP as the nominal survivor), but incorporated in Wisconsin. The Primergy board of directors were to be equally split, composed of six from each company. The merger deal was expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 1996.[3][4]By 1997, approvals had been granted by the state regulatory commissions in Michigan and North Dakota, but not by the commissions in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Approvals from the Securities & Exchange Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice were still pending.[5]On May 16, 1997, both CEOs announced that the boards of directors of both companies had voted that day to terminate the merger plan. Howard stated that the problem was that the regulatory agencies were changing their merger policies as they were considering the companies' filing. In particular, Howard blamed the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which had issued a decision earlier in the week remanding the case back to the companies, for further negotiation among themselves. \"There is simply no end to this process in sight,\" stated Howard. Abdoo said the decision to end the merger factored in that after two years of already waiting, the further likely wait of at least six months of delay would significantly reduce the benefits of the Primergy transaction.[5]The delay had put the merger five months behind schedule and had reduced earnings for both utilities by a total of US$58 million to that point, costs which had not been passed on to consumers. Adding to the discomfort was a growing gap between the performance of the two companies by early 1997. Wisconsin Energy's stock had by then fallen about 13% since early 1995 when the deal had been announced, due to other ongoing problems that had developed within the company, including issues with its Point Beach Nuclear Generating Station in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin. But Northern States Power's stock had risen by 6%. The case was considered to be a bellwether in the utilities industry, putting an end to the rapid pace of mergers and acquisitions that had been ongoing up to then.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Century Energies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Century_Energies"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Public Service Company of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Service_Company_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Public Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Public_Service"},{"link_name":"Xcel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy"}],"sub_title":"Xcel merger","text":"However, in 1998, after the failed Primergy merger, NSP merged with New Century Energies of Denver, owner of Public Service Company of Colorado and Southwestern Public Service, to form Xcel Energy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historical Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00230.xml"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Historical Society.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mnhs.org"}],"text":"The Historical Records of Northern States Power Company's predecessors are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society.","title":"Additional resources"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Northern_States_Power_logo.gif"}]	[{"title":"St. Anthony Falls Hydroelectric Development - Northern States Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anthony_Falls_Hydroelectric_Development#Northern_States_Power"},{"title":"St. Anthony Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anthony_Falls"}]	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2016-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161125112648/http://citizing.org/data/projects/working-team-energy-independence/MN-Electrical-History.doc","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://citizing.org/data/projects/working-team-energy-independence/MN-Electrical-History.doc","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:XEL","external_links_name":"XEL"},{"Link":"https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:WEC","external_links_name":"WEC"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161125112648/http://citizing.org/data/projects/working-team-energy-independence/MN-Electrical-History.doc","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://citizing.org/data/projects/working-team-energy-independence/MN-Electrical-History.doc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.secinfo.com/d3998.a7.6.htm","external_links_name":"Wisconsin Energy Corp. Form 8-K"},{"Link":"http://www.secinfo.com/drDX9.a11.6.htm","external_links_name":"Xcel Energy Inc. Form 8-K"},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/121889&EDATE=","external_links_name":"Wisconsin Energy Corp., Northern States Power Co. Agree to Terminate Merger Proceedings"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19970518/ai_n10333729","external_links_name":"Primergy too strong for regulators' taste"},{"Link":"http://www.xcelenergy.com/","external_links_name":"Xcel Energy"},{"Link":"http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00230.xml","external_links_name":"Historical Records"},{"Link":"http://www.mnhs.org/","external_links_name":"Minnesota Historical Society."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilleus_(Roman_usurper)	Aurelius Achilleus	["1 References"]	Roman rebel Aurelius Achilleus"Achilleus, the great ruler"Roman emperor (usurper) Reign297–298, against DiocletianPredecessorDomitius DomitianusDied298Alexandria, Egypt Aurelius Achilleus (fl. 297–298 AD) was a rebel against the Roman emperor Diocletian in Egypt in 297 AD. All literary sources name Achilleus as an imperial pretender and the leader of the rebellion, but numismatic and papyrological evidence attribute that role to Domitius Domitianus instead. Egyptian papyri instead attest Achilleus as corrector under Domitianus. He seems to have succeeded to leadership of the rebellion after Domitianus died in December 297. Achilleus was at length taken by Diocletian after a siege of eight months in Alexandria, and put to death in 298 AD. References ^ Smith, William (1867), "Achilleus", Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston, MA: Ancient Library, p. 12, archived from the original on 2005-12-17, retrieved 2007-10-01 ^ Omissi, Adrastos (2018). "Birthing the Late Roman State: Diarchs, Tetrarchs, and a New Language of Power". Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire: Civil War, Panegyric, and the Construction of Legitimacy (ebook). Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0192558268. OCLC 1041925546. Retrieved September 29, 2018. ^ Eutropius, Epitome ix. 14, 15 ^ Aurelius Victor De Caesaribus 39 Political offices Preceded byAristius Optatus Prefectus of Aegyptus 297 Succeeded byAemilius Rusticianus Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Domitius Domitianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitius_Domitianus"},{"link_name":"corrector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrector_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Aurelius Achilleus (fl. 297–298 AD) was a rebel against the Roman emperor Diocletian in Egypt in 297 AD.[1]All literary sources name Achilleus as an imperial pretender and the leader of the rebellion, but numismatic and papyrological evidence attribute that role to Domitius Domitianus instead. Egyptian papyri instead attest Achilleus as corrector under Domitianus. He seems to have succeeded to leadership of the rebellion after Domitianus died in December 297.[2]Achilleus was at length taken by Diocletian after a siege of eight months in Alexandria, and put to death in 298 AD.[3][4]","title":"Aurelius Achilleus"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Smith, William (1867), \"Achilleus\", Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston, MA: Ancient Library, p. 12, archived from the original on 2005-12-17, retrieved 2007-10-01","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)","url_text":"Smith, William"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051217174720/http://ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0021.html","url_text":"\"Achilleus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology","url_text":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"},{"url":"http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0021.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Omissi, Adrastos (2018). \"Birthing the Late Roman State: Diarchs, Tetrarchs, and a New Language of Power\". Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire: Civil War, Panegyric, and the Construction of Legitimacy (ebook). Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0192558268. OCLC 1041925546. Retrieved September 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EWliDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79","url_text":"\"Birthing the Late Roman State: Diarchs, Tetrarchs, and a New Language of Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192558268","url_text":"978-0192558268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1041925546","url_text":"1041925546"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051217174720/http://ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0021.html","external_links_name":"\"Achilleus\""},{"Link":"http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0021.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EWliDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79","external_links_name":"\"Birthing the Late Roman State: Diarchs, Tetrarchs, and a New Language of Power\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1041925546","external_links_name":"1041925546"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/296658423","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRyxM3FrdhhbBKrGrXh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012278063105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013011656","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Sung-woo	Shin Sung-woo	["1 Discography","1.1 Solo artist","1.2 Geenie","2 Filmography","2.1 Television series","2.2 Film","2.3 Variety show","3 Musical theatre","4 References","5 External links"]	South Korean singer and actor In this Korean name, the family name is Shin. Shin Sung-wooBornShin Dong-yoon (1968-07-26) July 26, 1968 (age 55)Seosan, South Chungcheong, South KoreaEducationChung-Ang University - SculptureOccupation(s)Singer, actorYears active1992–presentAgentTommy & PartnersSpouseUnknown (2016)Children2Korean nameHangul신성우Revised RomanizationShin SungwooMcCune–ReischauerShin sungwooBirth nameHangul신동윤Revised RomanizationSin Dong-yoonMcCune–ReischauerSin Tong-ryŏn Websitewww.shinsungwoo.com Shin Sung-woo (born Shin Dong-yoon; July 26, 1968) is a South Korean singer and actor. He was very popular as a rock star in the 90s with his song "Seoshi". He then went into acting, stage/musical plays and up to this time has been active in both. Discography Solo artist 내일을 향해 Towards Tomorrow (1992) Eight Smiles of Klein (1993) Shinsungwoo 003 (1994) For (1995) Mauve (1998) Identity (2000) 2002 Shin Sung-woo (compilation album, 2002) "I Swear" (track from First Love OST, 2003) 遭遇 (조우) Encounter (compilation album, 2006) "To an Old Friend" (track from Telecinema Project Vol.2, 2009) "Stagnant" (track from Warrior Baek Dong-soo OST, 2011) Geenie Cool World (1995) Elephant (1996) Filmography Television series Love Story (SBS, 2000) (episode 6: "Miss Hip-Hop and Mr. Rock") Man in Crisis (MBC, 2002) MBC Best Theater "Flower" (MBC, 2003) Country Princess (MBC, 2003) First Love (SBS, 2003) Beautiful Temptation (KBS2, 2004) Midnight DJ (SBS, 2004) Tropical Nights in December (MBC, 2004) Beating Heart (MBC, 2005) Rehearsal (MBC, 2005) MBC Best Theater "A Sweet Villainess Has Come to Me" (MBC, 2005) MBC Best Theater "May, June" (MBC, 2005) Special of My Life (MBC, 2006) Super Rookie Ranger (MBC, 2006) It's Okay Because I Love You (KBS2, 2007) The Secret of Coocoo Island (MBC, 2008) Home Sweet Home (MBC, 2010) Mom (MBC, 2015-2016) Moorim School: Saga of the Brave (KBS2, 2016) Dear My Friends (tvN, 2016) The Great Seducer (MBC, 2018) The Penthouse: War in Life 3 (SBS, 2021) / as Clark Lee Cameo (Episode 7) The Killer's Shopping List (tvN, 2022) / as Young-chun Film Detective Mr. Gong (2006) After the Banquet (2009) Variety show Roommate (SBS, 2014) - season 1 cast member Real Life Men and Women (MBN, 2018) - season 1, cast member Musical theatre Dracula (1998) Rock Hamlet (2000) Rock of Ages (2010) Jack the Ripper (2011-2014) The Three Musketeers (2011-2014) Mozart, the Rock Opera (2012) Gone with the Wind (2014-2015) Chess (2015) Jack the Ripper (2021–2022) as Jack The Three Musketeers (2022) as Athos Dracula (2022–2023) as Dracula References ^ Kang Min-kyung (June 16, 2022). "16세 연하♥' 신성우, 56세에 얻은 '장군감' 둘째 아들 자랑 "사랑합니다"" ] (in Korean). Ten Asia. Retrieved June 16, 2022 – via Naver. ^ Heo, Yeub (11 January 2001). "Rocker Shin Sung-Woo returns". The Dong-a Ilbo. Retrieved 2014-09-19. ^ "Shin Sung Woo from Roommate Ties the Knot Today". allkpop. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 2017-03-27. ^ "Killers in love". The Dong-a Ilbo. 16 December 2005. Retrieved 2014-09-19. ^ Lee, Seung-han (22 October 2010). "Kim Hye-soo will "not feel inch of regret" over Home Sweet Home". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-09-19. ^ Kim Na-young (July 17, 2021). "펜트하우스3' 신성우, 특별출연에도 빛난 장발의 카리스마" . MK Sports (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved July 17, 2021. ^ Yoon Seong-yeol (January 5, 2022). "신성우, 이광수 아빠 된다..'살인자의 쇼핑목록' 출연 " ] (in Korean). Star News. Retrieved January 5, 2022 – via Naver. ^ Jin, Eun-soo (28 March 2014). "Cast confirmed for Roommate". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-09-19. ^ Kim, Hee-eun (2 May 2014). "Roommate launches this weekend". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-09-19. ^ Kim, Min-jin (4 June 2014). "Roommate reveals its additional posters". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2014-09-19. ^ Cho, Grace (20 June 2014). "Who is Nana's ideal type of guy?". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2014-09-19. ^ Jang, Kyung-jin (24 September 2010). "SHINee Onew is quite the rock star in Rock of Ages". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-09-19. ^ Kim, Heidi (12 May 2011). "Super Junior Sungmin to star in musical Jack the Ripper". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-09-19. ^ Hwang, Hyo-jin (5 July 2011). "At the rehearsal for musical Jack the Ripper". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-09-19. ^ Jeong Hee-yeon (October 18, 2021). "엄기준→이홍기·인성 뮤지컬 '잭더리퍼' 2021년 시즌 캐스팅 공개" (in Korean). Sports Donga. Retrieved October 18, 2021 – via Naver. ^ Kim Hyeon-jeong (July 26, 2022). "'삼총사' 신성우·이건명·김형균·렌·라키·경윤·민규 캐스팅…4년만 컴백 " ] (in Korean). X-ports News. Retrieved July 26, 2022 – via Naver. ^ Kang Jin-ah (October 11, 2022). "뮤지컬 '드라큘라', 김진환·유승우 합류...11월 개막" (in Korean). Newsis. Retrieved October 11, 2022 – via Naver. External links Shin Sung-woo on X Shin Sung-woo Fan Cafe at Daum Shin Sung-woo at HanCinema Shin Sung-woo at IMDb Shin Sung-woo at IMDb Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Shin.Shin Sung-woo (born Shin Dong-yoon; July 26, 1968) is a South Korean singer and actor.[2] He was very popular as a rock star in the 90s with his song \"Seoshi\". He then went into acting, stage/musical plays and up to this time has been active in both.[3]","title":"Shin Sung-woo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Warrior Baek Dong-soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_Baek_Dong-soo"}],"sub_title":"Solo artist","text":"내일을 향해 Towards Tomorrow (1992)\nEight Smiles of Klein (1993)\nShinsungwoo 003 (1994)\nFor (1995)\nMauve (1998)\nIdentity (2000)\n2002 Shin Sung-woo (compilation album, 2002)\n\"I Swear\" (track from First Love OST, 2003)\n遭遇 (조우) Encounter (compilation album, 2006)\n\"To an Old Friend\" (track from Telecinema Project Vol.2, 2009)\n\"Stagnant\" (track from Warrior Baek Dong-soo OST, 2011)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Geenie","text":"Cool World (1995)\nElephant (1996)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beating Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beating_Heart_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Home Sweet Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Sweet_Home_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Moorim School: Saga of the Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorim_School:_Saga_of_the_Brave"},{"link_name":"Dear My Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_My_Friends"},{"link_name":"The Great Seducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Seducer"},{"link_name":"The Penthouse: War in Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penthouse:_War_in_Life"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Killer's Shopping List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killer%27s_Shopping_List"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Television series","text":"Love Story (SBS, 2000) (episode 6: \"Miss Hip-Hop and Mr. Rock\")\nMan in Crisis (MBC, 2002)\nMBC Best Theater \"Flower\" (MBC, 2003)\nCountry Princess (MBC, 2003)\nFirst Love (SBS, 2003)\nBeautiful Temptation (KBS2, 2004)\nMidnight DJ (SBS, 2004)\nTropical Nights in December (MBC, 2004)\nBeating Heart (MBC, 2005)\nRehearsal (MBC, 2005)\nMBC Best Theater \"A Sweet Villainess Has Come to Me\" (MBC, 2005)\nMBC Best Theater \"May, June\" (MBC, 2005)[4]\nSpecial of My Life (MBC, 2006)\nSuper Rookie Ranger (MBC, 2006)\nIt's Okay Because I Love You (KBS2, 2007)\nThe Secret of Coocoo Island (MBC, 2008)\nHome Sweet Home (MBC, 2010)[5]\nMom (MBC, 2015-2016)\nMoorim School: Saga of the Brave (KBS2, 2016)\nDear My Friends (tvN, 2016)\nThe Great Seducer (MBC, 2018)\nThe Penthouse: War in Life 3 (SBS, 2021) / as Clark Lee Cameo (Episode 7) [6]\nThe Killer's Shopping List (tvN, 2022) / as Young-chun[7]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"After the Banquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Banquet_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Detective Mr. Gong (2006)\nAfter the Banquet (2009)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roommate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roommate_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Real Life Men and Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Life_Men_and_Women"}],"sub_title":"Variety show","text":"Roommate (SBS, 2014) - season 1 cast member[8][9][10][11]\nReal Life Men and Women (MBN, 2018) - season 1, cast member","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula,_the_Musical"},{"link_name":"Rock of Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Ages_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jack the Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_the_Ripper_(Korean_musical)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Mozart, the Rock Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart,_l%27op%C3%A9ra_rock"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jack the Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_the_Ripper_(Korean_musical)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula,_the_Musical"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Dracula (1998)\nRock Hamlet (2000)\nRock of Ages (2010)[12]\nJack the Ripper (2011-2014)[13][14]\nThe Three Musketeers (2011-2014)\nMozart, the Rock Opera (2012)\nGone with the Wind (2014-2015)\nChess (2015)\nJack the Ripper (2021–2022) as Jack[15]\nThe Three Musketeers (2022) as Athos[16]\nDracula (2022–2023) as Dracula[17]","title":"Musical theatre"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kang Min-kyung (June 16, 2022). \"16세 연하♥' 신성우, 56세에 얻은 '장군감' 둘째 아들 자랑 \"사랑합니다\"[TEN★]\" [16 years younger ♥' Shin Sung-woo, proud of the second son of the 'general general' at the age of 56 \"I love you\" [TEN★]] (in Korean). Ten Asia. Retrieved June 16, 2022 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=312&aid=0000552949","url_text":"\"16세 연하♥' 신성우, 56세에 얻은 '장군감' 둘째 아들 자랑 \"사랑합니다\"[TEN★]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Heo, Yeub (11 January 2001). \"Rocker Shin Sung-Woo returns\". The Dong-a Ilbo. Retrieved 2014-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=130000&biid=2001011143868","url_text":"\"Rocker Shin Sung-Woo returns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo","url_text":"The Dong-a Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"\"Shin Sung Woo from Roommate Ties the Knot Today\". allkpop. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 2017-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allkpop.com/article/2016/12/shin-sung-woo-from-roommate-ties-the-knot-today","url_text":"\"Shin Sung Woo from Roommate Ties the Knot Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allkpop","url_text":"allkpop"}]},{"reference":"\"Killers in love\". The Dong-a Ilbo. 16 December 2005. Retrieved 2014-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2005121655198","url_text":"\"Killers in love\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo","url_text":"The Dong-a Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Seung-han (22 October 2010). \"Kim Hye-soo will \"not feel inch of regret\" over Home Sweet Home\". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010102210523599815","url_text":"\"Kim Hye-soo will \"not feel inch of regret\" over Home Sweet Home\""}]},{"reference":"Kim Na-young (July 17, 2021). \"펜트하우스3' 신성우, 특별출연에도 빛난 장발의 카리스마\" ['Penthouse 3' Shin Sung-woo, long-haired charisma that shined even in a special appearance]. MK Sports (in Korean). Naver. 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Retrieved 2014-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011051220044040631","url_text":"\"Super Junior Sungmin to star in musical Jack the Ripper\""}]},{"reference":"Hwang, Hyo-jin (5 July 2011). \"At the rehearsal for musical Jack the Ripper\". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011070511100976815","url_text":"\"At the rehearsal for musical Jack the Ripper\""}]},{"reference":"Jeong Hee-yeon (October 18, 2021). \"엄기준→이홍기·인성 뮤지컬 '잭더리퍼' 2021년 시즌 캐스팅 공개\" [Ki-joon Um → Hong-ki Lee and Inseong Musical 'Jack the Ripper' cast for 2021 season revealed] (in Korean). Sports Donga. 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Retrieved October 11, 2022 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0011466769","url_text":"\"뮤지컬 '드라큘라', 김진환·유승우 합류...11월 개막\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsis","url_text":"Newsis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.tommynpartners.com/","external_links_name":"Tommy & Partners"},{"Link":"http://www.shinsungwoo.com/","external_links_name":"www.shinsungwoo.com"},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=312&aid=0000552949","external_links_name":"\"16세 연하♥' 신성우, 56세에 얻은 '장군감' 둘째 아들 자랑 \"사랑합니다\"[TEN★]\""},{"Link":"http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=130000&biid=2001011143868","external_links_name":"\"Rocker Shin Sung-Woo returns\""},{"Link":"http://www.allkpop.com/article/2016/12/shin-sung-woo-from-roommate-ties-the-knot-today","external_links_name":"\"Shin Sung Woo from Roommate Ties the Knot Today\""},{"Link":"http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2005121655198","external_links_name":"\"Killers in love\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010102210523599815","external_links_name":"\"Kim Hye-soo will \"not feel inch of regret\" over Home Sweet Home\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=410&aid=0000801887","external_links_name":"\"펜트하우스3' 신성우, 특별출연에도 빛난 장발의 카리스마\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003018762","external_links_name":"\"신성우, 이광수 아빠 된다..'살인자의 쇼핑목록' 출연 [공식]\""},{"Link":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2987031","external_links_name":"\"Cast confirmed for Roommate\""},{"Link":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2988647","external_links_name":"\"Roommate launches this weekend\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140604000759","external_links_name":"\"Roommate reveals its additional posters\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140620000692","external_links_name":"\"Who is Nana's ideal type of guy?\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010092322215566459","external_links_name":"\"SHINee Onew is quite the rock star in Rock of Ages\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011051220044040631","external_links_name":"\"Super Junior Sungmin to star in musical Jack the Ripper\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011070511100976815","external_links_name":"\"At the rehearsal for musical Jack the Ripper\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=382&aid=0000939092","external_links_name":"\"엄기준→이홍기·인성 뮤지컬 '잭더리퍼' 2021년 시즌 캐스팅 공개\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001480658","external_links_name":"\"'삼총사' 신성우·이건명·김형균·렌·라키·경윤·민규 캐스팅…4년만 컴백 [공식입장]\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0011466769","external_links_name":"\"뮤지컬 '드라큘라', 김진환·유승우 합류...11월 개막\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/sethshinsungwoo","external_links_name":"Shin Sung-woo"},{"Link":"http://cafe.daum.net/shinsungwoo","external_links_name":"Shin Sung-woo Fan Cafe"},{"Link":"https://www.hancinema.net/korean_Shin_Sung-woo.php","external_links_name":"Shin Sung-woo"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4002801/","external_links_name":"Shin Sung-woo"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4644645/","external_links_name":"Shin Sung-woo"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9abaac4c-6939-4562-93d3-c33fcd079979","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtengai	Shōtengai	["1 Commercial features","2 Cultural functions","3 See also","4 References"]	Type of Japanese commercial district Nakano Sun Mall, a popular shōtengai in Nakano, TokyoSugamo Jizodori Shopping StreetInterior view of the shopping street at the north exit of Kichijoji Station in Tokyo. Endoji Hommachi in Nagoya A shōtengai (商店街) is a style of Japanese commercial district, typically in the form of a local market street that is closed to car traffic. Local shōtengai cater to the needs of nearby residents with a diverse mix of small specialty shops and few large retailers. In many older neighborhoods, these streets serve as cultural gathering spaces, holding seasonal festivals, processions, and other events throughout the year. Many older shōtengai developed along roads leading to large shrines or temples; Nakamise-dōri to Sensō-ji, Asakusa is a typical example. More modern shōtengai often connect to the nearest train or subway station, or other public gathering points such as large parks or landmarks. Most suburbs and towns of Japan have shōtengai of varying size, and larger shōtengai may take the form of covered arcades that are accessible only by foot or bicycle. Commercial features A neighborhood shōtengai may be anchored by one or two large retailers (such as a grocery store or drug store), however the majority of retailers are typically small shops that specialize in specific products such as fruits, vegetables, meats, books, clothing, drugs, furniture, housewares, stationery; or specific services such as barber shops, printing shops, tailors, or cleaners. Restaurants and prepared foods within shōtengai commonly include izakaya, kissaten, wagashi, sushi, udon, ramen or tempura shops. Public services located within or adjacent to shōtengai often include a post office or neighborhood kōban police substation. In larger cities, more centrally located shōtengai often include a larger percentage of chain retailers, as well as hotels, convenience stores, or pachinko parlors. Cultural functions Beyond their practical role as commercial districts, shōtengai serve as vital social spaces for Japanese neighborhoods, creating cohesion in a neighborhood through shop owner associations, and hosting seasonal festivals and events together with neighbors. An uncommon feature of most other urban commercial districts, the shop proprietors within shōtengai often own the buildings where their shops operate, rather than leasing space from a single landlord or development firm. This gives shōtengai shop owners more freedom to relate to and serve the social needs of their neighborhood, rather than being forced to focus solely on economic utility. See also Bazaar Commercial district Souq Mom and pop shop Shopping district References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shopping streets in Japan. ^ Lydon, Patrick (2019-11-07). "Shotengai: Shopping Streets and Bicycles". City as Nature. Retrieved 2019-12-18. ^ Sorensen, André (2009). "Neighborhood Streets as Meaningful Spaces: Claiming Rights to Shared Spaces in Tokyo". City & Society. 21 (2): 207–229. doi:10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01022.x. ISSN 1548-744X. ^ Imai, Heide (2017). Tokyo Roji: The Diversity and Versatility of Alleys in a City in Transition. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 9781317363644. ^ Anderson, Collin (2012). Evolution of a Retail Streetscape: DP Architects on Orchard Road. Images Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 9781864704624. ^ Hani, Yoko (2005-06-12). "Shotengai". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2019-11-06. ^ Creative, Tokyo. "Shotengai - experience daily life in Japan". Tokyo Creative. Retrieved 2019-11-06. ^ Carmelino, Giancarlo; Hanazato, Toshihiro (2019-06-01). "The built environment of Japanese shopping streets as visual information on pedestrian vibrancy". Frontiers of Architectural Research. 8 (2): 261–273. doi:10.1016/j.foar.2019.01.003. ISSN 2095-2635. ^ Lydon, Patrick (2019-11-07). "Shotengai: Shopping Streets and Bicycles". City as Nature. Retrieved 2019-12-18. ^ Sorensen, André (2009). "Neighborhood Streets as Meaningful Spaces: Claiming Rights to Shared Spaces in Tokyo". City & Society. 21 (2): 207–229. doi:10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01022.x. ISSN 1548-744X. ^ Inoue, Naoki (2023). "Shotengai Around Japan". Shotengai. Authority control databases: National Japan This article related to the culture of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sh%C5%8Dtengai_of_Nakano_Interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nakano, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakano,_Tokyo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugamo_Jizodori_Sh%C5%8Dtengai.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kichij%C5%8Dji_Sh%C5%8Dtengai_Interior2023.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Endoji-hommachi-dori.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"commercial district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nakamise-dōri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens%C5%8D-ji#Nakamise-d%C5%8Dri"},{"link_name":"Asakusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakusa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"arcades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Nakano Sun Mall, a popular shōtengai in Nakano, TokyoSugamo Jizodori Shopping StreetInterior view of the shopping street at the north exit of Kichijoji Station in Tokyo.Endoji Hommachi in NagoyaA shōtengai (商店街) is a style of Japanese commercial district, typically in the form of a local market street that is closed to car traffic. Local shōtengai cater to the needs of nearby residents with a diverse mix of small specialty shops and few large retailers. In many older neighborhoods, these streets serve as cultural gathering spaces, holding seasonal festivals, processions, and other events throughout the year.[1][2]Many older shōtengai developed along roads leading to large shrines or temples; Nakamise-dōri to Sensō-ji, Asakusa is a typical example. More modern shōtengai often connect to the nearest train or subway station, or other public gathering points such as large parks or landmarks.[3] Most suburbs and towns of Japan have shōtengai of varying size, and larger shōtengai may take the form of covered arcades that are accessible only by foot or bicycle.[4]","title":"Shōtengai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"izakaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izakaya"},{"link_name":"kissaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissaten"},{"link_name":"wagashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagashi"},{"link_name":"sushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi"},{"link_name":"udon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udon"},{"link_name":"ramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramen"},{"link_name":"tempura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempura"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"kōban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dban"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"chain retailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_store"},{"link_name":"convenience stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store"},{"link_name":"pachinko parlors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachinko"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A neighborhood shōtengai may be anchored by one or two large retailers (such as a grocery store or drug store), however the majority of retailers are typically small shops that specialize in specific products such as fruits, vegetables, meats, books, clothing, drugs, furniture, housewares, stationery; or specific services such as barber shops, printing shops, tailors, or cleaners. Restaurants and prepared foods within shōtengai commonly include izakaya, kissaten, wagashi, sushi, udon, ramen or tempura shops. Public services located within or adjacent to shōtengai often include a post office or neighborhood kōban police substation.[5] In larger cities, more centrally located shōtengai often include a larger percentage of chain retailers, as well as hotels, convenience stores, or pachinko parlors.[6]","title":"Commercial features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Beyond their practical role as commercial districts, shōtengai serve as vital social spaces for Japanese neighborhoods, creating cohesion in a neighborhood through shop owner associations, and hosting seasonal festivals and events together with neighbors.[7] An uncommon feature of most other urban commercial districts, the shop proprietors within shōtengai often own the buildings where their shops operate, rather than leasing space from a single landlord or development firm. This gives shōtengai shop owners more freedom to relate to and serve the social needs of their neighborhood, rather than being forced to focus solely on economic utility.[8][9][10]","title":"Cultural functions"}]	[{"image_text":"Endoji Hommachi in Nagoya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Endoji-hommachi-dori.jpg/250px-Endoji-hommachi-dori.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar"},{"title":"Commercial district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_district"},{"title":"Souq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq"},{"title":"Mom and pop shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mom_and_pop_shop"},{"title":"Shopping district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_district"}]	[{"reference":"Lydon, Patrick (2019-11-07). \"Shotengai: Shopping Streets and Bicycles\". City as Nature. 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ISBN 9781317363644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317363644","url_text":"9781317363644"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Collin (2012). Evolution of a Retail Streetscape: DP Architects on Orchard Road. Images Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 9781864704624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781864704624","url_text":"9781864704624"}]},{"reference":"Hani, Yoko (2005-06-12). \"Shotengai\". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2019-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2005/06/12/to-be-sorted/shotengai/","url_text":"\"Shotengai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0447-5763","url_text":"0447-5763"}]},{"reference":"Creative, Tokyo. \"Shotengai - experience daily life in Japan\". Tokyo Creative. Retrieved 2019-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tokyocreative.com/articles/20139-shotengai-experience-daily-life-in-japan","url_text":"\"Shotengai - experience daily life in Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Carmelino, Giancarlo; Hanazato, Toshihiro (2019-06-01). \"The built environment of Japanese shopping streets as visual information on pedestrian vibrancy\". Frontiers of Architectural Research. 8 (2): 261–273. doi:10.1016/j.foar.2019.01.003. ISSN 2095-2635.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foar.2019.01.003","url_text":"\"The built environment of Japanese shopping streets as visual information on pedestrian vibrancy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foar.2019.01.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.foar.2019.01.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2095-2635","url_text":"2095-2635"}]},{"reference":"Lydon, Patrick (2019-11-07). \"Shotengai: Shopping Streets and Bicycles\". City as Nature. Retrieved 2019-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://cityasnature.org/post/2019/shotengai-shopping-streets-and-bicycles/","url_text":"\"Shotengai: Shopping Streets and Bicycles\""}]},{"reference":"Sorensen, André (2009). \"Neighborhood Streets as Meaningful Spaces: Claiming Rights to Shared Spaces in Tokyo\". City & Society. 21 (2): 207–229. doi:10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01022.x. ISSN 1548-744X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-744X.2009.01022.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01022.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-744X","url_text":"1548-744X"}]},{"reference":"Inoue, Naoki (2023). \"Shotengai Around Japan\". Shotengai.","urls":[{"url":"https://shotengai.com/pages/shotengai-around-japan/","url_text":"\"Shotengai Around Japan\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://cityasnature.org/post/2019/shotengai-shopping-streets-and-bicycles/","external_links_name":"\"Shotengai: Shopping Streets and Bicycles\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-744X.2009.01022.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01022.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-744X","external_links_name":"1548-744X"},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2005/06/12/to-be-sorted/shotengai/","external_links_name":"\"Shotengai\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0447-5763","external_links_name":"0447-5763"},{"Link":"https://www.tokyocreative.com/articles/20139-shotengai-experience-daily-life-in-japan","external_links_name":"\"Shotengai - experience daily life in Japan\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foar.2019.01.003","external_links_name":"\"The built environment of Japanese shopping streets as visual information on pedestrian vibrancy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foar.2019.01.003","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.foar.2019.01.003"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2095-2635","external_links_name":"2095-2635"},{"Link":"http://cityasnature.org/post/2019/shotengai-shopping-streets-and-bicycles/","external_links_name":"\"Shotengai: Shopping Streets and Bicycles\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-744X.2009.01022.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01022.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-744X","external_links_name":"1548-744X"},{"Link":"https://shotengai.com/pages/shotengai-around-japan/","external_links_name":"\"Shotengai Around Japan\""},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00945602","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dtengai&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howie_(disambiguation)	John Howie	[]	John Howie may refer to: John Howie (biographer) (1735–1793), Scottish writer John Mackintosh Howie (1936–2011), Scottish mathematician John Howie (businessman) (1833–1895), industrialist and investor Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Howie (biographer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howie_(biographer)"},{"link_name":"John Mackintosh Howie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mackintosh_Howie"},{"link_name":"John Howie (businessman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howie_(businessman)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/John_Howie&namespace=0"}],"text":"John Howie (biographer) (1735–1793), Scottish writer\nJohn Mackintosh Howie (1936–2011), Scottish mathematician\nJohn Howie (businessman) (1833–1895), industrialist and investorTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"John Howie"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/John_Howie&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappal_Muthalaali	Kappal Muthalaali	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]	2009 Indian filmKappal MuthalaaliDirected byThahaProduced byMummy CenturyRameez RajaStarringRamesh PisharodySarayuJagadishMukeshEdited byP. C. MohananMusic bySumesh AnandRelease date 27 November 2009 (2009-11-27) CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Kappal Muthalaali (English translation: The Ship Owner) is a 2009 Indian Malayalam-language film directed Thaha starring Ramesh Pisharody in title role Sarayu as lead actress. The movie also marked the debut of Pisharody and Sarayu in a lead role. Plot Bhoominathan keeps big aspirations in his life. His dreams are all revolving around a property in the city, which he inherited. Bhoominathan finds that making a tourist resort in the land, is the best possible business which can bring him big returns. He starts to realise his plans to build a resort by digging down for making a good basement. And he finds to his astonishment, the archaic remnants of a ship. Bhoomi takes no time to inform the archaeological department which lands him to further trouble and his project of resort building gets blocked. Bhoomi has got a friend in Radhika, who also works with the same department. Now with the help of some fresh ideas from her, he plans to venture into a new arena of business. The movie goes on to tell more lightly, how some unexpected happenings can change the fate of a youth. Cast Ramesh Pisharody as Bhoominathan Mukesh as Venkittaraman Sarayu as Radhika Jagadeesh as Thulaseedharan Kaviyoor Ponnamma Suraj Venjaramood Jagathy Sreekumar as Dubai Balu Salim Kumar Indrans Bheeman Raghu Thilakan as Yamarajan (cameo) Kochu Preman Bijukuttan Narayanankutty Thesnikhan T. P. Madhavan Appa Haja Jaffer Idukky Shalu Kurian References ^ "Kappal Muthalali". Sify. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. ^ M, Athira (21 April 2022). "I make conscious efforts to do something new as an artiste, says Ramesh Pisharody". The Hindu. External links http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2009/thaha-kappal-muthalaali-170909.html http://www.musix.co.in/Kappal%20Muthalaali%20review.html vteFilms Directed by ThahaDirector Saandram (1990) Co-directed with Ashokan Mookkillarajyathu (1991) Co-directed with Ashokan Varaphalam (1994) Gajaraja Manthram (1997) Five Star Hospital (1997) Ee Parakkum Thalika (2001) Sundara Travels (2001) Tamil Kerala House Udan Vilpanakku (2004) Thekkekkara Superfast (2004) Kappal Muthalaali (2009) Hailesa (2009) Pachuvum Kovalanum (2011) This article about a Malayalam film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_films_of_2009"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_cinema"},{"link_name":"Thaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaha"},{"link_name":"Ramesh Pisharody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Pisharody"},{"link_name":"Sarayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarayu_(Actress)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"2009 Indian filmKappal Muthalaali (English translation: The Ship Owner) is a 2009 Indian Malayalam-language film directed Thaha starring Ramesh Pisharody in title role Sarayu as lead actress. The movie also marked the debut of Pisharody and Sarayu in a lead role.[1][2]","title":"Kappal Muthalaali"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bhoominathan keeps big aspirations in his life. His dreams are all revolving around a property in the city, which he inherited. Bhoominathan finds that making a tourist resort in the land, is the best possible business which can bring him big returns. He starts to realise his plans to build a resort by digging down for making a good basement. And he finds to his astonishment, the archaic remnants of a ship.Bhoomi takes no time to inform the archaeological department which lands him to further trouble and his project of resort building gets blocked. Bhoomi has got a friend in Radhika, who also works with the same department. Now with the help of some fresh ideas from her, he plans to venture into a new arena of business. The movie goes on to tell more lightly, how some unexpected happenings can change the fate of a youth.