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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudinabad
Sudinabad
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°17′41″N 44°52′36″E / 37.29472°N 44.87667°E / 37.29472; 44.87667Village in West Azerbaijan, Iran Village in West Azerbaijan, IranSudinabad سودين ابادvillageSudinabadCoordinates: 37°17′41″N 44°52′36″E / 37.29472°N 44.87667°E / 37.29472; 44.87667Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyUrmiaBakhshSilvanehRural DistrictMargavarPopulation (2006) • Total42Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Sudinabad (Persian: سودين اباد, also Romanized as Sūdīnābād; also known as Sebdīnābād) is a village in Margavar Rural District, Silvaneh District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 42, in 10 families. References ^ Sudinabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3807411" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Urmia CountyCapital Urmia DistrictsCentralCities Urmia Rural districts and villagesBakeshluchay Aghcheh Qaleh Almanabad Aydinlu Balderlu Barajuq Birlan Burashan Chehreh Gosha Darghalu Dehkadeh-ye Asayesh Dizaj-e Naqaleh Elyasabad Emamzadeh Eslamlu Gabaran Gol Pashin Golmankhaneh Hajji Pirlu Hasbestan Hesar-e Hajjilar Hesar-e Tarmani Igdir Jarchelu Kashtiban Kordlar Lashenlu Marajul Mashkabad-e Olya Mashkabad-e Sofla Miavaq Posht-e Gol Qalilu Qamat Qarah Aghaj-e Olya Qarah Hasanlu-ye Khvajeh Pasha Qarajalu Qeshlaq-e Mirza Ali Qeshlaq-e Mohammad Qoli Qoturlar Reyhanabad Rikan Sadaqeh Salehabad Sangar-e Mir Abdollah Tarmani Vazirabad Yengejeh-ye Qazi Yuvalar Baranduz Aliabad-e Baran Duz Angaman Band Baran Duz Bozveh Chavrash Didan-e Olya Didan-e Sofla Dizaj-e Fathi Dizaj-e Rahim Pur Gazanehkesh Hasu Kandi Havanduk Heydarlu Jafarian Janvislu Jowrni Kelisay-e Sir Khataylu Khorramabad Narlar Saatluy Kuh Sari Beygluy-e Musai Shamlakan Sheykh Mazari Sidak Sir Varmazyar Baranduzchay-ye Jonubi(South Baranduzchay) Aghbolagh Balanej Barbaran Baruzh Bayat Bozorgabad Darin Qaleh Dulama Fuladlu Goldanlu Hesar-e Agh Bolagh Ilazgi Isalu Karvansara Kukiya Kurani Mahmudabad Mobarakabad Nivlu Qaleh Juq Qasemlu Rahimabad Seylaneh Shaban Kandi Shiru Kandi Tappeh Maki Tarzelu Tazeh Kand-e Jamalkhan Tulkan Tumatar Tupuzabad Uzan Malek Zovik Baranduzchay-ye Shomali(North Baranduzchay) Borhanlu Dizaj-e Takyeh Faqih Beyglu Gug Tappeh Qarah Aghaj Qaralar-e Kuh Qotlu Qurshalu Saralan Sari Beygluy-e Moin Satlu Shams-e Hajjian Vandai Bash Qaleh Ayeblu Berenjabad Burbur Chichagluy-e Mansur Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh Dadeh Saqi Danqaralu Eslampanahabadi Jadid Gaznaq Guyj Ali Tappeh Guyjeh Ali Aslan Isaluy-e Heydarlu Isaluy-e Zemi Kechah Bash Mazraeh-ye Owj Ovlar Qahremanluy-e Olya Qahremanluy-e Sofla Qaleh-ye Azizbeyg Qarabqolu Qazan Ali Qezel Hajjilu Qosur Safarbehi Safarqoli Khan Kandi Sari Beygluy-e Araliq Sarijalu Shahrak-e Golmarz Sheykh Teymur Shur Kand Takalu Tupraq Qaleh Urmia Industrial Estate Yaghmur Ali Yurqunabad-e Olya Yurqunabad-e Sofla Yusefabad-e Shah Mirza Kandi Dul Balestan Bardeh Kish Cement Cooperative Dalow Darband Dash Aghol Dizaj-e Dowl Eslamabad Jolbar Kamaneh Kanan-e Olya Kanan-e Sofla Nanas Nari Nasirabad Naznaz Pirali Qameshlu Rashkan Samartu Shahrak-e Rustayi-ye Naser Soltanabad Zharabad Ziveh Nazluy-ye Jonubi (South Nazluy) Abbasabad Arabluy-e Bisheh Arabluy-e Darreh Arabluy-e Yekan Asgarabad Tappeh Barbin Bozlu Chichakluy-e Hajji Aqa Chonqeraluy-e Yekan Dastjerd Daylaq Faqibeyglu Gardabad Ghaffar Behi Irvanlu Kakalar Marangaluy-e Kuchek Owzarlu Qaraguz-e Hajji Baba Qaraguz-e Salimaqa Qaralar-e Lotfollah Qareh Guz-e Il Qerekhlu Saidlu Salim Kandi Sam Salu Sheykh Sar Mast Tazeh Kand-e Afshar Tazeh Kand-e Qeshlaq Urmia Airport Zaiyeh Kandi Rowzeh Chay Aliabad Alvach Anhar-e Olya Anhar-e Sofla Ashnaabad Badaki Balaji Balu Darazam Gajin Ganjabad Golhar Gowzgavand Jehatlu Kani Quzan Kavalaq Khalifatan Khanqah-e Alvaj Kutalan Lerni Lur Mazraeh-ye Nasrabad Mirabad Pir Morad Qarah Hasanlu Qasrik Qeshlaq-e Tarazlu Qezel Asheq Tazeh Kand-e Anhar Tezkharab Valindeh-ye Olya Valindeh-ye Sofla Yowrqanlu Zeynalu Torkaman Alqian Arablu Babarud Chub Tarash Darbarud Gharib Kandi Hasanabad Hesar-e Gapuchi Hesar-e Torkaman IRIB Broadcasting Station Jabalkandi Jeyran-e Olya Jeyran-e Sofla Khanjar Qeshlaqi Khezrabad Kusehabad Mirshekarlu Moqaddam Morad Ali-ye Olya Morad Ali-ye Sofla Moradkandi Naybin Nazarabad Qaleh Nazarabad-e Eftekhar Ordushahi Owch Ovlar Qaralar-e Aqataqi Qaralar-e Hajjqasem Qurt Tappeh Sarajuq Sardrud Shahinabad Tabbat Takah Tappeh Tappeh Torkaman Tasmalu Tazeh Kand Tizkharab Torkaman Uzan Eskandari AnzalCities Qushchi Rural districts and villagesAnzal-e Jonubi(South Anzal) Ali Kan Bahleh Bolarghu Deladar Emam Kandi Gavlan Gol Tappeh Golanik-e Olya Golanik-e Sofla Hajji Bayram Hammamlar Jabal Kandi Kahriz Kani Shurik Kaseb Khorramabad Kureh-ye Olya Kureh-ye Sofla Mahmudan Maku Kandi Meshik Nur ol Dinabad Pirgol Qahraman Qulonji Quyujoq Senjilik Shahid Ab Shanasan Garrison Sharifabad Shirakan Soltanabad Tandarak Zangabad Anzal-e Shomali(North Anzal) Bari Gurchin Qaleh Jamalabad Moqitalu Najafabad Qalqachi Qarah Bagh NazluCities Nushin Rural districts and villagesNazluchay Armudaghaj Azadegan Badelbu Bahlulabad Department of Agriculture Hajjiabad Hesar Kharabeh Janizeh Kavsi Kharabeh-ye Senji Kuseh Ahmad Nazlu Qaleh Sardar Qaleh-ye Esmail Aqa Qaralar-e Tasuji Senji Tamtaman Tapik Tazeh Kand Tazeh Kand-e Janizeh Tazeh Kand-e Qaterchi Yowrqanlu-ye Janizeh Nazlu-e Shomali(North Nazlu) Abajaluy-e Olya Ali Kandi Alibeyglu Angeneh Arnesa Asgarabad-e Kuh Babaganjeh Baghestan Bashlan Beshlu Chanaqlu Cher Chonqeraluy-e Pol Dowyran Guyjeh Yaran Hesar-e Babaganjeh Hesar-e Bahram Khan Heydarlu Heydarluy-e Beyglar Kalvan Karimabad Khaledabad Khaneqah Sorkh Lak Lalahluy-e Torab Lulham Marangaluy-e Bozorg Meskin Nakhjavan Tappeh Owkhchilar Par Qarah Qiz Qarah Quyunlu Qareh Jalu Qelinjlu Qeshlaq-e Shakur Rahimabad Saatluy-e Beyglar Sari Beygluy-e Cheragh Shirabad Tappeh-ye Babaganjeh Taqlidabad Tazeh Kand-e Baba Ganjeh Vaqasluy-e Olya Vaqasluy-e Sofla Zadehlu Zonbalan Tala Tappeh Abajaluy-e Sofla Adeh Chamaki Hesar-e Sopurghan Khaneshan Khodaverdi Khan Kandi Owsaluy-e Allahverdi Khan Owsaluy-e Kazem Sopurghan Tala Tappeh Yengejeh Zirmanlu SilvanehCities Silvaneh Rural districts and villagesDasht Bardehsur Chaman Darband Dareh Senji Dazgir Dowla Pasan Gowjar Halafaleh Kay Khvoshaku Mirabad Nushan-e Olya Nushan-e Sofla Owali Peshkeleh Pirhadi Qarayi Qasrik Razhan Salim Beyg Sulik Tui Tuli Zanglan Margavar Aleyh Aversi Bavan Berasb Berazan Best Bi Bakran Cherikabad Dizaj Dowkana Felekan Galleh Behi Gerdevan Gerdik Gerdik Naser Golestaneh Haftabad Halaj Hasanabad Hashemabad Kachaleh Kani Dastar Kani Tayer Kasian Kayer Kelasi Khurasb Lajani Lowrzini Mamakan Mansurabad Mirabad Molla Basak Nari Nergi Nuy Qaraneh Razgeh Sehgergan Shahrak-e Ziveh Shaklabad Sheykh Zard Shirakan Sudinabad Suleh Dugal Surkan Susanabad Tupuzabad Zharabad Zharazhi Ziveh Targavar Anbi Arzin Ashki Avdi Balowlan Bani Basrik Biquz Do Bareh Dustalan Gerdah Belij Haki Halulan Karimabad Khaneqah Kuraneh Kurteh Kavil Mavana Pesan Shahr-e Viran Sheyban Sheykh Shamzin Surbani Talin Tibatan Towlaki Sumay-ye BeradustCities Serow Rural districts and villagesBeradust Akhyan-e Bozorg Akhyan-e Kuchek Asengaran Avdelan-e Olya Avdelan-e Sofla Bardehzi-ye Olya Chareh Emam Kandi Eskandarabad Firuzian Gangachin Gol-e Sheykhan Gonbad Gundak-e Molla Guranabad Haftsaran Halah Qush Hangravan Ishgeh Su Kanespi Kani Shurik Kanisi Khalyan Khanik Khvoshalan Kulgani Kuraneh Mafaran Majruseh Maluneh Margarash Mastakan Neychalan Omarabad Post Qareh Aghaj Qarnesa Qasrik Rabat Ravand-e Olya Ravand-e Sofla Shegaftik-e Olya Shegaftik-e Sofla Siarak Sufi Kani Tazeh Kand-e Sheshmal Zangakan Sumay-ye Jonubi(South Sumay) Abdi Beyg Aghsaqal Bardeh Rash Barduk Bavan Gachi Gowdal Hasanlu Hashtian Hovarsin Jalqaran Juhni Jujahi Kanespi Kani Miran Kharah Gush Kuran Marnah Piranjuq Qasrik Sinabad Soltani Sufian Sumay-ye Shomali(North Sumay) Bachehjik Baraspi Bardian Bastakabad Bazhergah Galeh Khar Ghazan Goli Suyi Hasanabad Jatar Kani Rash Khanik Mamakan Mastakan Mingol Mirabad Oskandrian Quni Qurmik Rigabad Sakan Seydan Surmanabad Yengejeh Iran portal This Urmia County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Miller_(tailor)
Alexander Miller (tailor)
["1 Career","1.1 Union of the Crowns","2 Death and legacy","3 References"]
Alexander Miller or Millar (1559-1616) was an Edinburgh tailor who served James VI and I. James VI, dressed by Alexander Miller, painted by Adrian Vanson Career In 1584, James VI wrote to the Edinburgh incorporation of tailors, asking them to admit Miller as a free craftsmen, "gratis", with no costs. Miller had not been an apprentice in Edinburgh and must have learnt his trade elsewhere. Miller became a burgess of Edinburgh, and Deacon of the Tailors, who convened in their hall on the Cowgate, now a public house called the "Three Sisters". He bought land at Long Herdmanston and Currie. When James VI returned from Denmark in May 1590, Miller was immediately set to work, starting with a cloak to wear at the coronation of Anne of Denmark:Item the said day deliverit to Allexander Millar sevin ellis of clayth of silver of doubill threid groundit upon incarnadine to lyn his majestie cloik of reid cramosie velvot embroiderit with gold and silver and to drawe out the hois allso embroiderit with gold and silver att xxv li the ell _ £185. Other tailors at the Scottish court included Peter Sanderson, who made clothes for Anne of Denmark and her children. Miller also made clothes for the pages of the King and Queen. With another tailor, James Inglis, he made a costume for an African servant at court in October 1590, who is known only as the "Moor", including an orange velvet "jupe" and breeches and a doublet of shot-silk Spanish taffeta festooned with white satin passementerie. On 18 June 1591 the king ordered masque costumes from Miller. James VI and his valet, probably John Wemyss of Logie, performed in a masque at Tullibardine. The occasion was the wedding of Lilias Murray and John Grant of Freuchie. The costumes involved red and pink taffeta, dressed with gold tock or gauze, with buckram head-pieces and Venetian masks. Costumes for James VI to wear at the baptism of Prince Henry in 1594 included a suit of violet satin and cloth of gold, with a violet velvet cloak. Miller made clothes for Prince Charles in November 1601, which were packed in buckram and sent to Dunfermline Palace. Union of the Crowns Miller made clothes for King James to wear in April 1603 when he travelled to London at the Union of the Crowns, including a green outfit for hunting lined with green Spanish taffeta. Miller came with the King to England, and made doublets and pairs of satin and velvet hose. He lived for a time in Bread Street ward. He made robes of the Order of the Garter for King James and Prince Henry. In August 1604, King James indicated that Robert Jousie and Alexander Miller were owed money by the Master of Gray, a former Master of the Scottish royal wardrobe for an old debt from the 1580s. Gray sent his receipts to Lord Cecil to show that he did not owe any money. Miller was given permission by Edinburgh council to build a house on common ground in the Wester Mure in 1610. In 1611 he brought legal action against James, Lord Torthorwald for bad debt. Death and legacy Alexander Miller's monument at Greyfriars Kirkyard may survive, reused for Robert Purves. Alexander Miller died on 2 May 1616 and was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard in Edinburgh. His monument was demolished or moved in the nineteenth century. The Latin inscription was recorded and translated by the historian William Maitland. It has been suggested that a monument in the churchyard, later reused to commemorate Robert Purves was Miller's. His wife Jonet Huntar died on 29 April 1592. His family included two daughters, Barbara, and Sara Miller, wife of Thomas Fleming of Longhermiston. Alexander Miller left £1000 Scots to the town which contributed to the fund for rebuilding Greyfriar's Kirk. In 1637 a royal warrant was issued to pay Sara Miller £900 Sterling for unpaid work by her father. The Heriot's Hospital foundation bought land in Broughton from Miller and Fleming in 1626. In 1642 she contracted to give various sums of money to the lawyer William Purves who was marrying her daughter Marjory Fleming. This included another debt, of 5000 merks owed to her father, for a loan in 1610 made to the courtier Sir James Sandilands. References ^ James Colston, The Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1891), pp. 112–114. ^ Maria Hayward, Stuart Style (Yale, 2020), p. 184. ^ Jemma Field, Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts (Manchester, 2020), pp. 169-71: Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', The Court Historian, 24:2 (2019), pp. 143-4: James Thomson Gibson-Craig, Papers Relative to the Marriage of King James the Sixth of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1836), p. 21 ^ Michael Pearce, 'Maskerye Claythis for James VI and Anna of Denmark', Medieval English Theatre 43, 2021 (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2022), pp. 116-120. ^ Jemma Field, Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts (Manchester, 2020), p. 135. ^ Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', The Court Historian, 24:2 (2019), p. 149: Maria Hayward, Stuart Style (Yale, 2020), p. 59: National Records of Scotland E35/13. ^ Andrew Burnet, 'Every Picture Tells a Story', Historic Scotland (Summer 2023), p. 45: National Records of Scotland E35/13, (3) p. 9, account 'For the baptisme 1594'. ^ Walter Seton, 'Early Years of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Charles, Duke of Albany', Scottish Historical Review, 13:52 (July 1916), p. 370. ^ Maria Hayward, Stuart Style (Yale, 2020), pp. 50, 54. ^ Janet Arnold, The Kirtle, or Surcoat, and Mantle of the Most Noble Order of the Garter Worn by Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway, Antiquaries Journal, 72 (March 1992), p. 141. ^ M. S. Giuseppi, HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 16 (London, 1933), p. 221. ^ Marguerite Wood, Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1931), p. 64. ^ David Masson, Register of the Privy Council, Addenda 1545-1625, vol. 14 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 563. ^ Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of the City of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1951), p. 125 (no. 2). ^ Daniel Wilson, Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1848), p. 191. ^ William Maitland, History of Edinburgh from Its Foundation to the Present Time (Edinburgh, 1753), pp. 192-3. ^ Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of the City of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1951), p. 125 (no. 2). ^ Marguerite Wood, Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1931), p. 192. ^ John Bruce, Calendar State Papers Domestic, 1637 (London, 1867), p. 309. ^ Marguerite Wood, Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1626-1641 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 13. ^ William Purves, Revenue of the Scottish crown, 1681 (Edinburgh, 1897), pp. xii-xiii.
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Miller had not been an apprentice in Edinburgh and must have learnt his trade elsewhere.[1] Miller became a burgess of Edinburgh, and Deacon of the Tailors, who convened in their hall on the Cowgate, now a public house called the \"Three Sisters\". He bought land at Long Herdmanston and Currie.[2]When James VI returned from Denmark in May 1590, Miller was immediately set to work, starting with a cloak to wear at the coronation of Anne of Denmark:Item the said day deliverit to Allexander Millar sevin ellis of clayth of silver of doubill threid groundit upon incarnadine to lyn his majestie cloik of reid cramosie velvot embroiderit with gold and silver and to drawe out the hois allso embroiderit with gold and silver att xxv li the ell _ £185.Other tailors at the Scottish court included Peter Sanderson, who made clothes for Anne of Denmark and her children. Miller also made clothes for the pages of the King and Queen. With another tailor, James Inglis, he made a costume for an African servant at court in October 1590, who is known only as the \"Moor\", including an orange velvet \"jupe\" and breeches and a doublet of shot-silk Spanish taffeta festooned with white satin passementerie.[3]On 18 June 1591 the king ordered masque costumes from Miller. James VI and his valet, probably John Wemyss of Logie, performed in a masque at Tullibardine.[4] The occasion was the wedding of Lilias Murray and John Grant of Freuchie.[5] The costumes involved red and pink taffeta, dressed with gold tock or gauze, with buckram head-pieces and Venetian masks.[6]Costumes for James VI to wear at the baptism of Prince Henry in 1594 included a suit of violet satin and cloth of gold, with a violet velvet cloak.[7] Miller made clothes for Prince Charles in November 1601, which were packed in buckram and sent to Dunfermline Palace.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union of the Crowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns"},{"link_name":"Bread Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_Street"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Prince Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Robert Jousie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jousie"},{"link_name":"Master of Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Gray,_6th_Lord_Gray"},{"link_name":"Lord Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Cecil"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Torthorwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthorwald_Castle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Union of the Crowns","text":"Miller made clothes for King James to wear in April 1603 when he travelled to London at the Union of the Crowns, including a green outfit for hunting lined with green Spanish taffeta. Miller came with the King to England, and made doublets and pairs of satin and velvet hose. He lived for a time in Bread Street ward.[9] He made robes of the Order of the Garter for King James and Prince Henry.[10]In August 1604, King James indicated that Robert Jousie and Alexander Miller were owed money by the Master of Gray, a former Master of the Scottish royal wardrobe for an old debt from the 1580s. Gray sent his receipts to Lord Cecil to show that he did not owe any money.[11]Miller was given permission by Edinburgh council to build a house on common ground in the Wester Mure in 1610.[12] In 1611 he brought legal action against James, Lord Torthorwald for bad debt.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greyfriars_Kirkyard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2001146.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greyfriars Kirkyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirkyard"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Greyfriars Kirkyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirkyard"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"William Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Maitland_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_Scots"},{"link_name":"Greyfriar's Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriar%27s_Kirk"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Heriot's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Heriot%27s_School"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"merks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Sir James Sandilands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sandilands_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Alexander Miller's monument at Greyfriars Kirkyard may survive, reused for Robert Purves.[14]Alexander Miller died on 2 May 1616 and was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard in Edinburgh. His monument was demolished or moved in the nineteenth century.[15] The Latin inscription was recorded and translated by the historian William Maitland.[16] It has been suggested that a monument in the churchyard, later reused to commemorate Robert Purves was Miller's.[17]His wife Jonet Huntar died on 29 April 1592. His family included two daughters, Barbara, and Sara Miller, wife of Thomas Fleming of Longhermiston. Alexander Miller left £1000 Scots to the town which contributed to the fund for rebuilding Greyfriar's Kirk.[18] In 1637 a royal warrant was issued to pay Sara Miller £900 Sterling for unpaid work by her father.[19]The Heriot's Hospital foundation bought land in Broughton from Miller and Fleming in 1626.[20] In 1642 she contracted to give various sums of money to the lawyer William Purves who was marrying her daughter Marjory Fleming. This included another debt, of 5000 merks owed to her father, for a loan in 1610 made to the courtier Sir James Sandilands.[21]","title":"Death and legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"James VI, dressed by Alexander Miller, painted by Adrian Vanson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Attributed_to_Adrian_Vanson_-_James_VI_and_I%2C_1566_-_1625._King_of_Scotland_1567_-_1625._King_of_England_and_Ireland_1603_-_1625_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Attributed_to_Adrian_Vanson_-_James_VI_and_I%2C_1566_-_1625._King_of_Scotland_1567_-_1625._King_of_England_and_Ireland_1603_-_1625_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alexander Miller's monument at Greyfriars Kirkyard may survive, reused for Robert Purves.[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greyfriars_Kirkyard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2001146.jpg/220px-Greyfriars_Kirkyard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2001146.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/papersrelativeto00crairich/page/21/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Papers Relative to the Marriage of King James the Sixth of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1836), p. 21"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14629712.2019.1626110","external_links_name":"Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', The Court Historian, 24:2 (2019), p. 149"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_German_Figure_Skating_Championships
2012 German Figure Skating Championships
["1 Medalists","1.1 Senior","1.2 Junior","2 Senior results","2.1 Men","2.2 Ladies","2.3 Pairs","2.4 Ice dancing","3 Junior results","3.1 Men","3.2 Ladies","3.3 Pairs","3.4 Ice dancing","4 External links"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2012 German Figure Skating ChampionshipsKolbe Caruso GER Germans 2012Type:National ChampionshipDate:January 6 – 7, 2012Season:2011–12Location:OberstdorfVenue:iceDome Eissportzentrum OberstdorfNavigationPrevious: 2011 German ChampionshipsNext: 2013 German Championships The 2012 German Figure Skating Championships (German: Deutsche Meisterschaften im Eiskunstlaufen 2012) took place on January 6–7, 2012 in at the Eissportzentrum Oberstdorf in Oberstdorf. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior, junior, and novice levels. The results of the national championships were among the criteria used to choose the German teams to the 2012 World Championships and 2012 European Championships. Medalists Senior Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Men Peter Liebers Paul Fentz Martin Rappe Ladies Nicole Schott Isabel Drescher Katharina Zientek Pairs Maylin Hausch / Daniel Wende Mari Vartmann / Aaron Van Cleave No other competitors Ice dancing Nelli Zhiganshina / Alexander Gazsi Tanja Kolbe / Stefano Caruso Carolina Hermann / Daniel Hermann Junior Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Men Niko Ulanovsky Alexander Schöpke Panagiotis Polizoakis Ladies Angelika Dubinski Maria-Katharina Herceg Anna Baumgartel Pairs Annabelle Prölß / Ruben Blommaert Julia Linckh / Konrad Hocker-Scholler Christin Schotte / Kevin Kottek Ice dancing Shari Koch / Christian Nüchtern Katharina Muller / Justin Gerke Kathrin Häuser / Sevan Lerche Senior results Men Rank Name Club Nation Total points SP FS 1 Peter Liebers SCB BER 221.36 1 79.34 1 142.02 2 Paul Fentz SCB BER 184.71 2 66.73 2 117.98 3 Martin Rappe CEC SAS 176.45 3 62.01 3 114.44 4 Denis Wieczorek ESCE THR 169.59 4 55.20 4 114.39 5 Franz Streubel ECO BAY 153.37 5 52.92 5 100.45 6 Norman Keck MERC B-W 145.09 6 49.47 6 95.62 Ladies Rank Name Club Nation Total points SP FS 1 Nicole Schott EJE NRW 131.65 2 45.23 1 86.42 2 Isabel Drescher TSCD NRW 129.01 3 44.03 2 84.98 3 Katharina Zientek SCKR NRW 126.62 5 43.38 3 83.24 4 Sandy Hoffmann DREC SAS 123.13 6 42.15 4 80.98 5 Julia Pfrengle MERC B-W 120.60 4 43.74 5 76.86 6 Nathalie Weinzierl MERC B-W 114.88 1 48.27 9 66.61 7 Christina Erdel ECO BAY 107.19 8 37.51 6 69.68 8 Luisa Weber MERC B-W 105.01 7 40.14 10 64.87 9 Jennifer Parker ECO BAY 104.79 11 35.84 7 68.95 10 Jennifer Urban ECO BAY 100.28 10 36.01 11 64.27 11 Jacqueline Drange EJE NRW 97.64 13 30.17 8 67.47 12 Jil Kötting TECW B-W 84.06 14 29.90 12 54.16 13 Katharina Helwert WSVA BAY 79.29 12 30.88 13 48.41 WD Jessica Füssinger ECO BAY 9 36.53 Pairs Rank Name Club Nation Total points SP FS 1 Maylin Hausch / Daniel Wende ECO / EJE B / N 157.82 1 55.56 1 102.26 2 Mari Vartmann / Aaron Van Cleave DEG / SCB N / B 133.45 2 48.82 2 84.63 Ice dancing Rank Name Club Nation Total points SD FD 1 Nelli Zhiganshina / Alexander Gazsi ECO BAY 157.42 1 64.82 1 92.60 2 Tanja Kolbe / Stefano Caruso BTSC BER 122.52 2 50.68 3 71.84 3 Carolina Hermann / Daniel Hermann ERCW NRW 121.35 3 49.31 2 72.04 Junior results The 2011–12 competition for Junior, Jugend, and Nachwuchs levels was held from December 14–18, 2011 in Oberstdorf. Men Rank Name Club Nation Total points SP FS 1 Niko Ulanovsky ERCW NRW 156.55 1 50.73 2 105.82 2 Alexander Schöpke ESCE THR 153.78 4 46.01 1 107.77 3 Panagiotis Polizoakis ECO BAY 141.28 2 48.65 3 92.63 4 Christopher Hüttl ESCE THR 128.00 3 47.18 5 80.82 5 Vincent Hey ESCE THR 127.08 10 38.09 4 88.99 + 10 competitors Ladies Rank Name Club Nation Total points SP FS 1 Angelika Dubinski BSV92 BER 127.94 3 42.86 1 85.08 2 Maria-Katharina Herceg ECR BAY 118.75 1 44.84 2 73.91 3 Anna Baumgärtel ERCW NRW 111.31 4 42.52 3 68.79 4 Anneli Kawelke ERCM BAY 110.36 6 41.68 4 68.68 5 Juliette Höhn BTSC BER 105.72 5 41.98 9 63.74 + 36 competitors Pairs Rank Name Club Nation Total points SP FS 1 Annabelle Prölß / Ruben Blommaert ECO BAY 118.01 1 38.61 1 79.40 2 Julia Linckh / Konrad Hocker-Scholler ECO BAY 96.25 3 33.88 2 62.37 3 Christin Schotte / Kevin Kottek SCB BER 88.37 4 33.45 3 54.92 4 Katharina Lesser / Timo Müller ECO / WBCM BAY 72.12 5 24.15 4 47.97 WD Vanessa Bauer / Nolan Seegert BSV92 / SCB BER 2 37.89 Ice dancing Rank Name Club Nation Total points SD FD 1 Shari Koch / Christian Nüchtern DEG / EGS NRW 130.88 1 55.91 1 74.97 2 Katharina Müller / Justin Gerke SCC BER 106.55 2 43.04 2 63.51 3 Kathrin Häuser / Sevan Lerche TSCD NRW 101.23 4 40.15 3 61.08 + 7 other couples External links 2012 German Championships: Senior results at the Deutsche Eislauf Union 2012 German Junior Championships: Junior, youth, and novice results at the Deutsche Eislauf Union 2012 German Championships at the Deutsche Eislauf Union vteGerman Figure Skating Championships 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 vte2011–12 figure skating seasonISU World Standings and Season's World RankingISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Skate America Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Trophée Éric Bompard Cup of Russia Grand Prix Final Senior Internationals Asian Trophy Coupe Internationale de Nice Crystal Skate of Romania Finlandia Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Ice Challenge International Challenge Cup Merano Cup Nebelhorn Trophy New Zealand Winter Games Nordic Championships NRW Trophy Ondrej Nepela Memorial Pavel Roman Memorial World Team Trophy Youth Olympics Qualification Boys' singles Girls' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team trophy Junior Internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final World Junior Championships National Championships Australia Austria Belgium Canada China (National Games of China) Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Great Britain Hungary Italy Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Russia Slovakia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Oberstdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberstdorf"},{"link_name":"men's singles, ladies' singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_skating"},{"link_name":"pair skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_skating"},{"link_name":"ice dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancing"},{"link_name":"2012 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2012 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"text":"The 2012 German Figure Skating Championships (German: Deutsche Meisterschaften im Eiskunstlaufen 2012) took place on January 6–7, 2012 in at the Eissportzentrum Oberstdorf in Oberstdorf. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior, junior, and novice levels. The results of the national championships were among the criteria used to choose the German teams to the 2012 World Championships and 2012 European Championships.","title":"2012 German Figure Skating Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Junior","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Senior results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Senior results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ladies","title":"Senior results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pairs","title":"Senior results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ice dancing","title":"Senior results"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The 2011–12 competition for Junior, Jugend, and Nachwuchs levels was held from December 14–18, 2011 in Oberstdorf.","title":"Junior results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","text":"+ 10 competitors","title":"Junior results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ladies","text":"+ 36 competitors","title":"Junior results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pairs","title":"Junior results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ice dancing","text":"+ 7 other couples","title":"Junior results"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.deu-event.de/results/dm2012/","external_links_name":"2012 German Championships: Senior results"},{"Link":"http://www.deu-event.de/results/dnm2012/","external_links_name":"2012 German Junior Championships: Junior, youth, and novice results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120110223133/http://www.eislauf-union.de/Deutsche-Meisterschaften-2012_Veranstaltungendetail_Zuschauer_34_kkdetail_view_verans.html","external_links_name":"2012 German Championships"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Anderson
Maurice Anderson
["1 Biography","2 References"]
British lieutenant-Colonel/195th Field Ambulance For the American football player, see Maurice Anderson (American football). Lieutenant-Colonel William Maurice E Anderson MD, DSO (often referred to as Bill Anderson despite the fact he went by the name of Maurice), joined the British 6th Airborne Division in 1943, and became CO of the 195th (Airlanding) Field Ambulance. (1)(4) Biography On D-Day he arrived at Ranville, France by glider and was wounded by sniper fire two days later at Longueval (2). He recovered (unlike the sniper, who was killed by a Royal Ulster Rifleman) and subsequently participated in the Ardennes offensive (the Battle of the Bulge) and Rhine crossings (Operation Varsity). In the latter operation his unit saw around 400 casualties during the 30 hours after landing. In 1945 he was part of the force that liberated Belsen and shook hands with the Russians on the banks of the River Elbe (3). He was then invited to form the No2 Medical Commando with a view to fighting the Japanese, but this was cancelled by the subsequent bombing and surrender of Japan. He died 13 December 1986 aged 78, succeeded by one son – Lieutenant-Colonel (Retd) William Robert George ("Robin") Anderson. Lieutenant-Colonel W.M.E. Anderson (63162) D.S.O. Citation: At Hamminkeln on 24 March 1945, Lieutenant-Colonel Anderson was in command of 195 Airlanding Field Ambulance, which collected, treated and held over four hundred casualties for well over thirty hours. Conditions were difficult at first due to sustained enemy fire and later on due to limited accommodation and numbers of casualties mounting rapidly, but Colonel Anderson dealt so decisively and actively with each difficulty that at no time was the well being of the patients endangered. At no time did he allow enemy activity which was particularly violent during the early stages to interfere with the cool and skilful exercise of his duties. At Longueval, Normandy on 10 June 1944, the Regimental Aid Post of the 1st Royal Ulster Rifles was attacked by a company of enemy infantry, several patients loaded on jeeps being killed and wounded. Colonel Anderson although himself badly wounded by the first burst of fire, organised and personally assisted the removal of the patients to cover. He afterwards led the convoy through the enemy lines and not until reaching his Main Dressing Station would he allow his wound to be dressed. Throughout the campaign BLA, whether in France, the Ardennes or Germany, this officer has shown a consistently high standard of gallantry and devotion to duty. References
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurice Anderson (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Anderson_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel"},{"link_name":"British 6th Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_6th_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"CO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"195th (Airlanding) Field Ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/195th_(Airlanding)_Field_Ambulance"}],"text":"For the American football player, see Maurice Anderson (American football).Lieutenant-Colonel William Maurice E Anderson MD, DSO (often referred to as Bill Anderson despite the fact he went by the name of Maurice), joined the British 6th Airborne Division in 1943, and became CO of the 195th (Airlanding) Field Ambulance. (1)(4)","title":"Maurice Anderson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ranville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranville"},{"link_name":"Royal Ulster Rifleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"Operation Varsity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Varsity"},{"link_name":"River Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Elbe"}],"text":"On D-Day he arrived at Ranville, France by glider and was wounded by sniper fire two days later at Longueval (2). He recovered (unlike the sniper, who was killed by a Royal Ulster Rifleman) and subsequently participated in the Ardennes offensive (the Battle of the Bulge) and Rhine crossings (Operation Varsity). In the latter operation his unit saw around 400 casualties during the 30 hours after landing. In 1945 he was part of the force that liberated Belsen and shook hands with the Russians on the banks of the River Elbe (3). He was then invited to form the No2 Medical Commando with a view to fighting the Japanese, but this was cancelled by the subsequent bombing and surrender of Japan.He died 13 December 1986 aged 78, succeeded by one son – Lieutenant-Colonel (Retd) William Robert George (\"Robin\") Anderson.Lieutenant-Colonel W.M.E. Anderson (63162) D.S.O. Citation:At Hamminkeln on 24 March 1945, Lieutenant-Colonel Anderson was in command of 195 Airlanding Field Ambulance, which collected, treated and held over four hundred casualties for well over thirty hours. Conditions were difficult at first due to sustained enemy fire and later on due to limited accommodation and numbers of casualties mounting rapidly, but Colonel Anderson dealt so decisively and actively with each difficulty that at no time was the well being of the patients endangered. At no time did he allow enemy activity which was particularly violent during the early stages to interfere with the cool and skilful exercise of his duties.At Longueval, Normandy on 10 June 1944, the Regimental Aid Post of the 1st Royal Ulster Rifles was attacked by a company of enemy infantry, several patients loaded on jeeps being killed and wounded. Colonel Anderson although himself badly wounded by the first burst of fire, organised and personally assisted the removal of the patients to cover. He afterwards led the convoy through the enemy lines and not until reaching his Main Dressing Station would he allow his wound to be dressed.Throughout the campaign BLA, whether in France, the Ardennes or Germany, this officer has shown a consistently high standard of gallantry and devotion to duty.","title":"Biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimpisen_urheilukeskus
Kimpinen Sports Centre
["1 External links"]
Coordinates: 61°03′46″N 28°11′55″E / 61.06278°N 28.19861°E / 61.06278; 28.19861This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kimpinen Sports Centre" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Athletics stadium in Lappeenranta, Finland You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Finnish. (June 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fi|Kimpisen urheilukeskus}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Kimpinen Sports CentreLocationKimpinen, Lappeenranta, FinlandCoordinates61°03′46″N 28°11′55″E / 61.06278°N 28.19861°E / 61.06278; 28.19861OwnerLappeenrantaCapacity4,900Field size100 m × 60 m (330 ft × 200 ft)ConstructionBuilt1939Renovated2006-2007TenantsPEPO, Rajaritarit Kimpinen Sports Centre Kimpinen Sports Centre (Finnish: Kimpisen urheilukeskus) is an athletics stadium in Lappeenranta, Finland. The stadium is used by, for example, PEPO football team, Rajaritarit American football team and Lappeenrannan Urheilu-Miehet athletics team. External links Kimpisen urheilukeskus in Lappeenranta's web site
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kimpinen_Sports_Centre&params=61_03_46_N_28_11_55_E_region:FI-ES_type:landmark_source:kolossus-fiwiki","external_links_name":"61°03′46″N 28°11′55″E / 61.06278°N 28.19861°E / 61.06278; 28.19861"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kimpinen+Sports+Centre%22","external_links_name":"\"Kimpinen Sports Centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kimpinen+Sports+Centre%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kimpinen+Sports+Centre%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kimpinen+Sports+Centre%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kimpinen+Sports+Centre%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kimpinen+Sports+Centre%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kimpinen_Sports_Centre&params=61_03_46_N_28_11_55_E_region:FI-ES_type:landmark_source:kolossus-fiwiki","external_links_name":"61°03′46″N 28°11′55″E / 61.06278°N 28.19861°E / 61.06278; 28.19861"},{"Link":"https://www.lappeenranta.fi/fi/Palvelut/Kulttuuri-ja-liikunta/Ulkoliikuntapaikat/Kimpisen-urheilukeskus","external_links_name":"Kimpisen urheilukeskus in Lappeenranta's web site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pecos_(AO-65)
USS Pecos (AO-65)
["1 Bora Bora","2 Escort","3 The Pacific","4 Decommissioned","5 References"]
Oiler of the United States Navy For other ships with the same name, see USS Pecos. USS Pecos History United States NameUSS Pecos NamesakePecos River in New Mexico and Texas Laid down20 April 1942 Launched17 August 1942 Acquired29 August 1942 Commissioned5 October 1942 Decommissioned14 March 1946 In service18 July 1950 Stricken23 April 1947 Reinstated20 March 1950 FateScrapped July 1975 General characteristics TypeSuamico-class fleet replenishment oiler Displacement 5,782 long tons (5,875 t) light 21,880 long tons (22,231 t) full Length523 ft 6 in (159.56 m) Beam68 ft (21 m) Draft30 ft (9.1 m) PropulsionTurbo-electric, single screw, 8,000 hp (5,966 kW) Speed15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph) Capacity140,000 barrels (22,000 m3) Complement251 Armament 1 × 5"/38 caliber guns 4 × 3"/50 caliber guns 4 × twin 40 mm AA guns 4 × twin 20 mm AA guns USS Pecos (AO–65) was laid down 20 April 1942 by the Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. as a type T3-SE-A1 tanker, Chester, Pennsylvania, as Corsicana (MC hull 325); launched 17 August acquired by the Navy 29 August 1942; and commissioned 5 October 1942. Bora Bora After operations along the Atlantic coast, the oiler transited the Panama Canal and sailed 18 February 1943 for Fanui Bay, Bora Bora, mothering a brood of 11 subchasers, five yard minesweepers, numerous LCI(L)'s, and one net tender. Four motor torpedo boats nested in cradles in the forward and after well decks. Pecos fueled each small craft every four days. Throughout the voyage, groups of boats came alongside the tanker for fuel; then, replenished, gave place to others. Pecos next supported the landings at Tarawa, Gilbert Islands, refueling the bombardment and transport groups. She returned to the West Coast late in 1943 and departed San Pedro, Calif., on New Year's Eve after undergoing repairs and loading with oil and supplies. Escort Pecos departed Majuro Atoll 2 February 1944 to escort Washington into the anchorage after the latter's bow had been shorn off in collision with Indiana. For over three hours the officers and men of Pecos worked at the delicate task of getting the huge battleship alongside, then maneuvering her into the atoll. She performed the whole operation in the dark, and acted as anchor for Washington overnight. Less than two weeks after Kwajalein Atoll fell to the Americans, the tanker steamed into the lagoon and refueled warships in the Marshall Islands until returning to Pearl Harbor early in March for oil and supplies. She then headed for the southwest Pacific to support strikes against the Palaus in late March and early April. The Pacific For ten hours on 10 July, shells from marine "Long-Tom" cannons flew over Pecos as she lay at anchor off Saipan, refueling cruisers, destroyers, and an LST full of high explosives. The oiler next began fueling operations running between Eniwetok in the Marshalls and Manus in the Admiralty Islands. In September, she participated in the Palau invasion, fueling the bombardment and transport groups. On 2 January 1945, Japanese aircraft attacked the tanker as she steamed from Leyte Gulf toward Mindoro. The following day seven general quarters alarms announced Japanese planes. A bomb exploded so close astern that the oil feed pump fuses blew temporarily stopping the main engine. On the evening of 4 January, three enemy planes attacked the anchorage in Mangarin Bay, Mindoro. One bomb, a dud, skipped from the water and smashed into the after port cargo boom of Pecos, bending it almost double. A plane crashed into an ammunition ship lying less than a mile away, causing it to explode in a single, blinding flash. Pecos' guns splashed one attacker. Pecos shot down two more Japanese planes during a raid in the Sulu Sea off Negros Island. A single engine Japanese plane dove out of the sun on the ship's starboard quarter 7 January 1945, releasing a bomb that struck the water 100 feet off her port bow before a tanker ahead of Pecos shot this plane down. During the next weeks, Pecos fueled the huge task force steaming up the South China Sea for the Lingayen landings. General Quarters became as routine an affair as fueling, as enemy planes continued to operate in the Mindoro area. The veteran oiler next steamed to Mangarin Bay to supply aviation gasoline for an Army Air Force unit based there 18 February. Previously, fuel for the squadron's P–38 fighters had been flown in by transport aircraft, but the planes now were virtually grounded for lack of gasoline. At the month's end, Pecos departed the Philippine area for Ulithi Atoll in the Western Caroline Islands to prepare for the war's final major landing operation at Okinawa, She spent April and May at sea in the fueling area off Okinawa transferring oil and gasoline to 3rd Fleet ships. Pecos spent two hectic days outside of Hagushi Anchorage, adjoining the war-torn city of Naha, fueling destroyers on the perilous picket lines. On the evening of 20 May, in a major Japanese air raid, kamikaze pilots hit five of the picket ships. but the tanker was untouched. Pecos sailed for the United States on 28 May, after seventeen consecutive months overseas. With overhaul completed, Pecos departed San Francisco 14 August 1945—as word was received of the end of hostilities. By 26 September she was anchored in Sasebo Ko, Kyushu Island, Japan, which had just been occupied by American naval forces, fueling the vessels in the harbor. Decommissioned Pecos decommissioned 14 March 1946. She was transferred to the Maritime Commission 1 April 1947 and struck from the Navy List 23 April 1947. By directive dated January 1948, Pecos was reacquired by the Navy. She was reinstated on the Navy List 20 March 1950. She was then taken over by the Military Sea Transportation Service 18 July 1950 to be operated by a merchant crew. USNS Pecos was operated by Mathiasen's Tanker Industry Inc under contract to the U.S. Government until 1975. Commodore Larry Wade was CO from March 13, 1972, until October 19, 1972, during which time she traded in the Caribbean and made trips to the Arctic assigned to the 1st Naval District. In October 1957, while on a voyage to the Middle East, she received an SOS from the USS Merrimack (AO-37) after the oiler had lost all propulsion power. The USNS Mission Soledad (T-AO-136) rendered assistance until Pecos arrived and towed the stricken ship into Bombay, India. She was scrapped in July 1975. Pecos received seven Battle Stars for World War II service. References  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. navsource.org USS Pecos (AO-65) vteSuamico-class oilers Suamico Tallulah Pecos Cache Millicoma Saranac Saugatuck Schuylkill Cossatot Chepachet Cowanesque Cedar Creek Sappa Creek Paoli List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy vteType T2-SE-A1 tankersAlabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company Abiqua Ackia Apache Canyon Arickaree Ash Hollow Autossee Beaver Dam Beecher Island Birch Coolie Blue Licks Boonesborough Buffalo Wallow Cahawba Callabee Camas Meadows Canyon Creek Cayuse Cedar Mills Chicaca Cottonwood Creek Crow Wing Evans Creek Fort Pitt Fort Ridgely Fort Robinson Four Lakes Golden Hill Grand River Hat Creek Honningsvaag Horseshoe Julesburg Kaposia Kathio Little Big Horn Little Butte McClellan Creek Mobile Bay Palo Duro Pawnee Rock Pine Ridge Piqua Pit River Powder River Quemado Lake Red Canyon Rogue River Rosebud Sandy Lake Sappa Creek Sideling Hill Skull Bar Spirit Lake Sweetwater The Yakima Touchet Wagon Box Wahoo Swamp War Bonnet Washita White River Wolf Mountain Wood Lake Wyoming Valley Marinship Antelope Hills Baldwin Hills Buena Vista Hills Coalinga Hills Elk Hills Inglewood Hills Kettleman Hills Lost Hills McKittrick Hills Midway Hills Montebello Hills Newhall Hills Potrero Hills Rincon Hills Signal Hills Sunset Hills Ventura Hills Whittier Hills Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. Allatoona Amiens Appomattox Averysboro Ball's Bluff Bennington Black Jack Blackstocks Ford Blackwater Bloody Marsh Boundbrook Brandy Station Brandywine Buena Vista Bull Run Bunker Hill Bushy Run Caddo Cantigny Caribbean Carnifax Ferry Catawba Ford Catham Cedar Creek Cedar Mountain Cerro Gordo Chadd's Ford Champion's Hill Chancellorsville Chantilly Chapultepec Charlestown Chateau-Thierry Cherry Valley Chesapeake Capes Chickamauga Chrysler's Field Churubusco Conastoga (MC hull number 350) Conastoga (MC hull number 352) Contreras Corinth Corsicana Cowpens Cross Keys Crown Point Diamond Island Drewry's Bluff Edge Hill Esso Camden Esso Memphis Esso New Haven Esso Portland Esso Roanoke Esso Scranton Esso Springfield Esso Utica Eutaw Springs Fairfax Fisher's Hill Five Forks Fort Cornwallis Fort Cumberland Fort Duquesne Fort Lee Fort Necessity Fort Niagara Fort Schuyler Fort Stanwick Fredericksburg French Creek Frenchtown Front Royal Gaines Mill Germantown Gettysburg Glorieta Great Meadows Groveton Guilford/Colina Hanging Rock Harlem Heights Harpers Ferry Hegra Hobkirk's Hill Hubbardton Jalapa James Island Karsten Wang Kenesaw Mountain Kernstown Kettle Creek Kittanning La Mesa Lake Erie Lake George Lone Jack Lookout Mountain Louisburg Lyon's Creek Malvern Hill Manassas Marne Mauvilla McDowell Meuse-Argonne Mill Spring Missionary Ridge Molino del Rey Monmouth Monocacy Moor's Fields Murfreesboro Musgrove Mills New Hope New Market Newtown Opequon Paoli Perote Perryville Pine Bluff Point Pleasant Port Republic Port Royal Prairie Grove Princeton Pueblo Rich Mountain Ridgefield Rum River Sag Harbor Saint Mihiel Salmon Falls San Antonio San Pasqual Sandy Creek Santiago Sedan Seven Pines Sharpsburg Shiloh Somme South Mountain Spottsylvania Spring Hill Stillwater Tampico Ticonderoga Trenton/Calusa Trevilian Tullahoma Turkey Island Valley Forge Valverde Vera Cruz Vicksburg Vincennes Wauhatchie Waxhaws White Plains Whitehorse Williamsburg Winchester Yellow Tavern Swan Island Shipyard Bandelier Battle Mountain Battle Rock Beacon Rock Blacks Hills Bladensburg Brookfield Camp Namanu Casa Grande Castle Pinckney Celilo Chaco Canyon Chalmette Champoeg Coquille Corvallis Coulee Dam Crater Lake Donner Lake Egg Harbor El Morro Elk Basin Fallen Timbers Forbes Road Fort Charlotte Fort Clatsop Fort Dearborn Fort Donelson Fort Erie Fort George Fort Henry Fort Matanzas Fort McHenry Fort Meigs Fort Moultrie Fort Stephenson Fort Sumter Fort Washington Fort William Fort Winnebago Fort Wood Gervais Glacier Park Grand Mesa Grand Teton Grande Ronde Hadley Hood River Hovenweep Idaho Falls Jacksonville Klamath Falls Lack Champlain Laurel Hill Lundy's Lane Meacham Mechanicsville Mesa Verde Montezuma Castle Nehalem New London Newberg Nickajack Trail Northfield Ochoco Oregon Trail Owyhee Pendleton Pequot Hill Pilot Butte Pioneer Valley Pipe Spring Plattsburg Pulpit Rock Quebec Queenstown Heights Rainier River Raisin Sackett's Harbor Schenectady Scotts Bluff Shawnee Trail Silverpeak Smoky Hill Stony Creek Stony Point Swan Island Table Rock The Dalles Tillamook Tonto Trailblazer Tumacacori Tuolumne Meadows Umatilla Verendrye W.L.R. Emmet Wallowa Warrior Point White Oak Wolf Creek Yamhill York
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Pecos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pecos"},{"link_name":"Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Shipbuilding_and_Dry_Dock_Co."},{"link_name":"Chester, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Pecos.USS Pecos (AO–65) was laid down 20 April 1942 by the Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. as a type T3-SE-A1 tanker, Chester, Pennsylvania, as Corsicana (MC hull 325); launched 17 August acquired by the Navy 29 August 1942; and commissioned 5 October 1942.","title":"USS Pecos (AO-65)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Fanui Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanui_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bora Bora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_Bora"},{"link_name":"Tarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarawa_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Islands"},{"link_name":"San Pedro, Calif.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Calif."},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"}],"text":"After operations along the Atlantic coast, the oiler transited the Panama Canal and sailed 18 February 1943 for Fanui Bay, Bora Bora, mothering a brood of 11 subchasers, five yard minesweepers, numerous LCI(L)'s, and one net tender. Four motor torpedo boats nested in cradles in the forward and after well decks. Pecos fueled each small craft every four days. Throughout the voyage, groups of boats came alongside the tanker for fuel; then, replenished, gave place to others. Pecos next supported the landings at Tarawa, Gilbert Islands, refueling the bombardment and transport groups. She returned to the West Coast late in 1943 and departed San Pedro, Calif., on New Year's Eve after undergoing repairs and loading with oil and supplies.","title":"Bora Bora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Majuro Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuro_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Kwajalein Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Palaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaus"}],"text":"Pecos departed Majuro Atoll 2 February 1944 to escort Washington into the anchorage after the latter's bow had been shorn off in collision with Indiana. For over three hours the officers and men of Pecos worked at the delicate task of getting the huge battleship alongside, then maneuvering her into the atoll. She performed the whole operation in the dark, and acted as anchor for Washington overnight. Less than two weeks after Kwajalein Atoll fell to the Americans, the tanker steamed into the lagoon and refueled warships in the Marshall Islands until returning to Pearl Harbor early in March for oil and supplies. She then headed for the southwest Pacific to support strikes against the Palaus in late March and early April.","title":"Escort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok"},{"link_name":"Manus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manus_Island"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_Islands"},{"link_name":"Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Mindoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindoro"},{"link_name":"Mangarin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangarin_Bay"},{"link_name":"Sulu Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Sea"},{"link_name":"Negros Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negros_Island"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ulithi Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithi_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Caroline Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Hagushi Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hagushi_Anchorage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naha"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Sasebo Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasebo_Ko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kyushu Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu_Island"}],"text":"For ten hours on 10 July, shells from marine \"Long-Tom\" cannons flew over Pecos as she lay at anchor off Saipan, refueling cruisers, destroyers, and an LST full of high explosives. The oiler next began fueling operations running between Eniwetok in the Marshalls and Manus in the Admiralty Islands. In September, she participated in the Palau invasion, fueling the bombardment and transport groups.On 2 January 1945, Japanese aircraft attacked the tanker as she steamed from Leyte Gulf toward Mindoro. The following day seven general quarters alarms announced Japanese planes. A bomb exploded so close astern that the oil feed pump fuses blew temporarily stopping the main engine. On the evening of 4 January, three enemy planes attacked the anchorage in Mangarin Bay, Mindoro. One bomb, a dud, skipped from the water and smashed into the after port cargo boom of Pecos, bending it almost double. A plane crashed into an ammunition ship lying less than a mile away, causing it to explode in a single, blinding flash. Pecos' guns splashed one attacker. Pecos shot down two more Japanese planes during a raid in the Sulu Sea off Negros Island.A single engine Japanese plane dove out of the sun on the ship's starboard quarter 7 January 1945, releasing a bomb that struck the water 100 feet off her port bow before a tanker ahead of Pecos shot this plane down. During the next weeks, Pecos fueled the huge task force steaming up the South China Sea for the Lingayen landings. General Quarters became as routine an affair as fueling, as enemy planes continued to operate in the Mindoro area.The veteran oiler next steamed to Mangarin Bay to supply aviation gasoline for an Army Air Force unit based there 18 February. Previously, fuel for the squadron's P–38 fighters had been flown in by transport aircraft, but the planes now were virtually grounded for lack of gasoline. At the month's end, Pecos departed the Philippine area for Ulithi Atoll in the Western Caroline Islands to prepare for the war's final major landing operation at Okinawa, She spent April and May at sea in the fueling area off Okinawa transferring oil and gasoline to 3rd Fleet ships.Pecos spent two hectic days outside of Hagushi Anchorage, adjoining the war-torn city of Naha, fueling destroyers on the perilous picket lines. On the evening of 20 May, in a major Japanese air raid, kamikaze pilots hit five of the picket ships. but the tanker was untouched. Pecos sailed for the United States on 28 May, after seventeen consecutive months overseas. With overhaul completed, Pecos departed San Francisco 14 August 1945—as word was received of the end of hostilities. By 26 September she was anchored in Sasebo Ko, Kyushu Island, Japan, which had just been occupied by American naval forces, fueling the vessels in the harbor.","title":"The Pacific"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"SOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS"},{"link_name":"USS Merrimack (AO-37)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Merrimack_(AO-37)"},{"link_name":"USNS Mission Soledad (T-AO-136)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Mission_Soledad"},{"link_name":"Bombay, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay,_India"},{"link_name":"Battle Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_star"}],"text":"Pecos decommissioned 14 March 1946. She was transferred to the Maritime Commission 1 April 1947 and struck from the Navy List 23 April 1947. By directive dated January 1948, Pecos was reacquired by the Navy. She was reinstated on the Navy List 20 March 1950. She was then taken over by the Military Sea Transportation Service 18 July 1950 to be operated by a merchant crew. USNS Pecos was operated by Mathiasen's Tanker Industry Inc under contract to the U.S. Government until 1975. Commodore Larry Wade was CO from March 13, 1972, until October 19, 1972, during which time she traded in the Caribbean and made trips to the Arctic assigned to the 1st Naval District. In October 1957, while on a voyage to the Middle East, she received an SOS from the USS Merrimack (AO-37) after the oiler had lost all propulsion power. The USNS Mission Soledad (T-AO-136) rendered assistance until Pecos arrived and towed the stricken ship into Bombay, India.She was scrapped in July 1975.Pecos received seven Battle Stars for World War II service.","title":"Decommissioned"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/19/19065.htm","external_links_name":"navsource.org USS Pecos (AO-65)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Hautzig
Esther Hautzig
["1 Biography","2 Personal life and death","3 Works","3.1 Everyday life","3.2 Culture and history","4 References"]
American writer Esther R. Hautzig (Hebrew: אסתר האוציג, October 18, 1930 – November 1, 2009, in America) was a Polish-born American writer, best known for her award-winning book The Endless Steppe (1968). Biography Esther Hautzig (previously known as Esther Rudomin) was born in Vilna, Poland (present-day Vilnius, Lithuania). Her childhood was gravely interrupted by the beginning of World War II and the conquest in 1941 of eastern Poland by Soviet troops. Her family was uprooted and deported to Rubtsovsk, Siberia, where Esther spent the next five years in harsh exile. Her award-winning novel The Endless Steppe is an autobiographical account of those years in Siberia. After the war, when she was 15, she and her family moved back to Poland, although in her heart, Esther wanted to stay. Hautzig reportedly wrote The Endless Steppe at the prompting of Presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson, to whom she had written after reading his articles about his visit to Rubtsovsk. Personal life and death Rudomin met Walter Hautzig, a concert pianist, while en route to America on a student visa in 1947. They married in 1950, and had two children, Deborah, a children's author, and David. She died on November 1, 2009, aged 79, from a combination of congestive heart failure and complications from Alzheimer's disease. Hautzig helped to discover and eventually publish the master's thesis in mathematics written by her uncle Ela-Chaim Cunzer (1914–1943/44) at the University of Wilno in 1937. Cunzer was taught, among others, by Antoni Zygmund. Cunzer died in a concentration camp. Works Many of Hautzig's works are books about everyday life for pre-adolescent and early adolescent children. They encourage exploration and activity. Her Four languages books are written in English, Spanish, French, and Russian. She maintained deep connections with the expatriate Yiddish literary community. She corresponded with Chaim Potok and wrote the introduction for a new edition of Israel Cohen's cultural history of Vilna (Vilnius) . Hautzig's book The Endless Steppe has appeared in dozens of editions and has been translated into many languages, including Catalan, Dutch, Danish, English (Braille), French, German, Greek, Indonesian, Japanese, Sinhalese, and Swedish. Everyday life Let's cook without cooking. New York: Crowell, 1955. Let's make presents. 100 gifts for less than $1.00. New York: Crowell, 1962. At home: A visit in four languages. Illustrated by Aliki Brandenberg. New York: Macmillan, 1968. In the park: An excursion in four languages. Illustrated by Ezra Jack Keats. New York: Macmillan, 1968. In school: Learning in four languages. Illustrated by Nonny Hogrogian. New York: Macmillan, 1969. Let's make more presents: Easy and inexpensive gifts for every occasion. Illustrated by Ray Skibinski. New York: Macmillan, 1973. Cool cooking: 16 recipes without a stove. Illustrated by Beth Peck. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company, 1973 Life with working parents: Practical hints for everyday situations. Illustrated by Roy Doty. New York: Macmillan, 1976. A gift for mama. Illustrated by Donna Diamond. New York: Puffin Books, 1981. Holiday treats. Illustrated by Yaroslava. New York: Macmillan, 1983. Make it special: cards, decorations, and party favors for holidays and other special occasions. Illustrated by Martha Weston. New York: Macmillan, 1986. On the air: Behind the scenes at a TV newscast. Photographs by David Hautzig. New York: Macmillan, 1991. Also available in Braille. Culture and history The endless steppe: A girl in exile. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1968. Peretz, Isaac Leib. The case against the wind, and other stories. Translated (from Yiddish). With Leon Steinmetz. New York: Macmillan, 1975. Peretz, Isaac Leib. The seven good years and other stories. Translated. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1984. Remember who you are: Stories about being Jewish. New York: Crown Publishers, 1990. Riches. Illustrated by Donna Diamond. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. Also available in Braille. A picture of grandmother. Illustrated by Beth Peck. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 2002. Also available in French. References ^ "Esther Hautzig, Author of Wartime Survival Tale, Dies at 79", Joseph Berger, New York Times, November 3, 2009. ^ Cunzer, Ela-Chaim (1937). On convex and subharmonic functions (Catalog entry for translated manuscript). Translated by Wlordarski, Krzysztof. Spencertown, NY: E. R. Hauztig. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Hautzig, Esther (1993–2000). Chaim Potok papers, folder 889. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780064405775. OCLC 701242669. ^ Cohen, Israel. Vilna (1992 ed.). Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. ^ All editions for Endless Steppe. OCLC 896726597. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"The Endless Steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Endless_Steppe"}],"text":"Esther R. Hautzig (Hebrew: אסתר האוציג, October 18, 1930 – November 1, 2009, in America) was a Polish-born American writer, best known for her award-winning book The Endless Steppe (1968).","title":"Esther Hautzig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vilna, Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Rubtsovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubtsovsk"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Adlai Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II"},{"link_name":"Rubtsovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubtsovsk"}],"text":"Esther Hautzig (previously known as Esther Rudomin) was born in Vilna, Poland (present-day Vilnius, Lithuania). Her childhood was gravely interrupted by the beginning of World War II and the conquest in 1941 of eastern Poland by Soviet troops. Her family was uprooted and deported to Rubtsovsk, Siberia, where Esther spent the next five years in harsh exile. Her award-winning novel The Endless Steppe is an autobiographical account of those years in Siberia. After the war, when she was 15, she and her family moved back to Poland, although in her heart, Esther wanted to stay. Hautzig reportedly wrote The Endless Steppe at the prompting of Presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson, to whom she had written after reading his articles about his visit to Rubtsovsk.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Hautzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hautzig"},{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist"},{"link_name":"Deborah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Hautzig"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wilno"},{"link_name":"Antoni Zygmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund"}],"text":"Rudomin met Walter Hautzig, a concert pianist, while en route to America on a student visa in 1947. They married in 1950, and had two children, Deborah, a children's author, and David. She died on November 1, 2009, aged 79, from a combination of congestive heart failure and complications from Alzheimer's disease.[1]Hautzig helped to discover and eventually publish the master's thesis in mathematics[2] written by her uncle Ela-Chaim Cunzer (1914–1943/44) at the University of Wilno in 1937. Cunzer was taught, among others, by Antoni Zygmund. Cunzer died in a concentration camp.","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaim Potok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Potok"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Many of Hautzig's works are books about everyday life for pre-adolescent and early adolescent children. They encourage exploration and activity.\nHer Four languages books are written in English, Spanish, French, and Russian.She maintained deep connections with the expatriate Yiddish literary community. She corresponded with Chaim Potok\n[3]\nand wrote the introduction for a new edition of Israel Cohen's cultural history of Vilna (Vilnius)\n.[4]\nHautzig's book The Endless Steppe has appeared in dozens of editions and has been translated into many languages, including Catalan, Dutch, Danish, English (Braille), French, German, Greek, Indonesian, Japanese, Sinhalese, and Swedish.[5]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Everyday life","text":"Let's cook without cooking. New York: Crowell, 1955.\nLet's make presents. 100 gifts for less than $1.00. New York: Crowell, 1962.\nAt home: A visit in four languages. Illustrated by Aliki Brandenberg. New York: Macmillan, 1968.\nIn the park: An excursion in four languages. Illustrated by Ezra Jack Keats. New York: Macmillan, 1968.\nIn school: Learning in four languages. Illustrated by Nonny Hogrogian. New York: Macmillan, 1969.\nLet's make more presents: Easy and inexpensive gifts for every occasion. Illustrated by Ray Skibinski. New York: Macmillan, 1973.\nCool cooking: 16 recipes without a stove. Illustrated by Beth Peck. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company, 1973\nLife with working parents: Practical hints for everyday situations. Illustrated by Roy Doty. New York: Macmillan, 1976.\nA gift for mama. Illustrated by Donna Diamond. New York: Puffin Books, 1981.\nHoliday treats. Illustrated by Yaroslava. New York: Macmillan, 1983.\nMake it special: cards, decorations, and party favors for holidays and other special occasions. Illustrated by Martha Weston. New York: Macmillan, 1986.\nOn the air: Behind the scenes at a TV newscast. Photographs by David Hautzig. New York: Macmillan, 1991. Also available in Braille.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Culture and history","text":"The endless steppe: A girl in exile. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1968.\nPeretz, Isaac Leib. The case against the wind, and other stories. Translated (from Yiddish). With Leon Steinmetz. New York: Macmillan, 1975.\nPeretz, Isaac Leib. The seven good years and other stories. Translated. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1984.\nRemember who you are: Stories about being Jewish. New York: Crown Publishers, 1990.\nRiches. Illustrated by Donna Diamond. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. Also available in Braille.\nA picture of grandmother. Illustrated by Beth Peck. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 2002. Also available in French.","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Cunzer, Ela-Chaim (1937). On convex and subharmonic functions (Catalog entry for translated manuscript). Translated by Wlordarski, Krzysztof. Spencertown, NY: E. R. Hauztig. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/2500412","url_text":"On convex and subharmonic functions"}]},{"reference":"Hautzig, Esther (1993–2000). Chaim Potok papers, folder 889. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780064405775. OCLC 701242669.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780064405775","url_text":"9780064405775"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/701242669","url_text":"701242669"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Israel. Vilna (1992 ed.). Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"All editions for Endless Steppe. OCLC 896726597.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/896726597","url_text":"896726597"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/ARC-182
AN/ARC-182
["1 See also","2 References"]
American military aircraft VHF/UHF radio transceiver The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "AN/ARC-182" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The AN/ARC-182 is a family of military aircraft radio transceivers designed for two-way, multi-mode voice communications over a 30 to 400 MHz frequency range. It covers both Ultra High Frequency (UHF) and Very High Frequency (VHF) bands with AM, FM, as appropriate. The ARC-182 radio supports the HAVE QUICK II anti-jam waveforms, with an optional control unit. It features a guard channel capability for monitoring 40.5, 121.5, 156.8 and 243 MHz. Transmitter minimum power is 10 watts, AM, and 15 watts, FM. The RT-1250A model radio can communicate with other avionics over a MIL-STD-1553 data bus. Developed in the late 1970s, the ARC-182s were manufactured by Rockwell Collins and are installed in a range of U.S. Navy, Marines and Coast Guard aircraft. Its frequency range includes the following bands: VHF 30-88 MHz FM close air support VHF 108-118 MHz AM navigation, receive only VHF 118-156 MHz AM air traffic control VHF 156-174 MHz FM maritime UHF 225-400 MHz AM/FM military/NATO A single ARC-182 radio allowed pilots to communicate with ground forces for close air support, civilian air traffic control and military UHF-AM users, a unique capability at the time. The ARC-182 (V) version added the ability to communicate with commercial shipping and UHF-FM systems. The -182(V) version added VHF-FM maritime and UHF-FM capabilities. The radio's utility has attracted international attention; the set is being used in 35 countries. Channel spacing is 25 kHz in all bands. The transceiver weights about 10 lb (4.54 kg). Available accessories include remote controls, transmit power amplifiers, antennas, and ground support equipment. It has been largely replaced by the AN/ARC-210 series in U.S. systems. The ARC-210 is an improved version of the ARC-182, adding jam-reisistant SINCGARS capability to communicate with Army radios for close air support. The ARC-182 was used in over 40 different U.S. fixed wing and rotary aircraft, as well as in ground, transportable and mobile applications, and was in service in 42 countries. Starting in 1994, the ARC-182, along with the UHF-only ARC-187, was used to upgrade the U.S Navy's fleet of Lockheed P-3 Orions to add satellite and HaveQuick capabilities and to meet newer civilian air traffic control requirements. See also List of military electronics of the United States References ^ "An/Arc-182(V) technical data sheet". Rockwell Collins. ^ Dixon, Robert (27 August 1998). Radio Receiver Design. CRC Press/Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 9780824701611. Retrieved 30 August 2022. ^ Stephen M. Hardy; Martin Streetly (July 1992). "Hopping on the anti-jam bandwagon". Journal of Electronic Defense. 15 (7). Horizon House Publications. The -182 was unique in that it enabled pilots to communicate in the VHF-FM close air support, VHF-AM air traffic control and UHF-AM military frequency ranges through a single radio. ^ "AN/ARC-182/187". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved August 29, 2022. ^ Mallett, Mark (1982). "Duet With A Hangman (Approach, Volume 28, 1982)". Naval Safety Center. Retrieved 30 August 2022. ^ Navy Training System Plan for the AN/ARC-182(V) Radio Set, N88-NTSP-A-50-8115D/A, March 2000 ^ Brent M. Bennitt (Nov–Dec 1995). "Revolution in strike warfare". Naval Aviation News. 78 (1). The AN/ARC-210(V) EP Radio, a Navy-led, tri-service program, is planned to replace the AN/ARC-182(V) radio ^ Philip J. Klass (June 4, 1990). "Two New Jam-Resistant Sicgars Radios Readied for Flight Tests". Aviation Week. pp. 79–81. Collins new ARC-210 UHF/VHF radio … is an improved version of the company's ARC-182. The new radio is designed to add Sincgars capability to communicate with the Army for close air support, as well as Have Quick-2 for Air Force compatibility. ^ "AN/ARC-182 VHF/UHF AM/FM Transceiver". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
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[]
[{"title":"List of military electronics of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Vaz_(diplomat)
Pedro Vaz (diplomat)
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Uruguayan diplomat, politician, and lawyer Pedro VazFormer Foreign Minister Pedro Vaz (right) meeting with Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet.Minister of Foreign Relations of UruguayIn officeAugust 31, 2009 – March 1, 2010PresidentTabaré VázquezPreceded byGonzalo FernándezSucceeded byLuis Almagro Personal detailsBornDecember 2, 1963Rocha, UruguayDiedDecember 6, 2012(2012-12-06) (aged 49)Santiago, ChileAlma materUniversity of the Republic Pedro Humberto Vaz Ramela (December 2, 1963 – December 6, 2012) was a Uruguayan diplomat, politician, and lawyer. Vaz served as the Minister of Foreign Relations of Uruguay from August 31, 2009 until March 1, 2010. In 2010, President José Mujica appointed him Ambassador to Chile. Biography A lawyer by profession, Vaz served in Uruguayan diplomatic posts in Mexico and Switzerland earlier in his career. Vaz had also previously served as Ambassador to Brazil prior to becoming Foreign Minister. Vaz died from a heart attack at his residence in the Los Condes neighborhood of Santiago, Chile, on December 6, 2012, at the age of 49. He received honors as Minister of State, in a ceremony at the Palacio Santos attended by foreign minister Luis Almagro and the apostolic nuncio Anselmo Guido Pecorari; his remains are buried at the Cemetery of Rocha. References ^ a b c d Arsova, Irina (2012-12-06). "Uruguayan Ambassador in Chile Passes Away". I Love Chile. Archived from the original on 2012-12-10. Retrieved 2012-12-29. ^ Arsova, Irina (2012-12-06). "Murió Pedro Vaz Ramela, embajador uruguayo en Chile". El Observador. Retrieved 2012-12-29. ^ "Honors for Vaz". Presidencia de la República. December 8, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-04-21. (in Spanish) This Uruguayan diplomat-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uruguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Relations_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"José Mujica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mujica"},{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilovechile-1"}],"text":"Pedro Humberto Vaz Ramela (December 2, 1963 – December 6, 2012) was a Uruguayan diplomat, politician, and lawyer. Vaz served as the Minister of Foreign Relations of Uruguay from August 31, 2009 until March 1, 2010. In 2010, President José Mujica appointed him Ambassador to Chile.[1]","title":"Pedro Vaz (diplomat)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilovechile-1"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilovechile-1"},{"link_name":"Los Condes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Condes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santiago, Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilovechile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-observador-2"},{"link_name":"Palacio Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_Santos"},{"link_name":"Luis Almagro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Almagro"},{"link_name":"Anselmo Guido Pecorari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_Guido_Pecorari"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A lawyer by profession, Vaz served in Uruguayan diplomatic posts in Mexico and Switzerland earlier in his career.[1] Vaz had also previously served as Ambassador to Brazil prior to becoming Foreign Minister.[1]Vaz died from a heart attack at his residence in the Los Condes neighborhood of Santiago, Chile, on December 6, 2012, at the age of 49.[1][2] He received honors as Minister of State, in a ceremony at the Palacio Santos attended by foreign minister Luis Almagro and the apostolic nuncio Anselmo Guido Pecorari; his remains are buried at the Cemetery of Rocha.[3]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Arsova, Irina (2012-12-06). \"Uruguayan Ambassador in Chile Passes Away\". I Love Chile. Archived from the original on 2012-12-10. Retrieved 2012-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121210162341/http://ilovechile.cl/2012/12/06/uruguayan-ambassador-chile-passed/74969","url_text":"\"Uruguayan Ambassador in Chile Passes Away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_Chile_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"I Love Chile"},{"url":"http://ilovechile.cl/2012/12/06/uruguayan-ambassador-chile-passed/74969","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arsova, Irina (2012-12-06). \"Murió Pedro Vaz Ramela, embajador uruguayo en Chile\". El Observador. Retrieved 2012-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/238714/murio-pedro-vaz-ramela-embajador-uruguayo-en-chile/","url_text":"\"Murió Pedro Vaz Ramela, embajador uruguayo en Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Observador_(Uruguay)","url_text":"El Observador"}]},{"reference":"\"Honors for Vaz\". Presidencia de la República. December 8, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130421185929/http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/wps/wcm/connect/presidencia/portalpresidencia/comunicacion/comunicacionnoticias/honores-funebres-vaz-cancilleria","url_text":"\"Honors for Vaz\""},{"url":"http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/wps/wcm/connect/presidencia/portalpresidencia/comunicacion/comunicacionnoticias/honores-funebres-vaz-cancilleria","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Byrne
Rose Byrne
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 1994–2006: Beginnings","2.2 2007–2012: Breakthrough","2.3 2013–present: Continued comedic roles","3 Public image","4 Personal life","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","5.3 Music videos","6 Theatre","7 Awards and nominations","8 References","9 External links"]
Australian actress (born 1979) Rose ByrneByrne at the premiere of I Give It a Year in 2013BornMary Rose Byrne (1979-07-24) 24 July 1979 (age 44)Balmain, New South Wales, AustraliaEducationUniversity of SydneyOccupationActressYears active1994–presentPartner(s)Brendan Cowell(2003–2010)Bobby Cannavale(2012–present)Children2RelativesRose McIver (sister-in-law) Mary Rose Byrne (born 24 July 1979) is an Australian actress. She made her screen debut in the film Dallas Doll (1994), and continued to act in Australian film and television throughout the 1990s. She obtained her first leading film role in The Goddess of 1967 (2000), which brought her the Volpi Cup for Best Actress, and made the transition to American cinema with a small role in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002), followed by bigger parts in Hollywood productions of Troy (2004), 28 Weeks Later (2007) and Knowing (2009). Byrne appeared as Ellen Parsons in the legal thriller series Damages (2007–2012), which earned her nominations for two Golden Globe Awards and two Primetime Emmy Awards. Roles in Get Him to the Greek (2010), Bridesmaids (2011), Neighbors (2014), Spy (2015) and Instant Family (2018) established her as a comedic actress. She has also starred in the horror film Insidious (2010) and its sequels Insidious: Chapter 2 (2013) and Insidious: The Red Door (2023) ; the superhero film X-Men: First Class (2011) and its sequel X-Men: Apocalypse (2016); and the family film Peter Rabbit (2018) and its sequel Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway (2021). Byrne also portrayed Gloria Steinem in the miniseries Mrs. America (2020) and led the comedy series Physical (2021–2023) and Platonic (2023). Early life Byrne was born in Balmain, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. She has Irish and Scottish ancestry. Her parents are Jane, a primary school administrator, and Robin Byrne, a semi-retired statistician and market researcher. She is the youngest of their four children; she has an older brother, George, and two older sisters, Alice and Lucy. In a 2009 interview, Byrne said that her mother was an atheist, while both she and her father were agnostic. Her family was described by The Telegraph as "close-knit", and frequently kept her grounded as her career took off. "At one point one of my sisters had a word with me saying, 'Watch yourself'", she once remarked. "But they were really supportive." Byrne attended Balmain Public School, Australian Theatre for Young People (at age eight, encouraged by one of her sisters), and Hunters Hill High School before attending Bradfield Senior College for years 11 and 12. She later lived in the Sydney suburbs of Newtown and Bondi. Growing up, she experienced "plenty of rejection" from film schools. "I auditioned for a few of the big drama schools—Nepean, WAAPA, NIDA—and didn't get in to any of them. I was really disappointed with myself. I wasn't quite sure if I'd be legitimate without training for three years in a more traditional sense". Instead, she studied an arts degree at Sydney University. "I still have great memories of those days: studying, working, auditioning. Just being a jobbing actor trying to figure out life after high school". In 1999, she studied acting at the Atlantic Theater Company, which was developed by David Mamet and William H. Macy. Career 1994–2006: Beginnings Byrne obtained her first film role in Dallas Doll (1994) when she was 15 years old. Throughout the 1990s, she appeared in several Australian television shows, such as Wildside (1997) and Echo Point (1995), and starred as the love interest in the film Two Hands (1999), opposite fellow up-and-coming actor Heath Ledger. A role in the award-winning film My Mother Frank (2000) was followed by her first leading role in Clara Law's The Goddess of 1967 (also 2000), which gained her the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the 57th Venice International Film Festival. Byrne revealed in a post-award interview that, prior to winning the Venice Film Festival Award, she was surprised by her own performance and found it confronting watching the film because her acting was "too depressing". Byrne admitted that "watching myself is confronting because I'm convinced I can't act and I want to get out, that's how insecure I am." On stage, Byrne starred in La Dispute and in a production of Anton Chekhov's classic Three Sisters at the Sydney Theatre Company. In 2002, she appeared in a brief appearance as Dormé, the handmaiden to Natalie Portman's Senator Padmé Amidala, in George Lucas's Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones. She then transitioned to Hollywood as she appeared in the 2002 thriller City of Ghosts, with Matt Dillon. Byrne had flown to the UK to shoot I Capture the Castle (2003), Tim Fywell's adaptation of the 1948 novel of the same title by Dodie Smith. In it, she portrayed Rose Mortmain, the elder sister of Romola Garai's Cassandra. In 2003, Byrne starred in three Australian films; The Night We Called It a Day, with Melanie Griffith and Dennis Hopper; The Rage in Placid Lake, with Ben Lee; and Take Away, alongside Vince Colosimo, Stephen Curry, John Howard and Nathan Phillips. All films were comedies and opened to varying degrees of success at the box office, but The Rage in Placid Lake earned Byrne an AACTA Award nomination for Best Actress. In the epic drama Troy (2004), she took on the role of Briseis, the captured priestess presented to "amuse" Brad Pitt's Achilles. Variety's review of the film stated: "Byrne's spoils-of-war chattel plays more as a convenient invention than as a woman who could possibly turn Achilles’ head and heart around". In her other 2004 film release, the thriller Wicker Park, Byrne appeared, opposite Josh Hartnett and Diane Kruger, as the girlfriend of a young advertising executive's old friend. Wicker Park director Paul McGuigan described her as the best actress he has worked with, and her Troy co-star Peter O'Toole described her as "beautiful, uncomplicated, simple, pure actress and a very nice girl". Byrne reunited with Peter O'Toole, playing a young servant, in the BBC TV drama Casanova (2005), a three-episode production about 18th century Italian adventurer Giacomo Casanova. In 2005, she also starred with Snoop Dogg in The Tenants, based on Bernard Malamud's novel. In 2006, Byrne portrayed Gabrielle de Polastron, duchesse de Polignac, a French aristocrat and friend of Marie Antoinette, in Sofia Coppola's Marie Antoinette, with Kirsten Dunst; and appeared as a medical examiner who thinks the dead woman she is prepping is her missing sister in the critically acclaimed thriller The Dead Girl, directed by Karen Moncrieff. 2007–2012: Breakthrough In 2007, Byrne had significant parts in two studio sci-fi thriller films. She played a space vessel's pilot in Danny Boyle's Sunshine, alongside Cillian Murphy and Chris Evans, and also an army medical officer in Juan Carlos Fresnadillo's 28 Weeks Later, the sequel to Boyle's 28 Days Later. While Sunshine flopped, 28 Weeks Later was a critical success and grossed over US$64.2 million globally. In 2007, Byrne began playing Ellen Parsons, a bright, young attorney, in the FX legal thriller television series Damages, alongside Glenn Close. Her performance was widely praised; she was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2009 and 2010, and for Golden Globe Awards for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film in 2008 and 2010. She appeared in all 59 episodes of the series until its finale in September 2012. Byrne in 2010 Following starring roles in the 2008 independent films Just Buried, directed by Chaz Thorne, and The Tender Hook, with Hugo Weaving, Byrne returned to the mainstream with the role of the mother of a teen, alongside Nicolas Cage, in the sci-fi thriller Knowing (2009); it made US$186.5 million worldwide and received mixed reviews. Byrne said she had not yet become strategic about her film choices. "You gravitate to where you want to go, but so much is out of your control", she remarked. After the success of Damages, she asked her agents to send her out for comedies. "I was doing all of this really heavy, dramatic stuff, and I just needed a break,” she said. Her request was met when she obtained the role of a scandalous pop star and the on-and-off girlfriend of a free-spirited rock star in the comedy Get Him to the Greek (2010), also starring Russell Brand and Jonah Hill. Director Nicholas Stoller admitted that, in her audition, he thought: "'Why is she here?' Because, you know, very good actress, but very serious". Nevertheless, he noted that Byrne "just destroyed Like, destroyed in the way that someone from Saturday Night Live would. And that was that". The film was a commercial success, with a gross of US$60.9 million in North America. 2011 was turning point in Byrne's career, when she appeared in three high-profile theatrical films, leading to a trajectory that included three to four films per year. In her first 2011 release, James Wan's horror film Insidious, she starred as one half of a couple whose son inexplicably enters a comatose state and becomes a vessel for ghosts in an astral dimension. Budgeted at US$1.5 million, it grossed US$97 million and began a franchise. The comedy Bridesmaids featured Byrne as the rich, beautiful, elite wife of the groom's boss, alongside Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph, Melissa McCarthy, Ellie Kemper and Wendi McLendon-Covey. It was a critical and commercial success, it grossed US$26 million in its opening weekend and eventually over US$288 million worldwide. Byrne appeared in X-Men: First Class, directed by Matthew Vaughn, as Moira MacTaggert, a character she described as: "a woman in a man's world, she's very feisty and ambitious—you know, she's got a toughness about her which I liked". She said she was unfamiliar with both the comics and the film series, except for "what a juggernaut of a film it was". She was cast late into production, which had already begun. Her third and final 2011 film, First Class, was also a box office success, grossing US$353.6 million worldwide. 2013–present: Continued comedic roles Byrne had four film releases and one short film in 2013. She obtained the part of the newlywed wife, opposite Rafe Spall, in I Give It a Year, a comedy about the trials and tribulations of a couple during their first year of marriage. The Hollywood Reporter found Byrne and Spall to be "mismatched", while Variety praised their chemistry and noted: "Year will do nothing but enhance the reputations of its core actors, especially Byrne, who's shaping up into an ace comedienne perfectly suited to screwball". The film was a commercial success in the UK and Australia, where it was given a wide release in theatres. In The Place Beyond the Pines, a generational drama directed by Derek Cianfrance, she appeared with Ryan Gosling and Bradley Cooper, as the wife of a police officer who shoots a bank robber and has to deal with the consequences. She played a Google executive in the film The Internship, opposite Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson, as she was drawn to "the way it addressed the generational gaps and the ever-changing landscape of the technological world". Rose Byrne at the premiere of The Hunter in 2011 Byrne filmed The Turning, a short film installment in a Tim Winton omnibus feature, and worked again with fellow Australians Wan and Whannell for the sequel Insidious: Chapter 2, reuniting with Patrick Wilson and Lin Shaye. The film received mixed reviews from critics and became the biggest opening day in North America box office history for the month of September following its release. It eventually made over US$160 million against a budget of US$5 million. 2014 saw Byrne star in the family dramedies Adult Beginners and This Is Where I Leave You as well as the comedy Neighbors, alongside Seth Rogen and Zac Efron, in which she played one half of a couple who come into conflict with a fraternity that has recently moved in next door. Critics highlighted her performance in Neighbors, with The Atlantic writing: "Byrne walks away with the film by making a well-rounded, conflicted person, rather than the film's fun cop who has to tell everyone the boring truth". The film was a box office success, taking in US$270.1 million worldwide. A critically panned but commercially successful remake of the 1982 classic, Annie, was released in December 2014 and featured Byrne playing the role of Grace Farrell, the titular character's mother figure and Mr. Stacks' faithful personal assistant. In 2015, Byrne reunited with Melissa McCarthy and starred with Jude Law and Jason Statham in the hit comedic action film Spy, playing the daughter of an arms dealer, and also starred with Susan Sarandon in the dramedy The Meddler as the daughter of an ageing widow who moves to Los Angeles in hopes of starting a new life after her husband passes away. The film was acclaimed by critics and found an audience in limited release. In 2016, she reprised her roles in Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising and X-Men: Apocalypse, and in 2017, she filmed the black comedy I Love You, Daddy, directed by and also starring Louis C.K., but it was dropped by its distributor following sexual misconduct accusations made against C.K. In 2018, Byrne voiced Jemima Puddle-Duck and played a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits in the live-action comedy Peter Rabbit, which made US$351.2 million worldwide. She reprised her role in the 2021 sequel Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway. In Juliet, Naked (also 2018), a romantic comedy adapted from Nick Hornby's novel of the same name, she appeared as a woman dating an obscure rock musician (played by Ethan Hawke). The film was an arthouse success, with Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus reading: "Juliet, Naked's somewhat familiar narrative arc is elevated by standout work from a charming cast led by a well-matched Rose Byrne and Ethan Hawke." I Am Mother (2019) is a thriller and sci-fi movie with Clara Rugaard and Oscar winner Hilary Swank. Byrne also voiced a virtual assistant in the 2019 movie Jexi, costarring Adam Devine, Alexandra Shipp, and Wanda Sykes. Public image Byrne filming The Turning (2013) in Australia Byrne has been considered one of the world's most beautiful women. She ranked 9th and 16th in Australian FHM's "Sexiest Women in the World", in 2001 and 2006 respectively. She has been featured several times in "The Annual Independent Critics List of the 100 Most Beautiful Famous Faces from Around the World", ranking 15th (2004), 3rd (2005), 7th (2006), 5th (2007), 8th (2008), 1st (2009), and 15th (2010). She was also featured in the "Most Beautiful People" list of 2007 in Who Magazine, and ranked 5th in Hallmark Channel's 2008 "TV's Sexiest Leading Woman" poll. She was voted 78th on Ask Men's Top 99 'most desirable' woman of 2012 list, and People ranked her 7th in its "Best Dressed Celebrities" list of 2015. Byrne was the face of Max Factor between 2004 and 2009, and in 2014, she became the face of Oroton, the Australian producer of luxury fashion accessories. Since the beginning of her career, her performances have been acclaimed by critics. In 2018, Byrne was noted for her comedic work. She consciously made the transition to less dramatic material in the late 2000s, finding the idea of being "boxed in" to be "insufferable". "You have to be aggressive in this business,” she noted. "You have always got to push for what you want. Working with Glenn , she was the hardest worker ever. She was constantly pushing". Her turn to comedy led to The Hollywood Reporter calling her "the most in-demand supporting actress for comedies". Decider wrote a story titled "How Did Rose Byrne Become One of Our Best Comedic Actresses?", in which it was remarked: "Byrne's emergence as one of the brightest stars in the Apatowverse is all the more remarkable for her lack of a comedy background. Any doubts about Byrne's massive comedic talent—and after Bridesmaids and Neighbors, you'd have to be pretty stubborn to still have doubts—were put to rest with 2015's Spy, where she again steals the show as merciless terrorist Rayna. Byrne and McCarthy's private-plane banter is the highlight of the film and could have gone on another 30 minutes as far as I'm concerned". Personal life In 2013, Byrne lived in New York and said she remained insecure about a stable career: "I don't think that insecurity ever leaves you. You're a freelancer. There's always an element of uncertainty." Byrne was in a relationship with Australian actor Brendan Cowell for over six years. He moved from Sydney to New York City following Byrne's success on Damages. Their relationship ended in January 2010. Byrne has been in a relationship with American actor Bobby Cannavale since 2012. They have two sons, born in February 2016 and November 2017. Through her brother George's marriage, Byrne is the sister-in-law of New Zealand actress Rose McIver. Byrne has supported UNICEF Australia as the face of the 2007 Designers United campaign, and was a jury member of Tropfest in 2006 and Tropfest@Tribeca in 2007. She is a graduate and ambassador for NIDA's (National Institute of Dramatic Art) Young Actors Studio. Filmography Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Film Year Title Role Notes 1994 Dallas Doll Rastus Sommers 1999 Two Hands Alex 2000 My Mother Frank Jenny The Goddess of 1967 B.G. 2002 Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones Dormé City of Ghosts Sabrina 2003 I Capture the Castle Rose Mortmain The Night We Called It a Day Audrey Appleby The Rage in Placid Lake Gemma Taylor Take Away Sonja Stilano 2004 Troy Briseis Wicker Park Alex Denver 2005 The Tenants Irene Bell 2006 Marie Antoinette Yolande de Polastron The Dead Girl Leah Segment: "The Sister" 2007 Sunshine Cassie 28 Weeks Later Major Scarlet Levy 2008 Just Buried Roberta Knickle The Tender Hook Iris 2009 Knowing Diana Wayland Adam Beth Buchwald 2010 I Love You Too Drunk Passenger Cameo Get Him to the Greek Jackie Q Insidious Renai Lambert 2011 Bridesmaids Helen Harris III X-Men: First Class Moira MacTaggert 2012 The Place Beyond the Pines Jennifer Cross 2013 I Give It a Year Nat Redfern The Internship Dana Simms The Turning Raelene Segment: "The Turning" Insidious: Chapter 2 Renai Lambert 2014 Neighbors Kelly Radner Adult Beginners Justine This Is Where I Leave You Penny Moore Annie Grace Farrell Unity Narrator Documentary 2015 Spy Rayna Boyanov The Meddler Lori Minervini 2016 Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising Kelly Radner X-Men: Apocalypse Moira MacTaggert 2017 I Love You, Daddy Grace Cullen 2018 Insidious: The Last Key Renai Lambert Archive footage Juliet, Naked Annie Platt Peter Rabbit Jemima Puddle-Duck (voice) / Bea Instant Family Ellie Wagner 2019 I Am Mother Mother (voice) Jexi Jexi (voice) 2020 Like a Boss Mel Paige Irresistible Faith Brewster 2021 Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway Jemima Puddle-Duck (voice) / Bea Puff: Wonders of the Reef Narrator 2022 Seriously Red EP Spirited Ms. Blansky Cameo 2023 Insidious: The Red Door Renai Lambert Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem Leatherhead (voice) Ezra Jenna TBA If I Had Legs I'd Kick You † TBA Post-production Tow † Amanda Ogle Filming Television Year Title Role Notes 1995 Echo Point Belinda O'Connor Main role 1997 Fallen Angels Siobhan Episode: "Lerve, Lerve, Lerve" Wildside Heidi Benson 2 episodes 1999 Big Sky Angie Episode: "A Family Affair" Heartbreak High Carly Whitely 3 episodes 2000 Murder Call Sarah Watson Season 3, Episode 17: "Still Life" 2005 Casanova Edith 3 episodes 2007–12 Damages Ellen Parsons Main role 2012 American Dad! Jenny (voice) Episode: "Ricky Spanish" 2013 Portlandia Fred's date Episode: "Soft Opening" Hollywood Game Night Herself Episode: "Purr-ty People" 2016 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Chloe Episode 3.20 No Activity Elizabeth Main role (season 2) 2017 The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Rebecca Skloot Television film 2018 War on Waste Herself Episode 2.1 Angie Tribeca Norrah Newt Episode: "Trader Foes" 2019 At Home with Amy Sedaris Mary Finkleton Episode: "All About Amy" 2020 Mrs. America Gloria Steinem Miniseries 2021–23 Physical Sheila Rubin Main role; also executive producer 2022–present Bluey Brandy (voice) 2 episodes 2022 The Boys Herself Episode: "Herogasm"; cameo The Last Movie Stars Estelle Parsons (voice) Episode: "Chapter Three: The Legend of Paul Leonard Newman" 2023–present Platonic Sylvia Main role; also executive producer 2024 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Boeing employee in fake ad Episode 11.3 Music videos Year Song Artist Notes 2000 "Black the Sun" Alex Lloyd 2002 "I Miss You" Darren Hayes 2007 "Digital Versicolor" Glass Candy Theatre Year Title Role Venue Ref. 2000 La Dispute Adine Sydney Theatre Company 2001 Three Sisters Irina Sergeyevna Prozorova Sydney Theatre Company 2014–2015 You Can't Take It with You Alice Sycamore Longacre Theatre, Broadway 2016 Speed-the-Plow Karen Rosyln Packer Theatre, Sydney 2020 Medea Medea Brooklyn Academy of Music Awards and nominations Year Work Award Category Result Refs 2000 The Goddess of 1967 Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup for Best Actress Won 2002 The Goddess of 1967 Film Critics Circle of Australia Award Best Actor – Female Nominated 2003 The Rage in Placid Lake Australian Film Institute Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated 2008 Damages Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2009 Damages Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Online Film & Television Association Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2010 Damages Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Online Film & Television Association Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2011 Insidious Fright Meter Awards Best Actress Nominated Scream Awards Best Horror Actress Nominated 2012 Insidious Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actress Won Bridesmaids Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Cast Nominated Best Jaw Dropping Moment Won 2020 Medea Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Nominated References ^ "Rose Byrne talks Irish Roots – & movies Damages, Knowing & Get Him to the Greek". YouTube. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2010. ^ Annette Dasey (10 June 2009). "Ten Minutes with Rose Byrne". Yahoo! Lifestyle. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ Rose, Mike (24 July 2021). "Today's famous birthdays list for July 24, 2021 includes celebrities Jennifer Lopez, Kristin Chenoweth". Cleveland Plain-Dealer. Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ a b c Michael Bodey (27 February 2013). "A funny thing happened to Rose Byrne". The Australian. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ a b Paul Fischer (22 April 2001). "Interview: Rose Byrne for "The Goddess of 1967"". Dark Horizons. Dark Futures Pty. Limited. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013. ^ Burke, Gavin (25 March 2009). "Q&A With Star of 'Knowing', Rose Byrne". Entertainment.ie. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2011. ^ Lipworth, Elaine (31 July 2009). "Rose Byrne: 'I wanted to be Kylie Minogue'". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 4 June 2011. ^ "Actress Rose Byrne on 'Knowing' Religion & the End of the World". BlackBook. 18 March 2009. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ Friedlander, Noam (24 July 2009). "Rose Byrne interview for Adam". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ "Two kids and joint projects: A complete timeline of Rose Byrne and Bobby Cannavale's relationship". MSN. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ a b "Rose Byrne at rehearsal". The Spectator Australia. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ "Rose Byrne: 'Arthur Miller's A View from the Bridge took my breath away'". The Guardian. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ "Rose Byrne, accidental star". The Age. 5 July 2003. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ a b Molitorisz, Sacha (5 July 2003). "Rose Byrne, accidental star". The Age. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Interview with Rose Byrne". Meaa.org. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ "Rose Byrne- Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 27 December 2012. ^ a b c d e "Rose Byrne Is Nobody's Buzzkill". 27 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ McCarthy, Todd (5 May 2004). "Troy". Variety. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ Hartnett, Josh (July 2004).TV.com Rose Byrne Josh Hartnett's interview. Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Interview ^ "Aussie Rose's Troy boy". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 May 2004. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ Craig, Mathieson (15 June 2007). Rose by another name. The Sydney Morning Herald. Accessed 5 March 2022 ^ Maher, Kevin (17 March 2007). Byrne as hot as the sun. The Times ^ Layne, Staci (16 July 2007). Horror.com Rose Byrne Interview. Horror.com ^ Foley, Jack (18 April 2007). Sunshine Rose Byrne Interview. Indie London ^ "28 Weeks Later (2007) – Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ Moore, Frazier (12 October 2007). Byrne is damaged lawyer on 'Damages'. "Associated Press" Archived 16 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "DAMAGES Heads Toward a Final Showdown in the Explosive Fifth and Final Season This Summer". BusinessWire. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ Sharaff, Amy (10 September 2007). Byrne, baby Byrne Metro Canada Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Knowing (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 7 February 2018. ^ "Get Him to the Greek (2010) – Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ "First Casting for James Wan's Now Filming Insidious". Bloody Disgusting. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Haunted House Film Insidious To Be Released on April Fool's Day". Shockya. 30 December 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Insidious Chapter 2". ComingSoon. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Box Office Shocker: 'Bridesmaids' Passing 'Knocked Up' as Judd Apatow's Highest-Grossing Movie". The Hollywood Reporter. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Bridesmaids (2011)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 16 May 2012. ^ "'Bridesmaids' Effect: Why Female Comedies Are Making Comeback". The Hollywood Reporter. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "'Bridesmaids' Breathes Life into Women's Comedy". Third Age. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2012. ^ Keyes, Rob (16 August 2010). "Rose Byrne To Play Moira MacTaggert in X-Men: First Class". ScreenRant. Retrieved 22 November 2010. ^ Yamato, Jen (13 May 2011). "Rose Byrne on Bridesmaids, X-Men: First Class Sequels, and the Films That Made Her Career". Movieline (PMC). Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2011. ^ "Exclusive Interview with Rose Byrne!". InStyle UK. 20 May 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ "X-Men: First Class (2011)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "I Give It a Year: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ Felperin, Leslie (26 January 2013). "I Give It a Year". Variety. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ "I Give It a Year (2013) – International Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. ^ "Weekend Report: Audiences Re-Enlist With 'G.I. Joe' Over Easter". Box Office Mojo. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "The Place Beyond the Pines (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Rose Byrne talks about starring in The Internship". Surrey Live. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ "The Internship (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ Zack Mandell (11 December 2012). "The "Insidious" Sequel: What Lies Ahead". Yahoo! Voices. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013. ^ "Insidious: Chapter 2". Metacritic. Retrieved 14 September 2013. ^ Mendelson, Scott (14 September 2013). "Friday Box Office: 'Insidious Chapter 2' Scares Up $20m on Friday the 13th". Forbes. Retrieved 14 September 2013. ^ "Insidious Chapter 2 (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2 November 2013. ^ "Neighbors". Rotten Tomatoes. ^ Sims, David (9 May 2014). "Rose Byrne Walks Away With the Surprisingly Biting, Madcap 'Neighbors'". The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ "Neighbors". Metacritic. Retrieved 10 May 2014. ^ "Neighbors (2014)". Box Office Mojo. 5 July 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ Rose Byrne Biography Archived 8 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 March 2016| ^ "The Meddler". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ Franich, Darren (30 January 2015). "'X-Men: Apocalypse': Rose Byrne Returning As Moira MacTaggert". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". Box Office Mojo. ^ Kroll, Justin (22 February 2019). "David Oyelowo Joins the Cast of Sony's 'Peter Rabbit' Sequel (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 21 September 2020. ^ "Juliet, Naked (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 24 August 2018. ^ Bishop, Olivia (15 June 2007). "Most Beautiful People: Rose Byrne". Who. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2013. ^ "Rose Byrne is the face of Oroton". Vogue. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2014. ^ "Rose Byrne". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ "'The Meddler': Susan Sarandon shines as well-meaning mother". The Seattle Times. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ Burr, Ty. "Rose Byrne and Ethan Hawke shine in 'Juliet, Naked'". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ Wolfe, Alexandra (3 August 2018). "Rose Byrne Sharpens Her Comedy Skills". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018. ^ "Rose Byrne Eyed for Movie From Her 'Neighbors' Producers (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "How Did Rose Byrne Become One of Our Best Comedic Actresses?". Decider. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ^ "Rose Byrne and Brenden Cowell Split". Pedestrian TV. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. ^ "Rose Byrne and Bobby Cannavale Welcome Son Rocco". People. 6 February 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ Stanton, Elizabeth (10 December 2017). "Bobby Cannavale Reveals His Newborn Son's Name & the Sweet Family Inspiration Behind It (Exclusive)". Retrieved 11 December 2017. Rafa ... and now I have a 22-month-old and I have a 4-week-old... ^ Andaloro, Angela (7 January 2024). "Rose McIver Is Pregnant! Ghosts Actress Debuts Baby Bump at 2024 Golden Globes". People.com. Retrieved 7 January 2024. ^ McCarthy, Sean L. (31 August 2007). "Tropfest@Tribeca comes to NYC". New York Daily News. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Actress Rose Byrne". PBS. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2012. ^ Wiseman, Andreas (9 April 2024). "Simon Rex Joins Rose Byrne, Octavia Spencer, Ariana DeBose, Dominic Sessa & Demi Lovato In 'Tow'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ Kuperinsky, Amy (9 April 2024). "Dominic Sessa movie 'Tow' filming in N.J. with all-star cast". NJ.com. Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ "Nicole Kidman, Simon Baker, Rose Byrne and the pop videos that launched them to stardom". News.au. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Glass Candy – Digital Versicolor". YouTube. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2014. ^ "Rose Byrne and Annaleigh Ashford Join James Earl Jones in Broadway's You Can't Take It With You". Playbill. Retrieved 1 June 2024. ^ "'Speed-the-Plow': Theater Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 June 2024. ^ "Read Reviews for BAM's Medea, Starring Rose Byrne and Bobby Cannavale". Playbill. Retrieved 1 June 2024. ^ "VENICE 2000 UPDATE: Venice Awards "Circle", "Before Night Falls" and Italian Hopes". 11 September 2000. Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ "Golden Globe Awards Winners & Nominees 2008". Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ "2009 Emmy Award Nominees and Winners". The New York Times. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ "13th Annual TV Awards (2008–2009)-Online Film & Television Awards". Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ "Golden Globe Awards Winners & Nominees 2010". Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ "2010 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations & winners list". Los Angeles Times. 30 August 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ "14th Annual TV Awards (2008–2010)-Online Film & Television Awards". Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ "SAG Awards 2012 Winners & Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "Nominations Announced for 86th Annual Drama League Awards". Broadway.com. Retrieved 18 April 2021. External links Rose Byrne at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsData from Wikidata Rose Byrne at IMDb Rose Byrne at AllMovie Rose Byrne at the TCM Movie Database Rose Byrne at Instagram Awards for Rose Byrne vteAACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role1971–2000 Monica Maughan (1971) Jacki Weaver (1972) Judy Morris (1973) Julie Dawson (1974) Helen Morse (1976) Pat Bishop (1977) Angela Punch McGregor (1978) Michele Fawdon (1979) Tracy Mann (1980) Judy Davis (1981) Noni Hazlehurst (1982) Wendy Hughes (1983) Angela Punch McGregor (1984) Noni Hazlehurst (1985) Judy Davis (1986) Judy Davis (1987) Nadine Garner (1988) Meryl Streep (1989) Catherine McClements (1990) Sheila Florance (1991) Lisa Harrow (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Toni Collette (1994) Jacqueline McKenzie (1995) Judy Davis (1996) Pamela Rabe (1997) Deborah Mailman (1998) Sacha Horler (1999) Pia Miranda (2000) 2001–present Kerry Armstrong (2001) Maria Theodorakis (2002) Toni Collette (2003) Abbie Cornish (2004) Cate Blanchett (2005) Emily Barclay (2006) Joan Chen (2007) Monic Hendrickx (2008) Frances O'Connor (2009) Jacki Weaver (2010) Judy Davis (2011) Deborah Mailman (2012) Rose Byrne (2013) Sarah Snook (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Odessa Young (2016) Emma Booth (2017) Angourie Rice (2018) Aisling Franciosi (2019) Eliza Scanlen (2020) Judy Davis (2021) Leah Purcell (2022) Sophie Wilde (2023) vteMTV Movie Award for Best Gut-Wrenching Performance Amy Poehler (2009)† Ken Jeong (2010)† Justin Bieber (2011)‡ Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph, Rose Byrne, Melissa McCarthy, Wendi McLendon-Covey & Ellie Kemper (2012) Jamie Foxx & Samuel L. Jackson (2013) Leonardo DiCaprio (2014) Seth Rogen & Rose Byrne (2015) † The award was initially named Best WTF Moment; ‡ The award was re-named Best Jaw-Dropping Moment vteVolpi Cup for Best Actress1932–1968 Helen Hayes (1932) Katharine Hepburn (1934) Paula Wessely (1935) Annabella (1936) Bette Davis (1937) Norma Shearer (1938) Luise Ullrich (1941) Kristina Söderbaum (1942) Anna Magnani (1947) Jean Simmons (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Eleanor Parker (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Ingrid Bergman (1952) Lilli Palmer (1953) Maria Schell (1956) Dzidra Ritenberga (1957) Sophia Loren (1958) Madeleine Robinson (1959) Shirley MacLaine (1960) Suzanne Flon (1961) Emmanuelle Riva (1962) Delphine Seyrig (1963) Harriet Andersson (1964) Annie Girardot (1965) Natalya Arinbasarova (1966) Shirley Knight (1967) Laura Betti (1968) 1983–2000 Darling Légitimus (1983) Pascale Ogier (1984) Valeria Golino (1986) Kang Soo-yeon (1987) Isabelle Huppert / Shirley MacLaine (1988) Peggy Ashcroft / Geraldine James (1989) Gloria Münchmeyer (1990) Tilda Swinton (1991) Gong Li (1992) Juliette Binoche / Anna Bonaiuto (1993) Maria de Medeiros / Vanessa Redgrave (1994) Sandrine Bonnaire / Isabelle Huppert / Isabella Ferrari (1995) Victoire Thivisol (1996) Robin Tunney (1997) Catherine Deneuve (1998) Nathalie Baye (1999) Rose Byrne (2000) 2001–present Sandra Ceccarelli (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Katja Riemann (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Cate Blanchett (2007) Dominique Blanc (2008) Kseniya Rappoport (2009) Ariane Labed (2010) Deanie Ip (2011) Hadas Yaron (2012) Elena Cotta (2013) Alba Rohrwacher (2014) Valeria Golino (2015) Emma Stone (2016) Charlotte Rampling (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Ariane Ascaride (2019) Vanessa Kirby (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Cailee Spaeny (2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dallas Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Doll"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mike-4"},{"link_name":"The Goddess of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goddess_of_1967"},{"link_name":"Volpi Cup for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volpi_Cup_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-5"},{"link_name":"American cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_(film)"},{"link_name":"28 Weeks Later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_Weeks_Later"},{"link_name":"Knowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowing_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ellen Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Damages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Get Him to the Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Him_to_the_Greek"},{"link_name":"Bridesmaids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridesmaids_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Neighbors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbors_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Instant Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_Family"},{"link_name":"Insidious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insidious_(film)"},{"link_name":"Insidious: Chapter 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insidious:_Chapter_2"},{"link_name":"Insidious: The Red Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insidious:_The_Red_Door"},{"link_name":"X-Men: First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_First_Class"},{"link_name":"X-Men: Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Peter Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rabbit_(film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rabbit_2:_The_Runaway"},{"link_name":"Gloria Steinem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Steinem"},{"link_name":"Mrs. America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._America_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Platonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Mary Rose Byrne[1][2] (born 24 July 1979[3]) is an Australian actress. She made her screen debut in the film Dallas Doll (1994),[4] and continued to act in Australian film and television throughout the 1990s. She obtained her first leading film role in The Goddess of 1967 (2000), which brought her the Volpi Cup for Best Actress,[5] and made the transition to American cinema with a small role in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002), followed by bigger parts in Hollywood productions of Troy (2004), 28 Weeks Later (2007) and Knowing (2009).Byrne appeared as Ellen Parsons in the legal thriller series Damages (2007–2012), which earned her nominations for two Golden Globe Awards and two Primetime Emmy Awards. Roles in Get Him to the Greek (2010), Bridesmaids (2011), Neighbors (2014), Spy (2015) and Instant Family (2018) established her as a comedic actress. She has also starred in the horror film Insidious (2010) and its sequels Insidious: Chapter 2 (2013) and Insidious: The Red Door (2023) ; the superhero film X-Men: First Class (2011) and its sequel X-Men: Apocalypse (2016); and the family film Peter Rabbit (2018) and its sequel Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway (2021). Byrne also portrayed Gloria Steinem in the miniseries Mrs. America (2020) and led the comedy series Physical (2021–2023) and Platonic (2023).","title":"Rose Byrne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"statistician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistician"},{"link_name":"market researcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_research"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"agnostic.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msn/ar-AA132dBm-10"},{"link_name":"Australian Theatre for Young People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Theatre_for_Young_People"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectator.com.au/2016/11/byrne-rehearsal-11"},{"link_name":"Hunters Hill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_Hill_High_School"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectator.com.au/2016/11/byrne-rehearsal-11"},{"link_name":"Bradfield Senior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradfield_College_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian/breath-away-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theage.com.au/20030705-gdvzto-13"},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Bondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondi,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molitorisz-14"},{"link_name":"WAAPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAAPA"},{"link_name":"NIDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"Sydney University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Theater Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Theater_Company"},{"link_name":"David Mamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mamet"},{"link_name":"William H. Macy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Macy"}],"text":"Byrne was born in Balmain, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. She has Irish and Scottish ancestry.[6][7] Her parents are Jane, a primary school administrator, and Robin Byrne, a semi-retired statistician and market researcher.[citation needed] She is the youngest of their four children; she has an older brother, George, and two older sisters, Alice and Lucy. In a 2009 interview, Byrne said that her mother was an atheist, while both she and her father were agnostic.[8] Her family was described by The Telegraph as \"close-knit\", and frequently kept her grounded as her career took off. \"At one point one of my sisters had a word with me saying, 'Watch yourself'\", she once remarked. \"But they were really supportive.\"[9]Byrne attended Balmain Public School,[10] Australian Theatre for Young People (at age eight, encouraged by one of her sisters),[11] and Hunters Hill High School[11] before attending Bradfield Senior College[12] for years 11 and 12.[13]She later lived in the Sydney suburbs of Newtown and Bondi.[14] Growing up, she experienced \"plenty of rejection\" from film schools. \"I auditioned for a few of the big drama schools—Nepean, WAAPA, NIDA—and didn't get in to any of them. I was really disappointed with myself. I wasn't quite sure if I'd be legitimate without training for three years in a more traditional sense\". Instead, she studied an arts degree at Sydney University.\n\"I still have great memories of those days: studying, working, auditioning. Just being a jobbing actor trying to figure out life after high school\".[15] In 1999, she studied acting at the Atlantic Theater Company, which was developed by David Mamet and William H. Macy.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Doll"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molitorisz-14"},{"link_name":"Wildside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildside_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Echo Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_Point"},{"link_name":"Two Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Hands_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Heath Ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Ledger"},{"link_name":"My Mother Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Mother_Frank"},{"link_name":"Clara Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Law"},{"link_name":"The Goddess of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goddess_of_1967"},{"link_name":"Volpi Cup for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volpi_Cup_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"57th Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Venice_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-5"},{"link_name":"La Dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Dispute"},{"link_name":"Anton Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"Three Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_(play)"},{"link_name":"Sydney Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Dormé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_handmaidens#D"},{"link_name":"broken anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"},{"link_name":"Natalie Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman"},{"link_name":"Padmé Amidala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones"},{"link_name":"City of Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Ghosts_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Matt Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dillon"},{"link_name":"I Capture the Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Capture_the_Castle_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tim Fywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Fywell"},{"link_name":"Dodie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Romola Garai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romola_Garai"},{"link_name":"The Night We Called It a Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_We_Called_It_a_Day_(film)"},{"link_name":"Melanie Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Dennis Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hopper"},{"link_name":"The Rage in Placid Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rage_in_Placid_Lake"},{"link_name":"Ben Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lee"},{"link_name":"Take Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Away_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vince Colosimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Colosimo"},{"link_name":"Stephen Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Curry_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard_(Australian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Nathan Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Phillips_(actor)"},{"link_name":"AACTA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACTA_Award"},{"link_name":"Briseis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briseis"},{"link_name":"Brad Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Pitt"},{"link_name":"Achilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-17"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Wicker Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker_Park_(film)"},{"link_name":"Josh Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hartnett"},{"link_name":"Diane Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Kruger"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartnett-19"},{"link_name":"Paul McGuigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGuigan_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Peter O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"BBC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_TV"},{"link_name":"Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_(2005_TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"The Tenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tenants_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Malamud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Malamud"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle de Polastron, duchesse de Polignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_de_Polastron,_duchesse_de_Polignac"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Sofia Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Coppola"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Dunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst"},{"link_name":"The Dead Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_Girl"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathieson-21"},{"link_name":"Karen Moncrieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Moncrieff"}],"sub_title":"1994–2006: Beginnings","text":"Byrne obtained her first film role in Dallas Doll (1994) when she was 15 years old.[14] Throughout the 1990s, she appeared in several Australian television shows, such as Wildside (1997) and Echo Point (1995), and starred as the love interest in the film Two Hands (1999), opposite fellow up-and-coming actor Heath Ledger. A role in the award-winning film My Mother Frank (2000) was followed by her first leading role in Clara Law's The Goddess of 1967 (also 2000), which gained her the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the 57th Venice International Film Festival. Byrne revealed in a post-award interview that, prior to winning the Venice Film Festival Award, she was surprised by her own performance and found it confronting watching the film because her acting was \"too depressing\". Byrne admitted that \"watching myself is confronting because I'm convinced I can't act and I want to get out, that's how insecure I am.\"[5]On stage, Byrne starred in La Dispute and in a production of Anton Chekhov's classic Three Sisters at the Sydney Theatre Company.[16] In 2002, she appeared in a brief appearance as Dormé[broken anchor], the handmaiden to Natalie Portman's Senator Padmé Amidala, in George Lucas's Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones. She then transitioned to Hollywood as she appeared in the 2002 thriller City of Ghosts, with Matt Dillon. Byrne had flown to the UK to shoot I Capture the Castle (2003), Tim Fywell's adaptation of the 1948 novel of the same title by Dodie Smith. In it, she portrayed Rose Mortmain, the elder sister of Romola Garai's Cassandra.In 2003, Byrne starred in three Australian films; The Night We Called It a Day, with Melanie Griffith and Dennis Hopper; The Rage in Placid Lake, with Ben Lee; and Take Away, alongside Vince Colosimo, Stephen Curry, John Howard and Nathan Phillips. All films were comedies and opened to varying degrees of success at the box office, but The Rage in Placid Lake earned Byrne an AACTA Award nomination for Best Actress. In the epic drama Troy (2004), she took on the role of Briseis, the captured priestess presented to \"amuse\" Brad Pitt's Achilles.[17] Variety's review of the film stated: \"Byrne's spoils-of-war chattel plays more as a convenient invention than as a woman who could possibly turn Achilles’ head and heart around\".[18] In her other 2004 film release, the thriller Wicker Park, Byrne appeared, opposite Josh Hartnett and Diane Kruger, as the girlfriend of a young advertising executive's old friend.[19] Wicker Park director Paul McGuigan described her as the best actress he has worked with, and her Troy co-star Peter O'Toole described her as \"beautiful, uncomplicated, simple, pure actress and a very nice girl\".[20]Byrne reunited with Peter O'Toole, playing a young servant, in the BBC TV drama Casanova (2005), a three-episode production about 18th century Italian adventurer Giacomo Casanova. In 2005, she also starred with Snoop Dogg in The Tenants, based on Bernard Malamud's novel. In 2006, Byrne portrayed Gabrielle de Polastron, duchesse de Polignac, a French aristocrat and friend of Marie Antoinette, in Sofia Coppola's Marie Antoinette, with Kirsten Dunst; and appeared as a medical examiner who thinks the dead woman she is prepping is her missing sister in the critically acclaimed thriller The Dead Girl,[21] directed by Karen Moncrieff.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maher-22"},{"link_name":"Danny Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Boyle"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Layne-23"},{"link_name":"Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley-24"},{"link_name":"Cillian Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cillian_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Chris Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evans_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Fresnadillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Fresnadillo"},{"link_name":"28 Weeks Later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_Weeks_Later"},{"link_name":"28 Days Later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_Days_Later"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ellen Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Parsons"},{"link_name":"FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"legal thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_thriller"},{"link_name":"Damages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Close"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moore-26"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_%E2%80%93_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_Byrne_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Just Buried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Buried"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharaff-28"},{"link_name":"Chaz Thorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaz_Thorne"},{"link_name":"The Tender Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tender_Hook"},{"link_name":"Hugo Weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Weaving"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage"},{"link_name":"Knowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowing_(film)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-17"},{"link_name":"Get Him to the Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Him_to_the_Greek"},{"link_name":"Russell Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Brand"},{"link_name":"Jonah Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Hill"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Stoller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Stoller"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-17"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"James Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wan"},{"link_name":"Insidious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insidious_(film)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloody-disgusting1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shockya1-32"},{"link_name":"astral dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_plane"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Bridesmaids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridesmaids_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Kristen Wiig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Wiig"},{"link_name":"Maya Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Rudolph"},{"link_name":"Melissa McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Ellie Kemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Kemper"},{"link_name":"Wendi McLendon-Covey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendi_McLendon-Covey"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"X-Men: First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Matthew Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Moira MacTaggert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_MacTaggert"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"2007–2012: Breakthrough","text":"In 2007, Byrne had significant parts in two studio sci-fi thriller films. She played a space vessel's pilot[22] in Danny Boyle's[23] Sunshine,[24] alongside Cillian Murphy and Chris Evans, and also an army medical officer in Juan Carlos Fresnadillo's 28 Weeks Later, the sequel to Boyle's 28 Days Later. While Sunshine flopped, 28 Weeks Later was a critical success and grossed over US$64.2 million globally.[25] In 2007, Byrne began playing Ellen Parsons, a bright, young attorney, in the FX legal thriller television series Damages, alongside Glenn Close.[26] Her performance was widely praised; she was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2009 and 2010, and for Golden Globe Awards for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film in 2008 and 2010. She appeared in all 59 episodes of the series until its finale in September 2012.[27]Byrne in 2010Following starring roles in the 2008 independent films Just Buried,[28] directed by Chaz Thorne, and The Tender Hook, with Hugo Weaving, Byrne returned to the mainstream with the role of the mother of a teen, alongside Nicolas Cage, in the sci-fi thriller Knowing (2009); it made US$186.5 million worldwide and received mixed reviews.[29] Byrne said she had not yet become strategic about her film choices. \"You gravitate to where you want to go, but so much is out of your control\", she remarked. After the success of Damages, she asked her agents to send her out for comedies. \"I was doing all of this really heavy, dramatic stuff, and I just needed a break,” she said.[17] Her request was met when she obtained the role of a scandalous pop star and the on-and-off girlfriend of a free-spirited rock star in the comedy Get Him to the Greek (2010), also starring Russell Brand and Jonah Hill. Director Nicholas Stoller admitted that, in her audition, he thought: \"'Why is she here?' Because, you know, very good actress, but very serious\". Nevertheless, he noted that Byrne \"just destroyed [...] Like, destroyed in the way that someone from Saturday Night Live would. And that was that\".[17] The film was a commercial success, with a gross of US$60.9 million in North America.[30]2011 was turning point in Byrne's career, when she appeared in three high-profile theatrical films, leading to a trajectory that included three to four films per year. In her first 2011 release, James Wan's horror film Insidious,[31][32] she starred as one half of a couple whose son inexplicably enters a comatose state and becomes a vessel for ghosts in an astral dimension. Budgeted at US$1.5 million, it grossed US$97 million and began a franchise.[33] The comedy Bridesmaids featured Byrne as the rich, beautiful, elite wife of the groom's boss, alongside Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph, Melissa McCarthy, Ellie Kemper and Wendi McLendon-Covey. It was a critical and commercial success, it grossed US$26 million in its opening weekend and eventually over US$288 million worldwide.[34][35][36][37]Byrne appeared in X-Men: First Class, directed by Matthew Vaughn,[38] as Moira MacTaggert, a character she described as: \"a woman in a man's world, she's very feisty and ambitious—you know, she's got a toughness about her which I liked\".[39] She said she was unfamiliar with both the comics and the film series, except for \"what a juggernaut of a film it was\". She was cast late into production,[40] which had already begun. Her third and final 2011 film, First Class, was also a box office success, grossing US$353.6 million worldwide.[41]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafe Spall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Spall"},{"link_name":"I Give It a Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Give_It_a_Year"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"wide release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_release"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"The Place Beyond the Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Place_Beyond_the_Pines"},{"link_name":"Derek Cianfrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Cianfrance"},{"link_name":"Ryan Gosling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Gosling"},{"link_name":"Bradley Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"The Internship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internship"},{"link_name":"Vince Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"Owen Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_Byrne_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunter_(2011_Australian_film)"},{"link_name":"The Turning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Tim Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Winton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mike-4"},{"link_name":"Insidious: Chapter 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insidious:_Chapter_2"},{"link_name":"Patrick Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Lin Shaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Shaye"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Adult Beginners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Beginners"},{"link_name":"This Is Where I Leave You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Where_I_Leave_You"},{"link_name":"Neighbors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbors_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Seth Rogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Rogen"},{"link_name":"Zac Efron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Efron"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-56"},{"link_name":"Annie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Jude Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_Law"},{"link_name":"Jason Statham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Statham"},{"link_name":"Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Susan Sarandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sarandon"},{"link_name":"The Meddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meddler"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbors_2:_Sorority_Rising"},{"link_name":"X-Men: Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"I Love You, Daddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_You,_Daddy"},{"link_name":"Louis C.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K."},{"link_name":"Jemima Puddle-Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemima_Puddle-Duck"},{"link_name":"Peter Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rabbit_(film)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rabbit_2:_The_Runaway"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Juliet, Naked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet,_Naked_(film)"},{"link_name":"Nick Hornby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hornby"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet,_Naked"},{"link_name":"Ethan Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"I Am Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Mother"},{"link_name":"Clara Rugaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Rugaard"},{"link_name":"Hilary Swank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Swank"},{"link_name":"Jexi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jexi"},{"link_name":"Adam Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Devine"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Shipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Shipp"},{"link_name":"Wanda Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Sykes"}],"sub_title":"2013–present: Continued comedic roles","text":"Byrne had four film releases and one short film in 2013. She obtained the part of the newlywed wife, opposite Rafe Spall, in I Give It a Year, a comedy about the trials and tribulations of a couple during their first year of marriage. The Hollywood Reporter found Byrne and Spall to be \"mismatched\",[42] while Variety praised their chemistry and noted: \"Year will do nothing but enhance the reputations of its core actors, especially Byrne, who's shaping up into an ace comedienne perfectly suited to screwball\".[43] The film was a commercial success in the UK and Australia, where it was given a wide release in theatres.[44] In The Place Beyond the Pines, a generational drama directed by Derek Cianfrance, she appeared with Ryan Gosling and Bradley Cooper, as the wife of a police officer who shoots a bank robber and has to deal with the consequences.[45][46] She played a Google executive in the film The Internship, opposite Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson, as she was drawn to \"the way it addressed the generational gaps and the ever-changing landscape of the technological world\".[47][48]Rose Byrne at the premiere of The Hunter in 2011Byrne filmed The Turning, a short film installment in a Tim Winton omnibus feature,[4] and worked again with fellow Australians Wan and Whannell for the sequel Insidious: Chapter 2, reuniting with Patrick Wilson and Lin Shaye.[49] The film received mixed reviews from critics[50] and became the biggest opening day in North America box office history for the month of September following its release.[51] It eventually made over US$160 million against a budget of US$5 million.[52] 2014 saw Byrne star in the family dramedies Adult Beginners and This Is Where I Leave You as well as the comedy Neighbors, alongside Seth Rogen and Zac Efron, in which she played one half of a couple who come into conflict with a fraternity that has recently moved in next door. Critics highlighted her performance in Neighbors, with The Atlantic writing: \"Byrne walks away with the film by making [her character] a well-rounded, conflicted person, rather than the film's fun cop who has to tell everyone the boring truth\".[53][54] The film was a box office success, taking in US$270.1 million worldwide.[55][56]A critically panned but commercially successful remake of the 1982 classic, Annie, was released in December 2014 and featured Byrne playing the role of Grace Farrell, the titular character's mother figure and Mr. Stacks' faithful personal assistant. In 2015, Byrne reunited with Melissa McCarthy and starred with Jude Law and Jason Statham in the hit comedic action film Spy,[57] playing the daughter of an arms dealer, and also starred with Susan Sarandon in the dramedy The Meddler as the daughter of an ageing widow who moves to Los Angeles in hopes of starting a new life after her husband passes away. The film was acclaimed by critics and found an audience in limited release.[58] In 2016, she reprised her roles in Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising and X-Men: Apocalypse,[59] and in 2017, she filmed the black comedy I Love You, Daddy, directed by and also starring Louis C.K., but it was dropped by its distributor following sexual misconduct accusations made against C.K.In 2018, Byrne voiced Jemima Puddle-Duck and played a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits in the live-action comedy Peter Rabbit, which made US$351.2 million worldwide.[60] She reprised her role in the 2021 sequel Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway.[61] In Juliet, Naked (also 2018), a romantic comedy adapted from Nick Hornby's novel of the same name, she appeared as a woman dating an obscure rock musician (played by Ethan Hawke). The film was an arthouse success, with Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus reading: \"Juliet, Naked's somewhat familiar narrative arc is elevated by standout work from a charming cast led by a well-matched Rose Byrne and Ethan Hawke.\"[62] I Am Mother (2019) is a thriller and sci-fi movie with Clara Rugaard and Oscar winner Hilary Swank. Byrne also voiced a virtual assistant in the 2019 movie Jexi, costarring Adam Devine, Alexandra Shipp, and Wanda Sykes.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_Byrne_filming_%22The_Turning%22_in_Australia.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Turning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turning_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"FHM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHM"},{"link_name":"Who Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Channel"},{"link_name":"Ask Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask_Men"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Max Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Factor"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop-63"},{"link_name":"Oroton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroton"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-17"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Apatowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_Apatow"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Byrne filming The Turning (2013) in AustraliaByrne has been considered one of the world's most beautiful women. She ranked 9th and 16th in Australian FHM's \"Sexiest Women in the World\", in 2001 and 2006 respectively. She has been featured several times in \"The Annual Independent Critics List of the 100 Most Beautiful Famous Faces from Around the World\", ranking 15th (2004), 3rd (2005), 7th (2006), 5th (2007), 8th (2008), 1st (2009), and 15th (2010). She was also featured in the \"Most Beautiful People\" list of 2007 in Who Magazine, and ranked 5th in Hallmark Channel's 2008 \"TV's Sexiest Leading Woman\" poll. She was voted 78th on Ask Men's Top 99 'most desirable' woman of 2012 list,[citation needed] and People ranked her 7th in its \"Best Dressed Celebrities\" list of 2015. Byrne was the face of Max Factor between 2004 and 2009,[63] and in 2014, she became the face of Oroton, the Australian producer of luxury fashion accessories.[64]Since the beginning of her career, her performances have been acclaimed by critics.[65][66][67] In 2018, Byrne was noted for her comedic work.[68] She consciously made the transition to less dramatic material in the late 2000s, finding the idea of being \"boxed in\" to be \"insufferable\".[17] \"You have to be aggressive in this business,” she noted. \"You have always got to push for what you want. Working with Glenn [Close, on Damages], she was the hardest worker ever. She was constantly pushing\".[17] Her turn to comedy led to The Hollywood Reporter calling her \"the most in-demand supporting actress for comedies\".[69] Decider wrote a story titled \"How Did Rose Byrne Become One of Our Best Comedic Actresses?\", in which it was remarked: \"Byrne's emergence as one of the brightest stars in the Apatowverse is all the more remarkable for her lack of a comedy background. [...] Any doubts about Byrne's massive comedic talent—and after Bridesmaids and Neighbors, you'd have to be pretty stubborn to still have doubts—were put to rest with 2015's Spy, where she again steals the show as merciless terrorist Rayna. Byrne and McCarthy's private-plane banter is the highlight of the film and could have gone on another 30 minutes as far as I'm concerned\".[70]","title":"Public image"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mike-4"},{"link_name":"Brendan Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Cowell"},{"link_name":"Damages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Bobby Cannavale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Cannavale"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Rose McIver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_McIver"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"Tropfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropfest"},{"link_name":"Tribeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCarthy-75"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"In 2013, Byrne lived in New York and said she remained insecure about a stable career: \"I don't think that insecurity ever leaves you. You're a freelancer. There's always an element of uncertainty.\"[4]Byrne was in a relationship with Australian actor Brendan Cowell for over six years. He moved from Sydney to New York City following Byrne's success on Damages. Their relationship ended in January 2010.[71]Byrne has been in a relationship with American actor Bobby Cannavale since 2012. They have two sons, born in February 2016 and November 2017.[72][73]Through her brother George's marriage, Byrne is the sister-in-law of New Zealand actress Rose McIver.[74]Byrne has supported UNICEF Australia as the face of the 2007 Designers United campaign, and was a jury member of Tropfest in 2006 and Tropfest@Tribeca[75] in 2007. She is a graduate and ambassador for NIDA's (National Institute of Dramatic Art) Young Actors Studio.[76]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[{"image_text":"Byrne in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rose_Byrne_2010.jpg/170px-Rose_Byrne_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rose Byrne at the premiere of The Hunter in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rose_Byrne_2011.jpg/170px-Rose_Byrne_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Byrne filming The Turning (2013) in Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rose_Byrne_filming_%22The_Turning%22_in_Australia.jpg/210px-Rose_Byrne_filming_%22The_Turning%22_in_Australia.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rose Byrne talks Irish Roots – & movies Damages, Knowing & Get Him to the Greek\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/eBltI4tUsPc","url_text":"\"Rose Byrne talks Irish Roots – & movies Damages, Knowing & Get Him to the Greek\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBltI4tUsPc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Annette Dasey (10 June 2009). \"Ten Minutes with Rose Byrne\". Yahoo! Lifestyle. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. 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Retrieved 5 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/bobby-cannavale-rose-byrne-welcome-son-rocco/","url_text":"\"Rose Byrne and Bobby Cannavale Welcome Son Rocco\""}]},{"reference":"Stanton, Elizabeth (10 December 2017). \"Bobby Cannavale Reveals His Newborn Son's Name & the Sweet Family Inspiration Behind It (Exclusive)\". Retrieved 11 December 2017. Rafa [is the new child's name] ... and now I have a 22-month-old and I have a 4-week-old...","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etonline.com/bobby-cannavale-reveals-his-newborn-sons-name-sweet-family-inspiration-behind-it-exclusive-92441","url_text":"\"Bobby Cannavale Reveals His Newborn Son's Name & the Sweet Family Inspiration Behind It (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Andaloro, Angela (7 January 2024). \"Rose McIver Is Pregnant! Ghosts Actress Debuts Baby Bump at 2024 Golden Globes\". People.com. 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Retrieved 1 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://playbill.com/article/rose-byrne-and-annaleigh-ashford-join-james-earl-jones-in-broadways-you-cant-take-it-with-you-com-322860","url_text":"\"Rose Byrne and Annaleigh Ashford Join James Earl Jones in Broadway's You Can't Take It With You\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Speed-the-Plow': Theater Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/speed-the-plow-rose-byrne-946844/","url_text":"\"'Speed-the-Plow': Theater Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Read Reviews for BAM's Medea, Starring Rose Byrne and Bobby Cannavale\". Playbill. Retrieved 1 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://playbill.com/article/read-reviews-for-bams-medea-starring-rose-byrne-and-bobby-cannavale","url_text":"\"Read Reviews for BAM's Medea, Starring Rose Byrne and Bobby Cannavale\""}]},{"reference":"\"VENICE 2000 UPDATE: Venice Awards \"Circle\", \"Before Night Falls\" and Italian Hopes\". 11 September 2000. Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2000/09/venice-2000-update-venice-awards-circle-before-night-falls-and-italian-hopes-81417/amp/","url_text":"\"VENICE 2000 UPDATE: Venice Awards \"Circle\", \"Before Night Falls\" and Italian Hopes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Globe Awards Winners & Nominees 2008\". Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2008/all","url_text":"\"Golden Globe Awards Winners & Nominees 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Emmy Award Nominees and Winners\". The New York Times. 17 September 2009. 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Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/env-emmy-nominations-2010-list-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"2010 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations & winners list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"14th Annual TV Awards (2008–2010)-Online Film & Television Awards\". Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/14th-annual-tv-awards-2009-10/","url_text":"\"14th Annual TV Awards (2008–2010)-Online Film & Television Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAG Awards 2012 Winners & Nominees\". The Hollywood Reporter. 29 January 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rutherfurd
Walter Rutherfurd
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Post-Revolutionary War","3 Personal life","3.1 Descendants","4 References"]
Walter RutherfurdPresident of the Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New YorkIn office1792–1798Preceded byRobert R. LivingstonSucceeded byRobert LenoxIn office1766–1767Preceded byAlexander ColdenSucceeded byPeter Middleton Personal detailsBorn(1723-12-29)December 29, 1723Edgerston, ScotlandDiedJanuary 10, 1804(1804-01-10) (aged 80)New York City, U.S.Spouse Catherine Alexander ​ ​(m. 1758; died 1801)​RelationsJohn Rutherfurd (brother)Robert Rutherfurd (brother)ChildrenJohn RutherfurdMary Rutherfurd ClarksonParent(s)Sir John RutherfurdElizabeth Cairncross Rutherfurd Walter Rutherfurd (December 29, 1723 – January 10, 1804) was a Scottish-American soldier and merchant who served as the president of the Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York. Early life Rutherfurd was born on December 29, 1723, in Edgerston, Roxburghshire, Scotland. He was the sixth son of nineteen children born to Sir John Rutherfurd and Elizabeth (née Cairncross) Rutherfurd, who married in 1710. Among his siblings was elder brother John Rutherfurd, who commanded an attack on the French at Fort Niagara in 1748 and was killed at Fort Ticonderoga on July 8, 1758, during the Battle of Carillon. A younger brother, Sir Robert Rutherfurd, was created a Baron of Russia by Catherine the Great in 1768. His paternal grandparents were Thomas Rutherfurd of Teviotdale and Susannah (née Riddell) Rutherfurd, and he was eleventh in descent from James Rutherfurd of Clan Rutherford, who was granted the manorial lands of Edgerston in 1492 by King James IV of Scotland. Career In 1738, at age fifteen, he entered the Royal Navy. He served until 1746 when he joined the Army of the Kingdom of Great Britain as an officer in the Royal Scots Regiment, serving as paymaster during the Flanders and German campaigns. When the French and Indian War began in 1756, he sailed to British America and joined the Royal and Colonial forces as a captain of Grenadiers in the 4th Battalion of the Royal American Regiment, eventually becoming promoted to Judge Advocate and a Major in the Colonial Army. During the War, he "received the terms of surrender" of Fort Niagara and when Montreal was captured, the keys of the city were given to him. After retiring from active duty, he received a patent of five thousand acres in the Province of New Jersey, in 1760 and 1775, for his military service (in addition to the lands he gained due to his marriage). During the American Revolution, even though he was a Loyalist, he "took no active part in the dispute and subsequent warfare," and retired to his estate in New Jersey, essentially a hostage of the Patriots, during the Revolutionary War. Post-Revolutionary War After the War ended, Rutherfurd returned to New York and entered the importing business and at Hunterdon County, New Jersey. His extensive connections with England enabled his firm to grow and he became one of the wealthiest citizens in New York. In 1771, he was a founder of the New York Hospital and for which he served as governor from 1774 to 1778, as well as an owner of a share of the Tontine Coffee House in 1796. Rutherfurd was a founder, and one of the original members, of the Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York, serving as Assistant from 1761 to 1766, first vice-president from 1785 to 1787 and president, twice, from 1766 to 1767 and, again, from 1792 to 1798. Personal life Coat of Arms of Walter Rutherfurd On December 21, 1758, he was married to Catherine Alexander (1727–1801) in New York. Catherine was the daughter of James Alexander and Mary Alexander Provoost. Among her siblings were William Alexander, Lord Stirling, Mary Alexander (wife of Peter Van Brugh Livingston), Elizabeth Alexander (wife of John Stevens) and Susannah Alexander (Wife of British Army Officer John Reid). Together, they were the parents of: John Rutherfurd (1760–1840), a U.S. Senator who married Helena Magdalena Morris (1762–1840), daughter of Continental Congressman Lewis Morris. Mary Rutherfurd (1761–1786), who married Maj. Gen. Matthew Clarkson. Rutherfurd died at his residence in New York City on January 10, 1804, and was interred at the family vault at Trinity All Saints Cemetery in Princeton, New Jersey. Descendants Through his son John, he was a grandfather of eight, including Mary Rutherfurd (1784–1868); Robert Walter Rutherfurd (1788–1852), a member of the New Jersey State Legislature (who inherited his share in the Tontine Coffee House); Helena Rutherfurd (1790–1873), who married Peter Gerard Stuyvesant (the 2x-great grandson of Peter Stuyvesant and one of the wealthiest New Yorkers in his lifetime); and Louisa Morris Rutherfurd (1792–1857). Through his daughter Mary, he was a grandfather of Mary Rutherfurd Clarkson (1786–1838), who married her cousin Peter Augustus Jay, the eldest son of Chief Justice John Jay and Sarah Van Brugh (née Livingston) Jay, in 1807. References ^ Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York (1911). Roster of Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York with Biographical Data. D. Taylor. Retrieved 26 July 2019. ^ a b c Browning, Charles Henry (1883). Americans of Royal Descent. Porter & Costes. p. 220. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ a b c Dobson, David (1997). Scottish Soldiers in Colonial America. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 68. ISBN 9780806352381. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ Greene, Katherine Glass (2002). Winchester, Virginia And Its Beginnings, 1743-1814. Heritage Books. p. 371. ISBN 9780788420627. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i Morrison, George Austin (1906). History of Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York, 1756-1906. New York: Saint Andrew's Society of the State of NY. Retrieved 26 July 2019. ^ "Guide to the Alexander Papers 1668-1818 (bulk 1717-1786) MS 8". dlib.nyu.edu. New-York Historical Society. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2017. ^ Livingston, Edwin Brockholst (1910). The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, "The Nephew," a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants. Knickerbocker Press. Retrieved 28 November 2017. ^ "Reid, John (1721-1807)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ a b c d Reynolds, Cuyler (1914). Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Building of a Nation. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 1023–1029. Retrieved 13 November 2017. clarkson. ^ "RUTHERFURD, John - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ "Funeral of Mrs. Stuyvesant". The New York Times. 21 August 1873. Retrieved 9 June 2018. ^ "A RARE PAIR OF AMERICAN SILVER BOTTLE STANDS, MYER MYERS, NEW YORK, CIRCA 1765". sothebys.com. Sotheby's. Retrieved 13 November 2017. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States
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He was the sixth son of nineteen children born to Sir John Rutherfurd and Elizabeth (née Cairncross) Rutherfurd, who married in 1710.[2] Among his siblings was elder brother John Rutherfurd, who commanded an attack on the French at Fort Niagara in 1748 and was killed at Fort Ticonderoga on July 8, 1758, during the Battle of Carillon.[3] A younger brother, Sir Robert Rutherfurd, was created a Baron of Russia by Catherine the Great in 1768.[4]His paternal grandparents were Thomas Rutherfurd of Teviotdale and Susannah (née Riddell) Rutherfurd,[2] and he was eleventh in descent from James Rutherfurd of Clan Rutherford, who was granted the manorial lands of Edgerston in 1492 by King James IV of Scotland.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dobson1997-3"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Royal Scots Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scots_Regiment"},{"link_name":"paymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrison1906-5"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"British America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America"},{"link_name":"Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier"},{"link_name":"Royal American Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_American_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Judge Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate"},{"link_name":"Fort Niagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Niagara"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrison1906-5"},{"link_name":"Province of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrison1906-5"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrison1906-5"}],"text":"In 1738, at age fifteen, he entered the Royal Navy.[3] He served until 1746 when he joined the Army of the Kingdom of Great Britain as an officer in the Royal Scots Regiment, serving as paymaster during the Flanders and German campaigns.[5]When the French and Indian War began in 1756, he sailed to British America and joined the Royal and Colonial forces as a captain of Grenadiers in the 4th Battalion of the Royal American Regiment, eventually becoming promoted to Judge Advocate and a Major in the Colonial Army. During the War, he \"received the terms of surrender\" of Fort Niagara and when Montreal was captured, the keys of the city were given to him.[5]After retiring from active duty, he received a patent of five thousand acres in the Province of New Jersey, in 1760 and 1775, for his military service (in addition to the lands he gained due to his marriage).[5] During the American Revolution, even though he was a Loyalist, he \"took no active part in the dispute and subsequent warfare,\" and retired to his estate in New Jersey, essentially a hostage of the Patriots, during the Revolutionary War.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunterdon County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterdon_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dobson1997-3"},{"link_name":"New York Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Tontine Coffee House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontine_Coffee_House"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrison1906-5"},{"link_name":"Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Society_of_the_State_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrison1906-5"}],"sub_title":"Post-Revolutionary War","text":"After the War ended, Rutherfurd returned to New York and entered the importing business and at Hunterdon County, New Jersey.[3] His extensive connections with England enabled his firm to grow and he became one of the wealthiest citizens in New York. In 1771, he was a founder of the New York Hospital and for which he served as governor from 1774 to 1778, as well as an owner of a share of the Tontine Coffee House in 1796.[5]Rutherfurd was a founder, and one of the original members, of the Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York, serving as Assistant from 1761 to 1766, first vice-president from 1785 to 1787 and president, twice, from 1766 to 1767 and, again, from 1792 to 1798.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Water_Rutherfurd.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browning1883-2"},{"link_name":"James Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Alexander_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Mary Alexander Provoost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Alexander"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlexPapers-6"},{"link_name":"William Alexander, Lord Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Peter Van Brugh Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Van_Brugh_Livingston"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston1910-7"},{"link_name":"John Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stevens_(New_Jersey_politician)"},{"link_name":"John Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reid_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1914-9"},{"link_name":"John Rutherfurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rutherfurd"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Continental Congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Lewis Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Morris"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bioguide-10"},{"link_name":"Matthew Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1914-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrison1906-5"},{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1914-9"}],"text":"Coat of Arms of Walter RutherfurdOn December 21, 1758, he was married to Catherine Alexander (1727–1801) in New York.[2] Catherine was the daughter of James Alexander and Mary Alexander Provoost.[6] Among her siblings were William Alexander, Lord Stirling, Mary Alexander (wife of Peter Van Brugh Livingston),[7] Elizabeth Alexander (wife of John Stevens) and Susannah Alexander (Wife of British Army Officer John Reid).[8] Together, they were the parents of:[9]John Rutherfurd (1760–1840), a U.S. Senator who married Helena Magdalena Morris (1762–1840), daughter of Continental Congressman Lewis Morris.[10]\nMary Rutherfurd (1761–1786), who married Maj. Gen. Matthew Clarkson.[9]Rutherfurd died at his residence in New York City on January 10, 1804,[5] and was interred at the family vault at Trinity All Saints Cemetery in Princeton, New Jersey.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Tontine Coffee House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontine_Coffee_House"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrison1906-5"},{"link_name":"Peter Gerard Stuyvesant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gerard_Stuyvesant"},{"link_name":"Peter Stuyvesant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1873Funeral-11"},{"link_name":"Peter Augustus Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Augustus_Jay_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay"},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_family"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1914-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sothebys-12"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Through his son John, he was a grandfather of eight, including Mary Rutherfurd (1784–1868); Robert Walter Rutherfurd (1788–1852), a member of the New Jersey State Legislature (who inherited his share in the Tontine Coffee House);[5] Helena Rutherfurd (1790–1873), who married Peter Gerard Stuyvesant (the 2x-great grandson of Peter Stuyvesant and one of the wealthiest New Yorkers in his lifetime);[11] and Louisa Morris Rutherfurd (1792–1857).Through his daughter Mary, he was a grandfather of Mary Rutherfurd Clarkson (1786–1838), who married her cousin Peter Augustus Jay, the eldest son of Chief Justice John Jay and Sarah Van Brugh (née Livingston) Jay,[9] in 1807.[12]","title":"Personal life"}]
[{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Walter Rutherfurd","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_Water_Rutherfurd.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Water_Rutherfurd.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York (1911). Roster of Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York with Biographical Data. D. Taylor. Retrieved 26 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Society_of_the_State_of_New_York","url_text":"Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-yYt1LrbG0oC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Roster of Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York with Biographical Data"}]},{"reference":"Browning, Charles Henry (1883). Americans of Royal Descent. Porter & Costes. p. 220. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XJo-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA220","url_text":"Americans of Royal Descent"}]},{"reference":"Dobson, David (1997). Scottish Soldiers in Colonial America. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 68. ISBN 9780806352381. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PQrIw5RMTcMC&pg=PA68","url_text":"Scottish Soldiers in Colonial America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806352381","url_text":"9780806352381"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Katherine Glass (2002). Winchester, Virginia And Its Beginnings, 1743-1814. Heritage Books. p. 371. ISBN 9780788420627. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NyqePxwLkVoC&pg=PA371","url_text":"Winchester, Virginia And Its Beginnings, 1743-1814"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788420627","url_text":"9780788420627"}]},{"reference":"Morrison, George Austin (1906). History of Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York, 1756-1906. New York: Saint Andrew's Society of the State of NY. Retrieved 26 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historysaintand00morrgoog/page/n7","url_text":"History of Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York, 1756-1906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Society_of_the_State_of_NY","url_text":"Saint Andrew's Society of the State of NY"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Alexander Papers 1668-1818 (bulk 1717-1786) MS 8\". dlib.nyu.edu. New-York Historical Society. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213207/http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/alexander_content.html","url_text":"\"Guide to the Alexander Papers 1668-1818 (bulk 1717-1786) MS 8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society","url_text":"New-York Historical Society"},{"url":"http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/alexander_content.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Livingston, Edwin Brockholst (1910). The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, \"The Nephew,\" a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants. Knickerbocker Press. Retrieved 28 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/livingstonslivi00unkngoog","url_text":"The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, \"The Nephew,\" a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_Press","url_text":"Knickerbocker Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Reid, John (1721-1807)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Reid,_John_(1721-1807)","url_text":"\"Reid, John (1721-1807)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Cuyler (1914). Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Building of a Nation. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 1023–1029. Retrieved 13 November 2017. clarkson.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami00reyn","url_text":"Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Building of a Nation"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/genealogicalfami00reyn/page/1023","url_text":"1023"}]},{"reference":"\"RUTHERFURD, John - Biographical Information\". bioguide.congress.gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000550","url_text":"\"RUTHERFURD, John - Biographical Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Funeral of Mrs. Stuyvesant\". The New York Times. 21 August 1873. Retrieved 9 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1873/08/21/archives/funeral-of-mrs-stuyvesant.html","url_text":"\"Funeral of Mrs. Stuyvesant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"A RARE PAIR OF AMERICAN SILVER BOTTLE STANDS, MYER MYERS, NEW YORK, CIRCA 1765\". sothebys.com. Sotheby's. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/nutt-silver-n09304/lot.581.html","url_text":"\"A RARE PAIR OF AMERICAN SILVER BOTTLE STANDS, MYER MYERS, NEW YORK, CIRCA 1765\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s","url_text":"Sotheby's"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martens
Marten
["1 Classification","2 Fossils","3 Etymology","4 Ecology and behaviour","5 Spatial niche segregation","6 Cultural references","6.1 Canada","6.2 Croatia","6.3 Finland","6.4 Greece","6.5 Italy","7 References","8 External links"]
Genus of mammals For the bird family also known by the homophonous term "martin", see Swallow. For other uses, see Marten (disambiguation). Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Martens (disambiguation) and Martes (disambiguation). MartenTemporal range: Miocene–recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N European pine marten (Martes martes) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Mustelidae Subfamily: Guloninae Genus: MartesPinel, 1792 Type species Martes domesticaPinel, 1792 (= Mustela foina Erxleben, 1777) Species See text Marten ranges: M. americana + caurina = cyan & teal M. flavigula = dark blue & sepia M. foina = rust, brown & sepia M. gwatkinsii M. martes = orange, rust & grass-green M. melampus = yellow M. zibellina = green & grass-green A marten is a weasel-like mammal in the genus Martes within the subfamily Guloninae, in the family Mustelidae. They have bushy tails and large paws with partially retractile claws. The fur varies from yellowish to dark brown, depending on the species; it is valued by animal trappers for the fur trade. Martens are slender, agile animals, adapted to living in the taiga, which inhabit coniferous and northern deciduous forests across the Northern Hemisphere. Classification Results of DNA research indicate that the genus Martes is paraphyletic, with some studies placing Martes americana outside the genus and allying it with Eira and Gulo, to form a new New World clade. The genus first evolved up to seven million years ago during the Miocene epoch. Genus Martes – Pinel, 1792 – eight species Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population American marten Martes americana (Turton, 1806) Seven subspecies M. a. americana M. a. abieticola M. a. abietinoides M. a. actuosa M. a. atrata M. a. brumalis M. a. kenaiensis Arctic Alaska east to Newfoundland, south to New York Size: Habitat: Diet:  LC  Pacific marten Martes caurina (Merriam, 1890) Six subspecies M. c. caurina M. c. humboldtensis M. c. nesophila M. c. origensis M. c. sierrae M. c. vulpina Southeast Alaska to central California, east to northern New Mexico Size: Habitat: Diet:  LC  European pine marten Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe and SW Asia, from Ireland in the west, eastward to the Urals and into Anatolia, Transcaucasia, Mesopotamia and northern Iran Size: Habitat: Diet:  LC  Beech marten Martes foina (Erxleben, 1777) Eleven subspecies M. foina foina M. foina bosniaca M. foina bunites M. foina kozlovi M. foina intermedia M. foina mediterranea M. foina milleri M. foina nehringi M. foina rosanowi M. foina syriaca M. foina toufoeus Spain and Portugal in the west, through Central and Southern Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia, extending as far east as the Altai and Tien Shan mountains and northwest China Size: Habitat: Diet:  LC  Yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula Boddaert, 1785 Three subspecies M. f. flavigula (Boddaert, 1785) M. f. chrysospila (Pocock, 1936) M. f. robinsoni Afghanistan and Pakistan, in the Himalayas of India, Nepal and Bhutan, the Korean Peninsula, southern China, Taiwan and eastern Russia Size: Habitat: Diet:  LC  Nilgiri marten Martes gwatkinsii (Horsfield, 1851) Southern India Size: Habitat: Diet:  VU  Sable Martes zibellina (Linnaeus, 1758) Russia, Eastern Kazakhstan, China, North Korea and Hokkaidō, Japan Size: Habitat: Diet:  LC  Japanese marten Martes melampus (Wagner, 1841) Two subspecies M. m. melampus M. m. tsuensis Japan Size: Habitat: Diet:  LC  Fossils Several fossil martens have been described, including: †Martes campestris (Pliocene) †Martes wenzensis (Pliocene) †Martes vetus (Pleistocene) Another described fossil species, Martes nobilis from the Holocene, is now considered synonymous with the American marten. Etymology The Modern English "marten" comes from the Middle English martryn, in turn borrowed from the Anglo-French martrine and Old French martre, itself from a Germanic source; cf. Old English mearþ, Old Norse mörðr, and Old High German and Yiddish מאַרדאַר mardar. marten (n.) agile, short-legged, bushy-tailed, medium-sized carnivorous mammal in the weasel family, largely nocturnal and found in forests across the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, c. 1300, martrin, "skin or fur of the marten," from Old French martrine "marten fur," noun use of fem. adjective martrin "of or pertaining to the marten," from martre "marten," from Frankish *martar or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *marthuz (source also of Old Saxon marthrin "of or pertaining to the marten," Old Frisian merth, Middle Dutch maerter, Dutch marter, Old High German mardar, German Marder, Old English mearþ, Old Norse mörðr "marten"). The ultimate etymology is unknown. Some suggest it is from PIE *martu- "bride," on some fancied resemblance. Or it might be a substrate word or a Germanic euphemism for the real name of the animal, which might have been taboo. In Middle English the animal itself typically was called marter, directly from Old French martre, but martrin took over this sense in English after c. 1400. The form marten is from late 16c., perhaps due to association with the masc. proper name Martin. Ecology and behaviour Martens are solitary animals, meeting only to breed in late spring or early summer. Litters of up to five blind and nearly hairless kits are born in early spring. They are weaned after around two months, and leave the mother to fend for themselves at about three to four months of age. They are omnivorous. Spatial niche segregation It can be seen that there is a spatial niche segregation between certain species of marten such as the stone marten and the pine marten, however, we cannot credit this segregation to competition between the two species. It is more so due to the disparities in the two species' food preferences, avoidance of heavy predator pressure, and adaptability to cold climates that the spatial niche segregation occurs. Cultural references Canada The marten is populous in the northern Ontario community of Big Trout Lake. During the fur trade, commissioned by the Hudson Bay Company in the 18th and 19th centuries, the marten pelt was typically fashioned into mittens. The marten is still traded locally. The locals place a high value on this pelt, typically trading it for consumable goods. Croatia In the Middle Ages, marten pelts were highly valued goods used as a form of payment in Slavonia, the Croatian Littoral, and Dalmatia. The marturina was a form of tax named after this. The banovac, a coin struck and used between 1235 and 1384, included the image of a marten. This is one of the reasons why the Croatian word for marten, kuna, was the name of the former Croatian currency. A marten is depicted on the obverse of the 1-, 2-, and 5-kuna coins, minted since 1993, and on the reverse of the 25-kuna commemorative coins. With adoption of euro as the national currency in 2023, a marten continues to be depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 1 euro coin. A running marten is shown on the coat of arms of Slavonia and subsequently on the modern design of the coat of arms of Croatia. The official seal of the Croatian Parliament from 1497 until the late 18th century had a similar design. Finland The Finnish communications company Nokia derives its name, via the river Nokianvirta, from a type of marten locally known as the nokia. Greece In the Illiad, the fleet-footed spy Dolon wore a marten-pelt cap. Italy The Latin word for helmet, galea, originally meant "marten pelt", although it is unclear whether early Romans wore these helmets for symbolical reasons or for their fine fur. References ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. ^ Flynn JJ, Finarelli JA, Zehr S, Hsu J, Nedbal MA (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the carnivora (mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Syst. Biol. 54 (2): 317–37. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. JSTOR 20061233. PMID 16012099. ^ Koepfli KP; et al. (Feb 2008). "Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation". BMC Biology. 6 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10. PMC 2276185. PMID 18275614. ^ Samuels, J.X.; Cavin, J. (May 2012). "The earliest known fisher (Mustelidae), a new species from the Rattlesnake Formation of Oregon". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (2): 448–454. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.722155. S2CID 42079934. ^ Marciszak, A.; Ambros, D.; Hilpert, B. (October 2021). "Mustelids from Sackdilling Cave (Bavaria, Germany) and their biostratigraphic significance". Geobios. 68: 83–107. Bibcode:2021Geobi..68...83M. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.04.004. S2CID 236282824. ^ Youngman, Phillip M.; Schueler, Frederick W. (1991). "Martes nobilis Is a Synonym of Martes americana, Not an Extinct Pleistocene-Holocene Species". Journal of Mammalogy. 72 (3): 567–577. doi:10.2307/1382140. JSTOR 1382140. ^ "Marten | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". ^ "American Marten (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-21. ^ "marten | Size & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-09-14. ^ Wereszczuk, Anna; Zalewski, Andrzej (2015). "Spatial Niche Segregation of Sympatric Stone Marten and Pine Marten – Avoidance of Competition or Selection of Optimal Habitat?". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0139852. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039852W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139852. PMC 4596623. PMID 26444280. ^ Croatian National Bank. First Money — History of the Croatian Currency Archived 2011-06-22 at the Wayback Machine: Kuna and lipa — the Croatian Currency. – Retrieved on 31 March 2009. ^ Croatian National Bank. Kuna and Lipa, Coins of Croatia Archived 2009-06-22 at the Wayback Machine: 1 Kuna Coin Archived 2009-06-22 at the Wayback Machine, 2 Kuna Coin Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine, 5 Kuna Coin Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine, & Commemorative 25 Kuna Coins in Circulation Archived 2018-02-01 at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 31 March 2009. ^ "Euro coins with the national side of the Republic of Croatia". Croatian National Bank. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ Mario Jareb (2010). Hrvatski nacionalni simboli (Eng.: Croatian National Symbols). ISBN 9789532972306. ^ Ivan Bojničić-Kninski – Grbovnica kraljevine "Slavonije", (1895) – PDF (in Croatian). ^ Story of Nokia, retrieved on the 17 July 2013 ^ Speidel, Michael P. (2008). Ancient Germanic warriors : warrior styles from Trajan's Column to Icelandic sagas. Routledge. ISBN 9780415486828. OCLC 632066572. External links Data related to Martes at Wikispecies Media related to Martes at Wikimedia Commons vteExtant Carnivora species Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria Suborder FeliformiaNandiniidaeNandinia African palm civet (N. binotata) Herpestidae(Mongooses)Atilax Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus) Bdeogale Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda) Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni) Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes) Crossarchus Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri) Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei) Common kusimanse (C. obscurus) Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus) Cynictis Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata) Dologale Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula) Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula) Herpestes Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens) Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea) Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta) Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea) Ichneumia White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni) Mungos Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus) Banded mongoose (M. mungo) Paracynictis Selous's mongoose (P. selousi) Rhynchogale Meller's mongoose (R. melleri) Suricata Meerkat (S. suricatta) Urva Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata) Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura) Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii) Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca) Javan mongoose (U. javanica) Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata) Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii) Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva) Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla) Xenogale Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso) Hyaenidae(Hyenas)Crocuta Spotted hyena (C. crocuta) Hyaena Striped hyena (H. hyaena) Parahyaena Brown hyena (P. brunnea) Proteles Aardwolf (P. cristata) FelidaeLarge family listed belowViverridaeLarge family listed belowEupleridaeSmall family listed belowFamily FelidaeFelinaeAcinonyx Cheetah (A. jubatus) Caracal African golden cat (C. aurata) Caracal (C. caracal) Catopuma Bay cat (C. badia) Asian golden cat (C. temminckii) Felis Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) Domestic cat (F. catus) Jungle cat (F. chaus) African wildcat (F. lybica) Sand cat (F. margarita) Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) European wildcat (F. silvestris) Herpailurus Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi) Leopardus Pampas cat (L. colocola) Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) Kodkod (L. guigna) Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus) Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita) Ocelot (L. pardalis) Oncilla (L. tigrinus) Margay (L. wiedii) Leptailurus Serval (L. serval) Lynx Canada lynx (L. canadensis) Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) Bobcat (L. rufus) Otocolobus Pallas's cat (O. manul) Pardofelis Marbled cat (P. marmorata) Prionailurus Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis) Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) Fishing cat (P. viverrinus) Puma Cougar (P. concolor) PantherinaePanthera Lion (P. leo) Jaguar (P. onca) Leopard (P. pardus) Tiger (P. tigris) Snow leopard (P. uncia) Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi) Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa) PrionodontidaePrionodon Banded linsang (P. linsang) Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor) Family ViverridaeParadoxurinaeArctictis Binturong (A. binturong) Arctogalidia Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii) Paguma Masked palm civet (P. larvata) Paradoxurus Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus) Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni) Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis) HemigalinaeChrotogale Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni) Cynogale Otter civet (C. bennettii) Diplogale Hose's palm civet (D. hosei) Hemigalus Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus) ViverrinaeCivettictis African civet (C. civetta) Viverra Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina) Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila) Malayan civet (V. tangalunga) Large Indian civet (V. zibetha) Viverricula Small Indian civet (V. indica) GenettinaeGenetta(Genets) Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica) Angolan genet (G. angolensis) Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni) Crested servaline genet (G. cristata) Common genet (G. genetta) Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni) Letaba genet (G. letabae) Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata) Pardine genet (G. pardina) Aquatic genet (G. piscivora) King genet (G. poensis) Servaline genet (G. servalina) Hausa genet (G. thierryi) Cape genet (G. tigrina) Giant forest genet (G. victoriae) South African small-spotted genet (G. felina) Poiana Central African oyan (P. richardsonii) West African oyan (P. leightoni) Family EupleridaeEuplerinaeCryptoprocta Fossa (C. ferox) Eupleres Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii) Western falanouc (E. major) Fossa Malagasy civet (F. fossana) GalidiinaeGalidia Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans) Galidictis Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata) Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri) Mungotictis Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata) Salanoia Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor) Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli) Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)Ursidae(Bears)Ailuropoda Giant panda (A. melanoleuca) Helarctos Sun bear (H. malayanus) Melursus Sloth bear (M. ursinus) Tremarctos Spectacled bear (T. ornatus) Ursus American black bear (U. americanus) Brown bear (U. arctos) Polar bear (U. maritimus) Asian black bear (U. thibetanus) Mephitidae(Skunks)Conepatus(Hog-nosedskunks) Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii) American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus) Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus) Mephitis Hooded skunk (M. macroura) Striped skunk (M. mephitis) Mydaus Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis) Palawan stink badger (M. marchei) Spilogale(Spotted skunks) Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons) Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis) Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius) Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea) Procyonidae(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)Bassaricyon(Olingos) Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni) Northern olingo (B. gabbii) Western lowland olingo (B. medius) Olinguito (B. neblina) Bassariscus Ringtail (B. astutus) Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti) Nasua(Coatis inclusive) White-nosed coati (N. narica) South American coati (N. nasua) Nasuella(Coatis inclusive) Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis) Western mountain coati (N. olivacea) Potos Kinkajou (P. flavus) Procyon Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus) Raccoon (P. lotor) Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus) AiluridaeAilurus Red panda (A. fulgens) Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)Otariidae(Eared seals)(includes fur sealsand sea lions)(Pinniped inclusive)Arctocephalus South American fur seal (A. australis) Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri) Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis) Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella) Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii) Brown fur seal (A. pusillus) Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi) Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis) Callorhinus Northern fur seal (C. ursinus) Eumetopias Steller sea lion (E. jubatus) Neophoca Australian sea lion (N. cinerea) Otaria South American sea lion (O. flavescens) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri) Zalophus California sea lion (Z. californianus) Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki) Odobenidae(Pinniped inclusive)Odobenus Walrus (O. rosmarus) Phocidae(Earless seals)(Pinniped inclusive)Cystophora Hooded seal (C. cristata) Erignathus Bearded seal (E. barbatus) Halichoerus Grey seal (H. grypus) Histriophoca Ribbon seal (H. fasciata) Hydrurga Leopard seal (H. leptonyx) Leptonychotes Weddell seal (L. weddellii) Lobodon Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus) Mirounga(Elephant seals) Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris) Southern elephant seal (M. leonina) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus) Neomonachus Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi) Ommatophoca Ross seal (O. rossi) Pagophilus Harp seal (P. groenlandicus) Phoca Spotted seal (P. largha) Harbor seal (P. vitulina) Pusa Caspian seal (P. caspica) Ringed seal (P. hispida) Baikal seal (P. sibirica) CanidaeLarge family listed belowMustelidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CanidaeAtelocynus Short-eared dog (A. microtis) Canis Golden jackal (C. aureus) Domestic dog (C. familiaris) Coyote (C. latrans) African wolf (C. lupaster) Wolf (C. lupus) Eastern wolf (C. lycaon) Red wolf (C. rufus) Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis) Cerdocyon Crab-eating fox (C. thous) Chrysocyon Maned wolf (C. brachyurus) Cuon Dhole (C. alpinus) Lupulella Side-striped jackal (L. adustus) Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas) Lycalopex Culpeo (L. culpaeus) Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes) South American gray fox (L. griseus) Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus) Sechuran fox (L. sechurae) Hoary fox (L. vetulus) Lycaon African wild dog (L. pictus) Nyctereutes Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides) Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus) Otocyon Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis) Speothos Bush dog (S. venaticus) Urocyon Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) Island fox (U. littoralis) Vulpes (Foxes) Bengal fox (V. bengalensis) Blanford's fox (V. cana) Cape fox (V. chama) Corsac fox (V. corsac) Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata) Arctic fox (V. lagopus) Kit fox (V. macrotis) Pale fox (V. pallida) Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli) Swift fox (V. velox) Red fox (V. vulpes) Fennec fox (V. zerda) Family MustelidaeHelictidinae(Ferret-badgers)Melogale Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis) Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti) Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata) Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis) Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata) Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca) Guloninae(Martens and wolverines)Eira Tayra (E. barbara) Gulo Wolverine (G. gulo) Martes(Martens) American marten (M. americana) Pacific marten (M. caurina) Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula) Beech marten (M. foina) Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii) European pine marten (M. martes) Japanese marten (M. melampus) Sable (M. zibellina) Pekania Fisher (P. pennanti) Ictonychinae(African polecats and grisons)Galictis Lesser grison (G. cuja) Greater grison (G. vittata) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca) Striped polecat (I. striatus) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus) Poecilogale African striped weasel (P. albinucha) Vormela Marbled polecat (V. peregusna) Lutrinae(Otters)Aonyx African clawless otter (A. capensis) Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus) Congo clawless otter (A. congicus) Enhydra Sea otter (E. lutris) Hydrictis Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis) Lontra North American river otter (L. canadensis) Marine otter (L. felina) Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis) Southern river otter (L. provocax) Lutra Eurasian otter (L. lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana) Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata) Pteronura Giant otter (P. brasiliensis) Melinae(Eurasian badgers)Arctonyx Northern hog badger (A. albogularis) Greater hog badger (A. collaris) Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii) Meles Japanese badger (M. anakuma) Caucasian badger (M. canescens) Asian badger (M. leucurus) European badger (M. meles) MellivorinaeMellivora Honey badger (M. capensis) Mustelinae(Weasels and minks)Mustela(Weasels and ferrets) Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis) Mountain weasel (M. altaica) Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea) Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii) Ferret (M. furo) Haida ermine (M. haidarum) Japanese weasel (M. itatsi) Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah) European mink (M. lutreola) Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina) Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes) Least weasel (M. nivalis) Malayan weasel (M. nudipes) European polecat (M. putorius) American ermine (M. richardsonii) Siberian weasel (M. sibirica) Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa) Neogale Amazon weasel (N. africana) Colombian weasel (N. felipei) Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata) American mink (N. vison) TaxidiinaeTaxidea American badger (T. taxus) vteGenera of red pandas, raccoons, skunks, mustelids and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora MusteloideaMusteloidea †Peignictis †Plesiogale AiluridaeAilurinae Ailurus †Magerictis †Parailurus †Pristinailurus †Amphictinae Amphictis †Simocyoninae Actiocyon Alopecocyon Protursus Simocyon Mephitidae †Brachyprotoma Conepatus Mephitis Mydaus †Palaeomephitis †Promephitis Spilogale Procyonidae †Amphinasua †Angustictis †Arctonasua Bassaricyon Bassariscus †Bassaricynoides †Chapalmalania †Cyonasua †Edaphocyon Nasua Nasuella †Parahyaenodon †Paranasua †Parapotos †Probassariscus Procyon †Protoprocyon Potos †Tetraprothomo MustelidaeMustelidae †Acheronictis †Aragonictis †Arikarictis †Circamustela †Erokomellivora †Franconictis †Kenyalutra †Kinometaxia †Laphyctis †Luogale †Marcetia †Matanomictis †Melidellavus †Mellalictis †Mesomephitis †Miomustela †Namibictis †Oaxacagale †Palaeomeles †Paragale †Parataxidea †Perunium †Plesictis †Plesiogale †Plesiomeles †Prepoecilogale †Presictis †Promellivora †Proputorius †Pyctis †Sabadellictis †Semantor †Sinictis †Sivalictis †Skopelogale †Sonitictis †Taxodon †Trochotherium †Xenictis †Zorilla Guloninae †Canimartes Eira †Ferinestrix Gulo †Iberictis †Ischyrictis Martes Pekania †Plesiogulo †Plionictis †Sthenictis Helictidinae Melogale Ictonychinae †Brevimalictis †Cernictis †Eirictis †Enhydrictis Galictis Ictonyx †Lutravus Lyncodon †Martellictis †Negodiaetictis †Oriensictis †Pannonictis †Poecilictis Poecilogale †Sminthosinis †Stipanicicia †Trigonictis †Trochictis Vormela Lutrinae †Algarolutra Aonyx †Cyrnaonyx †Cyrnolutra †Djourabus Enhydra †Enhydriodon †Enhydritherium Hydrictis †Limnonyx Lontra Lutra †Lutraeximia †Lutrictis Lutrogale †Megalenhydris †Megencephalon †Melodon †Mionictis †Nesolutra †Paludolutra †Paralutra †Pelycictis Pteronura †Sardolutra †Satherium †Siamogale †Sivaonyx †Teruelictis †Torolutra †Tyrrhenolutra †Vishnuonyx †Leptarctinae Craterogale Leptarctus Trocharion Melinae †Arctomeles Arctonyx Meles †Promeles Mellivorinae †Ekorus †Eomellivora †Hoplictis Mellivora †Moralesictis †Mustelavinae Mustelavus Mustelinae †Baranogale †Dinogale †Lartetictis †Legionarictis Mustela Neogale †Putorius †Tisisthenes †Oligobuninae Brachypsalis Corumictis Floridictis Megalictis Oligobunis Parabrachypsalis Paroligobunis Promartes Zodiolestes Taxidiinae †Chamitataxus †Pliotaxidea Taxidea Taxon identifiersMartes Wikidata: Q26533 Wikispecies: Martes ADW: Martes BOLD: 3993 EoL: 34549 EPPO: 1MRTSG Fauna Europaea: 305306 Fauna Europaea (new): 92b4d7bc-c293-47af-a4e9-ad0cfb6422c7 GBIF: 2433765 iNaturalist: 41790 ITIS: 180558 MSW: 14001203 NBN: NBNSYS0000134898 NCBI: 9658 Open Tree of Life: 348045 Paleobiology Database: 41126 uBio: 4232742 Authority control databases: National Germany Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow"},{"link_name":"Marten (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Martens (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martens_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Martes (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martes_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"Guloninae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guloninae"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Mustelidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustelidae"},{"link_name":"claws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw"},{"link_name":"animal trappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping"},{"link_name":"fur trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trade"},{"link_name":"taiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga"},{"link_name":"coniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere"}],"text":"For the bird family also known by the homophonous term \"martin\", see Swallow. For other uses, see Marten (disambiguation).Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Martens (disambiguation) and Martes (disambiguation).A marten is a weasel-like mammal in the genus Martes within the subfamily Guloninae, in the family Mustelidae. They have bushy tails and large paws with partially retractile claws. The fur varies from yellowish to dark brown, depending on the species; it is valued by animal trappers for the fur trade. Martens are slender, agile animals, adapted to living in the taiga, which inhabit coniferous and northern deciduous forests across the Northern Hemisphere.","title":"Marten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"Eira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayra"},{"link_name":"Gulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulo"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"}],"text":"Results of DNA research indicate that the genus Martes is paraphyletic, with some studies placing Martes americana outside the genus and allying it with Eira and Gulo, to form a new New World clade.[2][3] The genus first evolved up to seven million years ago during the Miocene epoch.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Several fossil martens have been described, including:†Martes campestris (Pliocene)\n†Martes wenzensis (Pliocene)[4]\n†Martes vetus (Pleistocene)[5]Another described fossil species, Martes nobilis from the Holocene, is now considered synonymous with the American marten.[6]","title":"Fossils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Modern English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_English"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"Anglo-French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language"},{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"cf.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cf."},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Old High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Modern English \"marten\" comes from the Middle English martryn, in turn borrowed from the Anglo-French martrine and Old French martre, itself from a Germanic source; cf. Old English mearþ, Old Norse mörðr, and Old High German and Yiddish מאַרדאַר mardar.marten (n.)\nagile, short-legged, bushy-tailed, medium-sized carnivorous mammal in the weasel family, largely nocturnal and found in forests across the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, c. 1300, martrin, \"skin or fur of the marten,\" from Old French martrine \"marten fur,\" noun use of fem. adjective martrin \"of or pertaining to the marten,\" from martre \"marten,\" from Frankish *martar or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *marthuz (source also of Old Saxon marthrin \"of or pertaining to the marten,\" Old Frisian merth, Middle Dutch maerter, Dutch marter, Old High German mardar, German Marder, Old English mearþ, Old Norse mörðr \"marten\").\n\nThe ultimate etymology is unknown. Some suggest it is from PIE *martu- \"bride,\" on some fancied resemblance. Or it might be a substrate word or a Germanic euphemism for the real name of the animal, which might have been taboo. In Middle English the animal itself typically was called marter, directly from Old French martre, but martrin took over this sense in English after c. 1400. The form marten is from late 16c., perhaps due to association with the masc. proper name Martin.[7]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solitary animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_animal"},{"link_name":"Litters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_(animal)"},{"link_name":"weaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wean"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"omnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivorous"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Martens are solitary animals, meeting only to breed in late spring or early summer. Litters of up to five blind and nearly hairless kits are born in early spring. They are weaned after around two months, and leave the mother to fend for themselves at about three to four months of age.[8] They are omnivorous.[9]","title":"Ecology and behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"It can be seen that there is a spatial niche segregation between certain species of marten such as the stone marten and the pine marten, however, we cannot credit this segregation to competition between the two species. It is more so due to the disparities in the two species' food preferences, avoidance of heavy predator pressure, and adaptability to cold climates that the spatial niche segregation occurs.[10]","title":"Spatial niche segregation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"northern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Big Trout Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenuhmaykoosib_Inninuwug_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"Hudson Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"mittens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitten"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"The marten is populous in the northern Ontario community of Big Trout Lake. During the fur trade, commissioned by the Hudson Bay Company in the 18th and 19th centuries, the marten pelt was typically fashioned into mittens. The marten is still traded locally. The locals place a high value on this pelt, typically trading it for consumable goods.[citation needed]","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Slavonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavonia"},{"link_name":"Croatian Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"marturina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marturina"},{"link_name":"banovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banovac"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"kuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_kuna"},{"link_name":"commemorative coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_coins_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"adoption of euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_and_the_euro"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_euro_coins#Design"},{"link_name":"1 euro coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_euro_coin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Slavonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavonia"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grbovnica_Slavonije-15"}],"sub_title":"Croatia","text":"In the Middle Ages, marten pelts were highly valued goods used as a form of payment in Slavonia, the Croatian Littoral, and Dalmatia. The marturina was a form of tax named after this. The banovac, a coin struck and used between 1235 and 1384, included the image of a marten. This is one of the reasons why the Croatian word for marten, kuna, was the name of the former Croatian currency.[11] A marten is depicted on the obverse of the 1-, 2-, and 5-kuna coins, minted since 1993, and on the reverse of the 25-kuna commemorative coins.[12] With adoption of euro as the national currency in 2023, a marten continues to be depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 1 euro coin.[13]A running marten is shown on the coat of arms of Slavonia and subsequently on the modern design of the coat of arms of Croatia. The official seal of the Croatian Parliament from 1497 until the late 18th century had a similar design.[14][15]","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia"},{"link_name":"Nokianvirta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokianvirta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Finland","text":"The Finnish communications company Nokia derives its name, via the river Nokianvirta, from a type of marten locally known as the nokia.[16]","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"Dolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolon_(mythology)"}],"sub_title":"Greece","text":"In the Illiad, the fleet-footed spy Dolon wore a marten-pelt cap.","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"The Latin word for helmet, galea, originally meant \"marten pelt\", although it is unclear whether early Romans wore these helmets for symbolical reasons or for their fine fur.[17]","title":"Cultural references"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14001228","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Flynn JJ, Finarelli JA, Zehr S, Hsu J, Nedbal MA (2005). \"Molecular phylogeny of the carnivora (mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships\". Syst. Biol. 54 (2): 317–37. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. JSTOR 20061233. PMID 16012099.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150590923326","url_text":"\"Molecular phylogeny of the carnivora (mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150590923326","url_text":"10.1080/10635150590923326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20061233","url_text":"20061233"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16012099","url_text":"16012099"}]},{"reference":"Koepfli KP; et al. (Feb 2008). \"Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation\". BMC Biology. 6 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10. PMC 2276185. PMID 18275614.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276185","url_text":"\"Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-6-10","url_text":"10.1186/1741-7007-6-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276185","url_text":"2276185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18275614","url_text":"18275614"}]},{"reference":"Samuels, J.X.; Cavin, J. (May 2012). \"The earliest known fisher (Mustelidae), a new species from the Rattlesnake Formation of Oregon\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (2): 448–454. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.722155. S2CID 42079934.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2013.722155","url_text":"\"The earliest known fisher (Mustelidae), a new species from the Rattlesnake Formation of Oregon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2013.722155","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2013.722155"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42079934","url_text":"42079934"}]},{"reference":"Marciszak, A.; Ambros, D.; Hilpert, B. (October 2021). \"Mustelids from Sackdilling Cave (Bavaria, Germany) and their biostratigraphic significance\". Geobios. 68: 83–107. Bibcode:2021Geobi..68...83M. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.04.004. S2CID 236282824.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Geobi..68...83M","url_text":"2021Geobi..68...83M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geobios.2021.04.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.geobios.2021.04.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236282824","url_text":"236282824"}]},{"reference":"Youngman, Phillip M.; Schueler, Frederick W. (1991). \"Martes nobilis Is a Synonym of Martes americana, Not an Extinct Pleistocene-Holocene Species\". Journal of Mammalogy. 72 (3): 567–577. doi:10.2307/1382140. JSTOR 1382140.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1382140","url_text":"10.2307/1382140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1382140","url_text":"1382140"}]},{"reference":"\"Marten | Search Online Etymology Dictionary\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=marten","url_text":"\"Marten | Search Online Etymology Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Marten (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/american-marten.htm","url_text":"\"American Marten (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"marten | Size & Facts | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/animal/marten","url_text":"\"marten | Size & Facts | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Wereszczuk, Anna; Zalewski, Andrzej (2015). \"Spatial Niche Segregation of Sympatric Stone Marten and Pine Marten – Avoidance of Competition or Selection of Optimal Habitat?\". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0139852. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039852W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139852. PMC 4596623. PMID 26444280.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596623","url_text":"\"Spatial Niche Segregation of Sympatric Stone Marten and Pine Marten – Avoidance of Competition or Selection of Optimal Habitat?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1039852W","url_text":"2015PLoSO..1039852W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0139852","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0139852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596623","url_text":"4596623"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26444280","url_text":"26444280"}]},{"reference":"\"Euro coins with the national side of the Republic of Croatia\". Croatian National Bank. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hnb.hr/en/currency/euro-coins/euro-coin-denominations","url_text":"\"Euro coins with the national side of the Republic of Croatia\""}]},{"reference":"Mario Jareb (2010). Hrvatski nacionalni simboli (Eng.: Croatian National Symbols). ISBN 9789532972306.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789532972306","url_text":"9789532972306"}]},{"reference":"Speidel, Michael P. (2008). Ancient Germanic warriors : warrior styles from Trajan's Column to Icelandic sagas. Routledge. ISBN 9780415486828. OCLC 632066572.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415486828","url_text":"9780415486828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/632066572","url_text":"632066572"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney_discography
Paul McCartney discography
["1 Albums","1.1 Solo and Wings studio albums","1.2 Classical studio albums","1.3 Other studio albums","1.4 Solo and Wings live albums","1.5 Compilations","1.6 Promotional and limited release","2 Box sets","3 Singles","3.1 1970s","3.2 1980s","3.3 1990s","3.4 2000s","3.5 2010s","3.6 2020s","3.7 Promotional and limited release singles","3.8 Other charted songs","4 Videography","4.1 Home videos and television specials","4.2 Music videos","4.3 Documentary appearances","5 Soundtracks and other appearances","6 Collaborations","7 As composer, invited musician or producer","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Works cited"]