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramesh Pisharody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Pisharody"},{"link_name":"Mukesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sarayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarayu_(Actress)"},{"link_name":"Jagadeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadeesh"},{"link_name":"Kaviyoor Ponnamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviyoor_Ponnamma"},{"link_name":"Suraj Venjaramood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suraj_Venjaramood"},{"link_name":"Jagathy Sreekumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagathy_Sreekumar"},{"link_name":"Salim Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Indrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrans"},{"link_name":"Bheeman Raghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheeman_Raghu"},{"link_name":"Thilakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thilakan"},{"link_name":"Kochu Preman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochu_Preman"},{"link_name":"Bijukuttan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijukuttan"},{"link_name":"Narayanankutty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayanankutty"},{"link_name":"Thesnikhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thesnikhan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T. P. Madhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._P._Madhavan"},{"link_name":"Appa Haja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appa_Haja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shalu Kurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalu_Kurian"}],"text":"Ramesh Pisharody as Bhoominathan\nMukesh as Venkittaraman\nSarayu as Radhika\nJagadeesh as Thulaseedharan\nKaviyoor Ponnamma\nSuraj Venjaramood\nJagathy Sreekumar as Dubai Balu\nSalim Kumar\nIndrans\nBheeman Raghu\nThilakan as Yamarajan (cameo)\nKochu Preman\nBijukuttan\nNarayanankutty\nThesnikhan\nT. P. Madhavan\nAppa Haja\nJaffer Idukky\nShalu Kurian","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kappal Muthalali\". Sify. 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The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-make-conscious-efforts-to-do-something-new-as-an-artiste-says-ramesh-pisharody/article65340756.ece?homepage=true","url_text":"\"I make conscious efforts to do something new as an artiste, says Ramesh Pisharody\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220120041457/https://www.sify.com/movies/kappal-muthalali-review-malayalam-pclxwdgjjaigi.html","external_links_name":"\"Kappal Muthalali\""},{"Link":"https://www.sify.com/movies/kappal-muthalali-review-malayalam-pclxwdgjjaigi.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-make-conscious-efforts-to-do-something-new-as-an-artiste-says-ramesh-pisharody/article65340756.ece?homepage=true","external_links_name":"\"I make conscious efforts to do something new as an artiste, says Ramesh Pisharody\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091122015528/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/preview/11232.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2009/thaha-kappal-muthalaali-170909.html","external_links_name":"http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2009/thaha-kappal-muthalaali-170909.html"},{"Link":"http://www.musix.co.in/Kappal%20Muthalaali%20review.html","external_links_name":"http://www.musix.co.in/Kappal%20Muthalaali%20review.html"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kappal_Muthalaali&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Nangxian	Wang Nangxian	["1 White Lotus Sect","2 See also","3 References"]	This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Wang Nangxian" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang. Wang Nangxian (Chinese: 王囊仙; pinyin: Wáng Nángxiān, 1778–1798) was a female Chinese leader of the anti-Manchu White Lotus Rebellion along with Wang Cong'er during the reign of the Qing dynasty. Another female member of the rebellion along with Wang Cong'er, she declared herself divine and commanded her own troops in battle against the Imperial army. She was called 'Sorceress Wang' due to her use of 'magical powers' as a blessing for their strength, power and dignity towards her troops including Wang Cong'er and many other Chinese residents during ritual ceremonies. Reportedly born in 1778, Wang Nangxian is of Bouyei descent. White Lotus Sect The White Lotus Sect originated during the Yuan Dynasty. Wang Nangxian along with Wang Cong'er led the uprising of the White Lotus sect against the Qing regime. She also reportedly used Kung Fu and acrobatics, and fought with a sword in each hand. Intent on avenging the death of her husband at the hands of the Qing, Wang led an army of men into battle against the Qing army. Though Wang's peasant troops were at an obvious disadvantage, they overcame and surprised the Qing troops repeatedly by using guerrilla tactics. The contemporary records of the Qing Court stated that "the deadliest of all the rebels are those led by Madam Wang, wife of Qi" and "it is said that all the rebel factions from Hubei and Shanxi were stirred up by Wang". The Qing General Ming Liang eventually recruited local landlords to build forts and lock civilians inside whenever rebels were in the area, cutting off support from civilian sympathizers who were a key part of the rebels' supply chain. In 1798, a year later after Wang Cong'er's death in 1797, the Qing forces, with an increased number of warriors, ambushed Wang Nangxian and her fighters in the mountains near Yunxi, Hubei. After thousands of her men were defeated, Wang was forced to retreat. With no escape route available, she also reportedly jumped to her death. Despite being defeated, Wang Nangxian has also been credited with creating a precedent for revolts against Chinese imperial rule. See also Wang Cong'er References Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Clara Lau, A.D. Stefanowska: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644–1911	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"王","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B"},{"link_name":"囊","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%8A"},{"link_name":"仙","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%99"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu"},{"link_name":"White Lotus Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Wang Cong'er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Cong%27er"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Bouyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouyei_people"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang.Wang Nangxian (Chinese: 王囊仙; pinyin: Wáng Nángxiān, 1778–1798) was a female Chinese leader of the anti-Manchu White Lotus Rebellion along with Wang Cong'er during the reign of the Qing dynasty. Another female member of the rebellion along with Wang Cong'er, she declared herself divine and commanded her own troops in battle against the Imperial army. She was called 'Sorceress Wang' due to her use of 'magical powers' as a blessing for their strength, power and dignity towards her troops including Wang Cong'er and many other Chinese residents during ritual ceremonies.Reportedly born in 1778, Wang Nangxian is of Bouyei descent.","title":"Wang Nangxian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Lotus Sect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lotus_Sect"},{"link_name":"Yuan Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty"}],"text":"The White Lotus Sect originated during the Yuan Dynasty. Wang Nangxian along with Wang Cong'er led the uprising of the White Lotus sect against the Qing regime. She also reportedly used Kung Fu and acrobatics, and fought with a sword in each hand. Intent on avenging the death of her husband at the hands of the Qing, Wang led an army of men into battle against the Qing army. Though Wang's peasant troops were at an obvious disadvantage, they overcame and surprised the Qing troops repeatedly by using guerrilla tactics. The contemporary records of the Qing Court stated that \"the deadliest of all the rebels are those led by Madam Wang, wife of Qi\" and \"it is said that all the rebel factions from Hubei and Shanxi were stirred up by Wang\".The Qing General Ming Liang eventually recruited local landlords to build forts and lock civilians inside whenever rebels were in the area, cutting off support from civilian sympathizers who were a key part of the rebels' supply chain. In 1798, a year later after Wang Cong'er's death in 1797, the Qing forces, with an increased number of warriors, ambushed Wang Nangxian and her fighters in the mountains near Yunxi, Hubei. After thousands of her men were defeated, Wang was forced to retreat. With no escape route available, she also reportedly jumped to her death. Despite being defeated, Wang Nangxian has also been credited with creating a precedent for revolts against Chinese imperial rule.","title":"White Lotus Sect"}]	[]	[{"title":"Wang Cong'er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Cong%27er"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang_Nangxian&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wang+Nangxian%22","external_links_name":"\"Wang Nangxian\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wang+Nangxian%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wang+Nangxian%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wang+Nangxian%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wang+Nangxian%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wang+Nangxian%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4vCgAAQBAJ&dq=gu+erniang&pg=PA48","external_links_name":"Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644–1911"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships	2003 World Junior Figure Skating Championships	["1 Medals table","2 Results","2.1 Men","2.2 Ladies","2.3 Pairs","2.4 Ice dancing","3 External links"]	2003 World Junior Figure Skating ChampionshipsType:ISU ChampionshipDate:February 24 – March 2Season:2002–03Location:Ostrava, Czech RepublicVenue:Palace of Culture and SportsChampionsMen's singles: Alexander ShubinLadies' singles: Yukina OtaPairs: Zhang Dan / Zhang HaoIce dance: Oksana Domnina / Maxim ShabalinNavigationPrevious: 2002 World Junior ChampionshipsNext: 2004 World Junior Championships The 2003 World Junior Figure Skating Championships were held from February 24 to March 2 at the Palace of Culture and Sports in Ostrava, Czech Republic. Medals were awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Due to the large number of participants, the men's and ladies' qualifying groups were split into groups A and B. The ice dancing qualifying event was split into two groups as well, with both groups doing the same dances in the same order. Group B skated their first and second dances one after the other, then Group A skated their first and second, in the same order. The first compulsory dance was the Westminster Waltz, and the second was the Blues. Medals table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Russia (RUS)20132 China (CHN)1102 Japan (JPN)11024 United States (USA)01125 Hungary (HUN)01016 France (FRA)0011 Italy (ITA)0011Totals (7 entries)44412 Results Men Rank Name Nation Fact. Places QB QA SP FS 1 Alexander Shubin Russia 3.2 1 3 1 2 Evan Lysacek United States 3.4 2 1 2 3 Alban Préaubert France 6.6 3 4 3 4 Kazumi Kishimoto Japan 8.0 1 6 4 5 Sergei Dobrin Russia 8.8 4 2 6 6 Shawn Sawyer Canada 10.6 2 8 5 7 Anton Kovalevski Ukraine 12.6 4 5 8 8 Wu Jialiang China 14.4 5 9 7 9 Daniel D'inca Italy 17.0 7 7 10 10 Damien Djordjevic France 18.0 6 11 9 11 Martin Liebers Germany 20.2 3 10 13 12 Ryo Shibata Japan 21.2 5 12 12 13 Ken Rose Canada 21.6 7 13 11 14 Yannick Ponsero France 27.2 6 18 14 15 Mikko Minkkinen Finland 28.8 12 15 15 16 Sergei Shiliaev Belarus 29.0 9 14 17 17 Tomáš Janečko Czech Republic 31.6 9 20 16 18 Yi Rui China 31.6 10 16 18 19 Adrian Schultheiss Sweden 34.4 13 17 19 20 Andrei Dobrokhodov Azerbaijan 36.2 12 19 20 21 Lee Dong-whun South Korea 39.2 8 25 21 22 Hirokazu Kobayashi Japan 39.8 8 21 24 23 Przemysław Domański Poland 41.4 14 23 22 24 Ivan Kinčík Slovakia 41.8 14 22 23 Free Skating Not Reached 25 Damjan Ostojič Slovenia 15 24 26 Sergei Kotov Israel 11 27 27 Ma Yingdi China 10 28 28 Luka Čadež Slovenia 14 26 29 Matthew Wilkinson United Kingdom 11 30 30 Juan Legaz Spain 13 29 Short Program Not Reached 31 Michael Chrolenko Norway 16 31 Bertalan Zakany Hungary 16 33 Adrian Matei Romania 17 33 Alper Uçar Turkey 17 35 Dmitri Antoni Estonia 18 35 Sean Carlow Australia 18 37 Edward Chow Hong Kong 19 37 Tomas Katukevicius Lithuania 19 39 Konrad Giering South Africa 20 39 Jamal Othman Switzerland 20 41 Marc Casal Andorra 21 41 Tristan Thode New Zealand 21 43 Peter Lee Chinese Taipei 22 43 Miguel Angel Moyron Mexico 22 45 Gegham Vardanyan Armenia 23 WD Parker Pennington United States Ladies Rank Name Nation Fact. Places QB QA SP FS 1 Yukina Ota Japan 2.6 1 2 1 2 Miki Ando Japan 5.0 3 3 2 3 Carolina Kostner Italy 6.0 1 1 5 4 Mai Asada Japan 8.0 2 7 3 5 Ye Bin Mok United States 9.8 2 5 6 6 Beatrisa Liang United States 11.2 3 10 4 7 Xu Binshu China 13.6 5 6 8 8 Lina Johansson Sweden 14.0 4 9 7 9 Kristina Oblasova Russia 14.4 5 4 10 10 Louann Donovan United States 18.0 6 11 9 11 Jenna McCorkell United Kingdom 21.8 10 8 13 12 Viktória Pavuk Hungary 22.0 8 13 11 13 Meghan Duhamel Canada 23.6 11 12 12 14 Candice Didier France 27.8 7 15 16 15 Olga Naidenova Russia 28.6 8 19 14 16 Signe Ronka Canada 28.6 4 20 15 17 Amanda Billings Canada 30.0 6 16 18 18 Choi Ji-eun South Korea 30.6 13 14 17 19 Kiira Korpi Finland 33.0 7 17 20 20 Giorgia Carrossa Italy 35.8 10 18 21 21 Sara Falotico Belgium 36.0 11 21 19 22 Evgenia Melnik Belarus 40.8 14 22 22 23 Iryna Lukianenko Ukraine 41.6 9 25 23 24 Gintarė Vostrecovaitė Lithuania 42.6 12 23 24 25 Veronika Benesova Czech Republic 48.2 16 28 25 Free Skating Not Reached 26 Katharina Häcker Germany 9 27 27 Anja Bratec Slovenia 14 24 28 Simona Ocelkova Slovakia 15 26 29 Viviane Käser Switzerland 12 29 30 Laura Fernandez Spain 13 31 31 Joelle Bastiaans Netherlands 15 30 Short Program Not Reached 32 Jennifer LeGuilloux Austria 16 32 Fleur Maxwell Luxembourg 16 34 Jenna-Anne Buys South Africa 17 35 Željka Krizmanić Croatia 18 35 Magdalena Leska Poland 18 37 Ana Cecilia Cantu Mexico 19 37 Jekaterina Frolova Estonia 19 39 Simona Punga Romania 20 39 Sonia Radeva Bulgaria 20 41 Emilia Ahsan Australia 21 41 Milessandre Fuentes Andorra 21 43 Beril Bektas Turkey 22 43 Elena Kovalova Latvia 22 45 Maria Mastrogiannopoulou Greece 23 45 Keren Shua Haim Israel 23 47 Alix-Myra Anderson Australia 24 47 Nina Bates Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 WD Kristel Popovic Serbia and Montenegro Pairs Rank Name Nation Fact. Places SP FS 1 Zhang Dan / Zhang Hao China 1.5 1 1 2 Ding Yang / Ren Zongfei China 3.5 3 2 3 Jennifer Don / Jonathon Hunt United States 5.5 5 3 4 Maria Mukhortova / Pavel Lebedev Russia 6.0 4 4 5 Julia Karbovskaya / Sergei Slavnov Russia 6.0 2 5 6 Carla Montgomery / Ryan Arnold Canada 10.0 8 6 7 Tatiana Volosozhar / Petro Kharchenko Ukraine 10.0 6 7 8 Kristen Roth / Michael McPherson United States 11.5 7 8 9 Jessica Dubé / Samuel Tetrault Canada 15.0 12 9 10 Brittany Vise / Nicolas Kole United States 15.5 11 10 11 Veronika Havlíčková / Karel Štefl Czech Republic 16.0 10 11 12 Julia Beloglazova / Andrei Bekh Ukraine 16.5 9 12 13 Rebecca Handke / Daniel Wende Germany 20.0 14 13 14 Marylin Pla / Yannick Bonheur France 20.5 13 14 15 Diana Rennik / Aleksei Saks Estonia 22.5 15 15 16 Rumiana Spassova / Staminir Todorov Bulgaria 24.0 16 16 17 Joanna Dusik / Patryk Szałaśny Poland 25.5 17 17 18 Ludmila Vesiolaia / Alexei Vesioli Latvia 27.0 18 18 WD Tatiana Kokareva / Egor Golovkin Russia Ice dancing Rank Name Nation Fact. Places CD1 - QB CD2 - QB CD1 - QA CD1 - QB OD FD 1 Oksana Domnina / Maxim Shabalin Russia 2.0 1 1 1 1 2 Nóra Hoffmann / Attila Elek Hungary 4.0 2 2 2 2 3 Elena Romanovskaya / Alexander Grachev Russia 5.6 2 2 3 3 4 Loren Galler-Rabinowitz / David Mitchell United States 6.8 1 1 4 4 5 Christina Beier / William Beier Germany 10.2 3 3 5 6 6 Natalia Mikhailova / Arkadi Sergeev Russia 10.4 4 5 6 5 7 Mariana Kozlova / Sergei Baranov Ukraine 13.0 4 5 7 7 8 Alexandra Zaretsky / Roman Zaretsky Israel 15.2 5 4 9 8 9 Alessia Aureli / Andrea Vaturi Italy 16.0 3 3 8 10 10 Melissa Piperno / Liam Dougherty Canada 17.2 7 4 10 9 11 Morgan Matthews / Maxim Zavozin United States 20.0 6 6 11 11 12 Kirsten Frisch / Brent Bommentre United States 21.6 6 6 12 12 13 Petra Pachlova / Petr Knoth Czech Republic 23.2 5 7 13 13 14 Myriam Trividic / Gregory Soler France 25.2 7 7 14 14 15 Anna Zadorozhniuk / Sergei Verbillo Ukraine 27.4 8 9 15 15 16 Barbara Herzog / Dmitri Matsjuk Austria 29.6 9 11 16 16 17 Marina Timofeieva / Evgeni Striganov Estonia 30.8 10 8 17 17 18 Yu Xiaoyang / Wang Chen China 32.6 8 11 18 18 19 Candice Towler-Green / James Phillipson United Kingdom 34.6 9 9 20 19 20 Anna Cappellini / Matteo Zanni Italy 36.0 11 12 19 20 21 Daniela Keller / Fabian Keller Switzerland 37.4 11 8 21 21 22 Floriane Rokia / Damien Biancotto France 41.2 12 10 23 23 23 Zsuzsanna Nagy / György Elek Hungary 41.2 10 10 22 24 24 Judith Haunstetter / Arne Hoenlein Germany 41.6 13 13 24 22 Free Dance Not Reached 25 Anna Galcheniuk / Alexander Cherniaev Belarus 12 12 25 26 Paulina Urban / Marcin Trębacki Poland 13 13 26 27 Kim Hye-min / Kim Min-woo South Korea 14 14 27 28 Tiffany Jones / Daniel O'Hanlon South Africa 14 14 28 External links 2003 World Junior Figure Skating Championships vteWorld Junior Figure Skating Championships 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 2024 vte2002–03 figure skating seasonISU World StandingsISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Skate America Skate Canada International Bofrost Cup on Ice Trophée Lalique Cup of Russia NHK Trophy Grand Prix Final Senior Internationals Asian Winter Games Crystal Skate of Romania Finlandia Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Nordic Championships Ondrej Nepela Memorial Pavel Roman Memorial Triglav Trophy Winter Universiade Junior Internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix National Championships Australia Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Italy Japan New Zealand Norway Poland Romania Russia Slovakia South Africa Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Junior Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Palace of Culture and Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Sports"},{"link_name":"Ostrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrava"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"men's singles, ladies' singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_skating"},{"link_name":"pair skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_skating"},{"link_name":"ice dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancing"},{"link_name":"compulsory dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_dance"},{"link_name":"Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"}],"text":"The 2003 World Junior Figure Skating Championships were held from February 24 to March 2 at the Palace of Culture and Sports in Ostrava, Czech Republic. Medals were awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.Due to the large number of participants, the men's and ladies' qualifying groups were split into groups A and B. The ice dancing qualifying event was split into two groups as well, with both groups doing the same dances in the same order. Group B skated their first and second dances one after the other, then Group A skated their first and second, in the same order. The first compulsory dance was the Westminster Waltz, and the second was the Blues.","title":"2003 World Junior Figure Skating Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medals table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ladies","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pairs","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ice dancing","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.icecalc.org/events/wjc2003/results/index.htm","external_links_name":"2003 World Junior Figure Skating Championships"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Beach	Alfred Ely Beach	["1 Early years","2 Munn & Co.","3 Invention of a subway","3.1 Downfall","4 Beach's designs for US Postal Mail Service","5 Death and legacy","6 References","7 External links"]	American inventor, publisher, and patent lawyer (1826–1896) Alfred Ely BeachBeach c. 1870Born(1826-09-01)September 1, 1826Springfield, Massachusetts, USDiedJanuary 1, 1896(1896-01-01) (aged 69)New York City, USEducationMonson Academy (now Wilbraham & Monson Academy)OccupationsInventorpublisherpatent lawyerKnown forDesigning the Beach Pneumatic TransitChildrenFrederick Converse BeachParentMoses Yale Beach (father)RelativesMoses S. Beach, brotherWilliam Yale Beach, brotherCharles Yale Beach, nephewStanley Yale Beach, grandsonFamilyYale Childhood home of Alfred Ely Beach, built by his father in 1846 Alfred Ely Beach (September 1, 1826 – January 1, 1896) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, publisher, and patent lawyer, born in Springfield, Massachusetts. He is known for his design of the earliest predecessor to the New York City Subway, the Beach Pneumatic Transit, which became the first subway in America. He was an early owner and cofounder of Scientific American and Munn & Co., the country's leading patent agency, and helped secure patents for Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and other innovators. A member of the Union League of New York, he also invented a typewriter for the blind and a system for heating water with solar power. Early years Scientific American in 1845, a magazine that was a major force for the diffusion of innovations during the 19th century Beach was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, and was the son of a prominent publisher, Moses Yale Beach, owner of the New York Sun and member of the Yale family. His brother William Yale Beach was a banker while his other brother, Moses S. Beach, took over the family newspaper and supported the policies of Abraham Lincoln during his ownership. Alfred's brother was also later a trustee and shareholder in his Broadway Underground Railway Company, along with his son Frederick C. Beach, and his nephew Charles Yale Beach. Charles Yale's brothers-in-law were Commodore Holland Newton Stevenson, and John McAllister Stevenson, a Yale graduate and board director of the Pittsfield Electric Street Railway Company in 1892, which operated electric trolley cars, replacing horsecars. His three nephews and his great-grandnephew, Rev. Brewster Yale Beach, all attended Yale University. Alfred worked for his father at the "Sun" until he and a friend, Orson Desaix Munn, decided to buy Scientific American, a relatively new publication, becoming the early founders of that company. He also brought in the venture Salem Howe Wales, President of the New York City Department of Docks and co-founder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Beach was the editor and publisher of Scientific American for fifty years, and they ran the magazine until their deaths decades later, and it was carried on by their sons and grandsons for decades more. Scientific American is now the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States, and has featured prominent scientists over time such as Albert Einstein, Nikola Tesla, Marie Curie, and Thomas Edison. They reported the invention and patent of Abraham Lincoln relating to his device that intended to help boats navigate shallows. Munn & Co. Munn & Co. in 1859, patent office headquarters in Washington, next to the United States Patent Office In 1846, Munn and Beach established a prominent patent agency within Scientific American named Munn & Co., in synergy with the scientists featured in the magazine who wanted to patent their inventions. They provided the service for the patent applications and tracked the progress once it reached the U.S. Patent Office, having their headquarters next door in Washington. As a boy, Thomas Edison used to walk a few miles every week to get his copy of the magazine, and later on in his career, he walked in Beach's office one day and showed him a device he called the phonograph, being the first to see his invention. Beach tested the device with Edison, liked it, and helped him filed the patent. Edison would become a frequent visitor of Beach. He also helped Alexander Graham Bell, Samuel F. B. Morse, Elias Howe, R. J. Gatling, Capt. John Ericsson, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Col. John Jacob Astor IV, who later died on the Titanic, and thousand of other inventors, and the magazine's patent department eventually filed about three thousand patents a year, forcing Beach to split his time between New York and Washington, defending the patents of the inventors in court.> Notable competitors in New York were Seth Perkins Staples and George Sickles, father of Congressman Daniel Sickles, who married the granddaughter of Venetian artist Lorenzo Da Ponte. Lorenzo, a friend of Casanova, was partner of Mozart and Habsburg Emperor Joseph II, brother of Marie Antoinette, and became the great-grandfather of Mary Yale Ogden's husband, member of the Yale family. Beach patented some of his own inventions, notably an early typewriter designed for use by the blind, an engineering first for the Americas. He received the gold medal by the American Institute at the New York Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1853, and his invention served as the prototype for typewriters over the next century. He invented a cable traction railway system, and designed and built one of the world's first tunnelling shields in the same year as famed engineer James Henry Greathead. His patent agency eventually brought him fame and fortune, and his magazine helped stimulate 19th-century technological innovations and became one of the most prestigious scientific magazines of its time. During its peak years, Munn & Co., as the patent agency of Scientific American, prosecuted about one third of all the patents issued by the US Patent Office. By 1924, they had filled more than 200,000 patents, gaining a virtual monopoly in the patent business, representing about 15% of all the patents filled in the United States, and was partly responsible for the rapid growth of the US patent system. After opening an office in Washington, they opened new offices across the globe and became recognized as the most successful patent law firm in the world. Invention of a subway Broadway underground railway (1872), New York, next to City Hall Socialites waiting in the Beach Pneumatic Transit station under Broadway Beach's most famous invention was New York City's first subway, the Beach Pneumatic Transit. He received his first charter by the legislature in 1868, four years before Commodore Vanderbilt's attempt of building a subway in New York, which would have linked New York City Hall to Grand Central Station. Beach created his own enterprise using the pneumatic tube technology, naming it the Beach Pneumatic Transit Company, and made himself its President. This idea came about during the late 1860s, when traffic in New York was a nightmare, especially along its central artery of Broadway, as people were mostly traveling by foot and horse carriages during this time. "The city was ruled by the notoriously corrupt William "Boss" Tweed, who among many illegal doings was getting kickbacks from the city's steampowered train and horse-pulled bus lines." Beach was one of a few visionaries who proposed building an underground railway under Broadway to help relieve the traffic congestion. The inspiration was the underground Metropolitan Railway in London but in contrast to that and others' proposals for New York, Beach proposed the use of trains propelled by pneumatics instead of conventional steam engines, and construction using a tunnelling shield of his invention to minimize disturbing the street. Beach used a circular design based upon Marc Isambard Brunel's rectangular shield, which may represent the shift in design from rectangular to cylindrical. It was unclear when or who transitioned tunneling shield design from rectangular to circular until The New York Times wrote an article describing the original Beach tunneling shield in 1870. London Pneumatic Despatch Company, inspiration for Beach's mail system Plan of the patent of Beach Pneumatic Transit mailing system with pneumatic cars used to deliver packages through an underground railroad network Beach was also interested in pneumatic tubes for the transport of letters and packages, another idea recently put into use in London by the London Pneumatic Despatch Company. He refused to blackmail "Boss" Tweed to have his proposal approved. He set out a way to bypass the corrupt politicians by building his tunnel in secret during the night, carting away the dirt under the cover of darkness, with the city officials at City Hall just across the street. He put up $350,000 of his own money to bankroll the project, allowing him to bypass the corruption and extortion schemes of Tammany Hall, which included the Governor, the Mayor, the City comptroller, and countless of other corrupted officials. His thinking was that once the public will see the completed subway, the politicians would not dare to stop him. With a franchise from the state he began construction of a tunnel for small pneumatic tubes in 1869, but diverted it into a demonstration of a passenger railway that opened on February 26, 1870. It is most interesting to note that Beach's tunnel design was likely the first cylindrical tunnel design ever used in the Americas and built using a design inspired by James Henry Greathead's successful shield patents in London for construction of the Tower Subway project. Greathead invented and built his own design of a shield as the contractor for that project, under Peter W. Barlow who was the engineer. Since Beach was a patents lawyer, it is likely he discovered the 1869 Greathead patent and the patent application by Barlow from 1864, using an imitated Barlow's patent design for engineering the PTS tunnel design. Illustration of the Broadway underground railway (1872) by New York Parcel Dispatch Company To build a passenger railway he needed a different franchise, something he lobbied for over four legislative sessions, 1870 to 1873. Construction of the tunnel was obvious from materials being delivered to Warren Street near Broadway, and was documented in newspaper reports, but Beach kept all details secret until the New York Tribune published a possibly planted article a few weeks before opening. The Mayor of New York, Abraham Oakey Hall, grew suspicious and sent an aide over to the construction site with a written order to inspect Beach's work, but his workers blocked the inspectors. When it was finished, after 58 successive nights, it became New York City's first underground subway. Beach hosted a gala on February 26, 1870, to which he invited city and state officials, enraging "Boss Tweed" for not having profited from the venture, and for challenging his monopoly on streetcars. In less than a year, Beach's underground system was used by 400,000 people, and he requested his line to extend to Central Park, with an injection of 5 million dollars in capital, hoping to get financiers such as John Jacob Astor III in the venture. Downfall In 1870 New York state Senator William M. Tweed introduced a bill to fund the full construction of Beach's subway but the bill did not pass. By the end of 1871 Tweed's Tammany Hall political machine was in disgrace and from then on Beach, in an effort to gain support from reformers, claimed that Tweed had opposed his subway. The real opposition to the subway was from politically connected property owners along Broadway, led by Alexander Turney Stewart and John Jacob Astor III, who feared that tunnelling would damage buildings and interfere with surface traffic. Bills for Beach's subway passed the legislature in 1871 and 1872 but were vetoed by Governor John T. Hoffman because he said that they gave away too much authority without compensation to the city or state. In 1873 Governor John Adams Dix signed a similar bill into law, but Beach was not able to raise funds to build over the next six months, and then the Panic of 1873 dried up the financial markets. During this same time, other investors had built an elevated railway at Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue, which operated successfully with a small steam engine starting in 1870. This elevated railway gave an idea to James Henry Greathead for the Docker's Umbrella in Liverpool, which was a similar idea for an overhead railway for the purpose of easing congestion on the ground in England. The wealthy property owners did not object to the New York City railway well away from Broadway, and by the mid-1870s it appeared that elevated railways were practical and underground railways were not, setting the pattern for rapid transit development in New York City for the remainder of the 19th century. General design, station – Broadway Underground Railway, 1872 Beach operated his demonstration railway from February 1870 to April 1873. It had one station in the basement of Devlin's clothing store, a building at the southwest corner of Broadway and Warren Street. The Woolworth Building would be built next door, with an underground entrance connecting to the subway station, but it was later closed down because of fear of criminal activities. It ran for a total of about 300 feet, first around a curve to the center of Broadway and then straight under the center of Broadway to the south side of Murray Street. Beach spent $70,000 of his own savings to make the station luxurious and comfortable, with chandeliers, mirrors, a towering grandfather clock, a fountain with fish, paintings and a piano. The former Devlin's building was destroyed by fire in 1898. When the subway tunnel closed down, Beach rented out the space as a wine cellar, and later as a shooting range and a storage vault. The profits made by Beach from the subway were given to charities, promising to donate all the money raised to the United Home for the Orphans of Soldiers and Sailors. He later also developed a pneumatic tube systems for New York's mail, building the first mail tube in the country. In 1912 workers for Degnon Contracting excavated the tunnel proper during the construction of a subway line running under Broadway, discovering the old tunnel and the old station that was buried underground. They also discovered Beach's old tunnelling shield and remains of Gotham's original subway car. The new tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day City Hall station under Broadway, near the old City Hall station. The British pneumatic tube also failed to attract much attention and eventually fell into disrepair and disrepute in spite of the fact that Royal Mail had contracted to use the tunnels. Ultimately the English experiment failed due to technical issues as well as lack of funds. Beach's designs for US Postal Mail Service US Pneumatic Dispatch Company, proposed by Alfred Ely Beach, 1868 The Pneumatic Dispatch, taking letters from the lamp-post The Alfred Ely Beach Plan of Dispatching Letters for a Branch Station Proposed Postal Tube Lines in New York City Death and legacy "Men of Progress", published by Scientific American and Munn & Co. in 1862, showing American inventors Samuel Morse, John Ericsson, Elias Howe, Samuel Colt, Cyrus McCormick, Charles Goodyear, Peter Cooper, etc The Beach Institute, founded by Alfred Ely Beach for newly freed African Americans Much of the Beach subway story was recalled as precedent by Lawrence Edwards in his lead article of the August 1965 issue of Scientific American, which described his invention of Gravity-Vacuum Transit. Beach's story is also featured in Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. The Beach Tunnelling shield, similar to the 1864 English patent idea of Barlow's, was used in the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway, headquartered in Montreal, Canada's first St. Clair Tunnel between Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario. This tunnel opened in 1890. His hydraulic shield system was also used in the excavating of the underground railway tunnels in London and Glasgow, the North River Tunnels and other construction works. Beach's pneumatic system was the first air-powered train in America, a concept that would be proposed once again about 150 years later by billionaire Elon Musk, rebranded as the Hyperloop. The team Hyperloop II of the Hyperloop pod competition sponsored by SpaceX also used Beach's pneumatic concept and made the pneumatic vehicle more efficient. In January 1887, Beach allowed his son and six other men to start a yacht club on his property in Stratford, Connecticut. The Housatonic boat club is the oldest operating yacht club in Connecticut, and the land purchased for the club came from his estate in 1954. After the Civil War, Beach founded a school for freed slaves in Savannah, Georgia, the Beach Institute, which is now the home of the King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation. It was the first school in Savannah erected specifically for the education of African Americans, and was built by Freedmen's Bureau, at the initiation of President Lincoln, and was managed by the American Missionary Association. Alumni include Mayor Otis Johnson and Senator Regina Thomas. Beach was also a member of the Union League Club of New York, an abolitionist society that supported the policies of Abraham Lincoln. Pneumatic tubes are still used today by banks and the CIA for their headquarters, and less than a decade after Beach's death, New York City built its first subway system in 1904, and have him featured in the history of the New York City Subway. He died of pneumonia on January 1, 1896, in New York City at the age of 69. He had a son named Frederick Converse Beach, who invented a photolithographic process and ran Scientific American, and a grandson named Stanley Yale Beach, who worked for the magazine as well but also became an aviation pioneer, and an early financier of Gustave Whitehead, the contested first maker of a powered controlled flight before the Wright brothers. Both were Yale graduates, having graduated from Yale's Sheffield Scientific School. References ^ Swift as Aeolus" American contribution in developing pneumatic railways as compared to European achievements, Society for the History of Technology, Sławomir Łotysz, 2003. ^ William I. (1915). Patent History Materials Index – Patent Materials from Scientific American, vol 112 (June 1915), Scientific American, v 112, p 533, June 5, 1915, The Patent Office and Invention Since 1845, How the Government Has Kept Pace With the Inventor Wyman ^ a b "The Union League Club of New York", The Club-house, University of Michigan, 1905, page 89. ^ "Yale genealogy and history of Wales : the British kings and princes, life of Owen Glyndwr, biographies of Governor Elihu Yale, for whom Yale University was named, Linus Yale, Sr". Archived.org. pp. 237–238. Retrieved November 27, 2022. ^ a b c d America's successful men of affairs. An encyclopedia of contemporaneous biography, p. 66-67 ^ "N. Y. Supreme Court". May 2, 1880 – via Google Books. ^ Rollin Hillyer Cooke (1906). Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, John McAllister Stevenson, Lewis Publishing Co., Vol I. New York and Chicago, p. 252-256 ^ 1902 – Periodicals – STREET RAILWAY JOURNAL (SEPTEMBER 13, 1902), p. 345 ^ Rollin Hillyer Cooke (1906). Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, John McAllister Stevenson, Lewis Publishing Co., Vol I. New York and Chicago, p. 252-256 ^ The Courier-News, September 25, 1979, Tue ·Page 16 ^ Beach, Stanley, Archives at Yale, Stanley Yale Beach papers, Number: GEN MSS 802, 1911–1948 ^ William I. (1915). Patent History Materials Index – Patent Materials from Scientific American, vol 112 (June 1915), Scientific American, v 112, p 533, June 5, 1915, The Patent Office and Invention Since 1845, How the Government Has Kept Pace With the Inventor Wyman ^ a b c d Daley, Robert (June 1961). "Alfred Ely Beach And His Wonderful Pneumatic Underground Railway". American Heritage. Vol. 12, no. 4. Retrieved May 2, 2024. ^ a b c d e f g Most, Doug (February 21, 2014). "Scientific American's Owner Built the First New York Subway ". Scientific American. Retrieved May 2, 2024. ^ William I. (1915). Patent History Materials Index – Patent Materials from Scientific American, vol 112 (June 1915), Scientific American, v 112, p 533, June 5, 1915, The Patent Office and Invention Since 1845, How the Government Has Kept Pace With the Inventor Wyman ^ a b c d Dobyns, Kenneth W. (2016). The Patent Office pony : a history of the early Patent Offices. Boston, Massachusetts: Docent Press. pp. 129–131. ISBN 978-1-942795-91-9. OCLC 990795989. ^ Rodney Horace Yale (1908). "Yale genealogy and history of Wales. The British kings and princes. Life of Owen Glyndwr. Biographies of Governor Elihu Yale". Milburn and Scott company. pp. 348–349. ^ William Ogden Wheeler (1907). "The Ogden Family in America and Their English Ancestry". J. B. Lippincott Company Philadelphia. p. 444. ^ Rodney Horace Yale (1908). "Yale genealogy and history of Wales. The British kings and princes. Life of Owen Glyndwr. Biographies of Governor Elihu Yale". Milburn and Scott company. p. 348-349. ^ Copperthwaite 1906, p. 20. ^ "Alfred Ely Beach \| 19th Century Publisher & Inventor \| Britannica". www.britannica.com. ^ Most, Doug, The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the incredible rivalry that built America's first subway (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2014), ISBN 9780312591328. ^ Wallace B. Katz (1979). The New York Rapid Transit Decision of 1900: Economy, Society, Politics, Historic American Engineering Record, Interborough Rapid Transit Subway, N-Y-122, p. 22-23 ^ "The American Almanac, Year-book, Cyclopaedia and Atlas". New York American and Journal, Hearst's Chicago American and San Francisco Examiner. May 2, 1903 – via Google Books. ^ Courage, Katherine Harmon (September 1, 2020). "The First Subway in New York City Was a Cylindrical Car Pushed by Air". Scientific American. Retrieved May 2, 2024. ^ Copperthwaite, William Charles (1906). Tunnel shields and the use of compressed air in subaqueous works (1 ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Co. p. 20. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2r49hs0g. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ^ a b c Walker, James Blaine (1918). Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864–1917. Law Printing Company. ISBN 0-405-02480-0. ^ "www.nycsubway.org: Beach Pneumatic Transit". www.nycsubway.org. February 4, 1912. Retrieved January 2, 2019. See also: "THE BROADWAY TUNNEL.; Opening the Bore to Public Inspection—Success of the Undertaking Great Crowd of Visitors". The New York Times. February 27, 1870. Retrieved January 2, 2019. ^ Alfred E Beach, "The Pneumatic Dispatch". New York: The American News Company, 1868. ^ a b "Speaking III of the Dead: Jerks in New York History", Kara Hughes, November 8, 2011, page 18. ^ a b "Reconstructing America, A Villain, a Dreamer, a Cartoonist, p. 98" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023. ^ a b The Secret Pneumatic Subway: Beach vs Tweed, American Studies Biographical Stories, Business Environmental History, Political History, April 17, 2018 ^ a b "Alfred Beach". Lemelson. Retrieved May 2, 2024. ^ a b "Scientific American", March 5, 1870. ^ "New York Tribune", January 11, 1870. ^ a b "The Secret Pneumatic Subway: Beach vs Tweed – StMU Research Scholars". StMU Research Scholars – Featuring Scholarly Research, Writing, and Media at St. Mary's University. April 17, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2024. ^ "New York Herald" and "New York Tribune", March 11, 1870. ^ Alfred E Beach, "The Broadway Underground Railway". New York: Beach Pneumatic Transit, 1872. ^ For example see "New York Herald", March 21, 1871, and "New York Tribune", March 29, 1871, and "New York Times", March 30, 1872. ^ Buder, Leonard (June 26, 1983). "Coping with Crime in Office Buildings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ Scientific American's Owner Built the First New York Subway, One of America's First Attempts at Underground Transportation was Powered Pneumatically, Built covertly—and Illegal, 2014 ^ "New York Times", "New York Herald", "The World", "New York Tribune", December 5, 1898. ^ Banvard's Folly: Thirteen Tales of Renowned Obscurity, Famous Anonymity, and ..., Paul Collins. ^ Diehl, Lorraine B. (May 2, 2004). "Subways : the tracks that built New York City". New York : Clarkson Potter/Publishers – via Internet Archive. ^ "Reconstructing America, A Villain, a Dreamer, a Cartoonist, p. 99" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023. ^ "The Pneumatic Mail Tubes: New York's Hidden Highway And Its Development An Historical Perspective It was not a Pipe Dream! By Robert A. Cohen, 1999, p. 3" (PDF). ^ Wallace, Mike (2017). Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919, Oxford University Press, New York, p. 239 ^ Walker 1918, and "Scientific American", February 24, 1912 and September 7, 1912, and "New York Times", February 9, 1912. ^ Scientific American, Inc. (1862)Men of progress : American inventors presented to the subscribers of the Scientific American. Munn & Co. (New York, N.Y.), publisher. ^ "Scientific American", August 1965. ^ Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 932. ISBN 0-195-11634-8. ^ William D. Middleton, Metropolitan Railways: Rapid Transit in America. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2003; pg. 17. ^ New York Had a Hyperloop First, Elon Musk, Bloomberg, Stephen Mihm, August 14, 2013. ^ Marc Santora (2013). When the New York City Subway Ran Without Rails, The New York Times, August 14, 2013 ^ a b Sarah Jensen (2019). MIT News, Overcoming obstacles with an electric hovercraft, MIT team places first among U.S. universities at 2019 SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition, School of Engineering ^ Stacy, Mungo (September 29, 2016). "From Beach to Musk – A lot of hype over Hyperloop". Rail Engineer. ^ McFarland, Matt (November 20, 2020). "Hyperloop wants to change the world. Not everyone's convinced \| CNN Business". CNN. ^ Megan Garber (2013). Pneumatic Tubes: A Brief History Elon Musk is not the first inventor to dream of humans being speedily sucked through vacuums, The Atlantic Magazine, August 13, 2013. ^ "History". Housatonic Boat Club. Retrieved December 30, 2021. ^ a b "Scientific American", January 11, 1896. ^ King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation, Arts & Culture, Education, Community, www.beachinstitute.org ^ "A.E. Beach High School". Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008. ^ "Beach Institute Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. ^ "Funeral of Alfred Ely Beach. His Wife Arrives from Europe Just Before the Services". The New York Times. January 7, 1896. Retrieved July 15, 2008. The funeral of Alfred Ely Beach, the Inventor, who died on New Year's morning of pneumonia, after a brief Illness, was held yesterday morning at 9 West ... ^ Jackson, Paul (2013). Jackson, Paul (ed.). "Executive Overview: Justice delayed is justice denied". Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2013. Washington, DC: Macdonald and Jane's: 8–10. ^ "(AVIATION) Archive of Stanley Yale Beach aviation pioneer". catalogue.swanngalleries.com. ^ "Collection: Stanley Yale Beach papers \| Archives at Yale". archives.yale.edu. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfred Ely Beach. Alfred Beach's Pneumatic Subway and the beginnings of rapid transit in New York by Joseph Brennan Alfred Ely Beach – Beach's Bizarre Broadway Subway Klaatu's detailed background article, explaining the technical and political details of the project. NEW YORK'S SECRET SUBWAY – American Heritage "Pneumatic Transit" Animation by Abby Digital Archived April 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moses_Yale_Beach_home,_later_St._George%27s_Inn_Wallingford,_and_Choate_Rosemary_School22.png"},{"link_name":"inventor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor"},{"link_name":"publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher"},{"link_name":"patent lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_lawyer"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"Beach Pneumatic Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"Alexander Graham Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Union League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Union_League_Club_of_New_York-3"}],"text":"Childhood home of Alfred Ely Beach, built by his father in 1846Alfred Ely Beach (September 1, 1826 – January 1, 1896) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, publisher, and patent lawyer, born in Springfield, Massachusetts. He is known for his design of the earliest predecessor to the New York City Subway, the Beach Pneumatic Transit, which became the first subway in America.[1] He was an early owner and cofounder of Scientific American and Munn & Co., the country's leading patent agency, and helped secure patents for Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and other innovators.[2] A member of the Union League of New York, he also invented a typewriter for the blind and a system for heating water with solar power.[3]","title":"Alfred Ely Beach"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1845_08_28_Scientific_American_-_Cover_first_Scientific_American_item.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Moses Yale Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Yale_Beach"},{"link_name":"New York Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Yale family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_(surname)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cu31924072688090-5"},{"link_name":"William Yale Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Yale_Beach"},{"link_name":"Moses S. Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_S._Beach"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Frederick C. Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Beach"},{"link_name":"Charles Yale Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Yale_Beach"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"electric trolley cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcars_in_North_America#Electrification"},{"link_name":"horsecars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsecar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brewster Yale Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_Yale_Beach"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Orson Desaix Munn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Desaix_Munn"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cu31924072688090-5"},{"link_name":"Salem Howe Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Howe_Wales"},{"link_name":"New York City Department of Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Docks"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Nikola Tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla"},{"link_name":"Marie Curie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"}],"text":"Scientific American in 1845, a magazine that was a major force for the diffusion of innovations during the 19th centuryBeach was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, and was the son of a prominent publisher, Moses Yale Beach, owner of the New York Sun and member of the Yale family.[4][5] His brother William Yale Beach was a banker while his other brother, Moses S. Beach, took over the family newspaper and supported the policies of Abraham Lincoln during his ownership. Alfred's brother was also later a trustee and shareholder in his Broadway Underground Railway Company, along with his son Frederick C. Beach, and his nephew Charles Yale Beach.[6]Charles Yale's brothers-in-law were Commodore Holland Newton Stevenson, and John McAllister Stevenson, a Yale graduate and board director of the Pittsfield Electric Street Railway Company in 1892, which operated electric trolley cars, replacing horsecars.[7][8] His three nephews and his great-grandnephew, Rev. Brewster Yale Beach, all attended Yale University.[9][10]Alfred worked for his father at the \"Sun\" until he and a friend, Orson Desaix Munn, decided to buy Scientific American, a relatively new publication, becoming the early founders of that company.[5] He also brought in the venture Salem Howe Wales, President of the New York City Department of Docks and co-founder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Beach was the editor and publisher of Scientific American for fifty years, and they ran the magazine until their deaths decades later, and it was carried on by their sons and grandsons for decades more.[11]Scientific American is now the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States, and has featured prominent scientists over time such as Albert Einstein, Nikola Tesla, Marie Curie, and Thomas Edison. They reported the invention and patent of Abraham Lincoln relating to his device that intended to help boats navigate shallows.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Munn_%26_Co._patent_offices_headquarters_in_Washington,_next_to_the_United_States_Patent_Office.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_Office"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cu31924072688090-5"},{"link_name":"U.S. Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Patent_Office"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"phonograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMERICAN_HERITAGE_j910-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Most_2014_q816-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Most_2014_q816-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMERICAN_HERITAGE_j910-13"},{"link_name":"Alexander Graham Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell"},{"link_name":"Samuel F. B. Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_F._B._Morse"},{"link_name":"Elias Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Howe"},{"link_name":"R. J. Gatling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jordan_Gatling"},{"link_name":"John Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ericsson"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"John Jacob Astor IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_IV"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic"},{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMERICAN_HERITAGE_j910-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Most_2014_q816-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Seth Perkins Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Perkins_Staples"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sickles"},{"link_name":"granddaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Bagioli_Sickles"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Da Ponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dobyns_2016_p.-16"},{"link_name":"Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Mary Yale Ogden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Chauncey#Legacy"},{"link_name":"Yale family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_(surname)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"typewriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter"},{"link_name":"American Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_the_City_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Crystal_Palace"},{"link_name":"Great Exhibition of 1853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Industry_of_All_Nations"},{"link_name":"tunnelling shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelling_shield"},{"link_name":"James Henry Greathead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Greathead"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopperthwaite190620-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Most_2014_q816-14"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dobyns_2016_p.-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dobyns_2016_p.-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dobyns_2016_p.-16"}],"text":"Munn & Co. in 1859, patent office headquarters in Washington, next to the United States Patent OfficeIn 1846, Munn and Beach established a prominent patent agency within Scientific American named Munn & Co., in synergy with the scientists featured in the magazine who wanted to patent their inventions.[5] They provided the service for the patent applications and tracked the progress once it reached the U.S. Patent Office, having their headquarters next door in Washington.As a boy, Thomas Edison used to walk a few miles every week to get his copy of the magazine, and later on in his career, he walked in Beach's office one day and showed him a device he called the phonograph, being the first to see his invention.[12][13][14] Beach tested the device with Edison, liked it, and helped him filed the patent.[14] Edison would become a frequent visitor of Beach.[13]He also helped Alexander Graham Bell, Samuel F. B. Morse, Elias Howe, R. J. Gatling, Capt. John Ericsson, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Col. John Jacob Astor IV, who later died on the Titanic, and thousand of other inventors, and the magazine's patent department eventually filed about three thousand patents a year, forcing Beach to split his time between New York and Washington, defending the patents of the inventors in court.[13]>[14][15]Notable competitors in New York were Seth Perkins Staples and George Sickles, father of Congressman Daniel Sickles, who married the granddaughter of Venetian artist Lorenzo Da Ponte.[16] Lorenzo, a friend of Casanova, was partner of Mozart and Habsburg Emperor Joseph II, brother of Marie Antoinette, and became the great-grandfather of Mary Yale Ogden's husband, member of the Yale family.[17][18][19]Beach patented some of his own inventions, notably an early typewriter designed for use by the blind, an engineering first for the Americas. He received the gold medal by the American Institute at the New York Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1853, and his invention served as the prototype for typewriters over the next century. He invented a cable traction railway system, and designed and built one of the world's first tunnelling shields in the same year as famed engineer James Henry Greathead.[20]His patent agency eventually brought him fame and fortune, and his magazine helped stimulate 19th-century technological innovations and became one of the most prestigious scientific magazines of its time.[14][21] During its peak years, Munn & Co., as the patent agency of Scientific American, prosecuted about one third of all the patents issued by the US Patent Office.[16] By 1924, they had filled more than 200,000 patents, gaining a virtual monopoly in the patent business, representing about 15% of all the patents filled in the United States, and was partly responsible for the rapid growth of the US patent system.[16] After opening an office in Washington, they opened new offices across the globe and became recognized as the most successful patent law firm in the world.[16]","title":"Munn & Co."},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustrated_description_of_the_Broadway_underground_railway_(1872)_by_New_York_Parcel_Dispatch_Company.,_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall,_Manhattan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_System_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beach Pneumatic Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Beach Pneumatic Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Commodore 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Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit"},{"link_name":"pneumatic tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_tube"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"London Pneumatic Despatch Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Pneumatic_Despatch_Company"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beach_pneumatic-29"},{"link_name":"\"Boss\" Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Speaking_III_of_the_Dead-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reconstructing_America-31"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Secret_Pneumatic_Subway-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Speaking_III_of_the_Dead-30"},{"link_name":"Tammany Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Secret_Pneumatic_Subway-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lemelson_w988-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lemelson_w988-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beach_opening-34"},{"link_name":"James Henry Greathead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Greathead"},{"link_name":"Tower Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Subway"},{"link_name":"Peter W. Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_W._Barlow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustrated_description_of_the_Broadway_underground_railway_(1872)_by_New_York_Parcel_Dispatch_Company.,_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"New York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-35"},{"link_name":"Abraham Oakey Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Oakey_Hall"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Most_2014_q816-14"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reconstructing_America-31"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StMU_s479-36"},{"link_name":"Boss Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed"},{"link_name":"streetcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsecar"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StMU_s479-36"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMERICAN_HERITAGE_j910-13"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"John Jacob Astor III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_III"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Most_2014_q816-14"}],"text":"Broadway underground railway (1872), New York, next to City HallSocialites waiting in the Beach Pneumatic Transit station under BroadwayBeach's most famous invention was New York City's first subway, the Beach Pneumatic Transit.[22] He received his first charter by the legislature in 1868, four years before Commodore Vanderbilt's attempt of building a subway in New York, which would have linked New York City Hall to Grand Central Station.[23][24] Beach created his own enterprise using the pneumatic tube technology, naming it the Beach Pneumatic Transit Company, and made himself its President. This idea came about during the late 1860s, when traffic in New York was a nightmare, especially along its central artery of Broadway, as people were mostly traveling by foot and horse carriages during this time. \"The city was ruled by the notoriously corrupt William \"Boss\" Tweed, who among many illegal doings was getting kickbacks from the city's steampowered train and horse-pulled bus lines.\"[25] Beach was one of a few visionaries who proposed building an underground railway under Broadway to help relieve the traffic congestion. The inspiration was the underground Metropolitan Railway in London but in contrast to that and others' proposals for New York, Beach proposed the use of trains propelled by pneumatics instead of conventional steam engines, and construction using a tunnelling shield of his invention[26] to minimize disturbing the street.[27]Beach used a circular design based upon Marc Isambard Brunel's rectangular shield, which may represent the shift in design from rectangular to cylindrical. It was unclear when or who transitioned tunneling shield design from rectangular to circular until The New York Times wrote an article describing the original Beach tunneling shield in 1870.[28]London Pneumatic Despatch Company, inspiration for Beach's mail systemPlan of the patent of Beach Pneumatic Transit mailing system with pneumatic cars used to deliver packages through an underground railroad networkBeach was also interested in pneumatic tubes for the transport of letters and packages, another idea recently put into use in London by the London Pneumatic Despatch Company.[29] He refused to blackmail \"Boss\" Tweed to have his proposal approved.[30][31] He set out a way to bypass the corrupt politicians by building his tunnel in secret during the night, carting away the dirt under the cover of darkness, with the city officials at City Hall just across the street.[32][30] He put up $350,000 of his own money to bankroll the project, allowing him to bypass the corruption and extortion schemes of Tammany Hall, which included the Governor, the Mayor, the City comptroller, and countless of other corrupted officials.[32][33] His thinking was that once the public will see the completed subway, the politicians would not dare to stop him.[33] With a franchise from the state he began construction of a tunnel for small pneumatic tubes in 1869, but diverted it into a demonstration of a passenger railway that opened on February 26, 1870.[34] It is most interesting to note that Beach's tunnel design was likely the first cylindrical tunnel design ever used in the Americas and built using a design inspired by James Henry Greathead's successful shield patents in London for construction of the Tower Subway project. Greathead invented and built his own design of a shield as the contractor for that project, under Peter W. Barlow who was the engineer. Since Beach was a patents lawyer, it is likely he discovered the 1869 Greathead patent and the patent application by Barlow from 1864, using an imitated Barlow's patent design for engineering the PTS tunnel design.Illustration of the Broadway underground railway (1872) by New York Parcel Dispatch CompanyTo build a passenger railway he needed a different franchise, something he lobbied for over four legislative sessions, 1870 to 1873. Construction of the tunnel was obvious from materials being delivered to Warren Street near Broadway, and was documented in newspaper reports, but Beach kept all details secret until the New York Tribune published a possibly planted article a few weeks before opening.[35] The Mayor of New York, Abraham Oakey Hall, grew suspicious and sent an aide over to the construction site with a written order to inspect Beach's work, but his workers blocked the inspectors.[14]When it was finished, after 58 successive nights, it became New York City's first underground subway.[31][36] Beach hosted a gala on February 26, 1870, to which he invited city and state officials, enraging \"Boss Tweed\" for not having profited from the venture, and for challenging his monopoly on streetcars.[36][13] In less than a year, Beach's underground system was used by 400,000 people, and he requested his line to extend to Central Park, with an injection of 5 million dollars in capital, hoping to get financiers such as John Jacob Astor III in the venture.[14]","title":"Invention of a subway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William M. Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tweed-37"},{"link_name":"Tammany Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beach_revisionist-38"},{"link_name":"Alexander Turney Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Turney_Stewart"},{"link_name":"John Jacob Astor III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_III"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-39"},{"link_name":"John T. Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Hoffman"},{"link_name":"John Adams Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_Dix"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walker-27"},{"link_name":"elevated railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_railway"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Street"},{"link_name":"Ninth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"James Henry Greathead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Greathead"},{"link_name":"Docker's Umbrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Docker%27s_Umbrella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walker-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_design_for_stations_-_Broadway_Underground_Railway_LCCN2006677426.jpg"},{"link_name":"Devlin's clothing store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Peet_Building"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Woolworth Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworth_Building"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beach_opening-34"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fire-42"},{"link_name":"shooting range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_range"},{"link_name":"storage vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Most_2014_q816-14"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"tunnelling shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelling_shield"},{"link_name":"subway car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"City Hall station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall_(BMT_Broadway_Line)"},{"link_name":"old City Hall station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall_station_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tunnel-48"},{"link_name":"Royal Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mail"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Downfall","text":"In 1870 New York state Senator William M. Tweed introduced a bill to fund the full construction of Beach's subway but the bill did not pass.[37] By the end of 1871 Tweed's Tammany Hall political machine was in disgrace and from then on Beach, in an effort to gain support from reformers, claimed that Tweed had opposed his subway.[38] The real opposition to the subway was from politically connected property owners along Broadway, led by Alexander Turney Stewart and John Jacob Astor III, who feared that tunnelling would damage buildings and interfere with surface traffic.[39] Bills for Beach's subway passed the legislature in 1871 and 1872 but were vetoed by Governor John T. Hoffman because he said that they gave away too much authority without compensation to the city or state. In 1873 Governor John Adams Dix signed a similar bill into law, but Beach was not able to raise funds to build over the next six months, and then the Panic of 1873 dried up the financial markets.[27]During this same time, other investors had built an elevated railway at Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue, which operated successfully with a small steam engine starting in 1870. This elevated railway gave an idea to James Henry Greathead for the Docker's Umbrella in Liverpool, which was a similar idea for an overhead railway for the purpose of easing congestion on the ground in England. The wealthy property owners did not object to the New York City railway well away from Broadway, and by the mid-1870s it appeared that elevated railways were practical and underground railways were not, setting the pattern for rapid transit development in New York City for the remainder of the 19th century.[27]General design, station – Broadway Underground Railway, 1872Beach operated his demonstration railway from February 1870 to April 1873. It had one station in the basement of Devlin's clothing store, a building at the southwest corner of Broadway and Warren Street. The Woolworth Building would be built next door, with an underground entrance connecting to the subway station, but it was later closed down because of fear of criminal activities.[40]It ran for a total of about 300 feet, first around a curve to the center of Broadway and then straight under the center of Broadway to the south side of Murray Street.[34] Beach spent $70,000 of his own savings to make the station luxurious and comfortable, with chandeliers, mirrors, a towering grandfather clock, a fountain with fish, paintings and a piano.[41] The former Devlin's building was destroyed by fire in 1898.[42] When the subway tunnel closed down, Beach rented out the space as a wine cellar, and later as a shooting range and a storage vault.[43][44]The profits made by Beach from the subway were given to charities, promising to donate all the money raised to the United Home for the Orphans of Soldiers and Sailors.[45][14] He later also developed a pneumatic tube systems for New York's mail, building the first mail tube in the country.[46]In 1912 workers for Degnon Contracting excavated the tunnel proper during the construction of a subway line running under Broadway, discovering the old tunnel and the old station that was buried underground. They also discovered Beach's old tunnelling shield and remains of Gotham's original subway car.[47] The new tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day City Hall station under Broadway, near the old City Hall station.[48] The British pneumatic tube also failed to attract much attention and eventually fell into disrepair and disrepute in spite of the fact that Royal Mail had contracted to use the tunnels. Ultimately the English experiment failed due to technical issues as well as lack of funds.[citation needed]","title":"Invention of a subway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Pneumatic_Dispatch_Company,_proposed_by_Alfred_Ely_Beach,_1868.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Pneumatic_Dispatch,_taking_letters_from_the_lamp-post,_designed_by_A._E._Beach,_1868.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Alfred_Ely_Beach_Plan_of_Dispatching_Letters_for_a_Branch_Station.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proposed_Postal_Tube_Lines_in_New_York_City,_Alfred_Ely_Beach,_1868.png"}],"text":"US Pneumatic Dispatch Company, proposed by Alfred Ely Beach, 1868\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Pneumatic Dispatch, taking letters from the lamp-post\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Alfred Ely Beach Plan of Dispatching Letters for a Branch Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProposed Postal Tube Lines in New York City","title":"Beach's designs for US Postal Mail Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Schussele_-_Men_of_Progress_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Samuel Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse"},{"link_name":"John Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ericsson"},{"link_name":"Elias Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Howe"},{"link_name":"Samuel Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Colt"},{"link_name":"Cyrus McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick"},{"link_name":"Charles Goodyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goodyear"},{"link_name":"Peter Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beach_Institute.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beach Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Institute"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Gravity-Vacuum Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity-Vacuum_Transit"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lawrence_Edwards-50"},{"link_name":"Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham:_A_History_of_New_York_City_to_1898"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Tunnelling shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelling_shield"},{"link_name":"Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_W._Barlow"},{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"St. Clair Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Port Huron, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Sarnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnia"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"North River Tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_River_Tunnels"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cu31924072688090-5"},{"link_name":"Beach's pneumatic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit"},{"link_name":"air-powered train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_railway"},{"link_name":"Elon Musk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk"},{"link_name":"Hyperloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarah_Jensen-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Hyperloop pod competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop_pod_competition"},{"link_name":"SpaceX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarah_Jensen-55"},{"link_name":"Stratford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"yacht club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_club"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Beach Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Institute"},{"link_name":"King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071229221124/http://www.kingtisdell.org/beachinst.html"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-60"},{"link_name":"Freedmen's Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau"},{"link_name":"American Missionary Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Missionary_Association"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Otis Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Regina Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Union League Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Union_League_Club_of_New_York-3"},{"link_name":"Pneumatic tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_tube"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_headquarters"},{"link_name":"subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"history of the New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-60"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Frederick Converse Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Converse_Beach"},{"link_name":"photolithographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolithographic"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Stanley Yale Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Yale_Beach"},{"link_name":"Gustave Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Wright brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Scientific School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School"}],"text":"\"Men of Progress\", published by Scientific American and Munn & Co. in 1862, showing American inventors Samuel Morse, John Ericsson, Elias Howe, Samuel Colt, Cyrus McCormick, Charles Goodyear, Peter Cooper, etc[49]The Beach Institute, founded by Alfred Ely Beach for newly freed African AmericansMuch of the Beach subway story was recalled as precedent by Lawrence Edwards in his lead article of the August 1965 issue of Scientific American, which described his invention of Gravity-Vacuum Transit.[50] Beach's story is also featured in Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898.[51]The Beach Tunnelling shield, similar to the 1864 English patent idea of Barlow's, was used in the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway, headquartered in Montreal, Canada's first St. Clair Tunnel between Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario.[52] This tunnel opened in 1890. His hydraulic shield system was also used in the excavating of the underground railway tunnels in London and Glasgow, the North River Tunnels and other construction works.[5]Beach's pneumatic system was the first air-powered train in America, a concept that would be proposed once again about 150 years later by billionaire Elon Musk, rebranded as the Hyperloop.[53][54][55][56][57][58] The team Hyperloop II of the Hyperloop pod competition sponsored by SpaceX also used Beach's pneumatic concept and made the pneumatic vehicle more efficient.[55]In January 1887, Beach allowed his son and six other men to start a yacht club on his property in Stratford, Connecticut. The Housatonic boat club is the oldest operating yacht club in Connecticut, and the land purchased for the club came from his estate in 1954.[59]After the Civil War, Beach founded a school for freed slaves in Savannah, Georgia, the Beach Institute, which is now the home of the King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation.[60] It was the first school in Savannah erected specifically for the education of African Americans, and was built by Freedmen's Bureau, at the initiation of President Lincoln, and was managed by the American Missionary Association.[61] Alumni include Mayor Otis Johnson and Senator Regina Thomas.[62][63]Beach was also a member of the Union League Club of New York, an abolitionist society that supported the policies of Abraham Lincoln.[3] Pneumatic tubes are still used today by banks and the CIA for their headquarters, and less than a decade after Beach's death, New York City built its first subway system in 1904, and have him featured in the history of the New York City Subway.He died of pneumonia on January 1, 1896, in New York City at the age of 69.[60][64]He had a son named Frederick Converse Beach, who invented a photolithographic process and ran Scientific American, and a grandson named Stanley Yale Beach, who worked for the magazine as well but also became an aviation pioneer, and an early financier of Gustave Whitehead, the contested first maker of a powered controlled flight before the Wright brothers.[65][66][67]Both were Yale graduates, having graduated from Yale's Sheffield Scientific School.","title":"Death and legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Childhood home of Alfred Ely Beach, built by his father in 1846","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moses_Yale_Beach_home%2C_later_St._George%27s_Inn_Wallingford%2C_and_Choate_Rosemary_School22.png/250px-Moses_Yale_Beach_home%2C_later_St._George%27s_Inn_Wallingford%2C_and_Choate_Rosemary_School22.png"},{"image_text":"Scientific American in 1845, a magazine that was a major force for the diffusion of innovations during the 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1845_08_28_Scientific_American_-_Cover_first_Scientific_American_item.jpg/225px-1845_08_28_Scientific_American_-_Cover_first_Scientific_American_item.jpg"},{"image_text":"Munn & Co. in 1859, patent office headquarters in Washington, next to the United States Patent Office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Munn_%26_Co._patent_offices_headquarters_in_Washington%2C_next_to_the_United_States_Patent_Office.jpg/220px-Munn_%26_Co._patent_offices_headquarters_in_Washington%2C_next_to_the_United_States_Patent_Office.jpg"},{"image_text":"Broadway underground railway (1872), New York, next to City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Illustrated_description_of_the_Broadway_underground_railway_%281872%29_by_New_York_Parcel_Dispatch_Company.%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_2.jpg/225px-Illustrated_description_of_the_Broadway_underground_railway_%281872%29_by_New_York_Parcel_Dispatch_Company.%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Socialites waiting in the Beach Pneumatic Transit station under Broadway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_System_station.jpg/220px-Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_System_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"London Pneumatic Despatch Company, inspiration for Beach's mail system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/London_Pneumatic_Despatch_Company%2C_packages_delivery_underground_system.gif/220px-London_Pneumatic_Despatch_Company%2C_packages_delivery_underground_system.gif"},{"image_text":"Plan of the patent of Beach Pneumatic Transit mailing system with pneumatic cars used to deliver packages through an underground railroad network","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alfred_Ely_Beach_Postal_Patent.jpg/220px-Alfred_Ely_Beach_Postal_Patent.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of the Broadway underground railway (1872) by New York Parcel Dispatch Company","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Illustrated_description_of_the_Broadway_underground_railway_%281872%29_by_New_York_Parcel_Dispatch_Company.%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_6.jpg/220px-Illustrated_description_of_the_Broadway_underground_railway_%281872%29_by_New_York_Parcel_Dispatch_Company.%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_6.jpg"},{"image_text":"General design, station – Broadway Underground Railway, 1872","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/General_design_for_stations_-_Broadway_Underground_Railway_LCCN2006677426.jpg/220px-General_design_for_stations_-_Broadway_Underground_Railway_LCCN2006677426.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Men of Progress\", published by Scientific American and Munn & Co. in 1862, showing American inventors Samuel Morse, John Ericsson, Elias Howe, Samuel Colt, Cyrus McCormick, Charles Goodyear, Peter Cooper, etc[49]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Christian_Schussele_-_Men_of_Progress_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg/215px-Christian_Schussele_-_Men_of_Progress_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Beach Institute, founded by Alfred Ely Beach for newly freed African Americans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Beach_Institute.jpg/215px-Beach_Institute.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Yale genealogy and history of Wales : the British kings and princes, life of Owen Glyndwr, biographies of Governor Elihu Yale, for whom Yale University was named, Linus Yale, Sr\". Archived.org. pp. 237–238. Retrieved November 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/yalegenealogyhis00byuyale/page/236/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=moses","url_text":"\"Yale genealogy and history of Wales : the British kings and princes, life of Owen Glyndwr, biographies of Governor Elihu Yale, for whom Yale University was named, Linus Yale, Sr\""}]},{"reference":"\"N. Y. Supreme Court\". May 2, 1880 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lyupQMzWSG8C&q=charles+y.+beach&pg=RA20-PA22","url_text":"\"N. Y. Supreme Court\""}]},{"reference":"Daley, Robert (June 1961). \"Alfred Ely Beach And His Wonderful Pneumatic Underground Railway\". American Heritage. Vol. 12, no. 4. Retrieved May 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanheritage.com/alfred-ely-beach-and-his-wonderful-pneumatic-underground-railway","url_text":"\"Alfred Ely Beach And His Wonderful Pneumatic Underground Railway\""}]},{"reference":"Most, Doug (February 21, 2014). \"Scientific American's Owner Built the First New York Subway [Excerpt]\". Scientific American. Retrieved May 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientific-americans-owner-built-the-first-new-york-subway-excerpt/","url_text":"\"Scientific American's Owner Built the First New York Subway [Excerpt]\""}]},{"reference":"Dobyns, Kenneth W. (2016). The Patent Office pony : a history of the early Patent Offices. Boston, Massachusetts: Docent Press. pp. 129–131. ISBN 978-1-942795-91-9. OCLC 990795989.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-942795-91-9","url_text":"978-1-942795-91-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/990795989","url_text":"990795989"}]},{"reference":"Rodney Horace Yale (1908). \"Yale genealogy and history of Wales. The British kings and princes. Life of Owen Glyndwr. Biographies of Governor Elihu Yale\". Milburn and Scott company. pp. 348–349.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/yalegenealogyhis00yale/page/158/mode/2up?view=theater&q=goodrich","url_text":"\"Yale genealogy and history of Wales. The British kings and princes. Life of Owen Glyndwr. Biographies of Governor Elihu Yale\""}]},{"reference":"William Ogden Wheeler (1907). \"The Ogden Family in America and Their English Ancestry\". J. B. Lippincott Company Philadelphia. p. 444.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ogdenfamilyiname00whee/page/444/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"\"The Ogden Family in America and Their English Ancestry\""}]},{"reference":"Rodney Horace Yale (1908). \"Yale genealogy and history of Wales. The British kings and princes. Life of Owen Glyndwr. Biographies of Governor Elihu Yale\". Milburn and Scott company. p. 348-349.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/yalegenealogyhis00yale/page/158/mode/2up?view=theater&q=goodrich","url_text":"\"Yale genealogy and history of Wales. The British kings and princes. Life of Owen Glyndwr. Biographies of Governor Elihu Yale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred Ely Beach \| 19th Century Publisher & Inventor \| Britannica\". www.britannica.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Ely-Beach","url_text":"\"Alfred Ely Beach \| 19th Century Publisher & Inventor \| Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"The American Almanac, Year-book, Cyclopaedia and Atlas\". New York American and Journal, Hearst's Chicago American and San Francisco Examiner. May 2, 1903 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x1gTAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Beach+Pneumatic+Railroad+Company%22&pg=PA878","url_text":"\"The American Almanac, Year-book, Cyclopaedia and Atlas\""}]},{"reference":"Courage, Katherine Harmon (September 1, 2020). \"The First Subway in New York City Was a Cylindrical Car Pushed by Air\". Scientific American. Retrieved May 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-subway-in-new-york-city-was-a-cylindrical-car-pushed-by-air/","url_text":"\"The First Subway in New York City Was a Cylindrical Car Pushed by Air\""}]},{"reference":"Copperthwaite, William Charles (1906). Tunnel shields and the use of compressed air in subaqueous works (1 ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Co. p. 20. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2r49hs0g. Retrieved May 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2r49hs0g?urlappend=%3Bseq=42","url_text":"Tunnel shields and the use of compressed air in subaqueous works"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft2r49hs0g?urlappend=%3Bseq=42","url_text":"2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2r49hs0g"}]},{"reference":"Walker, James Blaine (1918). Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864–1917. Law Printing Company. ISBN 0-405-02480-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsrapid01walkgoog","url_text":"Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864–1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-02480-0","url_text":"0-405-02480-0"}]},{"reference":"\"www.nycsubway.org: Beach Pneumatic Transit\". www.nycsubway.org. February 4, 1912. Retrieved January 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit","url_text":"\"www.nycsubway.org: Beach Pneumatic Transit\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE BROADWAY TUNNEL.; Opening the Bore to Public Inspection—Success of the Undertaking Great Crowd of Visitors\". The New York Times. February 27, 1870. Retrieved January 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1870/02/27/archives/the-broadway-tunnel-opening-the-bore-to-public-inspectionsuccess-of.html","url_text":"\"THE BROADWAY TUNNEL.; Opening the Bore to Public Inspection—Success of the Undertaking Great Crowd of Visitors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reconstructing America, A Villain, a Dreamer, a Cartoonist, p. 98\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230801052018/https://www.rainbowresource.com/pdfs/products/prod006694_smpl0.pdf","url_text":"\"Reconstructing America, A Villain, a Dreamer, a Cartoonist, p. 98\""},{"url":"https://www.rainbowresource.com/pdfs/products/prod006694_smpl0.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred Beach\". Lemelson. Retrieved May 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/alfred-beach","url_text":"\"Alfred Beach\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Secret Pneumatic Subway: Beach vs Tweed – StMU Research Scholars\". StMU Research Scholars – Featuring Scholarly Research, Writing, and Media at St. Mary's University. April 17, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://stmuscholars.org/the-secret-pneumatic-subway-beach-vs-tweed/","url_text":"\"The Secret Pneumatic Subway: Beach vs Tweed – StMU Research Scholars\""}]},{"reference":"Buder, Leonard (June 26, 1983). \"Coping with Crime in Office Buildings\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/26/realestate/coping-with-crime-in-office-buildings.html","url_text":"\"Coping with Crime in Office Buildings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200303154239/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/26/realestate/coping-with-crime-in-office-buildings.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Diehl, Lorraine B. (May 2, 2004). \"Subways : the tracks that built New York City\". New York : Clarkson Potter/Publishers – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/subwaystrackstha0000dieh","url_text":"\"Subways : the tracks that built New York City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reconstructing America, A Villain, a Dreamer, a Cartoonist, p. 99\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230801052018/https://www.rainbowresource.com/pdfs/products/prod006694_smpl0.pdf","url_text":"\"Reconstructing America, A Villain, a Dreamer, a Cartoonist, p. 99\""},{"url":"https://www.rainbowresource.com/pdfs/products/prod006694_smpl0.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Pneumatic Mail Tubes: New York's Hidden Highway And Its Development An Historical Perspective It was not a Pipe Dream! By Robert A. Cohen, 1999, p. 3\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/pneumatic-tubes.pdf","url_text":"\"The Pneumatic Mail Tubes: New York's Hidden Highway And Its Development An Historical Perspective It was not a Pipe Dream! By Robert A. Cohen, 1999, p. 3\""}]},{"reference":"Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 932. ISBN 0-195-11634-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_G._Burrows","url_text":"Burrows, Edwin G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wallace_(historian)","url_text":"Wallace, Mike"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham:_A_History_of_New_York_City_to_1898","url_text":"Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xF4NDALYWSAC&q=alfred+ely","url_text":"932"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-195-11634-8","url_text":"0-195-11634-8"}]},{"reference":"Stacy, Mungo (September 29, 2016). \"From Beach to Musk – A lot of hype over Hyperloop\". Rail Engineer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railengineer.co.uk/from-beach-to-musk-a-lot-of-hype-over-hyperloop/","url_text":"\"From Beach to Musk – A lot of hype over Hyperloop\""}]},{"reference":"McFarland, Matt (November 20, 2020). \"Hyperloop wants to change the world. Not everyone's convinced \| CNN Business\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/20/tech/hyperloop-pneumatic-tube/index.html","url_text":"\"Hyperloop wants to change the world. Not everyone's convinced \| CNN Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Housatonic Boat Club. Retrieved December 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.housatonicboatclub.com/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"A.E. Beach High School\". Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080525102645/http://www.savannah.chatham.k12.ga.us/Schools/High%2BSchools/Beach%2BHigh%2BSchool/","url_text":"\"A.E. Beach High School\""},{"url":"http://www.savannah.chatham.k12.ga.us/Schools/High+Schools/Beach+High+School/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beach Institute Historical Marker\". www.hmdb.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=15681","url_text":"\"Beach Institute Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Funeral of Alfred Ely Beach. His Wife Arrives from Europe Just Before the Services\". The New York Times. January 7, 1896. Retrieved July 15, 2008. The funeral of Alfred Ely Beach, the Inventor, who died on New Year's morning of pneumonia, after a brief Illness, was held yesterday morning at 9 West ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1896/01/07/archives/funeral-of-alfred-el-beach-his-wife-arrives-from-europe-just-before.html","url_text":"\"Funeral of Alfred Ely Beach. His Wife Arrives from Europe Just Before the Services\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"(AVIATION) Archive of Stanley Yale Beach aviation pioneer\". catalogue.swanngalleries.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalogue.swanngalleries.com/Lots/auction-lot/(AVIATION)-Archive-of-Stanley-Yale-Beach-aviation-pioneer?saleno=2207&lotNo=43&refNo=627373","url_text":"\"(AVIATION) Archive of Stanley Yale Beach aviation pioneer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection: Stanley Yale Beach papers \| Archives at Yale\". archives.yale.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/850","url_text":"\"Collection: Stanley Yale Beach papers \| Archives at Yale\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071229221124/http://www.kingtisdell.org/beachinst.html","external_links_name":"King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/1677103/Swift_as_Aeolus_American_contribution_in_developing_pneumatic_railways_as_compared_to_European_achievements","external_links_name":"Swift as Aeolus\" American contribution in developing pneumatic railways as compared to European achievements"},{"Link":"https://ipmall.law.unh.edu/content/patent-history-materials-index-patent-materials-scientific-american-vol-112-june-1915","external_links_name":"Patent History Materials Index – Patent Materials from Scientific American, vol 112 (June 1915)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/yalegenealogyhis00byuyale/page/236/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=moses","external_links_name":"\"Yale genealogy and history of Wales : the British kings and princes, life of Owen Glyndwr, biographies of Governor Elihu Yale, for whom Yale University was named, Linus Yale, Sr\""},{"Link":"https://ia800203.us.archive.org/30/items/cu31924072688090/cu31924072688090.pdf","external_links_name":"America's successful men of affairs. 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His Wife Arrives from Europe Just Before the Services\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.swanngalleries.com/Lots/auction-lot/(AVIATION)-Archive-of-Stanley-Yale-Beach-aviation-pioneer?saleno=2207&lotNo=43&refNo=627373","external_links_name":"\"(AVIATION) Archive of Stanley Yale Beach aviation pioneer\""},{"Link":"https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/850","external_links_name":"\"Collection: Stanley Yale Beach papers \| Archives at Yale\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050806015341/http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beach/","external_links_name":"Alfred Beach's Pneumatic Subway and the beginnings of rapid transit in New York"},{"Link":"http://www.klaatu.org/klaatu11.html","external_links_name":"Alfred Ely Beach – Beach's Bizarre Broadway Subway"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100216031347/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1997/3/1997_3_44.shtml","external_links_name":"NEW YORK'S SECRET SUBWAY"},{"Link":"http://abbydigital.com/movie09_pneuma.html","external_links_name":"\"Pneumatic Transit\" Animation by Abby Digital"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402084001/http://abbydigital.com/movie09_pneuma.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/244809/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1612345","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmp9kW6p3cdP8mGRTTmBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89606811","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6698gmp","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harley_(Dean)	John Harley (bishop, died 1788)	["1 References"]	John Harley (29 September 1728 – 7 January 1788) was a British bishop. Harley was the second son of Edward Harley, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, matriculating in 1747, graduating B.A. 1749, M.A. 1752, B.D. & D.D. 1778. He was Archdeacon of Shropshire from 1760 to 1769 and then Archdeacon of Hereford from 1769 to 1787. He was Dean of Windsor, Registrar of the Order of the Garter and briefly, at the end of his life, the Bishop of Hereford before his death aged 59 in 1788. His son Edward (by his wife Roach Vaughan, daughter of Gwynne Vaughan of Trebarry, Radnorshire) succeeded Harley's elder brother (Edward) as 5th Earl of Oxford. References ^ a b c Lodge, Edmund (1846). The Peerage of the British Empire as at Present Existing: Arranged and Printed from the Personal Communications of the Nobility. Saunders and Otley. p. 413. Retrieved 28 April 2017. ^ Foster, Joseph. "Harley, John" . Alumni Oxonienses – via Wikisource. Church of England titles Preceded byFrederick Keppel Dean of Windsor 1778–1788 Succeeded byJohn Douglas Preceded byLord James Beauclerk Bishop of Hereford 1787–1788 Succeeded byJohn Butler vteArchdeacons of Shropshire and of LudlowHigh Medieval(Shropshire) William Peter le Kauf Odo Gilbert Foliot Hugh Foliot Nicholas de Aquila Simon de Edenbridge Peter d'Aigueblanche John Foliot James d'Aigueblanche Hervey de Boreham Richard de Swinfield James d'Aigueblanche (2nd term) Adam de Fileby John de Bestan John de Swinfield Roger de Canterbury Philip Talbot Late Medieval(Shropshire) John de Rosse William le Mercer de Rosse Richard de Sydenhale Henry de Shipton William de Borstall Richard Nowell John Hoare John Welles John Hereford John Loveney John Merbury William Leche Thomas Yone Robert Jeffry Thomas Morton John Martyn William Webbe Arthur Stafford John Wardroper William Gobard Henry Martyn Humphrey Ogle Richard Sparcheford Early modern(Shropshire) Richard Smythe Robert Grensill Robert Greenwiche Morgan Godwin Thomas Cooke Stephen Philips Francis Wheeler Adam Ottley Robert Comyn Richard Crosse Samuel Croxall Robert Breton Egerton Leigh John Harley Robert Clive Joseph Plymley (Corbett) William Vickers William Waring (became Archdeacon of Ludlow) Archdeacons of Ludlow William Waring (previously Archdeacon of Shropshire) George Maddison Henry Bather Algernon Oldham Alfred Lilley Edwin Bartleet Henry Dixon Herbert Whately Hugh Bevan John Lewis Andrew Woodhouse Mark Wood (Bishop of Ludlow) Ian Griggs Richard Lewis John Saxbee (Bishop of Ludlow) Michael Hooper (Bishop of Ludlow) Alistair Magowan (Bishop of Ludlow) Fiona Gibson vteArchdeacons of HerefordHigh Medieval Heinfrid (territory unspecified) Geoffrey (territory unspecified) Peter Ralph Foliot William fitzWalter Alexander de Walton William de Ria Henry Bustard William of Conflans Roger of Sevenoaks Richard of Hertford Late Medieval Henry de Shorne Thomas de Chaundos (Sr) John de Barton William de Sheynton John de Bedwardine/Smythes Richard Tissington Richard Kingston John Loveney John Hereford John Barowe Richard Rudhale/Rudhall Richard Martyn Robert Geffrye/Jeffry Thomas Morton William Webb/Webbe John Boothe Early modern John Styrmin Richard Cheyney John Glazier Robert Crowley Edward Cowper Simon Smith Silvanus Griffiths Richard Montagu John Hughes Matthew Burst George Benson Samuel Benson William Johnson Brian Turner Thomas Fox John Walker Robert Breton John Harley James Jones John Lilly Henry Wetherell Richard Lane Freer Late modern Frederick Fiennes Berkeley Scudamore-Stanhope Edward Winnington-Ingram Rowland Money-Kyrle Geoffrey Iliff Arthur Winnington-Ingram Thomas Randolph John Lewis Thomas Barfett Andrew Woodhouse Leonard Moss Michael Hooper John Tiller Malcolm Colmer Paddy Benson Derek Chedzey vteDeans of WindsorLate Medieval William Mugge Walter Almaly Thomas Butler Richard Kingston John Arundel Thomas Manning John Faux William Morland William Dudley Peter Courtenay Richard Beauchamp Thomas Danett William Bealey John Morgan Christopher Urswick Early modern Christopher Bainbridge Thomas Hobbs Nicholas West John Vesey John Clerk Richard Sampson William Franklyn Owen Oglethorpe Hugh Weston John Boxall George Carew William Day Robert Bennet Giles Thomson Anthony Maxey Marco Antonio de Dominis Henry Beaumont Matthew Wren Christopher Wren Edward Hyde Bruno Ryves John Durell Francis Turner Gregory Hascard Thomas Manningham John Robinson The Lord Willoughby de Broke Peniston Booth Frederick Keppel John Harley John Douglas James Cornwallis Charles Manners-Sutton Late modern Edward Legge Henry Hobart George Neville-Grenville Gerald Wellesley George Connor Randall Davidson Philip Eliot Albert Baillie Eric Hamilton Robin Woods Launcelot Fleming Michael Mann Patrick Mitchell David Conner Christopher Cocksworth vteBishops of HerefordEarly Medieval Putta Tyrhtel Torhthere Walhstod Cuthbert of Canterbury Podda Acca Headda Aldberht Esne Ceolmund Utel Wulfheard Beonna Eadwulf Cuthwulf Mucel Deorlaf Cynemund Edgar Tidhelm Wulfhelm Ælfric Athulf High Medieval Æthelstan Leofgar Ealdred Walter of Lorraine Robert de Losinga Gerard Roger Reynelm Geoffrey de Clive Richard de Capella Robert de Bethune Gilbert Foliot Robert of Melun Robert Foliot William de Vere Giles de Braose Hugh de Mapenor Hugh Foliot Ralph de Maidstone Michael Peter of Aigueblanche John de Breton Thomas de Cantilupe Richard Swinefield Late Medieval Adam Orleton Thomas Charleton John Trilleck Lewis de Charleton William Courtenay John Gilbert Thomas Trevenant Robert Mascall Edmund Lacey Thomas Polton Thomas Spofford Richard Beauchamp Reginald Boulers John Stanberry Thomas Mylling Edmund Audley Early modern Adriano Castellesi Richard Mayew Charles Booth Edward Foxe Edmund Bonner John Skypp John Harley Robert Parfew Thomas Reynolds John Scory Herbert Westfaling Robert Bennet Francis Godwin William Juxon Godfrey Goodman Augustine Lindsell Matthew Wren Theophilus Feild George Coke Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) Nicholas Monck Herbert Croft Gilbert Ironside Humphrey Humphreys Philip Bisse Benjamin Hoadly Henry Egerton Lord James Beauclerk John Harley John Butler Late modern Folliott Cornewall John Luxmoore George Huntingford Edward Grey Thomas Musgrave Renn Hampden James Atlay John Percival Hensley Henson Linton Smith Charles Lisle Carr Richard Parsons Tom Longworth Mark Hodson John Eastaugh John Oliver Anthony Priddis Alistair Magowan (acting) Richard Frith Alistair Magowan (acting) Richard Jackson This article about a United Kingdom bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Harley, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Harley,_3rd_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"B.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"D.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Ludlow"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"Dean of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-1"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Harley,_5th_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"Radnorshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radnorshire"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Harley,_4th_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-1"}],"text":"Harley was the second son of Edward Harley, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, matriculating in 1747, graduating B.A. 1749, M.A. 1752, B.D. & D.D. 1778.[2]He was Archdeacon of Shropshire from 1760 to 1769 and then Archdeacon of Hereford from 1769 to 1787. He was Dean of Windsor, Registrar of the Order of the Garter and briefly, at the end of his life, the Bishop of Hereford[1] before his death aged 59 in 1788.His son Edward (by his wife Roach Vaughan, daughter of Gwynne Vaughan of Trebarry, Radnorshire) succeeded Harley's elder brother (Edward) as 5th Earl of Oxford.[1]","title":"John Harley (bishop, died 1788)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lodge, Edmund (1846). The Peerage of the British Empire as at Present Existing: Arranged and Printed from the Personal Communications of the Nobility. Saunders and Otley. p. 413. Retrieved 28 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peeragebritishe01lodggoog","url_text":"The Peerage of the British Empire as at Present Existing: Arranged and Printed from the Personal Communications of the Nobility"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peeragebritishe01lodggoog/page/n454","url_text":"413"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Joseph. \"Harley, John\" . Alumni Oxonienses – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Foster_(genealogist)","url_text":"Foster, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Harley,_John","url_text":"\"Harley, John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886","url_text":"Alumni Oxonienses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/peeragebritishe01lodggoog","external_links_name":"The Peerage of the British Empire as at Present Existing: Arranged and Printed from the Personal Communications of the Nobility"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/peeragebritishe01lodggoog/page/n454","external_links_name":"413"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Harley,_John","external_links_name":"\"Harley, John\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886","external_links_name":"Alumni Oxonienses"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Harley_(bishop,_died_1788)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_Tear	Twilight Tear	["1 References"]	American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse Twilight TearSireBull LeaGrandsireBull DogDamLady LarkDamsireBlue LarkspurSexFillyFoaled1941CountryUnited StatesColourBayBreederCalumet FarmOwnerCalumet FarmTrainerBen A. JonesRecord24: 18-2-2Earnings$ 202,165Major winsArlington Lassie Stakes (1943) Acorn Stakes (1944)Coaching Club American Oaks (1944) Black-Eyed Susan Stakes (1944) Pimlico Special (1944)Arlington Classic (1944)AwardsTSD U.S. Champion 2-Yr-Old Filly (1943)U.S. Champion 3-Yr-Old Filly (1944)U.S. Champion Older Mare (1944)United States Horse of the Year (1944)HonoursUnited States Racing Hall of Fame (1963)#59 - Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th CenturyLast updated on October 8, 2006 Twilight Tear (1941–1954) was an American Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse. At age two, she won four of her six starts, finishing second and third in her other two starts. Her performances earned her the title of 2-year-old filly honors in a poll by Turf and Sports Digest magazine. The rival Daily Racing Form award was won by Durazna. At three, Twilight Tear won fourteen out of seventeen races including eleven straight, beating both fillies and colts. In the prestigious Pimlico Special she defeated Devil Diver and Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner Pensive in a time that matched the record set by Seabiscuit in the 1938 race. Her dominating performance in 1944 saw her named Horse of the Year by both the Daily Racing Form and the Turf and Sport Digest. In the latter poll she received 121 of the possible 154 votes, with the second-placed Pavot receiving 20. In her first race at age four, Twilight Tear suffered respiratory tract problems and was retired to stand as a broodmare at Calumet Farm. In a poll among members of the American Trainers Association, conducted in 1955 by Delaware Park, she was voted the second greatest filly in American racing history. (Gallorette was voted first.) References ^ "Count Fleet is horse of year". Tuscaloosa News. December 17, 1943. Retrieved 2012-07-13. ^ "Twilight Tear Horse of Year". Miami News. 1944-12-04. Retrieved 2012-02-27. ^ "Tear voted outstanding 1944 Horse". St. Petersburg Times. 1944-12-18. Retrieved 2012-02-27. Twilight Tear at the National Museum and Racing Hall of Fame Twilight Tear's pedigree and stats	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"racehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"2-year-old filly honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_2-Year-Old_Filly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Daily Racing Form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Racing_Form"},{"link_name":"Pimlico Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico_Special"},{"link_name":"Devil Diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_Diver"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Derby"},{"link_name":"Preakness Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preakness_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Pensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensive"},{"link_name":"Seabiscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabiscuit"},{"link_name":"Horse of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Horse_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Daily Racing Form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Racing_Form"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pavot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"broodmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broodmare"},{"link_name":"Calumet Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_Farm"},{"link_name":"Delaware Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Park_(race_track)"},{"link_name":"Gallorette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallorette"}],"text":"Twilight Tear (1941–1954) was an American Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse. At age two, she won four of her six starts, finishing second and third in her other two starts. Her performances earned her the title of 2-year-old filly honors in a poll by Turf and Sports Digest magazine.[1] The rival Daily Racing Form award was won by Durazna.At three, Twilight Tear won fourteen out of seventeen races including eleven straight, beating both fillies and colts. In the prestigious Pimlico Special she defeated Devil Diver and Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner Pensive in a time that matched the record set by Seabiscuit in the 1938 race. Her dominating performance in 1944 saw her named Horse of the Year by both the Daily Racing Form[2] and the Turf and Sport Digest. In the latter poll she received 121 of the possible 154 votes, with the second-placed Pavot receiving 20.[3]In her first race at age four, Twilight Tear suffered respiratory tract problems and was retired to stand as a broodmare at Calumet Farm.In a poll among members of the American Trainers Association, conducted in 1955 by Delaware Park, she was voted the second greatest filly in American racing history. (Gallorette was voted first.)","title":"Twilight Tear"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Count Fleet is horse of year\". Tuscaloosa News. December 17, 1943. Retrieved 2012-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A1U_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=_UwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6455,6787792&dq=platter&hl=en","url_text":"\"Count Fleet is horse of year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twilight Tear Horse of Year\". Miami News. 1944-12-04. Retrieved 2012-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yiMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MOcFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3475,1029337&dq=twilight-tear+horse-of-the-year&hl=en","url_text":"\"Twilight Tear Horse of Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tear voted outstanding 1944 Horse\". St. Petersburg Times. 1944-12-18. Retrieved 2012-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AqFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wU4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3923,3877980&dq=twilight-tear+horse-of-the-year&hl=en","url_text":"\"Tear voted outstanding 1944 Horse\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A1U_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=_UwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6455,6787792&dq=platter&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Count Fleet is horse of year\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yiMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MOcFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3475,1029337&dq=twilight-tear+horse-of-the-year&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Twilight Tear Horse of Year\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AqFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wU4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3923,3877980&dq=twilight-tear+horse-of-the-year&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Tear voted outstanding 1944 Horse\""},{"Link":"http://www.racingmuseum.org/hall/horse.asp?ID=156","external_links_name":"Twilight Tear at the National Museum and Racing Hall of Fame"},{"Link":"http://www.pedigreequery.com/twilight+tear","external_links_name":"Twilight Tear's pedigree and stats"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mads_Hansen_(speedway_rider)	Mads Hansen (speedway rider)	["1 Career","2 Major results","2.1 World individual Championship","3 References"]	Danish speedway rider Mads HansenBorn (2000-06-26) 26 June 2000 (age 23)NationalityDanishCareer historyDenmark2017–2019Region Varde2021–2024SESSweden2020–2024VästervikPoland2018-2020Opole2022AC Landshut2023Gdańsk2024Częstochowa Individual honours2017World U-19 champion2018European U19 Champion Team honours2023European Pairs silver Mads Hansen (born 26 June 2000) is a Danish speedway rider. Career Hansen was the European Under-19 champion in 2018. After finishing fifth during the 2020 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship he won the first series race of the 2021 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship, which was held at Stralsund. In 2022, he helped SES win the 2022 Danish Super League. In October 2023, he paired up with Rasmus Jensen to win a silver medal at the European Pairs championship. Major results World individual Championship 2021 Speedway Grand Prix - 25th (0pts) 2022 Speedway Grand Prix - 20th (7pts) 2023 Speedway Grand Prix - 18th (10pts) References ^ "Mads Hansen Vastervik Driver". Elit Speedway. Retrieved 5 September 2021. ^ "Mads Hansen". Speedway U21. Retrieved 5 September 2021. ^ "Mads Hansen". Polish Speedway Database. Retrieved 9 March 2023. ^ "FIM Europe Official Results". ^ "LIDSEY IS THE NEW INDIVIDUAL JUNIOR WORLD CHAMPION". Speedwayu21. Retrieved 5 September 2021. ^ "WORLD U21S, HANSEN SNATCHES STRALSUND WIN". Speedway Grand Prix. Retrieved 5 September 2021. ^ "2022 table and results". Speedway Ligaen. Retrieved 5 January 2023. ^ "European Pairs Speedway Championship: Team Poland grabs the title at home". FIM Europe. 2 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.	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Elit Speedway. Retrieved 5 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.elitspeedway.com/lag/b532-b532lqNh8__vastervik-speedway/qY6-2onkzOnhW__mads-hansen","url_text":"\"Mads Hansen Vastervik Driver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mads Hansen\". Speedway U21. Retrieved 5 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://speedwayu21.com/en/rider/421/hansen-mads.html","url_text":"\"Mads Hansen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mads Hansen\". Polish Speedway Database. Retrieved 9 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://speedway.com.pl/riders/mads-hansen/","url_text":"\"Mads Hansen\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIM Europe Official Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://results.fim-europe.eu/event/Finland,Varkaus,2018-08-11/EUROPEAN-U19-INDIVIDUAL-SPEEDWAY-CUP-613/results/Final-3890","url_text":"\"FIM Europe Official Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIDSEY IS THE NEW INDIVIDUAL JUNIOR WORLD CHAMPION\". Speedwayu21. Retrieved 5 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://speedwayu21.com/en/news/n/234/","url_text":"\"LIDSEY IS THE NEW INDIVIDUAL JUNIOR WORLD CHAMPION\""}]},{"reference":"\"WORLD U21S, HANSEN SNATCHES STRALSUND WIN\". Speedway Grand Prix. Retrieved 5 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedwaygp.com/news/article/9212/world-u21s-%7C-hansen-snatches","url_text":"\"WORLD U21S, HANSEN SNATCHES STRALSUND WIN\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 table and results\". Speedway Ligaen. Retrieved 5 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://speedwayligaen.dk/","url_text":"\"2022 table and results\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Pairs Speedway Championship: Team Poland grabs the title at home\". FIM Europe. 2 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fim-europe.com/european-pairs-speedway-championship-team-poland-grabs-the-title-at-home/","url_text":"\"European Pairs Speedway Championship: Team Poland grabs the title at home\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.elitspeedway.com/lag/b532-b532lqNh8__vastervik-speedway/qY6-2onkzOnhW__mads-hansen","external_links_name":"\"Mads Hansen Vastervik Driver\""},{"Link":"http://speedwayu21.com/en/rider/421/hansen-mads.html","external_links_name":"\"Mads Hansen\""},{"Link":"https://speedway.com.pl/riders/mads-hansen/","external_links_name":"\"Mads Hansen\""},{"Link":"https://results.fim-europe.eu/event/Finland,Varkaus,2018-08-11/EUROPEAN-U19-INDIVIDUAL-SPEEDWAY-CUP-613/results/Final-3890","external_links_name":"\"FIM Europe Official Results\""},{"Link":"http://speedwayu21.com/en/news/n/234/","external_links_name":"\"LIDSEY IS THE NEW INDIVIDUAL JUNIOR WORLD CHAMPION\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwaygp.com/news/article/9212/world-u21s-%7C-hansen-snatches","external_links_name":"\"WORLD U21S, HANSEN SNATCHES STRALSUND WIN\""},{"Link":"https://speedwayligaen.dk/","external_links_name":"\"2022 table and results\""},{"Link":"https://www.fim-europe.com/european-pairs-speedway-championship-team-poland-grabs-the-title-at-home/","external_links_name":"\"European Pairs Speedway Championship: Team Poland grabs the title at home\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gola_West	Gola Rainforest National Park	["1 Sources","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 7°30′N 10°55′W / 7.500°N 10.917°W / 7.500; -10.917National park in Sierra Leone The Gola Rainforest National Park (GRNP) was declared by President of Sierra Leone Ernest Bai Koroma and enacted by the Parliament of Sierra Leone in December 2010. The park amalgamates Gola North Forest Reserve, Gola East Forest Reserve and Gola West Forest Reserves, and is Sierra Leone's second national park. The GRNP is Sierra Leone's largest tract of rainforest, and covers 71,070 hectares in the east of the country. Recent biological surveys show that the forest is home to more than 330 species of birds, 14 of which are threatened, over 650 species of butterfly and 49 species of mammals, including a population of over 300 chimpanzees, pygmy hippopotamuses and a much dwindled forest elephant population. The GRNP is part of the Upper Guinea Forest, a biodiversity hotspot that stretches from Guinea to Togo. The forest has been commercially exploited in the past, with over 20,000 hectares being logged between the 1960s and 1980s, and has recently been under pressure for the exploitation of diamonds and iron ore and was the subject of a recent report by Global Witness. However, since the 1990s, the forest has been the subject of a conservation project to protect the forest for the long term whilst ensuring the involvement and livelihood improvement of forest edge communities. The project is a collaboration between the Government of Sierra Leone, the Conservation Society of Sierra Leone and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. A similar action has also been instituted across the Liberia border in the Liberian Gola Forest Community, since the two communities share similar cultures and people as well as animal and plant species. The Lofa-Mano National Park has been proposed in northeastern Liberia, adjoining the park. Sources Sierra Leone Gazette Vol. CXLI. No 87 Dated 16 December 2010 'Proclamation for the Constitution of the Gola Rainforest National Park' References ^ Allport, Gary; Ausden, Malcolm; Hayman, Peter; Robertson, Peter; Wood, Peter (1989). "The Birds of the Gola Forest and their Conservation (PDF Download Available)". 38. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, UK. Study Report. doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.3994.9049 – via ResearchGate. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Allport, Gary (1991). "The status and conservation of threatened birds in the Upper Guinea forest". Bird Conservation International. 1 (1): 53–74. doi:10.1017/S095927090000054X. ISSN 1474-0001. External links Official website vteNational Parks of Sierra Leone Gola Outamba-Kilimi Proposed Kuru Hills Lake Mape/Mabesi Lake Sonfon Loma Mountains Western Area 7°30′N 10°55′W / 7.500°N 10.917°W / 7.500; -10.917	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Cephalophus_jentinki.png"},{"link_name":"President of Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Ernest Bai Koroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Bai_Koroma"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"chimpanzees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chimpanzee"},{"link_name":"pygmy hippopotamuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"forest elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_elephant"},{"link_name":"Upper Guinea Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Guinean_forests"},{"link_name":"biodiversity hotspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot"},{"link_name":"Global Witness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Witness"},{"link_name":"Conservation Society of Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//conservationsl.org/"},{"link_name":"Royal Society for the Protection of Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Lofa-Mano National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofa-Mano_National_Park"}],"text":"National park in Sierra LeoneThe Gola Rainforest National Park (GRNP) was declared by President of Sierra Leone Ernest Bai Koroma and enacted by the Parliament of Sierra Leone in December 2010. The park amalgamates Gola North Forest Reserve, Gola East Forest Reserve and Gola West Forest Reserves, and is Sierra Leone's second national park.The GRNP is Sierra Leone's largest tract of rainforest, and covers 71,070 hectares in the east of the country. Recent biological surveys show that the forest is home to more than 330 species of birds,[1] 14 of which are threatened,[2] over 650 species of butterfly and 49 species of mammals, including a population of over 300 chimpanzees, pygmy hippopotamuses and a much dwindled forest elephant population.The GRNP is part of the Upper Guinea Forest, a biodiversity hotspot that stretches from Guinea to Togo.The forest has been commercially exploited in the past, with over 20,000 hectares being logged between the 1960s and 1980s, and has recently been under pressure for the exploitation of diamonds and iron ore and was the subject of a recent report by Global Witness. However, since the 1990s, the forest has been the subject of a conservation project to protect the forest for the long term whilst ensuring the involvement and livelihood improvement of forest edge communities. The project is a collaboration between the Government of Sierra Leone, the Conservation Society of Sierra Leone and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. A similar action has also been instituted across the Liberia border in the Liberian Gola Forest Community, since the two communities share similar cultures and people as well as animal and plant species. The Lofa-Mano National Park has been proposed in northeastern Liberia, adjoining the park.","title":"Gola Rainforest National Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sierra Leone Gazette Vol. CXLI. No 87 Dated 16 December 2010 'Proclamation for the Constitution of the Gola Rainforest National Park'","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cephalophus_jentinki.png/220px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cephalophus_jentinki.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Allport, Gary; Ausden, Malcolm; Hayman, Peter; Robertson, Peter; Wood, Peter (1989). \"The Birds of the Gola Forest and their Conservation (PDF Download Available)\". 38. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, UK. 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ISSN 1474-0001.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095927090000054X","url_text":"\"The status and conservation of threatened birds in the Upper Guinea forest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095927090000054X","url_text":"10.1017/S095927090000054X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0001","url_text":"1474-0001"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gola_Rainforest_National_Park&params=7_30_N_10_55_W_region:SL_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"7°30′N 10°55′W / 7.500°N 10.917°W / 7.500; -10.917"},{"Link":"http://conservationsl.org/","external_links_name":"Conservation Society of Sierra Leone"},{"Link":"http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.3994.9049","external_links_name":"\"The Birds of the Gola Forest and their Conservation (PDF Download Available)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.13140%2Frg.2.1.3994.9049","external_links_name":"10.13140/rg.2.1.3994.9049"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095927090000054X","external_links_name":"\"The status and conservation of threatened birds in the Upper Guinea forest\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095927090000054X","external_links_name":"10.1017/S095927090000054X"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0001","external_links_name":"1474-0001"},{"Link":"https://golarainforest.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gola_Rainforest_National_Park&params=7_30_N_10_55_W_region:SL_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"7°30′N 10°55′W / 7.500°N 10.917°W / 7.500; -10.917"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Changing_Room	The Changing Room	["1 Plot","2 Productions","3 Reception","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]	1971 play by David Storey For the song by Amanda Palmer & Edward Ka-Spel, see I Can Spin a Rainbow. The Changing RoomFirst editionWritten byDavid StoreyCharacters22 men: rugby players and staffDate premiered9 November 1971 (1971-11-09)Place premieredRoyal Court Theatre, LondonGenreDramaSettingChanging room of a rugby field The Changing Room is a 1971 play by David Storey, set in a men's changing room before, during and after a rugby league football game. It premiered at the Royal Court Theatre on 9 November 1971, directed by Lindsay Anderson. The 1973 Broadway production, directed by Michael Rudman, won several awards including the New York Drama Critics' Circle award for Best Play and the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor for John Lithgow. The technical director for the play was the former Great Britain Rugby League captain Bev Risman. Plot At the play's core is a semi-pro Northern England rugby league team. During the week, its members are peaceable men toiling away at mindless, working class jobs. On Saturday, they prepare for gory combat on the playing field. The changing room is where they perform their pre-game initiation rites, strip down, loosen muscles, and get into their uniforms. After the match they return, often broken, muddy, and bloody, regretting their loss or giddy with victory in the communal shower. There is little in the way of plot, but Storey engages his audience with his ability to dissect his characters' hurts, hopes, desires, and fighting instincts. Productions Premiering on 9 November 1971 at London's Royal Court Theatre, The Changing Room had a limited, sold-out run before transferring to the Globe in the West End on 14 December. It was directed by Lindsay Anderson and the cast included Jim Norton, David Daker, Warren Clarke, Brian Glover, Alun Armstrong and John Barrett. The U.S. premiere was at New Haven's Long Wharf Theatre on 17 November 1972. After three previews, the Broadway production, directed by Michael Rudman, opened on 6 March 1973 at the Morosco Theatre, where it ran for 192 performances. The cast included George Hearn, John Lithgow, Richard Masur, John Tillinger, and Tom Atkins. The play was revived in 1996 by the Royal Court, in their 'Classics' season, premiering on 1 February and running for two months at the Duke of York's Theatre. Reception Despite extensive male nudity, there was very little controversy associated with the play in 1971. Critical reception was favourable, with the treatment of male relationships praised particularly. Most criticism focused upon the lack of character development and plot. Noël Coward commented, leaving the theatre: "15 acorns are hardly worth the price of admission," referring to the male nudity. American critics were more glowing in their praise, with the production hailed by Walter Kerr of The New York Times as "mysterious and ultimately mesmerizing." Clive Barnes, also of The New York Times, wrote: "It is a remarkable play because while it only purports to document what goes on in a locker room before, during and after a football game, the playwright's skill is such that we seem to get to know these football players and the society that produced them." The Broadway production of The Changing Room won the New York Drama Critics' Circle award for best play for the 1973 season. John Lithgow won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance. Tom Atkins won the Drama Desk Award for Most Promising Performer, and Michael Rudman won for Outstanding Director. During the 1996 revival, critical reception was more mixed. Some critics commented on how the play had aged; both rugby league and the global politics mentioned in the play had moved on a long way in the intervening two decades. Many women's publications criticised the macho nature of the play. In contrast, Paul Taylor of The Independent wrote, "...The Changing Room seems, in 1996, at once a timeless study of male bonding rites and a preservation in art of a fast-vanishing culture." Awards and nominations Tony Award for Best Play (nominee) Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play (Lithgow, winner) Tony Award for Best Scenic Design (nominee) Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play (nominee) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance (Lithgow, winner) Drama Desk Award for Most Promising Performer (Atkins, winner) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director (winner) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Set Design (winner) New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play (winner) References ^ Weinraub, Bernard, "London: The Rugby Field on the Stage", The New York Times, 13 December 1971. ^ Storey, David (1984). Home, The Changing Room, Mother's Day, p. 172. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-048145-7. ^ Roberts, Philip (2015). The Royal Court Theatre (Routledge Revivals): 1965-1972. CRC Press. ISBN 9781317515463. Retrieved 29 August 2019. ^ Barnes, Clive, "Stage: Changing Room", The New York Times, 19 November 1972. ^ a b Barnes, Clive, "Theater: The Changing Room Opens at Morosco", The New York Times, 7 March 1973. ^ Aragay, Mireia and Zozaya, Pilar (2007). British Theatre of the 1990s, p. 7, 12. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-23000-509-9. ^ a b Taylor, Paul, "Theatre The Changing Room Duke of York's, London", The Independent, 9 February 1996. ^ Kerr, Walter, "The Changing Room: Something Like Magic...", The New York Times, 18 March 1973. External links Internet Broadway Database listing	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Can Spin a Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_Spin_a_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"David Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Storey"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Royal Court Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Michael Rudman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rudman"},{"link_name":"New York Drama Critics' Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"John Lithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lithgow"},{"link_name":"Bev Risman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev_Risman"}],"text":"For the song by Amanda Palmer & Edward Ka-Spel, see I Can Spin a Rainbow.The Changing Room is a 1971 play by David Storey, set in a men's changing room before, during and after a rugby league football game. It premiered at the Royal Court Theatre on 9 November 1971, directed by Lindsay Anderson. The 1973 Broadway production, directed by Michael Rudman, won several awards including the New York Drama Critics' Circle award for Best Play and the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor for John Lithgow. The technical director for the play was the former Great Britain Rugby League captain Bev Risman.","title":"The Changing Room"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"}],"text":"At the play's core is a semi-pro Northern England rugby league team. During the week, its members are peaceable men toiling away at mindless, working class jobs. On Saturday, they prepare for gory combat on the playing field. The changing room is where they perform their pre-game initiation rites, strip down, loosen muscles, and get into their uniforms. After the match they return, often broken, muddy, and bloody, regretting their loss or giddy with victory in the communal shower. There is little in the way of plot, but Storey engages his audience with his ability to dissect his characters' hurts, hopes, desires, and fighting instincts.