Paul McCartney discographyPerforming in São Paulo, Brazil in 2019Studio albums26Live albums10Compilation albums4Video albums37Music videos79EPs2Singles111Classical albums7Electronica albums5Box sets3 The discography of British musician Paul McCartney consists of 26 studio albums, four compilation albums, nine live albums, 37 video albums, two extended plays, 111 singles, seven classical albums, five electronica albums, 17 box sets, and 79 music videos. Before his career as a solo artist, McCartney enjoyed success as a member of the rock band the Beatles. After the Beatles disbanded, he debuted as a solo artist with the 1970 album McCartney and went on to form the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. Under McCartney's leadership, Wings became one of the most successful bands of the 1970s. He wrote or co-wrote their US or UK number-one hits, such as "My Love", "Band on the Run", "Listen to What the Man Said", "Silly Love Songs", and "Mull of Kintyre". He resumed his solo career in 1980 and has been touring as a solo artist since 1989. Apart from Wings, his UK or US number-one hits include "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" (with Linda), "Coming Up", "Pipes of Peace", "Ebony and Ivory" (with Stevie Wonder), and "Say Say Say" (with Michael Jackson). In 2012, McCartney was ranked eleventh best selling singles artist in United Kingdom with 10.2 million singles sold. Albums Solo and Wings studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications(sales thresholds) UK AUS BEL GER NLD NOR NZ SWE SWI US McCartney Released: 17 April 1970 Label: Apple 2 3 — 15 3 2 — 2 — 1 CAN: Platinum US: 2× Platinum Ram (Paul and Linda McCartney) Released: 17 May 1971 Label: Apple/EMI, Capitol 1 3 75 22 4 2 — 1 — 2 UK: Silver CAN: Platinum US: Platinum Wild Life (Wings) Released: 3 December 1971 Label: Apple/EMI, Capitol 11 3 117 47 6 4 — 3 88 10 CAN: Gold US: Gold Red Rose Speedway (Paul McCartney and Wings) Released: 30 April 1973 Label: Apple/EMI, Capitol 5 1 3 56 6 4 — 2 89 1 UK: Gold CAN: Platinum US: Gold Band on the Run (Paul McCartney and Wings) Released: 30 November 1973 Label: Apple/EMI, Capitol 1 1 4 15 5 1 23 5 22 1 UK: Platinum CAN: Platinum FRA: Gold US: 3× Platinum Venus and Mars (Wings) Released: 30 May 1975 Label: Capitol 1 2 84 11 5 1 1 2 — 1 UK: Platinum CAN: Platinum US: Platinum Wings at the Speed of Sound (Wings) Released: 26 March 1976 Label: Capitol 2 2 72 32 3 2 2 7 — 1 UK: Gold FRA: Gold US: Platinum London Town (Wings) Released: 31 March 1978 Label: Parlophone (Worldwide)Capitol (US) 4 3 — 6 1 2 4 4 — 2 UK: Gold FRA: Gold GER: Gold NLD: Platinum US: Platinum Back to the Egg (Wings) Released: 8 June 1979 Label: Parlophone (worldwide)Columbia (North America) 6 3 — 16 11 5 9 5 — 8 UK: Gold CAN: 2× Platinum US: Platinum McCartney II Released: 16 May 1980 Label: Parlophone (worldwide)Columbia (North America) 1 6 — 18 11 5 5 5 — 3 UK: Gold AUS: Platinum US: Gold Tug of War Released: 26 April 1982 Label: Parlophone (worldwide)Columbia (North America) 1 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 — 1 UK: Gold AUS: Platinum CAN: Gold FRA: Gold US: Platinum Pipes of Peace Released: 31 October 1983 Label: Parlophone (worldwide)Columbia (North America) 4 9 63 20 11 1 38 4 12 15 UK: Platinum CAN: Platinum US: Platinum Give My Regards to Broad Street (soundtrack album) Released: 22 October 1984 Label: Parlophone (worldwide)Columbia (North America) 1 10 — 25 24 4 25 9 — 21 UK: Platinum CAN: Gold US: Gold Press to Play Released: 25 August 1986 Label: Parlophone, Capitol, EMI 8 22 — 30 21 8 — 17 28 30 UK: Gold Снова в СССР (covers album) Released: 31 October 1988 Label: Melodiya (Μелодия), EMI 63 — — — 56 — — — — 109 Flowers in the Dirt Released: 5 June 1989 Label: Parlophone, Capitol, EMI 1 18 54 9 15 1 — 2 13 21 UK: Platinum CAN: Gold FRA: Gold GER: Gold JPN: Gold SWE: Gold SWI: Gold US: Gold Off the Ground Released: 1 February 1993 Label: Parlophone, Capitol, EMI 5 8 — 2 5 2 4 10 5 17 UK: Silver AUS: Gold CAN: Gold FRA: Gold GER: Platinum JPN: Gold SWI: Gold US: Gold Flaming Pie Released: 5 May 1997 Label: Parlophone, Capitol, EMI 2 9 19 6 9 3 23 11 8 2 UK: Gold JPN: Gold NOR: Gold US: Gold Run Devil Run (majority covers album) Released: 4 October 1999 Label: Parlophone, Capitol, EMI 12 99 44 21 53 12 — 23 36 27 UK: Gold Driving Rain Released: 12 November 2001 Label: Parlophone, Capitol, EMI 46 — — 23 76 18 — 19 — 26 UK: Silver US: Gold Chaos and Creation in the Backyard Released: 12 September 2005 Label: Parlophone, Capitol, EMI 10 33 15 4 5 8 — 3 9 6 UK: Gold CAN: Gold FRA: Gold RUS: Gold US: Gold Memory Almost Full Released: 4 June 2007 Label: Hear Music/MPL 5 33 25 18 6 4 30 3 20 3 UK: Gold CAN: Gold US: Gold Kisses on the Bottom (Majority covers album) Released: 7 February 2012 Label: Hear Music/MPL 3 15 8 9 5 7 35 8 12 5 UK: Silver New Released: 15 October 2013 Label: Hear Music/MPL 3 22 6 6 6 1 27 9 12 3 JPN: Gold POL: Gold Egypt Station Released: 7 September 2018 Label: Capitol 3 4 2 1 2 3 12 4 5 1 McCartney III Released: 18 December 2020 Label: Capitol 1 6 5 1 1 6 28 2 2 2 Classical studio albums Title Album details UK US Paul McCartney's Liverpool Oratorio (with Carl Davis) Released: 7 October 1991 Label: EMI Classics — 177 Standing Stone Released: 29 September 1997 Label: EMI Classics — 194 Working Classical Released: 1 November 1999 Label: EMI Classics — — Ecce Cor Meum Released: 25 September 2006 Label: EMI Classics 141 — Ocean's Kingdom Released: 3 October 2011 (UK)4 October 2011 (US) Label: Decca — 143 Other studio albums Title Album Peak chart positions UK BEL FRA JPN NLD SPA SWI US The Family Way (by the George Martin Orchestra) Released: 6 January 1967 Label: Decca (UK)London (US) — — — — — — — — Thrillington (Percy "Thrills" Thrillington) Released: 29 April 1977 Label: Regal Zonophone (UK)Capitol (US) — — — — — 100 — — Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest (The Fireman) Released: 15 November 1993 Label: Parlophone (UK)Capitol (US) — — — — — — — — Rushes (The Fireman) Released: 21 September 1998 Label: Hydra, EMI — — — — — — — — Liverpool Sound Collage (ambient electronic album, also credited to the Beatles, Super Furry Animals and Youth) Released: 21 August 2000 Label: Hydra (UK)Capitol (US) — — — — — — — — Twin Freaks (with The Freelance Hellraiser) Released: 13 June 2005 Label: Parlophone — — — — — — — — Electric Arguments (The Fireman) Released: 24 November 2008 Label: One Little Indian 79 78 — — 66 — 88 — McCartney III Imagined (Paul McCartney & various artists) Released: 16 April 2021 (digital) 23 July 2021 (physical) Label: Capitol 13 — 104 28 — 46 — 19 Solo and Wings live albums Title Album Peak chart positions Certifications UK BEL GER JPN NLD NOR NZ SWE SWI US Wings over America(Wings) Released: 10 December 1976 Label: Capitol 8 68 9 4 10 7 3 33 — 1 UK: Gold CAN: Platinum US: Platinum Tripping the Live Fantastic Released: 5 November 1990 Label: Parlophone 17 — — 12 — — — — — 26 UK: Gold Tripping the Live Fantastic: Highlights! Released: 12 November 1990 Label: Parlophone — — 28 — 35 18 21 27 27 141 US: Platinum Unplugged (The Official Bootleg) Released: 20 May 1991 Label: Parlophone 7 — — 24 42 13 — 20 39 14 Paul Is Live Released: 8 November 1993 Label: Parlophone, Capitol, EMI 34 — 44 16 60 — — 23 — 78 Back in the U.S. Released: 11 November 2002 Label: Capitol, Toshiba EMI — — — 4 — — — — — 8 CAN: 3× Platinum JPN: Gold US: 3× Platinum Back in the World Live Released: 17 March 2003 Label: Parlophone, EMI 5 4 10 196 16 — — 12 68 — UK: Gold Good Evening New York City Released: 17 November 2009 Label: Hear Music, Mercury Records 28 76 54 18 21 8 — 29 — 16 UK: Silver US: Gold Amoeba Gig Released: 12 July 2019 Label: Capitol 82 149 28 24 83 — — — — — One Hand Clapping Released: 14 June 2024 Label: MPL Communications — — — — — — — — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released. Compilations Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications(sales thresholds) UK AUS AUT BEL GER JPN NLD NOR NZ SWE SWI US Wings Greatest(Wings) Released: 22 November 1978 Label: Parlophone (UK); Capitol (US) 5 8 — — 18 24 8 20 16 32 — 29 UK: Platinum CAN: Platinum US: Platinum All the Best! Released: 2 November 1987 Label: Parlophone, EMI (UK); Capitol (US) 2 8 23 — 9 11 10 39 5 7 11 62 UK: 3× Platinum AUS: 2× Platinum AUT: Gold CAN: Gold FRA: Gold US: 2× Platinum Wingspan: Hits and History Released: 7 May 2001 Label: Parlophone 5 14 28 21 20 13 32 5 13 49 — 2 UK: Gold AUS: Gold US: 2× Platinum Pure McCartney Released: 10 June 2016 Label: Concord Music Group 3 26 14 3 7 4 7 26 15 50 25 15 UK: Silver "—" denotes releases that did not chart. Promotional and limited release Year Album Notes US 1980 The McCartney Interview Commercially released interview album containing McCartney's interview with Musician magazine. 158 1987 Paul Talks (Paul McCartney In Conversation) Commercially released interview album containing McCartney's interview with John Lennon's half-sister Julianne Baird. — 1990 Paul McCartney Rocks A US promotional-only compilation released by Capitol Records in 1990 during McCartney's American tour for Flowers in the Dirt which was designed to promote the uptempo songs in McCartney's solo catalog. Includes the UK B-sides "I Wanna Cry" and "Party Party" as well as the 7" remix of "Figure of Eight". — 1993 The New World Sampler Two disc set, contains All the Best! and the new compilation, New World Sampler. — 1997 Oobu Joobu – Ecology Tracks from program No. 5 of McCartney's radio series, included as a bonus disc with Flaming Pie only at Best Buy retail stores. — 2004 Paul McCartney's Glastonbury Groove A compilation of McCartney's favorite songs. — 2005 Never Stop Doing What You Love A compilation available through Fidelity Investments. — Paul: The US Tour Presented by Lexus Two disc set, contains Chaos and Creation in the Backyard and the compilation Motor of Love. (While most of the tracks on Motor of Love have been previously released, the collection did include two new live recordings, "Drive My Car" recorded live at Super Bowl XXXIX and "The Long and Winding Road" recorded live in Anaheim, California in 2002.) The compilation was available through Lexus automobile dealerships. — Chaos And Creation In The Backyard Interview Disc Interview disc available through the Chaos And Creation In The Backyard (Special Edition) album. — 2007 iTunes Festival: London Live EP released exclusively for the iTunes Store on 21 August 2007, featuring live performances from McCartney's 5 July 2007 London appearance. 190 Amoeba's Secret Live EP that features tracks recorded during a secret performance at Amoeba Music in Hollywood, California, on 27 June 2007. The EP was first released in November 2007 in a limited vinyl edition, and in January 2009 on CD and download formats. 119 2010 Live in Los Angeles British and Irish album released exclusively for The Mail on Sunday newspaper on 10 January 2010, featuring live performances from McCartney's concert at Amoeba Music in Hollywood, California, on 27 June 2007. The album includes the four tracks previously available on the Amoeba's Secret EP ("Only Mama Knows", "C Moon", "That Was Me" and "I Saw Her Standing There") as well as eight other tracks ("Drive My Car", "Dance Tonight", "Black Bird", "Here Today", "Back in the U.S.S.R.", "Get Back", "Hey Jude" and "Lady Madonna"). — 2012 iTunes Live from Capitol Studios Released exclusively for the iTunes Store on 16 March 2012. Recorded on 10 February live (with video streamed to iTunes) from Capitol Studios in promotion of Kisses on the Bottom, on the day McCartney received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. — Kisses on the Bottom – Complete Kisses Released exclusively for the iTunes Store on 26 November 2012. — 2014 The Art of McCartney A tribute compilation by various artists performing a selection of McCartney's songs. — Notes Box sets Title Album details Peak chart positions GER US Paul McCartney: The CD Collection Released: 1989 Label: UFO Format: 9-CD — — The Paul McCartney Collection Released: 7 June 1993 Label: Parlophone Format: 16-CD — — Wings 1971-73(Paul McCartney and Wings) Released: 7 December 2018 Label: Capitol/UMe Format: 7-CD, 3-DVD, 1-Blu-Ray — — McCartney I II III Released: 5 August 2022 Label: Capitol/UMe Format: 3-LP/3-CD 19 — The 7" Singles Box Released: 2 December 2022 Label: Capitol/UMe Format: 80-7" — 126 "—" denotes releases that did not chart. Singles 1970s Year Single Peak chart positions Sales Certifications Album UK AUS BEL CAN GER IRE NLD NZ NOR US 1971 "Another Day""Oh Woman, Oh Why" 2 1 10 4 6 1 3 5 3 5 JPN: 247,000 JPN: Gold non-album single "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey"b/w "Too Many People"(with Linda McCartney) — 5 — 1 30 — — 1 — 1 US: Gold Ram "The Back Seat of My Car"b/w "Heart of the Country"(with Linda McCartney) 39 — — — — — — — — — "Eat at Home"b/w "Smile Away"(with Linda McCartney) — 21 13 — 28 — 7 7 8 — 1972 "Give Ireland Back to the Irish"b/w "Give Ireland Back to the Irish (instrumental version)"(Wings) 16 18 — 46 — 1 — — — 21 non-album single "Mary Had a Little Lamb""Little Woman Love"(Wings) 9 17 — 41 — — 13 — — 28 "Hi, Hi, Hi""C Moon"(Wings) 5 29 5 5 16 — 6 — 4 10 1973 "My Love"b/w "The Mess"(Paul McCartney and Wings) 9 4 17 2 43 — 12 3 7 1 US: Gold Red Rose Speedway "Live and Let Die"b/w "I Lie Around"(Paul McCartney and Wings) 9 5 32 2 31 20 29 — 2 2 UK: Silver US: Gold Live and Let Die "Helen Wheels"b/w "Country Dreamer"(Paul McCartney and Wings) 12 17 36 4 33 — 23 — — 10 non-album single (UK & Europe)Band on the Run (US) "Jet"b/w "Let Me Roll It""Mamunia" (1st US pressings only)(Paul McCartney and Wings) 7 — 2643 5 6 — 10 2 9 7 UK: Gold JPN: Gold Band on the Run "Mrs. Vandebilt"b/w "Bluebird"(Paul McCartney and Wings) — 41 1935 — 33 — 7 9 — — 1974 "Band on the Run"b/w "Zoo Gang" (UK)"Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five" (US)(Paul McCartney and Wings) 3 — 21 1 22 7 7 1 — 1 UK: Gold US: Gold "Junior's Farm"b/w "Sally G"(Paul McCartney and Wings) 16 12 — 1061 — — — — 9 317 non-album single "Walking in the Park with Eloise"b/w "Bridge On the River Suite"(The Country Hams) — — — — — — — — — — 1975 "Listen to What the Man Said"b/w "Love in Song"(Wings) 6 14 25 1 42 4 18 7 3 1 US: Gold Venus and Mars "Letting Go"b/w "You Gave Me the Answer"(Wings) 41 34 — 62 — — — — — 39 "Venus and Mars/Rock Show"b/w "Magneto and Titanium Man"(Wings) — 34 — 12 — — — — — 12 1976 "Silly Love Songs"b/w "Cook of the House"(Wings) 2 20 — 1 14 1 11 8 9 1 UK: Silver US: Gold Wings at the Speed of Sound "Let 'Em In"b/w "Beware My Love"(Wings) 2 65 — 3 29 2 25 13 — 3 UK: Silver US: Gold 1977 "Maybe I'm Amazed" (live)b/w "Soily"(Wings) 28 — — 9 — — 40 — — 10 Wings over America "Seaside Woman"b/w "B-side to Seaside"(Suzy And The Red Stripes) — — — — — — — — — 59 non-album single "Mull of Kintyre""Girls' School"(Wings) 1— 1— 1— 4434 1— 1— 1— 1— 2— —33 UK: 2,090,000 BEL: 100,000 IRE: 100,000 UK: 2× Platinum BEL: Gold GER: Gold IRE: 2× Platinum 1978 "With a Little Luck"b/w "Backwards Traveler/Cuff-Link"(Wings) 5 11 21 1 17 3 11 3 6 1 UK: Silver London Town "I've Had Enough"b/w "Deliver Your Children"(Wings) 42 99 27 24 — 11 139 — — 25 "London Town"b/w "I'm Carrying"(Wings) 60 — — 32 — — — — — 39 1979 "Goodnight Tonight"b/w "Daytime Nighttime Suffering"(Wings) 5 6 24 2 34 9 24 6 9 5 UK: Silver CAN: Gold US: Gold non-album single "Old Siam, Sir"b/w "Spin It On"(Wings) 35 — — — — 29 — — — — Back to the Egg "Getting Closer""Baby's Request"b/w "Spin It On" (US)(Wings) 60 57 25 18 — 24 29 — — 20 "Arrow Through Me"b/w "Old Siam, Sir"(Wings) — — — 27 — — — — — 29 "Rockestra Theme"b/w "Old Siam, Sir"(Wings) — — — — — — — — — — "Wonderful Christmastime"b/w "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reggae" 6 23 26 17 7 8 10 25 7 26 AUS: Gold GER: Gold UK: 2× Platinum non-album single "—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. 1980s Year Single Peak chart positions Sales Certifications Album UK AUS BEL CAN GER IRE NLD NZ NOR US 1980 "Coming Up""Coming Up (Live at Glasgow)" (Wings) b/w "Lunchbox/Odd Sox" 2 2 18 1 11 3 20 2 2 1 UK: Silver US: Gold McCartney II "Waterfalls"b/w "Check My Machine" 9 31 — — 55 4 — 15 9 106 "Temporary Secretary"b/w "Secret Friend" 76 — — — — — — — — — 1982 "Ebony and Ivory"(with Stevie Wonder)b/w "Rainclouds""Ebony and Ivory (solo version)" 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 UK: Gold JPN: Gold NZ: Gold US: Gold Tug of War "Take It Away"b/w "I'll Give You a Ring""Dress Me Up as a Robber" 15 18 28 17 46 26 43 30 7 10 "Tug of War"b/w "Get It" (with Carl Perkins) 53 — — — — — — — — 53 "The Girl Is Mine"(with Michael Jackson)b/w "Can't Get Outta the Rain" 8 4 8 8 53 4 16 3 2 2 US: 1,300,000 NZ: Gold US: Platinum Thriller 1983 "Say Say Say"(with Michael Jackson)b/w "Ode to a Koala Bear" 2 4 16 1 12 3 8 10 1 1 UK: 250,000 AUS: 67,000 UK: Silver AUS: Gold CAN: Platinum FRA: Gold JPN: Gold US: Platinum Pipes of Peace "Pipes of Peace"b/w "So Bad" 1 36 36 11 43 1 34 — — — UK: Silver "So Bad"b/w "Pipes of Peace" — — — 18 — — — — — 23 1984 "No More Lonely Nights"b/w "Silly Love Songs" (remake)"No More Lonely Nights" (playout version) 2 9 28 11 30 2 33 19 — 6 UK: 250,000 UK: Silver Give My Regards to Broad Street "We All Stand Together"b/w "We All Stand Together (humming version)"(with The Frog Chorus) 3 — 12 — 30 3 7 — — — UK: Gold non-album single "Do They Know It's Christmas?"(as part of Band Aid)(spoken message on B-side) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 UK: 3,802,000 UK: Silver CAN: Platinum GER: Gold US: Gold 1985 "Spies Like Us"b/w "My Carnival" (Wings)"Spies Like Us (alternative mix)" (with Art of Noise) 13 55 26 24 — 8 — — — 7 1986 "Press"b/w "It's Not True""Hanglide" 25 47 17 43 53 15 — — — 21 Press to Play "Pretty Little Head"b/w "Write Away""Angry" 76 — 29 — — — — — — — "Stranglehold"b/w "Angry" — — — 90 — — — — — 81 "Only Love Remains"b/w "Tough on a Tightrope""Talk More Talk" 34 — — 7 — 20 — — — — 1987 "Let It Be"b/w "Let It Be (the gospel jam mix)""Let It Be (mega message mix)"(as part of Ferry Aid) 1 28 3 — 3 2 3 4 1 — UK: 500,000 UK: Gold non-album single "Once Upon a Long Ago"b/w "Back on My Feet""Midnight Special""Don't Get Around Much Anymore""Lawdy Miss Clawdy""Kansas City" 10 58 4 13 13 4 11 — — — All the Best! (UK/Canada pressings) 1989 "Ferry Cross the Mersey"(with the Christians, Holly Johnson, Gerry Marsden and Stock Aitken Waterman)b/w "Abide with Me" 1 45 28 — 5 1 21 — 4 — non-album single "My Brave Face"b/w "Flying to My Home""I'm Gonna Be a Wheel Someday""Ain't That a Shame" 18 30 16 17 29 6 15 — 4 25 Flowers in the Dirt "This One"b/w "The First Stone""I Wanna Cry""I'm In Love Again""Good Sign" 18 113 30 60 40 27 31 — — 94 "Figure of Eight"b/w "Où Est le Soleil?""Loveliest Thing""Rough Ride""The Long and Winding Road (remake)" 42 — — 75 — 25 42 — — 92 "—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. 1990s Year Single Peak chart positions Certifications Album UK AUS CAN GER IRE NLD NOR POL SWE US 1990 "Put It There"b/w "Mama's Little Girl" (Wings)"Same Time Next Year" 32 — 9 60 17 82 — — — — Flowers in the Dirt "Birthday" (live)b/w "Good Day Sunshine" (live)"P.S. Love Me Do" (live)"Let 'Em In" (live) 29 102 — 22 — 68 — — — — Tripping the Live Fantastic "The Long and Winding Road" (live)b/w "Mull of Kintyre" (live) — — — — — 54 — — — — "All My Trials"b/w "C Moon" (live) 35 — — — — — — — — — 1992 "Hope of Deliverance"b/w "Big Boys Bickering""Long Leather Coat""Kicked Around No More" 18 29 5 3 28 8 4 9 26 83 GER: Gold Off the Ground 1993 "C'Mon People"b/w "I Can't Imagine""Keep Coming Back to Love""Down to the River""Deliverance" 41 — 80 41 — — — 36 — — "Off the Ground"b/w "Cosmically Conscious""Style Style""Sweet Sweet Memories""Soggy Noodle" — 66 25 54 — — — — — — "Biker Like an Icon"b/w "Midnight Special" (live)"Things We Said Today" (live) — — — 62 — — — — — — 1995 "A Leaf"(featuring Anya Alexeyev) 156 — — — — — — — — — Working Classical "Come Together (War Child)"(as part of the Smokin' Mojo Filters) 19 — — — — — — — — — HELP 1997 "Young Boy"b/w "Looking for You""Broomstick""Oobu Joobu (Parts 1 & 2)" 19 60 28 55 — 53 19 28 41 — Flaming Pie "The World Tonight"b/w "Used to Be Bad""Really Love You""Oobu Joobu (Parts 3 & 4)" 23 — 14 — — 68 — 40 — 64 "Beautiful Night"b/w "Love Come Tumbling Down""Same Love""Oobu Joobu (Parts 5 & 6)" 25 — — — — 75 — — — — 1999 "No Other Baby""Brown Eyed Handsome Man"b/w "Fabulous" 42 — — — — — — — — — Run Devil Run "Vo!ce"(with Heather Mills) 87 — — — — — — — — — non-album single "—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. 2000s Year Single Peak chart positions Sales Certifications Album UK BEL CAN GER ITA JPN NLD SPA SWE US 2001 "From a Lover to a Friend"b/w "Riding into Jaipur" 45 — 6 — — 92 71 — — — Driving Rain "Freedom"b/w "From a Lover to a Friend" — — — — — — — — 13 97 2004 "Tropic Island Hum""We All Stand Together" (with The Frog Chorus) 21 — — 30 — — — — — — non-album single "Do They Know It's Christmas?"(as part of Band Aid 20)b/w "Do They Know It's Christmas?" (1984)"Do They Know It's Christmas? (Live Aid)" 1 3 1 7 1 9 3 1 2 — UK: 1,184,000 UK: 2× Platinum 2005 "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (live)(with U2) — — — — — — 21 — — 48 Live 8 "The Long and Winding Road" (live) — — — — — — — — — 112 non-album single "Fine Line"b/w "Comfort of Love""Growing Up Falling Down" 20 — — 70 23 112 28 20 46 — Chaos and Creation in the Backyard "Jenny Wren"b/w "Summer of '59""I Want You to Fly""This Loving Game" 22 — — — — — 58 — 40 — "Ever Present Past"b/w "House of Wax""Only Mama Knows""That Was Me" 85 — — — — 42 — — — — Memory Almost Full 2007 "Dance Tonight"b/w "Nod Your Head" 26 24 — — — 3 — — — 69 "—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. 2010s Year Single Peak chart positions Sales Certifications Album UK AUS BEL CZE FRA IRE MEX NLD POL US 2012 "My Valentine" — — 19 2 — — — 93 10 — Kisses on the Bottom "Only Our Hearts" — — — — — — — — — — "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (as part of The Justice Collective) 1 — — — — 4 — 36 — — UK: Gold non-album single 2013 "Out of Sight"(with The Bloody Beetroots & Youth) — — — — 97 — — — — — Hide "New" — — 12 — 134 — 25 — 32 — New "Queenie Eye" — — 55 2 — — — — 32 — 2014 "Hope for the Future" — — 24 — — — — — 49 — non-album single "Only One"(with Kanye West) 28 8 18 34 30 43 27 82 — 35 US: Gold 2015 "FourFiveSeconds"(with Rihanna and Kanye West) 3 1 5 2 2 1 10 12 3 4 CAN: 310,000 UK: 3× Platinum AUS: 7× Platinum BEL: Platinum FRA: Gold GER: 3× Gold POL: 3 Platinum US: 4× Platinum "All Day"(with Kanye West, Theophilus London and Allan Kingdom) 18 42 37 100 28 52 — 93 — 15 UK: Silver US: Platinum 2018 "I Don't Know""Come On to Me" — — 10818 1 107147 — 42 — 32 — Egypt Station "Fuh You" — — 7 — — — — — — — 2019 "Get Enough" — — — — — — — — — — Egypt Station – Explorer's Edition "Home Tonight""In a Hurry" — — 27 — 51 — — — — — non-album single "—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. 2020s Year Single Peak chart positions Album TWN US AAA BEL NZHot 2020 "Find My Way" 7 31 109 15 McCartney III 2021 "The Kiss of Venus" (with Dominic Fike) — — — 31 McCartney III Imagined 2023 "Say Say Say" (with Kygo and Michael Jackson) — — — 38 Non-album single "—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. Promotional and limited release singles Year Single Peak chart positions Album UK Air. BEL JPN MEX POL RUS US AC US AAA US Dance USMain.Rock 1971 "Bip Bop"(Wings) — 45 — — — — — — — — Wild Life 1989 "Ou est le Soleil?" — — — — — — — — 10 — Flowers in the Dirt 1990 "We Got Married" — — — — — — — — — 43 1991 "The World You're Coming into" — — — — — — — — — — Paul McCartney's Liverpool Oratorio "Save the Child" — — — — — — — — — — 1993 "Transpiritual Stomp"(The Fireman) — — — — — — — — — — Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest 1998 "Rushes"(The Fireman) — — — — — — — — — — Rushes "Fluid (Nitin Sawhney Remixes)"(The Fireman) — — — — — — — — — — 1999 "Run Devil Run" — — 96 — — — — — — — Run Devil Run 2002 "Your Loving Flame" — — — — — — 19 — — — Driving Rain "Lonely Road" — — — — — — — — — 35 2006 "This Never Happened Before" — — — — — — 27 — — — Chaos and Creation in the Backyard 2008 "Sing the Changes"(The Fireman) — — — — 33 — — — — — Electric Arguments "Heal the Pain"(with George Michael) — — — — 50 — — — — — Twenty Five 2010 "(I Want to) Come Home" — — — — — 1 — — — — non-album single 2014 "Save Us" — — 84 — 45 — — — — — New "Appreciate" — — — 40 — — — — — — "Early Days" — — 75 45 — — — — — — 2016 "1985" (remix)(Wings with Timo Maas and DJ James Teej) — — — — — — — — — — non-album single 2018 "Who Cares" — — — — — — — — — — Egypt Station "Back in Brazil" — — — — — 13 — — — — "Caesar Rock" — — — — — — — 36 — — 2019 "Nothing for Free" (remix)(with DJ Chris Holmes) — — — — — — — — — — 2021 "Slidin'" (remix)(with EOB) 9 — — — — — — — — — McCartney III Imagined "Pretty Boys" (remix)(with Khruangbin) — 116 — — — — — — — — "Women and Wives" (remix)(with St. Vincent) — — — — — — — — — — "Deep Down" (remix)(with Blood Orange) — — — — — — — — — — "Seize the Day" (with Phoebe Bridgers) — — — — — — — — — — "Long Tailed Winter Bird" (remix)(with Damon Albarn) — — — — — — — — — — "Lavatory Lil" (with Josh Homme) — — — — — — — — — — "When Winter Comes" (remix)(with Anderson .Paak) — — — — — — — — — — "Deep Deep Feeling" (remix)(with 3D RDN) — — — — — — — — — — "Long Tailed Winter Bird" (remix)(with Idris Elba) 2 — — — — — — — — — "—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. Other charted songs Year Single Peak chart positions Album UK UK Sales FRA JPN POL US US AC US Digital US Jazz USMain.Rock 1982 "Ballroom Dancing" — — — — — — — — — 22 Tug of War "Here Today" — — — — — — — — — 46 "The Pound is Sinking" — — — — — — — — — 44 1986 "Angry" — — — — — — — — — 44 Press to Play 1988 "Children in Need" (with Spirit Of Play) 72 — — — — — — — — — non-album single 1990 "Hey Jude" (live) — — — — — — — — — 41 Knebworth – The Album 2001 "Vanilla Sky" — — — 62 — — — — — — Music from Vanilla Sky "Driving Rain" — — — 43 — — — — — — Driving Rain 2002 "Hello, Goodbye" (live) — — — 72 — — — — — — Back in the U.S. 2003 "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (live)(with Eric Clapton) — — — — 41 — — — — — Concert for George 2005 "Really Love You" (remix)b/w "Lalula" 157 — — — — — — — — — Twin Freaks "The Long and Winding Road" (live) — 5 — — — 112 — 64 — — Live 8 2009 "Wonderful Christmastime"(with Jimmy Fallon and The Roots) — — — — — — — — — — non-album single 2012 "Cut Me Some Slack"(with Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic and Pat Smear) — — — — 28 — — — — — Sound City: Real to Reel "The Christmas Song" — — — — — — 25 — — — Kisses on the Bottom "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" — — — — — — — — 5 — "Get Yourself Another Fool" — — — — — — — — 39 — "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive" — — — — — — — — 8 — "Always" — — — — — — — — 33 — "The Glory of Love" — — — — — — — — 48 — 2013 "Everybody Out There" — — — 87 — — — — — — New "Wonderful Christmastime"(with Straight No Chaser) — — — 20 — — 12 — — — non-album single 2015 "Say Say Say" (remix)(with Michael Jackson) — — — — — — 47 — — — Pure McCartney "Love Song to the Earth"(as part of Friends of the Earth) — 96 64 — — — — 36 — — non-album single "—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. Videography Home videos and television specials Title Details Certification Notes James Paul McCartney Released: 16 April 1973 (US) 10 May 1973 (UK) 7 December 2018 (DVD) First live studio concert TV special of Paul McCartney and Wings. One Hand Clapping Released: August 1974 2 November 2010 (DVD) Wings playing live at Abbey Road Studios with voice-over interviews of the band. Wings Live in Melbourne Released: 13 November 1975 Australian television concert special broadcast live from the Sidney Myer Music Bowl during the "Wings Over the World" tour. Wings Over the World Released: 16 March 1979 (US broadcast) 8 April 1979 (UK broadcast) 27 May 2013 (DVD) Concert/Documentary TV special of McCartney's 1975–76 "Wings Over the World" tour. Rockestra Released: 11 June 1979 Work-in-progress 40-minute performance film, related to the Rockestra super-group performance from Concert for Kampuchea. Back to the Egg Released: November 1979 (US) 10 June 1981 (UK) TV special promoting the album Back to the Egg, two songs released later on video. Rockshow Released: 26 November 1980 (US theatrical) 8 April 1981 (UK theatrical) October 1981 (Betamax/VHS) 12 October 1982 (VHS/Laserdisc/CED) 15 May 2013 (US theatrical re-release) 10 June 2013 (DVD/Blu-ray) Concert/Documentary of McCartney's 1976 "Wings Over America" tour. Paul McCartney: The Man, His Music, and His Movies Released: 1984 TV special documentary narrated by Tom Bosley. Give My Regards to Broad Street Released: 23 October 1984 (theatrical) 1984 (Laserdisc) 1985 / 1996 (VHS) 20 April 2004 (DVD) Motion picture starring Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr, and featuring a number of original McCartney songs. McCartney / A Portrait Special / The Paul McCartney Special (video title) Released: 29 August 1986 (broadcast) 1986/87/88/89 (VHS/Laserdisc) 15 September 1993 (VHS) TV special of McCartney talking about his career from 1970 to 1986 to promote his new album Press to Play. Once Upon a Video... Released: 1987 (VHS/Laserdisc) Four music videos and two TV ads released on video. Put It There Released: 10 June 1989 (broadcast) 1 September 1989 (VHS/Laserdisc) 2003 / 24 March 2017 (DVD) Focuses on the making of McCartney's Flowers in the Dirt album, including interview footage. From Rio to Liverpool Released: 17 December 1990 UK television concert special of The Paul McCartney World Tour, documenting the world-record beating performance at the Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janeiro. MTV Unplugged: Paul McCartney Released: 3 April 1991 TV concert special acoustic performance from MTV Unplugged Season 2: Episode 3, later released as an album with some numbers cut. Get Back Released: 20 September 1991 (Europe) 25 October 1991 (US) 1991/92/93 (VHS/Laserdisc) 2001/2005 (DVD) Filmed before audiences in 45 cities in 13 countries. Liverpool Oratorio Released: 30 October 1991 (broadcast) 1991 (VHS/Laserdisc) 2004 (2× DVD) Composed for the 150th anniversary of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic. Performed 28 June 1991, at the Liverpool Anglican Cathedral. Paul McCartney: Up Close Released: 12 April 1993 UK television special documentary. Movin' On Released: 18 April 1993 (broadcast) 24 September 1993 / 1998 (VHS) Documentary on the making of the album Off the Ground and preparing for The New World Tour. Paul is Live in Concert on The New World Tour Released: 15 June 1993 (broadcast) 22 March 1994 (VHS/Laserdisc) 2003 (DVD) Filmed during the North American leg of "The New World Tour". In the World Tonight Released: 6 October 1997 (VHS/Laserdisc/DVD) The making of the album Flaming Pie documentary (55 minutes). Standing Stone Released: 27 November 1997 (broadcast) 1997 (UK VHS) 1999/2003/06 (Europe DVD) 18 January 2000 (US video) The Standing Stone concert (81 minutes) and a "making of" documentary (52 minutes). Here, There and Everywhere: A Concert for Linda Released: 18 April 1999 BBC special concert tribute to McCartney's late wife who had passed away from breast cancer exactly one year prior. Live performances from McCartney, George Michael, Eddie Izzard, Tom Jones, Sinéad O'Connor, Marianne Faithfull, Des'ree and The Pretenders. Paul McCartney & Friends Live: PETA's Millennium Concert / The PeTA Concert For Party Animals (video title) Released: 16 October 1999 (broadcast) 4 September 2001 / 2002 / 2009 (DVD) Live performance from 18 September 1999 mostly of McCartney, but also featuring comedians, Sarah McLachlan, The B-52's and Chrissie Hynde. Live at the Cavern Club! Released: 14 December 1999 (live broadcast) 2000 (VHS/DVD) 19 June 2001 (DVD/VCD) Broadcast live from the Cavern Club. Songs from Run Devil Run plus "I Saw Her Standing There". Includes biographies of McCartney's bandmates on that day (David Gilmour, Ian Paice, Chris Hall, Pete Wingfield, and Mick Green); and History of the Cavern Club. Working Classical by Paul McCartney Released: 2 May 2000 (VHS) Live performance of the London Symphony Orchestra and the Loma Mar Quartet at Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool. McCartney also shares his reflections on his roots and the making of the album Working Classical. Wingspan – An Intimate Portrait Released: 11 May 2001 (broadcast) 13 November 2001 (VHS/DVD) Two-hour documentary about McCartney's post-Beatles musical career, focusing mostly on the Wings band. The Concert for New York City Released: 20 October 2001 (broadcast) 29 January 2002 (VHS/DVD) Five-hour benefit concert organized by McCartney in response to the September 11 attacks and broadcast live from Madison Square Garden. Featuring six songs by McCartney including the new song Freedom and performances from David Bowie, The Who, Eric Clapton, Elton John, Billy Joel, Jagger/Richards and many more. Appearances from The Clintons, Robert De Niro and a short film from Martin Scorsese. There's Only One Paul McCartney Released: 2 June 2002 BBC television documentary special that follows McCartney for a week and shows his vast history, culminating in a Buckingham Palace concert featuring many celebrity appearances. Back in the U.S. Released: 17 March 2003 GER: Gold Compiled from McCartney's two concert tours of North America in 2002. The video was certified 4× Platinum in Canada. Paul McCartney in Red Square Released: 18 September 2003 (broadcast) 14 June 2005 (DVD) Includes an extended 20-minute director's cut of previously unreleased footage, a behind-the-scenes featurette and the companion special Live in St. Petersburg. The Music and Animation Collection Released: 13 April 2004 / 27 September 2004 (DVD) 11 October 2011 (DVD) Three animated shorts with music: Tropic Island Hum, Tuesday and Rupert and the Frog Song. Includes an interview with McCartney and a "making of" documentary. Narrated by Dustin Hoffman. Between Chaos and Creation Released: 12 September 2005 (UK DVD) 13 September 2005 (US DVD) Half-hour documentary on the making of the album Chaos and Creation in the Backyard. Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road Released: 17 December 2005 (UK broadcast) 27 February 2006 (US broadcast) TV special live concert at Abbey Road Studios. The Space Within US Released: 14 November 2006 (DVD) 18 November 2008 (Blu-ray) Includes interviews with McCartney, his band, and his US tour crew. Memory Almost Full – Deluxe Edition Released: 6 November 2007 The deluxe edition CD/DVD includes Live At The Electric Ballroom, London, 7 June 2007 and 2 music videos. The McCartney Years Released: 12 November 2007 (UK) 13 November 2007 (US) Three-disc DVD box-set includes an exclusive commentary, behind the scenes footage, over 40 music videos, and two hours of historic live performances. Live at the Olympia Released: 2008 (DVD) One-hour television special recorded live at the Olympia in Paris on 22 October 2007. Ecce Cor Meum – Live at The Royal Albert Hall Released: 20 February 2008 (broadcast) Live performance of the classical music album Ecce Cor Meum. Paul McCartney: Live in Kiev Released: 5 July 2008 Ukrainian/UK television "Independence Concert" special of the 14 June record-setting show for 350,000, the largest Ukraine audience ever. It was the first time McCartney played in the country; a 33-song set from Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square). Good Evening New York City Released: 17 November 2009 (video) 26 November 2009 (broadcast) CD/DVD combo documenting July 2009 concerts at Citi Field in New York. . Paul McCartney's Live Kisses Released: 7 September 2012 (broadcast) 13 November 2012 (DVD/Blu-ray/Download) Live performance from Capitol Studios, of songs from McCartney's Kisses on the Bottom album. New – Target Exclusive Released: 15 October 2013 CD/DVD includes the exclusive video A Rendez-Vous with Paul McCartney. New – Collector's Edition Released: 7 November 2014 (video) 4 December 2013 (broadcast) The 2CD/DVD edition contains a documentary Something New (2013) directed by Don Letts, interview, promo tour videos, 4 music videos and 3 making-of features. A MusiCares Tribute to Paul McCartney Released: 24 March 2015 (DVD/Blu-ray/Download) 10 February 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year tribute performances featuring Cirque Du Soleil, Alicia Keys, Alison Krauss, Neil Young, Coldplay, Dave Grohl, James Taylor and 5 songs by McCartney. Pure McCartney VR Released: 10 June 2016 Virtual reality music video collection (45 mins.) directed by Tony Kaye for the Pure McCartney compilation. Carpool Karaoke: When Corden Met McCartney Live from Liverpool Released: 20 August 2018 One-hour primetime special featuring never-before-seen footage from the "Paul McCartney Carpool Karaoke" segment on The Late Late Show with James Corden. Live from Grand Central Station, NYC Released: 7 September 2018 One and a half-hour special of a "secret" concert at Grand Central Terminal that was live-streamed on YouTube. The Bruce McMouse Show Released: 7 December 2018 (DVD/Blu-ray) 21 January 2019 (theatrical) Wings concert film with animation produced from 1972 to 1977 McCartney 3,2,1 Released: 16 July 2021 Documentary miniseries released by Hulu, featuring McCartney and producer Rick Rubin talking about McCartney's career. Music videos Year Title Director 1970 "Maybe I'm Amazed" Charlie Jenkins 1971 "3 Legs" Roy Benson "Heart of the Country" 1972 "Mary Had a Little Lamb" (4 versions) Nicholas Ferguson "Hi, Hi, Hi" Steven Turner "C Moon" 1973 "My Love" Mick Rock "Helen Wheels" Michael Lindsay-Hogg 1974 "Mamunia" Jim Quick "Band on the Run" Michael Coulson 1974 "Junior's Farm" David Litchfield 1976 "Silly Love Songs" Gordon Bennett 1977 "Mull of Kintyre" (version 1) Michael Lindsay-Hogg "Mull of Kintyre" (version 2) Nicholas Ferguson 1978 "With a Little Luck" Michael Lindsay-Hogg "I've Had Enough" Keith McMillan "London Town" Michael Lindsay-Hogg 1979 "Goodnight Tonight" (3 versions) Keith MacMillan "Getting Closer" "Spin It On" "Again and Again and Again" "Old Siam, Sir" "Arrow Through Me" "Winter Rose / Love Awake" "Baby's Request" "Rockestra Theme" Barry Chattington and Keith MacMillan "Wonderful Christmastime" Russell Mulcahy 1980 "Coming Up" Keith MacMillan "Waterfalls" 1982 "Ebony and Ivory" "Ebony and Ivory" (solo version) Barry Myers "Take It Away" John McKenzie "Tug of War" Maurice Phillips 1983 "Say Say Say" Bob Giraldi "Pipes of Peace" Paul McCartney and Keith MacMillan "So Bad" Paul McCartney 1984 "No More Lonely Nights" (special dance mix) David G. Hillier "We All Stand Together" Geoff Dunbar 1985 "Spies Like Us" John Landis 1986 "Press" Philip Davey "Stranglehold" Bob Giraldi "Pretty Little Head" Steve Barron "Only Love Remains" Maurice Phillips 1987 "Once Upon a Long Ago" Paul McCartney and Mike Ross 1989 "My Brave Face" (2 versions) Roger Lunn "This One" (version 1) Tim Pope "This One" (version 2) Dean Chamberlain "Où Est Le Soleil?" David Lodge "Figure of Eight" (3 versions) Andy Morahan "Party, Party" Peter Brookes 1990 "We Got Married" Aubrey Powell "Distractions" Geoff Wonfor "Birthday" (version 1) Neil Mackenzie Mathews "Birthday" (version 2) "All My Trials" Nigel Dick "Put It There" Neil Mackenzie Mathews 1993 "Hope of Deliverance" Andy Morahan "Off the Ground" Mathew Robins "Deliverance" (Steve Anderson remix) Richard Heslop "C'mon People" Kevin Godley "Biker Like an Icon" Richard Heslop 1997 "The World Tonight" (version 1) Alistair Donald "The World Tonight" (version 2) Geoff Wonfor "Young Boy" Alistair Donald "Little Willow" John Schlesinger "Beautiful Night" Julien Temple 1999 "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" David Leland "No Other Baby" Pedro Romhanyi 2001 "From a Lover to a Friend" Kate Miller "Freedom" Harris Savides, Albert Maysles and Louis J. Horvitz "Your Loving Flame" Gavin Gordon-Rogers 2002 "Lonely Road" Jonas Åkerlund 2004 "Tropic Island Hum" Geoff Dunbar 2005 "Fine Line" (2 versions) Simon Hilton "Jenny Wren" Simon Hilton 2007 "Dance Tonight" Michel Gondry "Ever Present Past" Phil Griffin "Nod Your Head" "222" Marco Sandeman 2008 "Sing the Changes" Marco Sandeman 2009 "Dance 'til We're High" Marco Sandeman "(I Want to) Come Home" 2011 "Blue Sway" Jack McCoy 2012 "My Valentine" Paul McCartney 2013 "Queenie Eye" Simon Aboud 2014 "Save Us" Toru Uehara and Charlie Lightening "Appreciate" Andre Chocron "Early Days" Vincent Haycock "Hope for the Future" Daniel Askill 2015 "FourFiveSeconds" (with Rihanna and Kanye West) Inez and Vinoodh "Say Say Say" (2015 remix) Ryan Heffington 2018 "Fuh You" Simon Aboud "Back in Brazil" Charlie Lightening "Come On to Me" T.G. Herrington "Who Cares" Brantley Gutierrez and Ryan Heffington 2020 "Find My Way" Roman Coppola "Winter Bird / When Winter Comes" Geoff Dunbar "The Kiss of Venus (Dominic Fike version)" Jack Begert 2021 "Slidin'" Jack McCoy "Find My Way (featuring Beck)" Andrew Donoho "Slidin' (EOB Remix)" Jack McCoy Documentary appearances 1968 All You Need Is Love: The Story of Popular Music by Tony Palmer 2011 The Love We Make by Albert Maysles - cinéma vérité documentary that showing film chronicles Paul McCartney's experiences in New York City after the 11 September attacks of 2001, following him as he prepared The Concert for New York City October 2001 benefit event. Soundtracks and other appearances Year Album Comment 1973 Live and Let Die The soundtrack album from the James Bond film includes the title song performed by Paul McCartney and Wings, also released as a single. 1981 Concerts for the People of Kampuchea A live album recorded at the Hammersmith Odeon, London in December 1979 to benefit Cambodian refugees, the album includes three songs performed by Wings and three songs performed by Rockestra. 1985 Twice in a Lifetime McCartney composed and performed the theme song to this film, "Twice in a Lifetime". 1986 It's a Live-In World British various artists album to benefit "The Anti-Heroin Project". McCartney composed and performed "Simple as That". 1987 Let It Be A charity single. McCartney sampled his co-lead vocals from the original "Let It Be" sessions and appeared in the official music video, as part of the Ferry Aid collective. 1987 The Prince's Trust 10th Anniversary Birthday Party A live album of a various-artists concert recorded to benefit The Prince's Trust. McCartney's contribution to the album was a live version of "Get Back". British copies of the album also contained a bonus single with a live version of McCartney performing "Long Tall Sally" and "I Saw Her Standing There". 1988 Children in Need A charity CD single which contains two versions of the song. McCartney co-produced and played bass on Version 1; as part of Spirit Of Play. 1989 Ferry Cross the Mersey A charity CD single for the victims of the Hillsborough disaster. McCartney sang co-lead vocals along with various other Liverpool artists. 1990 Knebworth: The Album McCartney performed two songs, "Coming Up" and "Hey Jude" on the live album recorded at Knebworth in 1990. 1990 The Last Temptation of Elvis McCartney performed "It's Now or Never" on this British album of popular artists recording songs from Elvis Presley movies. 1991 For Our Children A various artists' album of children's songs released by Disney to benefit the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation includes Wings' "Mary Had a Little Lamb", originally released in 1972. 1992 Earthrise: The Rainforest Album A various artists' album to draw attention to then environment includes McCartney's song, "How Many People", originally from Flowers in the Dirt. 1992 Daumier's Law A short film produced by McCartney; for which he also wrote, performed and produced the soundtrack. 1994 Recording Artists Against Drunk Driving R.A.D.D. performed "Drive My Car" to promote a new drinking drive campaign. McCartney sang co-lead vocals and appeared in the official music video. 1994 The Unplugged Collection, Volume One A various artists' album that includes McCartney performing the Beatles song, "We Can Work It Out". 1995 Hiroshima Sky Is Always Blue An avant-garde collaboration between Yoko Ono (vocals), McCartney (double bass), Sean Lennon (guitar), Linda McCartney (celesta), and McCartney's children playing various percussions. The piece was broadcast on Japanese public television in memory of the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. 1995 The Help Album A benefit album for the War Child charity. Contains "Come Together", performed by McCartney on guitar and electric piano; as part of the Smokin' Mojo Filters. 1997 Music for Montserrat Music for Montserrat was released as a video album, featuring McCartney performing "Yesterday", "Golden Slumbers/Carry That Weight/The End", "Hey Jude" and "Kansas City". 1997 Diana, Princess of Wales: Tribute A various artists' tribute album for Princess Diana includes McCartney's "Little Willow", a song McCartney had originally written for Ringo Starr's children upon the death of their mother Maureen Starkey and released on Flaming Pie. 1999 Twentieth Century Blues: The Songs of Noel Coward A tribute album to Noël Coward contains McCartney performing lead vocals on "A Room with a View". 1999 (Available from Linda McCartney Racing Team website) McCartney wrote and performed the song "Clean Machine" to promote the Linda McCartney Racing Team website. 2000 A Garland for Linda A tribute album to his late wife Linda McCartney, for which Paul composed the song "Nova". 2000 Maybe Baby McCartney performed and co-produced a version of the Buddy Holly song "Maybe Baby", the track leads off the soundtrack album. 2001 Good Rockin' Tonight A tribute album to Elvis Presley's Sun Records sessions includes McCartney's contribution "That's All Right", a new recording that differs from his version on CHOBA B CCCP. 2001 Brand New Boots and Panties: A Tribute to Ian Dury A tribute album to Ian Dury, it contains McCartney performing lead vocals "I'm Partial to Your Abracadabra". 2001 Music from Vanilla Sky McCartney writes and performs the Oscar-nominated title song on the soundtrack to the film, Vanilla Sky. 2001 The Concert for New York City McCartney arranged the benefit concert and performed several songs, four of which were released on a live album: "I'm Down", "Yesterday", "Let It Be" and "Freedom". 2002 A Tribute to the King A tribute album to Elvis Presley, it contains McCartney performing "All Shook Up", originally from Run Devil Run 2002 Party at the Palace A live album of the concert recorded for Queen Elizabeth's Golden Jubilee. The album features McCartney on the songs "All You Need Is Love" and "Hey Jude". 2003 Music from the Motion Picture The In-Laws The soundtrack to the 2003 re-make of the film, The In-Laws includes the previously unreleased McCartney song, "A Love for You", an alternate version of "Live and Let Die", and "I'm Carrying" from London Town. 2003 Concert for George McCartney performed four songs on the live album from the concert honoring George Harrison. 2004 Do They Know It's Christmas? McCartney played bass on the re-recording of "Do They Know It's Christmas?", as part of the Band Aid 20. 2005 46664: 1 Year On A various artists EP featuring tracks specially written for Nelson Mandela's Global 46664 initiative. It contains "Whole Life", which McCartney co-wrote and performed with David A. Stewart. 2007 Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino McCartney performed lead vocals on "I Want to Walk You Home", with Allen Toussaint on piano, on the tribute album to Fats Domino. 2009 (Download from Meat Free Monday website) McCartney wrote and performed "Meat Free Monday" for support Meat Free Monday project. 2009 Funny People Soundtrack The soundtrack album for the Adam Sandler film Funny People features the previously released song "Great Day", originally from Flaming Pie. 2009 (Download from Everybody's Fine Soundtrack) McCartney wrote and performed the Golden Globe-nominated "(I Want to) Come Home" in the Robert De Niro film Everybody's Fine. The song is only available as a download. 2011 Rare Bird Alert McCartney performed lead vocals on "Best Love", by Steve Martin and the Steep Canyon Rangers. 2011 Rave On Buddy Holly McCartney performed two versions of the Buddy Holly song "It's So Easy". 2012 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief McCartney performed "Helter Skelter". 2012 Holidays Rule McCartney performed lead vocals on "The Christmas Song" on this album of popular artists recording Christmas songs. 2012 He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother McCartney performed co-lead vocals and lead guitar on the song, as part of The Justice Collective. 2013 Sound City: Real to Reel McCartney wrote and performed "Cut Me Some Slack" with Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic, and Pat Smear. 2013 L'Ecume Des Jours: Original Soundtrack McCartney performed bass on "Mais, Aime La" and "Courses Cloches". 2014 Mood Indigo - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack McCartney performed bass on "Etienne Charry - Bells Race" 2015 Love Song to the Earth McCartney performs co-lead and backing vocals on the song, as part of the Friends of the Earth collective. 2016 Love Mojis McCartney wrote and performed the backing music for the love emoticons by Skype. 2016 Ethel & Ernest: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack McCartney wrote and performed "In the Blink of an Eye" on the soundtrack of the film, Ethel & Ernest. 2017 BBC Radio 2 The Piano Room McCartney performed "Lady Madonna" from his 2005 BBC appearance on Sold On Song. 2017 Holidays Rule Vol.2 McCartney performed an acapella version of "Wonderful Christmastime", with Jimmy Fallon and The Roots. 2019 Ballywonderland A tribute album to guitarist Henry McCullough. McCartney played bass on "Long Live Rock & Roll", as part of the Henry McCullough's Fusiliers. 2020 One World: Together at Home McCartney performed "Lady Madonna" on electric piano, supporting the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020 Round Midnight Preserves McCartney performed "When the Saints Go Marching In" on trumpet, backed by the Preservation Hall Jazz Band. 2021 Watch the Sound with Mark Ronson (Apple TV+ Original Series Soundtrack) The soundtrack of the documentary series "Watch The Sound With Mark Ronson", which features Paul McCartney on two episodes. It contains "I Know the Time (Is Calling)", featuring McCartney and Gary Numan. McCartney co-composed the song. 2021 Macca To Mecca! Live at the Cavern Club, Liverpool Live album by Steve Van Zandt, McCartney performed "I Saw Her Standing There" with him. Collaborations Year Album Collaborator Comment 1982 Thriller Michael Jackson Contains "The Girl Is Mine", a duet by Jackson and McCartney. 1988 Water from the Wells of Home Johnny Cash Contains "New Moon over Jamaica", a duet by Cash and McCartney. McCartney played bass, co-composed and produced the song. 1996 Go Cat Go! Carl Perkins Contains "My Old Friend", a duet by Perkins and McCartney; McCartney produced the track and played guitar, bass, piano and drums. 1998 Little Children Peter Kirtley Band A charity CD single by Peter Kirtley Band featuring Paul McCartney. McCartney sang co-lead vocals and performed spoken words on Version 2 of the song. 1999 Vo!ce Heather Mills A charity CD single by Heater Mills featuring Paul McCartney. McCartney co-composed the song, played guitar and sang backing vocals. 2001 Love & Faith & Inspiration Lindsay Pagano Contains a version of the McCartney composed "So Bad" by Pagano, with co-lead vocals by McCartney. 2002 Together Lulu Contains "Inside Thing (Let 'Em In)", a duet by Lulu and McCartney. McCartney's vocals were sampled from the song "Let 'Em In". 2004 Gettin' in Over My Head Brian Wilson Contains "A Friend Like You", a duet by Wilson and McCartney who also played acoustic guitar. 2006 Duets: An American Classic Tony Bennett Contains "The Very Thought of You", a duet by Bennett and McCartney. 2006 Givin' It Up George Benson and Al Jarreau Contains "Bring It On Home to Me" with lead vocals by McCartney, George Benson and Al Jarreau. 2006 Twenty Five George Michael Contains "Heal the Pain", a duet by Michael and McCartney. 2008 London Undersound Nitin Sawhney Contains "My Soul", co-composed by McCartney; with McCartney on lead vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar and bass. 2009 A Sideman's Journey Klaus Voormann McCartney sang lead vocals, played acoustic and electric guitar, piano, organ and drums on "I'm in Love Again". 2010 Y Not Ringo Starr Contains "Walk With You" and "Peace Dream". McCartney played bass on both tracks and sang backing vocals on "Walk With You". 2011 Live at Shea Stadium Billy Joel Guest appearance by McCartney, who sang "I Saw Her Standing There" and "Let It Be" with Billy Joel, and appeared in Joel's documentary film The Last Play At Shea. 2012 Blow Your Pants Off Jimmy Fallon Guest appearance by McCartney, who sang "Scrambled Eggs" with Jimmy Fallon to the tune of "Yesterday". 2013 Old Sock Eric Clapton McCartney sang co-lead vocals and played double bass on the song "All of Me". 2013 Hide The Bloody Beetroots McCartney sang lead vocals on "Out of Sight" (a cover of McCartney's "Nothing Too Much Just Out Of Sight") and appeared in the official music video. 2013 Under the Influence Straight No Chaser The "Holiday Edition" of the album contains an a cappella version of "Wonderful Christmastime", sung by McCartney and Straight No Chaser. McCartney's vocals were sampled from the original recording. 2014 "Only One" Kanye West A song by Kanye West featuring Paul McCartney. McCartney sang backing vocals and played electric piano. 2015 "FourFiveSeconds" Rihanna and Kanye West A song by Rihanna, Kanye West and Paul McCartney. McCartney co-composed, co-produced and played acoustic guitar on the track. 2015 "All Day" Kanye West, Theophilus London and Allan Kingdom A song by Kanye West featuring Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney. The song sampled the then-unreleased McCartney song "When the Wind is Blowing" and McCartney sang co-lead vocals. 2015 Hollywood Vampires Hollywood Vampires Contains a version of the McCartney composed "Come and Get It". McCartney sang lead vocals, played bass and piano. 2023 Rockstar Dolly Parton Contains a version of the McCartney composed "Let It Be" by Parton; featuring him and Ringo Starr. McCartney sang co-lead vocals and played piano. Ringo Starr played drums. As composer, invited musician or producer See also: Lennon–McCartney § Non-Beatles songs Year Subject Collaborator Comment 1963 "I'll Be on My Way" Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas Composer 1963 "Tip of My Tongue" Tommy Quickly Composer 1963 "Love of the Loved" Cilla Black Composer 1963 "I'll Keep You Satisfied" Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas Composer 1964 "From a Window" Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas Composer and backing vocals 1964 "It's for You" Cilla Black Composer and piano 1964 "I Knew Right Away" Alma Cogan Tambourine (uncredited) 1964 "A World Without Love" Peter and Gordon Composer 1964 "One and One Is Two" The Strangers with Mike Shannon Composer 1964 "Nobody I Know" Peter and Gordon Composer 1964 "Like Dreamers Do" The Applejacks Composer 1964 "I Don't Want to See You Again" Peter and Gordon Composer 1965 "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" The Silkie Guitar 1965 "That Means a Lot" P.J. Proby Composer 1966 "Woman" Peter and Gordon Composer (credited as Bernard Webb) 1966 "Got to Get You into My Life" Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers Producer and composer 1966 "Mellow Yellow" Donovan McCartney can be heard as a party reveler (uncredited) 1966 "From Head to Toe" The Escorts Tambourine 1967 Smiley Smile The Beach Boys Celery on "Vegetables" 1967 "We Love You" The Rolling Stones Backing vocals 1967 "Catcall" Chris Barber Composer 1968 "And the Sun Will Shine"/"The Dog Presides" Paul Jones Drums 1968 "Step Inside Love" Cilla Black Composer 1968 Tadpoles Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band Co-producer on "I'm the Urban Spaceman". The song was produced by McCartney and Gus Dudgeon (collectively credited as Apollo C. Vermouth). 1968 "Thingumybob"/"Yellow Submarine" Black Dyke Mills Band Producer and composer 1968 "Those Were the Days" Mary Hopkin Producer 1968 McGough & McGear Roger McGough and Mike McGear An album by McCartney's brother Michael and Roger McGough. McCartney co-produced the album and backing vocals on "So Much". 1968 James Taylor James Taylor Bass on "Carolina in My Mind" 1969 Post Card Mary Hopkin Producer on the whole album. Acoustic guitar on "Lord of the Reedy River" and "Voyage of the Moon". Bass on "Happiness Runs (Pebble and the Man)". 1969 "Penina" Jotta Herre Composer 1969 "Rosetta" The Fourmost Producer and piano 1969 "Lontano Dagli Occhi"/"The Game" Mary Hopkin Producer 1969 "Goodbye"/"Sparrow" Mary Hopkin Producer, composer, acoustic guitar, ukulele, bass, piano, drums and percussion on "Goodbye". Maracas on "Sparrow". 1969 "Thumbin' A Ride" Jackie Lomax Co-producer and drums 1969 Is This What You Want? Jackie Lomax Bass on "Sour Milk Sea" and "New Day". Co-producer on "Going Back to Liverpool", released as a bonus track in 1991. 1969 Brave New World Steve Miller Band Bass, drums and backing vocals on "My Dark Hour". Backing vocals on "Celebration" (credited as Paul Ramon). 1970 Magic Christian Music Badfinger Producer, composer and tambourine on "Come and Get It". Co-producer and piano on "Rock of All Ages". Producer on "Carry On Till Tomorrow". 1970 Sentimental Journey Ringo Starr Arranger on "Stardust" 1970 "Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)"/"Fields of St. Etienne" Mary Hopkin Producer on "Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)", bass and acoustic guitar on "Fields of St. Etienne". 1972 Woman Mike McGear An album by McCartney's brother Michael. McCartney co-composed "Bored as Butterscotch" (credited as Friend). 1972 No Secrets Carly Simon Backing vocals on "Night Owl" 1973 Ringo Ringo Starr Composer, arranger, piano, synthesizer and backing vocals on "Six O'Clock". Kazoo (credited as "mouth sax") on "You're Sixteen". 1974 Pass On This Side Thornton, Fradkin & Unger And Big Band Bass and backing vocals on "God Bless California" 1974 "Liverpool Lou"/"Ten Years After on Strawberry Jam" The Scaffold A single by McCartney's brother Michael and his band. McCartney produced "Liverpool Lou" and produced, composed, played bass and keyboards on "Ten Years After on Strawberry Jam". Both tracks were performed by an uncredited Wings. 1974 Walking Man James Taylor Backing vocals on "Rock 'n' Roll Is Music Now" 1974 "4th of July" John Christie Composer 1974 I Survive Adam Faith Synthesizer on "Change", "Goodbye" and "Never Say Goodbye". Backing vocals on "Star Song". 1974 "Sweet Baby" Mike McGear A single by McCartney's brother Michael. McCartney produced and co-composed the song. 1974 McGear Mike McGear An album by McCartney's brother Michael, with Wings as his backing band. McCartney produced the album, composed or co-composed most of the tracks, played guitars, bass, piano, keyboards, synthesizers and sang backing vocals (uncredited as musician). The album was reissued in 2019 with some bonus tracks including "Blowin' in the Bay" and "Let's Turn the Radio On", both with McCartney on drums. 1974 Let's Love Peggy Lee Producer and composer on the title track "Let's Love" 1974 Smiler Rod Stewart Composer and backing vocals on "Mine For Me" 1975 "Dance the Do" Mike McGear A single by McCartney's brother Michael. McCartney produced and co-composed the song. 1976 Ringo's Rotogravure Ringo Starr Composer and backing vocals on "Pure Gold" 1977 Bullinamingvase Roy Harper Backing vocals on "One of Those Days in England" 1977 Holly Days Denny Laine Produced by McCartney, who also played most of the instruments and sang backing vocals on the album. 1977 One of the Boys Roger Daltrey Composer on "Giddy" 1978 Live on the Queen Mary Professor Longhair Live album by Professor Longhair backed by The Meters, produced by McCartney. 1979 Freeze Frame Godley & Creme Backing vocals on "Get Well Soon" 1980 Japanese Tears Denny Laine "Send Me the Heart" and "Weep for Love" were performed by Wings, with McCartney on bass. McCartney also co-composed and sang backing vocals on "Send Me the Heart". 1981 Somewhere in England George Harrison Backing vocals on "All Those Years Ago" 1981 Stop and Smell the Roses Ringo Starr Producer, bass, piano and backing vocals on "Private Property", "Attention" and "Sure To Fall". Composer on "Private Property" and "Attention". The album was reissued in 1994 with some bonus tracks including "You Can't Fight Lightning"; McCartney produced the track and played drums. 1982 Standard Time Laurence Juber "Maisie" was performed by Wings, with McCartney on bass. 1983 The Honorary Consul John Williams (guitarist) The main theme of this film was composed by McCartney 1984 Print Out Ivory Composer on "Runaway" and "Freedom Land" 1984 EB 84 The Everly Brothers Composer and guitar on "On the Wings of a Nightingale" 1988 "T-Shirt" The Crickets Producer, piano and backing vocals 1989 Spike Elvis Costello Co-composer on "Veronica" and "Pads, Paws, and Claws". Bass on "Veronica" and "...This Town...". 1991 Mighty Like A Rose Elvis Costello Co-composer on "So Like Candy" and "Playboy to a Man" 1992 ...Meanwhile 10cc Co-composer on "Don't Break the Promises" 1993 Love's Alright Eddie Murphy Backing vocals on "Yeah" 1995 Mirror, Mirror 10cc Co-composer and electric guitar on "Yvonne's the One". Strings, electric piano, frogs, crickets and percussion on "Code of Silence". 1996 "The Ballad of the Skeletons" Allen Ginsberg Co-composer, electric guitar, organ, drums and maracas. 1996 All This Useless Beauty Elvis Costello Co-composer on "Shallow Grave". The album was re-released in 2001 with a bonus disc which contains "That Day Is Done" (with The Fairfield Four), also co-composed by McCartney. 1998 Wide Prairie Linda McCartney An album by McCartney's wife Linda. McCartney co-composed, produced (or co-produced) nearly all the tracks. McCartney also played many instruments on the album and some tracks were performed by Wings. 1998 Vertical Man Ringo Starr Bass and backing vocals on "La De Da", "I Was Walking" and "What in the... World". McCartney also appeared in the official music video of "La De Da". 2000 Godzology Les Fradkin Bass and backing vocals on "Black Gipsy" 2001 Rings Around the World Super Furry Animals Celery on "Receptacle for the Respectable" 2005 Undressing Underwater Rusty Anderson Electric guitar, bass and backing vocals on "Hurt Myself". 2005 A Time to Love Stevie Wonder Acoustic and electric guitar on the title track "A Time to Love" 2009 Roadsinger Yusuf Islam Backing vocals on "Boots and Sand" 2010 Wreckorder Fran Healy Bass on "As It Comes" 2010 Y Not Ringo Starr Bass on "Peace Dream" and backing vocals on "Walk With You" 2010 Available Light James McCartney An E.P. by McCartney's son James. McCartney co-produced the E.P. 2011 Close at Hand James McCartney An E.P. by McCartney's son James. McCartney co-produced the E.P. 2011 Me James McCartney An album by McCartney's son James. McCartney played guitar, piano, drums and sang backing vocals. 2014 Destiny Michael SalvatoriC. Paul JohnsonMartin O'Donnell McCartney co-scored this video game 2015 Wallflower Diana Krall Composer on "If I Take You Home Tonight" 2015 Strange Time Chip Z'Nuff Co-composer on "The Pain Is All on You" 2016 Blonde Frank Ocean Co-composer on "White Ferrari", as the song contains musical elements of "Here, There and Everywhere". 2016 Yesterday's Sunshine Grapefruit Co-producer on "Lullaby" 2017 Give More Love Ringo Starr Backing vocals on "We're on the Road Again" and bass on "Show Me the Way" 2017 Concrete and Gold Foo Fighters Drums on "Sunday Rain" 2017 Rest Charlotte Gainsbourg Composer, electric guitar, piano and additional drums on "Songbird in a Cage". 2019 Better In Blak Thelma Plum Co-composer on "Made For You" 2019 What's My Name Ringo Starr Backing vocals and bass on "Grow Old With Me" 2020 Zoom In Ringo Starr Backing vocals on "Here's to the Nights" 2022 Higher Michael Bublé Producer and composer on "My Valentine" 2022 Home The Umoza Music Project Bass on the title track "Home" 2022 "Ever the Optimist" Exploring Birdsong Co-composer (uncredited) 2023 Rewind Forward Ringo Starr Producer, composer, electric guitars, bass, keyboards, zither and backing vocals on "Feeling the Sunlight". 2023 Hackney Diamonds The Rolling Stones Bass on "Bite My Head Off" 2023 Equal Strain on All Parts Jimmy Buffett Bass on "My Gummie Just Kicked In" 2024 "Beautiful" James McCartney Co-composer 2024 Cowboy Carter Beyoncé Co-producer, acoustic guitar and foot tapping on "Blackbiird". See also The Beatles discography Wings discography Notes ^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection. ^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection. ^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection. ^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection. ^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection. ^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection. ^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection. ^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection. ^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection. ^ Not released in the UK. ^ Released in the UK only. ^ Not released in the UK or the US. ^ The single re-entered the chart in November 2008, peaking at number 172. The single again re-entered the chart in June 2012, peaking at number 181. ^ Not released in the UK or the US. ^ Released in the UK only ^ Released in the US only. ^ Released in France only ^ The single re-entered the chart in December 2018, peaking at number 20. ^ The single did not appear on the Hot 100 until December 2018. ^ The single re-entered the chart in July 2009, peaking at number 124. ^ In the US, Pipes of Peace was issued as the B-side, and its British B-side, So Bad, was issued as the A-side. ^ In the US, Pipes of Peace was issued as the B-side, and its British B-side, So Bad, was issued as the A-side. ^ The single re-entered the chart in December 1985, peaking at number 32. ^ Released in the US only. ^ Not released in the US. ^ Released in the UK only. ^ Not released in the US. ^ Not released in the US. ^ "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (live)" did not enter the main chart in the United Kingdom but entered the download component chart at number 1. ^ The single re-entered the chart in March 2008, peaking at number 151. ^ "Come On to Me" did not enter the main chart in the United Kingdom but entered the download component chart at number 58. References ^ Lauren, Kreisler (4 June 2012). "The Official Singles Charts' biggest selling artists of all time revealed!". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Paul McCartney | full Official Chart history". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 September 2018. ^ a b c d Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ a b c d "Paul McCartney Australian Album Chart listings". australian-charts.com. Retrieved 26 July 2007. Run Devil Run and "Off the Ground": Ryan, Gavin (2011). 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"Paul McCartney's 'New' Single Lands, Album Due in October: Listen". Billboard. Retrieved 29 August 2013. ^ "ZPAV :: Bestsellery i wyróżnienia - Wyróżnienia - Złote płyty CD - Archiwum". ^ "New Album 'Egypt Station' arriving 7th September". 20 June 2018. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018. ^ Willman, Chris (20 October 2020). "Paul McCartney Teases a 'McCartney III' Album on the Way". Variety. Retrieved 21 October 2020. ^ "ultratop.be/nl The Fireman discography". Hung Medien. ultratop. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste > Choisir Un Artiste Dans la Liste : Paul McCartney". infodisc.fr. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2011. ^ "Les certifications" (in French). Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ a b c "Paul McCartney Japanese Album Chart listings". Original Confidence. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2011. ^ a b "Paul McCartney's Album discography by Sales (1988–present)". Original Confidence. Retrieved 2 August 2011. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl The Fireman discography". Hung Medien. MegaCharts. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "spanishcharts.com Thrillington discography". Hung Medien. spanishcharts.com. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "swisscharts.com The Fireman discography". Hung Medien. ultratop. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ a b c d e f g "Discographie von Paul McCartney". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ a b "norwegiancharts.com Wings discography". Hung Medien. VG-lista. Retrieved 2 August 2011. ^ a b "chart.org.nz Wings discography". Hung Medien. RMNZ. Retrieved 26 July 2007. ^ a b "swedishcharts.com Wings discography". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 2 August 2011. ^ "RIAJ Certification – February 2003" (PDF) (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 7 September 2010. ^ "Discographie Paul McCartney – austriancharts.at". Retrieved 1 July 2008. ^ "IFPI Austria". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2010. Note: User needs to enter "Paul McCartney" in the "Interpret" field and click the "Suchen" button. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2001 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 8 July 2008. ^ @billboardcharts (12 December 2022). "Debuts on this week's #Billboard200 (2/2)..." (Tweet). Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via Twitter. ^ "Belgian Chart". ultratip.be/nl. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ a b c d e "Belgian Chart". ultratip.be/nl. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ a b c "Canadian Chart". www.collectionscanada.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ "Paul McCartney Chart History: Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ a b c d "Irish Chart". Irish Charts. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ a b "New Zealand Chart". charts.nz. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ a b c "Norwegian Chart". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ a b c d e f "Paul McCartney Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 3 January 2024. ^ a b c d e "Japanese Certification". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2014. ^ a b "Japanese Certification Levels" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 9 November 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "RIAA: Searchable database (Wings)". RIAA. ^ a b c d e f g h "British certifications – Paul McCartney". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 January 2023. Type Paul McCartney in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. ^ a b c d e f g "Certified Awards Search Archived 24 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved on 22 July 2014. Note: User needs to enter "Wings" in the "Search" field, "Artist" in the "Search by" field and click the "Go" button. Select "More info" next to the relevant entry to see full certification history. ^ "The Official Top 20 bestselling Christmas Number 1s". Official Charts Company. 5 December 2018. ^ "Paul McCartney & Wings "Mull of Kintyre"". 28 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. ^ "Mull of Kintyre Irish Double Platinum.jpg - directupload.net". 29 September 2015. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. ^ "Paul McCartney & Wings "Mull of Kintyre"". Catawiki. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Wings)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ "Schaut euch mal dieses Bild an!". directupload.net – Zeigen Sie Ihre Bilder. ^ "Canada Certifications". Music Canada. ^ "ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart". Australian Recording Industry Association. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2023" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 18 June 2024. ^ "Week commencing 21 August 1989". Retrieved 11 February 2022. ^ "New Zealand single certifications". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ "Jet". Johnson Publishing Company. 31 December 1984 – via Google Books. ^ a b "Michael Jackson :: Charts & Sales History". www.ukmix.org. ^ "Gold/Platinum". Music Canada. Retrieved 9 November 2017. ^ "French single certifications – Paul McCartney & Michael Jackson" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 23 May 2022. Select PAUL MCCARTNEY & MICHAEL JACKSON and click OK.  ^ "Award". ^ "Gold/Platinum". ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Band Aid; 'Do They Know It's Christmas?')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ "Gold & Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "WebCite query result". www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help) ^ "Certified Awards Search". BPI. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2011. Search by Title, click on more info>> ^ "Week commencing 12 November 1990". Retrieved 11 February 2022. ^ a b "Home". lp3.polskieradio.pl. ^ "Canadian Chart". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ Peaks of the 2000s decade in Italy: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" (Band Aid 20): "Band Aid 20 – Do They Know It's Christmas?". italiancharts.com. Retrieved 31 December 2021. "Fine Line": "Paul McCartney – Fine Line". italiancharts.com. Retrieved 31 December 2021. ^ a b c "Japanese Chart". nifty.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^ Peaks of the 2000s decade in Spain: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" (Band Aid 20): "Band Aid 20 – Do They Know It's Christmas?". spanishcharts.com. Retrieved 31 December 2021. "Fine Line": "Paul McCartney – Fine Line". spanishcharts.com. Retrieved 31 December 2021. ^ "The UK's Official Chart 'millionaires' revealed". www.officialcharts.com. ^ "British certifications – Paul McCartney". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 28 July 2014. Type Paul McCartney in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. ^ a b "Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company". Official Charts. ^ a b "French Chart". lescharts.com. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ a b "Paul McCartney Chart History: Mexico Ingles Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved 30 December 2020. ^ "Certified Awards Search Archived 24 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved on 22 July 2014. Note: User needs to enter "Justice Collective" in the "Search" field, "Artist" in the "Search by" field and click the "Go" button. Select "More info" next to the relevant entry to see full certification history. ^ "Gold & Platinum: Kanye West: Only One". RIAA. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ "2015 Nielsen Music Canada Report" (PDF). The Nielsen Company. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2019. ^ "British single certifications – Rihanna/Kanye West/Mccartney – Fourfive Seconds". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2020 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 25 April 2021. ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2016". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ "French certifications – Paul McCartney" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 23 May 2022. ^ "Wyróżnienia – Platynowe płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2016 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ "Gold & Platinum: Rihanna: FourFiveSeconds". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ "Gold & Platinum: Kanye West: All Day". RIAA. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ "Paul McCartney - Find My Way". ^ a b "Paul McCartney AAA Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved 15 March 2021. ^ "Paul McCartney". ultratop.be. Retrieved 15 August 2022. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 22 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021. ^ "Home". ukairplaychart.com. ^ "Paul McCartney". Billboard. ^ "Paul McCartney". Billboard. ^ "McCartney plays the Cavern" BBC 14 December 1999 ^ "Gold & Platinum Certification – February 2003". Canadian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010. ^ "A new song for history". Times Daily. AP. 4 August 1995. ^ "Sir Paul eats with the Animals". BBC News. 18 April 2001. ^ "Paul McCartney Plays Drums on Foo Fighters' New Album". Pitchfork. 2 August 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017. Works cited Carlin, Peter Ames (2009). Paul McCartney: A Life. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-416562-09-2. vtePaul McCartney Paul "Wix" Wickens Rusty Anderson Brian Ray Abe Laboriel Jr. Linda McCartney Hamish Stuart Robbie McIntosh Chris Whitten Blair Cunningham Studio albums McCartney Ram Thrillington McCartney II Tug of War Pipes of Peace Give My Regards to Broad Street Press to Play Снова в СССР Flowers in the Dirt Off the Ground Flaming Pie Run Devil Run Driving Rain Chaos and Creation in the Backyard Memory Almost Full Kisses on the Bottom New Egypt Station McCartney III with Wings Wild Life Red Rose Speedway Band on the Run Venus and Mars Wings at the Speed of Sound London Town Back to the Egg The Fireman Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest Rushes Electric Arguments Classical Paul McCartney's Liverpool Oratorio Standing Stone Working Classical Ecce Cor Meum Ocean's Kingdom Live albums Wings over America (with Wings) Tripping the Live Fantastic Unplugged (The Official Bootleg) Paul Is Live Back in the U.S. Back in the World Live Amoeba's Secret Good Evening New York City Live in Los Angeles Amoeba Gig One Hand Clapping Remix albums Liverpool Sound Collage Twin Freaks McCartney III Imagined Compilations Wings Greatest All the Best! The Paul McCartney Collection Wingspan: Hits and History Never Stop Doing What You Love Pure McCartney McCartney I II III The 7″ Singles Box Books High in the Clouds Hey Grandude! The Lyrics: 1956 to the Present 1964: Eyes of the Storm Filmography A Hard Day's Night (1964) Help! (1965) Magical Mystery Tour (1967) Yellow Submarine (1968) Let It Be (1970) James Paul McCartney (1973) Wings Over the World (1979) Back to the Egg (1979) Concert for Kampuchea (1980) Rockshow (1980) Rupert and the Frog Song (1984) Give My Regards to Broad Street (1984) Put It There (1989) MTV Unplugged (1991) Get Back (1991) Liverpool Oratorio (1991) Paul Is Live (1993) In the World Tonight (1997) Standing Stone (1997) Tropic Island Hum (1997) Live at the Cavern Club (1999) Working Classical (2000) Wingspan (2001) The Concert for New York City (2001) Back in the U.S. (2002) Paul McCartney in Red Square (2003) The Music and Animation Collection (2004) Between Chaos and Creation (2005) The Space Within US (2006) Memory Almost Full – Deluxe Edition (2007) The McCartney Years (2007) Ecce Cor Meum (2008) Good Evening New York City (2009) The Love We Make (2011) A Rendez-Vous with Paul McCartney (2013) New – Collector's Edition (2014) A MusiCares Tribute To Paul McCartney (2015) Pure McCartney (2016) Carpool Karaoke: When Corden Met McCartney Live From Liverpool (2018) Bootlegs Cold Cuts Costello Album A Toot and a Snore in '74 Return to Pepperland Tours The Paul McCartney World Tour The New World Tour Driving World Tour The 'US' Tour Summer Live '09 Good Evening Europe Tour Up and Coming Tour On the Run Out There One on One 2018 Secret Gigs Freshen Up Got Back Tributes The Art of McCartney Let Us in Americana: The Music of Paul McCartney Pure McCartney (2013 album) Lists Awards Discography Music contributions and appearances Song recordings Related media "Cut Me Some Slack" The Family Way A Garland for Linda "Lisa the Vegetarian" The McCartney Interview Many Years from Now Oobu Joobu Paul McCartney Archive Collection Paul McCartney's Glastonbury Groove Two of Us (film) Wide Prairie Other topics 20 Forthlin Road The Beatles Brian Clarke The Fireman Lennon–McCartney Heather Mills MPL Communications "Paul is dead" Paul McCartney's band Personal relationships The Quarrymen Wings Category vtePaul McCartney singles discography1970s "Another Day" / "Oh Woman, Oh Why" (with Linda McCartney) "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" / "Too Many People" (with Linda McCartney) "The Back Seat of My Car" / "Heart of the Country" (with Linda McCartney) "Eat at Home" / "Smile Away" (with Linda McCartney) "Wonderful Christmastime" 1980s "Coming Up" "Waterfalls" "Temporary Secretary" "Ebony and Ivory" (with Stevie Wonder) "Take It Away" "Tug of War" "The Girl Is Mine" (with Michael Jackson) "Say Say Say" (with Michael Jackson) "Pipes of Peace"/""So Bad" "No More Lonely Nights" "We All Stand Together" "Spies Like Us" "Press" "Pretty Little Head" "Stranglehold" "Only Love Remains" "Once Upon a Long Ago" "Ferry Cross the Mersey" "My Brave Face" / "Flying to My Home" "This One" "Figure of Eight" 1990s "Put It There" / "Mama's Little Girl" (with Wings) "Birthday" (live) / "Good Day Sunshine" (live) "All My Trials" (live) "Hope of Deliverance" "C'Mon People" "Off the Ground" "Biker Like an Icon" / "Things We Said Today" "A Leaf" (with Anya Alexeyev) "Come Together" (The Smokin' Mojo Filters) "Young Boy" "The World Tonight" "Beautiful Night" "No Other Baby" / "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" "Run Devil Run" (promo) 2000s "From a Lover to a Friend" "Freedom" / "From a Lover to a Friend" "Hello Goodbye" (promo) "Tropic Island Hum" / "We All Stand Together" "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (with U2) "Fine Line" "Jenny Wren" "Really Love You" (Twin Freaks) "This Never Happened Before" (promo) "Dance Tonight" / "Nod Your Head" "Ever Present Past" "Heal the Pain" (with George Michael) "Walk with You" (with Ringo Starr) 2010s "(I Want to) Come Home" "My Valentine" "Only Our Hearts" Christmas Kisses: "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" / "Wonderful Christmastime" "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (The Justice Collective) "New" "Queenie Eye" "Only One" (with Kanye West) "FourFiveSeconds" (with Rihanna & Kanye West) "All Day" (with Kanye West) "Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five" (with Timo Maas & James Teej) "I Don't Know" / "Come On to Me" "Fuh You" "Who Cares" "Back in Brazil" "Get Enough" "Home Tonight / In a Hurry" Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"compilation albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"live albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_album"},{"link_name":"video albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_album"},{"link_name":"extended plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"box sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Beatles disbanded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break-up_of_the_Beatles"},{"link_name":"McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCartney_(album)"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney_and_Wings"},{"link_name":"Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Denny Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Laine"},{"link_name":"My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_(Paul_McCartney_and_Wings_song)"},{"link_name":"Band on the Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_on_the_Run_(song)"},{"link_name":"Listen to What the Man Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_to_What_the_Man_Said"},{"link_name":"Silly Love Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_Love_Songs"},{"link_name":"Mull of Kintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre_(song)"},{"link_name":"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Albert/Admiral_Halsey"},{"link_name":"Coming Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Up_(song)"},{"link_name":"Pipes of Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipes_of_Peace_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ebony and Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_and_Ivory"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Say Say Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Say_Say"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"best selling singles artist in United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_singles_sales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The discography of British musician Paul McCartney consists of 26 studio albums, four compilation albums, nine live albums, 37 video albums, two extended plays, 111 singles, seven classical albums, five electronica albums, 17 box sets, and 79 music videos. Before his career as a solo artist, McCartney enjoyed success as a member of the rock band the Beatles.After the Beatles disbanded, he debuted as a solo artist with the 1970 album McCartney and went on to form the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. Under McCartney's leadership, Wings became one of the most successful bands of the 1970s. He wrote or co-wrote their US or UK number-one hits, such as \"My Love\", \"Band on the Run\", \"Listen to What the Man Said\", \"Silly Love Songs\", and \"Mull of Kintyre\". He resumed his solo career in 1980 and has been touring as a solo artist since 1989. Apart from Wings, his UK or US number-one hits include \"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\" (with Linda), \"Coming Up\", \"Pipes of Peace\", \"Ebony and Ivory\" (with Stevie Wonder), and \"Say Say Say\" (with Michael Jackson).In 2012, McCartney was ranked eleventh best selling singles artist in United Kingdom with 10.2 million singles sold.[1]","title":"Paul McCartney discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo and Wings studio albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Classical studio albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other studio albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo and Wings live albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilations","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Promotional and limited release","text":"Notes","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Box sets"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1970s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1980s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1990s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Promotional and limited release singles","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other charted songs","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Videography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Home videos and television specials","title":"Videography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Videography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All You Need Is Love: The Story of Popular Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Love:_The_Story_of_Popular_Music"},{"link_name":"The Love We Make","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_We_Make"},{"link_name":"11 September attacks of 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"}],"sub_title":"Documentary appearances","text":"1968 All You Need Is Love: The Story of Popular Music by Tony Palmer\n2011 The Love We Make by Albert Maysles - cinéma vérité documentary that showing film chronicles Paul McCartney's experiences in New York City after the 11 September attacks of 2001, following him as he prepared The Concert for New York City October 2001 benefit event.","title":"Videography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Soundtracks and other appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collaborations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lennon–McCartney § Non-Beatles songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney#Non-Beatles_songs"}],"text":"See also: Lennon–McCartney § Non-Beatles songs","title":"As composer, invited musician or producer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-79"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-86"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-99"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-104"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-109"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-110"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-115"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-118"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-121"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-122"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-123"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-131"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts.com-130"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-132"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-145"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts.com-130"}],"text":"^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection.\n\n^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection.\n\n^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection.\n\n^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection.\n\n^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection.\n\n^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection.\n\n^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection.\n\n^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection.\n\n^ Charted upon reissue as part of Paul McCartney Archive Collection.\n\n^ Not released in the UK.\n\n^ Released in the UK only.\n\n^ Not released in the UK or the US.\n\n^ The single re-entered the chart in November 2008, peaking at number 172. The single again re-entered the chart in June 2012, peaking at number 181.\n\n^ Not released in the UK or the US.\n\n^ Released in the UK only\n\n^ Released in the US only.\n\n^ Released in France only\n\n^ The single re-entered the chart in December 2018, peaking at number 20.\n\n^ The single did not appear on the Hot 100 until December 2018.\n\n^ The single re-entered the chart in July 2009, peaking at number 124.\n\n^ In the US, Pipes of Peace was issued as the B-side, and its British B-side, So Bad, was issued as the A-side.\n\n^ In the US, Pipes of Peace was issued as the B-side, and its British B-side, So Bad, was issued as the A-side.\n\n^ The single re-entered the chart in December 1985, peaking at number 32.\n\n^ Released in the US only.\n\n^ Not released in the US.\n\n^ Released in the UK only.\n\n^ Not released in the US.\n\n^ Not released in the US.\n\n^ \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (live)\" did not enter the main chart in the United Kingdom but entered the download component chart at number 1.[102]\n\n^ The single re-entered the chart in March 2008, peaking at number 151.\n\n^ \"Come On to Me\" did not enter the main chart in the United Kingdom but entered the download component chart at number 58.[102]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul McCartney: A Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/paulmccartneylif00carl"},{"link_name":"Simon & 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Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Together#The_Smokin'_Mojo_Filters"},{"link_name":"Young Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Boy"},{"link_name":"The World Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Tonight_(song)"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Night_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"No Other Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Other_Baby"},{"link_name":"Brown Eyed Handsome Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Eyed_Handsome_Man"},{"link_name":"Run Devil Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_Devil_Run_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"From a Lover to a Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_a_Lover_to_a_Friend"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"From a Lover to a Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_a_Lover_to_a_Friend"},{"link_name":"Hello 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Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band_(song)"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Fine Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Line_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wren"},{"link_name":"Really Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Really_Love_You"},{"link_name":"Twin Freaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Freaks"},{"link_name":"This Never Happened Before","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Never_Happened_Before"},{"link_name":"Dance Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Nod Your Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nod_Your_Head"},{"link_name":"Ever Present Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ever_Present_Past"},{"link_name":"Heal the Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heal_the_Pain"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael"},{"link_name":"Walk with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_with_You"},{"link_name":"Ringo Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr"},{"link_name":"(I Want to) Come Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(I_Want_to)_Come_Home"},{"link_name":"My Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisses_on_the_Bottom"},{"link_name":"Only Our Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisses_on_the_Bottom"},{"link_name":"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christmas_Song"},{"link_name":"Wonderful Christmastime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful_Christmastime"},{"link_name":"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Ain%27t_Heavy,_He%27s_My_Brother"},{"link_name":"The Justice Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Justice_Collective"},{"link_name":"New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Queenie Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenie_Eye"},{"link_name":"Only One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_One_(Kanye_West_song)"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"FourFiveSeconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourFiveSeconds"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"All Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Day_(Kanye_West_song)"},{"link_name":"Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Hundred_and_Eighty-Five"},{"link_name":"I Don't Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Know_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Come On to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_On_to_Me_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Fuh You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuh_You"},{"link_name":"Who Cares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Cares_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Back in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Get Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Enough"},{"link_name":"Home Tonight / In a Hurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Tonight_/_In_a_Hurry"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_McCartney"}],"text":"Carlin, Peter Ames (2009). Paul McCartney: A Life. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-416562-09-2.vtePaul McCartney\nPaul \"Wix\" Wickens\nRusty Anderson\nBrian Ray\nAbe Laboriel Jr.\nLinda McCartney\nHamish Stuart\nRobbie McIntosh\nChris Whitten\nBlair Cunningham\nStudio albums\nMcCartney\nRam\nThrillington\nMcCartney II\nTug of War\nPipes of Peace\nGive My Regards to Broad Street\nPress to Play\nСнова в СССР\nFlowers in the Dirt\nOff the Ground\nFlaming Pie\nRun Devil Run\nDriving Rain\nChaos and Creation in the Backyard\nMemory Almost Full\nKisses on the Bottom\nNew\nEgypt Station\nMcCartney III\nwith Wings\nWild Life\nRed Rose Speedway\nBand on the Run\nVenus and Mars\nWings at the Speed of Sound\nLondon Town\nBack to the Egg\nThe Fireman\nStrawberries Oceans Ships Forest\nRushes\nElectric Arguments\nClassical\nPaul McCartney's Liverpool Oratorio\nStanding Stone\nWorking Classical\nEcce Cor Meum\nOcean's Kingdom\nLive albums\nWings over America (with Wings)\nTripping the Live Fantastic\nUnplugged (The Official Bootleg)\nPaul Is Live\nBack in the U.S.\nBack in the World Live\nAmoeba's Secret\nGood Evening New York City\nLive in Los Angeles\nAmoeba Gig\nOne Hand Clapping\nRemix albums\nLiverpool Sound Collage\nTwin Freaks\nMcCartney III Imagined\nCompilations\nWings Greatest\nAll the Best!\nThe Paul McCartney Collection\nWingspan: Hits and History\nNever Stop Doing What You Love\nPure McCartney\nMcCartney I II III\nThe 7″ Singles Box\nBooks\nHigh in the Clouds\nHey Grandude!\nThe Lyrics: 1956 to the Present\n1964: Eyes of the Storm\nFilmography\nA Hard Day's Night (1964)\nHelp! (1965)\nMagical Mystery Tour (1967)\nYellow Submarine (1968)\nLet It Be (1970)\nJames Paul McCartney (1973)\nWings Over the World (1979)\nBack to the Egg (1979)\nConcert for Kampuchea (1980)\nRockshow (1980)\nRupert and the Frog Song (1984)\nGive My Regards to Broad Street (1984)\nPut It There (1989)\nMTV Unplugged (1991)\nGet Back (1991)\nLiverpool Oratorio (1991)\nPaul Is Live (1993)\nIn the World Tonight (1997)\nStanding Stone (1997)\nTropic Island Hum (1997)\nLive at the Cavern Club (1999)\nWorking Classical (2000)\nWingspan (2001)\nThe Concert for New York City (2001)\nBack in the U.S. (2002)\nPaul McCartney in Red Square (2003)\nThe Music and Animation Collection (2004)\nBetween Chaos and Creation (2005)\nThe Space Within US (2006)\nMemory Almost Full – Deluxe Edition (2007)\nThe McCartney Years (2007)\nEcce Cor Meum (2008)\nGood Evening New York City (2009)\nThe Love We Make (2011)\nA Rendez-Vous with Paul McCartney (2013)\nNew – Collector's Edition (2014)\nA MusiCares Tribute To Paul McCartney (2015)\nPure McCartney (2016)\nCarpool Karaoke: When Corden Met McCartney Live From Liverpool (2018)\nBootlegs\nCold Cuts\nCostello Album\nA Toot and a Snore in '74\nReturn to Pepperland\nTours\nThe Paul McCartney World Tour\nThe New World Tour\nDriving World Tour\nThe 'US' Tour\nSummer Live '09\nGood Evening Europe Tour\nUp and Coming Tour\nOn the Run\nOut There\nOne on One\n2018 Secret Gigs\nFreshen Up\nGot Back\nTributes\nThe Art of McCartney\nLet Us in Americana: The Music of Paul McCartney\nPure McCartney (2013 album)\nLists\nAwards\nDiscography\nMusic contributions and appearances\nSong recordings\nRelated media\n\"Cut Me Some Slack\"\nThe Family Way\nA Garland for Linda\n\"Lisa the Vegetarian\"\nThe McCartney Interview\nMany Years from Now\nOobu Joobu\nPaul McCartney Archive Collection\nPaul McCartney's Glastonbury Groove\nTwo of Us (film)\nWide Prairie\nOther topics\n20 Forthlin Road\nThe Beatles\nBrian Clarke\nThe Fireman\nLennon–McCartney\nHeather Mills\nMPL Communications\n\"Paul is dead\"\nPaul McCartney's band\nPersonal relationships\nThe Quarrymen\nWings\n\n CategoryvtePaul McCartney singles discography1970s\n\"Another Day\" / \"Oh Woman, Oh Why\" (with Linda McCartney)\n\"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\" / \"Too Many People\" (with Linda McCartney)\n\"The Back Seat of My Car\" / \"Heart of the Country\" (with Linda McCartney)\n\"Eat at Home\" / \"Smile Away\" (with Linda McCartney)\n\"Wonderful Christmastime\"\n1980s\n\"Coming Up\"\n\"Waterfalls\"\n\"Temporary Secretary\"\n\"Ebony and Ivory\" (with Stevie Wonder)\n\"Take It Away\"\n\"Tug of War\"\n\"The Girl Is Mine\" (with Michael Jackson)\n\"Say Say Say\" (with Michael Jackson)\n\"Pipes of Peace\"/\"\"So Bad\"\n\"No More Lonely Nights\"\n\"We All Stand Together\"\n\"Spies Like Us\"\n\"Press\"\n\"Pretty Little Head\"\n\"Stranglehold\"\n\"Only Love Remains\"\n\"Once Upon a Long Ago\"\n\"Ferry Cross the Mersey\"\n\"My Brave Face\" / \"Flying to My Home\"\n\"This One\"\n\"Figure of Eight\"\n1990s\n\"Put It There\" / \"Mama's Little Girl\" (with Wings)\n\"Birthday\" (live) / \"Good Day Sunshine\" (live)\n\"All My Trials\" (live)\n\"Hope of Deliverance\"\n\"C'Mon People\"\n\"Off the Ground\"\n\"Biker Like an Icon\" / \"Things We Said Today\"\n\"A Leaf\" (with Anya Alexeyev)\n\"Come Together\" (The Smokin' Mojo Filters)\n\"Young Boy\"\n\"The World Tonight\"\n\"Beautiful Night\"\n\"No Other Baby\" / \"Brown Eyed Handsome Man\"\n\"Run Devil Run\" (promo)\n2000s\n\"From a Lover to a Friend\"\n\"Freedom\" / \"From a Lover to a Friend\"\n\"Hello Goodbye\" (promo)\n\"Tropic Island Hum\" / \"We All Stand Together\"\n\"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" (with U2)\n\"Fine Line\"\n\"Jenny Wren\"\n\"Really Love You\" (Twin Freaks)\n\"This Never Happened Before\" (promo)\n\"Dance Tonight\" / \"Nod Your Head\"\n\"Ever Present Past\"\n\"Heal the Pain\" (with George Michael)\n\"Walk with You\" (with Ringo Starr)\n2010s\n\"(I Want to) Come Home\"\n\"My Valentine\"\n\"Only Our Hearts\"\nChristmas Kisses: \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" / \"Wonderful Christmastime\"\n\"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\" (The Justice Collective)\n\"New\"\n\"Queenie Eye\"\n\"Only One\" (with Kanye West)\n\"FourFiveSeconds\" (with Rihanna & Kanye West)\n\"All Day\" (with Kanye West)\n\"Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five\" (with Timo Maas & James Teej)\n\"I Don't Know\" / \"Come On to Me\"\n\"Fuh You\"\n\"Who Cares\"\n\"Back in Brazil\"\n\"Get Enough\"\n\"Home Tonight / In a Hurry\"\n\n Category","title":"Works cited"}]
[]
[{"title":"The Beatles discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles_discography"},{"title":"Wings discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_discography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Acerra
Roman Catholic Diocese of Acerra
["1 History of the diocese","2 Bishops of Acerra","2.1 Through 1500","2.2 1500 to 1700","2.3 1700 to present","3 Notes and references","4 Bibliography","4.1 Reference works","4.2 Studies","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°57′00″N 14°22′00″E / 40.9500°N 14.3667°E / 40.9500; 14.3667Roman Catholic diocese in Italy Archdiocese of AcerraDioecesis AcerrarumAcerra CathedralLocationCountryItalyEcclesiastical provinceNaplesStatisticsArea157 km2 (61 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2015)125,657121,810 (96.9%)Parishes28InformationDenominationCatholic ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablished11th CenturyCathedralCattedrale di S. Maria AssuntaPatron saintAlphonsus LiguoriCononSecular priests36 (diocesan)14 (Religious Orders)Current leadershipPopeFrancisBishopAntonio Di DonnaWebsitewww.diocesiacerra.it The Diocese of Acerra (Latin: Dioecesis Acerrarum) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Campania, southern Italy, eight miles east of Naples, in the area once called Terra Laboris (Liburia). It has existed since the 11th century. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples. The diocese has one priest for every 2,436 Catholics. History of the diocese This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019) The cathedral of Acerra was originally dedicated to Saint Michael the Archangel. The cathedral was administered and served by a Chapter, composed of three dignities (the Archpriest, the Cantor, and the Primicerius) and fifteen Canons. In 1818, a new concordat with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies committed the pope to the suppression of more than fifty small dioceses in the kingdom. The ecclesiastical province of Naples was spared from any suppressions, but the diocese of Sant' Agata de' Goti, which had not had a bishop in two decades, and the diocese of Acerra, which was very small in territory, population, and income, came under scrutiny. Pope Pius VII, in the bull "De Utiliori" of 27 June 1818, chose to unite the two dioceses under the leadership of one bishop, aeque principaliter. In the same concordat, the King was confirmed in the right to nominate candidates for vacant bishoprics, subject to the approval of the pope. That situation persisted down until the final overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy in 1860. In a bull of 30 November 1854, Pope Pius IX separated the diocese of Acerra and the diocese of S. Agata de' Goti, which had been joined under one bishop since 1818. In the bull, Pope Pius also transferred four communes from S. Agata to Acerra: Arienzo, San Felice, S. Maria a Vico, and Cervino and the farm of Forchia. Along with the separation of the two dioceses and the redrawing of diocesan boundaries, Pope Pius granted the diocese of Acerra the use of the former Dominican house in S. Maria a Vico for its seminary. The new seminary had its formal inauguration on 15 June 1857. Bishops of Acerra Through 1500 ... Girardo (attested 1098, 1114) Ignotus (attested 1139) ... Bartolomeo (attested 1179) ... Romanus (12th cent.) ... Gentile (1242–?) ... Tommaso (1284–1302) ... Gentile (1307–1308) Guglielmo (attested 1310) ? Giovanni D'Esertelle, O. Cist. (1316– ? ) ? Spanus (attested 1325) Filippo (1331 Died) Giovanni, O.F.M. (1332–1342) Matteo di Castelpietro, O.F.M. (1342–1344) Enrico da Monte (Henricus de Monte), O.P. (1344–1348) Ranieri (Raynerius) (1348–1354) Federico (1356–1362) Giovanni (1363–1394) ? Benedetto da Ascoli, O.E.S.A. (?–1389 Died) Avignon Obedience? Tommaso (1394–1403) Angelo de Consilio (Angelo de Conciliis) (1403–1429 Died). Filippo (1429–1434) Nicola de Utino, O.P. (1434–1439 Died) Nicola Descari (1439–1451) Bertrando (1451–1452) Leone Cortese (1452–1496 Died) Roberto de Noya (Noja), O.P. (1497–1504) 1500 to 1700 Nicolaus de Noya, O.P. (1504–1511 Died) Vincenzo de Corbis (1511–1512) Juan de Vich, O.P. (1512–1526 Died) Carlo degli Ariosti (1527–1532 Died) Gianvincenzo Carafa (1535–1539) Administrator Pietro Paolo de Thisis (1539–1554 Died) Paulus Riccardus Aversanus (1554) Bishop-elect Gianfrancesco Sanseverino (1556–1560 Resigned) Giovanni Fabrizio Sanseverino (1560–1568) Juan Vázquez Coronado de Sayás (1568–1571 Died) Scipione Salernitano (1571–1581) Marcello Maiorana, C.R. (1581–1586 Died) Giovanni Battista del Tufo, C.R. (1587–1603 Resigned) Juan Gurrea (1603–1606 Died) Vincenzo Pagano, C.R. (1606–1644 Died) Mansueto Merati, B. (1644–1662 Died) Placido Carafa, C.R. (1663–1672 Died) Carlo de Angelis (1674–1690 Died) Carolus de Tilly (1692–1697 Appointed, Bishop of Monopoli) Giuseppe Rodoero (1697–1699 Died) 1700 to present Benito Noriega, O.F.M. (28 May 1700 – Mar 1708 Died) Giuseppe Maria Positano, O.P. (1717–1723) Domenico Antonio Berretti (11 Jun 1725 – 16 Apr 1761 Died) Ciro degli Altieri (1761–1775) Gennaro Giordano (20 May 1776 – Feb 1789 Died) Gian Leonardo Maria Di Fusco, O.P. (27 Feb 1792 – 1795 Died) Orazio Magliola (18 Dec 1797 – 3 Jan 1829 Died) Emanuele Maria Bellorado, O.P. (18 May 1829 – 29 Oct 1833 Died) Taddeo Garzilli (Garzillo) (20 Jan 1834 – 5 Mar 1848 Died) Francesco Javarone (1849–1854) Giuseppe Gennaro Romano (23 Mar 1855 – 26 Mar 1864 Died) Giacinto Magliuolo (23 Feb 1872 – 1899 Died) Francesco De Pietro (14 Dec 1899 – 28 Jan 1932 Retired) Nicola Capasso (13 Mar 1933 – 16 Feb 1966 Retired) Antonio Riboldi, I.C. (25 Jan 1978 – 7 Dec 1999 Retired) Salvatore Giovanni Rinaldi (7 Dec 1999 – 18 Sep 2013 Retired) Antonio Di Donna (18 Sep 2013 – ) Notes and references ^ a b Ughelli, p. 216. ^ Kehr, p. 476: "Revera episcopatus non prius quam saec. XI med. erectus fuisse videtur eodem fere tempore, quo Nicolaus II a. 1059 Oderisium monachum et postea abbatem Casinensem apud Acerras diaconum cardinalem ordinavit." ^ "Diocese of Acerra" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016. ^ "Diocese of Acerra" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016. ^ Ughelli, p. 216. D'Avino, p. 7 column 2. ^ Bullarii Romani continuatio, Summorum Pontificum Clementis XIII, Clementis XIV, Pii VI, Pii VII, Leonis XII Gregorii XVI constitutiones... (in Latin). Vol. Tomus decimus quintus (15). Rome: typographia Reverendae Camerae Apostolicae. 1853. pp. 9, 57 § 4. "Praedictam autem ecclesiam Acerrarum aeque principaliter perpetuo unimus, ut infra, alteri episcopali ecclesiae sanclae Agathae Gothorum." ^ Bullarii Romani continuatio Tomus 15, p. 7 column 1, "Articulus XXVIII". ^ Giosafat Ruggiero (1857). In occasione che i seminaristi della città e diocesi di Acerra nel dì 15 giugno corrente anno 1857 facevano il primo ingresso nel novello seminario di Santa Maria a Vico (in Italian). Napoli: stab. tipografico Vico de' Ss. Filippo e Giacomo. p. 6. Cappelletti, p. 546, gives the date of 1855, which is the year in which the formal separation was carried into effect. A new bishop was appointed for S. Agata de' Goti on 23 March 1855: Gams, p. 846 column 1. ^ Ruggiero, p. 6. ^ Gaetano Caporale (1885). Il martirio e culto dei santi Conone e figlio protettori della città di Acerra (in Italian and Latin). Naples: Tip. del Lampo. pp. LXV–LXVI, no. 4. P. Kehr, Italia pontificia VIII, p. 476. ^ The unnamed bishop of Acerra was deposed by Pope Innocent II at the Second Lateran Council in 1139, because he had been an adherent of Pope Anacletus II in the schism of 1130. Kehr, p. 477, no. 1. ^ Bishop Bartholomaeus was present at the Third Lateran Council of Pope Alexander III in March 1179. J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXII, p. 460. Kehr, p. 476. ^ Romanus: Ughelli, p. 217. Cappelletti, p. 539. ^ Guilelmus: Ughelli, p. 219. Eubel I, p. 69. ^ Spanus: Eubel I, p. 69, ex schedis Garampi ('from the notes of Garampi'). ^ Petrus was Bishop of Acerno, not Bishop of Acerra: Eubel I, p. 69, note 2, correcting Gams, p. 844. ^ Giovanni was transferred to the diocese of Bagnoregio by Pope Clement VI on 20 December 1342. Eubel I, pp. 69, 126. ^ Matteo di Castro Petri had been Bishop of Bagnoregio (1328–1342). He was transferred to Acerra on 20 December 1342. He died in 1344. Ughelli, p. 219. Cappelletti, p. 541. Eubel I, pp. 69, 126. ^ Enrico was a native of Sicily, and was a doctor of the University of Paris. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra by Pope Clement VI on 27 May 1344. He died in 1348. Ughelli, p. 219. Cappelletti, p. 541. Eubel I, pp. 69. ^ Raineri had been Cantor in the cathedral Chapter of Acerra. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra by Pope Clement VI on 27 October 1348. Ughelli, p. 219. Cappelletti, p. 541. Eubel I, pp. 69. Daniel Williman, The Right of Spoil of the Popes of Avignon, 1316-1415 (1988), p. 232. ^ Joannes was appointed by Pope Urban V on 6 March 1363. According to Ughelli, p. 219, he was still in office in 1394. Eubel I, p. 69. ^ Tommaso was appointed by Pope Boniface IX (Roman Obedience) on 12 December 1394. He died in 1403. Ughelli, p. 219. Eubel I, p. 69. ^ Angelo had been a Canon of the cathedral of Naples. Eubel Hierarchia catholica I, p. 69. (in Latin) ^ "Bishop Angelo de Consilio" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved January 4, 2017. ^ Filippo had been Archpriest of the cathedral Chapter. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra by Pope Martin V on 18 May 1429. He died in 1434, before September. Eubel I, p. 69; II, p. 79. ^ Nicolas was appointed on 6 September 1434 by Pope Eugenius IV. Ughelli, p. 219. Cappelletti, p. 541. Eubel II, p. 79 (who registers only one Nicolas, and has his term run from 1434 to 1451). ^ Ughelli, p. 219, who states that Descari resigned voluntarily in 1451. Cappelletti, p. 541. Eubel II, p. 79 (who registers only one Nicolas, and has his term run from 1434 to 1451). ^ Beltrandus had been a Canon of Naples. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 5 April 1451, and died the following year. Ughelli, p. 219-220. ^ Cortese was appointed on 2 October 1452. Eubel II, p. 79. ^ "Bishop Leone Cortese" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved May 27, 2017. ^ De Noya had been Bishop of Minervino (1492–1497). He was transferred to the diocese of Acerra on 15 March 1497 by Pope Alexander VI. He resigned in 1504 and was named titular Archbishop of Naxos on 15 April 1504. He died in 1515. Ughelli, p. 220 (wrongly writing Paros for Naxos). Cappelletti, p. 542, wrongly states that De Noya was made Archbishop of Bari. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, pp. 79, 193; III, p. 93, 254. ^ Nicolaus was appointed by Pope Julius II on 15 April 1504. He died in 1511. Eubel III, p. 93. ^ Vincenzo was a native and a Canon of Sarno. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 22 August 1511, but died before he had completed one year of service. Ughelli, p. 220. Eubel III, p. 93. ^ Carafa was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Acerra on the nomination of the Emperor Charles V. He resigned on the appointment of Bishop Pietro Paolo de Thisis on 21 April 1539. He was elected pope on 23 May 1555, and died on18 August 1559. Eubel III, p. 93, with note 6. ^ Pietro Paolo de Thisis (as he is named in the Acta Cameralia which record his appointment) was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 21 April 1539. He had previously been a Referendary of the Tribunal of the Two Signatures in the Roman Curia. He died in 1554, and his successor Paulus Riccardus of Aversa was named; Paulus Riccardus, however, died before his consecration. Ughelli, p. 220 (who calls him Joannes Paulus de Pisis, de Titiis). Cappelletti, p. 542 (who reports the date of appointment as 14 April 1539). Eubel III, p. 93. ^ Paulus Riccardus of Aversa was named; Paulus Riccardus, however, died in 1554, according to his tombstone, before his consecration. He is called Episcopus electus. Ughelli, p. 220-221. Cappelletti, pp. 542-543. ^ Sanseverino was appointed, on the nomination of Philip II, King of Naples, on 6 July 1555 (Ughelli, p. 221) or 6 July 1556 (Lucentius, Gams, and Eubel). He died or resigned in 1560 (according to Lucentius in Ughelli, 221). Eubel III, p. 93. ^ Giovanni Fabrizio Sanseverino was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 13 March 1560 (or 14 February 1560, according to Ughelli, p.221). He was transferred to the diocese of Trivento on 23 July 1568 by Pope Pius IV. He died in 1582. Cappelletti, p. 543. Eubel III, pp. 93, 319. ^ Cappelletti, p. 543. Eubel III, pp. 93. ^ A Neapolitan patrician, Scipione was the brother of Tommaso Salernitano, the Regent of the Royal Chancery of King Philip II as King of Naples. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 16 July 1571. He died in 1581. Ughelli, p. 221. Eubel III, p. 93. ^ Majorana was a member of the Theatine Order. He had been Bishop of Crotone (1578–1581). He was an expert in rites and rituals. He was nominated by King Philip II to the diocese of Acerra, and transferred to that See by Pope Gregory XIII on 13 November 1581. He died on 13 November 1586. Ughelli, p. 222. Eubel III, p. 93. ^ a b c Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 66. ^ a b c Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 67. (in Latin) ^ Positano was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 22 November 1717 by Pope Clement XI. On 27 September 1723 he was transferred to the diocese of Acerenza e Matera by Pope Innocent XIII. He died on 14 March 1730. Ritzler-Sefrin V, p. 67. ^ Born in Naples in 1694, Altieri held the degree of doctor in utroque iure (Naples 1714) at the age of twenty. He was a Canon of the cathedral Chapter of Naples. Altieri became Bishop of Monopoli (1754–1761). He was nominated Bishop of Acerra by the King of Naples on 14 March 1761, and transferred to the diocese of Acerra by Pope Clement XIII on 6 April 1761. He was acknowledged to have strong Jansenist leanings. He died in Naples on 13 October 1775. Cappelletti, pp. 545-546. Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 63 with note 2. ^ Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 63 with note 3. ^ Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 63 with note 4. ^ Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840 (in Italian). Napoli: presso M. Avallone. 1841. pp. 108–109. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 63 with note 5. ^ Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840. 1841. pp. 110–111. ^ Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840. 1841. pp. 111–112. ^ Javarone was born in Naples in 1788. He was professor of dogmatic theology in the royal university in Naples from 1817. From 1812 to 1832 he was one of the scholars working on the transcription and publication of the Herculanium papyri. In 1827, he was co-editor of the third volume of Herculanensia volumina, which included Philodemus' "De poematis" and a portion of "On virtues and vices". On 2 July 1832, he was named Bishop of Ascoli and Carignola. On 20 April 1849, he was transferred by Pope Pius IX to the diocese of Acerra e S. Agata de' Goti. He died on 19 August 1854. Notizie per l'anno 1837 (in Italian). Roma: Cracas. 1837. p. 85. G. Castaldi, Della regale accademia Ercolanese (Naples 1840), pp. 177-180. G. De Luca, "Monsignor Francesco Iavarone," Annali civili del Regno delle due Sicilie 109 (1855), pp. 69-70. Cappelletti, p. 546. ^ "Bishop Francesco De Pietro". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. ^ "Bishop Antonio Riboldi". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. ^ "Bishop Salvatore Giovanni Rinaldi". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. ^ CV of Bishop Di Donna: Diocesi di Acerra, "Vescovo: Sua Ecc. Mons. Antonio Di Donna"; retrieved 29 August 2019. (in Italian) Bibliography Reference works Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. p. 844-845. (Use with caution; obsolete) Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin) Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica. Vol. Tomus IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. Tomus V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. Tomus VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libreria Regensburgiana. Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VIII (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio. Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8. Studies Capasso, Gaetano (1968). Cultura e religiosità ad Aversa nei secoli XVIII-XIX-XX.: (Contributo bio-bibliografico alla storia ecclesiastica meridionale) (in Italian). Naples: Athena mediterranea. Caporale, Gaetano (1890). Memorie storico-diplomatiche della città di Acerra e dei conti che la tennero in feudo (in Italian). Naples: Jovene. Caporale, Gaetano (1893). Ricerche archeologiche, topografiche e biografiche su la diocesi di Acerra (in Italian). Naples: N. Jovene. Cappelletti, Giuseppe (1864). Le chiese d'Italia: dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni : opera (in Italian). Vol. decimonono (19). Venice: G. Antonelli. pp. 537–548. Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1925). Italia pontificia Vol. VIII (Berlin: Weidmann 1925), pp. 476–477. (in Latin) Ughelli, Ferdinando; Coleti, Niccolo (1720). Italia sacra sive De episcopis Italiæ, et insularum adjacentium (in Latin). Vol. Tomus sextus (6). Venice: apud Sebastianum Coleti. pp. 445–451. External links (in Italian) Diocese of Acerra, Official page vteRoman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Naples Metropolitan Archdiocese of Naples Diocese of Acerra Diocese of Alife-Caiazzo Diocese of Aversa Archdiocese of Capua Diocese of Caserta Diocese of Ischia Diocese of Nola Territorial Prelature of Pompei Diocese of Pozzuoli Diocese of Sessa Aurunca Archdiocese of Sorrento-Castellamare di Stabia Diocese of Teano-Calvi Catholicism portal 40°57′00″N 14°22′00″E / 40.9500°N 14.3667°E / 40.9500; 14.3667 Authority control databases: National Italy
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ughelli,_p._216-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAcerra-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCathAcerra-4"}],"text":"Roman Catholic diocese in ItalyThe Diocese of Acerra (Latin: Dioecesis Acerrarum) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Campania, southern Italy, eight miles east of Naples, in the area once called Terra Laboris (Liburia).[1] It has existed since the 11th century.[2] It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples.[3][4]The diocese has one priest for every 2,436 Catholics.","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Acerra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ughelli,_p._216-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The cathedral of Acerra was originally dedicated to Saint Michael the Archangel.[1]The cathedral was administered and served by a Chapter, composed of three dignities (the Archpriest, the Cantor, and the Primicerius) and fifteen Canons.[5]In 1818, a new concordat with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies committed the pope to the suppression of more than fifty small dioceses in the kingdom. The ecclesiastical province of Naples was spared from any suppressions, but the diocese of Sant' Agata de' Goti, which had not had a bishop in two decades, and the diocese of Acerra, which was very small in territory, population, and income, came under scrutiny. Pope Pius VII, in the bull \"De Utiliori\" of 27 June 1818, chose to unite the two dioceses under the leadership of one bishop, aeque principaliter.[6] In the same concordat, the King was confirmed in the right to nominate candidates for vacant bishoprics, subject to the approval of the pope. That situation persisted down until the final overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy in 1860.[7]In a bull of 30 November 1854, Pope Pius IX separated the diocese of Acerra and the diocese of S. Agata de' Goti, which had been joined under one bishop since 1818. In the bull, Pope Pius also transferred four communes from S. Agata to Acerra: Arienzo, San Felice, S. Maria a Vico, and Cervino and the farm of Forchia.[8]Along with the separation of the two dioceses and the redrawing of diocesan boundaries, Pope Pius granted the diocese of Acerra the use of the former Dominican house in S. Maria a Vico for its seminary. The new seminary had its formal inauguration on 15 June 1857.[9]","title":"History of the diocese"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bishops of Acerra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"O. Cist.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Cist."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"O.F.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"O.F.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"O.F.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"O.E.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.E.S.A."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Angelo de Consilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_de_Consilio"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAngCon-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Leone Cortese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Cortese"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierLeoCort-30"},{"link_name":"Roberto de Noya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_de_Noya"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Through 1500","text":"...\nGirardo (attested 1098, 1114)[10]\nIgnotus (attested 1139)[11]\n...\nBartolomeo (attested 1179)[12]\n...\nRomanus (12th cent.)[13]\n...\nGentile (1242–?)\n...\nTommaso (1284–1302)\n...\nGentile (1307–1308)\nGuglielmo (attested 1310)[14]\n? Giovanni D'Esertelle, O. Cist. (1316– ? )[citation needed]\n? Spanus (attested 1325)[15]\n[Pietro, O.F.M. (1331)][16]\nFilippo (1331 Died)\nGiovanni, O.F.M. (1332–1342)[17]\nMatteo di Castelpietro, O.F.M. (1342–1344)[18]\nEnrico da Monte (Henricus de Monte), O.P. (1344–1348)[19]\nRanieri (Raynerius) (1348–1354)[20]\nFederico (1356–1362)\nGiovanni (1363–1394)[21]\n? Benedetto da Ascoli, O.E.S.A. (?–1389 Died) Avignon Obedience?[citation needed]\nTommaso (1394–1403)[22]\nAngelo de Consilio (Angelo de Conciliis) (1403–1429 Died).[23][24]\nFilippo (1429–1434)[25]\nNicola de Utino, O.P. (1434–1439 Died)[26]\nNicola Descari (1439–1451)[27]\nBertrando (1451–1452)[28]\nLeone Cortese (1452–1496 Died)[29][30]\nRoberto de Noya (Noja), O.P. (1497–1504)[31]","title":"Bishops of Acerra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolaus de Noya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_de_Noya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo de Corbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_de_Corbis"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Juan de Vich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Vich"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Carlo degli Ariosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_degli_Ariosti"},{"link_name":"Gianvincenzo Carafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianvincenzo_Carafa"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Pietro Paolo de Thisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giampaolo_da_Pisa"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Gianfrancesco Sanseverino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfrancesco_Sanseverino"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Fabrizio Sanseverino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Fabrizio_Sanseverino"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Juan Vázquez Coronado de Sayás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_Coronado_de_Say%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Scipione Salernitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipione_Salernitano"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Marcello Maiorana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Maiorana"},{"link_name":"C.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Clerics_Regular_of_the_Divine_Providence"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista del Tufo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_del_Tufo"},{"link_name":"C.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Clerics_Regular_of_the_Divine_Providence"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Acerra-42"},{"link_name":"Juan Gurrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gurrea"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Pagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Pagano"},{"link_name":"C.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Clerics_Regular_of_the_Divine_Providence"},{"link_name":"Mansueto Merati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansueto_Merati"},{"link_name":"B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabites"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Acerra-42"},{"link_name":"Placido Carafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placido_Carafa"},{"link_name":"C.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatines"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Acerra-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaV-43"},{"link_name":"Carlo de Angelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_de_Angelis"},{"link_name":"Carolus de Tilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_de_Tilly"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Monopoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Monopoli"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Rodoero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Rodoero"}],"sub_title":"1500 to 1700","text":"Nicolaus de Noya, O.P. (1504–1511 Died)[32]\nVincenzo de Corbis (1511–1512)[33]\nJuan de Vich, O.P. (1512–1526 Died)\nCarlo degli Ariosti (1527–1532 Died)\nGianvincenzo Carafa (1535–1539) Administrator[34]\nPietro Paolo de Thisis (1539–1554 Died)[35]\nPaulus Riccardus Aversanus (1554) Bishop-elect[36]\nGianfrancesco Sanseverino (1556–1560 Resigned)[37]\nGiovanni Fabrizio Sanseverino (1560–1568)[38]\nJuan Vázquez Coronado de Sayás (1568–1571 Died)[39]\nScipione Salernitano (1571–1581)[40]\nMarcello Maiorana, C.R. (1581–1586 Died)[41]\nGiovanni Battista del Tufo, C.R. (1587–1603 Resigned)[42]\nJuan Gurrea (1603–1606 Died)\nVincenzo Pagano, C.R. (1606–1644 Died)\nMansueto Merati, B. (1644–1662 Died)[42]\nPlacido Carafa, C.R. (1663–1672 Died)[42][43]\nCarlo de Angelis (1674–1690 Died)\nCarolus de Tilly (1692–1697 Appointed, Bishop of Monopoli)\nGiuseppe Rodoero (1697–1699 Died)","title":"Bishops of Acerra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benito Noriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benito_Noriega&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.F.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaV-43"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaV-43"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"I.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosminians"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Giovanni Rinaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Giovanni_Rinaldi"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"1700 to present","text":"Benito Noriega, O.F.M. (28 May 1700 – Mar 1708 Died)[43]\nGiuseppe Maria Positano, O.P. (1717–1723)[44]\nDomenico Antonio Berretti (11 Jun 1725 – 16 Apr 1761 Died)[43]\nCiro degli Altieri (1761–1775)[45]\nGennaro Giordano (20 May 1776 – Feb 1789 Died)[46]\nGian Leonardo Maria Di Fusco, O.P. (27 Feb 1792 – 1795 Died)[47]\nOrazio Magliola (18 Dec 1797 – 3 Jan 1829 Died)[48]\nEmanuele Maria Bellorado, O.P. (18 May 1829 – 29 Oct 1833 Died)[49]\nTaddeo Garzilli (Garzillo) (20 Jan 1834 – 5 Mar 1848 Died)[50]\nFrancesco Javarone (1849–1854)[51]\nGiuseppe Gennaro Romano (23 Mar 1855 – 26 Mar 1864 Died)\nGiacinto Magliuolo (23 Feb 1872 – 1899 Died)\nFrancesco De Pietro (14 Dec 1899 – 28 Jan 1932 Retired)[52]\nNicola Capasso (13 Mar 1933 – 16 Feb 1966 Retired)\nAntonio Riboldi, I.C. (25 Jan 1978 – 7 Dec 1999 Retired)[53]\nSalvatore Giovanni Rinaldi (7 Dec 1999 – 18 Sep 2013 Retired)[54]\nAntonio Di Donna (18 Sep 2013 – )[55]","title":"Bishops of Acerra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ughelli,_p._216_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ughelli,_p._216_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierAcerra_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Acerra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dacrr.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GCathAcerra_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Acerra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/acer1.htm"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Bullarii Romani continuatio, Summorum Pontificum Clementis XIII, Clementis XIV, Pii VI, Pii VII, Leonis XII Gregorii XVI constitutiones...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=as_XHufGgeYC&pg=PA58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"In occasione che i seminaristi della città e diocesi di Acerra nel dì 15 giugno corrente anno 1857 facevano il primo ingresso nel novello seminario di Santa Maria a Vico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OvH73eIPJMwC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Il martirio e culto dei santi Conone e figlio protettori della città di Acerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IJ8vAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II"},{"link_name":"Second Lateran Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lateran_Council"},{"link_name":"Pope Anacletus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Anacletus_II"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Third Lateran Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Lateran_Council"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III"},{"link_name":"Tomus XXII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/200_Mansi/1692-1769,_Mansi_JD,_Sacrorum_Conciliorum_Nova_Amplissima_Collectio_Vol_022,_LT.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Bagnoregio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bagnoregio"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_V"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Pope Boniface IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierAngCon_24-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Angelo de Consilio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bconsilio.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Pope Martin V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_V"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Pope Eugenius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CathHierLeoCort_30-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Leone Cortese\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcortl.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Naxos"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Pope Julius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Trivento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Trivento"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Crotone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Crotone-Santa_Severina"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV-Acerra_42-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV-Acerra_42-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaIV-Acerra_42-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaV_43-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaV_43-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HierarchiaV_43-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI"},{"link_name":"Acerenza e Matera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Acerenza_e_Matera"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"doctor in utroque iure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_both_laws"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IcgwBz8o1OoC&pg=PT1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IcgwBz8o1OoC&pg=PT1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IcgwBz8o1OoC&pg=PT1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Notizie per l'anno 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annuariopontifi24unkngoog"},{"link_name":"85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annuariopontifi24unkngoog/page/n102"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Francesco De Pietro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpietro.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Antonio Riboldi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/briboldi.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"\"Bishop Salvatore Giovanni Rinaldi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/brinaldi.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"\"Vescovo: Sua Ecc. Mons. Antonio Di Donna\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diocesiacerra.it/diocesi_di_acerra/vescovo/00000193_Vescovo.html"}],"text":"^ a b Ughelli, p. 216.\n\n^ Kehr, p. 476: \"Revera episcopatus non prius quam saec. XI med. erectus fuisse videtur eodem fere tempore, quo Nicolaus II a. 1059 Oderisium monachum et postea abbatem Casinensem apud Acerras diaconum cardinalem ordinavit.\"\n\n^ \"Diocese of Acerra\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016.[self-published source]\n\n^ \"Diocese of Acerra\" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016.[self-published source]\n\n^ Ughelli, p. 216. D'Avino, p. 7 column 2.\n\n^ Bullarii Romani continuatio, Summorum Pontificum Clementis XIII, Clementis XIV, Pii VI, Pii VII, Leonis XII Gregorii XVI constitutiones... (in Latin). Vol. Tomus decimus quintus (15). Rome: typographia Reverendae Camerae Apostolicae. 1853. pp. 9, 57 § 4. \"Praedictam autem ecclesiam Acerrarum aeque principaliter perpetuo unimus, ut infra, alteri episcopali ecclesiae sanclae Agathae Gothorum.\"\n\n^ Bullarii Romani continuatio Tomus 15, p. 7 column 1, \"Articulus XXVIII\".\n\n^ Giosafat Ruggiero (1857). In occasione che i seminaristi della città e diocesi di Acerra nel dì 15 giugno corrente anno 1857 facevano il primo ingresso nel novello seminario di Santa Maria a Vico (in Italian). Napoli: stab. tipografico Vico de' Ss. Filippo e Giacomo. p. 6. Cappelletti, p. 546, gives the date of 1855, which is the year in which the formal separation was carried into effect. A new bishop was appointed for S. Agata de' Goti on 23 March 1855: Gams, p. 846 column 1.\n\n^ Ruggiero, p. 6.\n\n^ Gaetano Caporale (1885). Il martirio e culto dei santi Conone e figlio protettori della città di Acerra (in Italian and Latin). Naples: Tip. del Lampo. pp. LXV–LXVI, no. 4. P. Kehr, Italia pontificia VIII, p. 476.\n\n^ The unnamed bishop of Acerra was deposed by Pope Innocent II at the Second Lateran Council in 1139, because he had been an adherent of Pope Anacletus II in the schism of 1130. Kehr, p. 477, no. 1.\n\n^ Bishop Bartholomaeus was present at the Third Lateran Council of Pope Alexander III in March 1179. J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXII, p. 460. Kehr, p. 476.\n\n^ Romanus: Ughelli, p. 217. Cappelletti, p. 539.\n\n^ Guilelmus: Ughelli, p. 219. Eubel I, p. 69.\n\n^ Spanus: Eubel I, p. 69, ex schedis Garampi ('from the notes of [Cardinal] Garampi').\n\n^ Petrus was Bishop of Acerno, not Bishop of Acerra: Eubel I, p. 69, note 2, correcting Gams, p. 844.\n\n^ Giovanni was transferred to the diocese of Bagnoregio by Pope Clement VI on 20 December 1342. Eubel I, pp. 69, 126.\n\n^ Matteo di Castro Petri had been Bishop of Bagnoregio (1328–1342). He was transferred to Acerra on 20 December 1342. He died in 1344. Ughelli, p. 219. Cappelletti, p. 541. Eubel I, pp. 69, 126.\n\n^ Enrico was a native of Sicily, and was a doctor of the University of Paris. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra by Pope Clement VI on 27 May 1344. He died in 1348. Ughelli, p. 219. Cappelletti, p. 541. Eubel I, pp. 69.\n\n^ Raineri had been Cantor in the cathedral Chapter of Acerra. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra by Pope Clement VI on 27 October 1348. Ughelli, p. 219. Cappelletti, p. 541. Eubel I, pp. 69. Daniel Williman, The Right of Spoil of the Popes of Avignon, 1316-1415 (1988), p. 232.\n\n^ Joannes was appointed by Pope Urban V on 6 March 1363. According to Ughelli, p. 219, he was still in office in 1394. Eubel I, p. 69.\n\n^ Tommaso was appointed by Pope Boniface IX (Roman Obedience) on 12 December 1394. He died in 1403. Ughelli, p. 219. Eubel I, p. 69.\n\n^ Angelo had been a Canon of the cathedral of Naples. Eubel Hierarchia catholica I, p. 69. (in Latin)\n\n^ \"Bishop Angelo de Consilio\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved January 4, 2017.[self-published source]\n\n^ Filippo had been Archpriest of the cathedral Chapter. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra by Pope Martin V on 18 May 1429. He died in 1434, before September. Eubel I, p. 69; II, p. 79.\n\n^ Nicolas was appointed on 6 September 1434 by Pope Eugenius IV. Ughelli, p. 219. Cappelletti, p. 541. Eubel II, p. 79 (who registers only one Nicolas, and has his term run from 1434 to 1451).\n\n^ Ughelli, p. 219, who states that Descari resigned voluntarily in 1451. Cappelletti, p. 541. Eubel II, p. 79 (who registers only one Nicolas, and has his term run from 1434 to 1451).\n\n^ Beltrandus had been a Canon of Naples. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 5 April 1451, and died the following year. Ughelli, p. 219-220.\n\n^ Cortese was appointed on 2 October 1452. Eubel II, p. 79.\n\n^ \"Bishop Leone Cortese\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved May 27, 2017.[self-published source]\n\n^ De Noya had been Bishop of Minervino (1492–1497). He was transferred to the diocese of Acerra on 15 March 1497 by Pope Alexander VI. He resigned in 1504 and was named titular Archbishop of Naxos on 15 April 1504. He died in 1515. Ughelli, p. 220 (wrongly writing Paros for Naxos). Cappelletti, p. 542, wrongly states that De Noya was made Archbishop of Bari. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, pp. 79, 193; III, p. 93, 254.\n\n^ Nicolaus was appointed by Pope Julius II on 15 April 1504. He died in 1511. Eubel III, p. 93.\n\n^ Vincenzo was a native and a Canon of Sarno. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 22 August 1511, but died before he had completed one year of service. Ughelli, p. 220. Eubel III, p. 93.\n\n^ Carafa was appointed Administrator of the diocese of Acerra on the nomination of the Emperor Charles V. He resigned on the appointment of Bishop Pietro Paolo de Thisis on 21 April 1539. He was elected pope on 23 May 1555, and died on18 August 1559. Eubel III, p. 93, with note 6.\n\n^ Pietro Paolo de Thisis (as he is named in the Acta Cameralia which record his appointment) was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 21 April 1539. He had previously been a Referendary of the Tribunal of the Two Signatures in the Roman Curia. He died in 1554, and his successor Paulus Riccardus of Aversa was named; Paulus Riccardus, however, died before his consecration. Ughelli, p. 220 (who calls him Joannes Paulus de Pisis, de Titiis). Cappelletti, p. 542 (who reports the date of appointment as 14 April 1539). Eubel III, p. 93.\n\n^ Paulus Riccardus of Aversa was named; Paulus Riccardus, however, died in 1554, according to his tombstone, before his consecration. He is called Episcopus electus. Ughelli, p. 220-221. Cappelletti, pp. 542-543.\n\n^ Sanseverino was appointed, on the nomination of Philip II, King of Naples, on 6 July 1555 (Ughelli, p. 221) or 6 July 1556 (Lucentius, Gams, and Eubel). He died or resigned in 1560 (according to Lucentius in Ughelli, 221). Eubel III, p. 93.\n\n^ Giovanni Fabrizio Sanseverino was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 13 March 1560 (or 14 February 1560, according to Ughelli, p.221). He was transferred to the diocese of Trivento on 23 July 1568 by Pope Pius IV. He died in 1582. Cappelletti, p. 543. Eubel III, pp. 93, 319.\n\n^ Cappelletti, p. 543. Eubel III, pp. 93.\n\n^ A Neapolitan patrician, Scipione was the brother of Tommaso Salernitano, the Regent of the Royal Chancery of King Philip II as King of Naples. He was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 16 July 1571. He died in 1581. Ughelli, p. 221. Eubel III, p. 93.\n\n^ Majorana was a member of the Theatine Order. He had been Bishop of Crotone (1578–1581). He was an expert in rites and rituals. He was nominated by King Philip II to the diocese of Acerra, and transferred to that See by Pope Gregory XIII on 13 November 1581. He died on 13 November 1586. Ughelli, p. 222. Eubel III, p. 93.\n\n^ a b c Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 66.\n\n^ a b c Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 67. (in Latin)\n\n^ Positano was appointed Bishop of Acerra on 22 November 1717 by Pope Clement XI. On 27 September 1723 he was transferred to the diocese of Acerenza e Matera by Pope Innocent XIII. He died on 14 March 1730. Ritzler-Sefrin V, p. 67.\n\n^ Born in Naples in 1694, Altieri held the degree of doctor in utroque iure (Naples 1714) at the age of twenty. He was a Canon of the cathedral Chapter of Naples. Altieri became Bishop of Monopoli (1754–1761). He was nominated Bishop of Acerra by the King of Naples on 14 March 1761, and transferred to the diocese of Acerra by Pope Clement XIII on 6 April 1761. He was acknowledged to have strong Jansenist leanings. He died in Naples on 13 October 1775. Cappelletti, pp. 545-546. Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 63 with note 2.\n\n^ Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 63 with note 3.\n\n^ Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 63 with note 4.\n\n^ Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840 (in Italian). Napoli: presso M. Avallone. 1841. pp. 108–109. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 63 with note 5.\n\n^ Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840. 1841. pp. 110–111.\n\n^ Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840. 1841. pp. 111–112.\n\n^ Javarone was born in Naples in 1788. He was professor of dogmatic theology in the royal university in Naples from 1817. From 1812 to 1832 he was one of the scholars working on the transcription and publication of the Herculanium papyri. In 1827, he was co-editor of the third volume of Herculanensia volumina, which included Philodemus' \"De poematis\" and a portion of \"On virtues and vices\". On 2 July 1832, he was named Bishop of Ascoli and Carignola. On 20 April 1849, he was transferred by Pope Pius IX to the diocese of Acerra e S. Agata de' Goti. He died on 19 August 1854. Notizie per l'anno 1837 (in Italian). Roma: Cracas. 1837. p. 85. G. Castaldi, Della regale accademia Ercolanese (Naples 1840), pp. 177-180. G. De Luca, \"Monsignor Francesco Iavarone,\" Annali civili del Regno delle due Sicilie 109 (1855), pp. 69-70. Cappelletti, p. 546.\n\n^ \"Bishop Francesco De Pietro\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney.[self-published source]\n\n^ \"Bishop Antonio Riboldi\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney.[self-published source]\n\n^ \"Bishop Salvatore Giovanni Rinaldi\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney.[self-published source]\n\n^ CV of Bishop Di Donna: Diocesi di Acerra, \"Vescovo: Sua Ecc. Mons. Antonio Di Donna\"; retrieved 29 August 2019. (in Italian)","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=os9DAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pgyItwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5oXUjwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QXuJQwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-250-1000-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-250-1000-8"}],"sub_title":"Reference works","text":"Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. p. 844-845. (Use with caution; obsolete)\nEubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin)\nEubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.\nEubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.\nGauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica. Vol. Tomus IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. Tomus V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. Tomus VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libreria Regensburgiana.\nRemigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VIII (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.\nPięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cultura e religiosità ad Aversa nei secoli XVIII-XIX-XX.: (Contributo bio-bibliografico alla storia ecclesiastica meridionale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Z_U8AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Memorie storico-diplomatiche della città di Acerra e dei conti che la tennero in feudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Hwk-AQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Ricerche archeologiche, topografiche e biografiche su la diocesi di Acerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KYkwQwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Le chiese d'Italia: dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni : opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ugMVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA519"},{"link_name":"Italia sacra sive De episcopis Italiæ, et insularum adjacentium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KQPFIUrZ_OkC"}],"sub_title":"Studies","text":"Capasso, Gaetano (1968). Cultura e religiosità ad Aversa nei secoli XVIII-XIX-XX.: (Contributo bio-bibliografico alla storia ecclesiastica meridionale) (in Italian). Naples: Athena mediterranea.\nCaporale, Gaetano (1890). Memorie storico-diplomatiche della città di Acerra e dei conti che la tennero in feudo (in Italian). Naples: Jovene.\nCaporale, Gaetano (1893). Ricerche archeologiche, topografiche e biografiche su la diocesi di Acerra (in Italian). Naples: N. Jovene.\nCappelletti, Giuseppe (1864). Le chiese d'Italia: dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni : opera (in Italian). Vol. decimonono (19). Venice: G. Antonelli. pp. 537–548.\nKehr, Paul Fridolin (1925). Italia pontificia Vol. VIII (Berlin: Weidmann 1925), pp. 476–477. (in Latin)\nUghelli, Ferdinando; Coleti, Niccolo (1720). Italia sacra sive De episcopis Italiæ, et insularum adjacentium (in Latin). Vol. Tomus sextus (6). Venice: apud Sebastianum Coleti. pp. 445–451.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bullarii Romani continuatio, Summorum Pontificum Clementis XIII, Clementis XIV, Pii VI, Pii VII, Leonis XII Gregorii XVI constitutiones... (in Latin). Vol. Tomus decimus quintus (15). Rome: typographia Reverendae Camerae Apostolicae. 1853. pp. 9, 57 § 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=as_XHufGgeYC&pg=PA58","url_text":"Bullarii Romani continuatio, Summorum Pontificum Clementis XIII, Clementis XIV, Pii VI, Pii VII, Leonis XII Gregorii XVI constitutiones..."}]},{"reference":"Giosafat Ruggiero (1857). In occasione che i seminaristi della città e diocesi di Acerra nel dì 15 giugno corrente anno 1857 facevano il primo ingresso nel novello seminario di Santa Maria a Vico (in Italian). Napoli: stab. tipografico Vico de' Ss. Filippo e Giacomo. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OvH73eIPJMwC","url_text":"In occasione che i seminaristi della città e diocesi di Acerra nel dì 15 giugno corrente anno 1857 facevano il primo ingresso nel novello seminario di Santa Maria a Vico"}]},{"reference":"Gaetano Caporale (1885). Il martirio e culto dei santi Conone e figlio protettori della città di Acerra (in Italian and Latin). Naples: Tip. del Lampo. pp. LXV–LXVI, no. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ8vAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Il martirio e culto dei santi Conone e figlio protettori della città di Acerra"}]},{"reference":"Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840 (in Italian). Napoli: presso M. Avallone. 1841. pp. 108–109.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IcgwBz8o1OoC&pg=PT1","url_text":"Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840"}]},{"reference":"Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840. 1841. pp. 110–111.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IcgwBz8o1OoC&pg=PT1","url_text":"Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840"}]},{"reference":"Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840. 1841. pp. 111–112.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IcgwBz8o1OoC&pg=PT1","url_text":"Memorie istoriche della città di S. Agata de' Goti per l'epoca dal principio dell'era volgare sino al 1840"}]},{"reference":"Notizie per l'anno 1837 (in Italian). Roma: Cracas. 1837. p. 85.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annuariopontifi24unkngoog","url_text":"Notizie per l'anno 1837"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annuariopontifi24unkngoog/page/n102","url_text":"85"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Francesco De Pietro\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpietro.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Francesco De Pietro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Antonio Riboldi\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/briboldi.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Antonio Riboldi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Salvatore Giovanni Rinaldi\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/brinaldi.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Salvatore Giovanni Rinaldi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=os9DAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica. Vol. Tomus IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. Tomus V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. Tomus VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libreria Regensburgiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pgyItwAACAAJ","url_text":"Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi"}]},{"reference":"Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VIII (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5oXUjwEACAAJ","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi"}]},{"reference":"Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QXuJQwAACAAJ","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-250-1000-8","url_text":"978-88-250-1000-8"}]},{"reference":"Capasso, Gaetano (1968). Cultura e religiosità ad Aversa nei secoli XVIII-XIX-XX.: (Contributo bio-bibliografico alla storia ecclesiastica meridionale) (in Italian). Naples: Athena mediterranea.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_U8AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Cultura e religiosità ad Aversa nei secoli XVIII-XIX-XX.: (Contributo bio-bibliografico alla storia ecclesiastica meridionale)"}]},{"reference":"Caporale, Gaetano (1890). Memorie storico-diplomatiche della città di Acerra e dei conti che la tennero in feudo (in Italian). Naples: Jovene.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwk-AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Memorie storico-diplomatiche della città di Acerra e dei conti che la tennero in feudo"}]},{"reference":"Caporale, Gaetano (1893). Ricerche archeologiche, topografiche e biografiche su la diocesi di Acerra (in Italian). Naples: N. Jovene.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KYkwQwAACAAJ","url_text":"Ricerche archeologiche, topografiche e biografiche su la diocesi di Acerra"}]},{"reference":"Cappelletti, Giuseppe (1864). Le chiese d'Italia: dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni : opera (in Italian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy_Nostalgie
Daddy Nostalgie
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1990 film Daddy NostalgieFilm posterDirected byBertrand TavernierWritten byColo Tavernier O'HaganBertrand TavernierProduced byAdolphe ViezziStarring Dirk Bogarde Jane Birkin Odette Laure Emmanuelle Bataille Charlotte Kady CinematographyDenis LenoirEdited byAriane BoeglinRelease date 5 September 1990 (1990-09-05) Running time105 minutesCountryFranceLanguagesFrenchEnglishBox office$1.1 million Daddy Nostalgie, released as These Foolish Things in the UK and Daddy Nostalgia in the USA, is a 1990 French drama film directed by Bertrand Tavernier. It was entered into the 1990 Cannes Film Festival and is Dirk Bogarde's last film. Odette Laure was nominated for the César Award for Best Supporting Actress. The film tells the story of a young woman who goes to help her parents during her father's last illness and how in that time father and daughter establish a tentative bond that had eluded them all their lives. The film is dedicated to Michael Powell, who died shortly before its release. Plot Caroline, a freelance scriptwriter in Paris, is called to the hospital where her father Tony, a retired businessman, has undergone surgery. She stays with her mother Miche in their home on the south coast and helps her when he comes back to convalesce. In moments of conversation or reverie, the three examine their relationships with each other. Miche is a woman of limited and conventional mind, whose only outside interests are bridge and her Catholic church. Her assets were beauty, now gone, and fidelity. Tony has no outside interests, being a shallow and selfish man, but his asset is charm, which has seen him through his life and now serves to conceal both his constant physical pain and his fear of imminent death. Caroline wants to love them but throughout her life has mostly been neglected by them, particularly since she split up with the father of her child. In Tony's last weeks, Caroline begins to learn a lot about the father she hardly ever saw and to form a bond with him, strengthened by secret outings to bars for the alcohol he is forbidden. She has to go back to Paris to retrieve her young son and while there learns of Tony's death. The trains are on strike and every flight is full, so she walks the streets of the city alone with her grief. Cast Dirk Bogarde as Daddy Jane Birkin as Caroline Odette Laure as Miche Charlotte Kady as Barbara, the nurse Bertrand Tavernier as Narrator (uncredited) References ^ JP. "Daddy Nostalgie (1990)- JPBox-Office". www.jpbox-office.com. Retrieved 10 February 2018. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Daddy Nostalgie". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 4 August 2009. ^ "Awards for Odette Laure". imdb.com. Retrieved 4 August 2009. External links Daddy Nostalgie at IMDb Daddy Nostalgie at Box Office Mojo Daddy Nostalgie at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by Bertrand Tavernier The Clockmaker (1974) Let Joy Reign Supreme (1975) The Judge and the Assassin (1976) Spoiled Children (1977) Death Watch (1980) A Week's Vacation (1980) Coup de Torchon (1981) A Sunday in the Country (1984) Round Midnight (1986) Beatrice (1987) Life and Nothing But (1989) Daddy Nostalgie (1990) Revenge of the Musketeers (1994) The Bait (1995) Captain Conan (1996) It All Starts Today (1999) Safe Conduct (2002) Holy Lola (2004) In the Electric Mist (2009) The Princess of Montpensier (2010) The French Minister (2013)
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[]
null
[{"reference":"JP. \"Daddy Nostalgie (1990)- JPBox-Office\". www.jpbox-office.com. Retrieved 10 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=5354","url_text":"\"Daddy Nostalgie (1990)- JPBox-Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: Daddy Nostalgie\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 4 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/171/year/1990.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: Daddy Nostalgie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Awards for Odette Laure\". imdb.com. Retrieved 4 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0491028/awards","url_text":"\"Awards for Odette Laure\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_astronomical_clock
Gdańsk astronomical clock
["1 History and description","2 References"]
Coordinates: 54°21′00″N 18°39′12″E / 54.349900°N 18.653300°E / 54.349900; 18.65330015th-century astronomical clock in Poland Gdańsk Astronomical Clock The Gdańsk astronomical clock is a fifteenth-century astronomical clock in St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk, Poland. History and description The clock was constructed between 1464–1470 by Hans Düringer. Its complex dials show the time and date, phases of the moon, the position of the Moon and Sun in relation to the zodiac signs, and the calendar of saints. Adam and Eve ring the bell on the hour, and at noon a procession appears that features Adam and Eve alongside the Three Kings, the Apostles, and Death. Standing 14 metres (46 ft) high, upon completion the clock was the largest in the world, and it may remain the largest wooden astronomical clock. During the World War II, in 1944, the clock was dismantled and hidden outside of Gdańsk. The dials and 70% of the housing, sculptures of the lower level, Scorpion’s pliers and the weight survived the war. In 2018, the clock, still with all its original mechanisms, went through a restoration process. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Astronomical clock in the St. Mary's Church in Gdańsk. ^ Bujak, Adam (2007). Polish Cathedrals. ISBN 9788360292372. ^ The Newcomen Bulletin. Issues 158-169. p 14. Newcomen Society (Great Britain) 1994 ^ DK Eyewitness Guide: Eastern and Central Europe. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. 2012. p. 211. ISBN 9781405393515. ^ Bousfield, Jonathan; Salter, Mark (2009). The Rough Guide to Poland. ISBN 9781848360648. ^ Janicek, Karel. "Prague's astronomical clock returns with restored beauty". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-07-13. 54°21′00″N 18°39′12″E / 54.349900°N 18.653300°E / 54.349900; 18.653300 This article about a Polish building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vteAstronomical clocksCzech Republic Olomouc Prague Žibřidice (Chaloupka's) France Beauvais Besançon Bourges Lyon Ploërmel Rouen Strasbourg Versailles (Passemant's) Germany Münster Rostock Stralsund Italy Brescia Clusone (Fanzago's) Cremona Mantua Messina Padua Venice (St Mark's) Switzerland Bern (Zytglogge) Sion Zug (Zytturm) United Kingdom Exeter Hampton Court Leicester Ottery St Mary Wells Wimborne Minster York Other countries Copenhagen (Jens Olsen's World Clock) Dubrovnik (Bell Tower) Gdańsk Lier (Zimmer tower) Lund Clockmakersand designers Paul Behrens Kaspar Brunner Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio Hans Düringer Nikolaus Lilienfeld Jens Olsen Richard of Wallingford Jean-Baptiste Schwilgué Rasmus Sørnes Auguste-Lucien Vérité Louis Zimmer Commons
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null
[{"reference":"Bujak, Adam (2007). Polish Cathedrals. ISBN 9788360292372.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r_UVAQAAIAAJ&q=Gda%C5%84sk+Astronomical+Clock","url_text":"Polish Cathedrals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788360292372","url_text":"9788360292372"}]},{"reference":"DK Eyewitness Guide: Eastern and Central Europe. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. 2012. p. 211. ISBN 9781405393515.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=56FkP8VznzYC&dq=Gda%C5%84sk+Astronomical+Clock&pg=PA211","url_text":"DK Eyewitness Guide: Eastern and Central Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405393515","url_text":"9781405393515"}]},{"reference":"Bousfield, Jonathan; Salter, Mark (2009). The Rough Guide to Poland. ISBN 9781848360648.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p0Q_AQAAIAAJ&q=Gda%C5%84sk+Astronomical+Clock","url_text":"The Rough Guide to Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848360648","url_text":"9781848360648"}]},{"reference":"Janicek, Karel. \"Prague's astronomical clock returns with restored beauty\". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/pragues-fabled-astronomical-clock-returns-with-restored-beauty/","url_text":"\"Prague's astronomical clock returns with restored beauty\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_High_School_District
Kern High School District
["1 Schools","2 References","3 External links"]
School district in California, United States Kern High School DistrictLocationKern County, California United StatesDistrict informationTypePublic school districtMottoTradition of ExcellenceGrades9-12Established1893SuperintendentMichael ZulfaSchools31Budget$420MM (2021-2022)Students and staffStudents42,683 (2021-2022)Staff1,761 (on FTEbasis)Student–teacher ratio24.33 (on FTE basis)Other informationWebsiteKern High School District The Kern High School District (KHSD) is a public high school system headquartered in Bakersfield, California that serves portions of the County of Kern located at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. As of 2023, the Kern High School District serves over 43,000 students and 3,600 employees as of 2007. It encompasses over 3,500 square miles (9,100 km2), just under 43 percent of the total area of Kern County. It is the largest district of its type by enrollment and land area. Voted into existence in 1892, it began operation in January 1893. The district comprises 19 comprehensive campuses, six alternative education campuses, two career technical education sites, and four special education centers. The district claims it is the largest provider of entertainment in Kern County, provides the most meals of any organization in the County, and operates one the largest transportation networks. Schools School Grades Enrollment (2022-2023) Opened Arvin High School 9–12 2,786 1949 Bakersfield Adult School N/A Before 1939 Bakersfield High School 9–12 3,004 1893^ Centennial High School 9–12 2,175 1993 Central Valley High School 10–12 89 1971 Del Oro High School 9–12 873 2022 East Bakersfield High School 9–12 2,312 1938 Foothill High School 9–12 2,045 1961 Frontier High School 9–12 2,072 2006 Golden Valley High School 9–12 2,533 2003 Independence High School 9–12 2,394 2008 Highland High School 9–12 2,599 1970 Liberty High School 9–12 2,358 1999 Kern Valley High School 9–12 466 1941 Journey Career Center 11–12 2022 Mira Monte High School 9–12 2,293 2008 North High School 9–12 2,214 1953 Nueva Continuation High School 9–12 109 1970 Ridgeview High School 9–12 2,688 1994 Shafter High School 9–12 1,651 1928 South High School 9–12 2,176 1957 Stockdale High School 9–12 2,298 1991 Summit Continuation High School 10–12 1985 Vista Continuation High School 10–12 242 1967 Vista West Continuation High School 10–12 312 1986 West High School 9–12 2,025 1965 References ^ Gaspar, Jose (September 18, 2023). "KHSD forges ahead, names new superintendent". bakersfield.com. The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved May 26, 2024. Michael Zulfa has been named superintendent of the Kern High School District, effective Feb. 1. ^ Kern Union High. National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved on 2023-10-30. ^ "Search for Public School Districts - District Detail for Kern High". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-29. ^ "District Profile: Kern High (CA Dept of Education)". www.cde.ca.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-29. ^ a b c PARENT INFORMATION BOOKLET (PDF). Kern County, California, US: Kern High School District. 2009. ^ CALIFORNIAN, THE BAKERSFIELD (2016-12-01). "TIMELINE: 150 years of Kern County history". The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved 2023-10-29. ^ "Superintendent's Office". Kern High School District. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2008-01-16. ^ "KHSTA". KHSTA. 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-10-29. ^ "Clyde Dawald Named Arvin Superintendendent". The Bakersfield Californian. June 29, 1948. p. 14. ^ "NEW ARVING HIGH SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION TO START". The Bakersfield Californian. October 12, 1948. p. 15. ^ "New Kern School Publishes Book for student Use". The Bakersfield Californian. April 1, 1949. p. 2. ^ "Adult Jump Seen". The Bakersfield Californian. August 28, 1940. p. 15. ^ Search Results. National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. ^ Kern High School Districts School Sites Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. ^ "Enrollment by Grade - Kern High (CA Dept of Education)". dq.cde.ca.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-30. ^ "History". www.kernhigh.org. Retrieved 2023-10-30. External links Kern High School District website Archive of previous Kern High School District website vteEducation in Greater BakersfieldElementary school districts Bakersfield City School District Beardsley School District Edison School District Fairfax School District Fruitvale School District Greenfield Union School District Lakeside Union School District Norris School District Panama Buena Vista Union School District Rosedale Union School District Standard School District Public high schools* Bakersfield High School Centennial High School East Bakersfield High School Foothill High School Frontier High School Golden Valley High School Highland High School Independence High School Liberty High School Mira Monte High School North High School Ridgeview High School South High School Stockdale High School West High School Colleges and universities Bakersfield College California State University, Bakersfield Private high schools Bakersfield Christian High School Garces Memorial High School * All public high schools are a part of the Kern High School District. This California school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Gaspar, Jose (September 18, 2023). \"KHSD forges ahead, names new superintendent\". bakersfield.com. The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved May 26, 2024. Michael Zulfa has been named superintendent of the Kern High School District, effective Feb. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bakersfield.com/columnists/jose-gaspar/jose-gaspar-khsd-forges-ahead-names-new-superintendent/article_4cdd16b6-568b-11ee-88cf-8b8c1849e91c.html","url_text":"\"KHSD forges ahead, names new superintendent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search for Public School Districts - District Detail for Kern High\". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&details=1&ID2=0619540&DistrictID=0619540","url_text":"\"Search for Public School Districts - District Detail for Kern High\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Profile: Kern High (CA Dept of Education)\". www.cde.ca.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cde.ca.gov/sdprofile/details.aspx?cds=15635290000000","url_text":"\"District Profile: Kern High (CA Dept of Education)\""}]},{"reference":"PARENT INFORMATION BOOKLET (PDF). Kern County, California, US: Kern High School District. 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://gisfiles.wm.edu/sabins/storage_of_collected_sabins_data/images/2009_2010/california/Kern%20Union%20High/2009_2010/ParentsInformationPackage2009-2010English.pdf","url_text":"PARENT INFORMATION BOOKLET"}]},{"reference":"CALIFORNIAN, THE BAKERSFIELD (2016-12-01). \"TIMELINE: 150 years of Kern County history\". The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved 2023-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bakersfield.com/special/150-years/timeline-150-years-of-kern-county-history/article_3b1dbe9c-ece6-50d6-8b44-88fb09a8507a.html","url_text":"\"TIMELINE: 150 years of Kern County history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superintendent's Office\". Kern High School District. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2008-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070608144305/http://www.kernhigh.org/Superintendent/","url_text":"\"Superintendent's Office\""},{"url":"http://www.kernhigh.org/Superintendent/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KHSTA\". KHSTA. 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khsta.org/","url_text":"\"KHSTA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clyde Dawald Named Arvin Superintendendent\". The Bakersfield Californian. June 29, 1948. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bakersfield_Californian","url_text":"The Bakersfield Californian"}]},{"reference":"\"NEW ARVING HIGH SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION TO START\". The Bakersfield Californian. October 12, 1948. p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New Kern School Publishes Book for student Use\". The Bakersfield Californian. April 1, 1949. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Adult Jump Seen\". The Bakersfield Californian. August 28, 1940. p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Enrollment by Grade - Kern High (CA Dept of Education)\". dq.cde.ca.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/dqcensus/EnrGrdLevels.aspx?cds=1563529&agglevel=District&year=2022-23","url_text":"\"Enrollment by Grade - Kern High (CA Dept of Education)\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". www.kernhigh.org. Retrieved 2023-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kernhigh.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=622804&type=d&pREC_ID=1132273","url_text":"\"History\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontierism
Frontier Thesis
["1 Summary","2 Intellectual context","2.1 Germanic germ theory","2.2 Racial warfare","3 Evolution","4 Closed frontier","5 Comparative frontiers","6 Impact and influence","7 Early anti-Turnerian thought","8 New frontiers","8.1 Fermilab","8.2 Electronic frontier","9 People referenced by Turner","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading"]
Frederick Jackson Turner's argument that American democracy was built by the American frontier The Frontier Thesis, also known as Turner's Thesis or American frontierism, is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that the settlement and colonization of the rugged American frontier was decisive in forming the culture of American democracy and distinguishing it from European nations. He stressed the process of "winning a wilderness" to extend the frontier line further for U.S. colonization, and the impact this had on pioneer culture and character. Turner's text takes the ideas behind Manifest Destiny and uses them to explain how American culture came to be. The features of this unique American culture included democracy, egalitarianism, uninterest in bourgeois or high culture, and an ever-present potential for violence. "American democracy was born of no theorist's dream; it was not carried in the Susan Constant to Virginia, nor in the Mayflower to Plymouth. It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each time it touched a new frontier," wrote Turner. In this view, the frontier experience established the distinctively American style of liberty contrasted to deferential European mindsets still affected by the expectations of feudalism. It eroded old, dysfunctional customs. Turner's ideal of frontier had no need for standing armies, established churches, aristocrats, or nobles; there was no landed gentry who controlled the land or charged heavy rents and fees. Rather, pioneers went and claimed territory for themselves using only loose organizations, and the toughness of the experience gave them discipline and self-sufficiency that would be handed down over generations, even after the frontier advanced beyond the old boundaries. The Frontier Thesis was first published in a paper entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History", delivered to the American Historical Association in 1893 in Chicago. He won wide acclaim among historians and intellectuals. Turner elaborated on the theme in his advanced history lectures and in a series of essays published over the next 25 years, published along with his initial paper as The Frontier in American History. Turner's emphasis on the importance of the frontier in shaping American character influenced the interpretation found in thousands of scholarly histories. By the time Turner died in 1932, 60% of the leading history departments in the U.S. were teaching courses in frontier history along Turnerian lines. It was not confined to academia, but rather was a popular and accepted view. For example, President John F. Kennedy described his programs in the 1960 election as a "New Frontier" to conquer, except meaning space and domestic issues. While this view remains reasonably common at a popular level, since the 1980s academic historians no longer hold to the Frontier Thesis, or only accept its most basic conclusions. Summary Turner begins the essay by calling to attention the fact that the western frontier line, which had defined the entirety of American history up to the 1880s, had ended. He elaborates by stating that, Behind institutions, behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that call these organs into life and shape them to meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an expanding people to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions of the frontier into the complexity of city life. According to Turner, American progress has repeatedly undergone a cyclical process on the frontier line as society has needed to redevelop with its movement westward. Everything in American history up to the 1880s somehow relates the western frontier, including slavery. In spite of this, Turner laments, the frontier has received little serious study from historians and economists. The frontier line, which separates civilization from wilderness, is “the most rapid and effective Americanization” on the continent; it takes the European from across the Atlantic and shapes him into something new. American emigration west is not spurred by government incentives, but rather some "expansive power" inherent within them that seeks to dominate nature. Furthermore, there is a need to escape the confines of the State. The most important aspect of the frontier to Turner is its effect on democracy. The frontier transformed Jeffersonian democracy into Jacksonian democracy. The individualism fostered by the frontier's wilderness created a national spirit complementary to democracy, as the wilderness defies control. Therefore, Andrew Jackson's brand of popular democracy was a triumph of the frontier. Turner sets up the East and the West as opposing forces; as the West strives for freedom, the East seeks to control it. He cites British attempts to stifle western emigration during the colonial era and as an example of eastern control. Even after independence, the eastern coast of the United States sought to control the West. Religious institutions from the eastern seaboard, in particular, battled for possession of the West. The tensions between small churches as a result of this fight, Turner states, exist today because of the religious attempt to master the West. American intellect owes its form to the frontier as well. The traits of the frontier are "coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy; that dominant individualism, working for good and for evil, and withal that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom." Turner concludes the essay by saying that with the end of the frontier, the first period of American history has ended. Intellectual context Germanic germ theory The Frontier Thesis came about at a time when the Germanic germ theory of history was popular. Proponents of the germ theory believed that political habits are determined by innate racial attributes. Americans inherited such traits as adaptability and self-reliance from the Germanic peoples of Europe. According to the theory, the Germanic race appeared and evolved in the ancient Teutonic forests, endowed with a great capacity for politics and government. Their germs were, directly and by way of England, carried to the New World where they were allowed to germinate in the North American forests. In so doing, the Anglo-Saxons and the Germanic people's descendants, being exposed to a forest like their Teutonic ancestors, birthed the free political institutions that formed the foundation of American government. Historian and ethnologist Hubert Howe Bancroft articulated the latest iteration of the Germanic germ theory just three years before Turner's paper in 1893. He argued that the "tide of intelligence" had always moved from east to west. According to Bancroft, the Germanic germs had spread across of all Western Europe by the Middle Ages and had reached their height. This Germanic intelligence was only halted by "civil and ecclesiastical restraints" and a lack of "free land." This was Bancroft's explanation for the Dark Ages. Turner's theory of early American development, which relied on the frontier as a transformative force, opposed Bancroftian racial determinism. Turner referred to the Germanic germ theory by name in his essay, claiming that “too exclusive attention has been paid by institutional students to the Germanic origins.” Turner believed that historians should focus on the settlers’ struggle with the frontier as the catalyst for the creation of American character, not racial or hereditary traits. Though Turner's view would win over the Germanic germ theory's version of Western history, the theory persisted for decades after Turner's thesis enraptured the American Historical Association. In 1946, medieval historian Carl Stephenson published an extended article refuting the Germanic germ theory. Evidently, the belief that free political institutions of the United States spawned in ancient Germanic forests endured well into the 1940s. Racial warfare A similarly race-based interpretation of Western history also occupied the intellectual sphere in the United States before Turner. The racial warfare theory was an emerging belief in the late nineteenth century advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in The Winning of the West. Though Roosevelt would later accept Turner's historiography on the West, calling Turner's work a correction or supplementation of his own, the two certainly contradict. Roosevelt was not entirely unfounded in saying that he and Turner agreed; both Turner and Roosevelt agreed that the frontier had shaped what would become distinctly American institutions and the mysterious entity they each called “national character.” They also agreed that studying the history of the West was necessary to face the challenges to democracy in the late 1890s. Turner and Roosevelt diverged on the exact aspect of frontier life that shaped the contemporary American. Roosevelt contended that the formation of the American character occurred not with early settlers struggling to survive while learning a foreign land, but “on the cutting edge of expansion” in the early battles with Native Americans in the New World. To Roosevelt, the journey westward was one of nonstop encounters with the “hostile races and cultures” of the New World, forcing the early colonists to defend themselves as they pressed forward. Each side, the Westerners and the native savages, struggled for mastery of the land through violence. Whereas Turner saw the development of American character occur just behind the frontier line, as the colonists tamed and tilled the land, Roosevelt saw it form in battles just beyond the frontier line. In the end, Turner's view would win out among historians, which Roosevelt would accept. Evolution Frederick Jackson Turner, c. 1890 Turner set up an evolutionary model (he had studied evolution with a leading geologist, Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin), using the time dimension of American history, and the geographical space of the land that became the United States. The first settlers who arrived on the east coast in the 17th century acted and thought like Europeans. They adapted to the new physical, economic and political environment in certain ways—the cumulative effect of these adaptations was Americanization. Successive generations moved further inland, shifting the lines of settlement and wilderness, but preserving the essential tension between the two. European characteristics fell by the wayside and the old country's institutions (e.g., established churches, established aristocracies, standing armies, intrusive government, and highly unequal land distribution) were increasingly out of place. Every generation moved further west and became more American, more democratic, and more intolerant of hierarchy. They also became more violent, more individualistic, more distrustful of authority, less artistic, less scientific, and more dependent on ad-hoc organizations they formed themselves. In broad terms, the further west, the more American the community. Closed frontier Turner saw the land frontier was ending, since the U.S. Census of 1890 had officially stated that the American frontier had broken up. By 1890, settlement in the American West had reached sufficient population density that the frontier line had disappeared; in 1890 the Census Bureau released a bulletin declaring the closing of the frontier, stating: "Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer have a place in the census reports." Comparative frontiers Historians, geographers, and social scientists have studied frontier-like conditions in other countries, with an eye on the Turnerian model. South Africa, Canada, Russia, Brazil, Argentina and Australia—and even ancient Rome—had long frontiers that were also settled by pioneers. However these other frontier societies operated in a very difficult political and economic environment that made democracy and individualism much less likely to appear and it was much more difficult to throw off a powerful royalty, standing armies, established churches and an aristocracy that owned most of the land. The question is whether their frontiers were powerful enough to overcome conservative central forces based in the metropolis. Each nation had quite different frontier experiences. For example, the Dutch Boers in South Africa were defeated in war by Britain. In Australia, "mateship" and working together was valued more than individualism. Alexander Petrov noted that Russia had its own frontier and Russians moved over centuries across Siberia all the way from the Urals to the Pacific, struggling with nature in many physical ways similar to the American move across North America - without developing the social and political characteristics noted by Turner. To the contrary, Siberia - the Russian Frontier Land - became emblematic of the oppression of Czarist Absolute Monarchy. This comparison, Petrov suggests, shows that it is far from inevitable that an expanding settlement of wild land would produce the American type of cultural and political institutions. Other factors need to be taken into consideration, such as the great difference between British society from which settlers went across the Atlantic and the Russian society which sent its own pioneers across the Urals. Impact and influence Turner's thesis quickly became popular among intellectuals. It explained why the American people and American government were so different from their European counterparts. It was popular among New Dealers—Franklin D. Roosevelt and his top aides thought in terms of finding new frontiers. FDR, in celebrating the third anniversary of Social Security in 1938, advised, "There is still today a frontier that remains unconquered—an America unreclaimed. This is the great, the nation-wide frontier of insecurity, of human want and fear. This is the frontier—the America—we have set ourselves to reclaim." Historians adopted it, especially in studies of the west, but also in other areas, such as the influential work of Alfred D. Chandler Jr. (1918–2007) in business history. Many believed that the end of the frontier represented the beginning of a new stage in American life and that the United States must expand overseas. However, others viewed this interpretation as the impetus for a new wave in the history of United States imperialism. William Appleman Williams led the "Wisconsin School" of diplomatic historians by arguing that the frontier thesis encouraged American overseas expansion, especially in Asia, during the 20th century. Williams viewed the frontier concept as a tool to promote democracy through both world wars, to endorse spending on foreign aid, and motivate action against totalitarianism. However, Turner's work, in contrast to Roosevelt's work The Winning of the West, places greater emphasis on the development of American republicanism than on territorial conquest. Other historians, who wanted to focus scholarship on minorities, especially Native Americans and Hispanics, started in the 1970s to criticize the frontier thesis because it did not attempt to explain the evolution of those groups. Indeed, their approach was to reject the frontier as an important process and to study the West as a region, ignoring the frontier experience east of the Mississippi River. Turner never published a major book on the frontier for which he did 40 years of research. However his ideas presented in his graduate seminars at Wisconsin and Harvard influenced many areas of historiography. In the history of religion, for example, Boles (1993) notes that William Warren Sweet at the University of Chicago Divinity School as well as Peter G. Mode (in 1930), argued that churches adapted to the characteristics of the frontier, creating new denominations such as the Mormons, the Church of Christ, the Disciples of Christ, and the Cumberland Presbyterians. The frontier, they argued, shaped uniquely American institutions such as revivals, camp meetings, and itinerant preaching. This view dominated religious historiography for decades. Moos (2002) shows that the 1910s to 1940s black filmmaker and novelist Oscar Micheaux incorporated Turner's frontier thesis into his work. Micheaux promoted the West as a place where blacks could experience less institutionalized forms of racism and earn economic success through hard work and perseverance. Slatta (2001) argues that the widespread popularization of Turner's frontier thesis influenced popular histories, motion pictures, and novels, which characterize the West in terms of individualism, frontier violence, and rough justice. Disneyland's Frontierland of the mid to late 20th century reflected the myth of rugged individualism that celebrated what was perceived to be the American heritage. The public has ignored academic historians' anti-Turnerian models, largely because they conflict with and often destroy the icons of Western heritage. However, the work of historians during the 1980s–1990s, some of whom sought to bury Turner's conception of the frontier, and others who sought to spare the concept but with nuance, have done much to place Western myths in context. A modern interpretation describes it as appropriating Indigenous land by means of "American ingenuity", in the process creating a unique cultural identity different from their European ancestors. A 2020 study in Econometrica found empirical support for the frontier thesis, showing that frontier experience had a causal impact on individualism. Early anti-Turnerian thought Though Turner's work was massively popular in its time and for decades after, it received significant intellectual pushback in the midst of World War II. This quote from Turner's The Frontier in American History is arguably the most famous statement of his work and, to later historians, the most controversial: American democracy was born of no theorist's dream; it was not carried in the Susan Constant to Virginia, nor in the Mayflower to Plymouth. It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each time it touched a new frontier. Not the constitution but free land and an abundance of natural resources open to a fit people, made the democratic type of society in America for three centuries while it occupied its empire. This assertion's racial overtones concerned historians as Adolf Hitler and the Blood and soil ideology, stoking racial and destructive enthusiasm, rose to power in Germany. An example of this concern is in George Wilson Pierson’s influential essay on the frontier. He asked why the Turnerian American character was limited to the Thirteen Colonies that went on to form the United States, why the frontier did not produce that same character among pre-Columbian Native Americans and Spaniards in the New World. Despite Pierson and other scholars’ work, Turner's influence did not end during World War II or even after the war. Indeed, his influence was felt in American classrooms until the 1970s and 80s. New frontiers Further information: New Frontier President John F. Kennedy Subsequent critics, historians, and politicians have suggested that other 'frontiers,' such as scientific innovation, could serve similar functions in American development. Historians have noted that John F. Kennedy in the early 1960s explicitly called upon the ideas of the frontier. At his acceptance speech upon securing the Democratic Party nomination for U.S. president on July 15, 1960, Kennedy called out to the American people, "I am asking each of you to be new pioneers on that New Frontier. My call is to the young in heart, regardless of age—to the stout in spirit, regardless of party." Mathiopoulos notes that he "cultivated this resurrection of frontier ideology as a motto of progress ('getting America moving') throughout his term of office." He promoted his political platform as the "New Frontier," with a particular emphasis on space exploration and technology. Limerick points out that Kennedy assumed that "the campaigns of the Old Frontier had been successful, and morally justified." The frontier metaphor thus maintained its rhetorical ties to American social progress. Fermilab Adrienne Kolb and Lillian Hoddeson argue that during the heyday of Kennedy's "New Frontier," the physicists who built Fermilab explicitly sought to recapture the excitement of the old frontier. They argue that, "Frontier imagery motivates Fermilab physicists, and a rhetoric remarkably similar to that of Turner helped them secure support for their research." Rejecting the East and West coast life styles that most scientists preferred, they selected a Chicago suburb on the prairie as the location of the lab. A small herd of American bison was started at the lab's founding to symbolize Fermilab's presence on the frontier of physics and its connection to the American prairie. This herd, known as the Fermilab bison herd, still lives on the grounds of Fermilab. Architecturally, The lab's designers rejected the militaristic design of Los Alamos and Brookhaven as well as the academic architecture of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Instead Fermilab's planners sought to return to Turnerian themes. They emphasized the values of individualism, empiricism, simplicity, equality, courage, discovery, independence, and naturalism in the service of democratic access, human rights, ecological balance, and the resolution of social, economic, and political issues. Milton Stanley Livingston, the lab's associate director, said in 1968, "The frontier of high energy and the infinitesimally small is a challenge to the mind of man. If we can reach and cross this frontier, our generations will have furnished a significant milestone in human history." Electronic frontier John Perry Barlow, along with Mitch Kapor, promoted the idea of cyberspace (the realm of telecommunication) as an "electronic frontier" beyond the borders of any physically based government, in which freedom and self-determination could be fully realized. Scholars analyzing the Internet have often cited Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier model. Of special concern is the question whether the electronic frontier will broadly replicate the stages of development of the American land frontier. People referenced by Turner Lyman Beecher Thomas Benton Edmund Burke John C. Calhoun Christopher Columbus Francis Grund Hermann von Holst Andrew Jackson James Madison James Monroe John Mason Peck See also Wikisource has original text related to this article: Works by Frederick Jackson Turner Discovery doctrine Rural history References ^ Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). "The Significance of the Frontier in American History". The Frontier in American History. p. 293. ^ Turner, The Frontier in American History (1920) chapter 1 ^ Allan G. Bogue, "Frederick Jackson Turner Reconsidered," The History Teacher, (1994) 27#2 pp. 195–221 at p 195 in JSTOR ^ Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). "The Significance of the Frontier in American History". The Frontier in American History. p. 293. ^ Ostrander, Gilman (October 1958). "Turner and the Germ Theory". Agricultural History. 32 (4): 258–261. JSTOR 3740063. ^ Ostrander, Gilman (October 1958). "Turner and the Germ Theory". Agricultural History. 32 (4): 259. JSTOR 3740063. ^ Bancroft, Hubert (1890). Essays and Miscellany (First ed.). San Francisco: San Francisco, The History Company. p. 43. ^ Turner, Frederick. "The Frontier in American History". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 20, 2019. ^ Stephenson, Carl (April 1946). "The Problem of the Common Man in Early Medieval Europe". American Historical Review. 51 (3): 419–438. doi:10.2307/1840107. JSTOR 1840107. ^ Slotkin, Richard (Winter 1981). "Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier". American Quarterly. 33 (5): 608–637. doi:10.2307/2712805. JSTOR 2712805. ^ Slotkin, Richard (Winter 1981). "Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier". American Quarterly. 33 (5): 608–637. doi:10.2307/2712805. JSTOR 2712805. ^ Slotkin, Richard (Winter 1981). "Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier". American Quarterly. 33 (5): 608–637. doi:10.2307/2712805. JSTOR 2712805. ^ Sharon E. Kingsland, The Evolution of American Ecology, 1890–2000 (2005) p. 133 ^ William Coleman, "Science and Symbol in the Turner Frontier Hypothesis," American Historical Review (1966) 72#1 pp. 22–49 in JSTOR ^ a b Woodard, Colin (January–February 2023). "How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved January 6, 2023. ^ Ray Allen Billington, America's frontier heritage (1974) ^ Porter, Robert; Gannett, Henry; Hunt, William (1895). "Progress of the Nation", in "Report on Population of the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1". Bureau of the Census. pp. xviii–xxxiv. ^ Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). "The Significance of the Frontier in American History". The Frontier in American History. p. 293. ^ Nash, Gerald D. (1980). "The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 71 (3): 98–100. JSTOR 40490574. ^ Lang, Robert E.; Popper, Deborah E.; Popper, Frank J. (1995). ""Progress of the Nation": The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier". Western Historical Quarterly. 26 (3): 289–307. doi:10.2307/970654. JSTOR 970654. ^ Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). "The Significance of the Frontier in American History". The Frontier in American History. p. 1. ^ Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds. Frontier in Perspective (1957) ^ Marvin K. Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," in Richard Hofstadter and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Turner and the Sociology of the Frontier (1968) pp. 152–72 ^ Carroll, Dennis (1982). "Mateship and Individualism in Modern Australian Drama". Theatre Journal. 34 (4): 467–80. doi:10.2307/3206809. JSTOR 3206809. ^ Alexander Petrov, "Russian History Re-Examined, Ten Years After The Dissolution Of The Soviet Union", published in Russian Moscow 2001, English translation London 2004 ^ Henry A. Wallace, New Frontiers (1934) ^ Gerald D. Nash, "The frontier thesis: A historical perspective," Journal of the West (Oct 1995) 34#4 pp. 7–15 ^ Franklin D. Roosevelt, Rendezvous with Destiny: Addresses and Opinions of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2005) p. 130 ^ Ann Fabian, "The ragged edge of history: Intellectuals and the American West," Reviews in American History (Sept 1998), 26#3 pp. 575–80 ^ Richard R. John, " Turner, Beard, Chandler: Progressive Historians," Business History Review (Summer 2008) 82#2 pp. 227–40 ^ William Appleman Williams, "The Frontier Thesis and American Foreign Policy," Pacific Historical Review (1955) 24#4 pp. 379–95. in JSTOR ^ Nichols (1986) ^ Milner (1991) ^ Ray Allen Billington, "Why Some Historians Rarely Write History: A Case Study of Frederick Jackson Turner," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 50, No. 1. (Jun., 1963), pp. 3–27. in JSTOR ^ John B. Boles, "Turner, the frontier, and the study of religion in America," Journal of the Early Republic (1993) 13#2 pp. 205–16 ^ Dan Moosd, "Reclaiming the Frontier: Oscar Micheaux as Black Turnerian," African American Review (2002) 36#3 pp. 357–81 ^ Richard W. Slatta, "Taking Our Myths Seriously." Journal of the West 2001 40(3): 3–5. ^ Saldaña-Portillo, María Josefina "Indian Given: Racial Geographies across Mexico and the United States," (2016) pp. 10 ^ Bazzi, Samuel; Fiszbein, Martin; Gebresilasse, Mesay (2020). "Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of "Rugged Individualism" in the United States". Econometrica. 88 (6): 2329–2368. doi:10.3982/ECTA16484. ISSN 1468-0262. ^ Ostrander, Gilman (October 1958). "Turner and the Germ Theory". Agricultural History. 32 (4): 261. JSTOR 3740063. ^ Turner, Frederick. "The Frontier in American History". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 20, 2019. ^ Pierson, George (June 1942). "The Frontier and American Institutions: A Criticism of the Turner Theory". New England Quarterly. 15 (2): 253. doi:10.2307/360525. JSTOR 360525. ^ Bogue, Alan (February 1994). "Frederick Jackson Turner Reconsidered". The History Teacher. 27 (2): 214. doi:10.2307/494720. JSTOR 494720. ^ Max J. Skidmore, Presidential Performance: A Comprehensive Review (2004) p. 270 ^ John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Theodore Sorensen, Let the Word Go Forth: The Speeches, Statements, and Writings of John F. Kennedy 1947 to 1963 (1991) p. 101 ^ Margarita Mathiopoulos, History and Progress: In Search of the European and American mind (1989) pp. 311–12 ^ Richard White, Patricia Nelson Limerick, and James R. Grossman, The Frontier in American Culture (1994) p. 81 ^ Fermilab (December 30, 2005). "Safety and the Environment at Fermilab". Retrieved January 6, 2006. ^ Adrienne Kolb and Lillian Hoddeson, "A New Frontier in the Chicago Suburbs: Settling Fermilab, 1963–1972," Illinois Historical Journal (1995) 88#1 pp. 2–18, quotes on p. 5 and 2 ^ Barlow and Kapor (1990) "The Electronic Frontier" ^ Barlow (1996) "A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace" ^ Rod Carveth, and J. Metz, "Frederick Jackson Turner and the democratization of the electronic frontier.," American Sociologist (1996) 27#1 pp. 72–100. online ^ A.C. Yen, "Western Frontier or Feudal Society: Metaphors and Perceptions of Cyberspace," Berkeley Technology Law Journal (2002) 17#4 pp. 1207–64 ^ E. Brent, "Electronic communication and sociology: Looking backward, thinking ahead, careening toward the next millennium," American Sociologist 1996, 27#1 pp. 4–10 Further reading Billington, Ray Allen (1958). The American Frontier. Washington, DC: Service Center for Teachers of History. LCCN 58-6043. — 35 page essay on the historiography Billington, Ray Allen, ed. (1966a). The Frontier Thesis: Valid Interpretation of American History?. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. — the major attacks and defenses of Turner Billington, Ray Allen (1973). Frederick Jackson Turner: historian, scholar, teacher. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-501609-3. LCCN 72091005. — highly detailed scholarly biography Billington, Ray Allen (1966b). America's Frontier Heritage. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. LCCN 66013289. an analysis of Turner's theories in relation to social sciences and historiography Billington, Ray Allen (1981). Land of Savagery / Land of Promise: The European Image of the American Frontier in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Norton. OCLC 5946517. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Bogue, Allan G. (1988). Frederick Jackson Turner: Strange Roads Going Down. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3039-2. — highly detailed scholarly biography Brown, David S. (2009). Beyond the Frontier: The Midwestern Voice in American Historical Writing. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-07651-5. Coleman, William (1966). "Science and Symbol in the Turner Frontier Hypothesis". American Historical Review. 72 (1): 22–49. doi:10.2307/1848169. JSTOR 1848169. Etulain, Richard W. (1999). Does the frontier experience make America exceptional?. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-312-18309-7. Etulain, Richard W., ed. (2002). Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-517-2. Etulain, Richard W.; Nash, Gerald D., eds. (1997). Researching Western History: Topics in the Twentieth Century. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-1758-2. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2017. Faragher, John Mack; Turner, Frederick Jackson (1994). Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner:The Significance of the Frontier in American History, and Other Essays. H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-3298-7. Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, John Mack (2000). The American West: A New Interpretive History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07833-6. — deals with events, not historiography; concise edition is Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, John Mack (2007). Frontiers: A Short History of the American West. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11710-3. Hofstadter, Richard (1979). The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-34818-6. — interpretation of the historiography Hofstadter, Richard; Lipset, Seymour Martin, eds. (1968). Turner and the Sociology of the Frontier. New York: Basic Books. LCCN 68022859. — 12 essays by scholars in different fields Jensen, Richard (1980). "On Modernizing Frederick Jackson Turner". Western Historical Quarterly. 11: 307–320. doi:10.2307/967565. JSTOR 967565. Lamar, Howard R., ed. (1998). The New Encyclopedia of the American West. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07088-0. — 1000+ pages of articles by scholars Limerick, Patricia Nelson; Milner, Clyde A. II; Rankin, Charles E., eds. (1991). Trails: Toward a New Western History. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0500-2. Milner, Clyde A.; Butler, Anne M.; Lewis, David Rich, eds. (1997). Major Problems in the History of the American West (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-669-41580-3. — primary sources and essays by scholars Nichols, Roger L., ed. (1986). American Frontier and Western Issues: An Historiographical Review. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-24356-1. — essays by 14 scholars Slotkin, Richard (1973). Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-4055-3. — complex literary reinterpretation of the frontier myth from its origins in Europe to Daniel Boone Smith, Henry Nash (1950). Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. University of Virginia. ISBN 978-0-674-93955-4. Turner, Frederick Jackson (1921) . The Frontier of American History. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Jackson Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner"},{"link_name":"American frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"American democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_democracy"},{"link_name":"frontier line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier"},{"link_name":"pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_pioneer"},{"link_name":"Manifest Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destiny"},{"link_name":"egalitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism"},{"link_name":"bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"high culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_culture"},{"link_name":"Susan Constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Constant"},{"link_name":"Mayflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Significance of the Frontier in American History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Significance_of_the_Frontier_in_American_History"},{"link_name":"American Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"New Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Frontier"}],"text":"The Frontier Thesis, also known as Turner's Thesis or American frontierism, is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that the settlement and colonization of the rugged American frontier was decisive in forming the culture of American democracy and distinguishing it from European nations. He stressed the process of \"winning a wilderness\" to extend the frontier line further for U.S. colonization, and the impact this had on pioneer culture and character. Turner's text takes the ideas behind Manifest Destiny and uses them to explain how American culture came to be. The features of this unique American culture included democracy, egalitarianism, uninterest in bourgeois or high culture, and an ever-present potential for violence. \"American democracy was born of no theorist's dream; it was not carried in the Susan Constant to Virginia, nor in the Mayflower to Plymouth. It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each time it touched a new frontier,\" wrote Turner.[1]In this view, the frontier experience established the distinctively American style of liberty contrasted to deferential European mindsets still affected by the expectations of feudalism. It eroded old, dysfunctional customs. Turner's ideal of frontier had no need for standing armies, established churches, aristocrats, or nobles; there was no landed gentry who controlled the land or charged heavy rents and fees. Rather, pioneers went and claimed territory for themselves using only loose organizations, and the toughness of the experience gave them discipline and self-sufficiency that would be handed down over generations, even after the frontier advanced beyond the old boundaries. The Frontier Thesis was first published in a paper entitled \"The Significance of the Frontier in American History\", delivered to the American Historical Association in 1893 in Chicago. He won wide acclaim among historians and intellectuals. Turner elaborated on the theme in his advanced history lectures and in a series of essays published over the next 25 years, published along with his initial paper as The Frontier in American History.[2]Turner's emphasis on the importance of the frontier in shaping American character influenced the interpretation found in thousands of scholarly histories. By the time Turner died in 1932, 60% of the leading history departments in the U.S. were teaching courses in frontier history along Turnerian lines.[3] It was not confined to academia, but rather was a popular and accepted view. For example, President John F. Kennedy described his programs in the 1960 election as a \"New Frontier\" to conquer, except meaning space and domestic issues. While this view remains reasonably common at a popular level, since the 1980s academic historians no longer hold to the Frontier Thesis, or only accept its most basic conclusions.","title":"Frontier Thesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffersonian democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"Jacksonian democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Turner begins the essay by calling to attention the fact that the western frontier line, which had defined the entirety of American history up to the 1880s, had ended. He elaborates by stating that,Behind institutions, behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that call these organs into life and shape them to meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an expanding people to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions of the frontier into the complexity of city life.According to Turner, American progress has repeatedly undergone a cyclical process on the frontier line as society has needed to redevelop with its movement westward. Everything in American history up to the 1880s somehow relates the western frontier, including slavery. In spite of this, Turner laments, the frontier has received little serious study from historians and economists.The frontier line, which separates civilization from wilderness, is “the most rapid and effective Americanization” on the continent; it takes the European from across the Atlantic and shapes him into something new. American emigration west is not spurred by government incentives, but rather some \"expansive power\" inherent within them that seeks to dominate nature. Furthermore, there is a need to escape the confines of the State.The most important aspect of the frontier to Turner is its effect on democracy. The frontier transformed Jeffersonian democracy into Jacksonian democracy. The individualism fostered by the frontier's wilderness created a national spirit complementary to democracy, as the wilderness defies control. Therefore, Andrew Jackson's brand of popular democracy was a triumph of the frontier.Turner sets up the East and the West as opposing forces; as the West strives for freedom, the East seeks to control it. He cites British attempts to stifle western emigration during the colonial era and as an example of eastern control. Even after independence, the eastern coast of the United States sought to control the West. Religious institutions from the eastern seaboard, in particular, battled for possession of the West. The tensions between small churches as a result of this fight, Turner states, exist today because of the religious attempt to master the West.American intellect owes its form to the frontier as well. The traits of the frontier are \"coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy; that dominant individualism, working for good and for evil, and withal that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom.\"Turner concludes the essay by saying that with the end of the frontier, the first period of American history has ended.[4]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Intellectual context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germanic germ theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_germ_theory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hubert Howe Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carl Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Stephenson_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Germanic germ theory","text":"The Frontier Thesis came about at a time when the Germanic germ theory of history was popular. Proponents of the germ theory believed that political habits are determined by innate racial attributes.[5] Americans inherited such traits as adaptability and self-reliance from the Germanic peoples of Europe. According to the theory, the Germanic race appeared and evolved in the ancient Teutonic forests, endowed with a great capacity for politics and government. Their germs were, directly and by way of England, carried to the New World where they were allowed to germinate in the North American forests. In so doing, the Anglo-Saxons and the Germanic people's descendants, being exposed to a forest like their Teutonic ancestors, birthed the free political institutions that formed the foundation of American government.[6]Historian and ethnologist Hubert Howe Bancroft articulated the latest iteration of the Germanic germ theory just three years before Turner's paper in 1893. He argued that the \"tide of intelligence\" had always moved from east to west. According to Bancroft, the Germanic germs had spread across of all Western Europe by the Middle Ages and had reached their height. This Germanic intelligence was only halted by \"civil and ecclesiastical restraints\" and a lack of \"free land.\"[7] This was Bancroft's explanation for the Dark Ages.Turner's theory of early American development, which relied on the frontier as a transformative force, opposed Bancroftian racial determinism. Turner referred to the Germanic germ theory by name in his essay, claiming that “too exclusive attention has been paid by institutional students to the Germanic origins.”[8] Turner believed that historians should focus on the settlers’ struggle with the frontier as the catalyst for the creation of American character, not racial or hereditary traits.Though Turner's view would win over the Germanic germ theory's version of Western history, the theory persisted for decades after Turner's thesis enraptured the American Historical Association. In 1946, medieval historian Carl Stephenson published an extended article refuting the Germanic germ theory. Evidently, the belief that free political institutions of the United States spawned in ancient Germanic forests endured well into the 1940s.[9]","title":"Intellectual context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt#Historian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"the challenges to democracy in the late 1890s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Racial warfare","text":"A similarly race-based interpretation of Western history also occupied the intellectual sphere in the United States before Turner. The racial warfare theory was an emerging belief in the late nineteenth century advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in The Winning of the West. Though Roosevelt would later accept Turner's historiography on the West, calling Turner's work a correction or supplementation of his own, the two certainly contradict.[10]Roosevelt was not entirely unfounded in saying that he and Turner agreed; both Turner and Roosevelt agreed that the frontier had shaped what would become distinctly American institutions and the mysterious entity they each called “national character.” They also agreed that studying the history of the West was necessary to face the challenges to democracy in the late 1890s.[11]Turner and Roosevelt diverged on the exact aspect of frontier life that shaped the contemporary American. Roosevelt contended that the formation of the American character occurred not with early settlers struggling to survive while learning a foreign land, but “on the cutting edge of expansion” in the early battles with Native Americans in the New World. To Roosevelt, the journey westward was one of nonstop encounters with the “hostile races and cultures” of the New World, forcing the early colonists to defend themselves as they pressed forward. Each side, the Westerners and the native savages, struggled for mastery of the land through violence.[12]Whereas Turner saw the development of American character occur just behind the frontier line, as the colonists tamed and tilled the land, Roosevelt saw it form in battles just beyond the frontier line. In the end, Turner's view would win out among historians, which Roosevelt would accept.","title":"Intellectual context"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chrowder_Chamberlin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SM_2023-01/02-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Frederick Jackson Turner, c. 1890Turner set up an evolutionary model (he had studied evolution with a leading geologist, Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin), using the time dimension of American history, and the geographical space of the land that became the United States.[13][14] The first settlers who arrived on the east coast in the 17th century acted and thought like Europeans. They adapted to the new physical, economic and political environment in certain ways—the cumulative effect of these adaptations was Americanization.[15]Successive generations moved further inland, shifting the lines of settlement and wilderness, but preserving the essential tension between the two. European characteristics fell by the wayside and the old country's institutions (e.g., established churches, established aristocracies, standing armies, intrusive government, and highly unequal land distribution) were increasingly out of place. Every generation moved further west and became more American, more democratic, and more intolerant of hierarchy. They also became more violent, more individualistic, more distrustful of authority, less artistic, less scientific, and more dependent on ad-hoc organizations they formed themselves. In broad terms, the further west, the more American the community.[16]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census of 1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Turner saw the land frontier was ending, since the U.S. Census of 1890 had officially stated that the American frontier had broken up.[17][18][19][20]By 1890, settlement in the American West had reached sufficient population density that the frontier line had disappeared; in 1890 the Census Bureau released a bulletin declaring the closing of the frontier, stating: \"Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer have a place in the census reports.\"[21]","title":"Closed frontier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Historians, geographers, and social scientists have studied frontier-like conditions in other countries, with an eye on the Turnerian model. South Africa, Canada, Russia, Brazil, Argentina and Australia—and even ancient Rome—had long frontiers that were also settled by pioneers.[22] However these other frontier societies operated in a very difficult political and economic environment that made democracy and individualism much less likely to appear and it was much more difficult to throw off a powerful royalty, standing armies, established churches and an aristocracy that owned most of the land. The question is whether their frontiers were powerful enough to overcome conservative central forces based in the metropolis.[23] Each nation had quite different frontier experiences. For example, the Dutch Boers in South Africa were defeated in war by Britain. In Australia, \"mateship\" and working together was valued more than individualism.[24] Alexander Petrov noted that Russia had its own frontier and Russians moved over centuries across Siberia all the way from the Urals to the Pacific, struggling with nature in many physical ways similar to the American move across North America - without developing the social and political characteristics noted by Turner. To the contrary, Siberia - the Russian Frontier Land - became emblematic of the oppression of Czarist Absolute Monarchy. This comparison, Petrov suggests, shows that it is far from inevitable that an expanding settlement of wild land would produce the American type of cultural and political institutions. Other factors need to be taken into consideration, such as the great difference between British society from which settlers went across the Atlantic and the Russian society which sent its own pioneers across the Urals.[25]","title":"Comparative frontiers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Alfred D. Chandler Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_D._Chandler_Jr."},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"expand overseas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_overseas_expansion"},{"link_name":"history of United States imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Empire_(term)"},{"link_name":"William Appleman Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams"},{"link_name":"\"Wisconsin School\" of diplomatic historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_School_(diplomatic_history)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School"},{"link_name":"Mormons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Church of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Disciples of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Presbyterians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterians"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Oscar Micheaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Micheaux"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Turner's thesis quickly became popular among intellectuals. It explained why the American people and American government were so different from their European counterparts. It was popular among New Dealers—Franklin D. Roosevelt and his top aides[26] thought in terms of finding new frontiers.[27] FDR, in celebrating the third anniversary of Social Security in 1938, advised, \"There is still today a frontier that remains unconquered—an America unreclaimed. This is the great, the nation-wide frontier of insecurity, of human want and fear. This is the frontier—the America—we have set ourselves to reclaim.\"[28] Historians adopted it, especially in studies of the west,[29] but also in other areas, such as the influential work of Alfred D. Chandler Jr. (1918–2007) in business history.[30]Many believed that the end of the frontier represented the beginning of a new stage in American life and that the United States must expand overseas. However, others viewed this interpretation as the impetus for a new wave in the history of United States imperialism. William Appleman Williams led the \"Wisconsin School\" of diplomatic historians by arguing that the frontier thesis encouraged American overseas expansion, especially in Asia, during the 20th century. Williams viewed the frontier concept as a tool to promote democracy through both world wars, to endorse spending on foreign aid, and motivate action against totalitarianism.[31] However, Turner's work, in contrast to Roosevelt's work The Winning of the West, places greater emphasis on the development of American republicanism than on territorial conquest. Other historians, who wanted to focus scholarship on minorities, especially Native Americans and Hispanics, started in the 1970s to criticize the frontier thesis because it did not attempt to explain the evolution of those groups.[32] Indeed, their approach was to reject the frontier as an important process and to study the West as a region, ignoring the frontier experience east of the Mississippi River.[33]Turner never published a major book on the frontier for which he did 40 years of research.[34] However his ideas presented in his graduate seminars at Wisconsin and Harvard influenced many areas of historiography. In the history of religion, for example, Boles (1993) notes that William Warren Sweet at the University of Chicago Divinity School as well as Peter G. Mode (in 1930), argued that churches adapted to the characteristics of the frontier, creating new denominations such as the Mormons, the Church of Christ, the Disciples of Christ, and the Cumberland Presbyterians. The frontier, they argued, shaped uniquely American institutions such as revivals, camp meetings, and itinerant preaching. This view dominated religious historiography for decades.[35] Moos (2002) shows that the 1910s to 1940s black filmmaker and novelist Oscar Micheaux incorporated Turner's frontier thesis into his work. Micheaux promoted the West as a place where blacks could experience less institutionalized forms of racism and earn economic success through hard work and perseverance.[36]Slatta (2001) argues that the widespread popularization of Turner's frontier thesis influenced popular histories, motion pictures, and novels, which characterize the West in terms of individualism, frontier violence, and rough justice. Disneyland's Frontierland of the mid to late 20th century reflected the myth of rugged individualism that celebrated what was perceived to be the American heritage. The public has ignored academic historians' anti-Turnerian models, largely because they conflict with and often destroy the icons of Western heritage. However, the work of historians during the 1980s–1990s, some of whom sought to bury Turner's conception of the frontier, and others who sought to spare the concept but with nuance, have done much to place Western myths in context.[37]A modern interpretation describes it as appropriating Indigenous land by means of \"American ingenuity\", in the process creating a unique cultural identity different from their European ancestors.[38]A 2020 study in Econometrica found empirical support for the frontier thesis, showing that frontier experience had a causal impact on individualism.[39]","title":"Impact and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Blood and soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_soil"},{"link_name":"rose to power in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_Hitler"},{"link_name":"George Wilson Pierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wilson_Pierson"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"pre-Columbian Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era"},{"link_name":"Spaniards in the New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Though Turner's work was massively popular in its time and for decades after, it received significant intellectual pushback in the midst of World War II.[40] This quote from Turner's The Frontier in American History is arguably the most famous statement of his work and, to later historians, the most controversial:American democracy was born of no theorist's dream; it was not carried in the Susan Constant to Virginia, nor in the Mayflower to Plymouth. It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each time it touched a new frontier. Not the constitution but free land and an abundance of natural resources open to a fit people, made the democratic type of society in America for three centuries while it occupied its empire.[41]This assertion's racial overtones concerned historians as Adolf Hitler and the Blood and soil ideology, stoking racial and destructive enthusiasm, rose to power in Germany. An example of this concern is in George Wilson Pierson’s influential essay on the frontier. He asked why the Turnerian American character was limited to the Thirteen Colonies that went on to form the United States, why the frontier did not produce that same character among pre-Columbian Native Americans and Spaniards in the New World.[42]Despite Pierson and other scholars’ work, Turner's influence did not end during World War II or even after the war. Indeed, his influence was felt in American classrooms until the 1970s and 80s.[43]","title":"Early anti-Turnerian thought"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Frontier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_photo_portrait,_looking_up.jpg"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SM_2023-01/02-15"}],"text":"Further information: New FrontierPresident John F. KennedySubsequent critics, historians, and politicians have suggested that other 'frontiers,' such as scientific innovation, could serve similar functions in American development. Historians have noted that John F. Kennedy in the early 1960s explicitly called upon the ideas of the frontier.[44] At his acceptance speech upon securing the Democratic Party nomination for U.S. president on July 15, 1960, Kennedy called out to the American people, \"I am asking each of you to be new pioneers on that New Frontier. My call is to the young in heart, regardless of age—to the stout in spirit, regardless of party.\"[45] Mathiopoulos notes that he \"cultivated this resurrection of frontier ideology as a motto of progress ('getting America moving') throughout his term of office.\"[46] He promoted his political platform as the \"New Frontier,\" with a particular emphasis on space exploration and technology. Limerick points out that Kennedy assumed that \"the campaigns of the Old Frontier had been successful, and morally justified.\"[47] The frontier metaphor thus maintained its rhetorical ties to American social progress.[15]","title":"New frontiers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adrienne Kolb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Kolb"},{"link_name":"Lillian Hoddeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Hoddeson"},{"link_name":"Fermilab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermilab"},{"link_name":"American bison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison"},{"link_name":"Fermilab bison herd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermilab_bison_herd"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Los Alamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Stanford Linear Accelerator Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Linear_Accelerator_Center"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Fermilab","text":"Adrienne Kolb and Lillian Hoddeson argue that during the heyday of Kennedy's \"New Frontier,\" the physicists who built Fermilab explicitly sought to recapture the excitement of the old frontier. They argue that, \"Frontier imagery motivates Fermilab physicists, and a rhetoric remarkably similar to that of Turner helped them secure support for their research.\" Rejecting the East and West coast life styles that most scientists preferred, they selected a Chicago suburb on the prairie as the location of the lab. A small herd of American bison was started at the lab's founding to symbolize Fermilab's presence on the frontier of physics and its connection to the American prairie. This herd, known as the Fermilab bison herd, still lives on the grounds of Fermilab.[48]\nArchitecturally, The lab's designers rejected the militaristic design of Los Alamos and Brookhaven as well as the academic architecture of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Instead Fermilab's planners sought to return to Turnerian themes. They emphasized the values of individualism, empiricism, simplicity, equality, courage, discovery, independence, and naturalism in the service of democratic access, human rights, ecological balance, and the resolution of social, economic, and political issues. Milton Stanley Livingston, the lab's associate director, said in 1968, \"The frontier of high energy and the infinitesimally small is a challenge to the mind of man. If we can reach and cross this frontier, our generations will have furnished a significant milestone in human history.\"[49]","title":"New frontiers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Perry Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perry_Barlow"},{"link_name":"Mitch Kapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Kapor"},{"link_name":"cyberspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Electronic frontier","text":"John Perry Barlow, along with Mitch Kapor, promoted the idea of cyberspace (the realm of telecommunication) as an \"electronic frontier\" beyond the borders of any physically based government, in which freedom and self-determination could be fully realized.[50][51] Scholars analyzing the Internet have often cited Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier model.[52][53][54] Of special concern is the question whether the electronic frontier will broadly replicate the stages of development of the American land frontier.","title":"New frontiers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyman Beecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Beecher"},{"link_name":"Thomas Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Edmund Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke"},{"link_name":"John C. Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"},{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Francis Grund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Grund"},{"link_name":"Hermann von Holst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Holst"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"John Mason Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mason_Peck"}],"text":"Lyman Beecher\nThomas Benton\nEdmund Burke\nJohn C. Calhoun\nChristopher Columbus\nFrancis Grund\nHermann von Holst\nAndrew Jackson\nJames Madison\nJames Monroe\nJohn Mason Peck","title":"People referenced by Turner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The American Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007356270"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"58-6043","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/58-6043"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-501609-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501609-3"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"72091005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/72091005"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"66013289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/66013289"},{"link_name":"Land of Savagery / Land of Promise: The European Image of the American Frontier in the Nineteenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080408150133/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106262124"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5946517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5946517"},{"link_name":"the 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systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeography"},{"link_name":"Chorography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorography"},{"link_name":"Chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology"},{"link_name":"dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological_dating"},{"link_name":"Diplomatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatics"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedistics"},{"link_name":"Epigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"Genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy"},{"link_name":"Heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"Numismatics (Money)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics"},{"link_name":"Onomastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomastics"},{"link_name":"Oral 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stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philately"},{"link_name":"Prosopography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopography"},{"link_name":"Sigillography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigillography"},{"link_name":"Toponymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy"},{"link_name":"Vexillology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillology"},{"link_name":"Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Paleoanthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoanthropology"},{"link_name":"Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history"},{"link_name":"Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_ecology"},{"link_name":"Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_history"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geography"},{"link_name":"Economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history"},{"link_name":"Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_history"},{"link_name":"Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_capitalism"},{"link_name":"Perspectives 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Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Montana"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guam"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Baker Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island"},{"link_name":"Howland Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island"},{"link_name":"Jarvis Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island"},{"link_name":"Johnston Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Kingman Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef"},{"link_name":"Midway Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Navassa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island"},{"link_name":"Palmyra Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"Urban history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_urban_history"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"List of years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2917318#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811281843705606"}],"text":"Billington, Ray Allen (1958). The American Frontier. Washington, DC: Service Center for Teachers of History. LCCN 58-6043. — 35 page essay on the historiography\nBillington, Ray Allen, ed. (1966a). The Frontier Thesis: Valid Interpretation of American History?. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. — the major attacks and defenses of Turner\nBillington, Ray Allen (1973). Frederick Jackson Turner: historian, scholar, teacher. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-501609-3. LCCN 72091005. — highly detailed scholarly biography\nBillington, Ray Allen (1966b). America's Frontier Heritage. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. LCCN 66013289. an analysis of Turner's theories in relation to social sciences and historiography\nBillington, Ray Allen (1981). Land of Savagery / Land of Promise: The European Image of the American Frontier in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Norton. OCLC 5946517. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008.\nBogue, Allan G. (1988). Frederick Jackson Turner: Strange Roads Going Down. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3039-2. — highly detailed scholarly biography\nBrown, David S. (2009). Beyond the Frontier: The Midwestern Voice in American Historical Writing. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-07651-5.\nColeman, William (1966). \"Science and Symbol in the Turner Frontier Hypothesis\". American Historical Review. 72 (1): 22–49. doi:10.2307/1848169. JSTOR 1848169.\nEtulain, Richard W. (1999). Does the frontier experience make America exceptional?. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-312-18309-7.\nEtulain, Richard W., ed. (2002). Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-517-2.\nEtulain, Richard W.; Nash, Gerald D., eds. (1997). Researching Western History: Topics in the Twentieth Century. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-1758-2. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2017.\nFaragher, John Mack; Turner, Frederick Jackson (1994). Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner:The Significance of the Frontier in American History, and Other Essays. H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-3298-7.\nHine, Robert V.; Faragher, John Mack (2000). The American West: A New Interpretive History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07833-6. — deals with events, not historiography; concise edition is Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, John Mack (2007). Frontiers: A Short History of the American West. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11710-3.\nHofstadter, Richard (1979). The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-34818-6. — interpretation of the historiography\nHofstadter, Richard; Lipset, Seymour Martin, eds. (1968). Turner and the Sociology of the Frontier. New York: Basic Books. LCCN 68022859. — 12 essays by scholars in different fields\nJensen, Richard (1980). \"On Modernizing Frederick Jackson Turner\". Western Historical Quarterly. 11: 307–320. doi:10.2307/967565. JSTOR 967565.\nLamar, Howard R., ed. (1998). The New Encyclopedia of the American West. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07088-0. — 1000+ pages of articles by scholars\nLimerick, Patricia Nelson; Milner, Clyde A. II; Rankin, Charles E., eds. (1991). Trails: Toward a New Western History. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0500-2.\nMilner, Clyde A.; Butler, Anne M.; Lewis, David Rich, eds. (1997). Major Problems in the History of the American West (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-669-41580-3. — primary sources and essays by scholars\nNichols, Roger L., ed. (1986). American Frontier and Western Issues: An Historiographical Review. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-24356-1. — essays by 14 scholars\nSlotkin, Richard (1973). Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-4055-3. — complex literary reinterpretation of the frontier myth from its origins in Europe to Daniel Boone\nSmith, Henry Nash (1950). Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. University of Virginia. ISBN 978-0-674-93955-4.\nTurner, Frederick Jackson (1921) [1893]. The Frontier of American History. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. — original essay from 1893vteHistoriography\nHistorians\nlist / by area of study\nHistory\nhistorians\nhistoricity\nhistory\ntheories of history\nHistorical sourcesTypes\nPrimary sources\nSecondary sources\nTertiary sources\nSources\nAnnals\nArchives\nArtifacts\nArchaeological site\nChronicles\nCodices\nDeeds\nFacsimiles\nFeatures\nHieroglyphs\nHistorical documents\nLogbooks\nManuscripts\nIlluminated\nOral tradition\nPapyri\nReligious texts\nScrolls\nWar diaries\nService records\nFields of studyBy scale\nBig History\nWorld history\nHuman history\nLocal history\nMicrohistory\nBy source\nArchival science / Library and information science (template)\nBooks / Writing systems\nChorography\nChronology\ndating\nDiplomatics\nEncyclopaedistics\nEpigraphy\nGenealogy\nHeraldry\nNumismatics (Money)\nOnomastics\nOral history\npreservation\nPhaleristics\nPhilology\nPostage stamps\nProsopography\nSigillography\nToponymy\nVexillology\nBy topic\nAnthropology / Paleoanthropology\nCultural\nEcology / Environment / Geography\nEconomic\nBusiness\nCapitalism\nPerspectives on capitalism by school of thought\nThought\nIntellectual\nGeistesgeschichte\nLinguistics\nMedieval churches\nMilitary\nPolitical\nConstitutional\nDiplomatic\nSocial\nFeminism\nGender\nIndigenous\nLabour\nLGBT\nRural\nQuantitative\nUrban\nWomen\nMethodology\nCase study\nPeriodization\nHistorical eras\nTarikh\nThree-age system\nApproaches, schools\nAnnales school\nHistory of mentalities\nNouvelle histoire\nHistoriometry / Cliometrics\nComparative historical research\nCritical\nDecoloniality\nFeminist\nHistorical anthropology\nHistorical determinism\nHistorism\nHistorical-critical method\nHumanistic\nIndiscipline of history [pt]\nLeninist\nMarxist\nHistorical materialism\nNationalist\nAncestral civilisation\nNationalization of history\nPeople's history\nSubaltern Studies\nPop history\nQuantitative history\nRevisionist\nTransnational\nWhig\nGreat Man theory\n\nConceptsGeneral\nChange and continuity\nHistoric preservation\nHistoric recurrence\nHistorical significance\nHistoricity\nHistoriology [es]\nTheory of history [de]\nPhilosophy\nSpecific\nBlack legend\nColoniality and decolonization of knowledge\nDark Ages\nHistorical negationism\nHistorian's fallacy / Presentism\nInvented tradition\nModernisation theory\nNarratives\nParadigm shift\nPax\nlist\nThirty-year rule\nTranshistoricity\nTranslatio imperii / Translatio studii\nVaticinium ex eventu\nPeriodization ofmodern history\nAge of Discovery\nAge of Enlightenment\nEuropean Civil War / Second Thirty Years' War\nLong 18th / 19th century\nRenaissance\nContinuity thesis\n\nBy country or regionAfrica\nEgypt\nPyramid construction techniques\nBlack Egypt Thesis [es]\nEthiopia\nMorocco\nGreater Morocco\nRwanda\nDouble genocide theory\nMaafa\nAmericas\nCanada\nMetropolitan-hinterland thesis\nResidential schools\nStaples thesis\nIndigenous population history\nLatin America\nArgentina\nMay Revolution / Causes\nRevisionist [es]\nPeru\nIquicha Royalism\nColonial Spanish America\nCasta\nUnited States\nAfrican-American history\nNadir of American race relations\nNeoabolitionism\nReconstruction era\nConsensus history\nCyclical theory\nFrontier thesis\nPolitical history\nEras\nProgressive-era historians\n\nEurasia\nAlbania\nDealbanisation\nAustria\nHabsburg Myth\nBalhae\nBelarus\nLitvinism\nBulgaria\nByzantine Empire [de]\nEarly [ru]\nCroatia\nEurope\nAncient [ru]\nMedieval [ru]\nNew Age [ru]\nGeorgia\nAryan Kartli\nGreek\nAges of Man\nIran\n2,500-year celebration\nItaly\nRisorgimento\nSouthern Question\nNeo-Bourbonism\nJapan\nKorea\nNationalist\nGoguryeo controversies\nNorth Macedonia\nPhilippines\nEarly settlements\nPortugal [pt]\nLusotropicalism\nRomania\nGreat Union\nSerbia\nKosovo Myth\nSweden\nGötaland theory\nSwitzerland\nTaiwan\nUkraine\nExecuted Renaissance\nVietnam\nNam tiến\nTrưng sisters\nAncient Rome\nCatilinarian conspiracy\nChristianization\nConstantinian shift\nExpansion\nFall of Western Rome\nProsopography\nSuccession\nByzantine succession\nMoscow, third Rome\nOttoman claim\nProblem of two emperors\nChina\nArchaeology\nWunu School [zh]\nCentury of humiliation\nConquest dynasty\n\"Chineseness\" debate\nNew Qing History\nGolden ages\nHua–Yi distinction\nFour Barbarians\nSinocentrism\nSelf-Strengthening Movement\nSprouts of capitalism\nTibetan sovereignty debate\nFrance\nCordon sanitaire\nFrankish Interregnum [fr]\nGrand Siècle\nLegendary Saracen [fr]\nLocation of Alésia [fr]\nLyon [fr]\nGermany\nAlltagsgeschichte\nBorussian myth\nHistorikerstreit\nSonderweg\nStrukturgeschichte [de]\nSybel-Ficker controversy\nVergangenheitsbewältigung\nIndia\nGreater Magadha\nIndocentrism\nIndigenous Aryanism\nIreland\nGreat Famine\n\"More Irish than the Irish themselves\"\nRevisionism\nRevolutionary period\nPoland\nGolden Liberty\nSarmatism\nDeluge\nPartitions\nPolish People's Republic [pl]\nRussia\nAnti-Normanism\nPre-Revolutionary Russia [ru]\nSkeptic School [ru]\nSoviet Union\nOctober Revolution\nSoviet famine of 1930–1933\nCauses of the Holodomor\nHolodomor genocide question\nHolodomor in modern politics\nSpain\nBlack legend / White legend\nHispanism\nCarlism in the Francoist era\nConvivencia\nInquisition\nLimpieza de sangre controversy [es]\nReconquista\nIslamic revolution of Spain [es]\nRevisionist\nColonies or Provinces\nSpanish decline [es]\nSer de España [es]\nTurkey\nKemalist\nOttoman Empire\nGhaza thesis\nDecline thesis\nUnitedKingdom\nPoor Laws\nScotland\nKingdom of Alba\nWestminster Stone\nStorm over the gentry\nSuffragette Campaign\nTudor myth\nRicardians\nWinter of Discontent\nBritishEmpire\nCambridge School\nPorter–MacKenzie debate\nSecond colonial occupation\n\n\nOceania\nColonial Australia\nBy war, conflictvteMilitary historiography\nMilitary history\nList of military museums\npre-18th centuryconflicts\nAlbigensian Crusade\nCatharism debate\nCrusades\nIslamic views\nEighty Years' War\nOrigins\nFall of Babylon\nGallic Wars\nLate Bronze Age collapse\nDorian invasion\nSea Peoples\nPeloponnesian War\n18th and 19thcentury conflictsCoalition Wars(1792–1815)\nFrench Revolution\nPre-revolution [fr]\nCauses\nNew Russian School [ru]\nWar in the Vendée\nNapoleonic era\nInvasion of Russia\nWaterloo\n\nAmerican Civil War\nOrigins\nTurning point\nFranco-Prussian War\nCauses\nParis Commune\nGreat Game\nIndian Rebellion of 1857\nCauses\nParaguayan War\nWar of 1812\nOrigins\nWar of the Pacific\nCauses\nMyth of English aid [es]World War I\nCauses (Color books / Fischer thesis)\nLate Ottoman genocides (Causes of the Armenian genocide)\nPatriotic consent [fr]\nPersian famine of 1917–1919\nPowder keg of Europe\nSchlieffen Plan\nSpirit of 1914 / 1917\nTreaty of Brest-Litovsk [ru]\nTreaty ofVersailles\nReparations\nWar guilt question\nArticle 231\nReichstag inquiry\n\nInterwar period\nBurning of Smyrna\nPolish–Soviet War\nCauses\nSpanish Civil War\nBackground\nWorld War II\nCauses\n\"Blitzkrieg\" concept\nBroad vs. narrow front\nGerman resistance to Nazism\nNazi foreign policy debate\nEastern Front\nMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact\nSoviet offensive plans\nSoviets and the Warsaw Uprising\nMassacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia\nWinter War\nBackground\nSpirit\nThe Holocaust\nAuschwitz bombing debate\nAwareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe\nFunctionalism–intentionalism debate\nIn relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba\nPope Pius XII and the Holocaust\nPius Wars\n\"Polish death camp\"\nResponsibility\nSlovakia\nUniqueness\nPacific War\nAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\n\"Battle for Australia\"\nBengal famine\nSecond Sino-Japanese War\nNanjing Massacre\nWestern Front\nBattle of France\nGuilty Men\nRésistancialisme\nVichy France [fr]\n\nCold War\nOrigins\n1948 Palestine war\nPalestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba\nZionism as settler colonialism\nNew Historians\nMalayan Emergency\nCauses\nAlgerian War\nSix-Day War\nOrigins\nIranian Revolution\nCauses\nIran–Iraq War\nFalklands War\nSovereignty dispute\nSri Lankan Civil War\nOrigins\nPost-Cold War\nRusso-Georgian War\nBackground\nResponsibility\nSyrian revolution\nCauses\nRelated\nConflict thesis\nGunpowder and gun transmission\nTorsion mangonel myth\nWar and genocide\n\n Category\nBy personPoliticalleaders\nAdolf Hitler\nAlexander the Great\nAmin al-Husseini\nAurangzeb\nCato the Younger\nChe Guevara\nChiang Ching-kuo [zh]\nChiang Kai Shek [zh]\nConstantine the Great\nGregory Palamas\nHoratio Nelson\nHypatia\nJiang Zemin [zh]\nJoseph Stalin [ru]\nJosé de San Martín\nJuan Manuel de Rosas\nKlemens von Metternich\nLeonid Brezhnev\nLouis Riel\nMao Zedong [zh]\nMuammar Gaddafi\nNapoleon\nNeville Chamberlain\nPedro II of Brazil\nSimon Bolivar\nCult of personality [es]\nBolivarianism\nSaladin\nSun Yat Tse [zh]\nThomas Aquinas\nThomas Jefferson\nUlysses S. Grant\nWarren G. Harding\nYuan Shikai [zh]\nZhou Enlai [zh]\nZhuge Liang [zh]\nHistoricalrankings\nAustralia\nCanada\nModern Germany\nNetherlands\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\n\nOthers\nThe Beatles\nCharles Darwin\nFriedrich Nietzsche\nH. P. Lovecraft\nJane Austen\nMuhammed\nHistoricity of Muhammad\nJudaism's view of Muhammad\nMedieval Christian views on Muhammad\nJesus\nHistoricity of Jesus\nResurrection of Jesus\nReligious perspectives on Jesus\nJesus in Christianity\nJudaism's view of Jesus\nJesus in Islam\nJ. R. R. Tolkien\nThe Lord of the Rings\nMadonna\nRobert Falcon Scott\nSocrates\nSøren Kierkegaard\nWilliam Shakespeare\nOther topics\nBears in antiquity\nCrisis of historiography [pt]\nFeudalism\nLibrary of Alexandria\nNationalism in the Middle Ages\nProfessionalization and institutionalization of history\nSalons\nThe Simpsons\nWestern European colonialism and colonization\nDesacralization of knowledge\nEconomics\nIndustrial Revolution\nGreat Recession\nGreat Depression\nSchool of Thoughts\nHistorical school of economics\nEnglish historical school of economics\nReligion\nAvestan geography\nEarly Christianity\nBackground\nHistorical reliability of the Gospels\nPrimacy of Peter\nOpposition to Papal supremacy\nProto-orthodox Christianity\nEarly Islam\nCriticism of the Quran\nSuccession to Muhammad\nIslamic golden age\nKharijites\nEcclesiastical history of the Catholic Church\nSecond Vatican Council\nHermeneutics of Vatican Council II [it]\nHesychast controversy\nProtestant Reformation\nProto-Protestantism\nCriticism of Protestantism\nProtestant work ethic\nJesuit historiography\nModern Jewish history\nWissenschaft des Judentums\nSchools of thought\nBiblical criticism\nCatholic theology\nPanbabylonism\nUrreligion\nPerennial\nReligionsgeschichtliche Schule\nRoman\nRevisionist school of Islamic studies\nScience /Technology\nMerton thesis\nProtestant Ethic and Capitalism\nHeroic theory of invention and scientific development\nGunpowder and gun transmission\nTorsion mangonel myth\n\nOrganizations, publications\nHeritage registers\nHistorical society (list)\nHistory institutes\nHistory journals\ntemplate\nRelated\nCommemorative plaque\nDocumentary film\nHagiography\nHistorical fiction\nHistorical realism\nHistoriographic metafiction\nHistorical geographic information system\n\n Category\n MultimediavteHistory of the United States\nTimeline\nOutline\nEventsPre-Colonial\nPrehistoric\nPre-Columbian Era\nColonial\nExploration of North America\nEuropean colonization\nNative American epidemics\nSettlement of Jamestown\nThirteen Colonies\nAtlantic slave trade\nKing William's War\nQueen Anne's War\nDummer's War\nFirst Great Awakening\nWar of Jenkins' Ear\nKing George's War\nPrelude to Revolution\nAmerican Enlightenment\nFrench and Indian War\nProclamation of 1763\nSugar Act\nStamp Act Congress\nSons of Liberty\nBoston Massacre\nBoston Tea Party\nIntolerable Acts\nFirst Continental Congress\nContinental Association\n1776–1789\nAmerican Revolution\nWar\nSecond Continental Congress\nLee Resolution\nDeclaration of Independence\nTreaty of Paris\nConfederation period\nArticles of Confederation and Perpetual Union\nPennsylvania Mutiny\nShays' Rebellion\nNorthwest Ordinance\nDrafting and ratification of the Constitution\n1789–1815\nBill of Rights\nFederalist Era\nWhiskey Rebellion\nQuasi-War\nJeffersonian era\nLouisiana Purchase\nWar of 1812\n1815–1849\nEra of Good Feelings\nMissouri Compromise\nMonroe Doctrine\nJacksonian era\nTrail of Tears\nNat Turner's slave rebellion\nNullification crisis\nWestward expansion\nMexican–American War\nSeneca Falls Convention\nFirst Industrial Revolution\nSecond Great Awakening\n1849–1865\nAntebellum Era\nCalifornia Gold Rush\nPrelude to War\nCompromise of 1850\nFugitive Slave Act\nKansas–Nebraska Act\nBleeding Kansas\nDred Scott decision\nElection of Lincoln\nSecession\nCivil War\nEmancipation Proclamation\nAssassination of Abraham Lincoln\n1865–1917\nReconstruction era\nAmendments\nFirst transcontinental railroad\nKu Klux Klan\nEnforcement Acts\nCompromise of 1877\nSecond Industrial Revolution\nGilded Age\nThe Gospel of Wealth\nChinese Exclusion Act\nPendleton Civil Service Reform Act\nHaymarket affair\nSherman Antitrust Act\nProgressive Era\nSpanish–American War\nImperialism\nSquare Deal\nNadir of American race relations\n1917–1945\nWorld War I\nParis Peace Conference\nFirst Red Scare\nRoaring Twenties\nProhibition\nWomen's suffrage\nTulsa race massacre\nSecond Klan\nHarlem Renaissance\nGreat Depression\nWall Street Crash of 1929\nDust Bowl\nNew Deal\nWorld War II\nhome front\nManhattan Project\n1945–1964\nStrike wave of 1945–1946\nStart of Cold War\nTruman Doctrine\nEarly Cold War\nNorth Atlantic Treaty\nKorean War\nIvy Mike\nMcCarthyism\nPostwar Boom\nCivil Rights Movement\nEarly–mid Cold War\nCuban Missile Crisis\nAssassination of John F. Kennedy\n1964–1980\nGreat Society\nMid Cold War\nDétente\nSpace Race\nVietnam War\nFall of Saigon\nCounterculture\nSecond-wave feminism\nGay liberation\nStonewall riots\nWatergate scandal\nIran hostage crisis\nMoral Majority\n1980–1991\nReagan era\nReaganomics\nIran–Contra affair\nLate Cold War\nInvasion of Grenada\nReagan Doctrine\nEnd of the Cold War\nWar on drugs\nInvasion of Panama\n1991–2008\nGulf War\nNAFTA\n Los Angeles riots\nWTC bombing\nRepublican Revolution\nOklahoma City bombing\nColumbine\nBush v. Gore\nSeptember 11 attacks\nWar on terror\nWar in Afghanistan\nIraq War\nHurricane Katrina\n2008–present\nGreat Recession\nKilling of Osama bin Laden\nRise in mass shootings\nBlack Lives Matter\nObergefell v. Hodges\nUnite the Right rally\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nrecession\nJanuary 6 insurrection\nAfghanistan withdrawal\nDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization\nSupport of Ukraine\nIndictments of Donald Trump\nTopics\nAmerican Century\nAntisemitism\nCultural\nCinema\nMusic\nNewspapers\nSports\nDemography\nImmigration\nEconomy\nBanking\nEducation\nHigher education\nFlag\nGovernment\nAbortion\nCapital punishment\nCivil Rights\nCorruption\nThe Constitution\nDebt ceiling\nDirect democracy\nForeign policy\nLaw enforcement\nPostal service\nTaxation\nVoting rights\nJournalism\nMerchant Marine\nMilitary\nArmy\nMarine Corps\nNavy\nAir Force\nSpace Force\nCoast Guard\nParty Systems\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nFourth\nFifth\nSixth\nReligion\nGenocide\nSlavery\nSexual slavery\nTechnology and industry\nAgriculture\nLabor\nLumber\nMedicine\nRailway\nGroups\nAfrican American\nAsian American\nChinese American\nFilipino American\nIndian American\nJapanese American\nKorean American\nThai American\nVietnamese American\nEuropean American\nAlbanian American\nEnglish American\nEstonian American\nFinnish American\nIrish American\nItalian American\nLithuanian American\nPolish American\nSerbian American\nHispanic and Latino American\nMexican American\nJewish American\nMiddle Eastern American\nEgyptian American\nIranian American\nIraqi American\nLebanese American\nPalestinian American\nSaudi American\nNative Americans\nCherokee\nComanche\nWomen\nLGBT\nGay men\nLesbians\nTransgender people\nPlacesTerritorial evolution\nAdmission to the Union\nHistorical regions\nAmerican frontier\nManifest destiny\nIndian removal\nRegions\nNew England\nThe South\nThe West Coast\nStates\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nFederal DistrictWashington, D.C.Insular areas\nAmerican Samoa\nGuam\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico \nU.S. Virgin Islands\nOutlying islands\nBaker Island\nHowland Island\nJarvis Island\nJohnston Atoll\nKingman Reef\nMidway Atoll\nNavassa Island\nPalmyra Atoll\nWake Island\nCities\nUrban history\n Cities\n\nList of years\nHistoriography\n Category\n PortalAuthority control databases: National \nPoland","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Frederick Jackson Turner, c. 1890","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg"},{"image_text":"President John F. Kennedy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/220px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"Works by Frederick Jackson Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Frederick_Jackson_Turner"},{"title":"Discovery doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_doctrine"},{"title":"Rural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_history"}]