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Court Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gielgud_Theatre"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Jim Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Norton_(Irish_actor)"},{"link_name":"David Daker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Daker"},{"link_name":"Warren Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Brian Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Glover"},{"link_name":"Alun Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Armstrong_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barrett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-3"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven"},{"link_name":"Long Wharf Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Wharf_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Michael Rudman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rudman"},{"link_name":"Morosco Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morosco_Theatre"},{"link_name":"George Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hearn"},{"link_name":"John Lithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lithgow"},{"link_name":"Richard Masur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Masur"},{"link_name":"John Tillinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tillinger"},{"link_name":"Tom Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Atkins_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-5"},{"link_name":"Duke of York's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_York%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Premiering on 9 November 1971 at London's Royal Court Theatre, The Changing Room had a limited, sold-out run before transferring to the Globe in the West End on 14 December.[1] It was directed by Lindsay Anderson and the cast included Jim Norton, David Daker, Warren Clarke, Brian Glover, Alun Armstrong and John Barrett.[2][3]The U.S. premiere was at New Haven's Long Wharf Theatre on 17 November 1972.[4] After three previews, the Broadway production, directed by Michael Rudman, opened on 6 March 1973 at the Morosco Theatre, where it ran for 192 performances. The cast included George Hearn, John Lithgow, Richard Masur, John Tillinger, and Tom Atkins.[5]The play was revived in 1996 by the Royal Court, in their 'Classics' season, premiering on 1 February and running for two months at the Duke of York's Theatre.[6]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-5"},{"link_name":"New York Drama Critics' Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle"},{"link_name":"John Lithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lithgow"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Drama Desk Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award"},{"link_name":"Tom Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Atkins_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Rudman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rudman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-7"}],"text":"Despite extensive male nudity, there was very little controversy associated with the play in 1971. Critical reception was favourable, with the treatment of male relationships praised particularly. Most criticism focused upon the lack of character development and plot. Noël Coward commented, leaving the theatre: \"15 acorns are hardly worth the price of admission,\" referring to the male nudity.[7]American critics were more glowing in their praise, with the production hailed by Walter Kerr of The New York Times as \"mysterious and ultimately mesmerizing.\"[8] Clive Barnes, also of The New York Times, wrote: \"It is a remarkable play because while it only purports to document what goes on in a locker room before, during and after a football game, the playwright's skill is such that we seem to get to know these football players and the society that produced them.\"[5]The Broadway production of The Changing Room won the New York Drama Critics' Circle award for best play for the 1973 season. John Lithgow won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance. Tom Atkins won the Drama Desk Award for Most Promising Performer, and Michael Rudman won for Outstanding Director.[citation needed]During the 1996 revival, critical reception was more mixed. Some critics commented on how the play had aged; both rugby league and the global politics mentioned in the play had moved on a long way in the intervening two decades. Many women's publications criticised the macho nature of the play.[citation needed] In contrast, Paul Taylor of The Independent wrote, \"...The Changing Room seems, in 1996, at once a timeless study of male bonding rites and a preservation in art of a fast-vanishing culture.\"[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Drama Desk Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award"},{"link_name":"New York Drama Critics' Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle"}],"text":"Tony Award for Best Play (nominee)\nTony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play (Lithgow, winner)\nTony Award for Best Scenic Design (nominee)\nTony Award for Best Direction of a Play (nominee)\nDrama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance (Lithgow, winner)\nDrama Desk Award for Most Promising Performer (Atkins, winner)\nDrama Desk Award for Outstanding Director (winner)\nDrama Desk Award for Outstanding Set Design (winner)\nNew York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play (winner)","title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Roberts, Philip (2015). The Royal Court Theatre (Routledge Revivals): 1965-1972. CRC Press. ISBN 9781317515463. Retrieved 29 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pAbICQAAQBAJ&q=%22Changing+Room%22&pg=PT7","url_text":"The Royal Court Theatre (Routledge Revivals): 1965-1972"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317515463","url_text":"9781317515463"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pAbICQAAQBAJ&q=%22Changing+Room%22&pg=PT7","external_links_name":"The Royal Court Theatre (Routledge Revivals): 1965-1972"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-the-changing-room-duke-of-yorks-london-1318041.html","external_links_name":"\"Theatre The Changing Room Duke of York's, London\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=3179/","external_links_name":"Internet Broadway Database listing"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/191st_Motorized_Infantry_Brigade_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)	191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)	["1 References"]	Chinese military unitThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 191st Division (1949-53)191st Infantry Division (1953-60)191st Army Division (1960-85)191st Infantry Division (1985-98)191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (1998-2017)191st Light Combined Arms Brigade (2017-)Active1949.2 -CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaBranchPeople's Liberation Army Ground Force, People's Volunteer ArmyTypeCombined ArmsSizeBrigadePart of79th Group ArmyGarrison/HQDandong, Liaoning (before 2003)EngagementsChinese Civil War, Korean War, Sino-Soviet border conflict, Vietnam WarMilitary unit The 191st Division (Chinese: 第191师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 11th Brigade, 4th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced back to 3rd Military Sub-district of Jinchaji Military Region, formed in November 1937. The division was a part of 64th Corps. Under the flag of 191st division it took part in the Chinese Civil War. The division was composed of 571st, 572nd and 573rd Infantry Regiments. In December 1950 Artillery Regiment, 191st Division was activated, and redesignated as 571st Artillery Regiment in 1953. In January 1951 the division converted to Soviet-built small arms. After soon the division moved into Korea as a part of People's Volunteer Army in February 1951. In October and November the division took part in the First and Second Battle of Maryang San. In August 1953, the division pulled out of Korea and renamed as the 191st Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第191师). The division stationed in Dandong, Liaoning province since then. In May 1954, 387th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment of 182nd Infantry Division was attached to the division and renamed as 396th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment. The division was then composed of: 571st Infantry Regiment; 572nd Infantry Regiment; 573rd Infantry Regiment; 571st Artillery Regiment; 396th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment. In February 1955, the division, along with the rest of 64th Corps moved to Port Arthur to receive equipment left by the withdrawing Soviet Union. The division received equipment left by 17th Guards Rifle Division, and then stationed in Jinzhou District. In April 1960 the division was renamed as the 191st Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第191师). In June 1962, the division was catalogued as a "big" division (northern, catalogue A). In June 1963 the division moved to Dandong, Liaoning again. From January to August 1968, Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion, 191st Army Division moved to North Vietnam to take part in the Vietnam War. On March 28 the battalion shot down 2 F-4C fighters. However this claim could not be confirmed by U.S. sources. In September 1968, 396th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment detached from the division and was transferred to 5th Tank Division as 3rd Independent Tank Regiment. In late 1969, 571st Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 191st Army Division. The division was then composed of: 571st Infantry Regiment; 572nd Infantry Regiment; 573rd Infantry Regiment; Artillery Regiment. From November 1968 to May 1970, Reconnaissance Company, 191st Army Division, along with 75-mm Recoilless Rifle Battery, 572nd Infantry Regiment, took part in reconnaissance missions in Zhenbao Island area, securing the left flank of the island. However element of the division did not participate in the direct fire fight during the Zhenbao Island Incident, March 1969. In the 1970s the division maintained as a catalogue B unit. In September 1985, the division was renamed as the 191st Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第191师) again. From 1985 to 1998 the division maintained as a northern infantry division, catalogue B. 571st and 573rd Regiments were converted to training unit until 1989, when they were further converted to combat units. In July 1998, after the disbandment of 64th Army, the division was transferred to Liaoning Provincial Military District's control. Soon in October the division was reduced as the 191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: 摩托化步兵第191旅). In 2003 the brigade was transferred to 40th Army's control. In 2017 the brigade was reorganized as the 191st Light Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 轻型合成第191旅) and transferred to the 79th Group Army following 40th's disbandment. References ^ 《中国人民解放军陆军第64集团军军史》, 陆军第64集团军军史编研室, p.352 ^ 《中国人民解放军陆军第64集团军军史》, 陆军第64集团军军史编研室, p.431 ^ 《中国人民解放军陆军第64集团军军史》, 陆军第64集团军军史编研室, p.468 ^ 《中国人民解放军陆军第64集团军军史》, 陆军第64集团军军史编研室, p.484 ^ Christopher Michael Hobson, Vietnam Air Losses, United States Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses In Southeastern Asia 1961-1973, ISBN 1-85780-115-6 ^ 《中国人民解放军陆军第64集团军军史》, 陆军第64集团军军史编研室, p.468 People's Liberation Army divisionsAir Force DivisionsAirborne Divisions 1st 43rd 44th 45th Aviation Divisions 1st 2nd 3rd 4th (I) 4th (II) 4th (III) 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th Antiaircraft Artillery 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th Antiaircraft Missile 4th (I/II) 5th (I) 5th (II/III) 6th 7th Artillery DivisionsArtillery Divisions 1st 2nd 3rd 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Sichuan Guizhou (I) Guizhou (II) Yunnan (I) Yunnan (II) 1st Shandong 2nd Shandong PAP Mobile Divisions 2nd 7th 38th 41st 63rd 81st 93rd 114th 117th 120th 126th 128th 181st 187th Air Defense Force divisions (1955-57)Antiaircraft Artillery 101st 102nd 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th Air Defense 1st 2nd 3rd Coastal Defense Divisions (1992-2017) 2nd 12th 13th Reserve Divisions (1955-1958) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Reserve Divisions (1983-1999)Antiaircraft Artillery Daqing Shenyang Dalian (Navy) Xi'an (Air Force) Lanzhou Artillery Changchun Jining Tangshan Infantry 1st of Beijing 2nd of Beijing 1st of Tianjin 2nd of Tianjin Chengde Langfang Hohhot Yanbei Xinzhou Fuxin Benxi Baicheng Chaoyang Kaifeng Jinzhou Siping Yanbian Qiqihar Nenjiang Guyuan Daqing Dezhou Yantai Chu County Yangzhou 1st of Zhejiang Shanghai 1st of Fujian Zhuzhou Hainan 1st of Guangdong Xiangfan Liuzhou Nanchang Da County Xingyi Duyun Xianyang Tianshui Wuwei Pingliang Yan'an Yulin Baoji Weinan Shihezi Reserve Divisions (1999-2021)Antiaircraft Artillery 1st Liaoning 2nd Liaoning Heilongjiang Beijing 1st Tianjin Shaanxi Gansu Shandong Henan Shanghai 1st Jiangsu 2nd Jiangsu Fujian Hubei Guangdong Chongqing Sichuan Artillery Jilin Shandong 72nd of Hebei Infantry 192nd of Liaoning 47th of Jilin Heilongjiang 30th of Inner Mongolia Hebei 83rd of Shanxi 76th of Shandong 136th of Henan Zhejiang Jiangxi Anhui Hubei Hunan Guangdong Guangxi Hainan 141st of Shaanxi Sichuan Guizhou Yunnan Xinjiang Construction Divisions (1952-55)Railway Engineer 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 8th Water Conservancy 1st 2nd 3rd Building Construction 1st 2nd 3rd 4th (I) 4th (II) 5th 6th 7th 8th Forestry Engineering 1st 2nd Fossil Oil Engineering 1st Agricultural Construction 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Road Construction 1st Others: Guard Division of Northeastern Military Region Sailor Infantry Division 1st Mechanized Division Guangxi Border Defense Division 1st Anti-Air Artillery vte Structure of the People's Liberation Army Ground ForcePLAGF Headquartersdirectly subordinate unitsXinjiang Military District 4th Combined Arms Division 6th Combined Arms Division 8th Combined Arms Division 11th Combined Arms Division 84th Artillery Brigade 84th Air Defense Brigade 84th Special Operations Brigade 84th Army Aviation Brigade Tibet Military District 52nd Combined Arms Brigade 53rd Combined Arms Brigade 54th Combined Arms Brigade 85th Artillery Brigade 85th Special Operations Brigade 85th Army Aviation Brigade 85th Artillery Brigade 85th Air-Defense Brigade 85th Engineering and Chemical Brigade 7th Electronic Countermeasures Brigade 5th Motorized Transport Brigade Beijing Garrison 1st Guards Division 3rd Guards Division Eastern Theater CommandGround Force71st Group Army 2nd Combined Arms Brigade 35th Combined Arms Brigade 160th Combined Arms Brigade 178th Combined Arms Brigade 179th Combined Arms Brigade 235th Combined Arms Brigade 71st Artillery Brigade 71st Air Defense Brigade 71st Army Aviation Brigade 71st Special Operations Brigade 71st Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 71st Service Support Brigade 72nd Group Army 5th Combined Arms Brigade 10th Combined Arms Brigade 34th Combined Arms Brigade 85th Combined Arms Brigade 90th Combined Arms Brigade 124th Combined Arms Brigade 72nd Artillery Brigade 72nd Air Defense Brigade 72nd Army Aviation Brigade 72nd Special Operations Brigade 72nd Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 72nd Service Support Brigade 73rd Group Army 3rd Combined Arms Brigade 14th Combined Arms Brigade 86th Combined Arms Brigade 91st Combined Arms Brigade 92nd Combined Arms Brigade 145th Combined Arms Brigade 73rd Artillery Brigade 73rd Air Defense Brigade 73rd Army Aviation Brigade 73rd Special Operations Brigade 73rd Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 73rd Service Support Brigade Southern Theater CommandGround Force74th Group Army 1st Combined Arms Brigade 16th Combined Arms Brigade 125th Combined Arms Brigade 132nd Combined Arms Brigade 154th Combined Arms Brigade 163rd Combined Arms Brigade 74th Artillery Brigade 74th Air Defense Brigade 74th Army Aviation Brigade 74th Special Operations Brigade 74th Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 74th Service Support Brigade 75th Group Army 31st Combined Arms Brigade 32nd Combined Arms Brigade 37th Combined Arms Brigade 42nd Combined Arms Brigade 122nd Combined Arms Brigade 123rd Combined Arms Brigade 121st Air Assault Brigade 75th Artillery Brigade 75th Air Defense Brigade 75th Special Operations Brigade 75th Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 75th Service Support Brigade Hong Kong Combined Arms Brigade Macau Infantry Battalion Western Theater CommandGround Force76th Group Army 12th Combined Arms Brigade 17th Combined Arms Brigade 56th Combined Arms Brigade 62nd Combined Arms Brigade 149th Combined Arms Brigade 182nd Combined Arms Brigade 76th Artillery Brigade 76th Air Defense Brigade 76th Army Aviation Brigade 76th Special Operations Brigade 76th Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 76th Service Support Brigade 77th Group Army 39th Combined Arms Brigade 40th Combined Arms Brigade 55th Combined Arms Brigade 139th Combined Arms Brigade 150th Combined Arms Brigade 181st Combined Arms Brigade 77th Artillery Brigade 77th Air Defense Brigade 77th Army Aviation Brigade 77th Special Operations Brigade 77th Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 77th Service Support Brigade Northern Theater CommandGround Force78th Group Army 8th Combined Arms Brigade 48th Combined Arms Brigade 68th Combined Arms Brigade 115th Combined Arms Brigade 202nd Combined Arms Brigade 204rd Combined Arms Brigade 78th Artillery Brigade 78th Air Defense Brigade 78th Army Aviation Brigade 78th Special Operations Brigade 78th Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 78th Service Support Brigade 79th Group Army 46th Combined Arms Brigade 116th Combined Arms Brigade 119th Combined Arms Brigade 190th Combined Arms Brigade 191st Combined Arms Brigade 200th Combined Arms Brigade 79th Artillery Brigade 79th Air Defense Brigade 79th Army Aviation Brigade 79th Special Operations Brigade 79th Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 79th Service Support Brigade 80th Group Army 47th Combined Arms Brigade 69th Combined Arms Brigade 118th Combined Arms Brigade 138th Combined Arms Brigade 199th Combined Arms Brigade 203rd Combined Arms Brigade 80th Artillery Brigade 80th Air Defense Brigade 80th Army Aviation Brigade 80th Special Operations Brigade 80th Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 80th Service Support Brigade Central Theater CommandGround Force81st Group Army 7th Combined Arms Brigade 70th Combined Arms Brigade 162nd Combined Arms Brigade 189th Combined Arms Brigade 194th Combined Arms Brigade 195th Combined Arms Brigade 81st Artillery Brigade 81st Air Defense Brigade 81st Army Aviation Brigade 81st Special Operations Brigade 81st Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 81st Service Support Brigade 82nd Group Army 6th Combined Arms Brigade 80th Combined Arms Brigade 112th Combined Arms Brigade 127th Combined Arms Brigade 151st Combined Arms Brigade 188th Combined Arms Brigade 196th Combined Arms Brigade 82nd Artillery Brigade 82nd Air Defense Brigade 82nd Army Aviation Brigade 82nd Special Operations Brigade 82nd Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 82nd Service Support Brigade 83rd Group Army 11th Combined Arms Brigade 58th Combined Arms Brigade 60th Combined Arms Brigade 113th Combined Arms Brigade 131st Combined Arms Brigade 193rd Combined Arms Brigade 83rd Artillery Brigade 83rd Air Defense Brigade 161st Air Assault Brigade 83rd Special Operations Brigade 83rd Engineer-NBC Defense Brigade 83rd Service Support Brigade	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"64th Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64th_Army_(People%27s_Liberation_Army)"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"People's Volunteer 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4th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced back to 3rd Military Sub-district of Jinchaji Military Region, formed in November 1937.The division was a part of 64th Corps. Under the flag of 191st division it took part in the Chinese Civil War.The division was composed of 571st, 572nd and 573rd Infantry Regiments. In December 1950 Artillery Regiment, 191st Division was activated, and redesignated as 571st Artillery Regiment in 1953.In January 1951 the division converted to Soviet-built small arms.[1] After soon the division moved into Korea as a part of People's Volunteer Army in February 1951. In October and November the division took part in the First and Second Battle of Maryang San.In August 1953, the division pulled out of Korea and renamed as the 191st Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第191师). The division stationed in Dandong, Liaoning province since then.In May 1954, 387th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment of 182nd Infantry Division was attached to the division and renamed as 396th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment. The division was then composed of:571st Infantry Regiment;\n572nd Infantry Regiment;\n573rd Infantry Regiment;\n571st Artillery Regiment;\n396th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment.In February 1955, the division, along with the rest of 64th Corps moved to Port Arthur to receive equipment left by the withdrawing Soviet Union. The division received equipment left by 17th Guards Rifle Division, and then stationed in Jinzhou District.[2]In April 1960 the division was renamed as the 191st Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第191师). In June 1962, the division was catalogued as a \"big\" division (northern, catalogue A).[3]In June 1963 the division moved to Dandong, Liaoning again.From January to August 1968, Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion, 191st Army Division moved to North Vietnam to take part in the Vietnam War. On March 28 the battalion shot down 2 F-4C fighters.[4] However this claim could not be confirmed by U.S. sources.[5]In September 1968, 396th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment detached from the division and was transferred to 5th Tank Division as 3rd Independent Tank Regiment.In late 1969, 571st Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 191st Army Division. The division was then composed of:571st Infantry Regiment;\n572nd Infantry Regiment;\n573rd Infantry Regiment;\nArtillery Regiment.From November 1968 to May 1970, Reconnaissance Company, 191st Army Division, along with 75-mm Recoilless Rifle Battery, 572nd Infantry Regiment, took part in reconnaissance missions in Zhenbao Island area, securing the left flank of the island. However element of the division did not participate in the direct fire fight during the Zhenbao Island Incident, March 1969.[6] In the 1970s the division maintained as a catalogue B unit.In September 1985, the division was renamed as the 191st Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第191师) again. From 1985 to 1998 the division maintained as a northern infantry division, catalogue B. 571st and 573rd Regiments were converted to training unit until 1989, when they were further converted to combat units.In July 1998, after the disbandment of 64th Army, the division was transferred to Liaoning Provincial Military District's control. Soon in October the division was reduced as the 191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: 摩托化步兵第191旅).In 2003 the brigade was transferred to 40th Army's control.In 2017 the brigade was reorganized as the 191st Light Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 轻型合成第191旅) and transferred to the 79th Group Army following 40th's disbandment.","title":"191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skocz%C3%B3w	Skoczów	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Notable people","4 Twin towns – sister cities","5 Gallery","6 Notes","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°48′2″N 18°47′18″E / 49.80056°N 18.78833°E / 49.80056; 18.78833See also: Skoczów, West Pomeranian Voivodeship Place in Silesian Voivodeship, PolandSkoczówTop: Papal Cross on Kaplicówka Hill. Centre left: Pegasus statue in front of St Peter and Paul's Church. Centre right: Town Hall. Bottom: Main Square FlagCoat of armsSkoczówCoordinates: 49°48′2″N 18°47′18″E / 49.80056°N 18.78833°E / 49.80056; 18.78833Country PolandVoivodeshipSilesianCountyCieszynGminaSkoczówFounded13th century (?)First mentioned1282 (?), 1327Government • MayorRajmund DedioArea • Total9.79 km2 (3.78 sq mi)Population (2019-06-30) • Total14,385 • Density1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code43-430Car platesSCIWebsitehttp://www.um.skoczow.pl Skoczów (pronounced Sko-choof ⓘ, German: Skotschau, Czech: Skočov) is a town and the seat of Gmina Skoczów in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland with 14,385 inhabitants (2019). The town lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. The name of the town is of possessive origin, derived from personal name Skocz. History Town hall built in the 18th century The very first settlement in the nearest neighbourhood had been established by a Slavic tribe called Golensizi around the 7th century on a naturally defensive hill over the valley of the river Bładnica and ravine called Piekiełko about 2 km (1.24 mi) south-east of the town centre within borders of modern Międzyświeć. The "gord" was later surrounded by an earth bank and moat. The settlement was destroyed in the end of the 9th century most probably by Great Moravian Prince Svatopluk II and was not rebuilt again. Sometimes the oldest mentioning of Skoczów is believed to be from the document allegedly issued in 1232 by Mieszko, dux Oppoliensis et dominus Tessinensis et Ratiboriensis (implicitly Mieszko II the Fat) for a knight Przecho from Zabłocie, were among witnesses is a ducal writer, Mikołaj from Coczow (Skoczów). Some researchers consider the document to be a fake. Idzi Panic takes into consideration that it could be a mistake during rewriting, and that the document could be originally issued in 1282 by Mieszko, who later ruled the Duchy of Teschen (formed in 1290, where Skoczów also belonged), but back then together with younger brother Przemko ruled Duchy of Racibórz with castellanies of Cieszyn and Oświęcim, and would more likely use the title dux Oppoliensis et dominus Tessinensis et Ratiboriensis than Mieszko II the Fat (who never used as complicated title). The rewriter could have omitted the number L in the year MCCLXXXII (1282), making it MCCXXXII (1232). If the document was indeed a fake, then the first mentioning of Skoczów as oppidum Scocoviense is from 1327 when Duke Casimir I became a vassal of the King of Bohemia. The term oppidum (used also for Jamnica preceding Frýdek) was used in contrary to civitates ruling themselves under German rights of Cieszyn, Bielsko and Frysztat. It probably meant that Skoczów was yet ruled under Polish (ducal) traditional rights. In the document from 1327 there is also mentioned a gord, which can be linked with a subsequent wooden castle revealed in later documents. The settlement of Skoczów most probably emerged as its podgrodzie, a small locality serving it, which later evolved into a market settlement with irregular arrangement of buildings centered on main oval square a few hundred meters north of nowadays Market Square, where later (but no earlier than late 1330s) a parish church was built. The location of the town around new Market Square under German rights took place hypothetically roughly at similar time as of Frýdek, in the late 14th century. The new town had regular arrangement of buildings stretched towards the parish church in the north. It was surrounded with ramparts from wood and earth with two gates: Upper and Lower. Through the Upper Gate a path led towards Cieszyn in the east, through Lower towards Bielsko in the west. Behind the Upper Gate emerged the Upper Suburb, whereas on the right and eastern bank of Vistula River was located a Lower Suburb. In the beginning Skoczów was a small town, with around 450 citizens in the middle of the 15th century. It had been mainly an agricultural and craft trade settlement with much lower importance of trade. A local Catholic parish was first mentioned in the register of Peter's Pence payment from 1447 among 50 parishes of Teschen deanery as Scotczowa. In the late 1469 or early 1470 Skoczów was destroyed by fire, which burnt all chartered privileges and other documents. 26 January 1470 the Duke of Cieszyn renewed and extended all civic privileges. A school and hospital with a chapel are recorded in a document from 1482. During Reformation under Wenceslaus III Adam rule it was dominated by Lutherans, who took over the parish church, and later also hospital's chapel. At that time Jan Sarkander was born here. In the years 1573-1577 during the rule of Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Cieszyn the town together with Strumień and their surrounding villages were sold to Gottard von Logau, and formed a state country. It was retrieved by Adam Wenceslaus in 1594. In 1610 Adam Wenceslaus switched his faith to Catholicism, and brought a new priest from Żywiec, Wojciech Gagatkowski. However Lutherans dominated the town for decades, the majority of Catholics was reported in 1687. Since 1653 the town belonged to the Teschener Kammer. The 17th century was disastrous for Skoczów as well as for whole region. Because of Thirty Years' War the population was decreased by about 25-30%. After the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The town became a seat of a legal district in the political district of Bielsko. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the town grew from 3113 in 1880 to 3744 in 1910. In 1880 the majority of its inhabitants were native Polish-speakers (69.3%) followed by German-speakers (29.5%) and Czech-speakers (1.2%). In the next years the Polish-speaking population dropped down to 48.4% in 1910, whereas German-speaking citizens grew in number up to 50.3% in 1910, Czech-speaking minority stood at relatively similar level of 1.3%. In terms of religion in 1910 majority were Roman Catholics (65.3%), followed by Protestants (27.8%), Jews (247 or 6.6%) and 12 people were adherents to yet another religion. The town and especially its surroundings were also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect. The growth of German language, then prestigious language of the state, can be partially attributed to various reasons, including cultural cringe of indigenous Slavic denizens. After the end of World War I, both of the two newly created independent states of Poland and Czechoslovakia claimed the area of Cieszyn Silesia. On 23 January 1919 Czech units led by Colonel Josef Šnejdárek invaded the area, and clashed after its swift advance with Polish units commanded by General Franciszek Latinik near Skoczów where a battle took place on 28–30 January. It was inconclusive, and before the reinforced Czech forces could resume the attack on the town, they were pressed by Entente to stop operations and a cease-fire was signed on 3 February. On 28 July 1920 by decision of the Spa Conference Skoczów became a part of the Second Polish Republic. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Poland. Kaplicówka Hill which overlooks the town is dominated by a chapel built in 1934 and a large cross. Pope John Paul II visited Skoczów in 1995, holding a mass attended by 200,000 people. The cross on Kaplicówka was erected to commemorate the visit. From 1975 to 1998 it was located in the Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship, and since 1999 in Silesian Voivodeship. The town holds a market on Thursdays, situated next to the Vistula river. Geography Skoczów lies in the southern part of Poland, approximately 13 km (8 mi) north-east of the county seat, Cieszyn, 18 km (11 mi) west of Bielsko-Biała, 55 km (34 mi) south-west of the regional capital Katowice, and 14 km (8.7 mi) east of the border with the Czech Republic. It lies on the confluence of the river Bładnica into the Vistula, reaching up to roughly 380 m (1,250 ft) above sea level (in the west, on the eastern slopes of the Górka Wilamowicka hill), down to 285 m (935 ft) above sea level (the lowest point of the Vistula valley), in the Silesian Foothills, 9 km (5.6 mi) north-west of the Silesian Beskids; Places adjacent to Skoczów Simoradz Wiślica, Kiczyce Pierściec, Kowale Wilamowice Skoczów Pogórze Międzyświeć Bładnice, Harburtowice Notable people St. Jan Sarkander (1576–1620), priest and martyr Gustaw Morcinek (1891–1963), writer commonly associated with Silesia, Member of Parliament of the People's Republic of Poland Twin towns – sister cities See twin towns of Gmina Skoczów. Gallery Panorama of Skoczów from Kaplicówka Hill Notes ^ Apart from Skoczów and Strumień 11 villages belonged to the state country: Brenna, Górki Małe, Kiczyce, Kowale, Lipowiec, Łazy, Wieszczęta, Wiślica, Zabłocie, Zarzecze and Zbytków, and furthermore Mnich was established at that time References ^ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ Mrózek, Robert (1984). Nazwy miejscowe dawnego Śląska Cieszyńskiego (in Polish). Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach. p. 160. ISSN 0208-6336. ^ Panic, Idzi (2010). Śląsk Cieszyński w średniowieczu (do 1528) (in Polish). Cieszyn: Starostwo Powiatowe w Cieszynie. p. 294. ISBN 978-83-926929-3-5. ^ I. Panic, 2005, p. 68 ^ Marek Wójcik: Dokumenty i kancelarie książąt opolsko-raciborskich, p. 24-25 ^ I. Panic, 2005, p. 84 ^ I. Panic, 2005, p. 90 ^ I. Panic, 2005, p. 105 ^ I. Panic, 2005, p. 194 ^ "Registrum denarii sancti Petri in archidiaconatu Opoliensi sub anno domini MCCCCXLVII per dominum Nicolaum Wolff decretorum doctorem, archidiaconum Opoliensem, ex commissione reverendi in Christo patris ac domini Conradi episcopi Wratislaviensis, sedis apostolice collectoris, collecti". Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens (in German). 27. Breslau: H. Markgraf: 361–372. 1893. Retrieved 21 July 2014. ^ I. Panic, 2005, p. 180 ^ I. Panic, 2005, p. 183 ^ I. Panic, 2005, p. 149 ^ Piątkowski, Kazimierz (1918). Stosunki narodowościowe w Księstwie Cieszyńskiem (in Polish). Cieszyn: Macierz Szkolna Księstwa Cieszyńskiego. pp. 261, 279. ^ Ludwig Patryn (ed): Die Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910 in Schlesien, Troppau 1912. ^ Janusz Gruchała; Krzysztof Nowak (2013). Śląsk Cieszyński od Wiosny Ludów do I wojny światowej (1848–1918). Cieszyn: Starostwo Powiatowe w Cieszynie. p. 20. ISBN 978-83-935147-3-1. Bibliography Panic, Idzi (2005). Studia z dziejów Skoczowa w czasach piastowskich. Skoczów: BIBLOS. ISBN 83-7332-246-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skoczów. (in Polish) Official gmina website (in Polish, English, Czech, and German) Official town website Jewish Community in Skoczów on Virtual Shtetl vteGmina SkoczówTown and seat: SkoczówVillages Bładnice Harbutowice Kiczyce Kowale Międzyświeć Ochaby Pierściec Pogórze Wilamowice Wiślica vteCieszyn SilesiaMunicipalitiesin the Czech Republic Albrechtice Bocanovice Bohumín Bruzovice Bukovec Bystřice Český Těšín Chotěbuz Dětmarovice Dolní Domaslavice Dolní Lomná Dolní Lutyně Dolní Tošanovice Dobrá Dobratice Doubrava Havířov Hnojník Horní Bludovice Horní Domaslavice Horní Lomná Horní Suchá Horní Tošanovice Hrádek Hrčava Jablunkov Janovice Kaňovice Karviná Komorní Lhotka Košařiska Krásná Lučina Malenovice Milíkov Morávka Mosty u Jablunkova Návsí Nižní Lhoty Nošovice Nýdek Orlová Pazderna Petrovice u Karviné Petřvald Písečná Písek Pražmo Pržno Raškovice Řeka Řepiště Ropice Rychvald Sedliště Šenov Smilovice Soběšovice Staré Město Stonava Střítež Těrlicko Třanovice Třinec Václavovice Vělopolí Vendryně Vojkovice Vratimov Vyšní Lhoty Žermanice partially in the region: Baška Frýdek-Místek Ostrava Staré Hamry Municipalitiesin Poland Bąków Bażanowice Bielowicko Biery Bładnice Brenna Bronów Brzezówka Chybie Cieszyn Cisownica Czechowice-Dziedzice Dębowiec Drogomyśl Dzięgielów Frelichów Godziszów Goleszów Górki Małe Górki Wielkie Grodziec Gumna Harbutowice Hażlach Iłownica Iskrzyczyn Istebna Jasienica Jaworze Jaworzynka Kaczyce Kiczyce Kisielów Kończyce Małe Kończyce Wielkie Koniaków Kostkowice Kowale Kozakowice Łączka Landek Łazy Leszna Górna Ligota Marklowice Górne Mazańcowice Międzyrzecze Dolne Międzyrzecze Górne Międzyświeć Mnich Ochaby Ogrodzona Pierściec Pogórze Pogwizdów Pruchna Puńców Roztropice Rudnik Rudzica Simoradz Skoczów Strumień Świętoszówka Ustroń Wieszczęta Wilamowice Wiślica Wisła Zabłocie Zaborze Zabrzeg Zamarski Zarzecze Zbytków Zebrzydowice partially in the region: Bielsko-Biała Bystra Related articles Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion Cieszyn Silesian dialect Duchy of Teschen Olza (river) Trans-Olza Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skoczów, West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skocz%C3%B3w,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Sko-choof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[ˈskɔt͡ʂuf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Skoczow.ogg/Skoczow.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skoczow.ogg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Gmina Skoczów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Skocz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn_County"},{"link_name":"Silesian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrozek-2"}],"text":"See also: Skoczów, West Pomeranian VoivodeshipPlace in Silesian Voivodeship, PolandSkoczów (pronounced Sko-choof [ˈskɔt͡ʂuf] ⓘ, German: Skotschau, Czech: Skočov) is a town and the seat of Gmina Skoczów in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland with 14,385 inhabitants (2019). The town lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.The name of the town is of possessive origin, derived from personal name Skocz.[2]","title":"Skoczów"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figura_Jonasza_i_Ratusz_w_Skoczowie_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Golensizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golensizi"},{"link_name":"ravine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravine"},{"link_name":"Międzyświeć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzy%C5%9Bwie%C4%87"},{"link_name":"\"gord\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_(Slavic_settlement)"},{"link_name":"Great Moravian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Svatopluk II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svatopluk_II"},{"link_name":"Mieszko II the Fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_II_the_Fat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Idzi Panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idzi_Panic"},{"link_name":"Mieszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I,_Duke_of_Cieszyn"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Teschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"Przemko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_of_Racib%C3%B3rz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Casimir I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_I,_Duke_of_Cieszyn"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"oppidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppidum"},{"link_name":"Frýdek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdek,_Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn"},{"link_name":"Bielsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko"},{"link_name":"Frysztat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frysztat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Frýdek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdek,_Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Peter's Pence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence"},{"link_name":"deanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wenceslaus III Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_Adam,_Duke_of_Cieszyn"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jan Sarkander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sarkander"},{"link_name":"Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Cieszyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_Adam,_Duke_of_Cieszyn"},{"link_name":"Strumień","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strumie%C5%84"},{"link_name":"state country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_country"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Adam Wenceslaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Wenceslaus,_Duke_of_Cieszyn"},{"link_name":"Żywiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBywiec"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Teschener Kammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teschener_Kammer"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Austrian Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Silesia"},{"link_name":"legal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_district"},{"link_name":"political district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Bielsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholics"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestants"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn Vlachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn Silesian dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect"},{"link_name":"prestigious language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"cultural cringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_cringe"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Josef Šnejdárek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_%C5%A0nejd%C3%A1rek"},{"link_name":"invaded the area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Latinik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Latinik"},{"link_name":"Entente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"cease-fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cease-fire"},{"link_name":"Spa Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_Conference_of_1920"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"annexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"}],"text":"Town hall built in the 18th centuryThe very first settlement in the nearest neighbourhood had been established by a Slavic tribe called Golensizi around the 7th century on a naturally defensive hill over the valley of the river Bładnica and ravine called Piekiełko about 2 km (1.24 mi) south-east of the town centre within borders of modern Międzyświeć. The \"gord\" was later surrounded by an earth bank and moat. The settlement was destroyed in the end of the 9th century most probably by Great Moravian Prince Svatopluk II and was not rebuilt again.Sometimes the oldest mentioning of Skoczów is believed to be from the document allegedly issued in 1232 by Mieszko, dux Oppoliensis et dominus Tessinensis et Ratiboriensis (implicitly Mieszko II the Fat) for a knight Przecho from Zabłocie, were among witnesses is a ducal writer, Mikołaj from Coczow[3] (Skoczów).[4] Some researchers[5] consider the document to be a fake. Idzi Panic takes into consideration that it could be a mistake during rewriting, and that the document could be originally issued in 1282 by Mieszko, who later ruled the Duchy of Teschen (formed in 1290, where Skoczów also belonged), but back then together with younger brother Przemko ruled Duchy of Racibórz with castellanies of Cieszyn and Oświęcim, and would more likely use the title dux Oppoliensis et dominus Tessinensis et Ratiboriensis than Mieszko II the Fat (who never used as complicated title). The rewriter could have omitted the number L in the year MCCLXXXII (1282), making it MCCXXXII (1232).[6] If the document was indeed a fake, then the first mentioning of Skoczów as oppidum Scocoviense is from 1327 when Duke Casimir I became a vassal of the King of Bohemia. The term oppidum (used also for Jamnica preceding Frýdek) was used in contrary to civitates ruling themselves under German rights of Cieszyn, Bielsko and Frysztat. It probably meant that Skoczów was yet ruled under Polish (ducal) traditional rights.[7]In the document from 1327 there is also mentioned a gord, which can be linked with a subsequent wooden castle revealed in later documents. The settlement of Skoczów most probably emerged as its podgrodzie, a small locality serving it, which later evolved into a market settlement with irregular arrangement of buildings centered on main oval square a few hundred meters north of nowadays Market Square, where later (but no earlier than late 1330s) a parish church was built. The location of the town around new Market Square under German rights took place hypothetically roughly at similar time as of Frýdek, in the late 14th century.[8] The new town had regular arrangement of buildings stretched towards the parish church in the north. It was surrounded with ramparts from wood and earth with two gates: Upper and Lower. Through the Upper Gate a path led towards Cieszyn in the east, through Lower towards Bielsko in the west. Behind the Upper Gate emerged the Upper Suburb, whereas on the right and eastern bank of Vistula River was located a Lower Suburb. In the beginning Skoczów was a small town, with around 450 citizens in the middle of the 15th century.[9] It had been mainly an agricultural and craft trade settlement with much lower importance of trade. A local Catholic parish was first mentioned in the register of Peter's Pence payment from 1447 among 50 parishes of Teschen deanery as Scotczowa.[10]In the late 1469 or early 1470 Skoczów was destroyed by fire, which burnt all chartered privileges and other documents. 26 January 1470 the Duke of Cieszyn renewed and extended all civic privileges. A school and hospital with a chapel are recorded in a document from 1482. During Reformation under Wenceslaus III Adam rule it was dominated by Lutherans, who took over the parish church, and later also hospital's chapel.