[{"reference":"Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). \"The Significance of the Frontier in American History\". The Frontier in American History. p. 293.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner","url_text":"Turner, Frederick Jackson"},{"url":"http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/","url_text":"\"The Significance of the Frontier in American History\""}]},{"reference":"Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). \"The Significance of the Frontier in American History\". The Frontier in American History. p. 293.","urls":[{"url":"http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/","url_text":"\"The Significance of the Frontier in American History\""}]},{"reference":"Ostrander, Gilman (October 1958). \"Turner and the Germ Theory\". Agricultural History. 32 (4): 258–261. JSTOR 3740063.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740063","url_text":"3740063"}]},{"reference":"Ostrander, Gilman (October 1958). \"Turner and the Germ Theory\". Agricultural History. 32 (4): 259. JSTOR 3740063.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740063","url_text":"3740063"}]},{"reference":"Bancroft, Hubert (1890). Essays and Miscellany (First ed.). San Francisco: San Francisco, The History Company. p. 43.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/essaysandmiscel01bancgoog","url_text":"Essays and Miscellany"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Frederick. \"The Frontier in American History\". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22994/22994-h/22994-h.htm","url_text":"\"The Frontier in American History\""}]},{"reference":"Stephenson, Carl (April 1946). \"The Problem of the Common Man in Early Medieval Europe\". American Historical Review. 51 (3): 419–438. doi:10.2307/1840107. JSTOR 1840107.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1840107","url_text":"10.2307/1840107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1840107","url_text":"1840107"}]},{"reference":"Slotkin, Richard (Winter 1981). \"Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier\". American Quarterly. 33 (5): 608–637. doi:10.2307/2712805. JSTOR 2712805.","urls":[{"url":"https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div2facpubs/31","url_text":"\"Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2712805","url_text":"10.2307/2712805"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712805","url_text":"2712805"}]},{"reference":"Slotkin, Richard (Winter 1981). \"Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier\". American Quarterly. 33 (5): 608–637. doi:10.2307/2712805. JSTOR 2712805.","urls":[{"url":"https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div2facpubs/31","url_text":"\"Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2712805","url_text":"10.2307/2712805"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712805","url_text":"2712805"}]},{"reference":"Slotkin, Richard (Winter 1981). \"Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier\". American Quarterly. 33 (5): 608–637. doi:10.2307/2712805. JSTOR 2712805.","urls":[{"url":"https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div2facpubs/31","url_text":"\"Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2712805","url_text":"10.2307/2712805"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712805","url_text":"2712805"}]},{"reference":"Woodard, Colin (January–February 2023). \"How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved January 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-myth-american-frontier-got-start-180981310/","url_text":"\"How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start\""}]},{"reference":"Porter, Robert; Gannett, Henry; Hunt, William (1895). \"Progress of the Nation\", in \"Report on Population of the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1\". Bureau of the Census. pp. xviii–xxxiv.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). \"The Significance of the Frontier in American History\". The Frontier in American History. p. 293.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22994/22994-h/22994-h.htm","url_text":"\"The Significance of the Frontier in American History\""}]},{"reference":"Nash, Gerald D. (1980). \"The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier\". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 71 (3): 98–100. JSTOR 40490574.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40490574","url_text":"\"The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40490574","url_text":"40490574"}]},{"reference":"Lang, Robert E.; Popper, Deborah E.; Popper, Frank J. (1995). \"\"Progress of the Nation\": The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier\". Western Historical Quarterly. 26 (3): 289–307. doi:10.2307/970654. JSTOR 970654.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/970654","url_text":"\"\"Progress of the Nation\": The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F970654","url_text":"10.2307/970654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/970654","url_text":"970654"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). \"The Significance of the Frontier in American History\". The Frontier in American History. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22994/22994-h/22994-h.htm#Page_1","url_text":"\"The Significance of the Frontier in American History\""}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Dennis (1982). \"Mateship and Individualism in Modern Australian Drama\". Theatre Journal. 34 (4): 467–80. doi:10.2307/3206809. JSTOR 3206809.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3206809","url_text":"10.2307/3206809"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3206809","url_text":"3206809"}]},{"reference":"Bazzi, Samuel; Fiszbein, Martin; Gebresilasse, Mesay (2020). \"Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of \"Rugged Individualism\" in the United States\". Econometrica. 88 (6): 2329–2368. doi:10.3982/ECTA16484. ISSN 1468-0262.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3982%2FECTA16484","url_text":"\"Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of \"Rugged Individualism\" in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3982%2FECTA16484","url_text":"10.3982/ECTA16484"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0262","url_text":"1468-0262"}]},{"reference":"Ostrander, Gilman (October 1958). \"Turner and the Germ Theory\". Agricultural History. 32 (4): 261. JSTOR 3740063.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740063","url_text":"3740063"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Frederick. \"The Frontier in American History\". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22994/22994-h/22994-h.htm","url_text":"\"The Frontier in American History\""}]},{"reference":"Pierson, George (June 1942). \"The Frontier and American Institutions: A Criticism of the Turner Theory\". New England Quarterly. 15 (2): 253. doi:10.2307/360525. JSTOR 360525.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F360525","url_text":"10.2307/360525"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/360525","url_text":"360525"}]},{"reference":"Bogue, Alan (February 1994). \"Frederick Jackson Turner Reconsidered\". The History Teacher. 27 (2): 214. doi:10.2307/494720. JSTOR 494720.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F494720","url_text":"10.2307/494720"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/494720","url_text":"494720"}]},{"reference":"Fermilab (December 30, 2005). \"Safety and the Environment at Fermilab\". Retrieved January 6, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fnal.gov/pub/about/safety/questions.html","url_text":"\"Safety and the Environment at Fermilab\""}]},{"reference":"Billington, Ray Allen (1958). The American Frontier. Washington, DC: Service Center for Teachers of History. LCCN 58-6043.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007356270","url_text":"The American Frontier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/58-6043","url_text":"58-6043"}]},{"reference":"Billington, Ray Allen, ed. (1966a). The Frontier Thesis: Valid Interpretation of American History?. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Billington, Ray Allen (1973). Frederick Jackson Turner: historian, scholar, teacher. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-501609-3. LCCN 72091005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501609-3","url_text":"978-0-19-501609-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/72091005","url_text":"72091005"}]},{"reference":"Billington, Ray Allen (1966b). America's Frontier Heritage. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. LCCN 66013289.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66013289","url_text":"66013289"}]},{"reference":"Billington, Ray Allen (1981). Land of Savagery / Land of Promise: The European Image of the American Frontier in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Norton. OCLC 5946517. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080408150133/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106262124","url_text":"Land of Savagery / Land of Promise: The European Image of the American Frontier in the Nineteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5946517","url_text":"5946517"},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106262124","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bogue, Allan G. (1988). Frederick Jackson Turner: Strange Roads Going Down. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3039-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3039-2","url_text":"978-0-8061-3039-2"}]},{"reference":"Brown, David S. (2009). Beyond the Frontier: The Midwestern Voice in American Historical Writing. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-07651-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07651-5","url_text":"978-0-226-07651-5"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, William (1966). \"Science and Symbol in the Turner Frontier Hypothesis\". American Historical Review. 72 (1): 22–49. doi:10.2307/1848169. JSTOR 1848169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1848169","url_text":"10.2307/1848169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1848169","url_text":"1848169"}]},{"reference":"Etulain, Richard W. (1999). Does the frontier experience make America exceptional?. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-312-18309-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18309-7","url_text":"978-0-312-18309-7"}]},{"reference":"Etulain, Richard W., ed. (2002). Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-517-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-517-2","url_text":"978-0-87417-517-2"}]},{"reference":"Etulain, Richard W.; Nash, Gerald D., eds. (1997). Researching Western History: Topics in the Twentieth Century. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-1758-2. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055329/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89052336","url_text":"Researching Western History: Topics in the Twentieth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1758-2","url_text":"978-0-8263-1758-2"},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89052336","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Faragher, John Mack; Turner, Frederick Jackson (1994). Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner:The Significance of the Frontier in American History, and Other Essays. H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-3298-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3298-7","url_text":"978-0-8050-3298-7"}]},{"reference":"Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, John Mack (2000). The American West: A New Interpretive History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07833-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07833-6","url_text":"978-0-300-07833-6"}]},{"reference":"Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, John Mack (2007). Frontiers: A Short History of the American West. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11710-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11710-3","url_text":"978-0-300-11710-3"}]},{"reference":"Hofstadter, Richard (1979). The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-34818-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34818-6","url_text":"978-0-226-34818-6"}]},{"reference":"Hofstadter, Richard; Lipset, Seymour Martin, eds. (1968). Turner and the Sociology of the Frontier. New York: Basic Books. LCCN 68022859.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/68022859","url_text":"68022859"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Richard (1980). \"On Modernizing Frederick Jackson Turner\". Western Historical Quarterly. 11: 307–320. doi:10.2307/967565. JSTOR 967565.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Historical_Quarterly","url_text":"Western Historical Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F967565","url_text":"10.2307/967565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/967565","url_text":"967565"}]},{"reference":"Lamar, Howard R., ed. (1998). The New Encyclopedia of the American West. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07088-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07088-0","url_text":"978-0-300-07088-0"}]},{"reference":"Limerick, Patricia Nelson; Milner, Clyde A. II; Rankin, Charles E., eds. (1991). Trails: Toward a New Western History. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0500-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0500-2","url_text":"978-0-7006-0500-2"}]},{"reference":"Milner, Clyde A.; Butler, Anne M.; Lewis, David Rich, eds. (1997). Major Problems in the History of the American West (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-669-41580-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-669-41580-3","url_text":"978-0-669-41580-3"}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Roger L., ed. (1986). American Frontier and Western Issues: An Historiographical Review. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-24356-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-24356-1","url_text":"978-0-313-24356-1"}]},{"reference":"Slotkin, Richard (1973). Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-4055-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Slotkin","url_text":"Slotkin, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-4055-3","url_text":"978-0-8195-4055-3"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Henry Nash (1950). Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. University of Virginia. ISBN 978-0-674-93955-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia","url_text":"University of Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93955-4","url_text":"978-0-674-93955-4"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Frederick Jackson (1921) [1893]. The Frontier of American History. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230317215441/https://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/TURNER/contents.html","url_text":"The Frontier of American History"},{"url":"https://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/TURNER/contents.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichau_Creek
Lichau Creek
["1 Course","2 Flora and fauna","3 Bridges","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°16′27″N 122°40′39″W / 38.27417°N 122.67750°W / 38.27417; -122.67750River in California, United StatesLichau CreekLichau Creek and a stand of eucalyptusLocation of the mouth of Lichau Creek in CaliforniaLocationCountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaRegionSonoma CountyCityPenngrove, CaliforniaPhysical characteristicsSourceSonoma Mountain • location7 mi (11 km) north of Petaluma, California • coordinates38°19′47″N 122°35′38″W / 38.32972°N 122.59389°W / 38.32972; -122.59389 • elevation1,725 ft (526 m) MouthPetaluma River • location4 mi (6.4 km) northwest of Petaluma, California • coordinates38°16′27″N 122°40′39″W / 38.27417°N 122.67750°W / 38.27417; -122.67750 • elevation30 ft (9.1 m)Length8.9 mi (14.3 km)Basin featuresTributaries  • leftWillow Brook Lichau Creek is an 8.9-mile-long (14.3 km) southwest-flowing stream in Sonoma County, California, United States, which flows through the town of Penngrove and discharges into the Petaluma River. The original name of the creek is O'Hara Creek and is named after the settler, John O'Hara, who purchased and owned the land through which the creek flows. O'Hara was born in 1833 in County Sligo, Ireland and settled in Penngrove sometime between 1852 and 1857 and died in 1911 at the age of 78 years. The October 26, 1904, Santa Rosa Republican refers to this creek as O'Hara Creek. Course The creek springs from the western side of Sonoma Mountain between Copeland Creek and Lynch Creek. Descending initially to the west, it crosses under Sonoma Mountain Road and passes north of Stony Butte. After crossing East Railroad Avenue and Petaluma Hill Road, it flows under the Northwestern Pacific Railroad tracks. It immediately bends southward and parallels the tracks through Penngrove, crossing Adobe Road and Main Street. On the northern outskirts of Petaluma, it crosses Ely Road and turns southwestward, crossing Old Redwood Highway, the North McDowell Boulevard Extension, U.S. 101, and Stony Point Road to reach the Petaluma River. Flora and fauna A 1968 survey of Lichau Creek found algae, duckweed, cattails, dragonflies, dipterous insects, caddisflies, frogs, steelhead trout, and sticklebacks living in the creek. Bridges At least three bridges span the creek: Petaluma Hill Road crosses 0.1 miles (0.2 km) north of Old Redwood Highway on a 49-foot (15 m) concrete continuous tee beam built in 1920 and reconstructed in 1976. East Railroad Avenue crosses 0.1 miles (0.2 km) east of Petaluma Hill Road on a 42-foot (13 m) concrete culvert built in 1970. Adobe Road crosses 0.08 miles (0.1 km) east of Old Redwood Highway on a 24-foot (7 m) concrete tee beam built in 1929. See also List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area References ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lichau Creek ^ a b "Department of Fish and Game Stream Survey" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-19. ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed March 9, 2011 ^ Harris, Ellen M. (1980). Penngrove: A Jigsaw Puzzle of its Past and Present. amazon.com: Self Published. p. 58. ^ "National Bridge Inventory Database". External links vteSan Francisco Bay watershedOutline Hydrography Ecology List of tributaries List of lakes Subdivisions Major San Francisco Bay Suisun Bay San Pablo Bay Minor Golden Gate Grizzly Bay Richardson Bay San Rafael Bay Richmond Inner Harbor San Leandro Bay Former Yerba Buena Cove Mission Bay Waterways Rivers San Joaquin Sacramento Napa Guadalupe Petaluma Creeks (discharging into the Bay) Alameda Baxter Cerrito Codornices Coyote (Santa Clara) Coyote (Marin) San Leandro San Lorenzo Schoolhouse Temescal Sausal Redwood San Mateo Sonoma Corte Madera Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio San Rafael Miller Novato Tolay San Francisquito Pacheco Alhambra Adobe Rodeo Refugio Pinole Garrity Rheem Karlson San Pablo Castro Wildcat Fluvius Innominatus Marin (Alameda County) Strawberry Easton Mission Creek Reservoirs Calaveras Reservoir Lafayette Reservoir Straits and estuaries Clifton Court Forebay Carquinez Strait Oakland Estuary Raccoon Strait Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel Watersheds Laguna Creek Watershed Guadalupe watershed Parks andprotected areas Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge Eden Landing Ecological Reserve Hayward Regional Shoreline Hayward Shoreline Interpretive Center Crown Memorial State Beach McLaughlin Eastshore State Park Emeryville Crescent State Marine Reserve Point Isabel Regional Shoreline César Chávez Park Brooks Island Regional Preserve Point Pinole Regional Shoreline Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge Coyote Point Recreation Area Middle Harbor Shoreline Park National Estuarine Research Reserve China Camp State Park San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park SF Bay Trail Oyster Bay Regional Shoreline Big Break Regional Shoreline Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve Islands andpeninsulas Major islands Alameda Alcatraz Angel Treasure Island Yerba Buena Minor Brooks Bair Bay Farm Belvedere Brother Castro Rocks Coast Guard Greco Hooks Island Mare Red Rock The Sisters Marin Islands Roe Ryer Seal Islands Peninsulas/infill Albany Bulb Brisbane Baylands Point Isabel Foster City Fleming Point Hunters Point Sierra Point Steamboat Point Wetlands Baylands Belmont Chelsea Cordelia Crissy Field Hoffman Meeker Mowry Napa Sonoma Point Molate Salt ponds Seal Stege Steinberger Suisun Westpoint Bridgesand tubes Bridges San Francisco–Oakland Eastern span replacement Richmond–San Rafael San Mateo–Hayward Dumbarton Dumbarton Rail Bridge (inactive) Golden Gate Benicia–Martinez Antioch Carquinez Leimert Park Street Fruitvale High Street Bay Farm Island Tubes Posey/Webster Street Transbay Ferries Angel Island–Tiburon Ferry Blue & Gold Fleet Golden Gate Ferry San Francisco Bay Ferry (WETA) Ports andmarinas Port of San Francisco Port of Oakland Port of Richmond Hunters Point Naval Shipyard Mare Island Naval Shipyard Port of Redwood City Berkeley Marina Oyster Point Marina/Park Westpoint Harbor Foster City Marina (proposed) Other History Delta and Dawn Discovery Site Humphrey the Whale San Leandro Oyster Beds Richmond Shipyards U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model Harold Gilliam Marincello Ecology Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve Cosco Busan oil spill Thicktail chub Delta smelt Conservation and Development Commission The Watershed Project Save The Bay Citizens for East Shore Parks Friends of Five Creeks Urban Creeks Council 1971 oil spill Greenbelt Alliance The Bay Institute Reber Plan San Francisco Baykeeper San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science Estuary Partnership Transportation Water Trail Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area Portal Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-3"},{"link_name":"stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream"},{"link_name":"Sonoma County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Penngrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penngrove,_California"},{"link_name":"Petaluma River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaluma_River"},{"link_name":"County Sligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Sligo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"River in California, United StatesLichau Creek is an 8.9-mile-long (14.3 km)[3] southwest-flowing stream in Sonoma County, California, United States, which flows through the town of Penngrove and discharges into the Petaluma River.The original name of the creek is O'Hara Creek and is named after the settler, John O'Hara, who purchased and owned the land through which the creek flows. O'Hara was born in 1833 in County Sligo, Ireland and settled in Penngrove sometime between 1852 and 1857 and died in 1911 at the age of 78 years. The October 26, 1904, Santa Rosa Republican refers to this creek as O'Hara Creek.[4]","title":"Lichau Creek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonoma Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Copeland Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copeland_Creek_(California)"},{"link_name":"Lynch Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynch_Creek"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Petaluma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaluma,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S. 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"}],"text":"The creek springs from the western side of Sonoma Mountain between Copeland Creek and Lynch Creek. Descending initially to the west, it crosses under Sonoma Mountain Road and passes north of Stony Butte. After crossing East Railroad Avenue and Petaluma Hill Road, it flows under the Northwestern Pacific Railroad tracks. It immediately bends southward and parallels the tracks through Penngrove, crossing Adobe Road and Main Street.On the northern outskirts of Petaluma, it crosses Ely Road and turns southwestward, crossing Old Redwood Highway, the North McDowell Boulevard Extension, U.S. 101, and Stony Point Road to reach the Petaluma River.","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-survey-2"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"duckweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnaceae"},{"link_name":"cattails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typha"},{"link_name":"dragonflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"dipterous insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly"},{"link_name":"caddisflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoptera"},{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"steelhead trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"sticklebacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickleback"}],"text":"A 1968 survey of Lichau Creek[2] found algae, duckweed, cattails, dragonflies, dipterous insects, caddisflies, frogs, steelhead trout, and sticklebacks living in the creek.","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBI-5"},{"link_name":"tee beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_beam"}],"text":"At least three bridges span the creek:[5]Petaluma Hill Road crosses 0.1 miles (0.2 km) north of Old Redwood Highway on a 49-foot (15 m) concrete continuous tee beam built in 1920 and reconstructed in 1976.\nEast Railroad Avenue crosses 0.1 miles (0.2 km) east of Petaluma Hill Road on a 42-foot (13 m) concrete culvert built in 1970.\nAdobe Road crosses 0.08 miles (0.1 km) east of Old Redwood Highway on a 24-foot (7 m) concrete tee beam built in 1929.","title":"Bridges"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_watercourses_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yael_Moses
Yael Moses
["1 Education and career","2 Research","3 References","4 External links"]
Israeli computer scientist This article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Yael MosesAlma materWeizmann Institute of Science (PhD)Scientific careerInstitutionsInterdisciplinary Center HerzliyaThesis Face recognition: generalization to novel images  (1994)Doctoral advisorShimon Ullman Websitewww.faculty.idc.ac.il/moses/ Yael Moses (Hebrew: יעל מוזס) is a professor in the Efi Arazi School of Computer Science at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Israel. Education and career Moses received her Ph.D. in computer science at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot. She was a post-doctoral fellow in the Robotics group at the University of Oxford from 1993 to 1994 and at the Weizmann Institute of Science from 1994 to 1997. Moses has been on the editorial board of the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence since 2013. Research Her major research interests are in computer vision. In particular, her research focusses on multi-camera systems. References ^ "Prof. Yael Moses - IDC Herzliya". IDC Herzliya. Retrieved 7 March 2020. ^ "Yael Moses". Yael Moses' homepage. Retrieved 7 March 2020. ^ Forsyth, David A. (June 2013). "Editor's Note". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 35 (6): 1281–1283. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2013.79. ^ Eshel, Ran; Moses, Yael (2008). "Homography based multiple camera detection and tracking of people in a dense crowd". 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587539. ISBN 978-1-4244-2242-5. S2CID 11335455. ^ Basha, Tali; Moses, Yael; Kiryati, Nahum (2013). "Multi-view scene flow estimation: A view centered variational approach". International Journal of Computer Vision. 101: 6–21. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.714.9932. doi:10.1007/s11263-012-0542-7. S2CID 1284146. External links Yael Moses' IEEE profile Authority control databases: Academics DBLP Google Scholar Mathematics Genealogy Project
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opatovice_nad_Labem
Opatovice nad Labem
["1 Administrative parts","2 Etymology","3 Geography","4 History","5 Demographics","6 Economy","7 Transport","8 Sights","9 Notable people","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°8′44″N 15°47′26″E / 50.14556°N 15.79056°E / 50.14556; 15.79056Municipality in Pardubice, Czech RepublicOpatovice nad LabemMunicipalityAerial view FlagCoat of armsOpatovice nad LabemLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 50°8′44″N 15°47′26″E / 50.14556°N 15.79056°E / 50.14556; 15.79056Country Czech RepublicRegionPardubiceDistrictPardubiceFirst mentioned1073Government • MayorPavel KohoutArea • Total12.01 km2 (4.64 sq mi)Elevation225 m (738 ft)Population (2023-01-01) • Total2,788 • Density230/km2 (600/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code533 45Websitewww.opatovicenadlabem.cz Opatovice nad Labem is a municipality and village in Pardubice District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,800 inhabitants. Administrative parts Town hall and Church of Saint Lawrence The village of Pohřebačka is an administrative part of Opatovice nad Labem. Etymology The name Opatovice is derived from opatství, i.e. "abbey". It indicated a village in the vicinity of the monastery that was founded here. Geography Opatovice nad Labem is located about 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Pardubice and 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Hradec Králové. It lies in a flat landscape of the East Elbe Table lowland. It is situated on the right bank of the Elbe river. There are several flooded quarries used for recreational purposes. The largest of them is Opaťák in the northern part of the municipality. The Opatovice Canal flows through the village. It was built in the 15th century to supply the large pond system and is a cultural technical monument. Today it is 26 kilometres (16 mi) long. History Archaeological research confirmed that mild climate and fertile surroundings of the Elbe had been exploited by ancient peoples. The first written mention of Opatovice nad Labem is from 1073, when Benedictine monks founded here a monastery. The Opatovice Monastery was finished in 1086 and existed until 1421, when it was burned down by the Hussites. In the 15th century, the village was shortly owned by Diviš Bořek of Miletínek and by George of Poděbrady, and in 1491, it was acquired by the Pernštejn family. The Pernštejns built here the first weir on the Elbe and the Opatovice Canal to feed the system of breeding fish ponds. In 1560, however, they lost the manor for financial reasons and it was acquired by the royal chamber. During the Thirty Years' War, Opatovice was looted by the Swedish army. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%18691,027—    18801,328+29.3%18901,264−4.8%19001,592+25.9%19101,624+2.0%YearPop.±%19211,498−7.8%19301,856+23.9%19501,570−15.4%19611,943+23.8%19701,967+1.2%YearPop.±%19802,072+5.3%19911,951−5.8%20012,180+11.7%20112,553+17.1%20212,786+9.1%Source: Censuses Economy Opatovice Power Plant Opatovice nad Labem is known for its large power station that was first activated in 1959. Transport The D35 motorway passes through Opatovice nad Labem. The municipality is known for commissioning one of the largest road junctions in the country. Sights The Church of Saint Lawrence was built in the Gothic style in the second half of the 13th century and rebuilt in 1421. The current appearance is after the Baroque reconstructions in the second half of the 18th century. Notable people Emanuela Nohejlová-Prátová (1900–1995), numismatist, archaeologist and historian References ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23. ^ a b c d e "Historie" (in Czech). Obec Opatovice nad Labem. Retrieved 2021-10-12. ^ "Opatovický kanál – středověké vodní dílo" (in Czech). CzechTourism. Retrieved 2021-10-12. ^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Pardubice" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 7–8. ^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27. ^ "Více než půlstoletí zásobování teplem" (in Czech). Elektrárny Opatovice, a.s. Retrieved 2021-10-12. ^ "Kostel sv. Vavřince" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2021-10-12. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Opatovice nad Labem. Official website vteTowns, market towns and villages of Pardubice District Barchov Bezděkov Borek Břehy Brloh Bukovina nad Labem Bukovina u Přelouče Bukovka Býšť Časy Čeperka Čepí Černá u Bohdanče Choltice Choteč Chrtníky Chvaletice Chvojenec Chýšť Dašice Dolany Dolní Roveň Dolní Ředice Dříteč Dubany Hlavečník Holice Holotín Horní Jelení Horní Ředice Hrobice Jankovice Jaroslav Jedousov Jeníkovice Jezbořice Kasalice Kladruby nad Labem Kojice Kostěnice Křičeň Kunětice Labské Chrčice Lány u Dašic Lázně Bohdaneč Libišany Lipoltice Litošice Malé Výkleky Mikulovice Mokošín Morašice Moravany Němčice Neratov Opatovice nad Labem Ostřešany Ostřetín Pardubice Plch Poběžovice u Holic Poběžovice u Přelouče Podůlšany Pravy Přelouč Přelovice Přepychy Ráby Řečany nad Labem Rohovládova Bělá Rohoznice Rokytno Rybitví Selmice Semín Sezemice Slepotice Sopřeč Sovolusky Spojil Srch Srnojedy Staré Hradiště Staré Jesenčany Staré Ždánice Starý Mateřov Stéblová Stojice Strašov Svinčany Svojšice Tetov Třebosice Trnávka Trusnov Turkovice Uhersko Úhřetická Lhota Újezd u Přelouče Újezd u Sezemic Urbanice Valy Vápno Veliny Veselí Vlčí Habřina Voleč Vyšehněvice Vysoké Chvojno Žáravice Zdechovice Živanice Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic
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It indicated a village in the vicinity of the monastery that was founded here.[2]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pardubice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardubice"},{"link_name":"Hradec Králové","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"East Elbe Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Elbe_Table"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"quarries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Opatovice nad Labem is located about 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Pardubice and 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Hradec Králové. It lies in a flat landscape of the East Elbe Table lowland. It is situated on the right bank of the Elbe river. There are several flooded quarries used for recreational purposes. The largest of them is Opaťák in the northern part of the municipality.[2]The Opatovice Canal flows through the village. It was built in the 15th century to supply the large pond system and is a cultural technical monument. Today it is 26 kilometres (16 mi) long.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hussites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussites"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"George of Poděbrady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady"},{"link_name":"Pernštejn family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pern%C5%A1tejn_family"},{"link_name":"weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir"},{"link_name":"fish ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_pond"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Swedish army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"}],"text":"Archaeological research confirmed that mild climate and fertile surroundings of the Elbe had been exploited by ancient peoples. The first written mention of Opatovice nad Labem is from 1073, when Benedictine monks founded here a monastery. The Opatovice Monastery was finished in 1086 and existed until 1421, when it was burned down by the Hussites.[2]In the 15th century, the village was shortly owned by Diviš Bořek of Miletínek and by George of Poděbrady, and in 1491, it was acquired by the Pernštejn family. The Pernštejns built here the first weir on the Elbe and the Opatovice Canal to feed the system of breeding fish ponds. In 1560, however, they lost the manor for financial reasons and it was acquired by the royal chamber. During the Thirty Years' War, Opatovice was looted by the Swedish army.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opatovice_power_plant_from_air_K2_-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Opatovice Power PlantOpatovice nad Labem is known for its large power station that was first activated in 1959.[6]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D35 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D35_motorway_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"road junctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_junction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"}],"text":"The D35 motorway passes through Opatovice nad Labem. The municipality is known for commissioning one of the largest road junctions in the country.[2]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Church of Saint Lawrence was built in the Gothic style in the second half of the 13th century and rebuilt in 1421. The current appearance is after the Baroque reconstructions in the second half of the 18th century.[7]","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emanuela Nohejlová-Prátová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuela_Nohejlov%C3%A1-Pr%C3%A1tov%C3%A1"}],"text":"Emanuela Nohejlová-Prátová (1900–1995), numismatist, archaeologist and historian","title":"Notable people"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever_(mixtape)
Fever (mixtape)
["1 Background and release","2 Composition and concept","3 Reception","3.1 Critical response","3.2 Accolades","4 Industry awards","5 Commercial performance","6 Track listing","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications","9 Notes","10 References"]
2019 mixtape by Megan Thee StallionFeverMixtape by Megan Thee StallionReleasedMay 17, 2019 (2019-05-17)GenreHip hopLength40:16Label 300 1501 Certified Ent. Producer Crazy Mike DJ Chose DJ WillAye Juicy J KC Supreme Koncept P LilJuMadeDaBeat Project Pat Prolivik Beeats Suede Supah Mario DJ Zirk Megan Thee Stallion chronology Tina Snow(2018) Fever(2019) Suga(2020) Singles from Fever "Sex Talk"Released: March 22, 2019 "Realer"Released: May 16, 2019 "Cash Shit"Released: May 17, 2019 Fever is the third and debut commercial mixtape by American rapper Megan Thee Stallion, released on May 17, 2019, via 300 Entertainment and 1501 Certified. Primarily produced by LilJuMadeDaBeat and written by the rapper herself, it also features guest appearances from rappers DaBaby and Juicy J. Fever is a hip hop record driven by minimal bass-heavy trap production. It is widely considered by music critics as Megan Thee Stallion's mainstream breakthrough. The mixtape received widespread acclaim from music critics, with many praising the rapper's delivery and sex-positivity. Apart from being featured on various year-end lists, Fever also won the BET Hip Hop Award for Best Mixtape. Commercially, it debuted at number 10 on the Billboard 200, and was certified gold in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America. Fever also spawned the RIAA double-platinum song "Cash Shit". Background and release In April 2019, Megan Thee Stallion scored her first chart entry on the Billboard Hot 100 with the single "Big Ole Freak" from the EP Tina Snow (2018), signifying her mainstream popularization. With this newly-cumulated audience, the rapper formally announced the release of Fever, alongside a trailer posted to her social media accounts on May 8, 2019, which introduces "Hot Girl Meg", an alter ego for the mixtape. The trailer is a snippet of the music video for "Realer" in which Hot Girl Meg drives in a red convertible with three other women. The rapper officially revealed the album cover and tracklist on May 14, 2019. In July 2019, Megan Thee Stallion teased the release of Fever: Thee Movie, a cinematic project directed by Hype Williams. Despite the announcement being captioned "coming soon", the project was not released. The lead single from Fever, "Sex Talk", had prior been released to all major streaming services and digital platforms on March 22, 2019. The second single, "Realer", was released a day before the mixtape. This single was later accompanied by a music video on May 21, 2019. The song "Cash Shit" featuring DaBaby was released as the third single and reached a peak of number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Cash Shit" would also go on to become Megan Thee Stallion's first-ever RIAA-certified platinum single, and her second-ever top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, after "Hot Girl Summer". Composition and concept Fever is a hip hop record with trap influences. It consists primarily of "minimal bass-heavy production". American record producer LilJuMadeDaBeat is credited as a producer on six of the fourteen tracks included on Fever, while American rapper and record producer Juicy J as credited as a producer on three and a featured artist on one. Production throughout the record also heavily incorporates the use of sampling. Many of the works sampled were originally made by or are directly related to the hip hop group Three 6 Mafia, of which Juicy J is a part of. Megan Thee Stallion has not only cited Three 6 Mafia as a major influence on the record, but also ultimately on her as a musician. Aesthetically, Fever is heavily influenced by the film genre blaxploitation, with the album cover specifically drawing comparisons to American actress Pam Grier.Fever features guest vocals from DaBaby (left) and Juicy J (right), with the latter producing several tracks on the record.The mixtape's second track "Hood Rat Shit" samples a viral 2008 WPBF 25 news broadcast in which 7-year old Latarian Milton is interviewed after he stole his mother's Dodge Durango. On the track, Megan Thee Stallion also lyrically makes references to South Park and Wakanda by means of name-dropping. The third track on Fever, "Pimpin", is one of three produced by Juicy J and samples the 1996 song "Azz Out" by American record producer DJ Zink & Tha 2 Thick Family featuring rappers 8Ball & MJG and Kilo-G. The fourth track, "Cash Shit" featuring DaBaby, earned critical acclaim by making several year-end lists, and subsequently went on to top the US Urban radio chart, and featured as the opener on the fictional iFruit Radio in Grand Theft Auto V. The simple instrumentation of the track is "a beat with no melody" made within five minutes, which incorporates the Roland TR-808, a southside hand clap, a water splash, as well as one open and one closed hi-hat in the left and right channels. The fifth track, "W.A.B", samples the song "Weak Azz Bitch" by Three 6 Mafia featuring LA Chat, hence its titular acronym. Juicy J is credited for both his vocal guest appearance and production on the track "Simon Says", which samples both the 1972 song "Me and Mrs. Jones" by Billy Paul, as well as the 1992 song "Looking For Tha Chewin'" by DJ Paul featuring Kilo-G, DJ Zirk, Kingpin Skinny Pimp and 8Ball & MJG. With the lyric "No, I'm not that nigga that be hugged up with your butt", Megan Thee Stallion also interpolates the song "No I'm Not Dat Nigga" by Three 6 Mafia featuring Juicy J. "Dance", the tenth track on Fever, lyrically and melodically interpolates the song 2012 "Bandz A Make Her Dance" by Juicy J. The twelfth track on the mixtape, "Sex Talk", samples the song "Pow" by Soulja Boy, while Megan Thee Stallion also lyrically references her breakthrough single "Big Ole Freak". The thirteenth track, "Big Drank", samples the song "Sippin' on Some Syrup" by Three 6 Mafia featuring Project Pat and UGK. "Runnin Up Freestyle" closes the mixtape and had first been performed by Megan Thee Stallion during the Fire in the Booth segment on the Charlie Sloth Rap Show in March 2019. Reception Critical response Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic81/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAustin ChronicleExclaim!8.0/10HighsnobietyHipHopDX4.0/5The Needle Drop7.0/10Pitchfork8.0/10Tiny Mix TapesThe Wire Fever was met with widespread acclaim from music critics. On Metacritic, the mixtape received a score of 81 out of 100 from nine reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Megan Thee Stallion received praise for her sex drive and sex-positivity, her aggressive delivery, and her quirky and humorous lyrics. Fred Thomas of AllMusic claimed that "with near-peerless levels of confidence, fearlessly bold lyricism, and relentless, expertly crafted beats, Fever establishes Megan Thee Stallion as a figure in Southern rap." Taylor Crumpton of Pitchfork noted that the rapper's debut is "steeped in sex, pimpin, and power; it sounds like a once and future Houston rap classic". Jon Caramanica of New York Times considered Megan's rise to prominence with freestyles and wrote that "Fever is more cohesive, polished and forceful than her previous releases. The production — especially the songs by — is ominous and spacious, a foundation that's sturdy and not distracting." Writing for The Fader, Amani Bin Shikhan wrote, "That's the magic of her appeal, and the magic of Fever: Listening to Thee Stallion feels like listening to the advice of your most entertaining girlfriend, lovingly scolding you to both get your shit together and fuck it up for a real one." Accolades Fever landed on several critics' and publications' year-end lists. It was ranked number one on American magazine Paper's year-end list of 2019 albums, while its single "Cash Shit" was also ranked number one on their year-end list of 2019 summer songs. "Cash Shit" would also make year-end lists from publications such as Noisey (No. 1), Vulture (No. 9), The New York Times (No. 10), Rolling Stone (No. 27), and Billboard, among others. Critic rankings for Fever Critic/Organization List Rank Ref. AllMusic AllMusic Best of 2019 — Billboard The 50 Best Albums of 2019 23 BrooklynVegan Top 50 Albums of 2019 29 Complex The Best Albums of 2019 24 Exclaim! The 10 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 2019 9 Fact The Best Albums of 2019 — The Fader The best albums of 2019 — Fresh Air (Ken Tucker) Top 10 Albums Of 2019 5 Gothamist The Best Albums of 2019 12 HipHopDX The Best Hip Hop Albums of 2019 11 Noisey The 100 Best Albums of 2019 49 Paper The 20 Best Albums of 2019 1 Paste The 50 Best Albums of 2019 46 The Ringer The Best Albums of 2019 2 Rolling Stone The 50 Best Albums of 2019 31 The 20 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 2019 7 Stereogum The 10 Best Rap Albums of 2019 8 Thrillist Best Albums of 2019 10 Uproxx The Best Albums of 2019 16 Industry awards Award Year Category Result Ref. BET Hip Hop Awards 2019 Best Mixtape Won BET Awards 2020 Album of the Year Nominated Commercial performance Fever debuted at number ten on the US Billboard 200 with 27,956 album-equivalent units, of which 3,725 were pure album sales. Track listing "Realer" redirects here. For the 2018 YoungBoy record, see YoungBoy Never Broke Again discography § Mixtapes. All tracks are written by Megan Pete except where notedFever track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Realer" LilJuMadeDaBeat2:292."Hood Rat Shit" KC SupremeKoncept P3:013."Pimpin" Juicy JKeenan WebbCrazy Mike3:234."Cash Shit" (featuring DaBaby)PeteJonathan KirkLilJuMadeDaBeat3:125."W.A.B (Weak Ass Bitch)" Project PatSupah Mario2:576."Best You Ever Had" DJ Chose2:397."Simon Says" (featuring Juicy J)PeteJordan HoustonJuicy JWebbCrazy Mike3:208."Shake That" LilJuMadeDaBeat2:529."Money Good" DJ Chose3:1710."Dance" Juicy JCrazy Mike2:5611."Ratchet" LilJuMadeDaBeatProlivik Beeats2:1412."Sex Talk"PeteDJ WillAye2:1113."Big Drank" LilJuMadeDaBeat3:2714."Running Up Freestyle" LilJuMadeDaBeat2:04Total length:40:09 Notes ^ signifies a co-producer Charts Weekly charts Chart (2019) Peakposition US Billboard 200 10 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 6 Year-end charts Chart (2019) Position US Billboard 200 163 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 62 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Notes ^ Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible. References ^ "The best albums of 2019". The Fader. December 19, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Gracie, Bianca (April 22, 2019). "Chartbreaker: How Megan Thee Stallion's 'Big Ole Freak' Takes Ownership of Her Sexuality -- and the Rap Game". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019. ^ Maicki, Salvatore (May 3, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion's debut album Fever is dropping in two weeks". The Fader. Retrieved May 10, 2019. ^ Johnson, Jasmine (May 7, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion's 'Fever' Project is Coming Soon". The Source. Retrieved May 10, 2019. ^ Coley, Jordan (May 8, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Announced That Her New Album 'Fever' Will Be Released This Month". Uproxx. Retrieved May 10, 2019. ^ Wass, Mike (May 14, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Reveals Cover & Tracklist Of 'Fever'". Idolator. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Johnson, Jasmine (May 14, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Reveals Track List for 'Fever'". Respect. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Cowen, Trace William (July 15, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Teases 'Fever: Thee Movie' With Hype Williams". Complex. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Saponara, Michael (July 15, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Announces Hype Williams-Directed 'Fever: Thee Movie'". Billboard. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Saponara, Michael (March 22, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Delivers Steamy New Single 'Sex Talk': Listen". Billboard. Retrieved November 29, 2019. ^ Maicki, Salvatore (March 22, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion drops new single "Sex Talk"". The Fader. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Espinoza, Joshua (March 22, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Shares New Single "Sex Talk"". Complex. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Darville, Jordan (May 16, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion rejects the fugazi on new song "Realer"". The Fader. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Rettig, James (May 16, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion - "Realer"". Stereogum. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Cowen, Trace William (May 16, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Drops the Video for "Realer"". Complex. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ a b Legaspi, Althea (May 21, 2020). "See Megan Thee Stallion Get 'Realer' in New Blaxploitation-Flavored Video". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ a b Gunn, Tamantha (May 18, 2020). "Megan Thee Stallion celebrates the one-year anniversary of 'Fever'". Revolt. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Anderson, Trevor (August 21, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion, Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla $ign's 'Hot Girl Summer' Debuts in Top 10 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2020. her other current single, "Cash Shit," featuring DaBaby, which has risen to No. 16 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and cracks the top 40 of the Hot 100 for the first time ^ a b c Sharif, Najma (May 23, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion's Fever is a sexy, palpable joy to behold". Highsnobiety. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Riedy, Jack (May 23, 2019). "Review: Megan Thee Stallion's Southern Rap 'Fever' Dream". Vibe. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Godfrey, Rachel K. (June 27, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion wants to give us the hot girl summers we deserve". gal-dem. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ a b Jones, Dalyah (May 17, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion's "Fever" Is a Summer Party Album With a Feminist Agenda". Texas Monthly. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Gracie, Bianca (May 14, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Channels Pam Grier for Steamy 'Fever' Cover Art: See the Track List". Billboard. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Kelley, Caitlin (May 17, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion's "Hood Rat Shit" Samples A Viral News Broadcast From 2008". Genius. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ a b Thompson, Desire (May 17, 2019). "8 Best Samples And Interpolations From Megan Thee Stallion, Tyler The Creator And DJ Khaled's Projects". Vibe. Retrieved December 1, 2020. ^ Billboard Staff (December 11, 2019). "The 100 Best Songs of 2019: Staff List". Billboard. Retrieved December 30, 2019. ^ Setaro, Shawn (December 17, 2019). "The Best Songs of 2019". Complex. Retrieved December 30, 2019. ^ Rawiya, Kameir (9 December 2019). "The 100 Best Songs of 2019". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 30, 2019. ^ Cantor, Brian (September 15, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion & DaBaby's "Cash Sh*t" Reaches #1 At Urban Radio". Headline Planet. Retrieved December 1, 2020. ^ Bloom, Madison (December 10, 2019). "Danny Brown to Host Grand Theft Auto V Radio Station Featuring Skepta". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 1, 2020. ^ Thioubou, Ndeye (October 10, 2019). "The Making Of Megan Thee Stallion & DaBaby's "Cash Shit" With LilJuMadeDaBeat". Genius. Retrieved November 5, 2019. ^ a b Fu, Eddie (May 17, 2019). "How Megan Thee Stallion Pays Tribute To Three 6 Mafia On Her Debut Album 'Fever'". Genius. Retrieved December 1, 2020. ^ Baiden, Kamilla (June 13, 2019). "The best Megan Thee Stallion freestyles so far". The Face. Retrieved December 1, 2020. ^ "Fever by Megan Thee Stallion". Metacritic. Retrieved June 3, 2019. ^ a b Thomas, Fred (May 17, 2019). "Fever - Megan Thee Stallion | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved July 10, 2019. ^ Fawcett, Thomas (October 11, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion - Fever (300 Entertainment)". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved December 3, 2020. ^ Wallace, Riley (May 22, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion Fever". Exclaim!. Retrieved June 3, 2019. ^ Clark, Trent (May 24, 2019). "Review: Megan Thee Stallion's "Fever" Sets Bubblegum Competition On Fire". HipHopDX. Retrieved June 3, 2019. ^ a b Fantano, Anthony (May 28, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion - Fever". The Needle Drop. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ a b Crumpton, Taylor (May 23, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 3, 2019. ^ Schoop, Eli (June 13, 2019). "Megan Thee Stallion - Fever". Tiny Mix Tapes. Retrieved December 3, 2020. ^ "Soundcheck". The Wire. No. 426. August 2019. p. 68. ISSN 0952-0686. (paywalled review) ^ Caramanica, Jon (May 22, 2019). "The Old-Fashioned, High-Impact Rhymes of Megan Thee Stallion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 3, 2020. ^ Shikhan, Amani Bin (May 21, 2019). "The fever pitch of Megan Thee Stallion". The Fader. Retrieved June 3, 2019. ^ a b Goldfine, Jael (December 18, 2019). "PAPER's Top 20 Albums of 2019". Paper. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ Wetmore, Brendan (July 12, 2019). "Paper's Top 19 Songs of Summer 2019". Paper. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Corry, Kristin (December 18, 2019). "The 100 Best Songs of 2019". Noisey. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Lockett, Dee (December 10, 2019). "The Best Songs of 2019". Vulture. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Pareles, Jon; Caramanica, Jon (December 11, 2019). "The 54 Best Songs of 2019". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "The 50 Best Songs of 2019". Rolling Stone. December 6, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Lipschutz, Jason (December 11, 2019). "The 100 Best Songs of 2019: Staff List". Billboard. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "AllMusic 2019: Year in Review". AllMusic. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Kress, Bryan (December 10, 2019). "The 50 Best Albums of 2019: Staff Picks". Billboard. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ "BrooklynVegan's Top 50 Albums of 2019". BrooklynVegan. December 23, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "The Best Albums of 2019". Complex. December 3, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019. ^ "Exclaim!'s 10 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 2019". Exclaim!. December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "The Best Albums of 2019". Fact. December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "The best albums of 2019". The Fader. December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Tucker, Ken (December 9, 2019). "Women Dominated 2019: Ken Tucker Picks His Top 10 Albums Of The Year". NPR. Fresh Air. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Yakas, Ben (December 12, 2019). "The Best Albums of 2019". Gothamist. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "The Best Rap & Hip Hop Albums of 2019". HipHopDX. December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "The 100 Best Albums of 2019". Noisey. Vice. December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "The 50 Best Albums of 2019". Paste. December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Harvilla, Rob; Serrano, Shea (December 3, 2019). "The Best Albums of 2019". The Ringer. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "The 50 Best Albums of 2019". Rolling Stone. December 5, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ Klinkenberg, Brendan; Holmes, Charles; Leight, Elias (December 30, 2019). "20 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 2019". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Breihan, Tom (December 10, 2019). "The 10 Best Rap Albums Of 2019". Stereogum. OCLC 1142733705. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2020. ^ Jackson, Dan (December 20, 2019). "Best Albums of 2019". Thrillist. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "The Best Albums Of 2019". Uproxx. December 2, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ "BET Hip Hop Awards 2019: Complete Winners List". Billboard. October 8, 2019. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020. ^ "Here Are All the Winners From the 2020 BET Awards". Billboard. June 28, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ Eustive, Kyle (May 27, 2019). "Hip Hop Album Sales: Tyler, The Creator Nabs First No. 1 Billboard 200 Album With "IGOR"". HipHopDX. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ "Megan Thee Stallion / Fever". United States: Tidal. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Fever (booklet). 300 Entertainment and 1501 Certified. 2019. ^ "Billboard 200: June 1, 2019". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2019. ^ "Megan Thee Stallion Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 7, 2020. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. Retrieved June 7, 2020. ^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. Retrieved June 7, 2020. ^ "American album certifications – Megan Thee Stallion – Fever". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved November 13, 2020. vteMegan Thee Stallion Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Good News (2020) Traumazine (2022) Megan (2024) Mixtapes Fever (2019) Compilation albums Something for Thee Hotties (2021) EPs Tina Snow (2018) Suga (2020) Singles "Big Ole Freak" "Cash Shit" "Hot Girl Summer" "All Dat" "Diamonds" "B.I.T.C.H." "Captain Hook" "Savage" "Girls in the Hood" "Don't Stop" "Body" "Cry Baby" "On Me" (Remix) "Thot Shit" "SG" "Megan's Piano" "Sweetest Pie" "Plan B" "Pressurelicious" "Her" "Ungrateful" "Cobra" "Not My Fault" "Hiss" "Wanna Be" "Boa" Featured singles "Talk" (Remix) "Big Booty" "Pose" (Remix) "RNB" "WAP" "34+35" (Remix) "Beautiful Mistakes" "I Did It" "Butter" (Remix) "It Was a... (Masked Christmas)" "Lick" "Bongos" Other songs "Shots Fired" "Anxiety" Concert tours Hot Girl Summer Tour Related articles 300 Entertainment LilJuMadeDaBeat
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Primarily produced by LilJuMadeDaBeat and written by the rapper herself, it also features guest appearances from rappers DaBaby and Juicy J. Fever is a hip hop record driven by minimal bass-heavy trap production. It is widely considered by music critics as Megan Thee Stallion's mainstream breakthrough.[1]The mixtape received widespread acclaim from music critics, with many praising the rapper's delivery and sex-positivity. Apart from being featured on various year-end lists, Fever also won the BET Hip Hop Award for Best Mixtape. Commercially, it debuted at number 10 on the Billboard 200, and was certified gold in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America. Fever also spawned the RIAA double-platinum song \"Cash Shit\".","title":"Fever (mixtape)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Big Ole Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ole_Freak"},{"link_name":"Tina Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Snow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-2"},{"link_name":"alter ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uproxx-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hype 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three other women.[5] The rapper officially revealed the album cover and tracklist on May 14, 2019.[6][7] In July 2019, Megan Thee Stallion teased the release of Fever: Thee Movie, a cinematic project directed by Hype Williams.[8] Despite the announcement being captioned \"coming soon\", the project was not released.[9]The lead single from Fever, \"Sex Talk\", had prior been released to all major streaming services and digital platforms on March 22, 2019.[10][11][12] The second single, \"Realer\", was released a day before the mixtape.[13][14] This single was later accompanied by a music video on May 21, 2019.[15][16] The song \"Cash Shit\" featuring DaBaby was released as the third single and reached a peak of number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100.[17] \"Cash Shit\" would also go on to become Megan Thee Stallion's first-ever RIAA-certified platinum single,[17] and her second-ever top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, after \"Hot Girl Summer\".[18]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_music"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS-19"},{"link_name":"LilJuMadeDaBeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LilJuMadeDaBeat"},{"link_name":"Juicy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_J"},{"link_name":"sampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"Three 6 Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_6_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Juicy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_J"},{"link_name":"blaxploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"Pam Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Grier"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DaBaby_-_The_Know_Show.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juicy_J_2014_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"DaBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaBaby"},{"link_name":"Juicy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_J"},{"link_name":"WPBF 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPBF"},{"link_name":"Dodge Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Durango"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"Wakanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakanda"},{"link_name":"name-dropping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name-dropping"},{"link_name":"8Ball & MJG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8Ball_%26_MJG"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-25"},{"link_name":"Cash Shit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Shit"},{"link_name":"DaBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaBaby"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillboardBest-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComplexBest-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PitchforkBest-28"},{"link_name":"Urban radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"Roland TR-808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_TR-808"},{"link_name":"hand clap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_clap"},{"link_name":"hi-hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-hat"},{"link_name":"left and right channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning_(audio)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geniusJu-31"},{"link_name":"Weak Azz Bitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Smoke_Clears:_Sixty_6,_Sixty_1"},{"link_name":"LA Chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chat"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-32"},{"link_name":"Me and Mrs. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_Mrs._Jones"},{"link_name":"Billy Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Paul"},{"link_name":"DJ Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Paul"},{"link_name":"8Ball & MJG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8Ball_%26_MJG"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-25"},{"link_name":"No I'm Not Dat Nigga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Vol._2:_Club_Memphis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"interpolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)"},{"link_name":"Bandz A Make Her Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandz_a_Make_Her_Dance"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sippin' on Some Syrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sippin%27_on_Some_Syrup"},{"link_name":"Project Pat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Pat"},{"link_name":"UGK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGK"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-32"},{"link_name":"Charlie Sloth Rap Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Sloth"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Fever is a hip hop record with trap influences. It consists primarily of \"minimal bass-heavy production\".[19] American record producer LilJuMadeDaBeat is credited as a producer on six of the fourteen tracks included on Fever, while American rapper and record producer Juicy J as credited as a producer on three and a featured artist on one. Production throughout the record also heavily incorporates the use of sampling. Many of the works sampled were originally made by or are directly related to the hip hop group Three 6 Mafia, of which Juicy J is a part of. Megan Thee Stallion has not only cited Three 6 Mafia as a major influence on the record, but also ultimately on her as a musician. Aesthetically, Fever is heavily influenced by the film genre blaxploitation,[20][21][22][16] with the album cover specifically drawing comparisons to American actress Pam Grier.[23]Fever features guest vocals from DaBaby (left) and Juicy J (right), with the latter producing several tracks on the record.The mixtape's second track \"Hood Rat Shit\" samples a viral 2008 WPBF 25 news broadcast in which 7-year old Latarian Milton is interviewed after he stole his mother's Dodge Durango.[24] On the track, Megan Thee Stallion also lyrically makes references to South Park and Wakanda by means of name-dropping. The third track on Fever, \"Pimpin\", is one of three produced by Juicy J and samples the 1996 song \"Azz Out\" by American record producer DJ Zink & Tha 2 Thick Family featuring rappers 8Ball & MJG and Kilo-G.[25] The fourth track, \"Cash Shit\" featuring DaBaby, earned critical acclaim by making several year-end lists,[26][27][28] and subsequently went on to top the US Urban radio chart,[29] and featured as the opener on the fictional iFruit Radio in Grand Theft Auto V.[30] The simple instrumentation of the track is \"a beat with no melody\" made within five minutes, which incorporates the Roland TR-808, a southside hand clap, a water splash, as well as one open and one closed hi-hat in the left and right channels.[31] The fifth track, \"W.A.B\", samples the song \"Weak Azz Bitch\" by Three 6 Mafia featuring LA Chat, hence its titular acronym.[32] Juicy J is credited for both his vocal guest appearance and production on the track \"Simon Says\", which samples both the 1972 song \"Me and Mrs. Jones\" by Billy Paul, as well as the 1992 song \"Looking For Tha Chewin'\" by DJ Paul featuring Kilo-G, DJ Zirk, Kingpin Skinny Pimp and 8Ball & MJG.[25] With the lyric \"No, I'm not that nigga that be hugged up with your butt\", Megan Thee Stallion also interpolates the song \"No I'm Not Dat Nigga\" by Three 6 Mafia featuring Juicy J.[citation needed] \"Dance\", the tenth track on Fever, lyrically and melodically interpolates the song 2012 \"Bandz A Make Her Dance\" by Juicy J.[22] The twelfth track on the mixtape, \"Sex Talk\", samples the song \"Pow\" by Soulja Boy, while Megan Thee Stallion also lyrically references her breakthrough single \"Big Ole Freak\".[citation needed] The thirteenth track, \"Big Drank\", samples the song \"Sippin' on Some Syrup\" by Three 6 Mafia featuring Project Pat and UGK.[32] \"Runnin Up Freestyle\" closes the mixtape and had first been performed by Megan Thee Stallion during the Fire in the Booth segment on the Charlie Sloth Rap Show in March 2019.[33]","title":"Composition and concept"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"sex drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido"},{"link_name":"sex-positivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-positive_movement"},{"link_name":"delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ND_rev-39"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS-19"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Southern rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-35"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"pimpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-40"},{"link_name":"Jon Caramanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Caramanica"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"The Fader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Fever was met with widespread acclaim from music critics. On Metacritic, the mixtape received a score of 81 out of 100 from nine reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Megan Thee Stallion received praise for her sex drive and sex-positivity, her aggressive delivery, and her quirky and humorous lyrics.[39][19]Fred Thomas of AllMusic claimed that \"with near-peerless levels of confidence, fearlessly bold lyricism, and relentless, expertly crafted beats, Fever establishes Megan Thee Stallion as a figure in Southern rap.\"[35] Taylor Crumpton of Pitchfork noted that the rapper's debut is \"steeped in sex, pimpin, and power; it sounds like a once and future Houston rap classic\".[40] Jon Caramanica of New York Times considered Megan's rise to prominence with freestyles and wrote that \"Fever is more cohesive, polished and forceful than her previous releases. The production — especially the songs by [LilJuMadeDatBeat] — is ominous and spacious, a foundation that's sturdy and not distracting.\"[43] Writing for The Fader, Amani Bin Shikhan wrote, \"That's the magic of her appeal, and the magic of Fever: Listening to Thee Stallion feels like listening to the advice of your most entertaining girlfriend, lovingly scolding you to both get your shit together and fuck it up for a real one.\"[44]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paper-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Noisey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisey"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Fever landed on several critics' and publications' year-end lists. It was ranked number one on American magazine Paper's year-end list of 2019 albums,[45] while its single \"Cash Shit\" was also ranked number one on their year-end list of 2019 summer songs.[46] \"Cash Shit\" would also make year-end lists from publications such as Noisey (No. 1),[47] Vulture (No. 9),[48] The New York Times (No. 10),[49] Rolling Stone (No. 27),[50] and Billboard,[51] among others.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Industry awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"album-equivalent units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"Fever debuted at number ten on the US Billboard 200 with 27,956 album-equivalent units, of which 3,725 were pure album sales.[72]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YoungBoy Never Broke Again discography § Mixtapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YoungBoy_Never_Broke_Again_discography#Mixtapes"},{"link_name":"Megan Pete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linernotes-75"},{"link_name":"LilJuMadeDaBeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LilJuMadeDaBeat"},{"link_name":"Juicy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_J"},{"link_name":"Keenan Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Suede_the_Remix_God"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Cash Shit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Shit"},{"link_name":"DaBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaBaby"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaBaby"},{"link_name":"Project Pat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Pat"},{"link_name":"Juicy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_J"},{"link_name":"Jordan Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_J"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"^[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"}],"text":"\"Realer\" redirects here. For the 2018 YoungBoy record, see YoungBoy Never Broke Again discography § Mixtapes.All tracks are written by Megan Pete except where notedFever track listing[73][74]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Realer\" LilJuMadeDaBeat2:292.\"Hood Rat Shit\" KC SupremeKoncept P3:013.\"Pimpin\" Juicy JKeenan WebbCrazy Mike[a]3:234.\"Cash Shit\" (featuring DaBaby)PeteJonathan KirkLilJuMadeDaBeat3:125.\"W.A.B (Weak Ass Bitch)\" Project PatSupah Mario2:576.\"Best You Ever Had\" DJ Chose2:397.\"Simon Says\" (featuring Juicy J)PeteJordan HoustonJuicy JWebbCrazy Mike[a]3:208.\"Shake That\" LilJuMadeDaBeat2:529.\"Money Good\" DJ Chose3:1710.\"Dance\" Juicy JCrazy Mike[a]2:5611.\"Ratchet\" LilJuMadeDaBeatProlivik Beeats2:1412.\"Sex Talk\"PeteDJ WillAye2:1113.\"Big Drank\" LilJuMadeDaBeat3:2714.\"Running Up Freestyle\" LilJuMadeDaBeat2:04Total length:40:09Notes^[a] signifies a co-producer","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fever_(mixtape)&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRandBHipHop_Megan_Thee_Stallion-77"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fever_(mixtape)&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2019)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[75]\n\n10\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[76]\n\n6\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2019)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[77]\n\n163\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[78]\n\n62","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"}],"text":"^ Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The best albums of 2019\". The Fader. December 19, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2019/12/19/the--fader-best-albums-of-2019","url_text":"\"The best albums of 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader","url_text":"The Fader"}]},{"reference":"Gracie, Bianca (April 22, 2019). \"Chartbreaker: How Megan Thee Stallion's 'Big Ole Freak' Takes Ownership of Her Sexuality -- and the Rap Game\". Billboard. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8507719/megan-thee-stallion-debut-album-fever-interview","url_text":"\"Chartbreaker: How Megan Thee Stallion's 'Big Ole Freak' Takes Ownership of Her Sexuality -- and the Rap Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190423023215/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8507719/megan-thee-stallion-debut-album-fever-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maicki, Salvatore (May 3, 2019). \"Megan Thee Stallion's debut album Fever is dropping in two weeks\". The Fader. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Slug_missile
Seaslug (missile)
["1 Development","1.1 Initial concept","1.2 LOPGAP","1.3 Move to RAE","1.4 Experimental systems","1.5 Project 502","1.6 Changing requirements","1.7 Testing","2 Description","3 Service performance","4 Variants","4.1 Mark 1 (GWS.1)","4.2 Mark 2 (GWS.2)","4.3 Nuclear variant (not built)","5 Operators","5.1 Royal Navy","5.2 Chilean Navy","5.3 Former operators","6 Notes","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]
Surface-to-air missile Seaslug Seaslug Mk. II missileTypeSurface-to-air missilePlace of originUKService historyIn service1961–1991Used byUK (Royal Navy), ChileWarsFalklands War, Cold WarProduction historyDesignedMark 1: 1961 Mark 2: 1965ManufacturerArmstrong WhitworthVariantsMark 1, Mark 2SpecificationsMassMk.1: 2,080 kg Mk.2: 2,384 kgLengthMk.1: 6.0 m Mk.2: 6.1 mDiameterMk.1: 0.42 m Mk.2: 0.41 mWingspan1.44 mWarheadMk.1: 200 lb (91 kg) blast Mk.2: continuous-rod warheadDetonationmechanismMk.1: radio proximity & impactMk.2: infrared proximityEngine4 solid-fuel jettisoned boostersSolid-fuel sustainerOperationalrangeMk.1: 30,000 yards (27,000 m) Mk.2: 35,000 yards (32,000 m)Flight ceilingMk.1: 55,000 feet (17,000 m) Mk.2: 65,000 feet (20,000 m)Maximum speed Mk.1: 685 mph (1,102 km/h) Mk.2: 1,370 mph (2,200 km/h)GuidancesystemBeam ridingSteeringsystemControl surfaceLaunchplatformShip Seaslug on display at Wickenby Aerodrome, Lincolnshire, UK Seaslug was a first-generation surface-to-air missile designed by Armstrong Whitworth (later part of the Hawker Siddeley group) for use by the Royal Navy. Tracing its history as far back as 1943's LOPGAP design, it came into operational service in 1961 and was still in use at the time of the Falklands War in 1982. Seaslug was intended to engage high-flying targets such as reconnaissance aircraft or bombers before they could launch stand-off weapons. It was only fitted to the Royal Navy's eight County-class destroyers which were designed around the missile system. Seaslug was only fired in anger once as an anti-aircraft missile, from HMS Antrim during the Falklands War, but missed its target. Later improvements meant that it could also be used against ships and ground targets. It was planned that Seaslug's medium-range role was to be supplanted by a very long-range missile known as Blue Envoy, but this was passed over in favour of a new medium-range system, Sea Dart. Sea Dart entered service in 1973 on the Type 82 destroyers and replaced Seaslug during the 1980s as the County-class destroyers were removed from service. Development Initial concept In 1943, the German Luftwaffe began the use of anti-shipping missiles and guided bombs in the Mediterranean Sea during Allied operations against Italy. These weapons were released outside of anti-aircraft gun range, which meant that naval operations lacking complete air superiority would be open to attack with no effective response from the ships. A solution for long-range anti-aircraft was required. On 16 March 1944 the first meeting of the "Guided Anti-Aircraft Projectile Committee", or GAP Committee, was held. The Admiralty Signals Establishment (ASE), in charge of the Navy's radar development, was working on new radars featuring radar lock-on that allowed them to accurately track aircraft at long range. This was part of the LRS.1 fire-control system that allowed large dual-purpose guns to attack bombers at long range. A contemporary British Army project at Cossors, Brakemine, was working on a system to allow a missile to keep itself centred within a radar beam, a concept known today as beam riding. The Navy decided to combine the two concepts, using the LRS.1's Type 909 radar with a new missile that differed from Brakemine primarily in requiring longer range and being more robust for shipborne use. In December 1944, GAP put out a Naval Staff Target for a new anti-aircraft weapon, capable of attacking targets at altitudes up to 50,000 ft (15,000 m) and speeds of up to 700 mph (1,100 km/h). This project was briefly known as LOPGAP, short for "Liquid Oxygen and Petrol Guided Anti-aircraft Projectile", but soon moved from petrol to methanol which made the "LOP" inaccurate. LOPGAP The Fairey Aviation Company was at this time working on a missile project for the Ministry of Supply, Stooge. Stooge was more like an armed drone aircraft than a missile. It was flown to a location in front of the target and then cruised toward it until its warhead was triggered by the operator. It was designed primarily to defeat kamikaze attacks at short range. Its low speed and manual guidance meant it was not useful for interceptions outside the immediate area of the ship, and thus did not meet the need for a longer-ranged missile capable of dealing with stand-off weapons. Accordingly, Fairey was ordered to stop work on Stooge in favour of LOPGAP. Development was slowed by the Air Ministry who were opposed to the project as it might take resources away from jet fighter production and a lack of urgency on the part of both the Admiralty and Ministry of Supply. A March 1945 report called for the first test launches of LOPGAP from converted QF 3.7-inch air-aircraft gun mounts within two months. The same mounts had also been used, with different modifications, for Stooge and Brakemine. They predicted the final system would be about 19 ft (5.8 m) long and a twin-launcher would take up about the same room as a twin 5.25-inch gun turret. An April Staff Target called for the system to be able to engage an aircraft flying at 500 mph (800 km/h) at altitudes up to 40,000 ft (12,000 m) with a maximum weight of 500 lb (230 kg). Move to RAE In 1945 a new Guided Projectiles Establishment was set up under the Controller of Supplies (Air) and in 1946 development of all ongoing missile projects moved to the Royal Aircraft Establishment's (RAE) new Controlled Weapons Department, soon to become the Guided Weapons Department. They began considering the beam riding concept in partnership with the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), the deliberately oddly-named department of the Air Ministry responsible for radar development. Over the next year, first Brakemine and then Stooge were moved to the RAE. In a January 1947 Navy review, the program was given the name Seaslug. This called for a significantly larger weapon than initially envisioned, capable of single-stage vertical launch, a warhead (and guidance) of 200 lb (91 kg) and an all-up weight of 1,800 lb (820 kg). Development continued as before but was significantly hampered by the post-war exodus of engineering talent. Shortly after the new definition was produced, this project also moved to the RAE. Efforts by the Navy to change the name from Seaslug to the more ominous-sounding "Triumph" failed. Development slowed, and in July 1947 the Admiralty approached Henry Tizard to argue for a more "virile leadership" of the program. Tizard called a meeting of the Defence Research Policy Committee (DRPC) and started a process of pushing through four key missile programs that were intended to enter service in 1957, Seaslug, a longer ranged Army/Air Force surface-to-air missile known as Red Heathen, the Blue Boar television guided glide bomb, and the Red Hawk air-to-air missile. In March 1948 a new report from the DRPC noted there was not enough manpower for all four projects, and put Seaslug at the bottom of the priority list, claiming air attack would be less likely than submarine in the event of war. They suggested the much longer ranged Red Heathen was more important in the short term. The Admiralty was of another opinion on the matter and argued against the change in priority. The Navy found an unlikely ally in the Army, who were concerned that Red Heathen was too difficult to move to in a single step and suggested that Seaslug might be the basis for a more immediate medium-range weapon that could be used both on land and sea. The DPRC also began to have concerns about accurately guiding Red Heathen at its desired 100,000 yd (91 km) maximum range. In September 1948 they agreed to develop Seaslug "as a matter of insurance", before further upgrading it in 1949 to "top priority". As a result of these changes, the program was seen as having two stages, Stage 1 would deliver missiles in the mid-1950s with roughly 20 miles (32 km) range with capability mostly against subsonic targets, and a Stage 2 of the early 1960s would have a greatly extended range on the order of 150 miles (240 km) and able to attack supersonic aircraft. Experimental systems Two test systems emerged from this centralization. The CTV.1 was a small unpowered Brakemine-like system devoted to the development of the guidance systems, launched using three RP-3 rocket motors and controlled through the coast phase. A series of CTV designs followed, providing ever-increasing amounts of telemetry for the guidance and control systems work. GAP became a purely research-oriented system, RTV.1 (rocket test vehicle), as opposed to a prototype missile design, and was used primarily as a platform for testing the rocket motors. The GAP/RTV.1 efforts would be directed at the Stage 1 design, which would essentially be the Seaslug requirement. The relatively small CTV could safely be launched at the Larkhill Range, part of the Royal School of Artillery. It was equipped with a parachute that allowed it to be recovered. This was not possible for the much longer-ranged RTV, which was fired from RAF Aberporth out over Cardigan Bay in Wales. The desire to reclaim the RTVs as well led to the opening of a parallel launch facility at the RAAF Woomera Range Complex and a program that led development of supersonic parachutes. As RTV testing continued, the decision was made to build a larger version, RTV.2, which would be more typical of a production missile. During early testing, the design was further modified and renamed GPV, for General Purpose Test Vehicle. Several liquid rocket motors were tested as part of this program. Early tests demonstrated shifts in the center of gravity that required active damping, which in turn led to the lengthening of the overall fuselage to become the "long round". This version used forward-mounted boosters, which were mounted so their exhaust was just in front of the mid-mounted wings. Project 502 As experimental work progressed, the Ministry of Supply began forming an industry team to build production systems. In 1949 this gave rise to the 'Project 502' group from industry, with Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft and Sperry in March and GEC in September. The 29 July 1949 update of the Staff Target called for a maximum range of 30,000 yd (27 km) and a minimum of 5,000 yd (4.6 km). Maximum altitude should be 55,000 ft, but 45,000 would be considered acceptable. A later updated pushed the range to 30,000–60,000 yd (27–55 km) against a 600 kn (1,100 km/h), later 650 kn (1,200 km/h), target. It was assumed the targets would "jink" at 1G, so the missile needed to maneuver at 4G at sea level and 2.5G at 40,000 ft. Additional requirements were the ability to switch between targets in 6 seconds. The designers ultimately selected a maximum range of 30,000 yards, which included 6,000 yd (5.5 km) of coasting after motor burn-out. This was about 50% better than the contemporary US Terrier design. Hit probability was estimated to be 40% at maximum range, so salvos of three missiles would be fired at once, demanding a three-place launcher. This was later reduced back to a twin-launcher when it was realized accessing the missile in the middle launcher would make maintenance difficult. Changing requirements When the deployment of the Seaslug was first being considered, three classes of custom missile-firing ships were considered. The Task Force Ship would be capable of 30 kn (56 km/h) and would tasked with fleet air defence. The Ocean Convoy Escort was a 17 kn (31 km/h) vessel that would provide direct cover over seagoing convoys, while the 12 kn (22 km/h) Coastal Convoy Escort would do the same closer to shore. At that time it was believed that aircraft carriers would be able to provide adequate cover over convoys or fleets in the ocean, so attention turned to the Coastal Convoy Escort. Beginning in May 1953 a Beachy Head-class repair ship was converted into a prototype escort ship, HMS Girdle Ness, to test this fitting. For this role, the densest possible storage was required, so the initial design of a single booster rocket at the base end of the missile. This led to a very long design, as was the case for most contemporary designs, this was abandoned in favour of four smaller boosters wrapped around the fuselage, giving shorter overall length of about 20 ft (6.1 m). The boosters were positioned so they lay within the diameter defined by the missile's wings, so they did not make it any larger in diameter when stored. If one of the boosters did not fire the thrust would be significantly off-axis, a possibility which was later addressed by moving the boosters forward so their exhaust was near the centre of gravity of the missile, allowing the missile's small control surfaces to remain effective. In contrast, the American Terrier missile was somewhat shorter at 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m), but this required an additional tandem booster which took the overall length to 28 ft 6 in (8.69 m). In 1954, during another review of the Navy's future operations, consideration turned from a "hot war" against the Soviets to a series of "warm wars" in the third world. Among other changes brought about by this review, including the cancellation of a future all-gun cruiser class and ending further conversion of WWII-era destroyers to Type 15 frigates, the new environment meant that air cover by carriers could not be guaranteed, and the need for air defence for task-force sized groups became the primary concern. A cut to carrier construction, capping the fleet at four, released funds for missile ship construction. In October 1954, a new design emerged that demanded the speed to keep up with a fleet in combat, have guns limited to self-defence, and carrying a single twin-missile launcher. The designs were continually modified in order to find a suitable arrangement. They started as early as 1953 with a mid-sized cruiser of 15,000 long tons (15,000 t) carrying 60 to 90 missiles and a crew of 900. Admiral Ralph Edwards pointed out it would be more useful to have a larger number of small ships with 10 to 20 missiles than one larger one, but attempts to design such a ship resulted in one with room for the weapons but not the crew needed to operate them. In May 1955 a wide variety of plans for designs between the two extremes were compared, ranging from 9,850 tons down to 4,550. After continual comparison and revision, these plans finally gelled around what became the County-class destroyer. Testing Test firing from the trials ship HMS Girdle Ness (A387), circa 1961. Test firings of the GAP-based examples, now known as Rocket Test Vehicle 1, or RTV.1, demonstrated beam riding in October 1956. The Navy had set a date of 1957 for a broad modernization of the fleet, so they desired Seaslug to be cleared for service in 1956. To this end, they accepted the use of liquid fuels in spite of the Navy's concerns with these fuels on ships. However, by 1956 a new solid fuel rocket had been developed at the Summerfield Research Station which provided the desired range. Continual tests took place over the next four years using both the Clausen Rolling Platform at RAE Aberporth and the Girdle Ness. A final series of tests at sea, which culminated in sixteen successful firings, finally cleared the missile for service in 1961. After more than 250 launches, the Seaslug Mark 1, also known as Guided Weapon System 1, or GWS.1, finally entered service in 1962 on County-class, each fitted with a single twin missile launcher and a complete weapon system with one fire control set and 30 missiles. The Seaslug-armed cruisers were cancelled in 1957. Seaslug needed height, range and bearing information for targets. By 1955 the Royal Navy considered using the Type 984 radar on Seaslug-armed cruisers and destroyers to provide this. During development, the projected weight of the radar doubled, to the point where it could still potentially be mounted on cruisers, but was rejected for destroyers because it would have meant sacrificing their 4.5 in gun armament. The gun armament was regarded as essential for the navy's wider role outside the hot war mission. The solution adopted with the first batch of the County-class destroyers was to network them with ships carrying Type 984. The destroyers were given a reduced version of the Comprehensive Display System (CDS), which was fed by a CDS-link receiver called DPD (Digital Picture Transmission or Translation). The final set for the County ships, actually more a cruiser type than a destroyer, was quite complex: a Type 965 radar for early warning (P-band, 450 kW peak power, range over 175 km), in the County Batch 2 the double antenna AKE-2 had two different frequency settings; a Type 992Q target indicator radar (3 GHz, 1.75 MW peak power, 90 km range); a Type 278 height finding set (80–90 km); a Type 901 missile guidance radar (X band, 70 km range), that in the Sea Slug Mk 2 had a continuous wave signal (but it was still a beam riding designation radar); a Type 904 fire control radar (used in the MRS-3 system, X-band, 50 kW, 35 km range) for surface targeting. Description Seaslug Mark 2 on display at Explosion Museum of Naval Firepower, showing the prominent booster motors The missile had four wrap-around booster motors that separated after launch. After separation, the main motor ignited to power the missile to the target. The booster motors were positioned at the side of the missile, but this unusual arrangement with the motor nozzles both angled outwards at 22.5° and 22.5° to the left, the missile entered a gentle roll at launch, evening out differences in the thrusts of the boosters. This meant that large stabilising fins as used on contemporary missiles in service with the Royal Air Force (Bloodhound) and the British Army (Thunderbird) were not required. Once the boosters were jettisoned the control surfaces became active. Guidance was by radar beam-riding, the beam to be provided by Type 901 fire-control radar. There were four flight modes: LOSBR (Line Of Sight, Beam Riding), in which the missile flew up a beam that tracked the target CASWTD (Constant Angle of Sight With Terminal Dive), with the missile climbing at a low angle and then diving onto a low-altitude target at 45°, used against low flying targets at over 12,000 yards away MICAWBER (Missile In Constant Altitude While BEam Riding), used against low level target approaching at 500–800 feet, it allows switching from CASWTD to LOSBR when the target is closing at the ship Up and over: the standard surface attack mode, using the Type 901 radar slaved to the Type 903 in bearing; the missile is fired at high elevation and then depressed in order to strike the vessel with a steep dive, without arming the fuse. Electrical power when the missile was in flight was provided by a flux switching alternator with a six tooth rotor. "The 1.5 kVA Seaslug generator ran at 24,000 rev/min with a frequency of 2,400 Hz." Service performance The Seaslug launcher mounted on the quarterdeck of HMS Glamorgan, circa 1972 Seaslug was a high-performance weapon in the 1960s, with a single-shot kill probability of 92%, although other sources give lower kill probabilities: 75% for the Mk 1 and 65% for the Mk 2. The first four ships of the County-class (Batch 1) operated the Seaslug Mk 1, while the final four (Batch 2) were fitted with the ADAWS command and control system which enabled them to carry the more capable Mk 2 version. A proposal to refit the Batch 1 ships with ADAWS was dropped in 1968. During the Falklands War Seaslug was only launched once against an aircraft target, by HMS Antrim, and without success. On 21 May 1982 in Falkland Sound, the Antrim which had already had an unexploded 1,000 lb bomb pass through the Seaslug magazine, fired a single missile (some sources say two) at one of a second wave of attacking IAI Dagger fighters. It was unguided because the aircraft was too low to be acquired; the launch was intended to deter the pilot and to remove the exposed missile from the ship because it posed a fire hazard. The first combat use in the surface-to-surface role was during a shore bombardment on 26 May, when HMS Glamorgan fired Seaslugs at Port Stanley Airport claiming the destruction of a number of helicopters and a radar installation. A total of eight Seaslug Mk 2 missiles were launched in theatre by the two ships armed with them, including two missiles jettisoned by Glamorgan after she was hit by a land-launched Exocet missile on 12 June. Also during 1982, the Mk2 was used as a trials target for Seadart, but there were reliability problems with both systems. The last firing of the Seaslug Mk 1 was in December 1981 by HMS London, the final GWS1 (or Batch 1) ship in active service. HMS Fife was converted to a training ship, and had her Seaslug systems removed, freeing up large spaces for classrooms and was completed in June 1986. Fife and the remaining GWS2 ships were sold to Chile between 1982 and 1987. Initially, the British government had hoped that the Chileans would accept a package to upgrade the ships to operate Seadart, but this was not taken up and they were transferred complete with Seaslug. The Chilean ships were later refitted with an extended flight deck in place of the Seaslug launcher. Variants The firing of the first Seaslug test missile from HMS Girdle Ness (A387). This version is based on the RAE's early GPV, and retains the rear-mounted boosters before they moved forward on the "long round". There were two main variants of the Seaslug: Mark 1 (GWS.1) The Seaslug Mark 1 was powered by the solid-fuel Foxhound (390 kg fuel) sustainer motor and Gosling (145 kg) booster motors. It had a radio proximity fuze and 200 lb (91 kg) blast warhead. The Mark 1 was a beam rider missile, meaning the target had to be continually illuminated by the directing radar, so the system was limited to engaging only the number of targets that there were radars to track and lock on. Attack Velocity: 685 mph (1,102 km/h) Range: 30,000 yards (27,000 m) Ceiling: 55,000 feet (17,000 m) Mark 2 (GWS.2) The Seaslug Mark 2 was based on the aborted Blue Slug programme to develop an anti-ship missile using the Seaslug missile and guidance system. The project was cancelled in favour of the "Green Cheese" missile, a tactical nuclear anti-ship weapon, but other project developments were incorporated into what became the Mark 2. It had improved low altitude performance and a limited anti-ship capability and entered service in 1971. The Mark 2 utilized an improved beam-riding guidance system. and solid-state electronics. It was powered by the Deerhound sustainer motor, with Retriever boosters. Control was by a modified Type 901M radar and it had an improved infra-red proximity fuze and a continuous-rod warhead with a smaller, 56 lb (25 kg), explosive charge (RDX-TNT) and an unfold diameter of about 70 feet (10 mm steel rods were used) Attack velocity: 1,370 mph (2,200 km/h) Range: 35,000 yd (32 km) Ceiling: 65,000 ft (20,000 m) The capabilities of the new Sea Slug Mk 2, an almost 2.5 ton missile, were much improved compared to the previous Mk 1. The boosters gave a total of about 60 tons-force, with 186 kg (410 lb) fuel for each one (145 kg in the Mk 1), accelerating it to over Mach 2. When they separated because the extreme drag made by the rings all around the missile, the solid fuel sustainer Deerhound started to burn its 440 kg (970 lb) of propellant (390 kg for the Mk 1) and gave about 1,820 kg/s (241,000 lb/min) for 38 seconds. The slender missile remained at over Mach 2-2.5 until the flameout. The missile was made fully controllable about ten seconds after firing, followed by a radio-beacon while it was centered in the radar beam; and armed the proxy fuse (infra-red) at about 1 km (1,100 yd) from the target, if 'hot', while if 'cold' the missile was detonated by command sent from the ship. The range could be even more than 35,000 yards, especially at high altitude, with head-on supersonic targets. One of the longest shots recorded was made by HMS Antrim against a target over 58,000 yd (33 mi; 53 km) away, with an impact at 34.500 with about 46 seconds flight time. The missile was capable to reach potentially aven higher altitude and longer range than nominally assested: even after the engine flameout (over 40 seconds after launch), it retained very high speeds, and one of them even surpassed 85,000 ft (26,000 m) before being self-destructed, about one minute after the firing For both Mark 1 and Mark 2 Sea Slug there were drill rounds (painted blue) for the purpose of training and display rounds (painted red) which could be loaded onto the launcher for port visits and public relations. Nuclear variant (not built) In addition, a nuclear-armed variant was planned using a low-yield fission warhead code-named Winkle. Winkle was never built as it was quickly supplanted by Pixie, a very small unboosted warhead with an all-plutonium fissile core tested at Maralinga, which was, in turn, replaced by Gwen — a British version of the US W54 Gnat unboosted warhead of approximate yield 0.5–2 kiloton of TNT-equivalent. The final warhead choice was Tony - a UK version of the W44 Tsetse boosted warhead, but all nuclear options for Seaslug were subsequently abandoned, and no nuclear-armed variant of Seaslug was ever deployed. Operators Map with Seaslug operators in blue Royal Navy The County-class destroyers were specifically built to carry Seaslug and its associated control equipment. The magazine was positioned amidships and missiles were assembled in a central gallery forward of the magazine before being passed to the launcher on the quarterdeck. The handling arrangements were designed with a nuclear-war environment in mind and were therefore entirely under cover. Chilean Navy Some of the County-class destroyers were sold to Chile for the Chilean Navy. The system was decommissioned after the rebuild of the four ships purchased by Chile in the early 1990s. Former operators  Chile: Chilean Navy  United Kingdom: Royal Navy Notes ^ Existing Stooge airframes continued to be test-fired for a time. ^ For unclear reasons, considering the Air Ministry was also working on several missile designs of their own. ^ RN and RAF standards of the era counted "hits" under the NATO ADM 1/28039 standard "K15", meaning the target would be destroyed within 15 seconds of a hit. In contrast, US standards of the era listed any damage to the target as a hit. For this reason, UK missile "hit" probabilities are generally much lower than US in spite of actually being significantly more deadly. ^ There is a common error about a liquid-fuel sustainer on this model. References ^ a b Friedman 2012, p. 197. ^ a b Grove 2004, p. 193. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrove2004 (help) ^ a b Harding 2005, p. 254. ^ a b c d e f Grove 2004, p. 194. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrove2004 (help) ^ Twigge 1993, p. 246. ^ Morton 1989, p. 209. ^ a b c d Friedman 2012, p. 179. ^ a b Smith 1965, p. 101. ^ a b Twigge 1993, p. 28. ^ a b Grove 2004, p. 195. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrove2004 (help) ^ Smith 1965, pp. 104–105. ^ Smith 1965, p. 105. ^ Twigge 1993, p. 247. ^ Smith 1965, p. 106. ^ Smith 1965, p. 108. ^ Wise, Jon (2007). John Jordan (ed.). RFA Girdle Ness: Sea Slug Missile Trials Ship. Warship 2007. London: Conway. pp. 9–28. ISBN 978-1-84486-041-8. ^ Friedman 2012, p. 181. ^ Friedman 2012, p. 182. ^ Friedman 2012, p. 184. ^ a b Friedman 2012, p. 180. ^ a b Harding 2005, p. 259. ^ Boslaugh, David L (1999). When Computers Went to Sea: The Digitization of the United States Navy. Matt Loeb. p. 66. ISBN 0471472204. ^ "Seaslug". SR Jenkins. ^ "Seaslug". SR Jenkins. ^ Lee, Geoffrey, ed. (1998). Guided Weapons. Land Warfare: Brassey's New Battlefield Weapons and Technology Series. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Brassey's. p. 59. ISBN 1-85753-152-3. ^ "Seaslug". SR Jenkins. ^ Friedman 2012, p. 345. ^ a b "World Ship Society Gloucester Branch 2018 / 2019". glostransporthistory.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk. World Ship Society. 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ Brown, David (1987). The Royal Navy and Falklands War. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0850520590. ^ a b Dykes, Godfrey. "Seaslug Guided Missiles". rnmuseumradarandcommunications2006.org.uk. HMS Collingwood Heritage Collection. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ "Almirante Blanco Encalada". www.naviearmatori.net. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ Friedman 2012, p. 346. ^ Gentry, Mark (2011). "County Class Destroyers - Ship Design and Technical Data". www.countyclassdestroyers.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ "Seaslug firing reports". Littlewars. S R Jenkins. 27 September 2016. ^ "Whoops -A firing that went slightly wrong!". Littlewars. S R Jenkins. 6 June 2017. Bibliography Friedman, Norman (2012). British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War & After. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1848320154. Harding, Richard, ed. (2005). The Royal Navy, 1930-2000: Innovation and Defence. ISBN 0714657107. Morton, Peter (1989). Fire across the desert: Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project, 1946-1980. Australian Govt. Pub. Service. Smith, T.L. (February 1965). "RAE Guided Weapon Test Vehicles in the 1950s". The Aeronautical Journal. 69 (650): 101–115. doi:10.1017/S000192400006036X. S2CID 114747707. Twigge, Stephen Robert (1993). The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940-1960. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 3718652978. Bibliography Naval Armament, Doug Richardson, Jane's Publishing, 1981, ISBN 0-531-03738-X External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seaslug (missile). Sea Slug Video "Seaslug - the Most Missile in the Least Space" a 1958 Flight article by Bill Gunston "Shell for the Seaslug" a 1959 article on Seaslug in Flight magazine "Seaslug Story" a 1962 Flight article on the Seaslug United Kingdom Aerospace and Weapon Projects The Falkland Islands Conflict, 1982: Air Defense Of The Fleet Winkle - warhead for the planned nuclear variant vteGuided missiles of the United KingdomAir-to-air ASRAAM Fireflash Firestreak Meteor Red Dean Red Hebe Red Top SRAAM/Taildog Skyflash Air-to-surface ALARM Blue Boar Brimstone Martel1 Martlet Sea Eagle Sea Skua Storm Shadow1 Sea Venom1 SPEAR 3 Tychon Surface-to-air Bloodhound Blowpipe CAMM (Sea Ceptor, Land Ceptor) Javelin Rapier Seacat Sea Dart Seaslug Sea Viper Sea Wolf Starburst Starstreak Tigercat Thunderbird Surface-to-surface Swingfire Malkara2 UB.109T Vigilant NLAW Nuclear Blue Steel Blue Streak Blue Water Green Cheese 1 Anglo-French   2 Anglo-Australian
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armstrong_Whitworth_Seaslug_missile.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wickenby Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickenby_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"County-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"HMS Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Antrim_(D18)"},{"link_name":"Blue Envoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Envoy"},{"link_name":"Sea Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Dart"},{"link_name":"Type 82 destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_82_destroyer"},{"link_name":"County-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"}],"text":"Seaslug on display at Wickenby Aerodrome, Lincolnshire, UKSeaslug was a first-generation surface-to-air missile designed by Armstrong Whitworth (later part of the Hawker Siddeley group) for use by the Royal Navy. Tracing its history as far back as 1943's LOPGAP design, it came into operational service in 1961 and was still in use at the time of the Falklands War in 1982.Seaslug was intended to engage high-flying targets such as reconnaissance aircraft or bombers before they could launch stand-off weapons. It was only fitted to the Royal Navy's eight County-class destroyers which were designed around the missile system. Seaslug was only fired in anger once as an anti-aircraft missile, from HMS Antrim during the Falklands War, but missed its target. Later improvements meant that it could also be used against ships and ground targets.It was planned that Seaslug's medium-range role was to be supplanted by a very long-range missile known as Blue Envoy, but this was passed over in favour of a new medium-range system, Sea Dart. Sea Dart entered service in 1973 on the Type 82 destroyers and replaced Seaslug during the 1980s as the County-class destroyers were removed from service.","title":"Seaslug (missile)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"anti-shipping missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-shipping_missile"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"air superiority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_superiority"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012197-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2004193-2"},{"link_name":"Admiralty Signals Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_Signals_and_Radar_Establishment"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"radar lock-on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_lock-on"},{"link_name":"fire-control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2005254-3"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Brakemine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakemine"},{"link_name":"beam riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_riding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012197-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2004193-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2004194-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwigge1993246-5"},{"link_name":"methanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1989209-6"}],"sub_title":"Initial concept","text":"In 1943, the German Luftwaffe began the use of anti-shipping missiles and guided bombs in the Mediterranean Sea during Allied operations against Italy. These weapons were released outside of anti-aircraft gun range, which meant that naval operations lacking complete air superiority would be open to attack with no effective response from the ships.[1] A solution for long-range anti-aircraft was required. On 16 March 1944 the first meeting of the \"Guided Anti-Aircraft Projectile Committee\", or GAP Committee, was held.[2]The Admiralty Signals Establishment (ASE), in charge of the Navy's radar development, was working on new radars featuring radar lock-on that allowed them to accurately track aircraft at long range. This was part of the LRS.1 fire-control system that allowed large dual-purpose guns to attack bombers at long range.[3] A contemporary British Army project at Cossors, Brakemine, was working on a system to allow a missile to keep itself centred within a radar beam, a concept known today as beam riding. The Navy decided to combine the two concepts, using the LRS.1's Type 909 radar with a new missile that differed from Brakemine primarily in requiring longer range and being more robust for shipborne use.[1]In December 1944, GAP put out a Naval Staff Target for a new anti-aircraft weapon,[2] capable of attacking targets at altitudes up to 50,000 ft (15,000 m) and speeds of up to 700 mph (1,100 km/h).[4] This project was briefly known as LOPGAP, short for \"Liquid Oxygen and Petrol Guided Anti-aircraft Projectile\",[5] but soon moved from petrol to methanol which made the \"LOP\" inaccurate.[6]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairey Aviation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Aviation_Company"},{"link_name":"Stooge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Stooge"},{"link_name":"kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2004194-4"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[ii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2004194-4"},{"link_name":"QF 3.7-inch air-aircraft gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_AA_gun"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012179-9"}],"sub_title":"LOPGAP","text":"The Fairey Aviation Company was at this time working on a missile project for the Ministry of Supply, Stooge. Stooge was more like an armed drone aircraft than a missile. It was flown to a location in front of the target and then cruised toward it until its warhead was triggered by the operator. It was designed primarily to defeat kamikaze attacks at short range. Its low speed and manual guidance meant it was not useful for interceptions outside the immediate area of the ship, and thus did not meet the need for a longer-ranged missile capable of dealing with stand-off weapons.[4]Accordingly, Fairey was ordered to stop work on Stooge in favour of LOPGAP.[i] Development was slowed by the Air Ministry who were opposed to the project as it might take resources away from jet fighter production[ii] and a lack of urgency on the part of both the Admiralty and Ministry of Supply.[4]A March 1945 report called for the first test launches of LOPGAP from converted QF 3.7-inch air-aircraft gun mounts within two months. The same mounts had also been used, with different modifications, for Stooge and Brakemine. They predicted the final system would be about 19 ft (5.8 m) long and a twin-launcher would take up about the same room as a twin 5.25-inch gun turret. An April Staff Target called for the system to be able to engage an aircraft flying at 500 mph (800 km/h) at altitudes up to 40,000 ft (12,000 m) with a maximum weight of 500 lb (230 kg).[7]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1965101-10"},{"link_name":"Telecommunications Research Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Research_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1965101-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwigge199328-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2005254-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2004194-4"},{"link_name":"Henry Tizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tizard"},{"link_name":"Defence Research Policy Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_Policy_Committee"},{"link_name":"Red Heathen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Heathen_(missile)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blue Boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Boar_(bomb)"},{"link_name":"television guided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_guidance"},{"link_name":"glide bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_bomb"},{"link_name":"Red Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireflash#Red_Hawk"},{"link_name":"air-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2004194-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2004194-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2004195-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2004195-12"}],"sub_title":"Move to RAE","text":"In 1945 a new Guided Projectiles Establishment was set up under the Controller of Supplies (Air) and in 1946 development of all ongoing missile projects moved to the Royal Aircraft Establishment's (RAE) new Controlled Weapons Department, soon to become the Guided Weapons Department.[8] They began considering the beam riding concept in partnership with the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), the deliberately oddly-named department of the Air Ministry responsible for radar development. Over the next year, first Brakemine and then Stooge were moved to the RAE.[8]In a January 1947 Navy review, the program was given the name Seaslug. This called for a significantly larger weapon than initially envisioned, capable of single-stage vertical launch, a warhead (and guidance) of 200 lb (91 kg) and an all-up weight of 1,800 lb (820 kg).[9] Development continued as before but was significantly hampered by the post-war exodus of engineering talent.[3] Shortly after the new definition was produced, this project also moved to the RAE. Efforts by the Navy to change the name from Seaslug to the more ominous-sounding \"Triumph\" failed.[4]Development slowed, and in July 1947 the Admiralty approached Henry Tizard to argue for a more \"virile leadership\" of the program. Tizard called a meeting of the Defence Research Policy Committee (DRPC) and started a process of pushing through four key missile programs that were intended to enter service in 1957, Seaslug, a longer ranged Army/Air Force surface-to-air missile known as Red Heathen, the Blue Boar television guided glide bomb, and the Red Hawk air-to-air missile.[4]In March 1948 a new report from the DRPC noted there was not enough manpower for all four projects, and put Seaslug at the bottom of the priority list, claiming air attack would be less likely than submarine in the event of war. They suggested the much longer ranged Red Heathen was more important in the short term. The Admiralty was of another opinion on the matter and argued against the change in priority.[4]The Navy found an unlikely ally in the Army, who were concerned that Red Heathen was too difficult to move to in a single step and suggested that Seaslug might be the basis for a more immediate medium-range weapon that could be used both on land and sea. The DPRC also began to have concerns about accurately guiding Red Heathen at its desired 100,000 yd (91 km) maximum range. In September 1948 they agreed to develop Seaslug \"as a matter of insurance\", before further upgrading it in 1949 to \"top priority\".[10] As a result of these changes, the program was seen as having two stages, Stage 1 would deliver missiles in the mid-1950s with roughly 20 miles (32 km) range with capability mostly against subsonic targets, and a Stage 2 of the early 1960s would have a greatly extended range on the order of 150 miles (240 km) and able to attack supersonic aircraft.[10]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RP-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP-3"},{"link_name":"telemetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1965104%E2%80%93105-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1965105-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwigge1993247-15"},{"link_name":"Royal School of Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_of_Artillery"},{"link_name":"RAF Aberporth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParcAberporth"},{"link_name":"Cardigan Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardigan_Bay"},{"link_name":"RAAF Woomera Range Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1965106-16"},{"link_name":"liquid rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_rocket"},{"link_name":"center of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_gravity"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1965108-17"}],"sub_title":"Experimental systems","text":"Two test systems emerged from this centralization. The CTV.1 was a small unpowered Brakemine-like system devoted to the development of the guidance systems, launched using three RP-3 rocket motors and controlled through the coast phase. A series of CTV designs followed, providing ever-increasing amounts of telemetry for the guidance and control systems work.[11] GAP became a purely research-oriented system, RTV.1 (rocket test vehicle), as opposed to a prototype missile design, and was used primarily as a platform for testing the rocket motors.[12][13] The GAP/RTV.1 efforts would be directed at the Stage 1 design, which would essentially be the Seaslug requirement.The relatively small CTV could safely be launched at the Larkhill Range, part of the Royal School of Artillery. It was equipped with a parachute that allowed it to be recovered. This was not possible for the much longer-ranged RTV, which was fired from RAF Aberporth out over Cardigan Bay in Wales. The desire to reclaim the RTVs as well led to the opening of a parallel launch facility at the RAAF Woomera Range Complex and a program that led development of supersonic parachutes.[14]As RTV testing continued, the decision was made to build a larger version, RTV.2, which would be more typical of a production missile. During early testing, the design was further modified and renamed GPV, for General Purpose Test Vehicle. Several liquid rocket motors were tested as part of this program. Early tests demonstrated shifts in the center of gravity that required active damping, which in turn led to the lengthening of the overall fuselage to become the \"long round\". This version used forward-mounted boosters, which were mounted so their exhaust was just in front of the mid-mounted wings.[15]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Sperry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperry_Corporation#British_Sperry"},{"link_name":"GEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwigge199328-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012179-9"},{"link_name":"Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-2_Terrier"},{"link_name":"[iii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012179-9"}],"sub_title":"Project 502","text":"As experimental work progressed, the Ministry of Supply began forming an industry team to build production systems. In 1949 this gave rise to the 'Project 502' group from industry, with Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft and Sperry in March and GEC in September.[9]The 29 July 1949 update of the Staff Target called for a maximum range of 30,000 yd (27 km) and a minimum of 5,000 yd (4.6 km). Maximum altitude should be 55,000 ft, but 45,000 would be considered acceptable. A later updated pushed the range to 30,000–60,000 yd (27–55 km) against a 600 kn (1,100 km/h), later 650 kn (1,200 km/h), target. It was assumed the targets would \"jink\" at 1G, so the missile needed to maneuver at 4G at sea level and 2.5G at 40,000 ft. Additional requirements were the ability to switch between targets in 6 seconds.[7]The designers ultimately selected a maximum range of 30,000 yards, which included 6,000 yd (5.5 km) of coasting after motor burn-out. This was about 50% better than the contemporary US Terrier design. Hit probability was estimated to be 40% at maximum range,[iii] so salvos of three missiles would be fired at once, demanding a three-place launcher. This was later reduced back to a twin-launcher when it was realized accessing the missile in the middle launcher would make maintenance difficult.[7]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Beachy Head-class repair ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachy_Head-class_repair_ship"},{"link_name":"HMS Girdle Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Girdle_Ness"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012179-9"},{"link_name":"third world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_world"},{"link_name":"Type 15 frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_15_frigate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012181-20"},{"link_name":"Ralph Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Edwards_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012182-21"},{"link_name":"County-class destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012184-22"}],"sub_title":"Changing requirements","text":"When the deployment of the Seaslug was first being considered, three classes of custom missile-firing ships were considered. The Task Force Ship would be capable of 30 kn (56 km/h) and would tasked with fleet air defence. The Ocean Convoy Escort was a 17 kn (31 km/h) vessel that would provide direct cover over seagoing convoys, while the 12 kn (22 km/h) Coastal Convoy Escort would do the same closer to shore. At that time it was believed that aircraft carriers would be able to provide adequate cover over convoys or fleets in the ocean, so attention turned to the Coastal Convoy Escort. Beginning in May 1953 a Beachy Head-class repair ship was converted into a prototype escort ship, HMS Girdle Ness, to test this fitting.[16]For this role, the densest possible storage was required, so the initial design of a single booster rocket at the base end of the missile. This led to a very long design, as was the case for most contemporary designs, this was abandoned in favour of four smaller boosters wrapped around the fuselage, giving shorter overall length of about 20 ft (6.1 m). The boosters were positioned so they lay within the diameter defined by the missile's wings, so they did not make it any larger in diameter when stored. If one of the boosters did not fire the thrust would be significantly off-axis, a possibility which was later addressed by moving the boosters forward so their exhaust was near the centre of gravity of the missile, allowing the missile's small control surfaces to remain effective. In contrast, the American Terrier missile was somewhat shorter at 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m), but this required an additional tandem booster which took the overall length to 28 ft 6 in (8.69 m).[7]In 1954, during another review of the Navy's future operations, consideration turned from a \"hot war\" against the Soviets to a series of \"warm wars\" in the third world. Among other changes brought about by this review, including the cancellation of a future all-gun cruiser class and ending further conversion of WWII-era destroyers to Type 15 frigates, the new environment meant that air cover by carriers could not be guaranteed, and the need for air defence for task-force sized groups became the primary concern. A cut to carrier construction, capping the fleet at four, released funds for missile ship construction. In October 1954, a new design emerged that demanded the speed to keep up with a fleet in combat, have guns limited to self-defence, and carrying a single twin-missile launcher.[17]The designs were continually modified in order to find a suitable arrangement. They started as early as 1953 with a mid-sized cruiser of 15,000 long tons (15,000 t) carrying 60 to 90 missiles and a crew of 900. Admiral Ralph Edwards pointed out it would be more useful to have a larger number of small ships with 10 to 20 missiles than one larger one, but attempts to design such a ship resulted in one with room for the weapons but not the crew needed to operate them. In May 1955 a wide variety of plans for designs between the two extremes were compared, ranging from 9,850 tons down to 4,550.[18] After continual comparison and revision, these plans finally gelled around what became the County-class destroyer.[19]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_Slug_missile_launch_from_HMS_Girdle_Ness_(A387)_c1961.jpg"},{"link_name":"solid fuel rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_fuel_rocket"},{"link_name":"Summerfield Research Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerfield_Research_Station"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012180-23"},{"link_name":"Clausen Rolling Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausen_Rolling_Platform"},{"link_name":"RAE Aberporth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAE_Aberporth"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012180-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2005259-24"},{"link_name":"Type 984 radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_984_radar"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive Display System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Display_System"},{"link_name":"CDS-link receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_communication"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2005259-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boslaugh66-25"},{"link_name":"Type 965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_965"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Testing","text":"Test firing from the trials ship HMS Girdle Ness (A387), circa 1961.Test firings of the GAP-based examples, now known as Rocket Test Vehicle 1, or RTV.1, demonstrated beam riding in October 1956. The Navy had set a date of 1957 for a broad modernization of the fleet, so they desired Seaslug to be cleared for service in 1956. To this end, they accepted the use of liquid fuels in spite of the Navy's concerns with these fuels on ships. However, by 1956 a new solid fuel rocket had been developed at the Summerfield Research Station which provided the desired range.[20]Continual tests took place over the next four years using both the Clausen Rolling Platform at RAE Aberporth and the Girdle Ness. A final series of tests at sea, which culminated in sixteen successful firings, finally cleared the missile for service in 1961.[20] After more than 250 launches, the Seaslug Mark 1, also known as Guided Weapon System 1, or GWS.1, finally entered service in 1962 on County-class, each fitted with a single twin missile launcher and a complete weapon system with one fire control set and 30 missiles. The Seaslug-armed cruisers were cancelled in 1957.[21]Seaslug needed height, range and bearing information for targets. By 1955 the Royal Navy considered using the Type 984 radar on Seaslug-armed cruisers and destroyers to provide this. During development, the projected weight of the radar doubled, to the point where it could still potentially be mounted on cruisers, but was rejected for destroyers because it would have meant sacrificing their 4.5 in gun armament. The gun armament was regarded as essential for the navy's wider role outside the hot war mission. The solution adopted with the first batch of the County-class destroyers was to network them with ships carrying Type 984. The destroyers were given a reduced version of the Comprehensive Display System (CDS), which was fed by a CDS-link receiver called DPD (Digital Picture Transmission or Translation).[21][22]The final set for the County ships, actually more a cruiser type than a destroyer, was quite complex: a Type 965 radar for early warning (P-band, 450 kW peak power, range over 175 km), in the County Batch 2 the double antenna AKE-2 had two different frequency settings; a Type 992Q target indicator radar (3 GHz, 1.75 MW peak power, 90 km range); a Type 278 height finding set (80–90 km); a Type 901 missile guidance radar (X band, 70 km range), that in the Sea Slug Mk 2 had a continuous wave signal (but it was still a beam riding designation radar); a Type 904 fire control radar (used in the MRS-3 system, X-band, 50 kW, 35 km range) for surface targeting.[23]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_Slug_Mark_2_missile_at_Explosion_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Explosion Museum of Naval Firepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion_Museum_of_Naval_Firepower"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Bloodhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhound_(missile)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Thunderbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbird_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Type 901 fire-control radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_901_radar"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"flux switching alternator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_switching_alternator"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Seaslug Mark 2 on display at Explosion Museum of Naval Firepower, showing the prominent booster motorsThe missile had four wrap-around booster motors that separated after launch. After separation, the main motor ignited to power the missile to the target. The booster motors were positioned at the side of the missile, but this unusual arrangement with the motor nozzles both angled outwards at 22.5° and 22.5° to the left, the missile entered a gentle roll at launch, evening out differences in the thrusts of the boosters. This meant that large stabilising fins as used on contemporary missiles in service with the Royal Air Force (Bloodhound) and the British Army (Thunderbird) were not required. Once the boosters were jettisoned the control surfaces became active.Guidance was by radar beam-riding, the beam to be provided by Type 901 fire-control radar. There were four flight modes:LOSBR (Line Of Sight, Beam Riding), in which the missile flew up a beam that tracked the target\nCASWTD (Constant Angle of Sight With Terminal Dive), with the missile climbing at a low angle and then diving onto a low-altitude target at 45°, used against low flying targets at over 12,000 yards away\nMICAWBER (Missile In Constant Altitude While BEam Riding), used against low level target approaching at 500–800 feet, it allows switching from CASWTD to LOSBR when the target is closing at the ship\nUp and over: the standard surface attack mode, using the Type 901 radar slaved to the Type 903 in bearing; the missile is fired at high elevation and then depressed in order to strike the vessel with a steep dive, without arming the fuse.[24]Electrical power when the missile was in flight was provided by a flux switching alternator with a six tooth rotor. \"The 1.5 kVA Seaslug generator ran at 24,000 rev/min with a frequency of 2,400 Hz.\"[25]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Glamorgan_(9674967754).jpg"},{"link_name":"quarterdeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterdeck"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidT3TgAwAAQBAJpgPT346_345]-30"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"HMS Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Antrim_(D18)"},{"link_name":"Falkland Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Sound"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gloucester-31"},{"link_name":"IAI Dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAI_Dagger"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"HMS Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Glamorgan_(D19)"},{"link_name":"Port Stanley Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stanley_Airport"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gloucester-31"},{"link_name":"Exocet missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocet_missile"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dykes-33"},{"link_name":"HMS London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_London_(D16)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dykes-33"},{"link_name":"HMS Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fife_(D20)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2012346-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The Seaslug launcher mounted on the quarterdeck of HMS Glamorgan, circa 1972Seaslug was a high-performance weapon in the 1960s, with a single-shot kill probability of 92%, although other sources give lower kill probabilities: 75% for the Mk 1 and 65% for the Mk 2.[26] The first four ships of the County-class (Batch 1) operated the Seaslug Mk 1, while the final four (Batch 2) were fitted with the ADAWS command and control system which enabled them to carry the more capable Mk 2 version. A proposal to refit the Batch 1 ships with ADAWS was dropped in 1968.[27]During the Falklands War Seaslug was only launched once against an aircraft target, by HMS Antrim, and without success. On 21 May 1982 in Falkland Sound, the Antrim which had already had an unexploded 1,000 lb bomb pass through the Seaslug magazine, fired a single missile (some sources say two[28]) at one of a second wave of attacking IAI Dagger fighters. It was unguided because the aircraft was too low to be acquired; the launch was intended to deter the pilot and to remove the exposed missile from the ship because it posed a fire hazard.[29] The first combat use in the surface-to-surface role was during a shore bombardment on 26 May, when HMS Glamorgan fired Seaslugs at Port Stanley Airport claiming the destruction of a number of helicopters and a radar installation.[28] A total of eight Seaslug Mk 2 missiles were launched in theatre by the two ships armed with them, including two missiles jettisoned by Glamorgan after she was hit by a land-launched Exocet missile on 12 June. Also during 1982, the Mk2 was used as a trials target for Seadart, but there were reliability problems with both systems.[30]The last firing of the Seaslug Mk 1 was in December 1981 by HMS London, the final GWS1 (or Batch 1) ship in active service.[30] HMS Fife was converted to a training ship, and had her Seaslug systems removed, freeing up large spaces for classrooms and was completed in June 1986.[31] Fife and the remaining GWS2 ships were sold to Chile between 1982 and 1987. Initially, the British government had hoped that the Chileans would accept a package to upgrade the ships to operate Seadart, but this was not taken up and they were transferred complete with Seaslug.[32] The Chilean ships were later refitted with an extended flight deck in place of the Seaslug launcher.[33]","title":"Service performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_Slug_trials.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Girdle Ness (A387)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Girdle_Ness_(A387)"}],"text":"The firing of the first Seaslug test missile from HMS Girdle Ness (A387). This version is based on the RAE's early GPV, and retains the rear-mounted boosters before they moved forward on the \"long round\".There were two main variants of the Seaslug:","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[iv]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"proximity fuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_fuze"},{"link_name":"beam rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam-riding_guidance"}],"sub_title":"Mark 1 (GWS.1)","text":"The Seaslug Mark 1 was powered by the solid-fuel Foxhound (390 kg fuel) sustainer motor[iv] and Gosling (145 kg) booster motors. It had a radio proximity fuze and 200 lb (91 kg) blast warhead.The Mark 1 was a beam rider missile, meaning the target had to be continually illuminated by the directing radar, so the system was limited to engaging only the number of targets that there were radars to track and lock on.Attack Velocity: 685 mph (1,102 km/h)\nRange: 30,000 yards (27,000 m)\nCeiling: 55,000 feet (17,000 m)","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Slug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rainbow_Codes"},{"link_name":"\"Green Cheese\" missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Cheese_(missile)"},{"link_name":"beam-riding guidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam-riding_guidance"},{"link_name":"continuous-rod warhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-rod_warhead"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"drill rounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_round"}],"sub_title":"Mark 2 (GWS.2)","text":"The Seaslug Mark 2 was based on the aborted Blue Slug programme to develop an anti-ship missile using the Seaslug missile and guidance system. The project was cancelled in favour of the \"Green Cheese\" missile, a tactical nuclear anti-ship weapon, but other project developments were incorporated into what became the Mark 2. It had improved low altitude performance and a limited anti-ship capability and entered service in 1971. The Mark 2 utilized an improved beam-riding guidance system. and solid-state electronics. It was powered by the Deerhound sustainer motor, with Retriever boosters. Control was by a modified Type 901M radar and it had an improved infra-red proximity fuze and a continuous-rod warhead with a smaller, 56 lb (25 kg), explosive charge (RDX-TNT) and an unfold diameter of about 70 feet (10 mm steel rods were used)Attack velocity: 1,370 mph (2,200 km/h)\nRange: 35,000 yd (32 km)\nCeiling: 65,000 ft (20,000 m)The capabilities of the new Sea Slug Mk 2, an almost 2.5 ton missile, were much improved compared to the previous Mk 1. The boosters gave a total of about 60 tons-force, with 186 kg (410 lb) fuel for each one (145 kg in the Mk 1), accelerating it to over Mach 2. When they separated because the extreme drag made by the rings all around the missile, the solid fuel sustainer Deerhound started to burn its 440 kg (970 lb) of propellant (390 kg for the Mk 1) and gave about 1,820 kg/s (241,000 lb/min) for 38 seconds. The slender missile remained at over Mach 2-2.5 until the flameout. The missile was made fully controllable about ten seconds after firing, followed by a radio-beacon while it was centered in the radar beam; and armed the proxy fuse (infra-red) at about 1 km (1,100 yd) from the target, if 'hot', while if 'cold' the missile was detonated by command sent from the ship.The range could be even more than 35,000 yards, especially at high altitude, with head-on supersonic targets. One of the longest shots recorded was made by HMS Antrim against a target over 58,000 yd (33 mi; 53 km) away, with an impact at 34.500 with about 46 seconds flight time.[34] The missile was capable to reach potentially aven higher altitude and longer range than nominally assested: even after the engine flameout (over 40 seconds after launch), it retained very high speeds, and one of them even surpassed 85,000 ft (26,000 m) before being self-destructed, about one minute after the firing [35]For both Mark 1 and Mark 2 Sea Slug there were drill rounds (painted blue) for the purpose of training and display rounds (painted red) which could be loaded onto the launcher for port visits and public relations.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear-armed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission#Fission_bombs"},{"link_name":"unboosted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design"},{"link_name":"tested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga"},{"link_name":"Maralinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maralinga,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"W54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W54"},{"link_name":"kiloton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiloton"},{"link_name":"W44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W44_(nuclear_warhead)"},{"link_name":"Tsetse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_primary"},{"link_name":"boosted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon"}],"sub_title":"Nuclear variant (not built)","text":"In addition, a nuclear-armed variant was planned using a low-yield fission warhead code-named Winkle. Winkle was never built as it was quickly supplanted by Pixie, a very small unboosted warhead with an all-plutonium fissile core tested at Maralinga, which was, in turn, replaced by Gwen — a British version of the US W54 Gnat unboosted warhead of approximate yield 0.5–2 kiloton of TNT-equivalent. The final warhead choice was Tony - a UK version of the W44 Tsetse boosted warhead, but all nuclear options for Seaslug were subsequently abandoned, and no nuclear-armed variant of Seaslug was ever deployed.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_Slug_operators.png"}],"text":"Map with Seaslug operators in blue","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Royal Navy","text":"The County-class destroyers were specifically built to carry Seaslug and its associated control equipment. The magazine was positioned amidships and missiles were assembled in a central gallery forward of the magazine before being passed to the launcher on the quarterdeck. The handling arrangements were designed with a nuclear-war environment in mind and were therefore entirely under cover.","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chilean Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Navy"}],"sub_title":"Chilean Navy","text":"Some of the County-class destroyers were sold to Chile for the Chilean Navy. The system was decommissioned after the rebuild of the four ships purchased by Chile in the early 1990s.","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Chilean Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Navy"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"}],"sub_title":"Former operators","text":"Chile: Chilean Navy\n United Kingdom: Royal Navy","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"}],"text":"^ Existing Stooge airframes continued to be test-fired for a time.\n\n^ For unclear reasons, considering the Air Ministry was also working on several missile designs of their own.\n\n^ RN and RAF standards of the era counted \"hits\" under the NATO ADM 1/28039 standard \"K15\", meaning the target would be destroyed within 15 seconds of a hit. In contrast, US standards of the era listed any damage to the target as a hit. For this reason, UK missile \"hit\" probabilities are generally much lower than US in spite of actually being significantly more deadly.\n\n^ There is a common error about a liquid-fuel sustainer on this model.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-531-03738-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-531-03738-X"}],"text":"Naval Armament, Doug Richardson, Jane's Publishing, 1981, ISBN 0-531-03738-X","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Seaslug on display at Wickenby Aerodrome, Lincolnshire, UK","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Armstrong_Whitworth_Seaslug_missile.jpg/220px-Armstrong_Whitworth_Seaslug_missile.jpg"},{"image_text":"Test firing from the trials ship HMS Girdle Ness (A387), circa 1961.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sea_Slug_missile_launch_from_HMS_Girdle_Ness_%28A387%29_c1961.jpg/220px-Sea_Slug_missile_launch_from_HMS_Girdle_Ness_%28A387%29_c1961.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seaslug Mark 2 on display at Explosion Museum of Naval Firepower, showing the prominent booster motors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sea_Slug_Mark_2_missile_at_Explosion_Museum.jpg/220px-Sea_Slug_Mark_2_missile_at_Explosion_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Seaslug launcher mounted on the quarterdeck of HMS Glamorgan, circa 1972","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HMS_Glamorgan_%289674967754%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Glamorgan_%289674967754%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The firing of the first Seaslug test missile from HMS Girdle Ness (A387). This version is based on the RAE's early GPV, and retains the rear-mounted boosters before they moved forward on the \"long round\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sea_Slug_trials.jpg/220px-Sea_Slug_trials.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map with Seaslug operators in blue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sea_Slug_operators.png/400px-Sea_Slug_operators.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Wise, Jon (2007). John Jordan (ed.). RFA Girdle Ness: Sea Slug Missile Trials Ship. Warship 2007. London: Conway. pp. 9–28. ISBN 978-1-84486-041-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-041-8","url_text":"978-1-84486-041-8"}]},{"reference":"Boslaugh, David L (1999). When Computers Went to Sea: The Digitization of the United States Navy. Matt Loeb. p. 66. ISBN 0471472204.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mi8MhzheOokC&q=HMS+Hermes","url_text":"When Computers Went to Sea: The Digitization of the United States Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471472204","url_text":"0471472204"}]},{"reference":"\"Seaslug\". SR Jenkins.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.littlewars.org.uk/Seaslug/radar.html","url_text":"\"Seaslug\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seaslug\". SR Jenkins.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.littlewars.org.uk/Seaslug/slugmode.html","url_text":"\"Seaslug\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Geoffrey, ed. (1998). Guided Weapons. Land Warfare: Brassey's New Battlefield Weapons and Technology Series. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Brassey's. p. 59. ISBN 1-85753-152-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85753-152-3","url_text":"1-85753-152-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Seaslug\". SR Jenkins.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.littlewars.org.uk/Seaslug/seaslug03.html","url_text":"\"Seaslug\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Ship Society Gloucester Branch 2018 / 2019\". glostransporthistory.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk. World Ship Society. 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://glostransporthistory.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/world-ship-society-gloucester-branch-2018-2019/","url_text":"\"World Ship Society Gloucester Branch 2018 / 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, David (1987). The Royal Navy and Falklands War. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0850520590.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=et3RAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187","url_text":"The Royal Navy and Falklands War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850520590","url_text":"978-0850520590"}]},{"reference":"Dykes, Godfrey. \"Seaslug Guided Missiles\". rnmuseumradarandcommunications2006.org.uk. HMS Collingwood Heritage Collection. Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rnmuseumradarandcommunications2006.org.uk/Radar/Seaslug%20pages/seaslug1.htm","url_text":"\"Seaslug Guided Missiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Almirante Blanco Encalada\". www.naviearmatori.net. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naviearmatori.net/ita/foto-229211-4.html","url_text":"\"Almirante Blanco Encalada\""}]},{"reference":"Gentry, Mark (2011). \"County Class Destroyers - Ship Design and Technical Data\". www.countyclassdestroyers.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countyclassdestroyers.co.uk/design.htm","url_text":"\"County Class Destroyers - Ship Design and Technical Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seaslug firing reports\". Littlewars. S R Jenkins. 27 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.littlewars.org.uk/Seaslug/firings.html","url_text":"\"Seaslug firing reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whoops -A firing that went slightly wrong!\". Littlewars. S R Jenkins. 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.littlewars.org.uk/Seaslug/whoops.html","url_text":"\"Whoops -A firing that went slightly wrong!\""}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2012). British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War & After. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1848320154.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T3TgAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War & After"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848320154","url_text":"978-1848320154"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Richard, ed. (2005). The Royal Navy, 1930-2000: Innovation and Defence. ISBN 0714657107.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bw46M1qI9gM","url_text":"The Royal Navy, 1930-2000: Innovation and Defence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714657107","url_text":"0714657107"}]},{"reference":"Morton, Peter (1989). Fire across the desert: Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project, 1946-1980. Australian Govt. Pub. Service.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, T.L. (February 1965). \"RAE Guided Weapon Test Vehicles in the 1950s\". The Aeronautical Journal. 69 (650): 101–115. doi:10.1017/S000192400006036X. S2CID 114747707.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000192400006036X","url_text":"10.1017/S000192400006036X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:114747707","url_text":"114747707"}]},{"reference":"Twigge, Stephen Robert (1993). The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940-1960. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 3718652978.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uLqzata5_QQC","url_text":"The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940-1960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3718652978","url_text":"3718652978"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_em_up
Beat 'em up
["1 Definition","2 Game design","3 Sub-genres","4 History","4.1 Earliest beat 'em ups (mid-1980s)","4.2 Mainstream success (late 1980s to early 1990s)","4.3 Transition to 3D (late 1990s to early 2000s)","4.4 3D hack-and-slash games (early 2000s to present)","4.5 Traditional beat 'em ups (early 2000s to present)","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Video game genre For the related genre for one-on-one combat, see fighting game. For the Iggy Pop album, see Beat 'Em Up. "Brawler" and "Brawlers" redirect here. For other uses, see Brawler (disambiguation). Part of a series onAction games Subgenres Action-adventure Metroidvania Battle royale Fighting Beat 'em up Hack and slash Platform fighter Platform Rhythm Action RPG Shooter Artillery Arena First-person Hero Light gun Third-person Tactical Shoot 'em up Bullet hell Twin-stick Sports Racing Stealth Survival Vehicle sim Topics Capture the flag Cover system First-person shooter engine Free look Quick time event WASD keys Lists List of battle royale games List of beat 'em ups List of fighting game companies List of fighting games List of first-person shooters List of freeware first-person shooters List of third-person shooters List of survival games List of light gun games List of maze video games List of platform games vte A beat 'em up (also known as brawler and, in some markets, beat 'em all) is a video game genre featuring hand-to-hand combat against a large number of opponents. Traditional beat 'em ups take place in scrolling, two-dimensional (2D) levels, while a number of modern games feature more open three-dimensional (3D) environments with yet larger numbers of enemies. The gameplay tends to follow arcade genre conventions, such as being simple to learn but difficult to master, and the combat system tends to be more highly developed than other side-scrolling action games. Two-player cooperative gameplay and multiple player characters are also hallmarks of the genre. Most of these games take place in urban settings and feature crime-fighting and revenge-based plots, though some games may employ historical, science fiction or fantasy themes. The first beat 'em up was 1984's Kung-Fu Master, which was based on Hong Kong martial arts films. 1986's Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun introduced the belt scroll format employed extensively by later games, while also popularizing contemporary urban settings, while its Western localized version Renegade further introduced underworld revenge themes. The genre then saw a period of high popularity between the release of Double Dragon in 1987, which defined the two-player cooperative mode and continuous belt scroll format central to classic beat 'em ups, and 1991's Street Fighter II, which drew gamers towards one-on-one fighting games. Games such as Streets of Rage, Final Fight, Golden Axe and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles are other classics to emerge from this period. In the late 1990s, the genre lost popularity with the emergence of 3D-polygon technology. In the 2000s, a sub-genre of 3D hack-and-slash games emerged (also known as "character action games"), adapting the beat 'em up formula to utilize large-scale 3D environments, with popular franchises including God Hand, Devil May Cry, Dynasty Warriors, God of War and Bayonetta. Since the 2010s, traditional 2D beat 'em ups have seen a resurgence, with popular titles such as Dungeon Fighter Online, Dragon's Crown, Streets of Rage 4 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge. Definition A beat 'em up (also called a "brawler") is a type of action game where the player character must fight a large number of enemies in unarmed combat or with melee weapons. Gameplay consists of walking through a level, one section at a time, defeating a group of enemies before advancing to the next section; a boss fight normally occurs at the end of each level. Arcade versions of these games are often quite difficult to win, causing players to spend more money. Beat 'em ups are related to but distinct from fighting games, which are based around one-on-one matches rather than scrolling levels and multiple enemies. Such terminology is loosely applied, however, as some commentators prefer to conflate the two terms. At times, both one-on-one fighting games and scrolling beat 'em ups have influenced each other in terms of graphics and style and can appeal to fans of either genre. Occasionally, a game will feature both kinds of gameplay. In the United Kingdom, video game magazines during the 1980s to 1990s, such as Mean Machines and Computer & Video Games (C+VG) for example, referred to all games which had a combat motif as beat 'em ups, including fighting games. However, they were differentiated by a specific prefix; games like Double Dragon or Final Fight were called "scrolling beat 'em ups" and games such as Street Fighter II or Mortal Kombat were referred to as "one on one beat 'em ups". Fighting games were still being called "beat 'em up" games in the UK gaming press up until the end of the 1990s. Game design Beat 'em up games usually employ vigilante crime fighting and revenge plots with the action taking place on city streets, though historical and fantasy themed games also exist. Players must walk from one end of the game world to the other, and thus each game level will usually scroll horizontally. Some later beat 'em ups dispense with 2D-based scrolling levels, instead allowing the player to roam around larger 3D environments, though they retain the same simple-to-learn gameplay and control systems. Throughout the level, players may acquire weapons that they can use as well as power-ups that replenish the player's health. As players walk through the level, they are stopped by groups of enemies who must be defeated before they're able to continue. The level ends when all the enemies are defeated. Each level contains many identical groups of enemies, making these games notable for their repetition. In beat 'em up games, players often fight a boss—an enemy much stronger than the other enemies—at the end of each level. Beat 'em ups often allow the player to choose between a selection of protagonists—each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and set of moves. The combat system typically tends to be more highly developed than other side-scrolling action games. Attacks can include rapid combinations of basic attacks (combos) as well as jumping and grappling attacks. Characters often have their own special attacks, which leads to different strategies depending on which character the player selects. The control system is usually simple to learn, often comprising just two attack buttons. These buttons can be combined to pull off combos, as well as jumping and grappling attacks. Since the release of Double Dragon, many beat 'em ups have allowed two players to play the game cooperatively—a central aspect to the appeal of these games. Beat 'em ups are more likely to feature cooperative play than other game genres. Sub-genres The beat 'em up or brawler genre includes several sub-genres: Scrolling beat 'em up – Beat 'em up games which employ a 2D scrolling format. Single-plane beat 'em up or side-scrolling beat 'em up – Scrolling beat 'em ups that move along a single side-scrolling plane of motion. This was the earliest style of beat 'em up, with the format established by Irem's Kung-Fu Master (1984), designed by Takashi Nishiyama. Other titles that followed in the sub-genre include Sega's My Hero and Flashgal (1985), Taito's The Ninja Warriors (1987), Data East's Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja (1988) and Namco's Splatterhouse (1988). This early style of beat 'em up is part of a broader genre of side-scrolling character action games, including 2D fighting games, scrolling platform games, and run and gun video games. A later example of this style is Capcom's Viewtiful Joe (2003). Belt-scroll action game or belt-scroll beat 'em up – The most popular type of scrolling beat 'em up, these games use a belt scroll format, a side-scrolling format with a downward camera angle where players can move both vertically and horizontally along a horizontally scrolling environment. The term "belt scroll action game" was coined in Japan, where it was named as such due to the scrolling style resembling conveyor belt motion. This format was introduced by Technos Japan's Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun (1986), known as Renegade in the West, and further developed and popularized by its follow-up Double Dragon (1987). Later popular examples including titles such as the Sega's Streets of Rage series and Capcom's Final Fight series. Hack and slash – Beat 'em ups or brawlers that are centered around combat with melee-based weapons, such as swords or blades, rather than fist-fighting. 2D hack & slash or slash 'em up – 2D scrolling beat 'em ups centered around melee-based weapons. Examples include Sega's arcade series Shinobi (1987 debut) and Golden Axe (1989 debut), Data East's Captain Silver (1987), Taito's Rastan (1987) and Saint Sword (1991), Tecmo's early Ninja Gaiden (Shadow Warriors) 2D games (1988 debut), Capcom's Strider (1989), the Master System game Danan: The Jungle Fighter (1990), and Vanillaware's Dragon's Crown (2013). 3D hack & slash or character action game – These are third-person action games centered around weapon-based melee combat in three-dimensional environments. The sub-genre was largely defined by Capcom's Devil May Cry (2001), designed by Hideki Kamiya, with other examples including Koei Tecmo's Dynasty Warriors and 3D Ninja Gaiden games, later Devil May Cry games, Sony's God of War and Genji: Dawn of the Samurai, No More Heroes, Kamiya's Bayonetta, Darksiders and Dante's Inferno. 3D beat 'em up – 3D brawlers that are closer to traditional beat 'em ups, with fist-fighting, but take place in larger 3D environments. Examples include Sega's Die Hard Arcade (1996) and Yakuza series (2005 debut), Eidos Interactive's Fighting Force (1997), Squaresoft's The Bouncer (2000), and Capcom's God Hand (2006). This sub-genre of beat 'em up is generally not as popular as 3D hack & slash games. History Beat 'em up games have origins in martial arts films, particularly Bruce Lee's Hong Kong martial arts films. Lee's Game of Death (1972) inspired the basic structure of a beat 'em up, with Lee ascending five levels of a pagoda while fighting numerous enemies and several boss battles along the way, while another Lee film Enter the Dragon (1973) also influenced the genre. The first video game to feature fist fighting was Sega's arcade boxing game Heavyweight Champ (1976), which is viewed from a side-view perspective like later fighting games. However, it was Data East's fighting game Karate Champ (1984) which popularized martial arts themed games. Earliest beat 'em ups (mid-1980s) Kung-Fu Master (known as Spartan X in Japan), designed by Takashi Nishiyama and released by Irem in 1984, laid the foundations for side-scrolling beat 'em ups. It simplified the combat system of Karate Champ, while adding numerous enemies along a side-scrolling playfield. The game was based on two Hong Kong martial arts films: Jackie Chan's Wheels on Meals (1984), known as Spartan X in Japan (where the game was a tie-in), and Bruce Lee's Game of Death, the latter inspiring the five end-of-level boss fights and the plot structure, variations of which were used in subsequent scrolling beat 'em ups. Nishiyama, who had previously created the side-scrolling shooter Moon Patrol (1982), combined a shoot 'em up gameplay rhythm with fighting elements when he designed Kung-Fu Master. The game was also distinctive for its use of health meters, for both the player character and each boss. Another 1984 release, Bruce Lee, combined multi-player, multi-character combat with traditional collecting, platform and puzzle gameplay. Later that year, Karateka combined the one-on-one fight sequences of Karate Champ with the freedom of movement in Kung-Fu Master, and it successfully experimented with adding plot to its fighting action. It was also among the first martial arts games to be successfully developed for and ported across different home systems. Sega's My Hero (1985) adopted the gameplay format of Kung-Fu Master, but changing the more traditional martial arts setting to a more contemporary urban city environment with street gangs. Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun, developed by Technōs Japan and released in 1986 in Japan, introduced the belt scroll format, allowing both vertical and horizontal movement along a side-scrolling environment, while also popularizing street brawling in the genre. Created by Yoshihisa Kishimoto, game was inspired by his own teenage high school years getting into daily fights, along with Bruce Lee's martial arts film Enter the Dragon. The Western adaptation Renegade (released the same year) added an underworld revenge plot that proved more popular with gamers than the principled combat sport of other martial arts games. Renegade set the standard for future beat 'em up games as it introduced the ability to move both horizontally and vertically. It also introduced the use of combo attacks; in contrast to earlier games, the opponents in Renegade and Double Dragon could take much more punishment, requiring a succession of punches, with the first hit temporarily immobilizing the enemy, making him unable to defend himself against successive punches. Rather than one-hit kills, the player needed to hit enemies multiple times, "beating them up," in order to defeat them. Compared to earlier side-scrollers, the environment was expanded to a scrolling arena-like space, while the combat system was more highly developed, with the player able to punch, kick, grab, charge, throw and stomp enemies. Mainstream success (late 1980s to early 1990s) In 1987, the release of Double Dragon, designed as Technōs Japan's spiritual successor to Kunio-kun (Renegade), ushered in a "golden age" for the beat 'em up genre that took it to new heights with its detailed set of martial arts attacks and its outstanding two-player cooperative gameplay. It also had a continuous side-scrolling world, in contrast to the bounded scrolling arenas of Kunio-kun, giving Double Dragon a sense of progression, along with the use of cut scenes to give it a cinematic look and feel. Like Kunio-kun, the game's combat system drew inspiration from the Bruce Lee film Enter the Dragon, while Double Dragon added a new disaster-ridden city setting inspired by the Mad Max films and Fist of the North Star manga and anime series. Double Dragon became Japan's third highest-grossing table arcade game of 1987, before becoming America's overall highest-grossing dedicated arcade game for two years in a row, in 1988 and 1989. Double Dragon's success resulted in a flood of beat 'em ups in the late 1980s, where acclaimed titles such as Golden Axe and Final Fight (both 1989) distinguished themselves from the others. Final Fight was Capcom's intended sequel to Street Fighter (provisionally titled Street Fighter '89), but the company ultimately gave it a new title. In contrast to the simple combo attacks in Renegade and Double Dragon, the combo attacks in Final Fight were much more dynamic, and the sprites were much larger. Acclaimed as the best game in the genre, Final Fight spawned two home sequels and was later ported to other systems. Golden Axe was acclaimed for its visceral hack and slash action and cooperative mode and was influential through its selection of multiple protagonists with distinct fighting styles. It is considered one of the strongest beat 'em up titles for its fantasy elements, distinguishing it from the urban settings seen in other beat 'em ups. Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja featured platform elements, while P.O.W.: Prisoners of War took the weapon aspect a stage further, allowing the players to pick up guns. Another beat 'em up—River City Ransom (1989), named Street Gangs in Europe—featured role-playing game elements with which the player's character could be upgraded, using money stolen from defeated enemies. The Streets of Rage series was launched in the early 1990s and borrowed heavily from Final Fight. Streets of Rage 2 (1992) for Sega's Mega Drive/Genesis was one of the first console games to match the acclaim of arcade beat 'em ups. Its level design was praised for taking traditional beat 'em up settings and stringing them together in novel ways, and its success led to it being ported to arcades. The beat 'em up was also a popular genre for video games based on television series and movies, with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Batman Returns a surprise success, and encouraged many more beat 'em up games based on the characters. Taito's arcade game Riding Fight (1992) combined beat 'em up gameplay with a pseudo-3D chase view and hoverboard racing gameplay. The "golden age" of the genre eventually came to an end during the early 1990s, following the success of Capcom's Street Fighter II (1991) which drew gamers back towards one-on-one fighting games, while the subsequent emerging popularity of 3D video games in the late 1990s diminished the popularity of 2D-based pugilistic games in general. Another notable game from this era is Gang Wars, released in 1989. Transition to 3D (late 1990s to early 2000s) Sega's Die Hard Arcade (1996) was the first beat 'em up to use texture-mapped 3D polygon graphics, and it used a sophisticated move set likened to a fighting game. It updated the Streets of Rage formula to 3D, while implementing moves and combos from the fighting game Virtua Fighter 2 (1994), the ability to combine weapons to create more powerful weapons, and in two-player mode the ability to perform combined special moves and combos. It also had cut scenes, with quick time events interspersed between scenes. The game achieved a certain degree of success, and entered the Japanese arcade earnings charts at number-two in August 1996. Core Design's Fighting Force (1997) was anticipated to redefine the genre for 32-bit consoles through its use of a 3D environment. However, it was met with a lukewarm reception. The beat 'em up genre declined in the late 1990s, largely disappearing from arcades by the end of the decade. In 2000, Squaresoft published The Bouncer (2000), developed by DreamFactory and designed by former Virtua Fighter designer Seiichi Ishii, for the PlayStation 2 console. It was an ambitious project that attempted to deliver a cinematic, story-driven beat 'em up, combining 3D beat 'em up gameplay with action role-playing game elements, cinematic cutscenes, high production values and an "Active Character Selection" system where choices alter the storyline. It was highly anticipated due to Squaresoft's reputation with Japanese role-playing games such as Final Fantasy, but was met with a mixed reception upon release. The same year, Italian studio NAPS team released Gekido: Urban Fighters for the PlayStation console, which uses a fast-paced beat 'em up system, with many bosses and a colorful design in terms of graphics. In the early 2000s, game reviewers started to pronounce that the genre had died off. By 2002, there were virtually no new beat 'em ups being released in arcades. 3D hack-and-slash games (early 2000s to present) See also: Hack and slash After 2000, the beat 'em up genre began seeing a revival in the form of popular 3D hack and slash games in the style of Devil May Cry (2001 onwards), including Onimusha, Ninja Gaiden (2004 onwards), God of War (2005 onwards), God Hand (2006), Heavenly Sword (2007), Afro Samurai (2009), and Bayonetta (2009). Featuring a more fantasy themed approach, with longer campaigns and the variety seen before in multiple characters now being present in the one and only main character. Giving the player multiple weapons and movesets based on a variety of martial arts and different weapons. These games are also known as "character action" games, which represent an evolution of traditional arcade action games. The subgenre was largely defined by Hideki Kamiya, creator of Devil May Cry and Bayonetta. A best-selling Japanese series is the Dynasty Warriors series, which beginning with Dynasty Warriors 2 (2000) offered beat 'em up action on large 3D battlefields with war strategy game elements, displaying dozens of characters on the screen at a time. The series to date spans 14 games (including expansions) which players in the West view as overly similar, although the games' creators claim their large audience in Japan appreciates the subtle differences between the titles. While critics saw Dynasty Warriors 2 as innovative and technically impressive, they held a mixed opinion of later titles. These later games received praise for simple, enjoyable gameplay but were simultaneously derided as overly simplistic and repetitive. Traditional beat 'em ups (early 2000s to present) Zeno Clash (2009) features beat 'em up gameplay from a first-person perspective. On the urban-themed side of the genre was the Yakuza series (2005 debut), which combined elaborate crime thriller plots and detailed interactive environments with street brawling action. Rockstar Games' The Warriors (based on the 1979 movie of the same name), released in 2005, featured large scale brawling in 3D environments interspersed with other activities such as chase sequences. The game also featured a more traditional side-scrolling beat 'em up Armies of the Night as bonus content, which was acclaimed along with the main game and was later released on the PlayStation Portable. Guacamelee! (2013) is a brawling-based game based on luchadors fashioned after a Metroid-style adventure game. Capcom's Viewtiful Joe (2003), directed by Devil May Cry creator Hideki Kamiya, used cel-shaded graphics and innovative gameplay features (such as the protagonist's special powers) to "reinvigorate" its traditional 2D scrolling formula. Releases such as God Hand in 2006 and MadWorld in 2009 were seen as parodies of violence in popular culture, earning both games praise for not taking themselves as seriously as early beat 'em up games. Classic beat 'em ups have been re-released on services such as the Virtual Console and Xbox Live Arcade; critics reaffirmed the appeal of some, while the appeal of others has been deemed to have diminished with time. Although the genre lacks the same presence it did in the late 1980s, some titles such as Viewtiful Joe and God Hand kept the traditional beat 'em up genre alive. The traditional 2D beat 'em up genre has seen a resurgence in Asia, where the South Korean online beat 'em up Dungeon Fighter Online (2004) is very popular. Dungeon Fighter Online has become one of the most-played and highest-grossing games of all time, having grossed over $10 billion. Other traditional 2D scrolling beat 'em ups were released on Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network including The Behemoth's Castle Crashers (2008), featuring cartoon graphics, quirky humor, and acclaimed cooperative gameplay, The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile (2011), Double Dragon Neon (2012) and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game (2010). Fable Heroes (2012) is an Xbox Live Arcade only title released in 2012. Saints Row IV (2013) featured a parody of Streets Of Rage entitled "Saints Of Rage", where the player rescues Johnny Gat from a virtual prison. Dragon's Crown (2013) is a 2D fantasy game with a mix of beat 'em up and ARPG elements that were specifically inspired by Golden Axe and Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom. Streets of Rage 4 (2020) was also released to critical acclaim and has renewed interested in both the series and genre. Dragon's Crown sold over a million copies by 2017, while Streets of Rage 4 has sold over 2.5 million copies as of April 2021. Also other well known classic franchises gained new titles such as Battletoads (2020) and The Ninja Saviors: Return of the Warriors (2019) and River City Girls (2019). The beat 'em up genre has also seen a resurgence within indie game development, resulting in unique titles such as DrinkBox Studios' 2013 indie title Guacamelee! and its 2018 sequel, which are both noted for their hybrid 2D Metroidvania-style platform brawler gameplay. Other indie titles are The Takeover (2019), Ninjin: Clash of Carrots (2018), and the critically acclaimed Fight'N Rage (2017). See also God Hand List of beat 'em ups Shoot 'em up Hack and slash References ^ Perron, Yolande (2012). Office québécois de la langue française (ed.). "Vocabulaire du jeu vidéo" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2015-08-31. ^ Hawken, Kieren (16 February 2017). The A-Z of Atari 2600 Games: Volume 1. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781785386428. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fighting game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"Beat 'Em Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_%27Em_Up"},{"link_name":"Brawler (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawler_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OQLF-1"},{"link_name":"video game genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_genre"},{"link_name":"hand-to-hand combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat"},{"link_name":"scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game"},{"link_name":"two-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay"},{"link_name":"arcade genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_genre"},{"link_name":"side-scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling"},{"link_name":"action games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_games"},{"link_name":"cooperative gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"Kung-Fu Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung-Fu_Master_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong martial arts films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_martial_arts_films"},{"link_name":"Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekketsu_K%C5%8Dha_Kunio-kun"},{"link_name":"belt scroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_scroll"},{"link_name":"Double Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_II"},{"link_name":"fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_games"},{"link_name":"Streets of Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Rage"},{"link_name":"Final Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fight_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Golden Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Axe_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"hack-and-slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack-and-slash"},{"link_name":"God Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Hand"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry"},{"link_name":"Dynasty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"God of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_War_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Bayonetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonetta"},{"link_name":"Dungeon Fighter Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_Fighter_Online"},{"link_name":"Dragon's Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Crown"},{"link_name":"Streets of Rage 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Rage_4"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Shredder%27s_Revenge"}],"text":"Video game genreFor the related genre for one-on-one combat, see fighting game. For the Iggy Pop album, see Beat 'Em Up.\"Brawler\" and \"Brawlers\" redirect here. For other uses, see Brawler (disambiguation).A beat 'em up (also known as brawler and, in some markets, beat 'em all[1]) is a video game genre featuring hand-to-hand combat against a large number of opponents. Traditional beat 'em ups take place in scrolling, two-dimensional (2D) levels, while a number of modern games feature more open three-dimensional (3D) environments with yet larger numbers of enemies. The gameplay tends to follow arcade genre conventions, such as being simple to learn but difficult to master, and the combat system tends to be more highly developed than other side-scrolling action games. Two-player cooperative gameplay and multiple player characters are also hallmarks of the genre. Most of these games take place in urban settings and feature crime-fighting and revenge-based plots, though some games may employ historical, science fiction or fantasy themes.The first beat 'em up was 1984's Kung-Fu Master,[2][3] which was based on Hong Kong martial arts films. 1986's Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun introduced the belt scroll format employed extensively by later games, while also popularizing contemporary urban settings, while its Western localized version Renegade further introduced underworld revenge themes. The genre then saw a period of high popularity between the release of Double Dragon in 1987, which defined the two-player cooperative mode and continuous belt scroll format central to classic beat 'em ups, and 1991's Street Fighter II, which drew gamers towards one-on-one fighting games. Games such as Streets of Rage, Final Fight, Golden Axe and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles are other classics to emerge from this period. In the late 1990s, the genre lost popularity with the emergence of 3D-polygon technology.In the 2000s, a sub-genre of 3D hack-and-slash games emerged (also known as \"character action games\"), adapting the beat 'em up formula to utilize large-scale 3D environments, with popular franchises including God Hand, Devil May Cry, Dynasty Warriors, God of War and Bayonetta. Since the 2010s, traditional 2D beat 'em ups have seen a resurgence, with popular titles such as Dungeon Fighter Online, Dragon's Crown, Streets of Rage 4 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge.","title":"Beat 'em up"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"action game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_game"},{"link_name":"melee weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee_weapon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"video game magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_magazines"},{"link_name":"Mean Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_Machines"},{"link_name":"Computer & Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_%26_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-FF-15"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A beat 'em up (also called a \"brawler\")[4][5] is a type of action game where the player character must fight a large number of enemies in unarmed combat or with melee weapons.[6][7][8] Gameplay consists of walking through a level, one section at a time, defeating a group of enemies before advancing to the next section; a boss fight normally occurs at the end of each level.[9] Arcade versions of these games are often quite difficult to win, causing players to spend more money.[10]Beat 'em ups are related to but distinct from fighting games, which are based around one-on-one matches rather than scrolling levels and multiple enemies.[11] Such terminology is loosely applied, however,[11] as some commentators prefer to conflate the two terms.[12] At times, both one-on-one fighting games and scrolling beat 'em ups have influenced each other in terms of graphics and style and can appeal to fans of either genre.[11] Occasionally, a game will feature both kinds of gameplay.[13]In the United Kingdom, video game magazines during the 1980s to 1990s, such as Mean Machines and Computer & Video Games (C+VG) for example, referred to all games which had a combat motif as beat 'em ups, including fighting games.[14] However, they were differentiated by a specific prefix; games like Double Dragon or Final Fight were called \"scrolling beat 'em ups\"[15] and games such as Street Fighter II or Mortal Kombat were referred to as \"one on one beat 'em ups\".[16] Fighting games were still being called \"beat 'em up\" games in the UK gaming press up until the end of the 1990s.[17]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty1up-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenaxe-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespyhof-21"},{"link_name":"scroll horizontally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"2D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fightingforce-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty2-23"},{"link_name":"power-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-up"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespyhof-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespyhof-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespymadworld-26"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamaboss-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenaxe-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fightingforce-22"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmnt-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"combos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combo_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmnt-28"},{"link_name":"special attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower_(ability)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"combos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combo_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmnt-28"},{"link_name":"Double Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon"},{"link_name":"cooperatively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenaxe-20"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmnt-28"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beatemupcoop-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Beat 'em up games usually employ vigilante crime fighting and revenge plots with the action taking place on city streets,[18] though historical and fantasy themed games also exist.[19][20] Players must walk from one end of the game world to the other,[21] and thus each game level will usually scroll horizontally.[5] Some later beat 'em ups dispense with 2D-based scrolling levels, instead allowing the player to roam around larger 3D environments, though they retain the same simple-to-learn gameplay and control systems.[22][23] Throughout the level, players may acquire weapons that they can use as well as power-ups that replenish the player's health.[5]As players walk through the level, they are stopped by groups of enemies who must be defeated before they're able to continue.[24] The level ends when all the enemies are defeated. Each level contains many identical groups of enemies,[21][25] making these games notable for their repetition.[21][26] In beat 'em up games, players often fight a boss—an enemy much stronger than the other enemies—at the end of each level.[5][27]Beat 'em ups often allow the player to choose between a selection of protagonists—each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and set of moves.[5][20][22][28] The combat system typically tends to be more highly developed than other side-scrolling action games.[29] Attacks can include rapid combinations of basic attacks (combos) as well as jumping and grappling attacks.[5][28] Characters often have their own special attacks, which leads to different strategies depending on which character the player selects.[30] The control system is usually simple to learn, often comprising just two attack buttons. These buttons can be combined to pull off combos, as well as jumping and grappling attacks.[5][28] Since the release of Double Dragon, many beat 'em ups have allowed two players to play the game cooperatively—a central aspect to the appeal of these games.[5][18][20][28][31] Beat 'em ups are more likely to feature cooperative play than other game genres.[32]","title":"Game design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrolling"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-FF-15"},{"link_name":"side-scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling"},{"link_name":"Irem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irem"},{"link_name":"Kung-Fu Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung-Fu_Master_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Takashi Nishiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Nishiyama"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"My Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Hero_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Flashgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashgal"},{"link_name":"Taito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito"},{"link_name":"The Ninja Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ninja_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Data East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_East"},{"link_name":"Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Dudes_Vs._DragonNinja"},{"link_name":"Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco"},{"link_name":"Splatterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatterhouse"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hero-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"action games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_games"},{"link_name":"fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_games"},{"link_name":"platform games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"run and gun video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_and_gun_video_game"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"Viewtiful Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtiful_Joe"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"belt scroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_scroll"},{"link_name":"conveyor belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belt"},{"link_name":"Technos Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technos_Japan"},{"link_name":"Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekketsu_K%C5%8Dha_Kunio-kun"},{"link_name":"Double Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"Final Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fight"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGCC-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"Shinobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinobi_(series)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant-40"},{"link_name":"Golden Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Axe_(series)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Captain Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Silver"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"Rastan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastan_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Saint Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sword"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"Tecmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecmo"},{"link_name":"Ninja Gaiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Gaiden"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"Strider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strider_(1989_arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Master System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_System"},{"link_name":"Danan: The Jungle Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danan:_The_Jungle_Fighter"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-39"},{"link_name":"Vanillaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillaware"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant-40"},{"link_name":"third-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Hideki Kamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Kamiya"},{"link_name":"Koei Tecmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koei_Tecmo"},{"link_name":"Dynasty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"Genji: Dawn of the Samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genji:_Dawn_of_the_Samurai"},{"link_name":"No More Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Heroes_(series)"},{"link_name":"Bayonetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonetta"},{"link_name":"Darksiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darksiders"},{"link_name":"Dante's Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGO-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VideoGamer-47"},{"link_name":"Die Hard Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Hard_Arcade"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Yakuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza_(series)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Eidos Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Fighting Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Force"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Squaresoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaresoft"},{"link_name":"The Bouncer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bouncer_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"God Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Hand"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"The beat 'em up or brawler genre includes several sub-genres:Scrolling beat 'em up – Beat 'em up games which employ a 2D scrolling format.[15]\nSingle-plane beat 'em up or side-scrolling beat 'em up – Scrolling beat 'em ups that move along a single side-scrolling plane of motion. This was the earliest style of beat 'em up, with the format established by Irem's Kung-Fu Master (1984), designed by Takashi Nishiyama. Other titles that followed in the sub-genre include Sega's My Hero and Flashgal (1985), Taito's The Ninja Warriors (1987), Data East's Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja (1988) and Namco's Splatterhouse (1988).[33][34] This early style of beat 'em up is part of a broader genre of side-scrolling character action games, including 2D fighting games, scrolling platform games, and run and gun video games.[29] A later example of this style is Capcom's Viewtiful Joe (2003).[35]\nBelt-scroll action game or belt-scroll beat 'em up – The most popular type of scrolling beat 'em up, these games use a belt scroll format, a side-scrolling format with a downward camera angle where players can move both vertically and horizontally along a horizontally scrolling environment. The term \"belt scroll action game\" was coined in Japan, where it was named as such due to the scrolling style resembling conveyor belt motion. This format was introduced by Technos Japan's Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun (1986), known as Renegade in the West, and further developed and popularized by its follow-up Double Dragon (1987). Later popular examples including titles such as the Sega's Streets of Rage series and Capcom's Final Fight series.[36][37][38]\nHack and slash – Beat 'em ups or brawlers that are centered around combat with melee-based weapons, such as swords or blades, rather than fist-fighting.\n2D hack & slash or slash 'em up – 2D scrolling beat 'em ups centered around melee-based weapons. Examples include Sega's arcade series Shinobi (1987 debut)[39][40] and Golden Axe (1989 debut),[41][42] Data East's Captain Silver (1987),[39] Taito's Rastan (1987)[39][43] and Saint Sword (1991),[39] Tecmo's early Ninja Gaiden (Shadow Warriors) 2D games (1988 debut),[39] Capcom's Strider (1989),[44] the Master System game Danan: The Jungle Fighter (1990),[39] and Vanillaware's Dragon's Crown (2013).[40]\n3D hack & slash or character action game – These are third-person action games centered around weapon-based melee combat in three-dimensional environments. The sub-genre was largely defined by Capcom's Devil May Cry (2001), designed by Hideki Kamiya, with other examples including Koei Tecmo's Dynasty Warriors and 3D Ninja Gaiden games, later Devil May Cry games, Sony's God of War and Genji: Dawn of the Samurai, No More Heroes, Kamiya's Bayonetta, Darksiders and Dante's Inferno.[45][46][47]\n3D beat 'em up – 3D brawlers that are closer to traditional beat 'em ups, with fist-fighting, but take place in larger 3D environments. Examples include Sega's Die Hard Arcade (1996)[48] and Yakuza series (2005 debut),[49] Eidos Interactive's Fighting Force (1997),[50] Squaresoft's The Bouncer (2000),[51] and Capcom's God Hand (2006).[52] This sub-genre of beat 'em up is generally not as popular as 3D hack & slash games.[53]","title":"Sub-genres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"martial arts films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_films"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong martial arts films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_martial_arts_films"},{"link_name":"Game of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Death"},{"link_name":"pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda"},{"link_name":"boss battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_battles"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-54"},{"link_name":"Enter the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-55"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_video_game"},{"link_name":"Heavyweight Champ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight_Champ_(1976_arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Data East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_East"},{"link_name":"Karate Champ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate_Champ"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"}],"text":"Beat 'em up games have origins in martial arts films, particularly Bruce Lee's Hong Kong martial arts films. Lee's Game of Death (1972) inspired the basic structure of a beat 'em up, with Lee ascending five levels of a pagoda while fighting numerous enemies and several boss battles along the way,[54] while another Lee film Enter the Dragon (1973) also influenced the genre.[55][29] The first video game to feature fist fighting was Sega's arcade boxing game Heavyweight Champ (1976),[11] which is viewed from a side-view perspective like later fighting games.[56] However, it was Data East's fighting game Karate Champ (1984) which popularized martial arts themed games.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kung-Fu Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung-Fu_Master_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Takashi Nishiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Nishiyama"},{"link_name":"Irem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irem"},{"link_name":"side-scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"Wheels on Meals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_on_Meals"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-54"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-58"},{"link_name":"side-scrolling shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling_shooter"},{"link_name":"Moon Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Patrol"},{"link_name":"shoot 'em up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Okamoto-59"},{"link_name":"health meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_meter"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Karateka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karateka_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"ported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao1-11"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"My Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Hero_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hero-33"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG7-62"},{"link_name":"Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekketsu_K%C5%8Dha_Kunio-kun"},{"link_name":"Technōs Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techn%C5%8Ds_Japan"},{"link_name":"belt scroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_scroll"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGCC-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hero-33"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"Yoshihisa Kishimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihisa_Kishimoto"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-55"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"combo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combo_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UP-Power-64"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"}],"sub_title":"Earliest beat 'em ups (mid-1980s)","text":"Kung-Fu Master (known as Spartan X in Japan), designed by Takashi Nishiyama and released by Irem in 1984, laid the foundations for side-scrolling beat 'em ups. It simplified the combat system of Karate Champ, while adding numerous enemies along a side-scrolling playfield. The game was based on two Hong Kong martial arts films: Jackie Chan's Wheels on Meals (1984), known as Spartan X in Japan (where the game was a tie-in), and Bruce Lee's Game of Death,[11][57] the latter inspiring the five end-of-level boss fights[54] and the plot structure, variations of which were used in subsequent scrolling beat 'em ups.[58] Nishiyama, who had previously created the side-scrolling shooter Moon Patrol (1982), combined a shoot 'em up gameplay rhythm with fighting elements when he designed Kung-Fu Master.[59] The game was also distinctive for its use of health meters, for both the player character and each boss.[29] Another 1984 release, Bruce Lee, combined multi-player, multi-character combat with traditional collecting, platform and puzzle gameplay.[60][61] Later that year, Karateka combined the one-on-one fight sequences of Karate Champ with the freedom of movement in Kung-Fu Master, and it successfully experimented with adding plot to its fighting action. It was also among the first martial arts games to be successfully developed for and ported across different home systems.[11] Sega's My Hero (1985) adopted the gameplay format of Kung-Fu Master, but changing the more traditional martial arts setting to a more contemporary urban city environment with street gangs.[33][62]Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun, developed by Technōs Japan and released in 1986 in Japan, introduced the belt scroll format, allowing both vertical and horizontal movement along a side-scrolling environment,[36][33] while also popularizing street brawling in the genre.[18] Created by Yoshihisa Kishimoto, game was inspired by his own teenage high school years getting into daily fights, along with Bruce Lee's martial arts film Enter the Dragon.[55][29] The Western adaptation Renegade (released the same year) added an underworld revenge plot that proved more popular with gamers than the principled combat sport of other martial arts games.[18] Renegade set the standard for future beat 'em up games as it introduced the ability to move both horizontally and vertically.[63] It also introduced the use of combo attacks; in contrast to earlier games, the opponents in Renegade and Double Dragon could take much more punishment, requiring a succession of punches, with the first hit temporarily immobilizing the enemy, making him unable to defend himself against successive punches.[64] Rather than one-hit kills, the player needed to hit enemies multiple times, \"beating them up,\" in order to defeat them. Compared to earlier side-scrollers, the environment was expanded to a scrolling arena-like space, while the combat system was more highly developed, with the player able to punch, kick, grab, charge, throw and stomp enemies.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Technōs Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techn%C5%8Ds_Japan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-55"},{"link_name":"cooperative gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddhof-65"},{"link_name":"cut scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_scenes"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-55"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"Mad Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Max"},{"link_name":"Fist of the North Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fist_of_the_North_Star"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-55"},{"link_name":"table arcade game of 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamest-66"},{"link_name":"in 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddhof-65"},{"link_name":"Golden Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Axe_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Final Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fight_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalata-70"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UP-Power-64"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalata-70"},{"link_name":"hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenaxe-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespyhof-21"},{"link_name":"Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Dudes_Vs._DragonNinja"},{"link_name":"P.O.W.: Prisoners of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.O.W.:_Prisoners_of_War"},{"link_name":"River City Ransom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_City_Ransom"},{"link_name":"role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nintendo_mag-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Streets of Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Rage"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetsofragehof-74"},{"link_name":"Streets of Rage 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Rage_2"},{"link_name":"Mega Drive/Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Drive/Genesis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetsofragehof-74"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"Batman Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Returns_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"the characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Taito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito"},{"link_name":"pseudo-3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-3D"},{"link_name":"hoverboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverboard"},{"link_name":"racing gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_game"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_II"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tao2-18"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddhof-65"},{"link_name":"Gang Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Wars_(video_game)"}],"sub_title":"Mainstream success (late 1980s to early 1990s)","text":"In 1987, the release of Double Dragon, designed as Technōs Japan's spiritual successor to Kunio-kun (Renegade),[18][55] ushered in a \"golden age\" for the beat 'em up genre that took it to new heights with its detailed set of martial arts attacks and its outstanding two-player cooperative gameplay.[18][65] It also had a continuous side-scrolling world, in contrast to the bounded scrolling arenas of Kunio-kun, giving Double Dragon a sense of progression, along with the use of cut scenes to give it a cinematic look and feel.[55][29] Like Kunio-kun, the game's combat system drew inspiration from the Bruce Lee film Enter the Dragon, while Double Dragon added a new disaster-ridden city setting inspired by the Mad Max films and Fist of the North Star manga and anime series.[55] Double Dragon became Japan's third highest-grossing table arcade game of 1987,[66] before becoming America's overall highest-grossing dedicated arcade game for two years in a row, in 1988[67] and 1989.[68]Double Dragon's success resulted in a flood of beat 'em ups in the late 1980s,[65] where acclaimed titles such as Golden Axe and Final Fight (both 1989) distinguished themselves from the others.[18] Final Fight was Capcom's intended sequel to Street Fighter (provisionally titled Street Fighter '89),[69] but the company ultimately gave it a new title.[70] In contrast to the simple combo attacks in Renegade and Double Dragon, the combo attacks in Final Fight were much more dynamic, and the sprites were much larger.[64] Acclaimed as the best game in the genre,[5][71] Final Fight spawned two home sequels and was later ported to other systems.[70] Golden Axe was acclaimed for its visceral hack and slash action and cooperative mode and was influential through its selection of multiple protagonists with distinct fighting styles.[20] It is considered one of the strongest beat 'em up titles for its fantasy elements, distinguishing it from the urban settings seen in other beat 'em ups.[21] Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja featured platform elements, while P.O.W.: Prisoners of War took the weapon aspect a stage further, allowing the players to pick up guns. Another beat 'em up—River City Ransom (1989), named Street Gangs in Europe—featured role-playing game elements with which the player's character could be upgraded, using money stolen from defeated enemies.[72][73]The Streets of Rage series was launched in the early 1990s and borrowed heavily from Final Fight.[74] Streets of Rage 2 (1992) for Sega's Mega Drive/Genesis was one of the first console games to match the acclaim of arcade beat 'em ups.[18] Its level design was praised for taking traditional beat 'em up settings and stringing them together in novel ways,[74] and its success led to it being ported to arcades.[18] The beat 'em up was also a popular genre for video games based on television series and movies, with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Batman Returns a surprise success,[18] and encouraged many more beat 'em up games based on the characters.[75] Taito's arcade game Riding Fight (1992) combined beat 'em up gameplay with a pseudo-3D chase view and hoverboard racing gameplay.[76][77] The \"golden age\" of the genre eventually came to an end during the early 1990s, following the success of Capcom's Street Fighter II (1991) which drew gamers back towards one-on-one fighting games, while the subsequent emerging popularity of 3D video games in the late 1990s diminished the popularity of 2D-based pugilistic games in general.[18][65]Another notable game from this era is Gang Wars, released in 1989.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Die Hard Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Hard_Arcade"},{"link_name":"texture-mapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture-mapped"},{"link_name":"polygon graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal_modeling"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen20-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSM17-79"},{"link_name":"Virtua Fighter 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtua_Fighter_2"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVG-80"},{"link_name":"cut scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_scenes"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSM16-81"},{"link_name":"quick time events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_time_events"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SatMag12-82"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Core Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Design"},{"link_name":"Fighting Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Force"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fightingforce-22"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-29"},{"link_name":"Squaresoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaresoft"},{"link_name":"The Bouncer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bouncer_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"DreamFactory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamFactory_(Japanese_company)"},{"link_name":"Virtua Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtua_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Seiichi Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiichi_Ishii"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"action role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"choices alter the storyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay"},{"link_name":"Japanese role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"NAPS team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAPS_team"},{"link_name":"Gekido: Urban Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekido"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespyhof-21"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Transition to 3D (late 1990s to early 2000s)","text":"Sega's Die Hard Arcade (1996) was the first beat 'em up to use texture-mapped 3D polygon graphics,[78] and it used a sophisticated move set likened to a fighting game.[79] It updated the Streets of Rage formula to 3D, while implementing moves and combos from the fighting game Virtua Fighter 2 (1994), the ability to combine weapons to create more powerful weapons, and in two-player mode the ability to perform combined special moves and combos.[80] It also had cut scenes,[81] with quick time events interspersed between scenes.[82] The game achieved a certain degree of success,[29] and entered the Japanese arcade earnings charts at number-two in August 1996.[83] Core Design's Fighting Force (1997) was anticipated to redefine the genre for 32-bit consoles through its use of a 3D environment. However, it was met with a lukewarm reception.[22] The beat 'em up genre declined in the late 1990s, largely disappearing from arcades by the end of the decade.[29]In 2000, Squaresoft published The Bouncer (2000), developed by DreamFactory and designed by former Virtua Fighter designer Seiichi Ishii, for the PlayStation 2 console. It was an ambitious project that attempted to deliver a cinematic, story-driven beat 'em up, combining 3D beat 'em up gameplay with action role-playing game elements, cinematic cutscenes, high production values and an \"Active Character Selection\" system where choices alter the storyline. It was highly anticipated due to Squaresoft's reputation with Japanese role-playing games such as Final Fantasy, but was met with a mixed reception upon release.[84] The same year, Italian studio NAPS team released Gekido: Urban Fighters for the PlayStation console, which uses a fast-paced beat 'em up system, with many bosses and a colorful design in terms of graphics.[85]In the early 2000s, game reviewers started to pronounce that the genre had died off.[21] By 2002, there were virtually no new beat 'em ups being released in arcades.[86]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry"},{"link_name":"Onimusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimusha"},{"link_name":"Ninja Gaiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Gaiden"},{"link_name":"God of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_War_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"God Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Hand"},{"link_name":"Heavenly Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Sword"},{"link_name":"Afro Samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_Samurai_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psxextreme-87"},{"link_name":"Bayonetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonetta_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Hideki Kamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Kamiya"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid-45"},{"link_name":"Dynasty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Dynasty Warriors 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors_2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty2-23"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty1up-19"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty1up-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty2-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynasty1up-19"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"3D hack-and-slash games (early 2000s to present)","text":"See also: Hack and slashAfter 2000, the beat 'em up genre began seeing a revival in the form of popular 3D hack and slash games in the style of Devil May Cry (2001 onwards), including Onimusha, Ninja Gaiden (2004 onwards), God of War (2005 onwards), God Hand (2006), Heavenly Sword (2007), Afro Samurai (2009),[87] and Bayonetta (2009).[88] Featuring a more fantasy themed approach, with longer campaigns and the variety seen before in multiple characters now being present in the one and only main character. Giving the player multiple weapons and movesets based on a variety of martial arts and different weapons. These games are also known as \"character action\" games, which represent an evolution of traditional arcade action games. The subgenre was largely defined by Hideki Kamiya, creator of Devil May Cry and Bayonetta.[45]A best-selling Japanese series is the Dynasty Warriors series,[89] which beginning with Dynasty Warriors 2 (2000) offered beat 'em up action on large 3D battlefields with war strategy game elements, displaying dozens of characters on the screen at a time.[23][90] The series to date spans 14 games (including expansions) which players in the West view as overly similar, although the games' creators claim their large audience in Japan appreciates the subtle differences between the titles.[19][91] While critics saw Dynasty Warriors 2 as innovative and technically impressive,[19][23] they held a mixed opinion of later titles. These later games received praise for simple, enjoyable gameplay but were simultaneously derided as overly simplistic and repetitive.[19][92]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeno_Clash_-_Fight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zeno Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_Clash"},{"link_name":"first-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Yakuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza_(series)"},{"link_name":"crime thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime-thriller"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Rockstar Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_Games"},{"link_name":"The Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warriors_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"1979 movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warriors_(film)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warriors-94"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warriors-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guacamelee!_screenshot_B.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guacamelee!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamelee!"},{"link_name":"luchadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchador"},{"link_name":"Metroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroid"},{"link_name":"Viewtiful Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtiful_Joe_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"cel-shaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel-shaded_animation"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"God Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Hand"},{"link_name":"MadWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MadWorld"},{"link_name":"parodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespymadworld-26"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Virtual Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Console"},{"link_name":"Xbox Live Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finalfight-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenaxe-20"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nintendo_mag-72"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmnt-28"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Dungeon Fighter Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_Fighter_Online"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_media_franchises"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"The Behemoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Behemoth"},{"link_name":"Castle Crashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Crashers"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dishwasher:_Vampire_Smile"},{"link_name":"Double Dragon Neon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon_Neon"},{"link_name":"Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pilgrim_vs._the_World:_The_Game"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Fable Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fable_Heroes"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Saints Row IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Row_IV"},{"link_name":"Johnny Gat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Gat"},{"link_name":"Dragon's Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Crown"},{"link_name":"Golden Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Axe"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons:_Tower_of_Doom"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Streets of Rage 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Rage_4"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DragonTotal-105"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beat_%27em_up&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2.5_million-106"},{"link_name":"Battletoads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battletoads_(2020_video_game)"},{"link_name":"River City Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_City_Girls"},{"link_name":"indie game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_game"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_game_development"},{"link_name":"DrinkBox Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DrinkBox_Studios"},{"link_name":"Guacamelee!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamelee!"},{"link_name":"Metroidvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroidvania"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Traditional beat 'em ups (early 2000s to present)","text":"Zeno Clash (2009) features beat 'em up gameplay from a first-person perspective.On the urban-themed side of the genre was the Yakuza series (2005 debut), which combined elaborate crime thriller plots and detailed interactive environments with street brawling action.[93] Rockstar Games' The Warriors (based on the 1979 movie of the same name), released in 2005, featured large scale brawling in 3D environments interspersed with other activities such as chase sequences.[94] The game also featured a more traditional side-scrolling beat 'em up Armies of the Night as bonus content, which was acclaimed along with the main game and was later released on the PlayStation Portable.[94][95]Guacamelee! (2013) is a brawling-based game based on luchadors fashioned after a Metroid-style adventure game.Capcom's Viewtiful Joe (2003), directed by Devil May Cry creator Hideki Kamiya, used cel-shaded graphics and innovative gameplay features (such as the protagonist's special powers) to \"reinvigorate\" its traditional 2D scrolling formula.[96] Releases such as God Hand in 2006 and MadWorld in 2009 were seen as parodies of violence in popular culture, earning both games praise for not taking themselves as seriously as early beat 'em up games.[26][97] Classic beat 'em ups have been re-released on services such as the Virtual Console and Xbox Live Arcade; critics reaffirmed the appeal of some,[5][20][72] while the appeal of others has been deemed to have diminished with time.[28] Although the genre lacks the same presence it did in the late 1980s, some titles such as Viewtiful Joe and God Hand kept the traditional beat 'em up genre alive.[98]The traditional 2D beat 'em up genre has seen a resurgence in Asia, where the South Korean online beat 'em up Dungeon Fighter Online (2004) is very popular. Dungeon Fighter Online has become one of the most-played and highest-grossing games of all time, having grossed over $10 billion.[99] Other traditional 2D scrolling beat 'em ups were released on Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network including The Behemoth's Castle Crashers (2008), featuring cartoon graphics, quirky humor, and acclaimed cooperative gameplay,[100] The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile (2011), Double Dragon Neon (2012) and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game (2010).[101]Fable Heroes (2012) is an Xbox Live Arcade only title released in 2012.[102] Saints Row IV (2013) featured a parody of Streets Of Rage entitled \"Saints Of Rage\", where the player rescues Johnny Gat from a virtual prison. Dragon's Crown (2013) is a 2D fantasy game with a mix of beat 'em up and ARPG elements that were specifically inspired by Golden Axe and Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom.[103] Streets of Rage 4 (2020) was also released to critical acclaim and has renewed interested in both the series and genre.[104] Dragon's Crown sold over a million copies by 2017,[105] while Streets of Rage 4 has sold over 2.5 million copies as of April 2021[update].[106] Also other well known classic franchises gained new titles such as Battletoads (2020) and The Ninja Saviors: Return of the Warriors (2019) and River City Girls (2019).The beat 'em up genre has also seen a resurgence within indie game development, resulting in unique titles such as DrinkBox Studios' 2013 indie title Guacamelee! and its 2018 sequel, which are both noted for their hybrid 2D Metroidvania-style platform brawler gameplay.[107][108] Other indie titles are The Takeover (2019), Ninjin: Clash of Carrots (2018), and the critically acclaimed Fight'N Rage (2017).[109]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Zeno Clash (2009) features beat 'em up gameplay from a first-person perspective.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zeno_Clash_-_Fight.jpg/220px-Zeno_Clash_-_Fight.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guacamelee! (2013) is a brawling-based game based on luchadors fashioned after a Metroid-style adventure game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guacamelee%21_screenshot_B.jpg/220px-Guacamelee%21_screenshot_B.jpg"}]