[11] At that time Jan Sarkander was born here. In the years 1573-1577 during the rule of Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Cieszyn the town together with Strumień and their surrounding villages were sold to Gottard von Logau, and formed a state country.[a] It was retrieved by Adam Wenceslaus in 1594. In 1610 Adam Wenceslaus switched his faith to Catholicism, and brought a new priest from Żywiec, Wojciech Gagatkowski. However Lutherans dominated the town for decades, the majority of Catholics was reported in 1687.[12]Since 1653 the town belonged to the Teschener Kammer. The 17th century was disastrous for Skoczów as well as for whole region. Because of Thirty Years' War the population was decreased by about 25-30%.[13]After the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The town became a seat of a legal district in the political district of Bielsko. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the town grew from 3113 in 1880 to 3744 in 1910. In 1880 the majority of its inhabitants were native Polish-speakers (69.3%) followed by German-speakers (29.5%) and Czech-speakers (1.2%). In the next years the Polish-speaking population dropped down to 48.4% in 1910, whereas German-speaking citizens grew in number up to 50.3% in 1910, Czech-speaking minority stood at relatively similar level of 1.3%. In terms of religion in 1910 majority were Roman Catholics (65.3%), followed by Protestants (27.8%), Jews (247 or 6.6%) and 12 people were adherents to yet another religion.[14][15] The town and especially its surroundings were also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect. The growth of German language, then prestigious language of the state, can be partially attributed to various reasons, including cultural cringe of indigenous Slavic denizens.[16]After the end of World War I, both of the two newly created independent states of Poland and Czechoslovakia claimed the area of Cieszyn Silesia. On 23 January 1919 Czech units led by Colonel Josef Šnejdárek invaded the area, and clashed after its swift advance with Polish units commanded by General Franciszek Latinik near Skoczów where a battle took place on 28–30 January. It was inconclusive, and before the reinforced Czech forces could resume the attack on the town, they were pressed by Entente to stop operations and a cease-fire was signed on 3 February. On 28 July 1920 by decision of the Spa Conference Skoczów became a part of the Second Polish Republic. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Poland.Kaplicówka Hill which overlooks the town is dominated by a chapel built in 1934 and a large cross. Pope John Paul II visited Skoczów in 1995, holding a mass attended by 200,000 people. The cross on Kaplicówka was erected to commemorate the visit.From 1975 to 1998 it was located in the Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship, and since 1999 in Silesian Voivodeship.The town holds a market on Thursdays, situated next to the Vistula river.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cieszyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn"},{"link_name":"Bielsko-Biała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"Silesian Foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Foothills"},{"link_name":"Silesian Beskids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Beskids"},{"link_name":"Simoradz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simoradz"},{"link_name":"Wiślica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C5%9Blica,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Kiczyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiczyce"},{"link_name":"Pierściec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier%C5%9Bciec"},{"link_name":"Kowale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowale,_Cieszyn_County"},{"link_name":"Wilamowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilamowice,_Cieszyn_County"},{"link_name":"Pogórze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pog%C3%B3rze,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Międzyświeć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzy%C5%9Bwie%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bładnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%82adnice"},{"link_name":"Harburtowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbutowice,_Silesian_Voivodeship"}],"text":"Skoczów lies in the southern part of Poland, approximately 13 km (8 mi) north-east of the county seat, Cieszyn, 18 km (11 mi) west of Bielsko-Biała, 55 km (34 mi) south-west of the regional capital Katowice, and 14 km (8.7 mi) east of the border with the Czech Republic.It lies on the confluence of the river Bładnica into the Vistula, reaching up to roughly 380 m (1,250 ft) above sea level (in the west, on the eastern slopes of the Górka Wilamowicka hill), down to 285 m (935 ft) above sea level (the lowest point of the Vistula valley), in the Silesian Foothills, 9 km (5.6 mi) north-west of the Silesian Beskids;Places adjacent to Skoczów\nSimoradz\nWiślica, Kiczyce\nPierściec, Kowale\n\n\n\n\n\nWilamowice\n\nSkoczów\n\nPogórze\n\n\n\n\n\nMiędzyświeć\nBładnice, Harburtowice","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Jan Sarkander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sarkander"},{"link_name":"Gustaw Morcinek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaw_Morcinek"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland"}],"text":"St. Jan Sarkander (1576–1620), priest and martyr\nGustaw Morcinek (1891–1963), writer commonly associated with Silesia, Member of Parliament of the People's Republic of Poland","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twin towns of Gmina Skoczów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Skocz%C3%B3w#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities"}],"text":"See twin towns of Gmina Skoczów.","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaSkoczow.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaSkoczow.jpg"}],"text":"Panorama of Skoczów from Kaplicówka Hill","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Brenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenna,_Poland"},{"link_name":"Górki Małe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3rki_Ma%C5%82e,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Kiczyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiczyce"},{"link_name":"Kowale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowale,_Cieszyn_County"},{"link_name":"Lipowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipowiec,_Ustro%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Łazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81azy,_Bielsko_County"},{"link_name":"Wieszczęta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieszcz%C4%99ta"},{"link_name":"Wiślica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C5%9Blica,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Zabłocie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zab%C5%82ocie,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Zarzecze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarzecze,_Cieszyn_County"},{"link_name":"Zbytków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbytk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Mnich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnich,_Silesian_Voivodeship"}],"text":"^ Apart from Skoczów and Strumień 11 villages belonged to the state country: Brenna, Górki Małe, Kiczyce, Kowale, Lipowiec, Łazy, Wieszczęta, Wiślica, Zabłocie, Zarzecze and Zbytków, and furthermore Mnich was established at that time","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Town hall built in the 18th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Figura_Jonasza_i_Ratusz_w_Skoczowie_1.JPG/220px-Figura_Jonasza_i_Ratusz_w_Skoczowie_1.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dux_Tessinensis_Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch.jpg/50px-Dux_Tessinensis_Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cieszyn_Piast_dynasty_COA.png/50px-Cieszyn_Piast_dynasty_COA.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June\". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2019-as-of-30th-june,3,26.html","url_text":"\"Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June\""}]},{"reference":"Mrózek, Robert (1984). Nazwy miejscowe dawnego Śląska Cieszyńskiego [Local names of the former Cieszyn Silesia] (in Polish). Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach. p. 160. ISSN 0208-6336.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Silesia_in_Katowice","url_text":"Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0208-6336","url_text":"0208-6336"}]},{"reference":"Panic, Idzi (2010). Śląsk Cieszyński w średniowieczu (do 1528) [Cieszyn Silesia in Middle Ages (until 1528)] (in Polish). Cieszyn: Starostwo Powiatowe w Cieszynie. p. 294. ISBN 978-83-926929-3-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idzi_Panic","url_text":"Panic, Idzi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-926929-3-5","url_text":"978-83-926929-3-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Registrum denarii sancti Petri in archidiaconatu Opoliensi sub anno domini MCCCCXLVII per dominum Nicolaum Wolff decretorum doctorem, archidiaconum Opoliensem, ex commissione reverendi in Christo patris ac domini Conradi episcopi Wratislaviensis, sedis apostolice collectoris, collecti\". Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens (in German). 27. Breslau: H. Markgraf: 361–372. 1893. Retrieved 21 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=15085&from=publication","url_text":"\"Registrum denarii sancti Petri in archidiaconatu Opoliensi sub anno domini MCCCCXLVII per dominum Nicolaum Wolff decretorum doctorem, archidiaconum Opoliensem, ex commissione reverendi in Christo patris ac domini Conradi episcopi Wratislaviensis, sedis apostolice collectoris, collecti\""}]},{"reference":"Piątkowski, Kazimierz (1918). Stosunki narodowościowe w Księstwie Cieszyńskiem (in Polish). Cieszyn: Macierz Szkolna Księstwa Cieszyńskiego. pp. 261, 279.","urls":[{"url":"http://obc.opole.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=1076","url_text":"Stosunki narodowościowe w Księstwie Cieszyńskiem"}]},{"reference":"Janusz Gruchała; Krzysztof Nowak (2013). Śląsk Cieszyński od Wiosny Ludów do I wojny światowej (1848–1918). Cieszyn: Starostwo Powiatowe w Cieszynie. p. 20. ISBN 978-83-935147-3-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-935147-3-1","url_text":"978-83-935147-3-1"}]},{"reference":"Panic, Idzi (2005). Studia z dziejów Skoczowa w czasach piastowskich. Skoczów: BIBLOS. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Group_Pension_Trust_v_Imperial_Tobacco_Ltd	Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd	["1 Facts","2 Judgment","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco LtdCourtHigh CourtCitation 1 WLR 589; IRLR 66; ICR 524; 2 All ER 597KeywordsPension trusts Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd 1 WLR 589 is an English trust law case, especially relevant for UK labour law and UK company law, concerning pension funds and the implementation of a poison pill. Facts The Imperial Tobacco pension trust committee asked the court whether the wording of rule 64A of the pension scheme could be varied with the company management’s consent. This said that members’ benefits ‘shall be increased by at least the lesser of’ 5% pa or the Retail Price Index. That provision was introduced following an amendment under rule 36 that said the committee could make an amendment following the company management’s consent. Imperial Tobacco had been taken over by Hanson Trust plc, and the rule 64A was introduced as an apparent poison pill, because the previous position was that employees’ pensions were only updated ad hoc and usually below inflation. This accompanied the automatic closure of the existing scheme to new entrants. But the takeover succeeded in 1986. By then, inflation had increased above 5%, and so the committee asked management if they would update pensions over 5%. The new management refused, and offered instead a new scheme of the lesser of 15% pa or RPI updates. Employees holding entitlements to the old scheme, if they transferred, would take their aliquot share, including surpluses (there was an estimated £130m at the time). However, the catch in the new scheme was that any surplus would go to the company, not the employees’ themselves. The trust alleged that, if the committee did have to obtain management’s consent to update the entitlements to keep pace with inflation, the offer given was a breach of a duty of good faith because it was compelling employees to forgo their acquired rights. Judgment Sir Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson VC held that rule 64A could not be construed as allowing the committee to make increases without management’s consent. However, the company management could not use its discretion to withhold its consent in a way that undermined good faith, and mutual trust and confidence. The company management was not exercising a fiduciary power, and so it could take its own interests, including financial burdens, into account, but it still had to exercise its power for a proper purpose. A collateral purpose of coercing members to relinquish their accrued rights for the company to benefit from the surplus, was bad faith. His judgment on the nature of the pension obligations read as follows. Pension scheme trusts are of quite a different nature to traditional trusts. The traditional trust is one under which the settlor, by way of bounty, transfers property to trustees to be administered for the beneficiaries as objects of his bounty. Normally, there is no legal relationship between the parties apart from the trust. The beneficiaries have given no consideration for what they receive. The settlor, as donor, can impose such limits on his bounty as he chooses, including imposing a requirement that the consent of himself or some other person shall be required to the exercise of the powers. As the Court of Appeal have pointed out in Mihlenstedt v Barclays Bank International Ltd IRLR 522 a pension scheme is quite different. Pension benefits are part of the consideration which an employee receives in return for the rendering of his services. In many cases, including the present, membership of the pension scheme is a requirement of employment. In contributory schemes, such as this, the employee is himself bound to pay for his or her contributions. Beneficiaries of the scheme, the members, far from being volunteers, have been given valuable consideration. The company employer is not conferring a bounty. In my judgment, the scheme is established against the background of such employment and falls to be interpreted against that background. In every contract of employment, there is an implied term: “that the employers will not, without reasonable and proper cause, conduct themselves in a manner calculated or likely to destroy or seriously damage the relationship of confidence and trust between employer and employee;” Woods v WM Car Services (Peterborough) Ltd ICR 666, 670, approved by the Court of Appeal in Lewis v Motorworld Garages Ltd ICR 157. I will call this implied term “the implied obligation of good faith.” In my judgment, that obligation of an employer applies as much to the exercise of his rights and powers under a pension scheme as they do to the other rights and powers of an employer. Say, in purported exercise of its right to give or withhold consent, the company were to say, capriciously, that it would consent to an increase in the pension benefits of members of union A but not of the members of union B. In my judgment, the members of union B would have a good claim in contract for breach of the implied obligation of good faith: see Mihlenstedt v Barclays Bank International Ltd IRLR 522, 525, 531, paras 12, 64 and 70. In my judgment, it is not necessary to found such a claim in contract alone. Construed against the background of the contract of employment, in my judgment the pension trust deed and rules themselves are to be taken as being impliedly subject to the limitation that the rights and powers of the company can only be exercised in accordance with the implied obligation of good faith. See also vteTakeover regulation sourcesHogg v Cramphorn Ltd Ch 254Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd AC 821Imperial Pension Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd 1 WLR 589Criterion Properties plc v Stratford LLC UKHL 28Takeover Code rule 21Takeover Directive 2004/25/ECEmployment Rights Act 1996 ss 86, 94 and 135TUPER 2006 (SI 2006/246)Companies Act 2006 s 168Companies Act 2006 ss 942-965R (Datafin plc) v Takeover Panel QB 815Takeover CodeCompanies Act 2006 ss 974-991Re Grierson Oldham and Adams Ltd Ch 17Re Bugle Press Ltd Ch 270Insolvency Act 1986 ss 110-111Companies Act 2006 ss 895-941Public Company Mergers Directive 2011/35/EUsee UK company law and takeovers UK company law English trust law The Achilleas Wallace v. United Grain Growers Ltd. 3 SCR 701 Notes ^ 1 WLR 589, 597-598 References	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English trust law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_trust_law"},{"link_name":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"},{"link_name":"UK company law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_company_law"},{"link_name":"poison pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholder_rights_plan"}],"text":"Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd [1991] 1 WLR 589 is an English trust law case, especially relevant for UK labour law and UK company law, concerning pension funds and the implementation of a poison pill.","title":"Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Retail Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_Price_Index"},{"link_name":"Hanson Trust plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_Trust_plc"},{"link_name":"poison pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholder_rights_plan"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"good faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith"}],"text":"The Imperial Tobacco pension trust committee asked the court whether the wording of rule 64A of the pension scheme could be varied with the company management’s consent. This said that members’ benefits ‘shall be increased by at least the lesser of’ 5% pa or the Retail Price Index. That provision was introduced following an amendment under rule 36 that said the committee could make an amendment following the company management’s consent. Imperial Tobacco had been taken over by Hanson Trust plc, and the rule 64A was introduced as an apparent poison pill, because the previous position was that employees’ pensions were only updated ad hoc and usually below inflation. This accompanied the automatic closure of the existing scheme to new entrants. But the takeover succeeded in 1986. By then, inflation had increased above 5%, and so the committee asked management if they would update pensions over 5%. The new management refused, and offered instead a new scheme of the lesser of 15% pa or RPI updates. Employees holding entitlements to the old scheme, if they transferred, would take their aliquot share, including surpluses (there was an estimated £130m at the time). However, the catch in the new scheme was that any surplus would go to the company, not the employees’ themselves. The trust alleged that, if the committee did have to obtain management’s consent to update the entitlements to keep pace with inflation, the offer given was a breach of a duty of good faith because it was compelling employees to forgo their acquired rights.","title":"Facts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Nicolas_Browne-Wilkinson_VC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mihlenstedt v Barclays Bank International Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihlenstedt_v_Barclays_Bank_International_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Woods v WM Car Services (Peterborough) Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_v_WM_Car_Services_(Peterborough)_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Lewis v Motorworld Garages Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_v_Motorworld_Garages_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mihlenstedt v Barclays Bank International Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihlenstedt_v_Barclays_Bank_International_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Sir Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson VC held that rule 64A could not be construed as allowing the committee to make increases without management’s consent. However, the company management could not use its discretion to withhold its consent in a way that undermined good faith, and mutual trust and confidence. The company management was not exercising a fiduciary power, and so it could take its own interests, including financial burdens, into account, but it still had to exercise its power for a proper purpose. A collateral purpose of coercing members to relinquish their accrued rights for the company to benefit from the surplus, was bad faith. His judgment on the nature of the pension obligations read as follows.[1]Pension scheme trusts are of quite a different nature to traditional trusts. The traditional trust is one under which the settlor, by way of bounty, transfers property to trustees to be administered for the beneficiaries as objects of his bounty. Normally, there is no legal relationship between the parties apart from the trust. The beneficiaries have given no consideration for what they receive. The settlor, as donor, can impose such limits on his bounty as he chooses, including imposing a requirement that the consent of himself or some other person shall be required to the exercise of the powers. As the Court of Appeal have pointed out in Mihlenstedt v Barclays Bank International Ltd [1989] IRLR 522 a pension scheme is quite different. Pension benefits are part of the consideration which an employee receives in return for the rendering of his services. In many cases, including the present, membership of the pension scheme is a requirement of employment. In contributory schemes, such as this, the employee is himself bound to pay for his or her contributions. Beneficiaries of the scheme, the members, far from being volunteers, have been given valuable consideration. The company employer is not conferring a bounty. In my judgment, the scheme is established against the background of such employment and falls to be interpreted against that background.\nIn every contract of employment, there is an implied term:\n\n“that the employers will not, without reasonable and proper cause, conduct themselves in a manner calculated or likely to destroy or seriously damage the relationship of confidence and trust between employer and employee;” Woods v WM Car Services (Peterborough) Ltd [1981] ICR 666, 670, approved by the Court of Appeal in Lewis v Motorworld Garages Ltd [1986] ICR 157.\nI will call this implied term “the implied obligation of good faith.” In my judgment, that obligation of an employer applies as much to the exercise of his rights and powers under a pension scheme as they do to the other rights and powers of an employer. Say, in purported exercise of its right to give or withhold consent, the company were to say, capriciously, that it would consent to an increase in the pension benefits of members of union A but not of the members of union B. In my judgment, the members of union B would have a good claim in contract for breach of the implied obligation of good faith: see Mihlenstedt v Barclays Bank International Ltd [1989] IRLR 522, 525, 531, paras 12, 64 and 70.\n\nIn my judgment, it is not necessary to found such a claim in contract alone. Construed against the background of the contract of employment, in my judgment the pension trust deed and rules themselves are to be taken as being impliedly subject to the limitation that the rights and powers of the company can only be exercised in accordance with the implied obligation of good faith.","title":"Judgment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ [1991] 1 WLR 589, 597-598","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Clist_takeovers"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_takeovers"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_takeovers"},{"title":"Hogg v Cramphorn Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogg_v_Cramphorn_Ltd"},{"title":"Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Smith_Ltd_v_Ampol_Petroleum_Ltd"},{"title":"Imperial Pension Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Pension_Ltd_v_Imperial_Tobacco_Ltd"},{"title":"Criterion Properties plc v Stratford LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion_Properties_plc_v_Stratford_LLC"},{"title":"Takeover Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover_Code"},{"title":"rule 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thetakeoverpanel.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/code.pdf"},{"title":"Takeover Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover_Directive"},{"title":"2004/25/EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0025:EN:NOT"},{"title":"Employment Rights Act 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_Rights_Act_1996"},{"title":"TUPER 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUPER_2006"},{"title":"SI 2006/246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2006/20060246.htm"},{"title":"Companies Act 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_2006"},{"title":"Companies Act 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_2006"},{"title":"R (Datafin plc) v Takeover Panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(Datafin_plc)_v_Takeover_Panel"},{"title":"Takeover Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover_Code"},{"title":"Companies Act 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_2006"},{"title":"Re Grierson Oldham and Adams Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Re_Grierson_Oldham_and_Adams_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Re Bugle Press Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Re_Bugle_Press_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Insolvency Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency_Act_1986"},{"title":"Companies Act 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_2006"},{"title":"Public Company Mergers Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Company_Mergers_Directive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"2011/35/EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:110:0001:0011:EN:PDF"},{"title":"UK company law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_company_law"},{"title":"takeovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions_in_United_Kingdom_law"},{"title":"UK company law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_company_law"},{"title":"English trust law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_trust_law"},{"title":"The Achilleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Achilleas"},{"title":"Wallace v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Pelletier	Louis-Philippe Pelletier	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Canadian politician The Hon.Louis-Philippe PelletierMember of the Canadian Parliamentfor Quebec CountyIn office1911–1914Preceded byJoseph Pierre TurcotteSucceeded byThomas Chase CasgrainMember of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for DorchesterIn office1888–1904Preceded byLouis-Napoléon LarochelleSucceeded byAlfred MorissetMember of the Legislative Council of Quebec for LauzonIn officeMay 11, 1888 – October 22, 1888Preceded byGeorge CoutureSucceeded byLouis-Napoléon Larochelle Personal detailsBorn(1857-02-01)February 1, 1857Trois-Pistoles, Lower CanadaDiedFebruary 8, 1921(1921-02-08) (aged 64)Quebec City, Quebec, CanadaPolitical partyConservativeOther politicalaffiliationsConservative Party of QuebecCabinetPostmaster General (1911-1914)Attorney General (1896-1897)Provincial Secretary (1891-1896) Louis-Philippe Pelletier, PC (February 1, 1857 – February 8, 1921) was a Canadian lawyer, journalist, newspaper owner, politician, professor, and judge. Biography Born in Trois-Pistoles, Lower Canada, the son of Thomas-Philippe Pelletier and Caroline Casault, the sister of Louis-Napoléon Casault, Pelletier was educated at the Collège de Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière and received a law degree from the Université Laval. He articled with Auguste-Réal Angers and was called to the Quebec bar in 1880. After being defeated in the 1908 federal election, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Quebec County in the 1911 election. A Conservative, he was the Postmaster General from 1911 to 1914. He resigned in October 1914 and was appointed a Superior Court judge for the district of Montreal. In August 1915 he was appointed to the Quebec Court of King’s Bench. Prior to his entry to federal politics, Pelletier was also a member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec after being elected in Dorchester as a Conservative in 1888 and retained his seat until 1904 when he did not seek another re-election. He attempted a return in 1908 but was defeated. References Louis-Philippe Pelletier – Parliament of Canada biography "Louis-Philippe Pelletier". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2016. "Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec. vtePostmasters General Campbell O'Connor Macdonald Fournier Huntington Langevin Campbell O'Connor Campbell O'Connor Carling Campbell McLelan Carling (acting) Haggart Caron Taillon Mulock Aylesworth Lemieux Béland Pelletier Casgrain Blondin Belley Murphy Manion Veniot Sauvé Gobeil Elliott McLarty Power Ilsley (acting) Mulock Bertrand Rinfret Côté Pinard (acting) Lapointe Hamilton MacLean (acting) Fairclough Denis Nicholson Tremblay Côté Kierans Côté Ouellet Mackasey Blais Lamontagne Fraser Ouellet1 1The office of Postmaster General was abolished when the Post Office Department became a Crown Corporation known as the Canada Post Corporation on October 16, 1981. Authority control databases ISNI VIAF WorldCat	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"}],"text":"Louis-Philippe Pelletier, PC (February 1, 1857 – February 8, 1921) was a Canadian lawyer, journalist, newspaper owner, politician, professor, and judge.","title":"Louis-Philippe Pelletier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trois-Pistoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois-Pistoles,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"Thomas-Philippe Pelletier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas-Philippe_Pelletier"},{"link_name":"Louis-Napoléon Casault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Casault"},{"link_name":"Université Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval"},{"link_name":"Auguste-Réal Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste-R%C3%A9al_Angers"},{"link_name":"1908 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Quebec County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_County_(federal_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"1911 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)"},{"link_name":"Quebec Court of King’s Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(historical)"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Quebec_general_election"}],"text":"Born in Trois-Pistoles, Lower Canada, the son of Thomas-Philippe Pelletier and Caroline Casault, the sister of Louis-Napoléon Casault, Pelletier was educated at the Collège de Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière and received a law degree from the Université Laval. He articled with Auguste-Réal Angers and was called to the Quebec bar in 1880.After being defeated in the 1908 federal election, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Quebec County in the 1911 election. A Conservative, he was the Postmaster General from 1911 to 1914. He resigned in October 1914 and was appointed a Superior Court judge for the district of Montreal. In August 1915 he was appointed to the Quebec Court of King’s Bench.Prior to his entry to federal politics, Pelletier was also a member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec after being elected in Dorchester as a Conservative in 1888 and retained his seat until 1904 when he did not seek another re-election. He attempted a return in 1908 but was defeated.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Louis-Philippe Pelletier\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7849","url_text":"\"Louis-Philippe Pelletier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Archons	The Return of the Archons	["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","4 Popular culture","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]	21st episode of the 1st season of Star Trek: The Original Series "The Return of the Archons"Star Trek: The Original Series episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 21Directed byJoseph PevneyStory byGene RoddenberryTeleplay byBoris SobelmanFeatured musicAlexander CourageCinematography byJerry FinnermanOriginal air dateFebruary 9, 1967 (1967-02-09)Running time50 minutesGuest appearances Harry Townes - Reger Torin Thatcher - Marplon Brioni Farrell - Tula Sid Haig - First Lawgiver Charles Macaulay - Landru Jon Lormer - Tamar Morgan Farley - Hacom Christopher Held - Sociologist Lindstrom Eddie Paskey - Mr. Lesley Sean Morgan - Lt. O'Neil Ralph Maurer - Bilar David L. Ross - Guard Episode chronology ← Previous"Court Martial" Next →"Space Seed" Star Trek: The Original Series season 1List of episodes "The Return of the Archons" is the twenty-first episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Boris Sobelman (based on a story by Gene Roddenberry), and directed by Joseph Pevney, it first aired on February 9, 1967. In the episode, the crew of the Enterprise visit a seemingly peaceful planet whose inhabitants are "of the Body", controlled by an unseen ruler, and enjoy a night of violence during "Festival". The episode contains Star Trek's first reference to the Prime Directive. Plot The USS Enterprise, under the command of Captain Kirk, arrives at the planet Beta III in the C-111 system where the USS Archon was reported lost nearly 100 years earlier. Lt. Sulu is the only member of the landing party who beams up from the planet's surface, and exhibits inexplicable euphoria, as well as insisting the crew "is not of the Body" and referring to them as "Archons". Kirk beams down with another party to investigate. They find the inhabitants living in a 19th-century Earth-style culture, ruled over by cloaked and cowled "Lawgivers" and a reclusive dictator, Landru. Their arrival is shortly followed by the "Festival", a period of violence, destruction, and sexual aggression. Kirk's landing party seeks shelter from the mob at a boarding house owned by Reger. A friend of Reger's suspects that the visitors are "not of the Body" (the whole of Betan society), and summons Lawgivers. When the landing party refuses to come with the Lawgivers, the Lawgivers become immobile. Reger leads the Enterprise landing team to a hiding place. En route, a telepathic command causes the townspeople to attack the landing party. They stun the attackers with their phasers, and find Lt. O'Neil, the other member of the original landing party, among them. They take O'Neil with them, but keep him sedated on Reger's advice. Reger reveals that Landru "pulled the Archons down from the skies". Contacting the ship, Kirk learns that heat beams from the planet are attacking the Enterprise, which must use all its power for its shields. Its orbit is deteriorating and it will crash in 12 hours unless the beams are turned off. A projection of Landru appears in the hiding place, and Kirk and his team are rendered unconscious by hypersonic waves. The landing party is imprisoned in a dungeon. Dr. Leonard McCoy is "absorbed into the Body", i.e., placed under Landru's mental control, but Marplon, a member of the underground against Landru, rescues Kirk and Spock. Reger and Marplon tell how Landru saved their society from war and anarchy 6,000 years ago and reduced the planet's technology to a simpler level. Overhearing their whispered plans, McCoy summons the Lawgivers. Kirk and Spock subdue them and don their robes. Marplon takes Kirk and Spock to the Hall of Audiences, where priests commune with Landru. A projection of Landru appears and threatens them. Kirk and Spock use their phasers to blast through the wall and expose a computer programmed by Landru, who died 6,000 years ago. The computer neutralizes their phasers. Kirk and Spock argue with the computer, that because it has destroyed the creativity of the people by disallowing their free will, it is evil and should self-destruct, freeing the people of Beta III. The computer complies. The heat beams stop, and the Enterprise is saved. Kirk agrees to leave Federation advisors and educators on the planet to help reform the civilization. Production "The Return of the Archons" was the first appearance in Star Trek for actor Charles Macaulay. He later appeared as Jaris, ruler of Argelius II, in the second-season episode "Wolf in the Fold". This was actor Jon Lormer's second appearance on Star Trek. He had previously appeared as Dr. Theodore Haskins in the episode "The Menagerie" and made a third appearance as an unnamed old man in the third-season episode "For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky". David L. Ross made his third appearance on Star Trek in this episode, after having appeared as a security guard in the episodes "Miri" and as a transporter chief in "The Galileo Seven" earlier in the first season. He received his first speaking role as Lieutenant Johnson in the second season episode "The Trouble with Tribbles", and appeared in another speaking role as Lt. Galloway in the second season episode "The Omega Glory". Character actor Sid Haig has a role as one of the hooded Lawgivers who first confront the landing party in Reger's boarding house. "The Return of the Archons" introduces for the first time the Federation's Prime Directive. However, an important modification is made to the absolutist non-interference rule almost immediately. Kirk argues that the Prime Directive does not bar interference with other cultures, but rather bars interference only with a "living and growing" culture. Scholar Eric Greene argues this is reflective of the "frontier myth" of Star Trek and American foreign policy in the late 20th century, in which a superior culture expands to impose its understanding of freedom and progress on others. M. Keith Booker, interpreting the politics of Star Trek, agrees, noting that in leaving behind a sociological team to "help restore the planet's culture to a more human form" means restoring it to one that "suits the values of the Federation and twenty-third century Earth." Indeed, the Prime Directive would only truly be honored during the series in the episode "Bread and Circuses". Location shooting for "Return of the Archons" occurred on the 40 Acres backlot in Culver City, California. The street scenes were part of the "Town of Atlanta", a set which consists of a mid-1800s city street, a town square, and a residential area (originally constructed for the motion picture Gone with the Wind in 1939). The dungeon set was first constructed for this episode, and reused in the first-season episode "Errand of Mercy" and the second-season episode "Catspaw". Marplon's absorption booth console was also reused several times in the series. It reappeared (with modifications) as a relay station in the second-season episode "I, Mudd", as a Federation outpost control panel in the third-season episode "The Lights of Zetar", the housing for the Romulan cloaking device in the third-season episode "The Enterprise Incident", and as the force field control station at the penal colony Elba II in the third-season episode "Whom Gods Destroy". The computer that ruled Beta III was seen again (slightly modified) in the first-season episode "A Taste of Armageddon". The doors to the Hall of Audiences were a re-use of doors previously seen in the episode "What Are Little Girls Made Of?" and were reused in "A Taste of Armageddon". The episode contains two errors. When the "Festival" breaks out, the mob begins hurling stones at the landing party. A large "rock" made of papier-mâché accidentally hits one of the Enterprise security personnel in the head. The actor stayed in character and kept running to ensure that the take was not ruined. When the landing party rests in a bedroom at Reger's boarding house, the windows are blacked out in all wide shots, but clearly transparent and showing the street outside in all close-ups. Reception Eric Greene observes that "Return of the Archons" is the first time Star Trek attempted to deal with issues of war and peace raised by the Vietnam War, and established a template that was used in a number of subsequent episodes such as "A Taste of Armageddon", "This Side of Paradise", and "For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky". The Federation's moral superiority is exhibited through its emphasis on individual freedom, progress, and resort to violence only in self-defense, while the Betan society is criticized for its state control, stagnation, and reliance on aggression. Greene argues that these episodes prefigure the Borg Collective, a far more overt totalitarian (even Soviet) metaphor introduced in the series Star Trek: The Next Generation. Scholar M. Keith Booker notes that the episode presents Kirk "at his most American", valuing struggle against obstacles as the highest virtue and denouncing the Betan utopia (equated with Stalinism) as dehumanizing. Scholars Michael A. Burstein and John Kenneth Muir note that the plot of "The Return of the Archons" (in which Kirk and company discover a stagnant society worshiping a god-like being whom Kirk destroys with human illogic) became something of a cliché in the decades after the series ended. Burstein criticizes the episode for attacking organized religion, which it presented as suppressing freedom and creativity. But religious scholar Michael Anthony Corey praises the episode for realizing that the elimination of a huge number of moral evils can occur only by causing a single, massive moral evil (the loss of free will). Corey points out that the episode seems to draw heavily on German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz's "Principle of Radical Optimism", which concludes that ours is the best of all possible worlds because it contains the conditions for human existence (and not because it has a greater or lesser number of moral evils). Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B" rating, describing the episode as having a "loose, unpolished feeling" and lacking "the force of the series' best story lines", but praised the story's ambition. "Return of the Archons" is one of actor Ben Stiller's favorite episodes of Star Trek. "Red Hour", the time of day when the "Festival" begins, is the name of his production company. This was noted as one of the episodes of Star Trek that does not have a traditional villain, and noted that computers gone wrong as a villain might be expected in a technologically advanced culture as depicted by Star Trek. Popular culture The "Festival" in this episode served as the inspiration behind the 2013 film The Purge, and the subsequent media franchise it spawned. See also Speculative fiction portalTelevision portal Kronia Two Minutes Hate References ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 2493. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 1305. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 1239. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 1573. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 299. ^ "The Star Trek Transcripts - the Return of the Archons". ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 715. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, pp. 240-241. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 17. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, pp. 844-845. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 1016. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 3347. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 3366. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 3334. ^ a b Hinman, Michael (June 15, 2013). "Does 'The Purge' Sound Familiar? It Should". 1701News.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014. ^ a b Greene, p. 65. ^ a b Booker, p. 204. ^ Greene, p. 70. ^ Okuda, Okuda, and Mirek, p. 1835. ^ Farrand, pp. 128-129. ^ Farrand, p. 129. ^ Farrand, pp. 105-106. ^ Farrand, pp. 119-120. ^ a b Greene, p. 64. ^ Greene, pp. 64-65. ^ Booker, p. 205. ^ a b Burstein, p. 92. ^ Muir, p. 44. ^ Corey, pp. 138-139. ^ Corey, p. 139. ^ Handlen, Zack (March 27, 2009). ""The Return Of The Archons" / "A Taste Of Armageddon"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 28, 2009. ^ Cipriani, Casey (2016-07-27). "What 'Star Trek 4' Could Learn From These 'Star Trek' Episodes". Bustle. Retrieved 2019-03-08. ^ Vaux, Robert (June 22, 2021). "Star Trek: How a Classic TOS Episode Influenced The Purge". CBR. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021. ^ Faraci, Devin (June 6, 2013). "The Purge Director Admits Which Star Trek Episode Influenced His Movie." BirthMoviesDeath.com. Retrieved October 4, 2021. Bibliography Booker, M. Keith (2008). Telotte, J.P. (ed.). "The Politics of 'Star Trek'". The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky. Burstein, Michael (2006). Gerrold, David; Sawyer, Robert J. (eds.). "We Find the One Quite Adequate: Religious Attitudes in 'Star Trek'". Boarding the Enterprise: Transporters, Tribbles, and the Vulcan Death Grip in Gene Roddenberry's 'Star Trek'. Dallas, Tex.: BenBella Books. Corey, Michael Anthony (1995). Job, Jonah, and the Unconscious: A Psychological Interpretation of Evil and Spiritual Growth in the Old Testament. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. Farrand, Phil (2010). The Nitpicker's Guide for Classic Trekkers. New York: Random House. Greene, Eric (2006). Gerrold, David; Sawyer, Robert J. (eds.). "The Prime Question". Boarding the Enterprise: Transporters, Tribbles, and the Vulcan Death Grip in Gene Roddenberry's 'Star Trek'. Dallas, Tex.: BenBella Books. Muir, John Kenneth (2005). Exploring Space, 1999: An Episode Guide and Complete History of the Mid-1970s Science Fiction Television Series. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. Okuda, Michael; Okuda, Denise; Mirek, Debbie (2011). The Star Trek Encyclopedia. New York: Simon and Schuster. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to "The Return of the Archons". "The Return of the Archons" at Wayback Machine (archived from the original at StarTrek.com) "The Return of the Archons" at IMDb "The Return of the Archons" at Memory Alpha "The Return of the Archons" Review of the remastered version at TrekMovie.com vteStar Trek: The Original Series episodes Seasons 1 2 3 "The Cage" Season 1 "The Man Trap" "Charlie X" "Where No Man Has Gone Before" "The Naked Time" "The Enemy Within" "Mudd's Women" "What Are Little Girls Made Of?" "Miri" "Dagger of the Mind" "The Corbomite Maneuver' "The Menagerie, Part I" "The Menagerie, Part II" "The Conscience of the King" "Balance of Terror" "Shore Leave" "The Galileo Seven" "The Squire of Gothos" "Arena" "Tomorrow Is Yesterday" "Court Martial" "The Return of the Archons" "Space Seed" "A Taste of Armageddon" "This Side of Paradise" "The Devil in the Dark" "Errand of Mercy" "The Alternative Factor" "The City on the Edge of Forever" "Operation -- Annihilate!" vteGene Roddenberry Early life and career Personal life Legacy Accolades Filmography Television series created by The Lieutenant Star Trek: The Original Series Star Trek: The Animated Series Star Trek: The Next Generation Earth: Final Conflict Andromeda Television pilots written by A.P.O. 923 "A Very Private Affair" "The Cage" "Assignment: Earth" Genesis II Planet Earth The Questor Tapes Spectre "Encounter at Farpoint" Star Trek episodes written byThe Original Series "The Cage" "Charlie X" "Mudd's Women" "The Menagerie" "The Return of the Archons" "A Private Little War" "The Omega Glory" "Bread and Circuses" "Assignment: Earth" "The Savage Curtain" "Turnabout Intruder" The Next Generation "Encounter at Farpoint" "Hide and Q" "Datalore" Films produced Pretty Maids All in a Row (also writer) Star Trek: The Motion Picture Novels Star Trek: The Motion Picture. A Novel Unproduced projects Star Trek: Phase II Star Trek: The God Thing Family Majel Barrett Rod Roddenberry Companies Lincoln Enterprises Norway Corporation Related Pan Am Flight 121 Trek Nation vteThe PurgeFilms The Purge (2013) Anarchy (2014) Election Year (2016) The First Purge (2018) The Forever Purge (2021) Television The Purge (2018–19) Characters Leo Barnes Good Leader Tavis Related "The Return of the Archons" Meet the Blacks The Binge Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series_season_1"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series"},{"link_name":"Gene Roddenberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pevney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pevney"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek"},{"link_name":"Prime Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Directive"}],"text":"\"The Return of the Archons\" is the twenty-first episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Boris Sobelman (based on a story by Gene Roddenberry), and directed by Joseph Pevney, it first aired on February 9, 1967.In the episode, the crew of the Enterprise visit a seemingly peaceful planet whose inhabitants are \"of the Body\", controlled by an unseen ruler, and enjoy a night of violence during \"Festival\".The episode contains Star Trek's first reference to the Prime Directive.","title":"The Return of the Archons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)"},{"link_name":"Captain Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Archon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lt. Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Sulu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Leonard McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_McCoy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Spock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spock"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The USS Enterprise, under the command of Captain Kirk, arrives at the planet Beta III in the C-111 system where the USS Archon was reported lost nearly 100 years earlier.[5] Lt. Sulu is the only member of the landing party who beams up from the planet's surface, and exhibits inexplicable euphoria, as well as insisting the crew \"is not of the Body\" and referring to them as \"Archons\".[6] Kirk beams down with another party to investigate. They find the inhabitants living in a 19th-century Earth-style culture, ruled over by cloaked and cowled \"Lawgivers\" and a reclusive dictator, Landru. Their arrival is shortly followed by the \"Festival\", a period of violence, destruction, and sexual aggression.[7]Kirk's landing party seeks shelter from the mob at a boarding house owned by Reger. A friend of Reger's suspects that the visitors are \"not of the Body\" (the whole of Betan society),[8] and summons Lawgivers. When the landing party refuses to come with the Lawgivers, the Lawgivers become immobile. Reger leads the Enterprise landing team to a hiding place. En route, a telepathic command causes the townspeople to attack the landing party. They stun the attackers with their phasers, and find Lt. O'Neil, the other member of the original landing party, among them. They take O'Neil with them, but keep him sedated on Reger's advice. Reger reveals that Landru \"pulled the Archons down from the skies\". Contacting the ship, Kirk learns that heat beams from the planet are attacking the Enterprise, which must use all its power for its shields. Its orbit is deteriorating and it will crash in 12 hours unless the beams are turned off.A projection of Landru appears in the hiding place, and Kirk and his team are rendered unconscious by hypersonic waves. The landing party is imprisoned in a dungeon. Dr. Leonard McCoy is \"absorbed into the Body\", i.e., placed under Landru's mental control,[9] but Marplon, a member of the underground against Landru, rescues Kirk and Spock. Reger and Marplon tell how Landru saved their society from war and anarchy 6,000 years ago and reduced the planet's technology to a simpler level.Overhearing their whispered plans, McCoy summons the Lawgivers. Kirk and Spock subdue them and don their robes. Marplon takes Kirk and Spock to the Hall of Audiences, where priests commune with Landru.[10] A projection of Landru appears and threatens them. Kirk and Spock use their phasers to blast through the wall and expose a computer programmed by Landru, who died 6,000 years ago. The computer neutralizes their phasers. Kirk and Spock argue with the computer, that because it has destroyed the creativity of the people by disallowing their free will, it is evil and should self-destruct, freeing the people of Beta III. The computer complies.The heat beams stop, and the Enterprise is saved. Kirk agrees to leave Federation advisors and educators on the planet to help reform the civilization.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Macaulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Macaulay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Wolf in the Fold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_in_the_Fold"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Menagerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Menagerie_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"},{"link_name":"For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_World_Is_Hollow_and_I_Have_Touched_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Miri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miri_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"},{"link_name":"The Galileo Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Galileo_Seven"},{"link_name":"The Trouble with Tribbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Tribbles"},{"link_name":"The Omega Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Omega_Glory"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Character actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"Sid Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Haig"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Prime Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Directive"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1701News-15"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene65-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booker204-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene65-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booker204-17"},{"link_name":"Bread and Circuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_and_Circuses_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"40 Acres backlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Forty_Acres"},{"link_name":"Culver City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"Errand of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errand_of_Mercy"},{"link_name":"Catspaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catspaw_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"},{"link_name":"I, Mudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Mudd"},{"link_name":"The Lights of Zetar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lights_of_Zetar"},{"link_name":"The Enterprise Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enterprise_Incident"},{"link_name":"Whom Gods Destroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whom_Gods_Destroy_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"},{"link_name":"A Taste of Armageddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Taste_of_Armageddon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"What Are Little Girls Made Of?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Are_Little_Girls_Made_Of%3F"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"papier-mâché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"\"The Return of the Archons\" was the first appearance in Star Trek for actor Charles Macaulay. He later appeared as Jaris, ruler of Argelius II, in the second-season episode \"Wolf in the Fold\".[11] This was actor Jon Lormer's second appearance on Star Trek. He had previously appeared as Dr. Theodore Haskins in the episode \"The Menagerie\" and made a third appearance as an unnamed old man in the third-season episode \"For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky\".[12] David L. Ross made his third appearance on Star Trek in this episode, after having appeared as a security guard in the episodes \"Miri\" and as a transporter chief in \"The Galileo Seven\" earlier in the first season. He received his first speaking role as Lieutenant Johnson in the second season episode \"The Trouble with Tribbles\", and appeared in another speaking role as Lt. Galloway in the second season episode \"The Omega Glory\".[13] Character actor Sid Haig has a role as one of the hooded Lawgivers who first confront the landing party in Reger's boarding house.[14]\"The Return of the Archons\" introduces for the first time the Federation's Prime Directive.[15][unreliable source?] However, an important modification is made to the absolutist non-interference rule almost immediately. Kirk argues that the Prime Directive does not bar interference with other cultures, but rather bars interference only with a \"living and growing\" culture.[16][17] Scholar Eric Greene argues this is reflective of the \"frontier myth\" of Star Trek and American foreign policy in the late 20th century, in which a superior culture expands to impose its understanding of freedom and progress on others.[16] M. Keith Booker, interpreting the politics of Star Trek, agrees, noting that in leaving behind a sociological team to \"help restore the planet's culture to a more human form\" means restoring it to one that \"suits the values of the Federation and twenty-third century Earth.\"[17] Indeed, the Prime Directive would only truly be honored during the series in the episode \"Bread and Circuses\".[18][19]Location shooting for \"Return of the Archons\" occurred on the 40 Acres backlot in Culver City, California. The street scenes were part of the \"Town of Atlanta\", a set which consists of a mid-1800s city street, a town square, and a residential area (originally constructed for the motion picture Gone with the Wind in 1939). The dungeon set was first constructed for this episode, and reused in the first-season episode \"Errand of Mercy\" and the second-season episode \"Catspaw\". Marplon's absorption booth console was also reused several times in the series. It reappeared (with modifications) as a relay station in the second-season episode \"I, Mudd\", as a Federation outpost control panel in the third-season episode \"The Lights of Zetar\", the housing for the Romulan cloaking device in the third-season episode \"The Enterprise Incident\", and as the force field control station at the penal colony Elba II in the third-season episode \"Whom Gods Destroy\". The computer that ruled Beta III was seen again (slightly modified) in the first-season episode \"A Taste of Armageddon\".[20] The doors to the Hall of Audiences were a re-use of doors previously seen in the episode \"What Are Little Girls Made Of?\" and were reused in \"A Taste of Armageddon\".[21]The episode contains two errors. When the \"Festival\" breaks out, the mob begins hurling stones at the landing party. A large \"rock\" made of papier-mâché accidentally hits one of the Enterprise security personnel in the head. The actor stayed in character and kept running to ensure that the take was not ruined.[22] When the landing party rests in a bedroom at Reger's boarding house, the windows are blacked out in all wide shots, but clearly transparent and showing the street outside in all close-ups.[23]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"A Taste of Armageddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Taste_of_Armageddon"},{"link_name":"This Side of Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Side_of_Paradise_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"},{"link_name":"For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_World_Is_Hollow_and_I_Have_Touched_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene64-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greene64-24"},{"link_name":"Borg Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"totalitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Stalinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Michael A. Burstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._Burstein"},{"link_name":"John Kenneth Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kenneth_Muir"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burstein-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burstein-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVClub-31"},{"link_name":"Ben Stiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stiller"},{"link_name":"his production company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hour_Productions"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1701News-15"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bustle-32"}],"text":"Eric Greene observes that \"Return of the Archons\" is the first time Star Trek attempted to deal with issues of war and peace raised by the Vietnam War, and established a template that was used in a number of subsequent episodes such as \"A Taste of Armageddon\", \"This Side of Paradise\", and \"For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky\".[24] The Federation's moral superiority is exhibited through its emphasis on individual freedom, progress, and resort to violence only in self-defense, while the Betan society is criticized for its state control, stagnation, and reliance on aggression.[24] Greene argues that these episodes prefigure the Borg Collective, a far more overt totalitarian (even Soviet) metaphor introduced in the series Star Trek: The Next Generation.[25] Scholar M. Keith Booker notes that the episode presents Kirk \"at his most American\", valuing struggle against obstacles as the highest virtue and denouncing the Betan utopia (equated with Stalinism) as dehumanizing.[26]Scholars Michael A. Burstein and John Kenneth Muir note that the plot of \"The Return of the Archons\" (in which Kirk and company discover a stagnant society worshiping a god-like being whom Kirk destroys with human illogic) became something of a cliché in the decades after the series ended.[27][28] Burstein criticizes the episode for attacking organized religion, which it presented as suppressing freedom and creativity.[27] But religious scholar Michael Anthony Corey praises the episode for realizing that the elimination of a huge number of moral evils can occur only by causing a single, massive moral evil (the loss of free will).[29] Corey points out that the episode seems to draw heavily on German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz's \"Principle of Radical Optimism\", which concludes that ours is the best of all possible worlds because it contains the conditions for human existence (and not because it has a greater or lesser number of moral evils).[30]Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a \"B\" rating, describing the episode as having a \"loose, unpolished feeling\" and lacking \"the force of the series' best story lines\", but praised the story's ambition.[31]\"Return of the Archons\" is one of actor Ben Stiller's favorite episodes of Star Trek. \"Red Hour\", the time of day when the \"Festival\" begins, is the name of his production company.[15]This was noted as one of the episodes of Star Trek that does not have a traditional villain, and noted that computers gone wrong as a villain might be expected in a technologically advanced culture as depicted by Star Trek.[32]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purge_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"media franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purge"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"The \"Festival\" in this episode served as the inspiration behind the 2013 film The Purge, and the subsequent media franchise it spawned.[33][34]","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerrold, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gerrold"},{"link_name":"Okuda, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Okuda"},{"link_name":"Okuda, Denise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Okuda"},{"link_name":"The Star Trek Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_Trek_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"Booker, M. Keith (2008). Telotte, J.P. (ed.). \"The Politics of 'Star Trek'\". The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky.\nBurstein, Michael (2006). Gerrold, David; Sawyer, Robert J. (eds.). \"We Find the One Quite Adequate: Religious Attitudes in 'Star Trek'\". Boarding the Enterprise: Transporters, Tribbles, and the Vulcan Death Grip in Gene Roddenberry's 'Star Trek'. Dallas, Tex.: BenBella Books.\nCorey, Michael Anthony (1995). Job, Jonah, and the Unconscious: A Psychological Interpretation of Evil and Spiritual Growth in the Old Testament. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.\nFarrand, Phil (2010). The Nitpicker's Guide for Classic Trekkers. New York: Random House.\nGreene, Eric (2006). Gerrold, David; Sawyer, Robert J. (eds.). \"The Prime Question\". Boarding the Enterprise: Transporters, Tribbles, and the Vulcan Death Grip in Gene Roddenberry's 'Star Trek'. Dallas, Tex.: BenBella Books.\nMuir, John Kenneth (2005). Exploring Space, 1999: An Episode Guide and Complete History of the Mid-1970s Science Fiction Television Series. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co.\nOkuda, Michael; Okuda, Denise; Mirek, Debbie (2011). The Star Trek Encyclopedia. New York: Simon and Schuster.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg"},{"title":"Speculative fiction portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg"},{"title":"Television portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Television"},{"title":"Kronia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronia"},{"title":"Two Minutes Hate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Minutes_Hate"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Star Trek Transcripts - the Return of the Archons\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chakoteya.net/StarTrek/22.htm","url_text":"\"The Star Trek Transcripts - the Return of the Archons\""}]},{"reference":"Hinman, Michael (June 15, 2013). \"Does 'The Purge' Sound Familiar? It Should\". 1701News.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116140439/http://1701news.com/node/297/does-purge-sound-familiar-it-should.html","url_text":"\"Does 'The Purge' Sound Familiar? It Should\""},{"url":"http://1701news.com/node/297/does-purge-sound-familiar-it-should.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Handlen, Zack (March 27, 2009). \"\"The Return Of The Archons\" / \"A Taste Of Armageddon\"\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-return-of-the-archons-a-taste-of-armageddon,25813/","url_text":"\"\"The Return Of The Archons\" / \"A Taste Of Armageddon\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Cipriani, Casey (2016-07-27). \"What 'Star Trek 4' Could Learn From These 'Star Trek' Episodes\". Bustle. Retrieved 2019-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bustle.com/articles/174747-what-star-trek-4-could-learn-from-these-star-trek-episodes","url_text":"\"What 'Star Trek 4' Could Learn From These 'Star Trek' Episodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)","url_text":"Bustle"}]},{"reference":"Vaux, Robert (June 22, 2021). \"Star Trek: How a Classic TOS Episode Influenced The Purge\". CBR. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-tos-influenced-purge/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: How a Classic TOS Episode Influenced The Purge\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210907160946/https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-tos-influenced-purge/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Booker, M. Keith (2008). Telotte, J.P. (ed.). \"The Politics of 'Star Trek'\". The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burstein, Michael (2006). Gerrold, David; Sawyer, Robert J. (eds.). \"We Find the One Quite Adequate: Religious Attitudes in 'Star Trek'\". Boarding the Enterprise: Transporters, Tribbles, and the Vulcan Death Grip in Gene Roddenberry's 'Star Trek'. Dallas, Tex.: BenBella Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gerrold","url_text":"Gerrold, David"}]},{"reference":"Corey, Michael Anthony (1995). Job, Jonah, and the Unconscious: A Psychological Interpretation of Evil and Spiritual Growth in the Old Testament. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Farrand, Phil (2010). The Nitpicker's Guide for Classic Trekkers. New York: Random House.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Greene, Eric (2006). Gerrold, David; Sawyer, Robert J. (eds.). \"The Prime Question\". Boarding the Enterprise: Transporters, Tribbles, and the Vulcan Death Grip in Gene Roddenberry's 'Star Trek'. Dallas, Tex.: BenBella Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Muir, John Kenneth (2005). Exploring Space, 1999: An Episode Guide and Complete History of the Mid-1970s Science Fiction Television Series. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Okuda, Michael; Okuda, Denise; Mirek, Debbie (2011). The Star Trek Encyclopedia. New York: Simon and Schuster.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Okuda","url_text":"Okuda, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Okuda","url_text":"Okuda, Denise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_Trek_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Star Trek Encyclopedia"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.chakoteya.net/StarTrek/22.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Star Trek Transcripts - the Return of the Archons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116140439/http://1701news.com/node/297/does-purge-sound-familiar-it-should.html","external_links_name":"\"Does 'The Purge' Sound Familiar? It Should\""},{"Link":"http://1701news.com/node/297/does-purge-sound-familiar-it-should.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-return-of-the-archons-a-taste-of-armageddon,25813/","external_links_name":"\"\"The Return Of The Archons\" / \"A Taste Of Armageddon\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.bustle.com/articles/174747-what-star-trek-4-could-learn-from-these-star-trek-episodes","external_links_name":"\"What 'Star Trek 4' Could Learn From These 'Star Trek' Episodes\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-tos-influenced-purge/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: How a Classic TOS Episode Influenced The Purge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210907160946/https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-tos-influenced-purge/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2013/06/06/the-purge-director-admits-which-star-trek-episode-influenced-his-movie","external_links_name":"\"The Purge Director Admits Which Star Trek Episode Influenced His Movie.\""},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20230301234458/https://www.startrek.com/database_article/return-of-the-archons-the","external_links_name":"\"The Return of the Archons\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708476/","external_links_name":"\"The Return of the Archons\""},{"Link":"https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Archons","external_links_name":"\"The Return of the Archons\""},{"Link":"http://trekmovie.com/2007/12/08/return-of-the-archons-remastered-screenshots-and-video/#more-1342","external_links_name":"\"The Return of the Archons\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_offset_voltage	Input offset voltage	["1 Details","2 References","3 External links"]	Differential DC voltage required between the inputs of an amplifier to make the output zero The input offset voltage ( V o s {\displaystyle V_{os}} ) is a parameter defining the differential DC voltage required between the inputs of an amplifier, especially an operational amplifier (op-amp), to make the output zero (for voltage amplifiers, 0 volts with respect to ground or between differential outputs, depending on the output type). Details An ideal op-amp amplifies the differential input; if this input difference is 0 volts (i.e. both inputs are at the same voltage), the output should be zero. However, due to manufacturing process, the differential input transistors of real op-amps may not be exactly matched. This causes the output to be zero at a non-zero value of differential input, called the input offset voltage. Typical values for V o s {\displaystyle V_{os}} are around 1 to 10 mV for cheap commercial-grade op-amp integrated circuits (IC). This can be reduced to several microvolts if nulled using the IC's offset null pins or using higher-quality or laser-trimmed devices. However, the input offset voltage value may drift with temperature or age. Chopper amplifiers actively measure and compensate for the input offset voltage, and may be used when very low offset voltages are required. Input bias current and input offset current also affect the net offset voltage seen for a given amplifier. The voltage offset due to these currents is separate from the input offset voltage parameter and is related to the impedance of the signal source and of the feedback and input impedance networks, such as the two resistors used in the basic inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations. FET-input op-amps tend to have lower input bias currents than bipolar-input op-amps, and hence incur less offset of this type. Input offset voltage is symbolically represented by a voltage source that is in series with either the positive or negative input terminal (it is mathematically equivalent either way). Normally input offset voltage is measured in the terms of input voltage applied at the non-inverting terminal to make output zero. References ^ Floyd, Thomas L.; Buchla, David (1998). Fundamentals of Analog Circuits. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-836933-X. ^ Assim, Ara Abdulsatar; Balashov, Evgenii (2022), Velichko, Elena; Kapralova, Viktoria; Karaseov, Platon; Zavjalov, Sergey (eds.), "Design of CMOS Operational Amplifiers with Dynamic Offset Cancellation", International Youth Conference on Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technologies, vol. 268, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 317–325, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81119-8_32, ISBN 978-3-030-81118-1, retrieved 2023-08-30 ^ http://www.ti.com/lit/an/sloa059/sloa059.pdf page 3 External links Analog Devices tutorial on op-amp input offset voltage and mitigation techniques	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"differential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_amplifier"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"operational amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier"},{"link_name":"volts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The input offset voltage (\n \n \n \n \n V\n \n o\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle V_{os}}\n \n) is a parameter defining the differential DC voltage required between the inputs of an amplifier, especially an operational amplifier (op-amp), to make the output zero (for voltage amplifiers, 0 volts with respect to ground or between differential outputs, depending on the output type).[1]","title":"Input offset voltage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integrated circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuits"},{"link_name":"laser-trimmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_trimming"},{"link_name":"Chopper amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Input bias current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Input_bias_current&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"input offset current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Input_offset_current&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FET"},{"link_name":"bipolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"An ideal op-amp amplifies the differential input; if this input difference is 0 volts (i.e. both inputs are at the same voltage), the output should be zero. However, due to manufacturing process, the differential input transistors of real op-amps may not be exactly matched. This causes the output to be zero at a non-zero value of differential input, called the input offset voltage.Typical values for \n \n \n \n \n V\n \n o\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle V_{os}}\n \n are around 1 to 10 mV for cheap commercial-grade op-amp integrated circuits (IC). This can be reduced to several microvolts if nulled using the IC's offset null pins or using higher-quality or laser-trimmed devices. However, the input offset voltage value may drift with temperature or age. Chopper amplifiers[2] actively measure and compensate for the input offset voltage, and may be used when very low offset voltages are required.Input bias current and input offset current also affect the net offset voltage seen for a given amplifier. The voltage offset due to these currents is separate from the input offset voltage parameter and is related to the impedance of the signal source and of the feedback and input impedance networks, such as the two resistors used in the basic inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations. FET-input op-amps tend to have lower input bias currents than bipolar-input op-amps, and hence incur less offset of this type.Input offset voltage is symbolically represented by a voltage source that is in series with either the positive or negative input terminal (it is mathematically equivalent either way). Normally input offset voltage is measured in the terms of input voltage applied at the non-inverting terminal to make output zero. [3]","title":"Details"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Floyd, Thomas L.; Buchla, David (1998). Fundamentals of Analog Circuits. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-836933-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UhpGAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Fundamentals of Analog Circuits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall","url_text":"Prentice Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-836933-X","url_text":"0-13-836933-X"}]},{"reference":"Assim, Ara Abdulsatar; Balashov, Evgenii (2022), Velichko, Elena; Kapralova, Viktoria; Karaseov, Platon; Zavjalov, Sergey (eds.), \"Design of CMOS Operational Amplifiers with Dynamic Offset Cancellation\", International Youth Conference on Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technologies, vol. 268, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 317–325, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81119-8_32, ISBN 978-3-030-81118-1, retrieved 2023-08-30","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-81119-8_32","url_text":"\"Design of CMOS Operational Amplifiers with Dynamic Offset Cancellation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-81119-8_32","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-81119-8_32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-81118-1","url_text":"978-3-030-81118-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UhpGAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Fundamentals of Analog Circuits"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-81119-8_32","external_links_name":"\"Design of CMOS Operational Amplifiers with Dynamic Offset Cancellation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-81119-8_32","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-030-81119-8_32"},{"Link":"http://www.ti.com/lit/an/sloa059/sloa059.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.ti.com/lit/an/sloa059/sloa059.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/tutorials/MT-037.pdf","external_links_name":"Analog Devices tutorial on op-amp input offset voltage and mitigation techniques"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_(disambiguation)	Serbian Patriarchate	["1 See also"]	Serbian Patriarchate may refer to: Serbian Patriarchate of Peć, medieval and early modern Serbian Patriarchate with seat in Patriarchal Monastery of Peć, from 1346 to 1766 Serbian Patriarchate of Sremski Karlovci or Patriarchate of Karlovci, particular Serbian Patriarchate in Habsburg Monarchy with patriarchal seat in the city of Sremski Karlovci, from 1848 to 1920 Serbian Orthodox Church (1920–present), modern Serbian Patriarchate with patriarchal seat in Belgrade, from 1920 to the present Serbian Patriarchate may also colloquially refer to: Old Serbian Patriarchal Palace in Sremski Karlovci New Serbian Patriarchal Palace in Belgrade See also Serbian Patriarch (disambiguation) Patriarchate of Peć (disambiguation) Serbian Archbishopric (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Serbian Patriarchate.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Patriarchate of Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian Patriarchate of Sremski Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Sremski_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"Serbian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Sremski Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremski_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"}],"text":"Serbian Patriarchate of Peć, medieval and early modern Serbian Patriarchate with seat in Patriarchal Monastery of Peć, from 1346 to 1766\nSerbian Patriarchate of Sremski Karlovci or Patriarchate of Karlovci, particular Serbian Patriarchate in Habsburg Monarchy with patriarchal seat in the city of Sremski Karlovci, from 1848 to 1920\nSerbian Orthodox Church (1920–present), modern Serbian Patriarchate with patriarchal seat in Belgrade, from 1920 to the presentSerbian Patriarchate may also colloquially refer to:Old Serbian Patriarchal Palace in Sremski Karlovci\nNew Serbian Patriarchal Palace in Belgrade","title":"Serbian Patriarchate"}]	[]	[{"title":"Serbian Patriarch (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarch_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Patriarchate of Peć (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Serbian Archbishopric (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Archbishopric_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Serbian_Patriarchate&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Serbian_Patriarchate&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Poincar%C3%A9_algebra	Super-Poincaré algebra	["1 Informal sketch","2 History","3 Definition","3.1 Extended supersymmetry","4 Super-Poincaré group and superspace","4.1 Notation for superspace","5 SUSY in 3 + 1 Minkowski spacetime","5.1 N = 1","5.2 N = 2","5.3 N = 3","5.4 N = 4","5.5 N = 8","6 SUSY in various dimensions","6.1 Upper bound on dimension of supersymmetric theories","6.2 d = 11","6.3 d = 10","7 Remarks","8 Notes","9 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Super-Poincaré algebra" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In theoretical physics, a super-Poincaré algebra is an extension of the Poincaré algebra to incorporate supersymmetry, a relation between bosons and fermions. They are examples of supersymmetry algebras (without central charges or internal symmetries), and are Lie superalgebras. Thus a super-Poincaré algebra is a Z2-graded vector space with a graded Lie bracket such that the even part is a Lie algebra containing the Poincaré algebra, and the odd part is built from spinors on which there is an anticommutation relation with values in the even part. Informal sketch The Poincaré algebra describes the isometries of Minkowski spacetime. From the representation theory of the Lorentz group, it is known that the Lorentz group admits two inequivalent complex spinor representations, dubbed 2 {\displaystyle 2} and 2 ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {2}}} . Taking their tensor product, one obtains 2 ⊗ 2 ¯ = 3 ⊕ 1 {\displaystyle 2\otimes {\overline {2}}=3\oplus 1} ; such decompositions of tensor products of representations into direct sums is given by the Littlewood–Richardson rule. Normally, one treats such a decomposition as relating to specific particles: so, for example, the pion, which is a chiral vector particle, is composed of a quark-anti-quark pair. However, one could also identify 3 ⊕ 1 {\displaystyle 3\oplus 1} with Minkowski spacetime itself. This leads to a natural question: if Minkowski space-time belongs to the adjoint representation, then can Poincaré symmetry be extended to the fundamental representation? Well, it can: this is exactly the super-Poincaré algebra. There is a corresponding experimental question: if we live in the adjoint representation, then where is the fundamental representation hiding? This is the program of supersymmetry, which has not been found experimentally. History The super-Poincaré algebra was first proposed in the context of the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, as a means of avoiding the conclusions of the Coleman–Mandula theorem. That is, the Coleman–Mandula theorem is a no-go theorem that states that the Poincaré algebra cannot be extended with additional symmetries that might describe the internal symmetries of the observed physical particle spectrum. However, the Coleman–Mandula theorem assumed that the algebra extension would be by means of a commutator; this assumption, and thus the theorem, can be avoided by considering the anti-commutator, that is, by employing anti-commuting Grassmann numbers. The proposal was to consider a supersymmetry algebra, defined as the semidirect product of a central extension of the super-Poincaré algebra by a compact Lie algebra of internal symmetries. Definition The simplest supersymmetric extension of the Poincaré algebra contains two Weyl spinors with the following anti-commutation relation: { Q α , Q ¯ β ˙ } = 2 σ μ α β ˙ P μ {\displaystyle \{Q_{\alpha },{\bar {Q}}_{\dot {\beta }}\}=2{\sigma ^{\mu }}_{\alpha {\dot {\beta }}}P_{\mu }} and all other anti-commutation relations between the Qs and Ps vanish. The operators Q α , Q ¯ α ˙ {\displaystyle Q_{\alpha },{\bar {Q}}_{\dot {\alpha }}} are known as supercharges. In the above expression P μ {\displaystyle P_{\mu }} are the generators of translation and σ μ {\displaystyle \sigma ^{\mu }} are the Pauli matrices. The index α {\displaystyle \alpha } runs over the values α = 1 , 2. {\displaystyle \alpha =1,2.} A dot is used over the index β ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {\beta }}} to remind that this index transforms according to the inequivalent conjugate spinor representation; one must never accidentally contract these two types of indexes. The Pauli matrices can be considered to be a direct manifestation of the Littlewood–Richardson rule mentioned before: they indicate how the tensor product 2 ⊗ 2 ¯ {\displaystyle 2\otimes {\overline {2}}} of the two spinors can be re-expressed as a vector. The index μ {\displaystyle \mu } of course ranges over the space-time dimensions μ = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3. {\displaystyle \mu =0,1,2,3.} It is convenient to work with Dirac spinors instead of Weyl spinors; a Dirac spinor can be thought of as an element of 2 ⊕ 2 ¯ {\displaystyle 2\oplus {\overline {2}}} ; it has four components. The Dirac matrices are thus also four-dimensional, and can be expressed as direct sums of the Pauli matrices. The tensor product then gives an algebraic relation to the Minkowski metric g μ ν {\displaystyle g^{\mu \nu }} which is expressed as: { γ μ , γ ν } = 2 g μ ν {\displaystyle \{\gamma ^{\mu },\gamma ^{\nu }\}=2g^{\mu \nu }} and σ μ ν = i 2 [ γ μ , γ ν ] {\displaystyle \sigma ^{\mu \nu }={\frac {i}{2}}\left} This then gives the full algebra [ M μ ν , Q α ] = 1 2 ( σ μ ν ) α β Q β [ Q α , P μ ] = 0 { Q α , Q ¯ β ˙ } = 2 ( σ μ ) α β ˙ P μ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left&={\frac {1}{2}}(\sigma ^{\mu \nu })_{\alpha }^{\;\;\beta }Q_{\beta }\\\left&=0\\\{Q_{\alpha },{\bar {Q}}_{\dot {\beta }}\}&=2(\sigma ^{\mu })_{\alpha {\dot {\beta }}}P_{\mu }\\\end{aligned}}} which are to be combined with the normal Poincaré algebra. It is a closed algebra, since all Jacobi identities are satisfied and can have since explicit matrix representations. Following this line of reasoning will lead to supergravity. Extended supersymmetry See also: Extended supersymmetry It is possible to add more supercharges. That is, we fix a number which by convention is labelled N {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}} , and define supercharges Q α I , Q ¯ α ˙ I {\displaystyle Q_{\alpha }^{I},{\bar {Q}}_{\dot {\alpha }}^{I}} with I = 1 , ⋯ , N . {\displaystyle I=1,\cdots ,{\mathcal {N}}.} These can be thought of as many copies of the original supercharges, and hence satisfy [ M μ ν , Q α I ] = ( σ μ ν ) α β Q β I {\displaystyle =(\sigma ^{\mu \nu })_{\alpha }{}^{\beta }Q_{\beta }^{I}} [ P μ , Q α I ] = 0 {\displaystyle =0} and { Q α I , Q ¯ α ˙ J } = 2 σ α α ˙ μ P μ δ I J {\displaystyle \{Q_{\alpha }^{I},{\bar {Q}}_{\dot {\alpha }}^{J}\}=2\sigma _{\alpha {\dot {\alpha }}}^{\mu }P_{\mu }\delta ^{IJ}} but can also satisfy { Q α I , Q β J } = ϵ α β Z I J {\displaystyle \{Q_{\alpha }^{I},Q_{\beta }^{J}\}=\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }Z^{IJ}} and { Q ¯ α ˙ I , Q ¯ β ˙ J } = ϵ α ˙ β ˙ Z † I J {\displaystyle \{{\bar {Q}}_{\dot {\alpha }}^{I},{\bar {Q}}_{\dot {\beta }}^{J}\}=\epsilon _{{\dot {\alpha }}{\dot {\beta }}}Z^{\dagger IJ}} where Z I J = − Z J I {\displaystyle Z^{IJ}=-Z^{JI}} is the central charge. Super-Poincaré group and superspace Just as the Poincaré algebra generates the Poincaré group of isometries of Minkowski space, the super-Poincaré algebra, an example of a Lie super-algebra, generates what is known as a supergroup. This can be used to define superspace with N {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}} supercharges: these are the right cosets of the Lorentz group within the N {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}} super-Poincaré group. Just as P μ {\displaystyle P_{\mu }} has the interpretation as being the generator of spacetime translations, the charges Q α I , Q ¯ α ˙ I {\displaystyle Q_{\alpha }^{I},{\bar {Q}}_{\dot {\alpha }}^{I}} , with I = 1 , ⋯ , N {\displaystyle I=1,\cdots ,{\mathcal {N}}} , have the interpretation as generators of superspace translations in the 'spin coordinates' of superspace. That is, we can view superspace as the direct sum of Minkowski space with 'spin dimensions' labelled by coordinates θ α I , θ ¯ I α ˙ {\displaystyle \theta _{\alpha }^{I},{\bar {\theta }}^{I{\dot {\alpha }}}} . The supercharge Q α I {\displaystyle Q_{\alpha }^{I}} generates translations in the direction labelled by the coordinate θ α I . {\displaystyle \theta _{\alpha }^{I}.