[{"title":"God Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Hand"},{"title":"List of beat 'em ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beat_%27em_ups"},{"title":"Shoot 'em up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up"},{"title":"Hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"}]
[{"reference":"Perron, Yolande (2012). Office québécois de la langue française (ed.). \"Vocabulaire du jeu vidéo\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2015-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://wikimedia.fr/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise","url_text":"Office québécois de la langue française"},{"url":"http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/bibliotheque/dictionnaires/20120701_jeu_video.pdf","url_text":"\"Vocabulaire du jeu vidéo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613015614/http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/bibliotheque/dictionnaires/20120701_jeu_video.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hawken, Kieren (16 February 2017). The A-Z of Atari 2600 Games: Volume 1. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781785386428. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Barbers_Point
Naval Air Station Barbers Point
["1 History","1.1 Attack on Pearl Harbor","1.2 Marine Corps Air Station Ewa","1.3 Operation Dominic","1.4 Army use","1.5 Closing","1.6 Production studio","2 Environmental contamination","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 21°18′26″N 158°04′13″W / 21.30722°N 158.07028°W / 21.30722; -158.07028Naval Air Station Barbers PointJohn Rodgers FieldKapolei, Hawaii in the United StatesFive US Navy P-3B Orions and a C-130F Hercules of Patrol Wing 2 at NAS Barbers Point during the 1970sBarbers PointLocation in HawaiiCoordinates21°18′26″N 158°04′13″W / 21.30722°N 158.07028°W / 21.30722; -158.07028TypeNaval air stationSite informationOwnerDepartment of DefenseOperatorUS NavyConditionClosedSite historyBuilt1942 (1942)In use1942 – 1997 (1997)FateTransferred to civilian use and became Kalaeloa Airport and film & TV studiosAirfield informationIdentifiersICAO: PHJR, FAA LID: JRF, WMO: 91178Elevation9 metres (30 ft) AMSL Runways Direction Length and surface 4R/22L 2,438 metres (7,999 ft) Asphalt 11/29 1,829 metres (6,001 ft) Asphalt 4L/22R 1,372 metres (4,501 ft) Asphalt Naval Air Station Barbers Point (ICAO: PHJR, FAA LID: JRF), on O'ahu, home to John Rodgers Field (the original name of Honolulu International Airport), is a former United States Navy airfield closed in 1999, and renamed Kalaeloa Airport. Parts of the former air station serve as a film and television studio for the Hawaii State Film Office. History Attack on Pearl Harbor On December 7, 1941, Barbers Point was one of the many targets attacked by the Japanese during the attack on Pearl Harbor. During the second wave, American pilots George Welch and Kenneth Taylor engaged Japanese aircraft, shooting down two aircraft. Gate at Naval Air Station Barber's Point as it appeared in December 1958 The Navy acquired the airfield in early 1943. At that time it consisted of two short runways and four hangars that were just two feet above hightide. A PNAB civilian contractor started work by bringing a dredge onto Keehi lagoon in February 1943. In April the military took over. The Army took over the dredging operation while Seabees of the 5th Naval Construction Battalion took over the airfield. When they were done there would be three runways. The Navy would turn the airfield into a major facility by sending Seabees from the 13th, 64th and 133rd Construction Battalions to do it. Marine Corps Air Station Ewa Marine Corps Air Station Ewa was adjacent to NAS Barbers Point. Due to lack of space to expand Ewa for jet aircraft operations, the Marine Corps field was closed and merged into Barbers Point on June 18, 1952. Operation Dominic In 1962 NAS Barbers Point was used as a staging base for Operation Dominic. Experimental nuclear weapons were loaded into two B-52s at Barbers Point and flown to points near Kiritimati (Christmas Island) where they were dropped in 24 test detonations. B-57 sampler aircraft that had flown into the mushroom clouds were later flown to Barbers Point and scrubbed down to reduce their radioactivity. Army use In 1972 the United States Army posted a CH-47 Chinook company, the 147th Assault Support Helicopter Company "Hillclimbers", supporting the Army's 25th Infantry Division and United States Army Pacific, and it was moved to the historic Wheeler Army Airfield, Schofield Barracks, for Hawaii Army National Guard use. In May 1976 the Joint Casualty Resolution Center moved here from Thailand. Closing NAS Barbers Point in 1958. NAS Barbers Point was closed by Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) action in 1999, with the Navy aircraft, primarily P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft assigned to squadrons of Patrol Wing Two, relocating to Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay, now Marine Corps Base Hawaii, on the other side of the island. Coast Guard Air Station Barbers Point, with its complement of HH-65 Dolphin helicopters and HC-130H Hercules aircraft, remained after the Navy's departure; Barbers Point is the only Coast Guard Air Station within the 14th US Coast Guard District. With the closure of NAS Barbers Point, the present day Kalaeloa Airport / John Rodgers Field became home to Naval Air Museum Barbers Point, which preserved the history of the base and a collection of aircraft that reflected the US Navy's, US Marine Corps', US Coast Guard's and US Army's aviation presence on Barbers Point and in the state of Hawaii. The museum closed in 2020. Production studio By early 2017, the massive building which once served as the air station's aircraft intermediate maintenance facility had been leased by Navy Region Hawaii to the Hawaiian Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism and the Hawaii State Film Office for use as a film and television studio. The Hawaii State Film Office had been interested in developing space on the former airfield into a filming studio to complement the department's first studio, the Hawaii Film Studio at Diamond Head in East Oahu. Donne Dawson, commissioner of the Hawaii State Film Office, stated that the new facility would "have all the components of a film office, such as office space for all departments, space for their props and wardrobes and a mill for set construction," and noted that, had Navy Region Hawaii not agreed to the lease, "there were not a lot of options" available to interested production companies beyond retrofitting warehouse space. ABC Studios and Marvel Television's Inhumans was the first production to use the newly created production facility. Environmental contamination Barbers Point consists of at least 35 sites where soil and or groundwater were contaminated per the DOD. As of 2017, 34 had been cleaned up, according to the DOD. This does not mean that these sites are no longer hazardous, as many of these sites were put under long-term monitoring or other restrictions. See also Hawaii World War II Army Airfields HABS/HAER documentation of Naval Air Station Barbers Point for a listing of the very extensive documentation of Naval Air Station Barbers Point by the Historic American Buildings Survey References  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency ^ a b c d Building the Navys Bases in World War II, History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and Civil Engineering Corps, 1940-46, Chapter XXII, Pearl Harbor, part 1, Oahu, p.142 ^ Operation Dominic I (PDF) (DNA6040F), Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, 1983, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2012, retrieved 12 January 2014 ^ Melson, Charles (1991). U.S. Marines In Vietnam: The War That Would Not End, 1971–1973. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. p. 234. ISBN 9781482384055. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Shimogawa, Duane (February 8, 2017). "Disney, Marvel head to Hawaii to film 'Marvel: The Inhumans' IMAX movie and TV series". The Business Journals. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ "Bombs in Your Backyard: BARBERS POINT NAS". ProPublica. Retrieved 2022-07-10. Further reading Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 978-0-405-12194-4. External links Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command - Administrative records Media related to Naval Air Station Barbers Point at Wikimedia Commons Resources for this airport: FAA airport information for JRF AirNav airport information for PHJR ASN accident history for JRF FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA/NWS latest weather observations for PHJR SkyVector aeronautical chart for JRF vteAirports in HawaiiPrimary Honolulu Kahului Kona–Keāhole Lihue Hilo Molokai Lanai Non-primary Hana Kalaupapa Kapalua–West Maui Waimea–Kohala Reliever Kalaeloa–Rodgers General Dillingham Port Allen Upolu Private use French Frigate Shoals Princeville Military NAS Barbers Point–Rodgers (CGAS Barbers Point) PMRF Barking Sands Dillingham NALF Ford Island MCB Hawaii MCAS Kaneohe Bay JB Pearl Harbor–Hickam Hickam Field Pohakuloa TA (Bradshaw AAF) Wheeler AAF Defunct Ewa Ford Haleiwa Kaanapali Kipapa Kona Kualoa Morse Stanley vte USAAF Seventh Air Force in World War IIPreviously: Hawaiian Air Force (1940-1942)AirfieldsHawaii Bellows Hickam Wheeler Okinawa Ie Shima Yontan Pacific USAAF in the Central Pacific USAAF in the Southwest Pacific UnitsCommands VII Bomber VII Fighter Wings 7th Fighter GroupsBombardment 5th Bombardment 11th Bombardment 30th Bombardment 41st Bombardment 307th Bombardment 494th Bombardment Fighter 15th Fighter 18th Fighter 21st Fighter 318th Fighter 508th Fighter Troop Carrier 419th Troop Carrier SquadronsReconnaissance 28th Reconnaissance 41st Reconnaissance 43d Reconnaissance Transport 9th Troop Carrier 311th Troop Carrier 316th Troop Carrier Night Fighter 6th Night Fighter 548th Night Fighter 549th Night Fighter United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"John Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rodgers_(naval_officer,_World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Honolulu International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kalaeloa Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaeloa_Airport"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_studio"},{"link_name":"television studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_studio"}],"text":"Naval Air Station Barbers Point (ICAO: PHJR, FAA LID: JRF), on O'ahu, home to John Rodgers Field (the original name of Honolulu International Airport), is a former United States Navy airfield closed in 1999, and renamed Kalaeloa Airport. Parts of the former air station serve as a film and television studio for the Hawaii State Film Office.","title":"Naval Air Station Barbers Point"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"George Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Welch_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_M._Taylor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAS_Barbers_Pt_gate_12-58_Hawaii.JPG"},{"link_name":"hangars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar"},{"link_name":"hightide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUDOCKS-1"},{"link_name":"dredge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredging"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUDOCKS-1"},{"link_name":"Seabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabees"},{"link_name":"5th Naval Construction Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUDOCKS-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUDOCKS-1"}],"sub_title":"Attack on Pearl Harbor","text":"On December 7, 1941, Barbers Point was one of the many targets attacked by the Japanese during the attack on Pearl Harbor. During the second wave, American pilots George Welch and Kenneth Taylor engaged Japanese aircraft, shooting down two aircraft.[citation needed]Gate at Naval Air Station Barber's Point as it appeared in December 1958The Navy acquired the airfield in early 1943. At that time it consisted of two short runways and four hangars that were just two feet above hightide.[1] A PNAB civilian contractor started work by bringing a dredge onto Keehi lagoon in February 1943.[1] In April the military took over. The Army took over the dredging operation while Seabees of the 5th Naval Construction Battalion took over the airfield.[1] When they were done there would be three runways. The Navy would turn the airfield into a major facility by sending Seabees from the 13th, 64th and 133rd Construction Battalions to do it.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Ewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Ewa"}],"sub_title":"Marine Corps Air Station Ewa","text":"Marine Corps Air Station Ewa was adjacent to NAS Barbers Point. Due to lack of space to expand Ewa for jet aircraft operations, the Marine Corps field was closed and merged into Barbers Point on June 18, 1952.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Dominic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dominic"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"B-52s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"Kiritimati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiritimati"},{"link_name":"B-57 sampler aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_B-57_Canberra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominic-2"}],"sub_title":"Operation Dominic","text":"In 1962 NAS Barbers Point was used as a staging base for Operation Dominic. Experimental nuclear weapons were loaded into two B-52s at Barbers Point and flown to points near Kiritimati (Christmas Island) where they were dropped in 24 test detonations. B-57 sampler aircraft that had flown into the mushroom clouds were later flown to Barbers Point and scrubbed down to reduce their radioactivity.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CH-47 Chinook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH-47_Chinook"},{"link_name":"25th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Army Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Wheeler Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Schofield Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schofield_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Joint Casualty Resolution Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Casualty_Resolution_Center"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Army use","text":"In 1972 the United States Army posted a CH-47 Chinook company, the 147th Assault Support Helicopter Company \"Hillclimbers\", supporting the Army's 25th Infantry Division and United States Army Pacific, and it was moved to the historic Wheeler Army Airfield, Schofield Barracks, for Hawaii Army National Guard use.In May 1976 the Joint Casualty Resolution Center moved here from Thailand.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FJ-4Bs_VA-214_over_NAS_Barbers_Point_1958.jpg"},{"link_name":"Base Realignment and Closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure"},{"link_name":"P-3C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-3C"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Kaneohe_Bay"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Base Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Air Station Barbers Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_Barbers_Point"},{"link_name":"HH-65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-65"},{"link_name":"HC-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-130"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Air Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Air_Stations"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Museum Barbers Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Museum_Barbers_Point"}],"sub_title":"Closing","text":"NAS Barbers Point in 1958.NAS Barbers Point was closed by Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) action in 1999, with the Navy aircraft, primarily P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft assigned to squadrons of Patrol Wing Two, relocating to Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay, now Marine Corps Base Hawaii, on the other side of the island.Coast Guard Air Station Barbers Point, with its complement of HH-65 Dolphin helicopters and HC-130H Hercules aircraft, remained after the Navy's departure; Barbers Point is the only Coast Guard Air Station within the 14th US Coast Guard District.With the closure of NAS Barbers Point, the present day Kalaeloa Airport / John Rodgers Field became home to Naval Air Museum Barbers Point, which preserved the history of the base and a collection of aircraft that reflected the US Navy's, US Marine Corps', US Coast Guard's and US Army's aviation presence on Barbers Point and in the state of Hawaii. The museum closed in 2020.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy Region Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Region_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_studio"},{"link_name":"television studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_studio"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Film Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Film_Studio"},{"link_name":"Diamond Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Head,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"ABC Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Studios"},{"link_name":"Marvel Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Television"},{"link_name":"Inhumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhumans_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Production studio","text":"By early 2017, the massive building which once served as the air station's aircraft intermediate maintenance facility had been leased by Navy Region Hawaii to the Hawaiian Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism and the Hawaii State Film Office for use as a film and television studio. The Hawaii State Film Office had been interested in developing space on the former airfield into a filming studio to complement the department's first studio, the Hawaii Film Studio at Diamond Head in East Oahu. Donne Dawson, commissioner of the Hawaii State Film Office, stated that the new facility would \"have all the components of a film office, such as office space for all departments, space for their props and wardrobes and a mill for set construction,\" and noted that, had Navy Region Hawaii not agreed to the lease, \"there were not a lot of options\" available to interested production companies beyond retrofitting warehouse space. ABC Studios and Marvel Television's Inhumans was the first production to use the newly created production facility.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp-5"}],"text":"Barbers Point consists of at least 35 sites where soil and or groundwater were contaminated per the DOD. As of 2017, 34 had been cleaned up, according to the DOD. This does not mean that these sites are no longer hazardous, as many of these sites were put under long-term monitoring or other restrictions.[5]","title":"Environmental contamination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-405-12194-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-12194-4"}],"text":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 978-0-405-12194-4.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"Hawaii World War II Army Airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_World_War_II_Army_Airfields"},{"title":"HABS/HAER documentation of Naval Air Station Barbers Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HABS/HAER_documentation_of_Naval_Air_Station_Barbers_Point"},{"title":"Historic American Buildings Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey"}]
[{"reference":"Operation Dominic I (PDF) (DNA6040F), Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, 1983, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2012, retrieved 12 January 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120823152154/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/historical/T24298.pdf","url_text":"Operation Dominic I"},{"url":"http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/historical/T24298.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Melson, Charles (1991). U.S. Marines In Vietnam: The War That Would Not End, 1971–1973. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. p. 234. ISBN 9781482384055.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheWarThatWouldNotEnd","url_text":"U.S. Marines In Vietnam: The War That Would Not End, 1971–1973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482384055","url_text":"9781482384055"}]},{"reference":"Shimogawa, Duane (February 8, 2017). \"Disney, Marvel head to Hawaii to film 'Marvel: The Inhumans' IMAX movie and TV series\". The Business Journals. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2017/02/08/disney-marvel-head-to-hawaii-to-film-marvel-the.html","url_text":"\"Disney, Marvel head to Hawaii to film 'Marvel: The Inhumans' IMAX movie and TV series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Business_Journals","url_text":"The Business Journals"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075959/http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2017/02/08/disney-marvel-head-to-hawaii-to-film-marvel-the.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bombs in Your Backyard: BARBERS POINT NAS\". ProPublica. Retrieved 2022-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://projects.propublica.org/bombs/","url_text":"\"Bombs in Your Backyard: BARBERS POINT NAS\""}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 978-0-405-12194-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf","url_text":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-12194-4","url_text":"978-0-405-12194-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_H%C3%A9rold
Pascal Hérold
["1 References"]
French businessman You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (November 2021) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Pascal Hérold}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Pascal Hérold (born November 30, 1949, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France) is a French businessman and producer. He is the founder of Duran Duboi, Nadeo, and the Hérold & Family studio. Hérold studied at Stanislas College. In 1966, he created a rock band with Olivier de Funès on drums. In 1974, he and his wife founded Laboratoire DUPON, a professional photographic laboratory. In 1984, he founded with Bernard Maltaverne and a few friends the company DURAN, specializing in editing and special effects for television. In the following years, Duboi specialized in special effects for cinema. He joined successively with Pitof, Mike Birch, Tarek Ben Ammar and Jérôme Deschamps. His name is associated with the films: Joan of Arc, Amélie, and Immortel. In 1997, Pascal Hérold was chairman of the technical film company Duran Duboi. In 2005, he left the group to found his own film production company "Hérold & Family" and the studio Delacave. He also created the video game company Nadeo, which experienced success through the "Virtual Skipper" game and the TrackMania series that led to its sale to Ubisoft. He produced three feature films for the cinema and directed two animated films. References ^ a b "Pascal Hérold". en.unifrance.org. Retrieved 2021-11-08. ^ "Pascal Hérold". Evene.fr. Retrieved 2021-11-08. ^ "Jeux vidéo / Sur PC. Florent Castelnérac: "TrackMania est un spectacle universel"". www.dna.fr (in French). 4 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2021-11-08. Cofondateur (avec Pascal Hérold) du studio Nadeo en 2000, Florent Castelnérac (45 ans) a participé à la création de la franchise TrackMania dont il supervise toujours le travail technique comme artistique. This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (November 2021) Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Other IdRef
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Here_She_Is_..._Ann-Margret
And Here She Is
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References","4 External links"]
1961 studio album by Ann-MargretAnd Here She Is ... Ann-MargretStudio album by Ann-MargretReleased1961Genre Jazz pop LabelRCA VictorProducerDick PeirceAnn-Margret chronology And Here She Is ... Ann-Margret(1961) On the Way Up(1962) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBillboard And Here She Is ... Ann-Margret is the debut album by Swedish-American actress and singer Ann-Margret released by RCA Victor in 1961. She was subsequently nominated for the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1962 and awarded Most Promising Female Vocalist in the Billboard Year-End rankings. The liner notes of the album were written by her mentor George Burns, who wrote: "When Ann-Margret first walked on the stage with our Las Vegas show a few months ago, her ability to reach the audience was immediately apparent. Even before she opened her mouth, the audience was charmed by her natural beauty and poise. Then she sang, and the people were captivated ... you can't hardly beat that combination of talent and beauty." Billboard rated the album as 4 stars, noting "here's a whole helping of the gal's unique style applied mostly to standards...the cover shows the gal in her leotard and red sweater in a series of colourful poses. Good, displayable item." In their review of the album, Cashbox noted that the singer "has a small voice but through a knowledge of vocal tricks and mannerisms she effectively displays a style that should appeal strongly to the pop market." An expanded version of the album was released to streaming services in 2016 containing Ann-Margret's debut single, "Lost Love" and three other songs recorded in 1961 as bonus tracks. Ann-Margret re-recorded "Teach Me Tonight" in 2023 as a duet with her State Fair co-star, Pat Boone, for her album Born to Be Wild. Track listing Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Baby Won't You Please Come Home"Charles Warfield, Clarence Williams3:152."Bye Bye Blues"Fred Hamm, Dave Bennett, Bert Lown, Chauncey Gray1:503."Please Be Kind"Saul Chaplin, Sammy Cahn2:454."Chicago"Fred Fisher1:525."Teach Me Tonight"Gene de Paul, Sammy Cahn3:156."More Than You Know"Vincent Youmans, Billy Rose, Edward Eliscu2:26 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Blame It on My Youth"Oscar Levant, Edward Heyman2:492."Kansas City"Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller3:233."That's What I Like"Bob Hilliard, Jule Styne2:434."I Should Care"Axel Stordahl, Paul Weston, Sammy Cahn2:525."You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"Russ Morgan, Larry Stock, James Cavanaugh2:536."Lovie Joe"Joe Jordan2:51 Bonus tracks (2016 digital Expanded Version)No.TitleWriter(s)Length13."Lost Love"H. B. Barnum, Johnny Otis2:5514."(Hurrah For) La Pachanga"Eduardo Davidson2:2415."Hideaway Heart"Burt Bacharach, Hal David2:0016."I Ain't Got Nobody (And Nobody Cares For Me)"Spencer Williams, Roger A. Graham2:28 Personnel Ann-Margret – vocals Marty Paich – arrangements, conductor Joe Mondragon – bass Mel Lewis – drums Bill Pitman – guitar Jimmy Rowles – piano Conte Candoli, Don Fagerquist, Jack Sheldon, Plas Johnson, Stu Williamson – trumpets References ^ Ankeny, Jason. And Here She Is at AllMusic. Retrieved April 12, 2023. ^ a b "Reviews of New Albums" (PDF). Billboard Music Week. No. 28 Aug, 1961. p. 40. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Bundy, June. "14th Annual Disk Jockey Poll: Most Promising Female Vocalists" (PDF). Billboard Music Week. Vol. 73, no. 51. pp. 75, 82. Retrieved April 12, 2023. ^ "Ann-Margret: And Here She Is – Ann-Margret (LP, 180g Vinyl, Ltd.)". Bear Family Records. Retrieved April 12, 2023. ^ "Album Reviews: Popular Picks of the Week" (PDF). Cash Box. No. 16 September 1961. p. 26. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ a b https://music.apple.com/nz/album/and-here-she-is-expanded/1137189452 ^ Farber, Jim (April 8, 2023). "At 81, Ann-Margret Is Finally Living Her Rock 'n' Roll Dream". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2023. External links "Ann Margret – And Here She Is" – via www.discogs.com. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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Ann-Margret is the debut album by Swedish-American actress and singer Ann-Margret released by RCA Victor in 1961. She was subsequently nominated for the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1962 and awarded Most Promising Female Vocalist in the Billboard Year-End rankings.[3]The liner notes of the album were written by her mentor George Burns, who wrote: \"When Ann-Margret first walked on the stage with our Las Vegas show a few months ago, her ability to reach the audience was immediately apparent. Even before she opened her mouth, the audience was charmed by her natural beauty and poise. Then she sang, and the people were captivated ... you can't hardly beat that combination of talent and beauty.\"[4]Billboard rated the album as 4 stars, noting \"here's a whole helping of the gal's unique style applied mostly to standards...the cover shows the gal in her leotard and red sweater in a series of colourful poses. Good, displayable item.\"[2] In their review of the album, Cashbox noted that the singer \"has a small voice but through a knowledge of vocal tricks and mannerisms she effectively displays a style that should appeal strongly to the pop market.\"[5]An expanded version of the album was released to streaming services in 2016 containing Ann-Margret's debut single, \"Lost Love\" and three other songs recorded in 1961 as bonus tracks.[6]Ann-Margret re-recorded \"Teach Me Tonight\" in 2023 as a duet with her State Fair co-star, Pat Boone, for her album Born to Be Wild.[7]","title":"And Here She Is"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baby Won't You Please Come Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Won%27t_You_Please_Come_Home"},{"link_name":"Clarence Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Williams_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bye Bye Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_Bye_Blues_(song)"},{"link_name":"Fred Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hamm"},{"link_name":"Bert Lown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Lown"},{"link_name":"Please Be Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Be_Kind"},{"link_name":"Saul Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(That_Toddlin%27_Town)"},{"link_name":"Fred Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Teach Me Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach_Me_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Gene de Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_de_Paul"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"},{"link_name":"More Than You Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_You_Know_(Youmans,_Rose_and_Eliscu_song)"},{"link_name":"Vincent Youmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Youmans"},{"link_name":"Billy Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Rose"},{"link_name":"Edward Eliscu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Eliscu"},{"link_name":"Blame It on My Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blame_It_on_My_Youth"},{"link_name":"Oscar Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Levant"},{"link_name":"Edward Heyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Heyman"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_(Leiber_and_Stoller_song)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Leiber_and_Mike_Stoller"},{"link_name":"Bob Hilliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hilliard"},{"link_name":"Jule Styne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jule_Styne"},{"link_name":"I Should Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Should_Care"},{"link_name":"Axel Stordahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Stordahl"},{"link_name":"Paul Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Weston"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"},{"link_name":"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Nobody_till_Somebody_Loves_You"},{"link_name":"Russ Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Larry Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Stock"},{"link_name":"James Cavanaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cavanaugh_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Joe Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jordan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apple1137189452-6"},{"link_name":"H. B. Barnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._B._Barnum"},{"link_name":"Johnny Otis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Otis"},{"link_name":"(Hurrah For) La Pachanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pachanga_(song)"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Burt Bacharach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Bacharach"},{"link_name":"Hal David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_David"},{"link_name":"I Ain't Got Nobody (And Nobody Cares For Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ain%27t_Got_Nobody"},{"link_name":"Spencer Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Williams"},{"link_name":"Roger A. Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_A._Graham"}],"text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Baby Won't You Please Come Home\"Charles Warfield, Clarence Williams3:152.\"Bye Bye Blues\"Fred Hamm, Dave Bennett, Bert Lown, Chauncey Gray1:503.\"Please Be Kind\"Saul Chaplin, Sammy Cahn2:454.\"Chicago\"Fred Fisher1:525.\"Teach Me Tonight\"Gene de Paul, Sammy Cahn3:156.\"More Than You Know\"Vincent Youmans, Billy Rose, Edward Eliscu2:26Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Blame It on My Youth\"Oscar Levant, Edward Heyman2:492.\"Kansas City\"Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller3:233.\"That's What I Like\"Bob Hilliard, Jule Styne2:434.\"I Should Care\"Axel Stordahl, Paul Weston, Sammy Cahn2:525.\"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You\"Russ Morgan, Larry Stock, James Cavanaugh2:536.\"Lovie Joe\"Joe Jordan2:51Bonus tracks (2016 digital Expanded Version)[6]No.TitleWriter(s)Length13.\"Lost Love\"H. B. Barnum, Johnny Otis2:5514.\"(Hurrah For) La Pachanga\"Eduardo Davidson2:2415.\"Hideaway Heart\"Burt Bacharach, Hal David2:0016.\"I Ain't Got Nobody (And Nobody Cares For Me)\"Spencer Williams, Roger A. Graham2:28","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ann-Margret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Margret"},{"link_name":"Marty Paich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Paich"},{"link_name":"Joe Mondragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mondragon"},{"link_name":"Mel Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Bill Pitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pitman"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Rowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Rowles"},{"link_name":"Conte Candoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conte_Candoli"},{"link_name":"Don Fagerquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Fagerquist"},{"link_name":"Jack Sheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sheldon"},{"link_name":"Plas Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plas_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Stu Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_Williamson"}],"text":"Ann-Margret – vocals\nMarty Paich – arrangements, conductor\nJoe Mondragon – bass\nMel Lewis – drums\nBill Pitman – guitar\nJimmy Rowles – piano\nConte Candoli, Don Fagerquist, Jack Sheldon, Plas Johnson, Stu Williamson – trumpets","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC_Ziyang
CRRC Ziyang
["1 History","2 Products","2.1 Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotive Platform","2.2 AC-DC Diesel Locomotive Platform","2.3 AC Diesel Locomotive Platform","2.4 DMU","2.5 New Energy Locomotive","3 References","4 External links"]
CRRC Ziyang Co., Ltd.Native name中车资阳机车有限公司FormerlyCSR Ziyang LocomotiveCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustrymechanical engineeringFounded1966-Presentpart of CSR Corp., Ltd. 2008HeadquartersZiyang, ChinaProductsLocomotives, reciprocating engines, engine and locomotives parts, castings and forgings (crankshafts)ParentCRRCWebsitecrrcgc.cc/zyjcen CRRC Ziyang Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中车资阳机车有限公司; lit. 'CRRC Ziyang Locomotive Co.', 'Ltd.') is a Chinese locomotive manufacturer, one of the subsidiaries of CRRC. The plant was located in Ziyang, Sichuan Province. History CRRC Ziyang Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as The company) is a subsidiary of CRRC Corporation Limited, and which it is an important rail transit equipment enterprise in China. Over the years, the company committed to build a core enterprise of characteristic and advanced rail transit equipment. CDD6A1 locomotive used in freight trains in Argentina The company was established in 1966. Over the past 50 years, the company has produced more than 7000 units of various types of diesel and electric locomotives, which have been radiated to the national railways, local (joint venture) railways, metallurgy, petrochemical, mining and other industries. It has been exported more than 1000 units diesel locomotives to more 30 countries in Asia, Africa, America, and Australia. And more than 95% of the products exported to countries along the “Belt and Road” such as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Pakistan. The company's main business includes: locomotive business (manufacture and modernization of electric locomotives/diesel locomotives, locomotive maintenance services and manufacture of hybrid locomotive etc.); New-mode rail transit business (hanging monorail train, mountain rack locomotive and other special vehicles); engine business (locomotive engines, marine engines, gas engines, diesel and gas generator sets, power station EPC project etc.); superior spare parts business (medium-speed engine all-fiber forged steel crankshafts, large forged castings, etc.); and new industry business etc. The company has a national-level technology center, and has passed the "China National Laboratory" accreditation, which it is a national first-level measurement organization; the company has passed the ISO9001 Quality Management System version 2015, ISO14001:2015 Environmental Management System and ISO45001:2018 Occupational Health and Safety Management system certification. In 1966, factory was addressed in Ziyang. In 1973, successful trial production of the first shunting diesel locomotive. In 1983, successful trial production of the first mainline diesel locomotive. In 1992, it is the first time that commercialized diesel locomotive - CK5 has been exported to overseas. In 2001, the first batch of 10 mainline locomotives were exported to Vietnam - the first entry into foreign mainline diesel locomotives market. In 2006, it is the first time that Chinese locomotive manufacturing technology has been exported to overseas. In 2009, the first unit of HXD large-power AC electric locomotive off the assembly line. In 2011, it is the first time that AC-transmission diesel locomotive has been exported to developed country. In 2012, the first power plant EPC project of CRRC was completed. In 2014, The first seven-hundred exported diesel locomotive off the assembly line. In 2015, the hybrid locomotive with world’s largest power off the assembly line. In 2015, CNR and CSR reorganized and merged to form CRRC - the company changed its name to "CRRC Ziyang Co., Ltd." In 2016, the first commercialized new energy hanging rail (Panda Air Rail) in China rolls off the assembly line. In 2017, the first meter gauge diesel locomotive CDD6A1 exported to South America. In 2018, the first overseas Substation was successfully handed over to the owner - the Bangladesh Substation project was put into commercial operation. In 2019, the company's new energy locomotive 28T Battery locomotive off the assembly line. In August 2020, the company's self-developed hybrid locomotive with the world's largest power is the first hybrid locomotive in China to get the "Type Certificate" and "Manufacturing License" which issued by the State Railway Administration. In 2021, the company pioneers to complete the hybrid modernization of old diesel locomotives in China. Products CRRC Ziyang's major products are crankshafts, locomotives, gas and diesel engines, mechanical parts for engines and castings and forgings. SDA1 AC-AC DE Locomotive, Heavy Duty Freight Transportation in Australia CKD6E locomotive used in freight trains in Kazakhstan HD100B DMU operating in the Sahara Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotive Platform CK6 Diesel Locomotive CK5C Diesel Locomotive GK1C Diesel Locomotive AC-DC Diesel Locomotive Platform SDD10 Diesel Locomotive CKD6E Diesel Locomotive SDD1A Diesel Locomotive SDD1 Diesel Locomotive CKD7F (D19E) Diesel Locomotive SDD2 Diesel Locomotive SDD22 (ZCU20) Diesel Locomotive SDD23(ZCU30) Diesel Locomotive CDD6A1 Diesel Locomotive CKD9C Diesel Locomotive CKD9A Diesel Locomotive DF8B Diesel Locomotive AC Diesel Locomotive Platform SDA4 (TPIPL, ITD) Diesel Locomotive SDA1 (CSR Class, QBX, BK) Diesel Locomotive DMU HD100A DMU HD100B DMU New Energy Locomotive HXN6 Hybrid Locomotive References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ziyang locomotives. ^ a b CSR Ziyang Locomotive Co., Ltd : About Us Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine, nanche.en.alibaba.com ^ Products and services, www.crrcgc.cc External links official website vteCRRC GroupCRRC CRRC Changchun CRRC Chengdu CRRC Dalian CRRC Datong CRRC Luoyang CRRC Nanjing Puzhen CRRC Qingdao Sifang CRRC Qishuyan CRRC Shandong CRRC Tangshan CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive CRRC Ziyang Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology CRRC Massachusetts Predecessors China CNR CNR Group CSR Corporation CSR Group Category Commons This Chinese corporation or company article is a stub. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"CRRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC"}],"text":"CRRC Ziyang Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中车资阳机车有限公司; lit. 'CRRC Ziyang Locomotive Co.', 'Ltd.') is a Chinese locomotive manufacturer, one of the subsidiaries of CRRC. The plant was located in Ziyang, Sichuan Province.","title":"CRRC Ziyang"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trenes_Argentinos_Cargas_9761.jpg"}],"text":"CRRC Ziyang Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as The company) is a subsidiary of CRRC Corporation Limited, and which it is an important rail transit equipment enterprise in China. Over the years, the company committed to build a core enterprise of characteristic and advanced rail transit equipment.CDD6A1 locomotive used in freight trains in ArgentinaThe company was established in 1966. Over the past 50 years, the company has produced more than 7000 units of various types of diesel and electric locomotives, which have been radiated to the national railways, local (joint venture) railways, metallurgy, petrochemical, mining and other industries. It has been exported more than 1000 units diesel locomotives to more 30 countries in Asia, Africa, America, and Australia. And more than 95% of the products exported to countries along the “Belt and Road” such as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Pakistan.The company's main business includes: locomotive business (manufacture and modernization of electric locomotives/diesel locomotives, locomotive maintenance services and manufacture of hybrid locomotive etc.); New-mode rail transit business (hanging monorail train, mountain rack locomotive and other special vehicles); engine business (locomotive engines, marine engines, gas engines, diesel and gas generator sets, power station EPC project etc.); superior spare parts business (medium-speed engine all-fiber forged steel crankshafts, large forged castings, etc.); and new industry business etc.The company has a national-level technology center, and has passed the \"China National Laboratory\" accreditation, which it is a national first-level measurement organization; the company has passed the ISO9001 Quality Management System version 2015, ISO14001:2015 Environmental Management System and ISO45001:2018 Occupational Health and Safety Management system certification.In 1966, factory was addressed in Ziyang.\nIn 1973, successful trial production of the first shunting diesel locomotive.\nIn 1983, successful trial production of the first mainline diesel locomotive.\nIn 1992, it is the first time that commercialized diesel locomotive - CK5 has been exported to overseas.\nIn 2001, the first batch of 10 mainline locomotives were exported to Vietnam - the first entry into foreign mainline diesel locomotives market.\nIn 2006, it is the first time that Chinese locomotive manufacturing technology has been exported to overseas.\nIn 2009, the first unit of HXD large-power AC electric locomotive off the assembly line.\nIn 2011, it is the first time that AC-transmission diesel locomotive has been exported to developed country.\nIn 2012, the first power plant EPC project of CRRC was completed.\nIn 2014, The first seven-hundred exported diesel locomotive off the assembly line.\nIn 2015, the hybrid locomotive with world’s largest power off the assembly line.\nIn 2015, CNR and CSR reorganized and merged to form CRRC - the company changed its name to \"CRRC Ziyang Co., Ltd.\"\nIn 2016, the first commercialized new energy hanging rail (Panda Air Rail) in China rolls off the assembly line.\nIn 2017, the first meter gauge diesel locomotive CDD6A1 exported to South America.\nIn 2018, the first overseas Substation was successfully handed over to the owner - the Bangladesh Substation project was put into commercial operation.\nIn 2019, the company's new energy locomotive 28T Battery locomotive off the assembly line.\nIn August 2020, the company's self-developed hybrid locomotive with the world's largest power is the first hybrid locomotive in China to get the \"Type Certificate\" and \"Manufacturing License\" which issued by the State Railway Administration.\nIn 2021, the company pioneers to complete the hybrid modernization of old diesel locomotives in China.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ab-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SDA1_AUS.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CKD6E_-Kazakhstan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HD100B_DMU.jpg"}],"text":"CRRC Ziyang's major products are crankshafts, locomotives, gas and diesel engines, mechanical parts for engines and castings and forgings.[1][2]SDA1 AC-AC DE Locomotive, Heavy Duty Freight Transportation in AustraliaCKD6E locomotive used in freight trains in KazakhstanHD100B DMU operating in the Sahara","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CK6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s21426/t322647.aspx"},{"link_name":"CK5C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s21426/t322648.aspx"},{"link_name":"GK1C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s21426/t322649.aspx"}],"sub_title":"Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotive Platform","text":"CK6 Diesel Locomotive\nCK5C Diesel Locomotive\nGK1C Diesel Locomotive","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SDD10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322651.aspx"},{"link_name":"CKD6E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322653.aspx"},{"link_name":"SDD1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322656.aspx"},{"link_name":"SDD1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322702.aspx"},{"link_name":"CKD7F (D19E)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322701.aspx"},{"link_name":"SDD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322703.aspx"},{"link_name":"SDD22 (ZCU20)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322705.aspx"},{"link_name":"SDD23(ZCU30)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322722.aspx"},{"link_name":"CDD6A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322716.aspx"},{"link_name":"CKD9C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322721.aspx"},{"link_name":"CKD9A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322724.aspx"},{"link_name":"DF8B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38475/t322725.aspx"}],"sub_title":"AC-DC Diesel Locomotive Platform","text":"SDD10 Diesel Locomotive\nCKD6E Diesel Locomotive\nSDD1A Diesel Locomotive\nSDD1 Diesel Locomotive\nCKD7F (D19E) Diesel Locomotive\nSDD2 Diesel Locomotive\nSDD22 (ZCU20) Diesel Locomotive\nSDD23(ZCU30) Diesel Locomotive\nCDD6A1 Diesel Locomotive\nCKD9C Diesel Locomotive\nCKD9A Diesel Locomotive\nDF8B Diesel Locomotive","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SDA4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38553/t322726.aspx"},{"link_name":"SDA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38553/t322727.aspx"}],"sub_title":"AC Diesel Locomotive Platform","text":"SDA4 (TPIPL, ITD) Diesel Locomotive\nSDA1 (CSR Class, QBX, BK) Diesel Locomotive","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HD100A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38474/t322547.aspx"},{"link_name":"HD100B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s38474/t322735.aspx"}],"sub_title":"DMU","text":"HD100A DMU\nHD100B DMU","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HXN6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crrcgc.cc/zyjcen/g11520/s36022/t322760.aspx"}],"sub_title":"New Energy Locomotive","text":"HXN6 Hybrid Locomotive","title":"Products"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulus_Regius
Titulus Regius
["1 Contents","2 Repeal","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]
United Kingdom legislationTitulus RegiusAct of ParliamentParliament of EnglandLong titleUnder which title all the reasons and allegations divised to prove the King to be true and undoubted heir to the crown, are set forth at large, and the same allowed, ratified; and enacted by the lords and commons; and his brothers children made bastards.Citation1 Ric. 3DatesRoyal assent20 February 1484Commencement23 January 1484Repealed7 November 1485Status: Repealed Titulus Regius ("royal title" in Latin) is a statute of the Parliament of England issued in 1484 by which the title of King of England was given to Richard III. The act ratified the declaration of the Lords and the members of the House of Commons a year earlier that the marriage of Edward IV of England to Elizabeth Woodville had been invalid and so their children, including Edward, Richard and Elizabeth, were illegitimate and thus debarred from the throne. Richard III had been proclaimed the rightful king. Since the Lords and the Commons had not been officially convened as a parliament, doubts had arisen as to its validity and so when Parliament convened, it enacted the declaration as a law. After the death and overthrow of Richard III, the act was repealed, which had the effect of reinstating the legitimacy of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville's children. Contents Richard III promulgated the Titulus Regius to legitimise his seizure of the throne. Society of Antiquaries of London. Edward's marriage was invalidated because Bishop Robert Stillington testified that the king had precontracted a marriage to Lady Eleanor Butler. And how also, that at the time of contract of the same pretensed Marriage, and before and long time after, the said King Edward was and stood married and troth-plight to one Dame Eleanor Butler, Daughter of the old Earl of Shrewsbury, with whom the same King Edward had made a precontract of Matrimony, long time before he made the said pretensed Marriage with the said Elizabeth Grey, in manner and form above-said. The document also claimed that Elizabeth Woodville and her mother had used witchcraft to get the king to marry her. Since Richard's brother George, Duke of Clarence, had been executed and attainted, his descendants forfeited all rights to the throne, leaving Richard the true heir. For good measure, the document also hinted that George and Edward (born in Ireland and Normandy, respectively) were themselves illegitimate and stated Richard, "born within this land" was the "undoubted son and heir of Richard, late Duke of York". Edward's reign was also criticised, he was said to have led by "sensuality and concupiscence" and delighted in "adulation and flattery" and to have been easily influenced by "persons insolent, vicious and of inordinate avarice", a reference to the Woodville family. In contrast, Richard was said to have been a man distinguished by "great wit, prudence, justice, princely courage, and memorable and laudable acts in diverse battles." Repeal United Kingdom legislationAct of ParliamentParliament of EnglandLong titleTitulus Regis.Citation1 Hen. 7 (part preceding c. 1)DatesCommencement7 November 1485Repealed30 July 1948Other legislationRepealed byStatute Law Revision Act 1948Status: Repealed After Richard was killed in battle, the act was repealed by the first parliament of the new king, Henry VII. The repeal was important because the new King and his supporters viewed Richard III's rule as a usurpation and also because Henry VII's prospective wife, Elizabeth of York, whom he had pledged to marry if he gained the throne, was the eldest daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville and the Act had made her illegitimate. Henry also ordered his subjects to destroy all copies of it and all related documents without reading them. His orders were carried out so well that only one copy of the law has ever been found. That copy was transcribed by a monastic chronicler into the Croyland Chronicle, where it was discovered by Sir George Buck more than a century later during the reign of James I. The repealing act was passed in the first Parliament of Henry VII, stating that the original Titulus Regius was void, adnulled, repelled, irrite , and of noe force ne effecte and that the original be destroyed, and that any copies should be either destroyed or returned to Parliament on pain of fine and imprisonment. A law report from his reign stated: ...that the said Bill, Act and Record, be annulled and utterly destroyed, and that it be ordained by the same Authority, that the same Act and Record be taken out of the Roll of Parliament, and be cancelled and brent , and be put in perpetual oblivion. Henry almost succeeded in suppressing the Titulus Regius. The 100-year gap during which Titulus Regius was censored coincided with the ruling period of the Tudor dynasty. It was known that Richard had claimed that a marriage pre-contract invalidated Edward's sons' right to the throne, but it was not known who Edward's supposed "real" wife was. Thomas More assumed that the act referred to Edward's longtime mistress, Elizabeth Lucy, a view that was repeated until Buck discovered the original document. Edward IV's first son, though Titulus Regius annulled his reign, is still counted as Edward V to emphasise that Richard III was a usurper. Thus, Henry VII's grandson was numbered Edward VI. See also The Daughter of Time, 1951, by Elizabeth MacKintosh writing as Josephine Tey. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Titulus Regius Act of Accord (1461) Notes ^ a b John A. Wagner, "Titulus Regius", Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses, ABC-CLIO, 2001, pp.268–70. ^ "Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII". Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. ^ Year Book 1 Henry VII, Hil., plea 1 ^ Bryce, Tracy. "Titulus Regius: The Title of the King" Archived 2013-09-01 at the Wayback Machine, Richard III Society of Canada, accessed 31 October 2014 External links Original text of Titulus Regius vteWars of the Roses Red Rose of Lancaster White Rose of York Tudor rose Family tree Key figuresMonarchs Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII LancasterTudor Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England4 Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley James Butler, Earl of Ormond John Butler, Earl of Ormond John Clifford, Baron Clifford John Courtenay, Earl of Devon Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter John Neville, Baron Neville2 John Neville, Marquess of Montagu3 Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick3 Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg3 Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland Thomas Ros, Baron Ros Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham4 Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby George Stanley, Baron Strange William Stanley4 George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury Andrew Trollope Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford James Tuchet, Baron Audley Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke5 Margaret Beaufort Owen Tudor Edward Woodville, Lord Scales York Anne Neville, Queen of England John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke William Hastings, Baron Hastings John Howard, Duke of Norfolk Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury Sir Thomas Neville William Neville, Earl of Kent Sir Richard Herbert Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence1 Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon Margaret of York Richard of York Events St Albans (First) Loveday (1458) Blore Heath Ludford Bridge Sandwich Siege of the Tower of London Northampton Worksop Wakefield Mortimer's Cross St Albans (Second) Ferrybridge Towton Piltown Hedgeley Moor Hexham Edgcote 1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion Losecoat Field Readeption of Henry VI Barnet Tewkesbury Siege of London Buckingham's rebellion Bosworth Field Stafford and Lovell rebellion Stoke Field See also Act of Accord Issue of Edward III of England Titulus Regius Princes in the Tower Bonville–Courtenay feud Percy–Neville feud Neville–Neville feud Perkin Warbeck Battle of Deal Second Cornish uprising of 1497 1 Briefly joined the Lancastrians. 2 Briefly joined the Yorkists. 3 Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. 4 Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. 5 Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim. Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Parliament of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward IV of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Woodville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_1st_Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationTitulus Regius (\"royal title\" in Latin) is a statute of the Parliament of England issued in 1484 by which the title of King of England was given to Richard III.The act ratified the declaration of the Lords and the members of the House of Commons a year earlier that the marriage of Edward IV of England to Elizabeth Woodville had been invalid and so their children, including Edward, Richard and Elizabeth, were illegitimate and thus debarred from the throne. Richard III had been proclaimed the rightful king. Since the Lords and the Commons had not been officially convened as a parliament, doubts had arisen as to its validity and so when Parliament convened, it enacted the declaration as a law.After the death and overthrow of Richard III, the act was repealed, which had the effect of reinstating the legitimacy of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville's children.","title":"Titulus Regius"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_III_earliest_surviving_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III"},{"link_name":"Society of Antiquaries of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"Robert Stillington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stillington"},{"link_name":"Lady Eleanor Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Eleanor_Talbot"},{"link_name":"George, Duke of Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence"},{"link_name":"attainted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-act-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-act-1"}],"text":"Richard III promulgated the Titulus Regius to legitimise his seizure of the throne. Society of Antiquaries of London.Edward's marriage was invalidated because Bishop Robert Stillington testified that the king had precontracted a marriage to Lady Eleanor Butler.And how also, that at the time of contract of the same pretensed Marriage, and before and long time after, the said King Edward was and stood married and troth-plight to one Dame Eleanor Butler, Daughter of the old Earl of Shrewsbury, with whom the same King Edward had made a precontract of Matrimony, long time before he made the said pretensed Marriage with the said Elizabeth [Woodville] Grey, in manner and form above-said.The document also claimed that Elizabeth Woodville and her mother had used witchcraft to get the king to marry her. Since Richard's brother George, Duke of Clarence, had been executed and attainted, his descendants forfeited all rights to the throne, leaving Richard the true heir. For good measure, the document also hinted that George and Edward (born in Ireland and Normandy, respectively) were themselves illegitimate and stated Richard, \"born within this land\" was the \"undoubted son and heir of Richard, late Duke of York\".[1]Edward's reign was also criticised, he was said to have led by \"sensuality and concupiscence\" and delighted in \"adulation and flattery\" and to have been easily influenced by \"persons insolent, vicious and of inordinate avarice\", a reference to the Woodville family. In contrast, Richard was said to have been a man distinguished by \"great wit, prudence, justice, princely courage, and memorable and laudable acts in diverse battles.\"[1]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"killed in battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York"},{"link_name":"Croyland Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croyland_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"George Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buck"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"censored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"Tudor dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Thomas More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Edward V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationAfter Richard was killed in battle, the act was repealed by the first parliament of the new king, Henry VII. The repeal was important because the new King and his supporters viewed Richard III's rule as a usurpation and also because Henry VII's prospective wife, Elizabeth of York, whom he had pledged to marry if he gained the throne, was the eldest daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville and the Act had made her illegitimate.Henry also ordered his subjects to destroy all copies of it and all related documents without reading them. His orders were carried out so well that only one copy of the law has ever been found. That copy was transcribed by a monastic chronicler into the Croyland Chronicle, where it was discovered by Sir George Buck[citation needed] more than a century later during the reign of James I.The repealing act was passed in the first Parliament of Henry VII, stating that the original Titulus Regius wasvoid, adnulled, repelled, irrite [invalidated], and of noe force ne effecte[2]and that the original be destroyed, and that any copies should be either destroyed or returned to Parliament on pain of fine and imprisonment.A law report from his reign stated:...that the said Bill, Act and Record, be annulled and utterly destroyed, and that it be ordained by the same Authority, that the same Act and Record be taken out of the Roll of Parliament, and be cancelled and brent ['burned'], and be put in perpetual oblivion.[3]Henry almost succeeded in suppressing the Titulus Regius.[4] The 100-year gap during which Titulus Regius was censored coincided with the ruling period of the Tudor dynasty. It was known that Richard had claimed that a marriage pre-contract invalidated Edward's sons' right to the throne, but it was not known who Edward's supposed \"real\" wife was. Thomas More assumed that the act referred to Edward's longtime mistress, Elizabeth Lucy, a view that was repeated until Buck discovered the original document.Edward IV's first son, though Titulus Regius annulled his reign, is still counted as Edward V to emphasise[citation needed] that Richard III was a usurper. Thus, Henry VII's grandson was numbered Edward VI.","title":"Repeal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-act_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-act_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161022212606if_/http://partyparcel.co.uk/information/price-guarantee.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//partyparcel.co.uk/information/price-guarantee.html#annullment"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Year Book 1 Henry VII, Hil., plea 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bu.edu/lawyearbooks/pages/full-size/11/11050.jpeg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Titulus Regius: The Title of the King\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii/Titulus%20Regius.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130901003910/http://home.cogeco.ca/~richardiii/Titulus%20Regius.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ a b John A. Wagner, \"Titulus Regius\", Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses, ABC-CLIO, 2001, pp.268–70.\n\n^ \"Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII\". Archived from the original on 22 October 2016.\n\n^ Year Book 1 Henry VII, Hil., plea 1\n\n^ Bryce, Tracy. \"Titulus Regius: The Title of the King\" Archived 2013-09-01 at the Wayback Machine, Richard III Society of Canada, accessed 31 October 2014","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Richard III promulgated the Titulus Regius to legitimise his seizure of the throne. Society of Antiquaries of London.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Richard_III_earliest_surviving_portrait.jpg/220px-Richard_III_earliest_surviving_portrait.jpg"}]
[{"title":"The Daughter of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daughter_of_Time"},{"title":"Elizabeth MacKintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_MacKintosh"},{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"Titulus Regius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Titulus_Regius"},{"title":"Act of Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Accord"}]
[{"reference":"\"Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII\". Archived from the original on 22 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022212606if_/http://partyparcel.co.uk/information/price-guarantee.html","url_text":"\"Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII\""},{"url":"http://partyparcel.co.uk/information/price-guarantee.html#annullment","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiveus
Archiveus
["1 Further reading","2 References","3 External links"]
2006 computer virus Archiveus is a computer virus for Microsoft Windows operating systems that is used as a method of extortion. It is a Trojan horse-type ransomware virus that encrypts the user's files. The user must then purchase something on specific Web sites to obtain the password to decrypt the files. In May 2006, the password protection was cracked. The password for restoring the affected files was found to be "mf2lro8sw03ufvnsq034jfowr18f3cszc20vmw". Further reading "Arhiveus Ransomware Trojan Threat Analysis". Secureworks. 2006-05-05. Retrieved 2023-07-21. References ^ BBC News (2006-06-01). "Extortion virus code gets cracked". External links Virus information by Symantec This malware-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"extortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion"},{"link_name":"Trojan horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)"},{"link_name":"ransomware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomware_(malware)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Archiveus is a computer virus for Microsoft Windows operating systems that is used as a method of extortion.It is a Trojan horse-type ransomware virus that encrypts the user's files. The user must then purchase something on specific Web sites to obtain the password to decrypt the files.In May 2006, the password protection was cracked. The password for restoring the affected files was found to be \"mf2lro8sw03ufvnsq034jfowr18f3cszc20vmw\".[1]","title":"Archiveus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Arhiveus Ransomware Trojan Threat Analysis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.secureworks.com/research/arhiveus"},{"link_name":"Secureworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secureworks"}],"text":"\"Arhiveus Ransomware Trojan Threat Analysis\". Secureworks. 2006-05-05. Retrieved 2023-07-21.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Arhiveus Ransomware Trojan Threat Analysis\". Secureworks. 2006-05-05. Retrieved 2023-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.secureworks.com/research/arhiveus","url_text":"\"Arhiveus Ransomware Trojan Threat Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secureworks","url_text":"Secureworks"}]},{"reference":"BBC News (2006-06-01). \"Extortion virus code gets cracked\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5038330.stm","url_text":"\"Extortion virus code gets cracked\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.secureworks.com/research/arhiveus","external_links_name":"\"Arhiveus Ransomware Trojan Threat Analysis\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5038330.stm","external_links_name":"\"Extortion virus code gets cracked\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060612203651/http://www.symantec.com/avcenter/venc/data/trojan.archiveus.html","external_links_name":"Virus information by Symantec"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archiveus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Birthday_Honours_(New_Zealand)
1995 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
["1 Order of New Zealand (ONZ)","2 Knight Bachelor","3 Order of the Bath","3.1 Companion (CB)","4 Order of Saint Michael and Saint George","4.1 Companion (CMG)","5 Order of the British Empire","5.1 Dame Commander (DBE)","5.2 Knight Commander (KBE)","5.3 Commander (CBE)","5.4 Officer (OBE)","5.5 Member (MBE)","6 British Empire Medal (BEM)","7 Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)","7.1 For community service","7.2 For public services","8 Queen's Service Medal (QSM)","8.1 For community service","8.2 For public services","9 Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM)","10 Queen's Police Medal (QPM)","11 Air Force Cross (AFC)","12 Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air","13 References"]
See also: 1995 Birthday Honours The 1995 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 17 June 1995. The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour. Order of New Zealand (ONZ) Ordinary member Sir Roy Allan McKenzie KBE – of Eastbourne. Dame Kiri Janette Te Kanawa DBE AC – of Surrey, United Kingdom. Sir (Frederick) Miles Warren KBE – of Governors Bay. Sir Roy McKenzie Dame Kiri Te Kanawa Sir Miles Warren Knight Bachelor Patrick Ledger Goodman CBE – of Motueka. For services to business management, export and the community. Dr Thomas Neil Morris Waters – of Palmerston North. For services to tertiary education. Sir Pat Goodman Sir Neil Waters Order of the Bath Companion (CB) Civil division Dr Graham Cecil Scott – of Wellington. For public services. Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Companion (CMG) Lieutenant General Donald Stuart McIver OBE – New Zealand Army (Retired), of Lower Hutt; director, New Zealand Security Intelligence Service. Don McIver Order of the British Empire Dame Commander (DBE) Civil division Pauline Frances Engel (Sister Pauline Engel) CBE – of Auckland. For services to education. Knight Commander (KBE) Civil division Peter James Blake OBE – of Emsworth, Hampshire, United Kingdom. For services to yachting. Sir Peter Blake Commander (CBE) Civil division Dianne Jean Armstrong – of Wellington. For services to the Royal New Zealand Plunket Society. Russell Coutts MBE – of Auckland. For services to yachting. Morva Olwyn Croxson – of Palmerston North. For services to arts and the community. Albert Barrie Downey – of Auckland. For services to business and the community. Graeme James Marsh – of Dunedin. For services to export and the community. Alexander Phillips QSM – of Taumarunui. For services to the Māori people. Mark James Todd MBE – of Moreton-in-Marsh, United Kingdom. For services to equestrian sport. Beatrice Dorothy Anne Town JP – of Wellington. For services to the community. John Joseph Turei QSM – of Auckland. For services to the Māori people. David Houghton Wale – of Wellington. For services to business management and the community. Heather Jean White JP – of Te Puke. For services to the community. Russell Coutts Morva Croxson Mark Todd Officer (OBE) Civil division Donald Hall Binney – of Auckland. For services to art. John Kenneth Buck – of Havelock North. For services to the wine industry. James Bull – of Hunterville. For services to racing and farming. Bradley William Butterworth – of Auckland. For services to yachting. Leslie Hambleton Cleveland – of Dunedin. For services to the community. Michael Ernest Christopher Cox – of Wellington. For public services. Alister Austen Deans – of Geraldine. For services to art. Joan Marjore Dingley – of Auckland. For services to botany. Dr Alan Robert Edmunds – of Christchurch. For services to the wool industry. Dr Wayne Leonard Edwards – of Palmerston North. For services to education and intercultural programmes. William Clive Edwards – of Auckland. For services to the community. John Noel Keegan – of Auckland. For services to business management and the community. Dr Hylton LeGrice – of Auckland. For service to the community. David Raymond Levene – of Auckland. For services to business and the community. Professor Robert Park – of Christchurch. For services to civil engineering. Suzanne Lena Prentice – of Invercargill. For services to music. Thomas William Schnackenberg OAM – of Auckland. For services to yachting. Robin Scholes – of Auckland. For services to the film industry. Military division Commander Larry Robbins – Royal New Zealand Navy. John Buck Brad Buterworth Hylton LeGrice David Levene Member (MBE) Civil division Marie Rose Aubin – of Dunedin. For services to education and the community. Marilyn Ann Baikie – of Christchurch. For services to the disabled. Tuakana Charlie Carlson – of Wellington. For services to the community. Susan Winifred Jane Dean Chatfield – of Auckland. For services to the community. Patricia Maldwyn Clapham JP – of Orewa. For services to the community. Caryll Lydia Mary Clausen JP – of Feilding. For services to local-body and community affairs. Owen Francis Delany – of Taupō. For services to sport. Sandra Helen Edge – of Auckland. For services to netball. Dr Bernard John Forde JP – of Palmerston North. For services to local-body and community affairs. Maureen Clara Fox – of Invercargill. For services to education. Colin Heber Gordge JP – of Morrinsville. For services to farming. Robert Morris Jarrett – of Pukekohe. For services to bowls. Peter Robert Knight – of Christchurch. For services to powerboat sport. Richard Trevor Vincent Linnell – of Kaiwaka. For services to the community. Raymond William Lynskey – of Blenheim. For services to gliding. Patricia Mary McQuillan – of Auckland. For services to the community. Arthur Dawson Moir JP – of Roxburgh. For services to the community. Dr Peter Charles Molan – of Hamilton. For services to the honey industry. Peter John Montgomery – of Auckland. For services to sports broadcasting. Alan Joseph O'Connell – of Queenstown. For services to sport and the community. George Emile Rennie – of Leeston. For services to farming. Alon Edgar Shaw – of Warkworth. For services to education. Eileen Margaret Skidmore – of Te Aroha. For services to the community. Raymond Terence Whatmough – superintendent, New Zealand Police. Military division Major Nigel John Murray – Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps. Squadron Leader Kenneth Albert James Cunningham – Royal New Zealand Air Force. Squadron Leader Graeme Warren Harris – Royal New Zealand Air Force (Retired). Caryll Clausen Peter Montgomery British Empire Medal (BEM) Military division Warrant Officer Class Two Ross Charles Fearon – Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps. Sergeant Darryl Brian Lark – Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers. Flight Sergeant Calvin Paul Clare – Royal New Zealand Air Force (Retired). Flight Sergeant Ronald Gregory Cox – Royal New Zealand Air Force. Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO) For community service Elizabeth Desiree Ferguson Baxendine – of Christchurch. The Reverend John Ernest Bowles – of Lower Hutt. Colin Arthur Gilmour-Wilson JP – of Taupō. Audrey Gwen Harris – of Te Kauwhata. The Reverend Kenneth Gerard Irwin – of Auckland. Archbishop Dionysios Psiachas – of Wellington. The Very Reverend John Oliver Rymer – of Auckland. Patricia Margaret Teague – of Christchurch. For public services Dr Elizabeth Ursula Alley – of Wellington. Brian Phillip Najib Corban – of Auckland. Valerie Madeline Lawson (Sister Valerie) – of Lower Hutt. Angus John Macdonald JP – of Ngāruawāhia. Colin James McKenzie – of Wellington; lately Secretary of Labour. Margaret Moir JP – of Hokitika. Gladys Joyce Ryan – of Whangārei. David Ernest Walter JP – of Stratford. Brian Corban Queen's Service Medal (QSM) For community service Sarah Teira Priscilla Ashby JP – of Te Kūiti. Patricia Irene Ball – of Hamilton. Robert Anthony Leighton Batley – of Taihape. June Emily Bonnington – of Timaru. Owen Mervyn Brookes JP – of Huntly. Doreen Elizabeth Burns – of Waiheke Island. Hilda Ngahiraka Rangi Busby – of Tikipunga. Alice Elizabeth Calder – of Levin. Amie Euphemia Isobel Calvert – of Waikanae. Rosemary Bridget Chapman – of Christchurch. Claire Mary Emberson JP – of Auckland. Esther May Hepburn – of Ashburton. Wiremu Hapi Hunia – of Kawerau. Joan Gertrude Johnson – of Wellington. Lorna Monica Leydon – of Lower Hutt. Locksley Clement Lindsay – of The Pines Beach. Joan-Mary Longcroft JP – of Auckland. Bryan Mahony – of Wellington. Norman John Martin – of Hastings. Noel Albert McMahon – of Auckland. William James McMullan – of Wellington. Frederick Lewis Mitchell – of Christchurch. Phillis Hilda Murphy – of Featherston. Clarence Roland Papps JP – of Tākaka. Eliza Raiha Serjeant – of Maketu. Mavis Eileen Steffens – of Motueka. Ellen Adrienne, Lady Stewart – of Christchurch. Alan George Tozer – of New Plymouth. Charles Iotua Tuarau – of Lower Hutt. Esther Taylor Turner – of Kerikeri. Dorothy Ethel Walker – of Auckland. Ellen Mary (Ella) Warren – of Dargaville. Carolyn Georgina Weston – of Invercargill. Joan Elizabeth Williams – of Auckland. Lesley Iris Wills – of Matamata. Eunice Boyce Wilson – of Pukekohe. Adrienne, Lady Stewart For public services Charles George Anderson – of Wanganui. Evelyn Annette Carrington – of Whangārei. Clive Basil Cleland – of Hamilton. Helen Dashfield – of Masterton. William James Davey – sergeant, New Zealand Police. Ian George Duncan – senior constable, New Zealand Police. David Peter Ellery – of Rotorua. Carol June Garland – of Christchurch. Paul Ronald Garland – of Christchurch. Catherine May Glynn – of Auckland. Malcolm Campbell Grayling – of New Plymouth. Ruth Jacqualine Hera Harris JP – of Rangiotu. Marsden Alfred Heaslip – of Katikati. Lorraine Anne Hill – of Russell. Wilfred Jeffs (Bill Sevesi) – of Auckland. Ian Roy Johnson JP – of Te Puke. Diana Patricia Lenihan – of Invercargill. William James McCabe – of Wainuiomata. Julie Margaret McKendry JP – of Blenheim. Heather Margaret MacLeod – of Auckland. Ronald Kenneth McSkimming – of Ranfurly. Irene Saxon Messenger – of Greymouth. John Bracken Mortimer – of Hamilton. Margaret Mortimer – of Hamilton. Catherine Jean Motion – of Thames. Miriam Harris Murray JP – of Dunedin. Glenys Patricia Searancke – of Rotorua. Helen Mary Smith JP – of Porirua. Heather Jane Te Huia – of Porirua. Christina Manuhopukia Waihape JP – of Tauranga. William Grigor Walker – of Clinton. Kathleen Florence Wills JP – of Timaru. Phillippa Alix Woodward – of Blenheim. Helen Smith Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM) Walter Henry Mills – lately deputy chief fire officer, Cambridge Volunteer Fire Brigade, New Zealand Fire Service. Robert Alexander Morriss – chief fire officer, Te Awamutu Volunteer Fire Brigade, New Zealand Fire Service. Brian Muschamp – chief fire officer, Hāwera and Okaiawa Fire Brigades, New Zealand Fire Service. Queen's Police Medal (QPM) John Morris Atkinson Gott – detective senior sergeant, New Zealand Police. Air Force Cross (AFC) Wing Commander Peter James Stockwell – Royal New Zealand Air Force. Peter Stockwell Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air Flight Lieutenant Grant Redvers Withers – Royal New Zealand Air Force. References ^ "No. 54067". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 17 June 1995. pp. 33–37. ^ "Queen's Birthday honours list 1995". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2020. vteNew Zealand honours listsNew Year Honours 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902† 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940† 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024†Not issued because of Birthday Honours of new king (1902) and World War II (1940) Birthday Honours 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887† 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897† 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911† 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931† 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937† 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953† 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024†Not issued because of Jubilee Honours (1887, 1897), the Great Depression (1931), and Coronation Honours (1911, 1937, 1953) Coronation Honours 1902 1911 1937 1953 2023 Jubilee HonoursVictoria 1887 (Golden jubilee) 1897 (Diamond jubilee) George V 1935 (Silver jubilee) Elizabeth II 1977 (Silver jubilee) 2002 (Golden jubilee) 2012 (Diamond jubilee) 2022 (Platinum jubilee) Royal Visit Honours 1901 1920 1927 1935 1953–54 1963 1970 1974 1977 1981 1983 1986 1990 1995 2002 War Honours Sword of Honour 1918 1946 Special Honours 1957 1958 1966 1969 1974 1975 1977 1978 1980 1981 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1996 2000 2001 2006 2007 2009 2011 2014 2016 2019 2021 2022 Bravery awards 1954 1963 1965 1967 1969 1970 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1984 1987 1991 1999 2005 2006 2008 2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 2021 2022 Gallantry awards 1953 1959 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1999 2000 2005 2007 2011 2013 2014 2015 Commemorative medals New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal 1993 New Zealand royal honours system
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1995 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Queen of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"various orders and honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_and_decorations_of_the_Commonwealth_realms"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"See also: 1995 Birthday HonoursThe 1995 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 17 June 1995.[1][2]The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.","title":"1995 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Allan McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Kiri Janette Te Kanawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa"},{"link_name":"DBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"(Frederick) Miles Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Warren"},{"link_name":"Governors Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_Bay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Roy_Allan_McKenzie.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiri_Te_Kanawa_2013_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miles_Warren_ONZ_2009_(cropped).jpg"}],"text":"Ordinary memberSir Roy Allan McKenzie KBE – of Eastbourne.\nDame Kiri Janette Te Kanawa DBE AC – of Surrey, United Kingdom.\nSir (Frederick) Miles Warren KBE – of Governors Bay.Sir Roy McKenzie\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDame Kiri Te Kanawa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSir Miles Warren","title":"Order of New Zealand (ONZ)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Ledger Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Goodman"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Motueka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motueka"},{"link_name":"Thomas Neil Morris Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Waters"},{"link_name":"Palmerston North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_North"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pat_Goodman_1999_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Waters_1985_(cropped).jpg"}],"text":"Patrick Ledger Goodman CBE – of Motueka. For services to business management, export and the community.\nDr Thomas Neil Morris Waters – of Palmerston North. For services to tertiary education.Sir Pat Goodman\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSir Neil Waters","title":"Knight Bachelor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of the Bath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Cecil Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Scott_(public_servant)"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"}],"sub_title":"Companion (CB)","text":"Civil divisionDr Graham Cecil Scott – of Wellington. For public services.","title":"Order of the Bath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of Saint Michael and Saint George"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Stuart McIver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McIver"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Army"},{"link_name":"Lower Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Hutt"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Security Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Don_McIver_2011_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Companion (CMG)","text":"Lieutenant General Donald Stuart McIver OBE – New Zealand Army (Retired), of Lower Hutt; director, New Zealand Security Intelligence Service.Don McIver","title":"Order of Saint Michael and Saint George"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pauline Frances Engel (Sister Pauline Engel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Engel"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"}],"sub_title":"Dame Commander (DBE)","text":"Civil divisionPauline Frances Engel (Sister Pauline Engel) CBE – of Auckland. For services to education.","title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter James Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blake_(sailor)"},{"link_name":"Emsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsworth"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Blake_at_Dunedin_airport.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Knight Commander (KBE)","text":"Civil divisionPeter James Blake OBE – of Emsworth, Hampshire, United Kingdom. For services to yachting.Sir Peter Blake","title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Plunket Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunket_Society"},{"link_name":"Russell Coutts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Coutts"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Morva Olwyn Croxson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morva_Croxson"},{"link_name":"Graeme James Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graeme_Marsh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin"},{"link_name":"QSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Taumarunui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taumarunui"},{"link_name":"Māori people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Mark James Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Todd_(equestrian)"},{"link_name":"Moreton-in-Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton-in-Marsh"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace#New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Te Puke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Puke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russell-Coutts-2010.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morva_Croxson_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_Todd_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Commander (CBE)","text":"Civil divisionDianne Jean Armstrong – of Wellington. For services to the Royal New Zealand Plunket Society.\nRussell Coutts MBE – of Auckland. For services to yachting.\nMorva Olwyn Croxson – of Palmerston North. For services to arts and the community.\nAlbert Barrie Downey – of Auckland. For services to business and the community.\nGraeme James Marsh – of Dunedin. For services to export and the community.\nAlexander Phillips QSM – of Taumarunui. For services to the Māori people.\nMark James Todd MBE – of Moreton-in-Marsh, United Kingdom. For services to equestrian sport.\nBeatrice Dorothy Anne Town JP – of Wellington. For services to the community.\nJohn Joseph Turei QSM – of Auckland. For services to the Māori people.\nDavid Houghton Wale – of Wellington. For services to business management and the community.\nHeather Jean White JP – of Te Puke. For services to the community.Russell Coutts\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMorva Croxson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMark Todd","title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Hall Binney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Binney"},{"link_name":"John Kenneth Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buck_(winemaker)"},{"link_name":"Havelock North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock_North"},{"link_name":"Hunterville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterville"},{"link_name":"Bradley William Butterworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Butterworth"},{"link_name":"Michael Ernest Christopher Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cox_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"Alister Austen Deans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Deans"},{"link_name":"Geraldine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Joan Marjore Dingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Dingley"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"David Raymond Levene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Levene_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Robert Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Park_(earthquake_engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Lena Prentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Prentice"},{"link_name":"Invercargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invercargill"},{"link_name":"Thomas William Schnackenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Schnackenberg"},{"link_name":"OAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Robin Scholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Scholes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Buck_CNZM_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brad-Butterworth.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hylton_LeGrice_CNZM_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Levene_KNZM_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Officer (OBE)","text":"Civil divisionDonald Hall Binney – of Auckland. For services to art.\nJohn Kenneth Buck – of Havelock North. For services to the wine industry.\nJames Bull – of Hunterville. For services to racing and farming.\nBradley William Butterworth – of Auckland. For services to yachting.\nLeslie Hambleton Cleveland – of Dunedin. For services to the community.\nMichael Ernest Christopher Cox – of Wellington. For public services.\nAlister Austen Deans – of Geraldine. For services to art.\nJoan Marjore Dingley – of Auckland. For services to botany.\nDr Alan Robert Edmunds – of Christchurch. For services to the wool industry.\nDr Wayne Leonard Edwards – of Palmerston North. For services to education and intercultural programmes.\nWilliam Clive Edwards – of Auckland. For services to the community.\nJohn Noel Keegan – of Auckland. For services to business management and the community.\nDr Hylton LeGrice – of Auckland. For service to the community.\nDavid Raymond Levene – of Auckland. For services to business and the community.\nProfessor Robert Park – of Christchurch. For services to civil engineering.\nSuzanne Lena Prentice – of Invercargill. For services to music.\nThomas William Schnackenberg OAM – of Auckland. For services to yachting.\nRobin Scholes – of Auckland. For services to the film industry.Military divisionCommander Larry Robbins – Royal New Zealand Navy.John Buck\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrad Buterworth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHylton LeGrice\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDavid Levene","title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orewa"},{"link_name":"Caryll Lydia Mary Clausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryll_Clausen"},{"link_name":"Feilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feilding"},{"link_name":"Owen Francis Delany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Delany"},{"link_name":"Taupō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taup%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Sandra Helen Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Edge"},{"link_name":"Morrinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrinsville"},{"link_name":"Pukekohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukekohe"},{"link_name":"bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowls"},{"link_name":"Kaiwaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiwaka"},{"link_name":"Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburgh,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Peter Charles Molan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Molan"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Peter John Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Montgomery_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Queenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Leeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeston"},{"link_name":"Warkworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warkworth,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Te Aroha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Aroha"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Police"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caryll_Clausen_1995_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Montgomery_2017_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Member (MBE)","text":"Civil divisionMarie Rose Aubin – of Dunedin. For services to education and the community.\nMarilyn Ann Baikie – of Christchurch. For services to the disabled.\nTuakana Charlie Carlson – of Wellington. For services to the community.\nSusan Winifred Jane Dean Chatfield – of Auckland. For services to the community.\nPatricia Maldwyn Clapham JP – of Orewa. For services to the community.\nCaryll Lydia Mary Clausen JP – of Feilding. For services to local-body and community affairs.\nOwen Francis Delany – of Taupō. For services to sport.\nSandra Helen Edge – of Auckland. For services to netball.\nDr Bernard John Forde JP – of Palmerston North. For services to local-body and community affairs.\nMaureen Clara Fox – of Invercargill. For services to education.\nColin Heber Gordge JP – of Morrinsville. For services to farming.\nRobert Morris Jarrett – of Pukekohe. For services to bowls.\nPeter Robert Knight – of Christchurch. For services to powerboat sport.\nRichard Trevor Vincent Linnell – of Kaiwaka. For services to the community.\nRaymond William Lynskey – of Blenheim. For services to gliding.\nPatricia Mary McQuillan – of Auckland. For services to the community.\nArthur Dawson Moir JP – of Roxburgh. For services to the community.\nDr Peter Charles Molan – of Hamilton. For services to the honey industry.\nPeter John Montgomery – of Auckland. For services to sports broadcasting.\nAlan Joseph O'Connell – of Queenstown. For services to sport and the community.\nGeorge Emile Rennie – of Leeston. For services to farming.\nAlon Edgar Shaw – of Warkworth. For services to education.\nEileen Margaret Skidmore – of Te Aroha. For services to the community.\nRaymond Terence Whatmough – superintendent, New Zealand Police.Military divisionMajor Nigel John Murray – Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps.\nSquadron Leader Kenneth Albert James Cunningham – Royal New Zealand Air Force.\nSquadron Leader Graeme Warren Harris – Royal New Zealand Air Force (Retired).Caryll Clausen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeter Montgomery","title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Army_Ordnance_Corps"},{"link_name":"Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_New_Zealand_Engineers"}],"text":"Military divisionWarrant Officer Class Two Ross Charles Fearon – Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps.\nSergeant Darryl Brian Lark – Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers.\nFlight Sergeant Calvin Paul Clare – Royal New Zealand Air Force (Retired).\nFlight Sergeant Ronald Gregory Cox – Royal New Zealand Air Force.","title":"British Empire Medal (BEM)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lower Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Hutt"},{"link_name":"Te Kauwhata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Kauwhata"}],"sub_title":"For community service","text":"Elizabeth Desiree Ferguson Baxendine – of Christchurch.\nThe Reverend John Ernest Bowles – of Lower Hutt.\nColin Arthur Gilmour-Wilson JP – of Taupō.\nAudrey Gwen Harris – of Te Kauwhata.\nThe Reverend Kenneth Gerard Irwin – of Auckland.\nArchbishop Dionysios Psiachas – of Wellington.\nThe Very Reverend John Oliver Rymer – of Auckland.\nPatricia Margaret Teague – of Christchurch.","title":"Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Phillip Najib Corban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Corban&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ngāruawāhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ruaw%C4%81hia"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Labour_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Moir"},{"link_name":"Hokitika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokitika"},{"link_name":"Gladys Joyce Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Whangārei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei"},{"link_name":"David Ernest Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Walter_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brian_Corban_CNZM_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"For public services","text":"Dr Elizabeth Ursula Alley – of Wellington.\nBrian Phillip Najib Corban – of Auckland.\nValerie Madeline Lawson (Sister Valerie) – of Lower Hutt.\nAngus John Macdonald JP – of Ngāruawāhia.\nColin James McKenzie – of Wellington; lately Secretary of Labour.\nMargaret Moir JP – of Hokitika.\nGladys Joyce Ryan – of Whangārei.\nDavid Ernest Walter JP – of Stratford.Brian Corban","title":"Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Queen's Service Medal (QSM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Te Kūiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_K%C5%ABiti"},{"link_name":"Taihape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taihape"},{"link_name":"Timaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timaru"},{"link_name":"Huntly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntly,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Waiheke Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiheke_Island"},{"link_name":"Tikipunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikipunga"},{"link_name":"Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levin,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Waikanae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikanae"},{"link_name":"Ashburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Kawerau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawerau"},{"link_name":"The Pines Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pines_Beach"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Featherston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherston,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tākaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kaka"},{"link_name":"Maketu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maketu"},{"link_name":"Ellen Adrienne, Lady Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Stewart"},{"link_name":"New Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Kerikeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerikeri"},{"link_name":"Dargaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargaville"},{"link_name":"Matamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adrienne_Stewart_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"For community service","text":"Sarah Teira Priscilla Ashby JP – of Te Kūiti.\nPatricia Irene Ball – of Hamilton.\nRobert Anthony Leighton Batley – of Taihape.\nJune Emily Bonnington – of Timaru.\nOwen Mervyn Brookes JP – of Huntly.\nDoreen Elizabeth Burns – of Waiheke Island.\nHilda Ngahiraka Rangi Busby – of Tikipunga.\nAlice Elizabeth Calder – of Levin.\nAmie Euphemia Isobel Calvert – of Waikanae.\nRosemary Bridget Chapman – of Christchurch.\nClaire Mary Emberson JP – of Auckland.\nEsther May Hepburn – of Ashburton.\nWiremu Hapi Hunia – of Kawerau.\nJoan Gertrude Johnson – of Wellington.\nLorna Monica Leydon – of Lower Hutt.\nLocksley Clement Lindsay – of The Pines Beach.\nJoan-Mary Longcroft JP – of Auckland.\nBryan Mahony – of Wellington.\nNorman John Martin – of Hastings.\nNoel Albert McMahon – of Auckland.\nWilliam James McMullan – of Wellington.\nFrederick Lewis Mitchell – of Christchurch.\nPhillis Hilda Murphy – of Featherston.\nClarence Roland Papps JP – of Tākaka.\nEliza Raiha Serjeant – of Maketu.\nMavis Eileen Steffens – of Motueka.\nEllen Adrienne, Lady Stewart – of Christchurch.\nAlan George Tozer – of New Plymouth.\nCharles Iotua Tuarau – of Lower Hutt.\nEsther Taylor Turner – of Kerikeri.\nDorothy Ethel Walker – of Auckland.\nEllen Mary (Ella) Warren – of Dargaville.\nCarolyn Georgina Weston – of Invercargill.\nJoan Elizabeth Williams – of Auckland.\nLesley Iris Wills – of Matamata.\nEunice Boyce Wilson – of Pukekohe.Adrienne, Lady Stewart","title":"Queen's Service Medal (QSM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wanganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui"},{"link_name":"Masterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterton"},{"link_name":"Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua"},{"link_name":"Rangiotu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiotu"},{"link_name":"Katikati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katikati"},{"link_name":"Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Jeffs (Bill Sevesi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Sevesi"},{"link_name":"Wainuiomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainuiomata"},{"link_name":"Ranfurly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranfurly,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Greymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greymouth"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Helen Mary Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Smith_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Porirua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua"},{"link_name":"Tauranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helen_Mary_Smith.jpg"}],"sub_title":"For public services","text":"Charles George Anderson – of Wanganui.\nEvelyn Annette Carrington – of Whangārei.\nClive Basil Cleland – of Hamilton.\nHelen Dashfield – of Masterton.\nWilliam James Davey – sergeant, New Zealand Police.\nIan George Duncan – senior constable, New Zealand Police.\nDavid Peter Ellery – of Rotorua.\nCarol June Garland – of Christchurch.\nPaul Ronald Garland – of Christchurch.\nCatherine May Glynn – of Auckland.\nMalcolm Campbell Grayling – of New Plymouth.\nRuth Jacqualine Hera Harris JP – of Rangiotu.\nMarsden Alfred Heaslip – of Katikati.\nLorraine Anne Hill – of Russell.\nWilfred Jeffs (Bill Sevesi) – of Auckland.\nIan Roy Johnson JP – of Te Puke.\nDiana Patricia Lenihan – of Invercargill.\nWilliam James McCabe – of Wainuiomata.\nJulie Margaret McKendry JP – of Blenheim.\nHeather Margaret MacLeod – of Auckland.\nRonald Kenneth McSkimming – of Ranfurly.\nIrene Saxon Messenger – of Greymouth.\nJohn Bracken Mortimer – of Hamilton.\nMargaret Mortimer – of Hamilton.\nCatherine Jean Motion – of Thames.\nMiriam Harris Murray JP – of Dunedin.\nGlenys Patricia Searancke – of Rotorua.\nHelen Mary Smith JP – of Porirua.\nHeather Jane Te Huia – of Porirua.\nChristina Manuhopukia Waihape JP – of Tauranga.\nWilliam Grigor Walker – of Clinton.\nKathleen Florence Wills JP – of Timaru.\nPhillippa Alix Woodward – of Blenheim.Helen Smith","title":"Queen's Service Medal (QSM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Fire Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Fire_Service"},{"link_name":"Te Awamutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Awamutu"},{"link_name":"Hāwera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81wera"}],"text":"Walter Henry Mills – lately deputy chief fire officer, Cambridge Volunteer Fire Brigade, New Zealand Fire Service.\nRobert Alexander Morriss – chief fire officer, Te Awamutu Volunteer Fire Brigade, New Zealand Fire Service.\nBrian Muschamp – chief fire officer, Hāwera and Okaiawa Fire Brigades, New Zealand Fire Service.","title":"Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"John Morris Atkinson Gott – detective senior sergeant, New Zealand Police.","title":"Queen's Police Medal (QPM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter James Stockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stockwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Vice-Marshal_Peter_Stockwell_(cropped).jpg"}],"text":"Wing Commander Peter James Stockwell – Royal New Zealand Air Force.Peter Stockwell","title":"Air Force Cross (AFC)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Flight Lieutenant Grant Redvers Withers – Royal New Zealand Air Force.","title":"Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"No. 54067\". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 17 June 1995. pp. 33–37.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54067/supplement/33","url_text":"\"No. 54067\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's Birthday honours list 1995\". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-1995","url_text":"\"Queen's Birthday honours list 1995\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54067/supplement/33","external_links_name":"\"No. 54067\""},{"Link":"https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-1995","external_links_name":"\"Queen's Birthday honours list 1995\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolta%C3%B1a
Boltaña
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°27′N 0°04′E / 42.450°N 0.067°E / 42.450; 0.067Municipality in Aragon, SpainBoltaña BoltanyaMunicipalityBoltaña as seen from the path to the castle. FlagCoat of armsBoltañaLocation of Boltaña within AragonShow map of AragonBoltañaLocation of Boltaña within SpainShow map of SpainCoordinates: 42°27′N 0°04′E / 42.450°N 0.067°E / 42.450; 0.067Country SpainAutonomous community AragonProvinceHuescaComarcaSobrarbeArea • Total139 km2 (54 sq mi)Population (2018) • Total986 • Density7.1/km2 (18/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Boltaña (in Aragonese: Boltanya) is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 870 inhabitants. Boltaña is the economic development capital of the Sobrarbe comarca. References ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boltaña. Boltaña Town Hall Oficina de Turismo de Boltaña Weather Feria Pirenaica del Jabalí Web de Pirenostrum Web de Conspiremus Web de a Ronda de Boltaña. Castle in Romanicoaragones.com Castillos de Aragón Web del Palotiau de Boltaña News from Boltaña Asociación Belenística vteMunicipalities of Sobrarbe Abizanda Aínsa-Sobrarbe1 Bárcabo Bielsa Boltaña1 Broto El Pueyo de Araguás Fanlo Fiscal La Fueva Gistaín Labuerda Laspuña Palo Plan Puértolas San Juan de Plan Tella-Sin Torla-Ordesa 1Shared capitals of the comarca vteMunicipalities in the province of Huesca Abiego Abizanda Adahuesca Agüero Aísa Aínsa-Sobrarbe Albalate de Cinca Albalatillo Albelda Albero Alto Albero Bajo Alberuela de Tubo Alcalá de Gurrea Alcalá del Obispo Alcampell Alcolea de Cinca Alerre Alfántega Almudévar Almunia de San Juan Almuniente Alquézar Altorricón Angüés Ansó Antillón Aragüés del Puerto Arén Argavieso Arguis Ayerbe Azanuy-Alins Azara Azlor Baélls Bailo Baldellou Ballobar Banastás Barbastro Barbués Barbuñales Bárcabo Belver de Cinca Benabarre Benasque Berbegal Bielsa Bierge Biescas Binaced Binéfar Bisaurri Biscarrués Blecua y Torres Boltaña Bonansa Borau Broto Caldearenas Campo Camporrélls Canal de Berdún Candasnos Canfranc Capdesaso Capella Casbas de Huesca Castejón de Monegros Castejón de Sos Castejón del Puente Castelflorite Castiello de Jaca Castigaleu Castillazuelo Castillonroy Chalamera Chimillas Chía Colungo El Grado El Pueyo de Araguás Esplús Estada Estadilla Estopiñán del Castillo Fago Fanlo Fiscal Fonz Foradada del Toscar Fraga Gistaín Grañén Graus Gurrea de Gállego Hoz de Jaca Hoz y Costean Huerto Huesca Ibieca Igriés Ilche Isábena Jaca Jasa La Fueva La Puebla de Castro La Sotonera Labuerda Laluenga Lalueza Lanaja Laperdiguera Las Peñas de Riglos Lascellas-Ponzano Lascuarre Laspaúles Laspuña Loarre Loporzano Loscorrales Lupiñén-Ortilla Monesma y Cajigar Monflorite-Lascasas Montanuy Monzón Naval Novales Nueno Olvena Ontiñena Osso de Cinca Palo Panticosa Peñalba Peralta de Alcofea Peralta de Calasanz Peraltilla Perarrúa Pertusa Piracés Plan Poleñino Pozán de Vero Puente de Montañana Puente la Reina de Jaca Puértolas Pueyo de Santa Cruz Quicena Robres Sabiñánigo Sahún Salas Altas Salas Bajas Salillas Sallent de Gállego San Esteban de Litera San Juan de Plan San Miguel del Cinca Sangarrén Santa Cilia Santa Cruz de la Serós Santa María de Dulcis Santaliestra y San Quílez Sariñena Secastilla Seira Sena Senés de Alcubierre Sesa Sesué Siétamo Sopeira Tamarite de Litera Tardienta Tella-Sin Tierz Tolva Torla-Ordesa Torralba de Aragón Torre la Ribera Torrente de Cinca Torres de Alcanadre Torres de Barbués Tramaced Valfarta Valle de Bardají Valle de Hecho Valle de Lierp Velilla de Cinca Vencillón Veracruz Viacamp y Litera Vicién Villanova Villanueva de Sigena Villanúa Yebra de Basa Yésero Zaidín Authority control databases VIAF This article about a location in the Province of Huesca is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aragonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_language"},{"link_name":"province of Huesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huesca_(province)"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"INE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Sobrarbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrarbe"},{"link_name":"comarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comarcas_of_Aragon"}],"text":"Municipality in Aragon, SpainBoltaña (in Aragonese: Boltanya) is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 870 inhabitants.Boltaña is the economic development capital of the Sobrarbe comarca.","title":"Boltaña"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starter_pistol