} By counting, there are 4 N {\displaystyle 4{\mathcal {N}}} spin dimensions. Notation for superspace The superspace consisting of Minkowski space with N {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}} supercharges is therefore labelled R 1 , 3 \| 4 N {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{1,3\|4{\mathcal {N}}}} or sometimes simply R 4 \| 4 N {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{4\|4{\mathcal {N}}}} . SUSY in 3 + 1 Minkowski spacetime In (3 + 1) Minkowski spacetime, the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem states that the SUSY algebra with N spinor generators is as follows. The even part of the star Lie superalgebra is the direct sum of the Poincaré algebra and a reductive Lie algebra B (such that its self-adjoint part is the tangent space of a real compact Lie group). The odd part of the algebra would be ( 1 2 , 0 ) ⊗ V ⊕ ( 0 , 1 2 ) ⊗ V ∗ {\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{2}},0\right)\otimes V\oplus \left(0,{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\otimes V^{}} where ( 1 / 2 , 0 ) {\displaystyle (1/2,0)} and ( 0 , 1 / 2 ) {\displaystyle (0,1/2)} are specific representations of the Poincaré algebra. (Compared to the notation used earlier in the article, these correspond 2 ¯ ⊕ 1 {\displaystyle {\overline {2}}\oplus 1} and 1 ⊕ 2 {\displaystyle 1\oplus 2} , respectively, also see the footnote where the previous notation was introduced). Both components are conjugate to each other under the conjugation. V is an N-dimensional complex representation of B and V* is its dual representation. The Lie bracket for the odd part is given by a symmetric equivariant pairing {.,.} on the odd part with values in the even part. In particular, its reduced intertwiner from [ ( 1 2 , 0 ) ⊗ V ] ⊗ [ ( 0 , 1 2 ) ⊗ V ∗ ] {\displaystyle \left\otimes \left} to the ideal of the Poincaré algebra generated by translations is given as the product of a nonzero intertwiner from ( 1 2 , 0 ) ⊗ ( 0 , 1 2 ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{2}},0\right)\otimes \left(0,{\frac {1}{2}}\right)} to (1/2,1/2) by the "contraction intertwiner" from V ⊗ V ∗ {\displaystyle V\otimes V^{*}} to the trivial representation. On the other hand, its reduced intertwiner from [ ( 1 2 , 0 ) ⊗ V ] ⊗ [ ( 1 2 , 0 ) ⊗ V ] {\displaystyle \left\otimes \left} is the product of a (antisymmetric) intertwiner from ( 1 2 , 0 ) ⊗ ( 1 2 , 0 ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{2}},0\right)\otimes \left({\frac {1}{2}},0\right)} to (0,0) and an antisymmetric intertwiner A from N 2 {\displaystyle N^{2}} to B. Conjugate it to get the corresponding case for the other half. N = 1 B is now u ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)} (called R-symmetry) and V is the 1D representation of u ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)} with charge 1. A (the intertwiner defined above) would have to be zero since it is antisymmetric. Actually, there are two versions of N=1 SUSY, one without the u ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)} (i.e. B is zero-dimensional) and the other with u ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)} . N = 2 B is now s u ( 2 ) ⊕ u ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {su}}(2)\oplus {\mathfrak {u}}(1)} and V is the 2D doublet representation of s u ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {su}}(2)} with a zero u ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)} charge. Now, A is a nonzero intertwiner to the u ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)} part of B. Alternatively, V could be a 2D doublet with a nonzero u ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)} charge. In this case, A would have to be zero. Yet another possibility would be to let B be u ( 1 ) A ⊕ u ( 1 ) B ⊕ u ( 1 ) C {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{A}\oplus {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{B}\oplus {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{C}} . V is invariant under u ( 1 ) B {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{B}} and u ( 1 ) C {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{C}} and decomposes into a 1D rep with u ( 1 ) A {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{A}} charge 1 and another 1D rep with charge -1. The intertwiner A would be complex with the real part mapping to u ( 1 ) B {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{B}} and the imaginary part mapping to u ( 1 ) C {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{C}} . Or we could have B being s u ( 2 ) ⊕ u ( 1 ) A ⊕ u ( 1 ) B {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {su}}(2)\oplus {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{A}\oplus {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{B}} with V being the doublet rep of s u ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {su}}(2)} with zero u ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)} charges and A being a complex intertwiner with the real part mapping to u ( 1 ) A {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{A}} and the imaginary part to u ( 1 ) B {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{B}} . This doesn't even exhaust all the possibilities. We see that there is more than one N = 2 supersymmetry; likewise, the SUSYs for N > 2 are also not unique (in fact, it only gets worse). N = 3 It is theoretically allowed, but the multiplet structure becomes automatically the same with that of an N=4 supersymmetric theory. So it is less often discussed compared to N=1,2,4 version. N = 4 This is the maximal number of supersymmetries in a theory without gravity. N = 8 This is the maximal number of supersymmetries in any supersymmetric theory. Beyond N = 8 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=8} , any massless supermultiplet contains a sector with helicity λ {\displaystyle \lambda } such that \| λ \| > 2 {\displaystyle \|\lambda \|>2} . Such theories on Minkowski space must be free (non-interacting). SUSY in various dimensions In 0 + 1, 2 + 1, 3 + 1, 4 + 1, 6 + 1, 7 + 1, 8 + 1, and 10 + 1 dimensions, a SUSY algebra is classified by a positive integer N. In 1 + 1, 5 + 1 and 9 + 1 dimensions, a SUSY algebra is classified by two nonnegative integers (M, N), at least one of which is nonzero. M represents the number of left-handed SUSYs and N represents the number of right-handed SUSYs. The reason of this has to do with the reality conditions of the spinors. Hereafter d = 9 means d = 8 + 1 in Minkowski signature, etc. The structure of supersymmetry algebra is mainly determined by the number of the fermionic generators, that is the number N times the real dimension of the spinor in d dimensions. It is because one can obtain a supersymmetry algebra of lower dimension easily from that of higher dimensionality by the use of dimensional reduction. Upper bound on dimension of supersymmetric theories The maximum allowed dimension of theories with supersymmetry is d = 11 = 10 + 1 {\displaystyle d=11=10+1} , which admits a unique theory called 11-dimensional supergravity which is the low-energy limit of M-theory. This incorporates supergravity: without supergravity, the maximum allowed dimension is d = 10 = 9 + 1 {\displaystyle d=10=9+1} . d = 11 The only example is the N = 1 supersymmetry with 32 supercharges. d = 10 From d = 11, N = 1 SUSY, one obtains N = (1, 1) nonchiral SUSY algebra, which is also called the type IIA supersymmetry. There is also N = (2, 0) SUSY algebra, which is called the type IIB supersymmetry. Both of them have 32 supercharges. N = (1, 0) SUSY algebra with 16 supercharges is the minimal susy algebra in 10 dimensions. It is also called the type I supersymmetry. Type IIA / IIB / I superstring theory has the SUSY algebra of the corresponding name. The supersymmetry algebra for the heterotic superstrings is that of type I. Remarks ^ The barred representations are conjugate linear while the unbarred ones are complex linear. The numeral refers to the dimension of the representation space. Another more common notation is to write (1⁄2, 0) and (0, 1⁄2) respectively for these representations. The general irreducible representation is then (m, n), where m, n are half-integral and correspond physically to the spin content of the representation, which ranges from \|m + n\| to \|m − n\| in integer steps, each spin occurring exactly once. Notes ^ Aitchison 2005 ^ van Nieuwenhuizen 1981, p. 274 ^ Tong, David. "Supersymmetry". www.damtp.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2023. References Aitchison, Ian J R (2005). "Supersymmetry and the MSSM: An Elementary Introduction". arXiv:hep-ph/0505105. Gol'fand, Y. A.; Likhtman, E. P. (1971). "Extension of the algebra of the Poincare group generators and violation of P invariance". JETP Lett. 13: 323–326. Bibcode:1971JETPL..13..323G. van Nieuwenhuizen, P. (1981). "Supergravity". Phys. Rep. 68 (4): 189–398. Bibcode:1981PhR....68..189V. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(81)90157-5. Volkov, D. V.; Akulov, V. P. (1972). "Possible Universal Neutrino Interaction". JETP Lett. 16 (11): 621 pp. Volkov, D. V.; Akulov, V. P. (1973). "Is the neutrino a goldstone particle". Phys. Lett. B. 46 (1): 109–110. Bibcode:1973PhLB...46..109V. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(73)90490-5. Weinberg, Steven (2000). Supersymmetry. The Quantum Theory of Fields. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521670555. Wess, J.; Zumino, B. (1974). "Supergauge transformations in four dimensions". Nuclear Physics B. 70 (1): 39–50. Bibcode:1974NuPhB..70...39W. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(74)90355-1. vteSupersymmetryGeneral topics Supersymmetry Supersymmetric gauge theory Supersymmetric quantum mechanics Supergravity Superstring theory Super vector space Supergeometry Supermathematics Superalgebra Lie superalgebra Super-Poincaré algebra Superconformal algebra Supersymmetry algebra Supergroup Superspace Harmonic superspace Super Minkowski space Supermanifold Concepts Supercharge R-symmetry Supermultiplet Short supermultiplet BPS state Superpotential D-term FI D-term F-term Moduli space Supersymmetry breaking Konishi anomaly Seiberg duality Seiberg–Witten theory Witten index Wess–Zumino gauge Localization Mu problem Little hierarchy problem Electric–magnetic duality Theorems Coleman–Mandula Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius Nonrenormalization Field theories Wess–Zumino N = 1 super Yang–Mills 4D N = 1 N = 4 super Yang–Mills Super QCD MSSM NMSSM 6D (2,0) superconformal ABJM superconformal Supergravity Pure 4D N = 1 supergravity 4D N = 1 supergravity N = 8 supergravity Higher dimensional 11D supergravity Gauged supergravity Superpartners Axino Chargino Gaugino Goldstino Graviphoton Graviscalar Higgsino LSP Neutralino R-hadron Sfermion Sgoldstino Stop squark Superghost Researchers Affleck Bagger Batchelor Berezin Dine Fayet Gates Golfand Iliopoulos Montonen Olive Salam Seiberg Siegel Roček Rogers Wess Witten Zumino	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theoretical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"Poincaré algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_algebra"},{"link_name":"supersymmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry"},{"link_name":"bosons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson"},{"link_name":"fermions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion"},{"link_name":"supersymmetry algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry_algebra"},{"link_name":"central charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_charge"},{"link_name":"Lie superalgebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_superalgebra"},{"link_name":"Z2-graded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_algebra"},{"link_name":"Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"spinors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinor"},{"link_name":"anticommutation relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticommutator"}],"text":"In theoretical physics, a super-Poincaré algebra is an extension of the Poincaré algebra to incorporate supersymmetry, a relation between bosons and fermions. They are examples of supersymmetry algebras (without central charges or internal symmetries), and are Lie superalgebras. Thus a super-Poincaré algebra is a Z2-graded vector space with a graded Lie bracket such that the even part is a Lie algebra containing the Poincaré algebra, and the odd part is built from spinors on which there is an anticommutation relation with values in the even part.","title":"Super-Poincaré algebra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minkowski spacetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_spacetime"},{"link_name":"representation theory of the Lorentz group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Lorentz_group"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tensor product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product"},{"link_name":"direct sums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_sum"},{"link_name":"Littlewood–Richardson rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlewood%E2%80%93Richardson_rule"},{"link_name":"pion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion"},{"link_name":"chiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(physics)"},{"link_name":"vector particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_particle"},{"link_name":"quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"adjoint representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_representation"},{"link_name":"fundamental representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_representation"},{"link_name":"supersymmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry"}],"text":"The Poincaré algebra describes the isometries of Minkowski spacetime. From the representation theory of the Lorentz group, it is known that the Lorentz group admits two inequivalent complex spinor representations, dubbed \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overline {2}}}\n \n.[nb 1] Taking their tensor product, one obtains \n \n \n \n 2\n ⊗\n \n \n 2\n ¯\n \n \n =\n 3\n ⊕\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\otimes {\\overline {2}}=3\\oplus 1}\n \n; such decompositions of tensor products of representations into direct sums is given by the Littlewood–Richardson rule.Normally, one treats such a decomposition as relating to specific particles: so, for example, the pion, which is a chiral vector particle, is composed of a quark-anti-quark pair. However, one could also identify \n \n \n \n 3\n ⊕\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 3\\oplus 1}\n \n with Minkowski spacetime itself. This leads to a natural question: if Minkowski space-time belongs to the adjoint representation, then can Poincaré symmetry be extended to the fundamental representation? Well, it can: this is exactly the super-Poincaré algebra. There is a corresponding experimental question: if we live in the adjoint representation, then where is the fundamental representation hiding? This is the program of supersymmetry, which has not been found experimentally.","title":"Informal sketch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haag%E2%80%93%C5%81opusza%C5%84ski%E2%80%93Sohnius_theorem"},{"link_name":"Coleman–Mandula theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman%E2%80%93Mandula_theorem"},{"link_name":"internal symmetries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_symmetry"},{"link_name":"Grassmann numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmann_number"},{"link_name":"supersymmetry algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry_algebra"},{"link_name":"semidirect product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidirect_product"},{"link_name":"central extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_extension_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"}],"text":"The super-Poincaré algebra was first proposed in the context of the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, as a means of avoiding the conclusions of the Coleman–Mandula theorem. That is, the Coleman–Mandula theorem is a no-go theorem that states that the Poincaré algebra cannot be extended with additional symmetries that might describe the internal symmetries of the observed physical particle spectrum. However, the Coleman–Mandula theorem assumed that the algebra extension would be by means of a commutator; this assumption, and thus the theorem, can be avoided by considering the anti-commutator, that is, by employing anti-commuting Grassmann numbers. The proposal was to consider a supersymmetry algebra, defined as the semidirect product of a central extension of the super-Poincaré algebra by a compact Lie algebra of internal symmetries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weyl spinors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_spinor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pauli matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_matrices"},{"link_name":"Littlewood–Richardson rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlewood%E2%80%93Richardson_rule"},{"link_name":"Dirac spinors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_spinor"},{"link_name":"Dirac matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_matrix"},{"link_name":"Minkowski metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_metric"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Poincaré algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_algebra"},{"link_name":"Jacobi identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_identity"},{"link_name":"supergravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergravity"}],"text":"The simplest supersymmetric extension of the Poincaré algebra contains two Weyl spinors with the following anti-commutation relation:{\n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n Q\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n }\n =\n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n \n β\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{Q_{\\alpha },{\\bar {Q}}_{\\dot {\\beta }}\\}=2{\\sigma ^{\\mu }}_{\\alpha {\\dot {\\beta }}}P_{\\mu }}and all other anti-commutation relations between the Qs and Ps vanish.[1] The operators \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n Q\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q_{\\alpha },{\\bar {Q}}_{\\dot {\\alpha }}}\n \n are known as supercharges. In the above expression \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{\\mu }}\n \n are the generators of translation and \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma ^{\\mu }}\n \n are the Pauli matrices. The index \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n runs over the values \n \n \n \n α\n =\n 1\n ,\n 2.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha =1,2.}\n \n A dot is used over the index \n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\dot {\\beta }}}\n \n to remind that this index transforms according to the inequivalent conjugate spinor representation; one must never accidentally contract these two types of indexes. The Pauli matrices can be considered to be a direct manifestation of the Littlewood–Richardson rule mentioned before: they indicate how the tensor product \n \n \n \n 2\n ⊗\n \n \n 2\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\otimes {\\overline {2}}}\n \n of the two spinors can be re-expressed as a vector. The index \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n of course ranges over the space-time dimensions \n \n \n \n μ\n =\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu =0,1,2,3.}It is convenient to work with Dirac spinors instead of Weyl spinors; a Dirac spinor can be thought of as an element of \n \n \n \n 2\n ⊕\n \n \n 2\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\oplus {\\overline {2}}}\n \n; it has four components. The Dirac matrices are thus also four-dimensional, and can be expressed as direct sums of the Pauli matrices. The tensor product then gives an algebraic relation to the Minkowski metric \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{\\mu \\nu }}\n \n which is expressed as:{\n \n γ\n \n μ\n \n \n ,\n \n γ\n \n ν\n \n \n }\n =\n 2\n \n g\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\gamma ^{\\mu },\\gamma ^{\\nu }\\}=2g^{\\mu \\nu }}andσ\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n =\n \n \n i\n 2\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n γ\n \n μ\n \n \n ,\n \n γ\n \n ν\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma ^{\\mu \\nu }={\\frac {i}{2}}\\left[\\gamma ^{\\mu },\\gamma ^{\\nu }\\right]}This then gives the full algebra[2][\n \n \n M\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n ,\n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n (\n \n σ\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n )\n \n α\n \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n \n Q\n \n β\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n ,\n \n P\n \n μ\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n Q\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n =\n 2\n (\n \n σ\n \n μ\n \n \n \n )\n \n α\n \n \n \n β\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\left[M^{\\mu \\nu },Q_{\\alpha }\\right]&={\\frac {1}{2}}(\\sigma ^{\\mu \\nu })_{\\alpha }^{\\;\\;\\beta }Q_{\\beta }\\\\\\left[Q_{\\alpha },P^{\\mu }\\right]&=0\\\\\\{Q_{\\alpha },{\\bar {Q}}_{\\dot {\\beta }}\\}&=2(\\sigma ^{\\mu })_{\\alpha {\\dot {\\beta }}}P_{\\mu }\\\\\\end{aligned}}}which are to be combined with the normal Poincaré algebra. It is a closed algebra, since all Jacobi identities are satisfied and can have since explicit matrix representations. Following this line of reasoning will lead to supergravity.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Extended supersymmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_supersymmetry"}],"sub_title":"Extended supersymmetry","text":"See also: Extended supersymmetryIt is possible to add more supercharges. That is, we fix a number which by convention is labelled \n \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {N}}}\n \n, and define supercharges\n\n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n I\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n Q\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q_{\\alpha }^{I},{\\bar {Q}}_{\\dot {\\alpha }}^{I}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n I\n =\n 1\n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n \n \n N\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I=1,\\cdots ,{\\mathcal {N}}.}These can be thought of as many copies of the original supercharges, and hence satisfy[\n \n M\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n ,\n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n I\n \n \n ]\n =\n (\n \n σ\n \n μ\n ν\n \n \n \n )\n \n α\n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n β\n \n \n \n Q\n \n β\n \n \n I\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle [M^{\\mu \\nu },Q_{\\alpha }^{I}]=(\\sigma ^{\\mu \\nu })_{\\alpha }{}^{\\beta }Q_{\\beta }^{I}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n [\n \n P\n \n μ\n \n \n ,\n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n I\n \n \n ]\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [P^{\\mu },Q_{\\alpha }^{I}]=0}and{\n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n I\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n Q\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n J\n \n \n }\n =\n 2\n \n σ\n \n α\n \n \n \n α\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n \n P\n \n μ\n \n \n \n δ\n \n I\n J\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{Q_{\\alpha }^{I},{\\bar {Q}}_{\\dot {\\alpha }}^{J}\\}=2\\sigma _{\\alpha {\\dot {\\alpha }}}^{\\mu }P_{\\mu }\\delta ^{IJ}}but can also satisfy{\n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n I\n \n \n ,\n \n Q\n \n β\n \n \n J\n \n \n }\n =\n \n ϵ\n \n α\n β\n \n \n \n Z\n \n I\n J\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{Q_{\\alpha }^{I},Q_{\\beta }^{J}\\}=\\epsilon _{\\alpha \\beta }Z^{IJ}}and{\n \n \n \n \n Q\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n Q\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n J\n \n \n }\n =\n \n ϵ\n \n \n \n \n α\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n †\n I\n J\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{{\\bar {Q}}_{\\dot {\\alpha }}^{I},{\\bar {Q}}_{\\dot {\\beta }}^{J}\\}=\\epsilon _{{\\dot {\\alpha }}{\\dot {\\beta }}}Z^{\\dagger IJ}}where \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n I\n J\n \n \n =\n −\n \n Z\n \n J\n I\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z^{IJ}=-Z^{JI}}\n \n is the central charge.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poincaré group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_group"},{"link_name":"supergroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergroup_(physics)"},{"link_name":"superspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspace"},{"link_name":"cosets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coset"}],"text":"Just as the Poincaré algebra generates the Poincaré group of isometries of Minkowski space, the super-Poincaré algebra, an example of a Lie super-algebra, generates what is known as a supergroup. This can be used to define superspace with \n \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {N}}}\n \n supercharges: these are the right cosets of the Lorentz group within the \n \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {N}}}\n \n super-Poincaré group.Just as \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n μ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{\\mu }}\n \n has the interpretation as being the generator of spacetime translations, the charges \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n I\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n Q\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n α\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q_{\\alpha }^{I},{\\bar {Q}}_{\\dot {\\alpha }}^{I}}\n \n, with \n \n \n \n I\n =\n 1\n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I=1,\\cdots ,{\\mathcal {N}}}\n \n, have the interpretation as generators of superspace translations in the 'spin coordinates' of superspace. That is, we can view superspace as the direct sum of Minkowski space with 'spin dimensions' labelled by coordinates \n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n α\n \n \n I\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n θ\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n \n α\n ˙\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta _{\\alpha }^{I},{\\bar {\\theta }}^{I{\\dot {\\alpha }}}}\n \n. The supercharge \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n α\n \n \n I\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q_{\\alpha }^{I}}\n \n generates translations in the direction labelled by the coordinate \n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n α\n \n \n I\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta _{\\alpha }^{I}.}\n \n By counting, there are \n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 4{\\mathcal {N}}}\n \n spin dimensions.","title":"Super-Poincaré group and superspace"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notation for superspace","text":"The superspace consisting of Minkowski space with \n \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {N}}}\n \n supercharges is therefore labelled \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 1\n ,\n 3\n \n \|\n \n 4\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{1,3\|4{\\mathcal {N}}}}\n \n or sometimes simply \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 4\n \n \|\n \n 4\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{4\|4{\\mathcal {N}}}}\n \n.","title":"Super-Poincaré group and superspace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haag%E2%80%93%C5%81opusza%C5%84ski%E2%80%93Sohnius_theorem"},{"link_name":"star Lie superalgebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Lie_superalgebra"},{"link_name":"Poincaré algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_algebra"},{"link_name":"reductive Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"dual representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_representation"},{"link_name":"equivariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivariant"},{"link_name":"ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"trivial representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_representation"}],"text":"In (3 + 1) Minkowski spacetime, the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem states that the SUSY algebra with N spinor generators is as follows.The even part of the star Lie superalgebra is the direct sum of the Poincaré algebra and a reductive Lie algebra B (such that its self-adjoint part is the tangent space of a real compact Lie group). The odd part of the algebra would be(\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ,\n 0\n \n )\n \n ⊗\n V\n ⊕\n \n (\n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n ⊗\n \n V\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {1}{2}},0\\right)\\otimes V\\oplus \\left(0,{\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)\\otimes V^{}}where \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1/2,0)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0,1/2)}\n \n are specific representations of the Poincaré algebra. (Compared to the notation used earlier in the article, these correspond \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n ¯\n \n \n ⊕\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overline {2}}\\oplus 1}\n \n and \n \n \n \n 1\n ⊕\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\oplus 2}\n \n, respectively, also see the footnote where the previous notation was introduced). Both components are conjugate to each other under the conjugation. V is an N-dimensional complex representation of B and V* is its dual representation. The Lie bracket for the odd part is given by a symmetric equivariant pairing {.,.} on the odd part with values in the even part. In particular, its reduced intertwiner from \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ,\n 0\n \n )\n \n ⊗\n V\n \n ]\n \n ⊗\n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n ⊗\n \n V\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left[\\left({\\frac {1}{2}},0\\right)\\otimes V\\right]\\otimes \\left[\\left(0,{\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)\\otimes V^{}\\right]}\n \n to the ideal of the Poincaré algebra generated by translations is given as the product of a nonzero intertwiner from \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ,\n 0\n \n )\n \n ⊗\n \n (\n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {1}{2}},0\\right)\\otimes \\left(0,{\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)}\n \n to (1/2,1/2) by the \"contraction intertwiner\" from \n \n \n \n V\n ⊗\n \n V\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle V\\otimes V^{}}\n \n to the trivial representation. On the other hand, its reduced intertwiner from \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ,\n 0\n \n )\n \n ⊗\n V\n \n ]\n \n ⊗\n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ,\n 0\n \n )\n \n ⊗\n V\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left[\\left({\\frac {1}{2}},0\\right)\\otimes V\\right]\\otimes \\left[\\left({\\frac {1}{2}},0\\right)\\otimes V\\right]}\n \n is the product of a (antisymmetric) intertwiner from \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ,\n 0\n \n )\n \n ⊗\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ,\n 0\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {1}{2}},0\\right)\\otimes \\left({\\frac {1}{2}},0\\right)}\n \n to (0,0) and an antisymmetric intertwiner A from \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N^{2}}\n \n to B. Conjugate it to get the corresponding case for the other half.","title":"SUSY in 3 + 1 Minkowski spacetime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(physics)"}],"sub_title":"N = 1","text":"B is now \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)}\n \n (called R-symmetry) and V is the 1D representation of \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)}\n \n with charge 1. A (the intertwiner defined above) would have to be zero since it is antisymmetric.Actually, there are two versions of N=1 SUSY, one without the \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)}\n \n (i.e. B is zero-dimensional) and the other with \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)}\n \n.","title":"SUSY in 3 + 1 Minkowski spacetime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(physics)"}],"sub_title":"N = 2","text":"B is now \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n u\n \n \n (\n 2\n )\n ⊕\n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {su}}(2)\\oplus {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)}\n \n and V is the 2D doublet representation of \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n u\n \n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {su}}(2)}\n \n with a zero \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)}\n \n charge. Now, A is a nonzero intertwiner to the \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)}\n \n part of B.Alternatively, V could be a 2D doublet with a nonzero \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)}\n \n charge. In this case, A would have to be zero.Yet another possibility would be to let B be \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n A\n \n \n ⊕\n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n B\n \n \n ⊕\n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{A}\\oplus {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{B}\\oplus {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{C}}\n \n. V is invariant under \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{B}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{C}}\n \n and decomposes into a 1D rep with \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{A}}\n \n charge 1 and another 1D rep with charge -1. The intertwiner A would be complex with the real part mapping to \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{B}}\n \n and the imaginary part mapping to \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{C}}\n \n.Or we could have B being \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n u\n \n \n (\n 2\n )\n ⊕\n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n A\n \n \n ⊕\n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {su}}(2)\\oplus {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{A}\\oplus {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{B}}\n \n with V being the doublet rep of \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n u\n \n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {su}}(2)}\n \n with zero \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)}\n \n charges and A being a complex intertwiner with the real part mapping to \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{A}}\n \n and the imaginary part to \n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n )\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {u}}(1)_{B}}\n \n.This doesn't even exhaust all the possibilities. We see that there is more than one N = 2 supersymmetry; likewise, the SUSYs for N > 2 are also not unique (in fact, it only gets worse).","title":"SUSY in 3 + 1 Minkowski spacetime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"N = 3","text":"It is theoretically allowed, but the multiplet structure becomes automatically the same with\nthat of an N=4 supersymmetric theory. So it is less often discussed compared to N=1,2,4 version.[citation needed]","title":"SUSY in 3 + 1 Minkowski spacetime"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"N = 4","text":"This is the maximal number of supersymmetries in a theory without gravity.","title":"SUSY in 3 + 1 Minkowski spacetime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supermultiplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermultiplet"}],"sub_title":"N = 8","text":"This is the maximal number of supersymmetries in any supersymmetric theory. Beyond \n \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n =\n 8\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {N}}=8}\n \n, any massless supermultiplet contains a sector with helicity \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n λ\n \n \|\n \n >\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \|\\lambda \|>2}\n \n. Such theories on Minkowski space must be free (non-interacting).","title":"SUSY in 3 + 1 Minkowski spacetime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spinors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinor"}],"text":"In 0 + 1, 2 + 1, 3 + 1, 4 + 1, 6 + 1, 7 + 1, 8 + 1, and 10 + 1 dimensions, a SUSY algebra is classified by a positive integer N.In 1 + 1, 5 + 1 and 9 + 1 dimensions, a SUSY algebra is classified by two nonnegative integers (M, N), at least one of which is nonzero. M represents the number of left-handed SUSYs and N represents the number of right-handed SUSYs.The reason of this has to do with the reality conditions of the spinors.Hereafter d = 9 means d = 8 + 1 in Minkowski signature, etc. The structure of supersymmetry algebra is mainly determined by the number of the fermionic generators, that is the number N times the real dimension of the spinor in d dimensions. It is because one can obtain a supersymmetry algebra of lower dimension easily from that of higher dimensionality by the use of dimensional reduction.","title":"SUSY in various dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M-theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-theory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tong-4"}],"sub_title":"Upper bound on dimension of supersymmetric theories","text":"The maximum allowed dimension of theories with supersymmetry is \n \n \n \n d\n =\n 11\n =\n 10\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d=11=10+1}\n \n, which admits a unique theory called 11-dimensional supergravity which is the low-energy limit of M-theory. This incorporates supergravity: without supergravity, the maximum allowed dimension is \n \n \n \n d\n =\n 10\n =\n 9\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d=10=9+1}\n \n.[3]","title":"SUSY in various dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"d = 11","text":"The only example is the N = 1 supersymmetry with 32 supercharges.","title":"SUSY in various dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superstring theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory"}],"sub_title":"d = 10","text":"From d = 11, N = 1 SUSY, one obtains N = (1, 1) nonchiral SUSY algebra, which is also called the type IIA supersymmetry. There is also N = (2, 0) SUSY algebra, which is called the type IIB supersymmetry. Both of them have 32 supercharges.N = (1, 0) SUSY algebra with 16 supercharges is the minimal susy algebra in 10 dimensions. It is also called the type I supersymmetry. Type IIA / IIB / I superstring theory has the SUSY algebra of the corresponding name. The supersymmetry algebra for the heterotic superstrings is that of type I.","title":"SUSY in various dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"representation space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_space"}],"text":"^ The barred representations are conjugate linear while the unbarred ones are complex linear. The numeral refers to the dimension of the representation space. Another more common notation is to write (1⁄2, 0) and (0, 1⁄2) respectively for these representations. The general irreducible representation is then (m, n), where m, n are half-integral and correspond physically to the spin content of the representation, which ranges from \|m + n\| to \|m − n\| in integer steps, each spin occurring exactly once.","title":"Remarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Aitchison 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAitchison2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"van Nieuwenhuizen 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFvan_Nieuwenhuizen1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tong_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Supersymmetry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/susy.html"}],"text":"^ Aitchison 2005\n\n^ van Nieuwenhuizen 1981, p. 274\n\n^ Tong, David. \"Supersymmetry\". www.damtp.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2023.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tong, David. \"Supersymmetry\". www.damtp.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/susy.html","url_text":"\"Supersymmetry\""}]},{"reference":"Aitchison, Ian J R (2005). \"Supersymmetry and the MSSM: An Elementary Introduction\". arXiv:hep-ph/0505105.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0505105","url_text":"hep-ph/0505105"}]},{"reference":"Gol'fand, Y. A.; Likhtman, E. P. (1971). \"Extension of the algebra of the Poincare group generators and violation of P invariance\". JETP Lett. 13: 323–326. Bibcode:1971JETPL..13..323G.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Golfand","url_text":"Gol'fand, Y. A."},{"url":"http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/1584/article_24309.shtml","url_text":"\"Extension of the algebra of the Poincare group generators and violation of P invariance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JETP_Letters","url_text":"JETP Lett."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971JETPL..13..323G","url_text":"1971JETPL..13..323G"}]},{"reference":"van Nieuwenhuizen, P. (1981). \"Supergravity\". Phys. Rep. 68 (4): 189–398. Bibcode:1981PhR....68..189V. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(81)90157-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Reports","url_text":"Phys. Rep."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PhR....68..189V","url_text":"1981PhR....68..189V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-1573%2881%2990157-5","url_text":"10.1016/0370-1573(81)90157-5"}]},{"reference":"Volkov, D. V.; Akulov, V. P. (1972). \"Possible Universal Neutrino Interaction\". JETP Lett. 16 (11): 621 pp.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/1766/article_26864.shtml","url_text":"\"Possible Universal Neutrino Interaction\""}]},{"reference":"Volkov, D. V.; Akulov, V. P. (1973). \"Is the neutrino a goldstone particle\". Phys. Lett. B. 46 (1): 109–110. Bibcode:1973PhLB...46..109V. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(73)90490-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PhLB...46..109V","url_text":"1973PhLB...46..109V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2873%2990490-5","url_text":"10.1016/0370-2693(73)90490-5"}]},{"reference":"Weinberg, Steven (2000). Supersymmetry. The Quantum Theory of Fields. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521670555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg","url_text":"Weinberg, Steven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521670555","url_text":"978-0521670555"}]},{"reference":"Wess, J.; Zumino, B. (1974). \"Supergauge transformations in four dimensions\". Nuclear Physics B. 70 (1): 39–50. Bibcode:1974NuPhB..70...39W. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(74)90355-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wess","url_text":"Wess, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Zumino","url_text":"Zumino, B."},{"url":"https://cds.cern.ch/record/201649","url_text":"\"Supergauge transformations in four dimensions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974NuPhB..70...39W","url_text":"1974NuPhB..70...39W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0550-3213%2874%2990355-1","url_text":"10.1016/0550-3213(74)90355-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Super-Poincar%C3%A9+algebra%22","external_links_name":"\"Super-Poincaré algebra\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Super-Poincar%C3%A9+algebra%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Super-Poincar%C3%A9+algebra%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Super-Poincar%C3%A9+algebra%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Super-Poincar%C3%A9+algebra%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Super-Poincar%C3%A9+algebra%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/susy.html","external_links_name":"\"Supersymmetry\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0505105","external_links_name":"hep-ph/0505105"},{"Link":"http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/1584/article_24309.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Extension of the algebra of the Poincare group generators and violation of P invariance\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971JETPL..13..323G","external_links_name":"1971JETPL..13..323G"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PhR....68..189V","external_links_name":"1981PhR....68..189V"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-1573%2881%2990157-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/0370-1573(81)90157-5"},{"Link":"http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/1766/article_26864.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Possible Universal Neutrino Interaction\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PhLB...46..109V","external_links_name":"1973PhLB...46..109V"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2873%2990490-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/0370-2693(73)90490-5"},{"Link":"https://cds.cern.ch/record/201649","external_links_name":"\"Supergauge transformations in four dimensions\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974NuPhB..70...39W","external_links_name":"1974NuPhB..70...39W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0550-3213%2874%2990355-1","external_links_name":"10.1016/0550-3213(74)90355-1"}]

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