Starting pistol
["1 Use in races","2 Use in American and Canadian football","3 Use in the arts","4 Criminal use","5 See also","6 References"]
Type of pistol A starting pistol in use at an athletics competition in 1961. Eight women participate in a hobble skirt race. Starter gun has just been fired by man in straw boater hat. A starting pistol or starter pistol is a blank handgun or, more recently, an electronic toy gun or device with a button connected to a sound system that is fired to start track and field races as well as some competitive swimming races. Traditional starter guns cannot fire real ammunition without first being extensively modified: Blank shells or caps are used to prevent expelling projectiles, and only a small amount of smoke can be seen when shot. In most places, trying to modify the replica is illegal. Starting pistols may also include modified versions of standard pistols incapable of firing bullets, most commonly achieved by welding an obstruction into the barrel. This is less common nowadays, especially in Western countries. When electronic timing is used, a sensor is often affixed to the gun, which sends an electronic signal to the timing system upon firing. For deaf competitors or for modern electronic systems, the electronic toy gun sends off a light signal, with some events using a light system. Use in races Prince Harry starts a track competition with a starting gun wired for timing The sound of the gun going off serves as the signal for the athletes to begin the event. An issue with the use of starting pistols is that, since the report of the pistol is carried to the competitors at the speed of sound, which takes about 3 milliseconds to travel one metre, positions nearest the starter hear the report a few milliseconds before further positions. This issue is exaggerated in races where the runners begin in a stagger, putting a significant distance between the nearest and furthest runners. To avoid this problem, the pistol is in all major competitions wired with a microphone that transmits the sound virtually instantaneously to loudspeakers directly behind each competitor. With security after the September 11 attacks on the US becoming prevalent and causing issues with starting pistols, a trend developed to use electronic starting systems that do not use pistols but use a "dummy" prop pistol or a signaling device similar to those used on game shows which cannot function as a firearm and that is wired to the timing system. When the starter presses the button, they emit a signal to play a simulated gunshot that is broadcast to loudspeakers behind each lane, show a flash from the gun, and start the timing clock. Many venues have switched to the new format. Beyond the security concerns, it has also been observed that even with the use of loudspeakers and with hearing impaired competitors, a light system connected to the electronic pistol, some competitors still wait for the actual sound of the gun to reach them, and since the new all-electronic starting pistols have no such problems, they became the official way of starting games at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Use in American and Canadian football Officials in American and Canadian football formerly used a starting pistol to end each quarter of a game. In the NFL this was first done in 1924, to avoid confusion with the whistles and air horns used for other signals; at the time the stadium clock did not show the official game time, which was kept by the officials on the field. The stadium clock later became the official game time and the NFL discontinued the gunshot in 1994. Furthermore, upon the official end of the period, the referee will announce "That is the end of the (x period)" to the public address system. Use in the arts Beside sporting events, starter pistols are also used in films and in TV or stage shows. Criminal use Some pistols made to fire only blanks can be converted to fire live ammunition. Such makeshift firearms are used in crime and many are illegal to possess in certain jurisdictions. An athletic festival See also Incidents involving starting pistols 2010 Discovery, Inc. hostage crisis Adam Ant 2002 pub incident in Camden Algiers Motel incident David Kang LOT Flight 165 hijacking Lufthansa Flight 592 References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Starting pistols. ^ a b c "Blank Guns". United States: Collector's Armoury, Ltd. Retrieved 2016-07-22. ^ "Blank Guns". United States: Collector's Armoury, Ltd. Retrieved 2016-07-22. ^ Powell, Donna (22 June 2018). "The Ancient Tradition of Starter Guns". Phillips Mini Guns - Charles Mini Works, LLC. ^ Wizards at Omega create space-age starter's pistol ^ The Speed of Sound is too Slow for Olympic Athletes, The Atlantic. ^ Austro, Ben (September 28, 2019). "NFL100: Why did officials use a pistol to signal the end of the quarter?". www.footballzebras.com. Football Zebras. Retrieved 31 March 2020. ^ Heale, John (15 October 2009). One Blood: Inside Britain's Gang Culture. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 2004. ISBN 978-1-84983-051-5. ^ ATF, ed. (23 April 2013). State Laws and Published Ordinances, Firearms, 2010-2011. Government Printing Office. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-16-091510-9. vteFirearms (list, glossary, and topics) Firearm lists Gun History Safety War Weapon Types of firearms Breechloader versus muzzleloader Combination Elephant Flare gun Line thrower Long gun Carbine Musket Takedown Multiple-barrel (list) Needler Net gun Riot gun Rotary Single-shot Smoothbore Spring-gun Underwater firearm Handguns Cane gun Derringer Duelling Pistol list Machine Pepper-box Pocket Revolver list Semi-automatic pistol list Pistol caliber Personal defence weapon Submachine gun Starting Rifles (list) Anti-materiel Anti-tank Assault list Automatic Battle list Carbine list Double Hunting Buffalo Elephant Express Punt Varmint Marksman Rifling Polygonal Repeating Sniper list Machine guns General purpose Light Medium Heavy SAW Shotguns (list) Automatic shotgun Coach gun Combat shotgun Double-barreled Pump action Riot Sawed-off Ammunition 20-gauge shotgun Breaching round Dragon's breath Shotgun shell .410 bore Shot Slug Historic or famous AK-47 AR-15 M16 Antique firearms Gatling gun Winchester rifle M1 Garand Mauser rifles Tommy Gun MP 40 Uzi Colt Peacemaker M1911 Glock Mechanics and componentsComponents Barrel Feed ramp Slug Threads Trunnion Bayonet Belt Blank-firing adapter Breechblock Breechface Bolt Rotating Telescoping Flapper Roller Tilting Bump stock Chamber Cocking handle Cylinder Extractor Firing pin Flash suppressor Fluting Forward assist Freebore Forearm Foregrip Hammer Half-cock Linear Striker Lock Flintlock Wheellock Magazine Bottom metal Clip Drum High-capacity Speedloader Stripper clip Muzzle brake Muzzle shroud Pistol grip Pistol slide Rail system Receiver Recoil pad Rim Safety Sear Auto sear Shroud Silencer Squeeze bore Choke Stock Synchronization gear Tapering Trigger guard Sights Diopter Finderscope Globe Holographic Iron Laser Reticle Reflex Red dot Magnifier Scope mount Tang Telescopic Night vision Thermal Zeroing Actions Blowback Blow-forward Bolt Boxlock Breechloading Break Open bolt Closed bolt Electronic Gas-operated Lever Muzzleloading Out-of-battery Pump Push/Controlled feed Recoil-operated Repeating Revolver Self-loading Single-shot Slamfire Physics Ballistics Ballistic coefficient External Terminal Transitional Physics of firearms Rangefinding/keeping Mathematics Stadiametric Metrics Accurizing Bore axis Caliber Circular error probable Effective range Gauge Gun chronograph Gun harmonisation Headspace Length of pull Lock time Match grade Mean time between failures Minute of Angle (MOA) Muzzle Energy Rise Velocity Penetration Power factor Precision-guided Rate of fire Recoil Group Stock measurements Stopping power Handgun effectiveness Twist rate Shooting and ammunitionGunshot Dry fire Firing (Shooting) Gunshot Firefight Maintenance Field strip Fouling Malfunction Cooking off Hang fire Squib load Ricochet Ignition Fire forming Obturation Primer Gunpowder Percussion cap Rimfire Tubes and Primers Propellant Ball propellant Cordite Improved Military Rifle Ramrod Smokeless powder Ammunition Cannelure Dummy round Snap cap Flechette Gas check Overpressure ammunition PCA Sabot Wadding Bullets Armour piercing Cast Expanding Full metal jacket Frangible Green Incendiary High explosive HEIAP Projectile Raufoss Round shot SLAP Soft point Supercavitating Total metal jacket Tracer Hollow base Hollow point Minié Meplat Plastic tipped ABCBC Snake shot Spitzer VLD Cartridges Blank Caseless Centrefire Handloading Rifle cartridge Fully powered Intermediate list Paper Pinfire Wildcat Society, safety, industry, and lawsSociety Celebratory gunfire Civilian gun ownership Household ownership rates Exhibition shooting Gun cultures United States Gun shows State firearms Hunting Jungle style Pistol duelling Politics Shooting sports Civilian Marksmanship Program Gun violenceand safety in the United States Assassinations Deaths Forensics Gunfighter Gun safety Firearm industry 3D printed firearm list Firearm brands Firearms by country Gun shops list Gunsmith Improvised firearm Most-produced Privately made Small arms trade Arms control Arms and Gun control Disarmament Campaign Against Arms Trade Featureless rifles Gun laws Air travel Assault weapons Concealed carry in the U.S. License High-capacity magazine ban Right to bear arms Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW) United States Gun Laws (by U.S. state) Legislation Politics Federal Assault Weapons Ban
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Starter gun has just been fired by man in straw boater hat.A starting pistol or starter pistol is a blank handgun[1] or, more recently, an electronic toy gun or device with a button connected to a sound system that is fired to start track and field races as well as some competitive swimming races. Traditional starter guns cannot fire real ammunition without first being extensively modified: Blank shells or caps are used to prevent expelling projectiles,[1] and only a small amount of smoke can be seen when shot. In most places, trying to modify the replica is illegal.[2]Starting pistols may also include modified versions of standard pistols incapable of firing bullets, most commonly achieved by welding an obstruction into the barrel. This is less common nowadays, especially in Western countries. When electronic timing is used, a sensor is often affixed to the gun, which sends an electronic signal to the timing system upon firing. For deaf competitors or for modern electronic systems, the electronic toy gun sends off a light signal, with some events using a light system.","title":"Starting pistol"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Harry_starts_a_track_competition_with_a_starting_gun_during_the_2016_Invictus_Games.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry"},{"link_name":"speed of sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound"},{"link_name":"milliseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prop_(stage,_screen)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Prince Harry starts a track competition with a starting gun wired for timingThe sound of the gun going off serves as the signal for the athletes to begin the event.\nAn issue with the use of starting pistols is that, since the report of the pistol is carried to the competitors at the speed of sound, which takes about 3 milliseconds to travel one metre, positions nearest the starter hear the report a few milliseconds before further positions. This issue is exaggerated in races where the runners begin in a stagger, putting a significant distance between the nearest and furthest runners. To avoid this problem, the pistol is in all major competitions wired with a microphone that transmits the sound virtually instantaneously to loudspeakers directly behind each competitor.With security after the September 11 attacks on the US becoming prevalent and causing issues with starting pistols,[3] a trend developed to use electronic starting systems that do not use pistols but use a \"dummy\" prop pistol or a signaling device similar to those used on game shows which cannot function as a firearm and that is wired to the timing system. When the starter presses the button, they emit a signal to play a simulated gunshot that is broadcast to loudspeakers behind each lane, show a flash from the gun, and start the timing clock. Many venues have switched to the new format.[4] Beyond the security concerns, it has also been observed that even with the use of loudspeakers and with hearing impaired competitors, a light system connected to the electronic pistol, some competitors still wait for the actual sound of the gun to reach them, and since the new all-electronic starting pistols have no such problems, they became the official way of starting games at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[5]","title":"Use in races"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American and Canadian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"whistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle"},{"link_name":"air horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_horn"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Officials in American and Canadian football formerly used a starting pistol to end each quarter of a game. In the NFL this was first done in 1924, to avoid confusion with the whistles and air horns used for other signals; at the time the stadium clock did not show the official game time, which was kept by the officials on the field. The stadium clock later became the official game time and the NFL discontinued the gunshot in 1994. Furthermore, upon the official end of the period, the referee will announce \"That is the end of the (x period)\" to the public address system.[6]","title":"Use in American and Canadian football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA-1"}],"text":"Beside sporting events, starter pistols are also used in films and in TV or stage shows.[1]","title":"Use in the arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heale2009-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alcohol2013-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sapporo_(48107414677).jpg"}],"text":"Some pistols made to fire only blanks can be converted to fire live ammunition. Such makeshift firearms are used in crime and many are illegal to possess in certain jurisdictions.[7][8]An athletic festival","title":"Criminal use"}]
[{"image_text":"A starting pistol in use at an athletics competition in 1961.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-79908-0001%2C_M%C3%BCller.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-79908-0001%2C_M%C3%BCller.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eight women participate in a hobble skirt race. Starter gun has just been fired by man in straw boater hat.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eight_women_participate_in_a_hobble_skirt_race._Starter_gun_has_just_been_fired_by_man_in_straw_boater_hat.jpg/220px-Eight_women_participate_in_a_hobble_skirt_race._Starter_gun_has_just_been_fired_by_man_in_straw_boater_hat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Harry starts a track competition with a starting gun wired for timing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Prince_Harry_starts_a_track_competition_with_a_starting_gun_during_the_2016_Invictus_Games.jpg/170px-Prince_Harry_starts_a_track_competition_with_a_starting_gun_during_the_2016_Invictus_Games.jpg"},{"image_text":"An athletic festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sapporo_%2848107414677%29.jpg/220px-Sapporo_%2848107414677%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"2010 Discovery, Inc. hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery,_Inc.#2010_hostage_crisis"},{"title":"Adam Ant 2002 pub incident in Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ant#Mental_health_issues"},{"title":"Algiers Motel incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_Motel_incident"},{"title":"David Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kang"},{"title":"LOT Flight 165 hijacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOT_Flight_165_hijacking"},{"title":"Lufthansa Flight 592","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_592"}]
[{"reference":"\"Blank Guns\". United States: Collector's Armoury, Ltd. Retrieved 2016-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectorsarmoury.com/departments.asp?dept=3","url_text":"\"Blank Guns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blank Guns\". United States: Collector's Armoury, Ltd. Retrieved 2016-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectorsarmoury.com/faq.asp","url_text":"\"Blank Guns\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Donna (22 June 2018). \"The Ancient Tradition of Starter Guns\". Phillips Mini Guns - Charles Mini Works, LLC.","urls":[{"url":"https://phillipsminiguns.com/blogs/news/the-ancient-tradition-of-starter-guns","url_text":"\"The Ancient Tradition of Starter Guns\""}]},{"reference":"Austro, Ben (September 28, 2019). \"NFL100: Why did officials use a pistol to signal the end of the quarter?\". www.footballzebras.com. Football Zebras. Retrieved 31 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footballzebras.com/2019/09/nfl100-why-did-officials-use-a-pistol-to-signal-the-end-of-the-quarter/","url_text":"\"NFL100: Why did officials use a pistol to signal the end of the quarter?\""}]},{"reference":"Heale, John (15 October 2009). One Blood: Inside Britain's Gang Culture. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 2004. ISBN 978-1-84983-051-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qPGXiKSv7s4C&pg=PA2004","url_text":"One Blood: Inside Britain's Gang Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84983-051-5","url_text":"978-1-84983-051-5"}]},{"reference":"ATF, ed. (23 April 2013). State Laws and Published Ordinances, Firearms, 2010-2011. Government Printing Office. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-16-091510-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l4BuxW9CljcC&pg=PA116","url_text":"State Laws and Published Ordinances, Firearms, 2010-2011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-091510-9","url_text":"978-0-16-091510-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.collectorsarmoury.com/departments.asp?dept=3","external_links_name":"\"Blank Guns\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectorsarmoury.com/faq.asp","external_links_name":"\"Blank Guns\""},{"Link":"https://phillipsminiguns.com/blogs/news/the-ancient-tradition-of-starter-guns","external_links_name":"\"The Ancient Tradition of Starter Guns\""},{"Link":"http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/design-architecture/omega-gives-the-classic-starter-pistol-a-world-class-makeover/8111","external_links_name":"Wizards at Omega create space-age starter's pistol"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/the-speed-of-sound-is-too-slow-for-olympic-athletes/260413/","external_links_name":"The Speed of Sound is too Slow for Olympic Athletes"},{"Link":"https://www.footballzebras.com/2019/09/nfl100-why-did-officials-use-a-pistol-to-signal-the-end-of-the-quarter/","external_links_name":"\"NFL100: Why did officials use a pistol to signal the end of the quarter?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qPGXiKSv7s4C&pg=PA2004","external_links_name":"One Blood: Inside Britain's Gang Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l4BuxW9CljcC&pg=PA116","external_links_name":"State Laws and Published Ordinances, Firearms, 2010-2011"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamenvirales
Ligamenvirales
["1 Name","2 Taxonomy","3 References","4 External links"]
Order of viruses Ligamenvirales Virus classification (unranked): Virus Realm: Adnaviria Kingdom: Zilligvirae Phylum: Taleaviricota Class: Tokiviricetes Order: Ligamenvirales Families Lipothrixviridae Rudiviridae Ungulaviridae Ligamenvirales is an order of linear viruses that infect archaea of the phylum Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota) and have double-stranded DNA genomes. The order was proposed by David Prangishvili and Mart Krupovic in 2012 and subsequently created by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Name The name is derived from the Latin ligamen, meaning string or thread. Taxonomy There are three families in this order – Lipothrixviridae, Rudiviridae and Ungulaviridae. The virons are filamentous with a helical nucleocapsid. At either end are attached either fibers or more complex structures involved in host adhesion. The major coat proteins of both lipothrixviruses and rudiviruses have an unusual four-helix bundle topology. The genome is non-segmented linear double stranded DNA. Viruses from the two families share up to ten genes. The major difference between the two families is that members of the family Rudiviridae are not enveloped, whereas nucleocapsids of lipothrixviruses are surrounded by a lipid membrane. Furthermore, whereas the capsid of rudiviruses is constructed from a single major capsid protein, that of lipothrixviruses is formed from two paralogous major capsid proteins. In both groups of viruses, the major capsid proteins form a claw-like dimer (homodimer in rudiviruses and heterodimer in lipothrixviruses), which wraps around the dsDNA. Members of the Ligamenvirales are structurally related to archaeal viruses of the family Tristromaviridae which, similar to lipothrixviruses, encode two paralogous major capsid proteins with the same fold as in ligamenviruses. Due to these structural similarities, order Ligamenvirales and family Tristromaviridae were proposed to be unified within a class 'Tokiviricetes' (toki means ‘thread’ in Georgian and viricetes is an official suffix for a virus class). References ^ Prangishvili D; Krupovic M (2012). "A new proposed taxon for double-stranded DNA viruses, the order Ligamenvirales". Arch Virol. 157 (4): 791–795. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1229-7. PMID 22270758. ^ a b "Virus Taxonomy: 2022 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "Viral Zone: Lipothrixvirus". ExPASy. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "Viral Zone: Rudiviridae". ExPASy. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ Goulet A, Blangy S, Redder P, Prangishvili D, Felisberto-Rodrigues C, Forterre P, Campanacci V, Cambillau C (2009) Acidianus filamentous virus 1 coat proteins display a helical fold spanning the filamentous archaeal viruses lineage. PNAS 106 (50) 21155–60 ^ DiMaio, F; Yu, X; Rensen, E; Krupovic, M; Prangishvili, D; Egelman, EH (2015). "Virology. A virus that infects a hyperthermophile encapsidates A-form DNA". Science. 348 (6237): 914–7. doi:10.1126/science.aaa4181. PMC 5512286. PMID 25999507. ^ Kasson, P; DiMaio, F; Yu, X; Lucas-Staat, S; Krupovic, M; Schouten, S; Prangishvili, D; Egelman, EH (2017). "Model for a novel membrane envelope in a filamentous hyperthermophilic virus". eLife. 6: e26268. doi:10.7554/eLife.26268. PMC 5517147. PMID 28639939. ^ Liu, Y; Osinski, T; Wang, F; Krupovic, M; Schouten, S; Kasson, P; Prangishvili, D; Egelman, EH (2018). "Structural conservation in a membrane-enveloped filamentous virus infecting a hyperthermophilic acidophile". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3360. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3360L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05684-6. PMC 6105669. PMID 30135568. ^ a b Wang, Fengbin; Baquero, Diana P; Su, Zhangli; Osinski, Tomasz; Prangishvili, David; Egelman, Edward H; Krupovic, Mart (2020). "Structure of a filamentous virus uncovers familial ties within the archaeal virosphere". Virus Evolution. 6 (1): veaa023. doi:10.1093/ve/veaa023. PMC 7189273. PMID 32368353. External links Wikispecies has information related to Ligamenvirales. Media related to Ligamenvirales at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersLigamenvirales Wikidata: Q6545850 Wikispecies: Ligamenvirales CoL: 3GC EoL: 23388345 GBIF: 7526717 IRMNG: 11907386 WoRMS: 734147
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea"},{"link_name":"Thermoproteota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"David Prangishvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Prangishvili"},{"link_name":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV-2"}],"text":"Ligamenvirales is an order of linear viruses that infect archaea of the phylum Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota) and have double-stranded DNA genomes.[1] The order was proposed by David Prangishvili and Mart Krupovic in 2012 and subsequently created by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).[2]","title":"Ligamenvirales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The name is derived from the Latin ligamen, meaning string or thread.[citation needed]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lipothrixviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipothrixviridae"},{"link_name":"Rudiviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudiviridae"},{"link_name":"Ungulaviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulaviridae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV-2"},{"link_name":"nucleocapsid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleocapsid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViralZone1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViralZone2-4"},{"link_name":"helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goulet2009-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tristromaviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristromaviridae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tristroma-9"},{"link_name":"Tristromaviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristromaviridae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tristroma-9"}],"text":"There are three families in this order – Lipothrixviridae, Rudiviridae and Ungulaviridae.[2]The virons are filamentous with a helical nucleocapsid. At either end are attached either fibers or more complex structures involved in host adhesion.[3][4]The major coat proteins of both lipothrixviruses and rudiviruses have an unusual four-helix bundle topology.[5][6][7][8] The genome is non-segmented linear double stranded DNA. Viruses from the two families share up to ten genes. The major difference between the two families is that members of the family Rudiviridae are not enveloped, whereas nucleocapsids of lipothrixviruses are surrounded by a lipid membrane. Furthermore, whereas the capsid of rudiviruses is constructed from a single major capsid protein, that of lipothrixviruses is formed from two paralogous major capsid proteins. In both groups of viruses, the major capsid proteins form a claw-like dimer (homodimer in rudiviruses and heterodimer in lipothrixviruses), which wraps around the dsDNA.[citation needed]Members of the Ligamenvirales are structurally related to archaeal viruses of the family Tristromaviridae which, similar to lipothrixviruses, encode two paralogous major capsid proteins with the same fold as in ligamenviruses.[9] Due to these structural similarities, order Ligamenvirales and family Tristromaviridae were proposed to be unified within a class 'Tokiviricetes' (toki means ‘thread’ in Georgian and viricetes is an official suffix for a virus class).[9]","title":"Taxonomy"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ictv.global/taxonomy","url_text":"\"Virus Taxonomy: 2022 Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"Viral Zone: Lipothrixvirus\". ExPASy. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://viralzone.expasy.org/143","url_text":"\"Viral Zone: Lipothrixvirus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Viral Zone: Rudiviridae\". ExPASy. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://viralzone.expasy.org/159","url_text":"\"Viral Zone: Rudiviridae\""}]},{"reference":"DiMaio, F; Yu, X; Rensen, E; Krupovic, M; Prangishvili, D; Egelman, EH (2015). \"Virology. A virus that infects a hyperthermophile encapsidates A-form DNA\". Science. 348 (6237): 914–7. doi:10.1126/science.aaa4181. PMC 5512286. PMID 25999507.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5512286","url_text":"\"Virology. A virus that infects a hyperthermophile encapsidates A-form DNA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa4181","url_text":"10.1126/science.aaa4181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5512286","url_text":"5512286"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25999507","url_text":"25999507"}]},{"reference":"Kasson, P; DiMaio, F; Yu, X; Lucas-Staat, S; Krupovic, M; Schouten, S; Prangishvili, D; Egelman, EH (2017). \"Model for a novel membrane envelope in a filamentous hyperthermophilic virus\". eLife. 6: e26268. doi:10.7554/eLife.26268. PMC 5517147. PMID 28639939.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517147","url_text":"\"Model for a novel membrane envelope in a filamentous hyperthermophilic virus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.26268","url_text":"10.7554/eLife.26268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517147","url_text":"5517147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28639939","url_text":"28639939"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Y; Osinski, T; Wang, F; Krupovic, M; Schouten, S; Kasson, P; Prangishvili, D; Egelman, EH (2018). \"Structural conservation in a membrane-enveloped filamentous virus infecting a hyperthermophilic acidophile\". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3360. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3360L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05684-6. PMC 6105669. PMID 30135568.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6105669","url_text":"\"Structural conservation in a membrane-enveloped filamentous virus infecting a hyperthermophilic acidophile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.3360L","url_text":"2018NatCo...9.3360L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-05684-6","url_text":"10.1038/s41467-018-05684-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6105669","url_text":"6105669"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30135568","url_text":"30135568"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Fengbin; Baquero, Diana P; Su, Zhangli; Osinski, Tomasz; Prangishvili, David; Egelman, Edward H; Krupovic, Mart (2020). \"Structure of a filamentous virus uncovers familial ties within the archaeal virosphere\". Virus Evolution. 6 (1): veaa023. doi:10.1093/ve/veaa023. PMC 7189273. PMID 32368353.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189273","url_text":"\"Structure of a filamentous virus uncovers familial ties within the archaeal virosphere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fve%2Fveaa023","url_text":"10.1093/ve/veaa023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189273","url_text":"7189273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32368353","url_text":"32368353"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2006_Canadian_federal_election
Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election
["1 Newfoundland and Labrador","1.1 Bill Morrow (Avalon)","1.2 Gerry Byrne (Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte)","2 Quebec (incomplete)","3 Ontario","3.1 Hamilton Centre: Javid Mirza","3.2 Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington: Geoff Turner","3.3 Peterborough: Diane Lloyd","3.4 Simcoe—Grey: Elizabeth Kirley","3.5 Wellington—Halton Hills: Rod Finnie","3.6 Windsor West: Werner Keller","4 Manitoba","4.1 Tanya Parks (Elmwood—Transcona)","4.2 Garry McLean (Portage—Lisgar)","4.3 Wes Penner (Provencher)","4.4 Parmjeet Singh Gill (Winnipeg North)","5 Alberta","5.1 Mike Swanson (Calgary Southwest)","6 Footnotes"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Liberal Party of Canada ran a full slate of 308 candidates in the 2006 federal election, and won 103 seats to form the Official Opposition against a Conservative minority government. The party had previously been in power since 1993. Many of the party's candidates have their own biography pages. Information about others may be found here. Newfoundland and Labrador Bill Morrow (Avalon) William G. "Bill" Morrow is a lawyer. For 17 years, he and his wife Judy Morrow have their own practice, Morrow and Morrow in Bay Roberts with his 2 sons Neil and Aaron. He also practised as in-house legal counsel for the Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Group of Companies. He served as board chair of the Avalon Health Care Institutions Board from 1994 to 2003, and as a volunteer board member with the Provincial Health Care Association. He was defeated in the 2006 election, winning 14,318 votes to Fabian Manning's 19,132. Gerry Byrne (Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte) Gerry Byrne has been the incumbent Member of Parliament since a 1996 by-election to succeed Brian Tobin. Quebec (incomplete) Riding Candidate's Name Notes Gender Residence Occupation Votes % Rank Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel François-Hugues Liberge Liberge worked for the youth wing of the Quebec Liberal Party from 1997 to 2000, contested Terrebonne—Blainville as a Liberal candidate in the 2000 federal election, and was an economic affairs assistant to parliamentarian Raymonde Folco in the early 2000s. He was later elected without opposition to a seat on the Commission scolaire de Laval in the 2007 school board elections. M 7,171 13.42 3rd Richelieu Ghislaine Provencher Provencher was born in 1958 in Saint-Sylvère. A grain and dairy farmer, she has a certificate in administration from the University of Quebec in Trois-Rivières. She was once a member of the Bloc Québécois and was part of a group of Quebec nationalists who joined the Liberals in 2004 to support Canadian prime minister Paul Martin's leadership. She was a Liberal candidate in the 2004 and 2006 elections and supported Michael Ignatieff in the Liberal Party's 2006 leadership contest. F 6,438 12.98 3rd Ontario Hamilton Centre: Javid Mirza Mirza received 11,224 votes (23.49%), finishing second against New Democratic Party incumbent David Christopherson. Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington: Geoff Turner Turner (born in Perth, Ontario) has a degree in political science from Wilfrid Laurier University, and has worked on development projects in India and Southeast Asia. He joined the Liberal Party in 1997,, and was twenty-four years old during the election. Several media reports from the campaign highlighted his energy as a candidate (Kingston Whig-Standard, 2 January 2006). He received 14,709 votes (24.74%), finishing second against Conservative incumbent Scott Reid. Peterborough: Diane Lloyd Diane Lloyd was born in Peterborough and moved to the nearby rural community of Lakefield as a child. She has a social work certificate from Renison College through the University of Waterloo. She is best known for serving as chair of the Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board and is a longtime activist with the Liberal Party. In private life, she has been a real estate agent and accounts receivable manager. Lloyd criticized the policies of Mike Harris's provincial government in 2000, arguing that health and education were more important than tax cuts. She was first elected to the Kawartha-Pine Ridge school board in the 2000 municipal election, defeating three other candidates in a rural division. In 2001, she joined a minority of councillors in opposing a motion that deferred passage of an operating budget with strict cuts imposed by the Harris government. She was defeated in her first bid to chair the board in late 2002, and was re-elected as a trustee over a strong challenge in 2003. She was first chosen as chair of the school board in December 2004. She won the Peterborough Liberal Party nomination in May 2005, defeating councillor Henry Clarke. In December of the same year, she stood down as chair of the board. Her candidacy was supported by the Peterborough Professional Fire Fighters Association. During the campaign, she indicated her support for same-sex marriage. On election day, she finished a close second to Conservative Party candidate Dean Del Mastro. She was re-elected as a school trustee in 2006 and served again as chair. Electoral record Election Division Party Votes % Place Winner 2000 municipal Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board, Galway-Cavendish-Harvey, North Kawartha, and Smith-Ennismore-Lakefield n/a 3,420 34.03 1/4 herself 2003 municipal Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board, Galway-Cavendish-Harvey, Smith-Ennismore-Lakefield and Douro-Dummer n/a 5,883 50.73 1/2 herself 2006 federal Peterborough Liberal 20,532 32.37 2/6 Dean Del Mastro, Conservative 2006 municipal Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board, Galway-Cavendish-Harvey, Smith-Ennismore-Lakefield and Douro-Dummer n/a not listed not listed 1/2 herself Simcoe—Grey: Elizabeth Kirley Kirley is a lawyer in Tottenham, Ontario. She has a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of Windsor, and a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Western Ontario. She has practised criminal, family and children's law for fourteen years in the Simcoe region, and has worked as an assistant Crown Attorney. At the time of the election, Kirley was working toward completion of a Master of Laws degree in international law from Osgoode Hall Law School. She received 18,689 votes (30.86%), finishing second against Conservative incumbent Helena Guergis. Wellington—Halton Hills: Rod Finnie Windsor West: Werner Keller Keller (born 1959) holds Bachelor of Applied Science (1981), Master of Business Administration (1987) and Bachelor of Laws (1987) degrees from the University of Windsor. He is an associate partner in the law firm of Sutts, Strosberg, practising in the areas of corporate law, commercial and class action litigation. He is also a Business Law Instructor at the University of Windsor. Before entering law, he worked as a chemical engineer for Union Carbide Canada as a Product Development Specialist in Montreal, Quebec. He was president of the Windsor West riding association for seven years, and was an organizer for longtime Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Herb Gray (Windsor Star, 10 and 24 January 2006). Following Gray's retirement in 2001, he co-chaired Dana Howe's unsuccessful bid for the Windsor West Liberal nomination (Star, 16 March 2002). Keller was forty-six years old in 2006. He received 12,110 votes (25.39%), finishing second against New Democratic Party incumbent Brian Masse. Manitoba Tanya Parks (Elmwood—Transcona) Parks was born and resides in Winnipeg, Manitoba. She is the owner of Distant Caravans in the Forks Market region, has volunteered for UNICEF and Folklorama, and has produced fashion shows for Winnipeg charities. Parks has been Chair of the Manitoba Liberal Party Women's Association and director of the Manitoba Provincial Liberal Women's Association. She supported Michael Ignatieff's 2006 bid to become Liberal Party leader, and also endorsed Marie Poulin's bid to become party president. Electoral record Election Division Party Votes % Place Winner 2003 provincial Concordia Liberal 419 7.22 3/3 Gary Doer, New Democratic Party 2004 federal Elmwood—Transcona Liberal 4,923 16.81 3/7 Bill Blaikie, New Democratic Party 2006 federal Elmwood—Transcona Liberal 4,108 12.31 3/5 Bill Blaikie, New Democratic Party Garry McLean (Portage—Lisgar) McLean was born on September 22, 1951, at Manitoba's Dog Creek Indian Reserve. He has a Social Services Certificate from Assiniboine Community College in Brandon, and worked a social worker for over twenty years. McLean has been a Band Councillor and General Manager at the Lake Manitoba First Nation, and was once a political advisor to former Manitoba Grand Chief Rod Bushie. In 1996, he argued that government assistance programs were not adequately addressing the cost of food shipments to northern Manitoba. According to McLean, many northern families on social assistance were unable to pay their monthly food bills and were forced into cycles of debt as a result (Winnipeg Free Press, 15 November 1996). To address the problem, he co-founded the First Nations Buying Group and arranged bulk purchases for isolated First Nations groups across the country. In September 2002, McLean was hired by the Vickar Community Chev Olds car dealership in Winnipeg as a liaison with First Nations consumers (WFP, 7 February 2003). McLean was one of three aboriginal candidates for the Liberal Party in Manitoba in the 2006 election (Canadian Press, 5 January 2006). He received 4,199 votes (11.39%), finishing a distant second against Conservative incumbent Brian Pallister. Wes Penner (Provencher) Penner received 6,077 votes (15.84%), finishing second against Conservative incumbent Vic Toews. Parmjeet Singh Gill (Winnipeg North) Gill is a prominent member of Winnipeg's Sikh community. He holds Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees from Panjab University in Chandigarh, Punjab, India. He is the fundraising chairperson for the Manitoba Sikh Cultural and Seniors' Centre, and in 1988 helped to found the Sikh Volunteers Association, which operates blood drives. He also operates a Subway restaurant and small trucking company (WPF, 2 January 2006). He was forty-four years old in 2006. Gill joined the Liberal Party in 1989, and gave active support to Rey Pagtakhan's election campaigns. He originally supported Allan Rock's abortive efforts to succeed Jean Chrétien as Liberal Party leader, and was elected to the Manitoba Liberal Party's executive vice-presidency in 2001 on a "Rock slate" (Winnipeg Free Press, 2 December 2001). When Rock announced that he would not campaign for the party leadership, Gill declared his support for Paul Martin (WFP, 2 March 2003). He received 5,752 votes (21.11%) in 2006, finishing second against New Democratic Party incumbent Judy Wasylycia-Leis. Alberta Mike Swanson (Calgary Southwest) Swanson was raised in Claresholm, Alberta, and received a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Alberta in 1982. He has practised law in Edmonton, Calgary and other Alberta communities, and is now a partner in the firm Beaumont Church LLP, working in civil and criminal litigation and agricultural law. He also operates a farm and ranch that his family has owned since 1902. He was forty-eight years old at the time of the election. Swanson's family has long-standing Liberal roots in Alberta (Globe and Mail, 29 December 2005). He received 6,553 votes (11.41%), finishing second against Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper, who became Prime Minister as a result of that federal election. Footnotes ^ Canada Votes 2006: Argenteuil-Papineau-Mirabel, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, accessed 22 January 2011. Liberge received 17,668 votes (31.70%) in 2000, finishing second against Bloc Québécois incumbent Diane Bourgeois. Source: Official Results, Elections Canada ^ Geneviève Fortin, "Dix-neuf commissaires élus par acclamation," Courrier Laval, 5 October 2007, accessed 22 January 2011. Archived 23 July 2012 at archive.today ^ Election 2006: Riding by riding, Provencher, Ghislaine; Quebec, Bas-Richelieu - Nicolet - Bécancour, Liberal Party of Canada, CTV, accessed 7 August 2009. ^ CBC: Canada Votes 2006, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, accessed 7 August 2009; Team Martin makes play to steal Bloc vote Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Halifax Live.com, 4 April 2004, accessed 7 August 2009. ^ Provencher received 11,045 votes (22.68%) in 2004, finishing second against Bloc Québécois incumbent Louis Plamondon. Source: Official Results, Elections Canada. ^ LEADERSHIP 2006-07: An update on Liberal leadership candidates and some of their supporters, The Hill Times, 27 November 2006, accessed 7 August 2009. ^ Elizabeth Bower, "More issues than Gomery: Lloyd," Peterborough Examiner, 29 November 2005, B3. ^ Don Butler, "The front lines," Ottawa Citizen, 7 January 2006, B1. ^ "Where the public board trustee candidates stand," Peterborough Examiner, 2 November 2000, B1; ^ Diane Lloyd, "Can't afford tax cuts," Peterborough Examiner, 21 May 2000, A4. ^ Kelly Leydier, "Public board voters go with experienced candidates," Peterborough Examiner, 14 November 2000, A14. ^ John Driscoll, "Board refuses to pass budget despite warning," Peterborough Examiner, 26 June 2001, A1. ^ Steve Ladurantaye, "Lloyd defeats Lloyd for post," 6 December 2002, B1. ^ Clark Kim, "Dunn, Corkery retain their separate school board seats," Peterborough This Week, 12 November 2003, p. 7. ^ Saira Peesker, "Change embraced at public board: New chairwoman, vice-chairwoman take over leadership," Peterborough Examiner, 3 December 2004, B1. ^ Elizabeth Bower, "Liberals give nod to Lloyd: MP Adams passes torch to school board official," Peterborough Examiner, 26 May 2005, A1. This article notes that she was fifty-seven years old at the time. ^ "Lloyd succeeds Lloyd," Peterborough Examiner, 2 December 2005, B1. ^ Katie Rook, "Gun registry proves unpopular," Peterborough Examiner, 27 December 2005, A3. ^ "Candidates' positions on...same-sex marriage," Peterborough This Week, 7 December 2005, p. 7. ^ Her opponent in the 2006 trustee election was Marlene White, who was also a Liberal Party candidate in the 2006 federal election. ^ Elmwood—Transcona: Canada Votes 2006, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, accessed 1 March 2007. ^ "An update on Liberal leadership candidates and some of their supporters", Hill Times, 4 September 2006. ^ Marie Poulin for LPC President Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Liberal Party of Canada, accessed 1 March 2007. vte←   2006 Canadian federal election   → Outgoing: Liberal minority Result: Conservative minority Bloc Québécois (Gilles Duceppe, candidates) Canadian Action (Connie Fogal, candidates) Christian Heritage (Ron Gray, candidates) Communist (Miguel Figueroa, candidates) Conservative (Stephen Harper, candidates) Green (Jim Harris, candidates) Independent candidates Liberal (Paul Martin, candidates) Libertarian (Jean-Serge Brisson, candidates) Marijuana (Blair Longley, candidates) Marxist–Leninist (Sandra L. Smith, candidates) New Democrats (Jack Layton, candidates) Progressive Canadian (Tracy Parsons, candidates) Bold indicates parties with members elected to the House of Commons. Results Results by riding Newspaper endorsements Opinion polling Timeline Issues Target ridings Endorsements Liberal Party advertisements vteLiberal Party of CanadaRelated partiesAffiliated provincial parties New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Formerly affiliated parties Alberta (1905–1976) British Columbia (1903–1987) Manitoba (1870–WW1) North-West Territories (1898–1905) Ontario (1867–1976) Quebec (1867–1964) Saskatchewan (1905–2009) Yukon National leadersLeaders Brown Mackenzie Blake Laurier McKenzie King St. Laurent Pearson P. E. Trudeau Turner Chrétien Martin Graham Dion Ignatieff Rae J. Trudeau Deputy Leaders Copps Gray Manley McLellan Robillard Ignatieff Goodale Leadership elections 1919 1948 1958 1968 1980 1984 1990 2003 2006 2009 2013 Parliamentary electioncandidates 1867 1878 1887 1891 1896 1900 1904 1908 1911 1917 1921 1925 1926 1930 1935 1940 1945 1949 1957 1958 1962 1963 1965 1968 1972 1974 1979 1980 1984 1988 1993 1997 2000 2004 2006 2008 2011 2015 2019 2021 Predecessors History Clear Grits (c. 1850–58) Institut canadien de Montréal (1844–80) Parti canadien (c. 1800–38) Parti rouge (1848–61) Reformers (c. 1830–54) in Newfoundland Related parties Liberal Protectionist Liberal-Progressive Liberal–Labour Laurier Liberals Liberal–Unionist National Liberal Progressive
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"2006 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Official Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Opposition"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"minority government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_government"}],"text":"The Liberal Party of Canada ran a full slate of 308 candidates in the 2006 federal election, and won 103 seats to form the Official Opposition against a Conservative minority government. The party had previously been in power since 1993.Many of the party's candidates have their own biography pages. Information about others may be found here.","title":"Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Newfoundland and Labrador"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Roberts,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Fabian Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Manning"}],"sub_title":"Bill Morrow (Avalon)","text":"William G. \"Bill\" Morrow is a lawyer. For 17 years, he and his wife Judy Morrow have their own practice, Morrow and Morrow in Bay Roberts with his 2 sons Neil and Aaron. He also practised as in-house legal counsel for the Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Group of Companies. He served as board chair of the Avalon Health Care Institutions Board from 1994 to 2003, and as a volunteer board member with the Provincial Health Care Association. He was defeated in the 2006 election, winning 14,318 votes to Fabian Manning's 19,132.","title":"Newfoundland and Labrador"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Tobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Tobin"}],"sub_title":"Gerry Byrne (Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte)","text":"Gerry Byrne has been the incumbent Member of Parliament since a 1996 by-election to succeed Brian Tobin.","title":"Newfoundland and Labrador"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Quebec (incomplete)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"David Christopherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Christopherson"}],"sub_title":"Hamilton Centre: Javid Mirza","text":"Mirza received 11,224 votes (23.49%), finishing second against New Democratic Party incumbent David Christopherson.","title":"Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Laurier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geoffturner.ca/about/"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cbc.ca/canadavotes/riding/148/"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scott Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Reid_(politician)"}],"sub_title":"Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington: Geoff Turner","text":"Turner (born in Perth, Ontario) has a degree in political science from Wilfrid Laurier University, and has worked on development projects in India and Southeast Asia. He joined the Liberal Party in 1997,[1][permanent dead link], and was twenty-four years old during the election.[2] Several media reports from the campaign highlighted his energy as a candidate (Kingston Whig-Standard, 2 January 2006).He received 14,709 votes (24.74%), finishing second against Conservative incumbent Scott Reid.","title":"Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Lakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakefield,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Renison College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renison_College"},{"link_name":"University of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawartha_Pine_Ridge_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mike Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Harris"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2000 municipal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000_Peterborough_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Peterborough_municipal_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Dean Del Mastro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Del_Mastro"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Peterborough_municipal_election"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Peterborough: Diane Lloyd","text":"Diane Lloyd was born in Peterborough and moved to the nearby rural community of Lakefield as a child. She has a social work certificate from Renison College through the University of Waterloo.[7] She is best known for serving as chair of the Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board and is a longtime activist with the Liberal Party.[8] In private life, she has been a real estate agent and accounts receivable manager.[9]Lloyd criticized the policies of Mike Harris's provincial government in 2000, arguing that health and education were more important than tax cuts.[10] She was first elected to the Kawartha-Pine Ridge school board in the 2000 municipal election, defeating three other candidates in a rural division.[11] In 2001, she joined a minority of councillors in opposing a motion that deferred passage of an operating budget with strict cuts imposed by the Harris government.[12] She was defeated in her first bid to chair the board in late 2002,[13] and was re-elected as a trustee over a strong challenge in 2003.[14] She was first chosen as chair of the school board in December 2004.[15]She won the Peterborough Liberal Party nomination in May 2005, defeating councillor Henry Clarke.[16] In December of the same year, she stood down as chair of the board.[17] Her candidacy was supported by the Peterborough Professional Fire Fighters Association.[18] During the campaign, she indicated her support for same-sex marriage.[19] On election day, she finished a close second to Conservative Party candidate Dean Del Mastro. She was re-elected as a school trustee in 2006 and served again as chair.[20]","title":"Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tottenham, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Education"},{"link_name":"University of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Western Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Simcoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Crown Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Master of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Osgoode Hall Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lpco.ca/elizabethkirley/yourmp.aspx"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Helena Guergis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Guergis"}],"sub_title":"Simcoe—Grey: Elizabeth Kirley","text":"Kirley is a lawyer in Tottenham, Ontario. She has a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of Windsor, and a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Western Ontario. She has practised criminal, family and children's law for fourteen years in the Simcoe region, and has worked as an assistant Crown Attorney. At the time of the election, Kirley was working toward completion of a Master of Laws degree in international law from Osgoode Hall Law School.[3][permanent dead link] She received 18,689 votes (30.86%), finishing second against Conservative incumbent Helena Guergis.","title":"Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wellington—Halton Hills: Rod Finnie","title":"Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Applied Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Applied_Science"},{"link_name":"Master of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"University of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Union Carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Carbide"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cbc.ca/canadavotes/riding/209/#wernerkeller"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Herb Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Gray"},{"link_name":"New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Brian Masse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Masse"}],"sub_title":"Windsor West: Werner Keller","text":"Keller (born 1959) holds Bachelor of Applied Science (1981), Master of Business Administration (1987) and Bachelor of Laws (1987) degrees from the University of Windsor. He is an associate partner in the law firm of Sutts, Strosberg, practising in the areas of corporate law, commercial and class action litigation. He is also a Business Law Instructor at the University of Windsor. Before entering law, he worked as a chemical engineer for Union Carbide Canada as a Product Development Specialist in Montreal, Quebec.[4]He was president of the Windsor West riding association for seven years, and was an organizer for longtime Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Herb Gray (Windsor Star, 10 and 24 January 2006). Following Gray's retirement in 2001, he co-chaired Dana Howe's unsuccessful bid for the Windsor West Liberal nomination (Star, 16 March 2002).Keller was forty-six years old in 2006. He received 12,110\tvotes (25.39%), finishing second against New Democratic Party incumbent Brian Masse.","title":"Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Manitoba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"Folklorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorama"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Michael Ignatieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff"},{"link_name":"Marie Poulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Poulin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Tanya Parks (Elmwood—Transcona)","text":"Parks was born and resides in Winnipeg, Manitoba. She is the owner of Distant Caravans in the Forks Market region, has volunteered for UNICEF and Folklorama, and has produced fashion shows for Winnipeg charities. Parks has been Chair of the Manitoba Liberal Party Women's Association and director of the Manitoba Provincial Liberal Women's Association.[21]She supported Michael Ignatieff's 2006 bid to become Liberal Party leader, and also endorsed Marie Poulin's bid to become party president.[22][23]","title":"Manitoba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dog Creek Indian Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Creek_Indian_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Assiniboine Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiniboine_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Lake Manitoba First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manitoba_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060120150107/http://www.liberal.ca/bio_e.aspx?id=46007&type=can"},{"link_name":"Rod Bushie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Bushie"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"2006 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Brian Pallister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Pallister"}],"sub_title":"Garry McLean (Portage—Lisgar)","text":"McLean was born on September 22, 1951, at Manitoba's Dog Creek Indian Reserve. He has a Social Services Certificate from Assiniboine Community College in Brandon, and worked a social worker for over twenty years. McLean has been a Band Councillor and General Manager at the Lake Manitoba First Nation, [5] and was once a political advisor to former Manitoba Grand Chief Rod Bushie.In 1996, he argued that government assistance programs were not adequately addressing the cost of food shipments to northern Manitoba. According to McLean, many northern families on social assistance were unable to pay their monthly food bills and were forced into cycles of debt as a result (Winnipeg Free Press, 15 November 1996). To address the problem, he co-founded the First Nations Buying Group and arranged bulk purchases for isolated First Nations groups across the country. In September 2002, McLean was hired by the Vickar Community Chev Olds car dealership in Winnipeg as a liaison with First Nations consumers (WFP, 7 February 2003).McLean was one of three aboriginal candidates for the Liberal Party in Manitoba in the 2006 election (Canadian Press, 5 January 2006). He received 4,199 votes (11.39%), finishing a distant second against Conservative incumbent Brian Pallister.","title":"Manitoba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Vic Toews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Toews"}],"sub_title":"Wes Penner (Provencher)","text":"Penner received 6,077 votes (15.84%), finishing second against Conservative incumbent Vic Toews.","title":"Manitoba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Panjab University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_University"},{"link_name":"Chandigarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.parmjeetgill.ca/html/about_parmjeet.html"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Rey Pagtakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Pagtakhan"},{"link_name":"Allan Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Rock"},{"link_name":"Jean Chrétien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Paul Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin"},{"link_name":"New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Judy Wasylycia-Leis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Wasylycia-Leis"}],"sub_title":"Parmjeet Singh Gill (Winnipeg North)","text":"Gill is a prominent member of Winnipeg's Sikh community. He holds Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees from Panjab University in Chandigarh, Punjab, India. He is the fundraising chairperson for the Manitoba Sikh Cultural and Seniors' Centre, and in 1988 helped to found the Sikh Volunteers Association, which operates blood drives. He also operates a Subway restaurant and small trucking company (WPF, 2 January 2006). He was forty-four years old in 2006.[6][permanent dead link]Gill joined the Liberal Party in 1989, and gave active support to Rey Pagtakhan's election campaigns. He originally supported Allan Rock's abortive efforts to succeed Jean Chrétien as Liberal Party leader, and was elected to the Manitoba Liberal Party's executive vice-presidency in 2001 on a \"Rock slate\" (Winnipeg Free Press, 2 December 2001). When Rock announced that he would not campaign for the party leadership, Gill declared his support for Paul Martin (WFP, 2 March 2003).He received 5,752 votes (21.11%) in 2006, finishing second against New Democratic Party incumbent Judy Wasylycia-Leis.","title":"Manitoba"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Alberta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claresholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claresholm,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060427041434/http://www.liberal.ca/bio_e.aspx?id=48008&type=can"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Stephen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Mike Swanson (Calgary Southwest)","text":"Swanson was raised in Claresholm, Alberta, and received a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Alberta in 1982. He has practised law in Edmonton, Calgary and other Alberta communities, and is now a partner in the firm Beaumont Church LLP, working in civil and criminal litigation and agricultural law. He also operates a farm and ranch that his family has owned since 1902. He was forty-eight years old at the time of the election.[7]Swanson's family has long-standing Liberal roots in Alberta (Globe and Mail, 29 December 2005). He received 6,553 votes (11.41%), finishing second against Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper, who became Prime Minister as a result of that federal election.","title":"Alberta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Canada Votes 2006: Argenteuil-Papineau-Mirabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cbc.ca/canadavotes2006/riding/037/"},{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Bloc Québécois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois"},{"link_name":"Diane Bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"Official Results, Elections Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/37g&document=table12&lang=e#ontario"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Geneviève Fortin, \"Dix-neuf commissaires élus par acclamation,\" Courrier Laval, 5 October 2007, accessed 22 January 2011.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.courrierlaval.com/Education/2007-10-05/article-1121313/Dixneuf-commissaires-elus-par-acclamation/1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120723192950/http://www.courrierlaval.com/Education/2007-10-05/article-1121313/Dixneuf-commissaires-elus-par-acclamation/1"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Election 2006: Riding by riding, Provencher, Ghislaine; Quebec, Bas-Richelieu - Nicolet - Bécancour, Liberal Party of 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Fogal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Fogal"},{"link_name":"candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party_candidates_in_the_2006_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Christian Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2006_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Miguel Figueroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Figueroa"},{"link_name":"candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2006_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Stephen 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E. Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turner"},{"link_name":"Chrétien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion"},{"link_name":"Ignatieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff"},{"link_name":"Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rae"},{"link_name":"J. Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Copps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Copps"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Gray"},{"link_name":"Manley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Manley"},{"link_name":"McLellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_McLellan"},{"link_name":"Robillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard"},{"link_name":"Ignatieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff"},{"link_name":"Goodale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Goodale"},{"link_name":"Leadership elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_elections"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1867_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1878_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1887_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1891_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1896_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1900_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1904_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1908_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1911_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1917_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1921_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1925_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1926_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1930_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1935_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1940_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1945_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1949_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1957_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1958_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1962_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1963_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1965_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1968_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1972_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1974_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1979_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1984_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1988_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2004_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2015_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2019_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2021_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Predecessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Clear Grits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Grits"},{"link_name":"Institut canadien de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_canadien_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Parti canadien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_canadien"},{"link_name":"Parti rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_rouge"},{"link_name":"Reformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)"},{"link_name":"in Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_parties_in_pre-confederation_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Liberal Protectionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Protectionist"},{"link_name":"Liberal-Progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal-Progressive"},{"link_name":"Liberal–Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Labour_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Laurier Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurier_Liberals"},{"link_name":"Liberal–Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Unionist"},{"link_name":"National Liberal Progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Progressive"}],"text":"^ Canada Votes 2006: Argenteuil-Papineau-Mirabel, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, accessed 22 January 2011. Liberge received 17,668 votes (31.70%) in 2000, finishing second against Bloc Québécois incumbent Diane Bourgeois. Source: Official Results, Elections Canada\n\n^ Geneviève Fortin, \"Dix-neuf commissaires élus par acclamation,\" Courrier Laval, 5 October 2007, accessed 22 January 2011. Archived 23 July 2012 at archive.today\n\n^ Election 2006: Riding by riding, Provencher, Ghislaine; Quebec, Bas-Richelieu - Nicolet - Bécancour, Liberal Party of Canada, CTV, accessed 7 August 2009.\n\n^ CBC: Canada Votes 2006, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, accessed 7 August 2009; Team Martin makes play to steal Bloc vote Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Halifax Live.com, 4 April 2004, accessed 7 August 2009.\n\n^ Provencher received 11,045 votes (22.68%) in 2004, finishing second against Bloc Québécois incumbent Louis Plamondon. Source: Official Results, Elections Canada.\n\n^ LEADERSHIP 2006-07: An update on Liberal leadership candidates and some of their supporters, The Hill Times, 27 November 2006, accessed 7 August 2009.\n\n^ Elizabeth Bower, \"More issues than Gomery: Lloyd,\" Peterborough Examiner, 29 November 2005, B3.\n\n^ Don Butler, \"The front lines,\" Ottawa Citizen, 7 January 2006, B1.\n\n^ \"Where the public board trustee candidates stand,\" Peterborough Examiner, 2 November 2000, B1;\n\n^ Diane Lloyd, \"Can't afford tax cuts,\" Peterborough Examiner, 21 May 2000, A4.\n\n^ Kelly Leydier, \"Public board voters go with experienced candidates,\" Peterborough Examiner, 14 November 2000, A14.\n\n^ John Driscoll, \"Board refuses to pass budget despite warning,\" Peterborough Examiner, 26 June 2001, A1.\n\n^ Steve Ladurantaye, \"Lloyd defeats Lloyd for post,\" 6 December 2002, B1.\n\n^ Clark Kim, \"Dunn, Corkery retain their separate school board seats,\" Peterborough This Week, 12 November 2003, p. 7.\n\n^ Saira Peesker, \"Change embraced at public board: New chairwoman, vice-chairwoman take over leadership,\" Peterborough Examiner, 3 December 2004, B1.\n\n^ Elizabeth Bower, \"Liberals give nod to Lloyd: MP Adams passes torch to school board official,\" Peterborough Examiner, 26 May 2005, A1. This article notes that she was fifty-seven years old at the time.\n\n^ \"Lloyd succeeds Lloyd,\" Peterborough Examiner, 2 December 2005, B1.\n\n^ Katie Rook, \"Gun registry proves unpopular,\" Peterborough Examiner, 27 December 2005, A3.\n\n^ \"Candidates' positions on...same-sex marriage,\" Peterborough This Week, 7 December 2005, p. 7.\n\n^ Her opponent in the 2006 trustee election was Marlene White, who was also a Liberal Party candidate in the 2006 federal election.\n\n^ Elmwood—Transcona: Canada Votes 2006, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, accessed 1 March 2007.\n\n^ \"An update on Liberal leadership candidates and some of their supporters\", Hill Times, 4 September 2006.\n\n^ Marie Poulin for LPC President Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Liberal Party of Canada, accessed 1 March 2007.vte←   2006 Canadian federal election   →\nOutgoing: Liberal minority\nResult: Conservative minority\n\nBloc Québécois (Gilles Duceppe, candidates)\nCanadian Action (Connie Fogal, candidates)\nChristian Heritage (Ron Gray, candidates)\nCommunist (Miguel Figueroa, candidates)\nConservative (Stephen Harper, candidates)\nGreen (Jim Harris, candidates)\nIndependent candidates\nLiberal (Paul Martin, candidates)\nLibertarian (Jean-Serge Brisson, candidates)\nMarijuana (Blair Longley, candidates)\nMarxist–Leninist (Sandra L. Smith, candidates)\nNew Democrats (Jack Layton, candidates)\nProgressive Canadian (Tracy Parsons, candidates)\nBold indicates parties with members elected to the House of Commons.\n\n\nResults\nResults by riding\nNewspaper endorsements\nOpinion polling\nTimeline\nIssues\nTarget ridings\nEndorsements\nLiberal Party advertisementsvteLiberal Party of CanadaRelated partiesAffiliated provincial parties\nNew Brunswick\nNewfoundland and Labrador\nNova Scotia\nPrince Edward Island\nFormerly affiliated parties\nAlberta (1905–1976)\nBritish Columbia (1903–1987)\nManitoba (1870–WW1)\nNorth-West Territories (1898–1905)\nOntario (1867–1976)\nQuebec (1867–1964)\nSaskatchewan (1905–2009)\nYukon\nNational leadersLeaders\nBrown\nMackenzie\nBlake\nLaurier\nMcKenzie\nKing\nSt. Laurent\nPearson\nP. E. Trudeau\nTurner\nChrétien\nMartin\nGraham\nDion\nIgnatieff\nRae\nJ. Trudeau\nDeputy Leaders\nCopps\nGray\nManley\nMcLellan\nRobillard\nIgnatieff\nGoodale\nLeadership elections\n1919\n1948\n1958\n1968\n1980\n1984\n1990\n2003\n2006\n2009\n2013\nParliamentary electioncandidates\n1867\n1878\n1887\n1891\n1896\n1900\n1904\n1908\n1911\n1917\n1921\n1925\n1926\n1930\n1935\n1940\n1945\n1949\n1957\n1958\n1962\n1963\n1965\n1968\n1972\n1974\n1979\n1980\n1984\n1988\n1993\n1997\n2000\n2004\n2006\n2008\n2011\n2015\n2019\n2021\nPredecessors\nHistory\nClear Grits (c. 1850–58)\nInstitut canadien de Montréal (1844–80)\nParti canadien (c. 1800–38)\nParti rouge (1848–61)\nReformers (c. 1830–54)\nin Newfoundland\nRelated parties\nLiberal Protectionist\nLiberal-Progressive\nLiberal–Labour\nLaurier Liberals\nLiberal–Unionist\nNational Liberal Progressive","title":"Footnotes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeobarbus_platydorsus
Labeobarbus platydorsus
["1 References"]
Species of fish Labeobarbus platydorsus Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Subfamily: Cyprininae Genus: Labeobarbus Species: L. platydorsus Binomial name Labeobarbus platydorsus(Nagelkerke & Sibbing, 1997) Synonyms Barbus platydorsus Nagelkerke & Sibbing, 1997 Labeobarbus platydorsus is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Labeobarbus which is endemic to Lake Tana in Ethiopia. References ^ Getahun, A. (2010). "Labeobarbus platydorsus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T182341A7863655. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182341A7863655.en. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Labeobarbus platydorsus" in FishBase. April 2006 version. Taxon identifiersLabeobarbus platydorsus Wikidata: Q2228988 CoL: 3RJ6T EoL: 206946 FishBase: 56365 GBIF: 5205495 iNaturalist: 103859 IRMNG: 11189243 IUCN: 182341 NCBI: 676257 Open Tree of Life: 295813 WoRMS: 1010667 This Labeobarbus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Getahun, A. (2010). \"Labeobarbus platydorsus\". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T182341A7863655. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182341A7863655.en.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182341A7863655.en","url_text":"\"Labeobarbus platydorsus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182341A7863655.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182341A7863655.en"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182341A7863655.en","external_links_name":"\"Labeobarbus platydorsus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182341A7863655.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T182341A7863655.en"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Labeobarbus&speciesname=platydorsus","external_links_name":"\"Labeobarbus platydorsus\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3RJ6T","external_links_name":"3RJ6T"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/206946","external_links_name":"206946"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/56365","external_links_name":"56365"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5205495","external_links_name":"5205495"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/103859","external_links_name":"103859"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11189243","external_links_name":"11189243"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/182341","external_links_name":"182341"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=676257","external_links_name":"676257"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=295813","external_links_name":"295813"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1010667","external_links_name":"1010667"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labeobarbus_platydorsus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Decaluw%C3%A9
Carl Decaluwé
["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 References","4 External links"]
Belgian politician You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch. (June 2020) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|nl|Carl Decaluwé}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Carl Decaluwé Carl Decaluwé (born 18 September 1960) is a Belgian politician who has been the Governor of West Flanders since 2012. He is a member of Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams. Early life Decaluwé was born in Kortrijk. He graduated from Ghent University. Political career In 2012, he succeeded Paul Breyne as Governor of West Flanders Province. In June 2020, Decaluwé announced the use of thermographic cameras to combat human trafficking and people smuggling along the North Sea coast. References ^ "Carl Decaluwé | Gouverneur van West-Vlaanderen". gouverneurwest-vlaanderen.be. Retrieved 2020-06-08. ^ Parlement, Vlaams. "Carl Decaluwe (CD&V)". www.vlaamsparlement.be (in Flemish). Archived from the original on 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2020-06-08. ^ "Thermal cameras will combat human trafficking at Belgian coast". The Brussels Times. 2020-06-08. Retrieved 2020-06-08. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie This article about a Flemish politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Carl Decaluwé","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Carl_Decaluw%C3%A9_R01.jpg/220px-Carl_Decaluw%C3%A9_R01.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Carl Decaluwé | Gouverneur van West-Vlaanderen\". gouverneurwest-vlaanderen.be. Retrieved 2020-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://gouverneurwest-vlaanderen.be/","url_text":"\"Carl Decaluwé | Gouverneur van West-Vlaanderen\""}]},{"reference":"Parlement, Vlaams. \"Carl Decaluwe (CD&V)\". www.vlaamsparlement.be (in Flemish). Archived from the original on 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2020-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210924094712/https://www.vlaamsparlement.be/vlaamse-volksvertegenwoordigers/1790","url_text":"\"Carl Decaluwe (CD&V)\""},{"url":"https://www.vlaamsparlement.be/vlaamse-volksvertegenwoordigers/1790","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thermal cameras will combat human trafficking at Belgian coast\". The Brussels Times. 2020-06-08. Retrieved 2020-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/belgium-all-news/115841/thermal-cameras-will-combat-human-trafficking-at-belgian-coast/","url_text":"\"Thermal cameras will combat human trafficking at Belgian coast\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_Bielsko_SZD-8
SZD-8 Jaskółka
["1 Development","2 Variants","3 Specifications (SZD-8bis Jaskółka Z)","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"]
Polish single-seat glider, 1951 SZD-8 Jaskółka SZD-8bis Jaskółka SP-1335 in the Polish Aviation Museum Role Glider aircraftType of aircraft National origin Poland Manufacturer SZD Designer Tadeusz Kostia First flight 21 September 1951 Number built 135 Variants SZD-14x Jaskółka M SZD-17x Jaskółka L The SZD-8 Jaskółka was a single-seat glider aircraft that was designed and built in Poland at Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny (Glider Experimental Works) in Bielsko-Biała from 1951. Development With prototypes rolled out in September and December 1951, the SZD-8 Jaskółka (Swallow) was a high-performance glider for its day, introducing several innovations to glider design such as a sliding moulded Plexiglas canopy, recessed handle in the rear fuselage for ground handling and a semi-retractable mainwheel. The all-wood wings were covered with plywood and fabric incorporating Fowler flaps on the trailing edges, which could be lowered to 12° or 25°, and Schemp-Hirth style airbrakes aft of the mainspars. Main designer was Tadeusz Kostia. The first prototype was flown on 21 September 1951 (test pilot Adam Zientek), but it revealed faults. After reconstruction, with longer fuselage and enlarged rudder (designated SZD-8-2) it appeared successful and was ordered into production, becoming the most popular competition glider in Poland from 1953 to 1957. Many of the 135 production aircraft were exported, garnering at least fifteen world records from May 1954 to May 1960. Licensed production was also carried out in the DDR (Deutsche Demokratische Republik - German Democratic Republic) and the PRC (People's Republic of China). Several variants were produced which introduced various improvements and modifications. SZD-8 at bottom left Variants SZD-8 two prototypes, first flown 21 September 1951 SZD 8-2 first prototype after reconstruction, first flown 16 March 1952 SZD-8bis Jaskółka initial production variant (first flown 24 December 1952; 30 built) SZD-8bisE Jaskółka E improved variant of 1954 (30 built) SZD-8bisW Jaskółka W variant with water ballast (1 built, later converted to SZD-8bisZ) SZD-8bisZ Jaskółka Z one prototype SZD-8bisO Jaskółka O export variant SZD 8terZ Jaskółka Z variant with water ballast, introduced in May 1958 SZD 8terZO Jaskółka ZO variant without water ballast, introduced in 1958 Shenyang X-10 Qian Jin a licensed version of the SZD-8/14 Jaskolka, with modifications, built in the People's Republic of China at the Shenyang aviation factory. Specifications (SZD-8bis Jaskółka Z) Data from The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs du Monde General characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 7.42 m (24 ft 4 in) Wingspan: 16 m (52 ft 6 in) Height: 1.41 m (4 ft 8 in) Wing area: 13.6 m2 (146 sq ft) Aspect ratio: 15 Airfoil: NACA 43 012A Empty weight: 270 kg (595 lb) equipped Gross weight: 337 kg (743 lb) Max takeoff weight: 455 kg (1,003 lb) Performance Never exceed speed: 250 km/h (160 mph, 130 kn) Aerotow speed: 150 km/h (81 kn; 93 mph) Winch launch speed: 120 km/h (65 kn; 75 mph) g limits: +3.5 -1.75 at 250 km/h (130 kn; 160 mph) Maximum glide ratio: 28.5 at 82 km/h (44 kn; 51 mph) Rate of sink: 0.75 m/s (148 ft/min) at 75 km/h (40 kn; 47 mph) Wing loading: 7.34 kg/m2 (1.50 lb/sq ft) See also Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era PIK-3 Notes ^ a b Krzyżan, Marian (1983). Samoloty w muzeach polskich. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-83-206-0432-0. ^ a b c d e f g Babiejczuk, Janusz; Grzegorzewski, Jerzy (1974). Polski przemysł lotniczy 1945-1973 (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo MON. pp. 119–120. ^ John W.R. Taylor, ed. (1988). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988-89. London: Jane's Information Group. p. 620. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5. ^ Shenstone, B.S.; K.G. Wilkinson; Peter Brooks (1958). The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs dans Le Monde (in English, French, and German) (1st ed.). Zurich: Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol a Voile (OSTIV) and Schweizer Aero-Revue. pp. 124–128. ^ Coates, Andrew (1980). Jane's World Sailplanes & Motor Gliders (2nd ed.). London: Jane's. ISBN 0-7106-0017-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to SZD-8 Jaskółka. http://www.piotrp.de/SZYBOWCE/pszd8.htm vtePolish post-1945 glidersInstytut Szybownictwa IS-1 IS-2 IS-3 IS-4 IS-5 IS-A IS-B IS-C Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny / PZL Bielsko-Biała / Allstar PZL Glider SZD-C SZD-6 SZD-7 SZD-8 SZD-9 SZD-10 SZD-11 SZD-12 SZD-13 SZD-14 SZD-15 SZD-16 SZD-17 SZD-18 SZD-19 SZD-20 SZD-21 SZD-22 SZD-23 SZD-24 SZD-25 SZD-26 SZD-27 SZD-28 SZD-29 SZD-30 SZD-31 SZD-32 SZD-33 SZD-34 SZD-35 SZD-36 SZD-37 SZD-38 SZD-39 SZD-40 SZD-41 SZD-42 SZD-43 SZD-45 SZD-48 SZD-49 SZD-50 SZD-51 SZD-52 SZD-54 SZD-55 SZD-56 SZD-59 Politechnika Warszawska PW-2 PW-3 PW-4 PW-5 PW-6 Margański & Mysłowski MDM-1 Fox Swift S-1 PZL Krosno PZL Krosno KR-03 Puchatek vteChinese People's Liberation Army glider designationsXiángjī "X"(Transport) X-1 through X-41 X-5 X-61 X-7 X-81 X-9 X-10 X-11 1 Unknown/not assigned
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glider aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szybowcowy_Zak%C5%82ad_Do%C5%9Bwiadczalny"},{"link_name":"Bielsko-Biała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a"}],"text":"The SZD-8 Jaskółka was a single-seat glider aircraft that was designed and built in Poland at Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny (Glider Experimental Works) in Bielsko-Biała from 1951.","title":"SZD-8 Jaskółka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plexiglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plexiglas"},{"link_name":"Fowler flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler_flaps"},{"link_name":"airbrakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_brake_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Kostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Kostia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krzyzan-1"},{"link_name":"test pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_pilot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bab-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krzyzan-1"},{"link_name":"DDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"PRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polish_gliders.jpg"}],"text":"With prototypes rolled out in September and December 1951, the SZD-8 Jaskółka (Swallow) was a high-performance glider for its day, introducing several innovations to glider design such as a sliding moulded Plexiglas canopy, recessed handle in the rear fuselage for ground handling and a semi-retractable mainwheel. The all-wood wings were covered with plywood and fabric incorporating Fowler flaps on the trailing edges, which could be lowered to 12° or 25°, and Schemp-Hirth style airbrakes aft of the mainspars. Main designer was Tadeusz Kostia.[1] The first prototype was flown on 21 September 1951 (test pilot Adam Zientek), but it revealed faults. After reconstruction, with longer fuselage and enlarged rudder (designated SZD-8-2) it appeared successful and was ordered into production,[2] becoming the most popular competition glider in Poland from 1953 to 1957.[1] Many of the 135 production aircraft were exported, garnering at least fifteen world records from May 1954 to May 1960. Licensed production was also carried out in the DDR (Deutsche Demokratische Republik - German Democratic Republic) and the PRC (People's Republic of China). Several variants were produced which introduced various improvements and modifications.SZD-8 at bottom left","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bab-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bab-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bab-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bab-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bab-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bab-2"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA88-89-3"}],"text":"SZD-8\ntwo prototypes, first flown 21 September 1951\nSZD 8-2\nfirst prototype after reconstruction, first flown 16 March 1952[2]\nSZD-8bis Jaskółka\ninitial production variant (first flown 24 December 1952; 30 built)[2]\nSZD-8bisE Jaskółka E\nimproved variant of 1954 (30 built)[2]\nSZD-8bisW Jaskółka W\nvariant with water ballast (1 built, later converted to SZD-8bisZ)[2]\nSZD-8bisZ Jaskółka Z\none prototype\nSZD-8bisO Jaskółka O\nexport variant\nSZD 8terZ Jaskółka Z\nvariant with water ballast, introduced in May 1958[2]\nSZD 8terZO Jaskółka ZO\nvariant without water ballast, introduced in 1958[2]\nShenyang X-10 Qian Jin\na licensed version of the SZD-8/14 Jaskolka, with modifications, built in the People's Republic of China at the Shenyang aviation factory.[3]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shenstone-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simons-5"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 43 012A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"}],"text":"Data from The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs du Monde [4][5]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 7.42 m (24 ft 4 in)\nWingspan: 16 m (52 ft 6 in)\nHeight: 1.41 m (4 ft 8 in)\nWing area: 13.6 m2 (146 sq ft)\nAspect ratio: 15\nAirfoil: NACA 43 012A\nEmpty weight: 270 kg (595 lb) equipped\nGross weight: 337 kg (743 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 455 kg (1,003 lb)PerformanceNever exceed speed: 250 km/h (160 mph, 130 kn) \nAerotow speed: 150 km/h (81 kn; 93 mph)\nWinch launch speed: 120 km/h (65 kn; 75 mph)\ng limits: +3.5 -1.75 at 250 km/h (130 kn; 160 mph)\nMaximum glide ratio: 28.5 at 82 km/h (44 kn; 51 mph)\nRate of sink: 0.75 m/s (148 ft/min) at 75 km/h (40 kn; 47 mph)\nWing loading: 7.34 kg/m2 (1.50 lb/sq ft)","title":"Specifications (SZD-8bis Jaskółka Z)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-krzyzan_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-krzyzan_1-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-206-0432-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-206-0432-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bab_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bab_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bab_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bab_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bab_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bab_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bab_2-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JAWA88-89_3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7106-0867-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0867-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shenstone_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Simons_5-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7106-0017-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0017-8"}],"text":"^ a b Krzyżan, Marian (1983). Samoloty w muzeach polskich. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-83-206-0432-0.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Babiejczuk, Janusz; Grzegorzewski, Jerzy (1974). Polski przemysł lotniczy 1945-1973 (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo MON. pp. 119–120.\n\n^ John W.R. Taylor, ed. (1988). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988-89. London: Jane's Information Group. p. 620. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.\n\n^ Shenstone, B.S.; K.G. Wilkinson; Peter Brooks (1958). The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs dans Le Monde (in English, French, and German) (1st ed.). Zurich: Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol a Voile (OSTIV) and Schweizer Aero-Revue. pp. 124–128.\n\n^ Coates, Andrew (1980). Jane's World Sailplanes & Motor Gliders (2nd ed.). London: Jane's. ISBN 0-7106-0017-8.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"SZD-8 at bottom left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Polish_gliders.jpg/200px-Polish_gliders.jpg"}]
[{"title":"PIK-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIK-3"}]
[{"reference":"Krzyżan, Marian (1983). Samoloty w muzeach polskich. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-83-206-0432-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-206-0432-0","url_text":"978-83-206-0432-0"}]},{"reference":"Babiejczuk, Janusz; Grzegorzewski, Jerzy (1974). Polski przemysł lotniczy 1945-1973 (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo MON. pp. 119–120.","urls":[]},{"reference":"John W.R. Taylor, ed. (1988). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988-89. London: Jane's Information Group. p. 620. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0867-5","url_text":"0-7106-0867-5"}]},{"reference":"Shenstone, B.S.; K.G. Wilkinson; Peter Brooks (1958). The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs dans Le Monde (in English, French, and German) (1st ed.). Zurich: Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol a Voile (OSTIV) and Schweizer Aero-Revue. pp. 124–128.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Coates, Andrew (1980). Jane's World Sailplanes & Motor Gliders (2nd ed.). London: Jane's. ISBN 0-7106-0017-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0017-8","url_text":"0-7106-0017-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.piotrp.de/SZYBOWCE/pszd8.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.piotrp.de/SZYBOWCE/pszd8.htm"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwyn_Burnaby_(1798%E2%80%931867)
Edwyn Burnaby (courtier)
["1 References"]
English landowner (1798–1867) For other people named Edwyn Burnaby, see Edwyn Burnaby (disambiguation). Edwyn BurnabyBorn(1798-09-29)29 September 1798Died18 July 1867(1867-07-18) (aged 68)Spouse(s)Anne Caroline SalisburyFatherEdwyn Andrew BurnabyMotherMary Browne Edwyn Burnaby (29 September 1798 – 18 July 1867) of Baggrave Hall, Leicestershire, was an English landowner, courtier, a Justice of the Peace, Deputy Lieutenant, and High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1864. He succeeded his father in the Court post of Gentleman of the Privy chamber. He was a maternal great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and therefore a direct ancestor of Queen Elizabeth II and King Charles III. Edwyn was the eldest son of Edwyn Andrew Burnaby, (died 1 October 1825), and his wife Mary, daughter and heiress of the Reverend William Browne and his wife Mary Adcock. His grandfather was Andrew Burnaby. He was baptised on 30 September 1798 at Rotherby, Leicestershire, and was probably born the day before as various editions of Burke's Landed Gentry and other published sources give his date of birth as 29 September 1799. His age is given as 19 on matriculation at Worcester College, Oxford on 20 October 1817. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and served as a captain in the Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards. On 29 August 1829, he married Anne Caroline Salisbury, daughter of Thomas Salisbury (solicitor), by Frances, daughter of Francis Webb. They had several children, including: Edwyn Sherard Burnaby (1830–1883), major-general and Member of Parliament Caroline Louisa Burnaby (1832–1918) Cecilia Florence Burnaby (d. 1869), married George Onslow Newton. Gertrude Laura Burnaby (d. 1865), married Ernest Vaughan, 5th Earl of Lisburne (1836–1888) Ida Charlotte Burnaby (1839–1886) m. John Augustus Conolly (1829–1888) References ^ a b c d Gentleman's Magazine, September 1867, p. 398 ^ a b Burke, John (1838). History of The Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. iv. London. pp. 702–4. ^ Edward J. Davies, "The Ancestry of Frances Webb, Wife of Thomas Salisbury of Fordington, Dorset", Genealogists' Magazine, 27(2001–03):348-54. ^ Foster, J (1888). Alumni Oxoniensis. Vol. I. Oxford: Parker & Co. p. 194. ^ "Some Descendants of John And Frances (Skey) Webb" (PDF). The Genealogy Pages of Edward J. Davies. 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2013. ^ Joseph Jackson Howard; Frederick Arthur Crisp. Visitation of England and Wales. p. 39. ^ Nicholas, Thomas. Annals and Antiquities of the Counties and County Families of Wales. p. 201. This biographical article related to the British Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwyn Burnaby (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwyn_Burnaby_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Baggrave Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggrave_Hall"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"landowner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landowner"},{"link_name":"courtier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gentleman-1"},{"link_name":"Justice of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Privy chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_chamber"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gentleman-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commoners-2"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"King Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Edwyn Andrew Burnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwyn_Andrew_Burnaby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Burnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Burnaby"},{"link_name":"Rotherby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherby"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Burke's Landed Gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Landed_Gentry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gentleman-1"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Dragoon_Guards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commoners-2"},{"link_name":"Anne Caroline Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Caroline_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edwyn Sherard Burnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwyn_Burnaby_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gentleman-1"},{"link_name":"Caroline Louisa Burnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Louisa_Burnaby"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Florence Burnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecilia_Florence_Burnaby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Onslow Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Onslow_Newton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Laura Burnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Laura_Burnaby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernest Vaughan, 5th Earl of Lisburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Augustus_Malet_Vaughan,_5th_Earl_of_Lisburne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ida Charlotte Burnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Charlotte_Burnaby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Augustus Conolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Augustus_Conolly"}],"text":"For other people named Edwyn Burnaby, see Edwyn Burnaby (disambiguation).Edwyn Burnaby (29 September 1798 – 18 July 1867) of Baggrave Hall, Leicestershire, was an English landowner, courtier,[1] a Justice of the Peace, Deputy Lieutenant, and High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1864. He succeeded his father in the Court post of Gentleman of the Privy chamber.[1][2] He was a maternal great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and therefore a direct ancestor of Queen Elizabeth II and King Charles III.Edwyn was the eldest son of Edwyn Andrew Burnaby, (died 1 October 1825), and his wife Mary, daughter and heiress of the Reverend William Browne and his wife Mary Adcock. His grandfather was Andrew Burnaby. He was baptised on 30 September 1798 at Rotherby, Leicestershire, and was probably born the day before as various editions of Burke's Landed Gentry and other published sources give his date of birth as 29 September 1799.[3] His age is given as 19 on matriculation at Worcester College, Oxford on 20 October 1817.[4] He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford,[1] and served as a captain in the Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards.[2]On 29 August 1829, he married Anne Caroline Salisbury, daughter of Thomas Salisbury (solicitor), by Frances, daughter of Francis Webb.[5]They had several children, including:Edwyn Sherard Burnaby (1830–1883), major-general and Member of Parliament[1]\nCaroline Louisa Burnaby (1832–1918)\nCecilia Florence Burnaby (d. 1869), married George Onslow Newton.[6]\nGertrude Laura Burnaby (d. 1865), married Ernest Vaughan, 5th Earl of Lisburne (1836–1888)[7]\nIda Charlotte Burnaby (1839–1886) m. John Augustus Conolly (1829–1888)","title":"Edwyn Burnaby (courtier)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Burke, John (1838). History of The Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. iv. London. pp. 702–4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Foster, J (1888). Alumni Oxoniensis. Vol. I. Oxford: Parker & Co. p. 194.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Some Descendants of John And Frances (Skey) Webb\" (PDF). The Genealogy Pages of Edward J. Davies. 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edwardjdavies.info/webb.pdf","url_text":"\"Some Descendants of John And Frances (Skey) Webb\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph Jackson Howard; Frederick Arthur Crisp. Visitation of England and Wales. p. 39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nicholas, Thomas. Annals and Antiquities of the Counties and County Families of Wales. p. 201.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bradley_(d._1844)
John Bradley (d. 1844)
["1 Life and career","2 References","3 External links"]
English painter Self-portrait of John Bradley. John Bradley (1785 – 1844) was a British painter from Keighley in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He was a founder-member of the Keighley Mechanics Institute and was engaged as a drawing-master for the Brontë children in 1829–30. He should not be confused with John Bradley, a British artist active in the New York area in the 1830s and 1840s, or John Bradley of Pall Mall, London (1786-1843), a printmaker and portraitist. Life and career John Bradley was a native of Keighley, a town in Yorkshire some 4 miles (6.4 km) north east of Haworth where the Brontës had settled into the parsonage by 1820. Bradley worked as a house and sign painter, "but he preferred to call himself an artist". His work was exhibited at events sponsored by the Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in the 1820s. Bradley was a Freemason, joining Royal Yorkshire Lodge in 1813. In 1807 he made a sketch of a Knight Templar Tracing Board for Plains of Mamre Preceptory No.89 which was a cartoon for the famous Masonic Boards at Bottoms originally painted on to the shutters of The Freemasons' Arms and now on the walls of the Bottoms Lodge Room. Bradley was closely associated with the well-known clockmaker and Freemason John Barraclough (1773-1835) of Haworth and probably painted the dials on Barraclough’s longcase clocks including those with Masonic symbols. In 1825, Bradley was one of four Keighley tradesmen who founded the Keighley Mechanics Institute. He was its first secretary and became vice-president in 1831. The Reverend Patrick Brontë, a member of the Institute's library, engaged Bradley as drawing-master for his children Charlotte, Emily, Anne and their brother Branwell in the years 1829–1830. Bradley is likely to have encouraged Branwell in his enthusiasm for oil painting and architecture. Bradley emigrated to the United States in July 1831 to pursue a career as a portrait painter in Philadelphia, but the venture was not a success. He returned to Keighley in 1833 and resumed his position in the Mechanics' Institute. He was the architect of a new home for the Institute, which was opened on 29 December 1834. The building later housed the Yorkshire Bank, and was demolished in 1968. Bradley died in 1844. References ^ a b Alexander, Christine; Sellars, Jane (1995). The Art of the Brontës. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780521438414. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ a b c d e Alexander, Christine; Smith, Margaret. "Oxford Companion to the Brontës - Oxford Reference, 'John Bradley'". Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ See discussion of the various John Bradleys at ArtUK - Art Detective ^ Alexander, Christine; Sellars, Jane (1995). The Art of the Brontës. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780521438414. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ a b Glen, Heather (5 December 2002). The Cambridge Companion to the Brontës. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780521779715. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ a b Alexander, Christine; Smith, Margaret (January 2011). "Keighley Mechanics' Institute". Oxford Companion to the Brontës - Oxford Reference, 'Keighley Mechanics Institute'. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866218-1. Retrieved 10 February 2017. ^ Alexander, Christine; Sellars, Jane (1995). The Art of the Brontës. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–24, 33. ISBN 9780521438414. Retrieved 10 February 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Bradley (d. 1844). Art Detective, "Did John Bradley (1786-1843) paint a member of the Loder family?"
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[{"image_text":"Self-portrait of John Bradley. [1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/John_Bradley_self-portrait.jpg/220px-John_Bradley_self-portrait.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Eyring
Henry B. Eyring
["1 Early life","2 Military service and education","3 Academic and business career","4 LDS Church service","5 Family","6 Honors","7 Published works","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
American religious leader Henry B. Eyring Second Counselor in the First PresidencyJanuary 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)Called byRussell M. NelsonPredecessorDieter F. Uchtdorf First Counselor in the First PresidencyFebruary 3, 2008 (2008-02-03) – January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)Called byThomas S. MonsonPredecessorThomas S. MonsonSuccessorDallin H. OaksEnd reasonDissolution of First Presidency on death of Thomas S. Monson Second Counselor in the First PresidencyOctober 6, 2007 (2007-10-06) – January 27, 2008 (2008-01-27)Called byGordon B. HinckleyPredecessorJames E. FaustSuccessorDieter F. UchtdorfEnd reasonDissolution of First Presidency on death of Gordon B. Hinckley Quorum of the Twelve ApostlesApril 1, 1995 (1995-04-01) – October 6, 2007 (2007-10-06)Called byGordon B. HinckleyEnd reasonCalled as Second Counselor in the First Presidency LDS Church ApostleApril 6, 1995 (1995-04-06)Called byGordon B. HinckleyReasonDeath of Howard W. Hunter; reorganization of First Presidency First Quorum of the SeventyOctober 3, 1992 (1992-10-03) – April 1, 1995 (1995-04-01)Called byEzra Taft BensonEnd reasonCalled to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles First Counselor in the Presiding BishopricApril 1, 1985 (1985-04-01) – October 3, 1992 (1992-10-03)Called byRobert D. HalesPredecessorH. Burke PetersonSuccessorH. David Burton Military career1955–1957Service/branchUnited States Air ForceRankFirst Lieutenant Personal detailsBornHenry Bennion Eyring (1933-05-31) May 31, 1933 (age 91)Princeton, New Jersey, United StatesEducation University of Utah (BS) Harvard University (MBA, DBA) Spouse(s) Kathleen Johnson ​ ​(m. 1962; d. 2023)​Children6 (including Henry J. Eyring)ParentsHenry EyringMildred BennionSignature  Biography portal   LDS movement portal Henry Bennion Eyring (born May 31, 1933) is an American educational administrator, author, and religious leader. Eyring has been the second counselor to Russell M. Nelson in the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since January 14, 2018. Previously, Eyring was the first counselor to Thomas S. Monson in the First Presidency from 2008 until Monson's death on January 2, 2018. Eyring was the second counselor to Gordon B. Hinckley in the First Presidency from October 6, 2007, until Hinckley's death on January 27, 2008. While he has been a general authority of the church, Eyring has also served in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Quorum of the Seventy, and the Presiding Bishopric. Eyring has served twice as commissioner of the Church Educational System. Currently, he is the fourth most senior apostle among the ranks of the church. Early life Eyring was born in Princeton, New Jersey, the second child of Henry Eyring, then a professor at Princeton and later the dean of the graduate school at the University of Utah and president of the American Chemical Society, and his wife, Mildred Bennion. His father's sister, Camilla Eyring, married Spencer W. Kimball, making Henry B. the nephew of Kimball, who was the twelfth president of the LDS Church. He lived in Princeton until his early teenage years. Until the start of World War II they attended LDS meetings at the branch in New Brunswick, New Jersey, but with the gasoline rationing of the war, they received permission to hold meetings in their home, which often had only the Eyring family. As a teenager, Eyring and his family moved to Salt Lake City, where his father took a post at the University of Utah. Military service and education Eyring spent two years in the U.S. Air Force, stationed at Sandia Base in New Mexico. In New Mexico, Eyring served as a district missionary for the LDS Church. Eyring had been in the ROTC at the University of Utah. While in the Air Force, he served as a liaison between military officers and scientists. His main responsibility was to analyze data from weapons tests of nuclear weapons. At the end of the assignment, he gave a report and ended up meeting in person with a collection of several leading generals. He had previously received a bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Utah. He went on to earn both master's and doctoral degrees in business administration from the Harvard Business School, before embarking on a career in academia. Over the summer after his first year at Harvard, Eyring did an internship with Arthur D. Little as a consultant for Abitibi Power and Paper Company. He did an analysis to study how to improve the process of river logging. His suggestion was to abandon river logging and turn to truck transport of logs, but a combination of not studying the issue deeply enough and having a CEO of the company who had risen through the ranks from being a river logger prevented Eyring's suggestions from being adopted then. While studying at Harvard, Eyring was heavily influenced by Georges Doriot, who offered Eyring a chance to work with him and Ken Olsen, the founder of Digital Equipment Company. Eyring chose instead to pursue a doctorate in business. Academic and business career In the fall of 1962, Eyring began work as a professor at Stanford University. He finished his doctorate in business in the summer of 1963. That summer, Eyring completed a fellowship with the RAND Corporation. Eyring had married his wife, Kathleen, the summer before he started at Stanford, and they spent their first year of married life moving through various homes his real estate developer father-in-law was in the process of refurbishing. They then spent the next ten years living in the guest house of his in-laws' property. Among Eyring's associates at Stanford were Roger Sant and Ed Zschau. Eyring worked with Zschau in the founding of the computer company System Industries. Eyring was an associate professor of business at the Stanford Graduate School of Business from 1962 to 1971. He was also a Sloan Visiting Faculty Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At MIT, he took multiple courses in human behavior, including courses from Douglas McGregor, who died of a heart attack while Eyring was at MIT, and also Ed Schein and Warren Bennis. Eyring has served twice as commissioner of church education, from September 1980 to April 1985, and from September 1992 to January 2005, when he was replaced by W. Rolfe Kerr. LDS Church service Eyring while president of Ricks College Among other callings in the LDS Church, Eyring has served as a regional representative, bishop and member of the Sunday School General Board. Eyring served as an early-morning seminary teacher early in his time as a professor at Stanford University, and as bishop of the Stanford singles ward later on. Eyring served as president of Ricks College from 1971 to 1977, as a counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales from 1985 to 1992, and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, from 1992 to 1995. Following the death of church president Howard W. Hunter, Eyring was sustained as a member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on April 1, 1995 and ordained an apostle later that week. Eyring was sustained as second counselor in the church's First Presidency on October 6, 2007, filling the vacancy left by the death of James E. Faust, on August 10, 2007. When the First Presidency was reorganized following the death of Gordon B. Hinckley, Eyring was called and set apart as the first counselor on February 3, 2008. The new First Presidency, with Monson as president, was announced on February 4, 2008. As a member of the First Presidency, Eyring has dedicated the San Salvador El Salvador, Gilbert Arizona, Payson Utah, Indianapolis Indiana, and Philadelphia Pennsylvania Temples where he had also presided at the groundbreaking in 2011 as well as rededicating the Buenos Aires Argentina and Mexico City Mexico Temples. In 2014, after a meeting with Pope Francis, Eyring spoke at Humanum, "an International Interreligious Colloquium on The Complementarity of Man and Woman," held in Vatican City. It was the first time that a pope and a top LDS general authority ever met. Family Eyring and his wife, Kathleen Johnson, met at a YSA meeting held at Rindge, New Hampshire at the Cathedral of the Pines in the spring of 1960. They became further acquainted at a meeting at the LDS Longfellow Park Chapel in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the next summer. Johnson was a native of Palo Alto and was a student at Stanford University. She had previously studied summers at the University of Vienna and University of Paris and was studying at Harvard University the summer she met Eyring. Wilbur Cox, the LDS Church's district president (to whom Eyring was serving as a counselor), made accommodations to facilitate Eyring's dating Johnson. After an intense courtship that first summer, Eyring and Johnson continued courting with her making multiple cross-country airplane trips until they were engaged early in 1961. They were married in the LDS Church's Logan Temple on July 27, 1962, with the ceremony performed by his uncle, Spencer W. Kimball. The couple were married for 61 years until Kathleen's death on October 15, 2023, at the age of 82. They are the parents of six children (four sons and two daughters). Their sons include Henry J. Eyring, past president of BYU–Idaho (2017 to 2023); and Matthew J. Eyring, the chief strategy innovation officer of Vivint, a home automation company in North America. Eyring is a first cousin once-removed of former Michigan governor George W. Romney; his paternal grandmother was Romney's aunt. Honors Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, University of Utah (2015) Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Utah Valley University (2017) Published works Eyring, Henry B. (2016). On The Path Home. Deseret Book Company. ISBN 978-1629722535. —— (2013). Choose Higher Ground. Deseret Book Company. ISBN 9781609074630. —— (2006). Because He First Loved Us: A Collection of Discourses. Deseret Book Company. ISBN 1-59038-637-X. —— (2004). To Draw Closer to God: A Collection of Discourses. Deseret Book. ISBN 1-59038-322-2. —— (2003). Go Forth to Serve. Deseret Book. ISBN 1-57008-946-9. —— (2002). Because He First Loved Us. Deseret Book. ISBN 1-57008-924-8. —— (1995). On Becoming a Disciple-Scholar: Lectures presented at the Brigham Young University Honors Program. Discipline and discipleship lecture series. Bookcraft. ISBN 1-57008-198-0. —— (August 1968), "Wise Advice for R and D.", PsycCRITIQUES, 13 (8), Stanford University, Stanford, CA: 398–400, doi:10.1037/009462, ISSN 1554-0138. Database:PsycINFO Electronic, accessed March 12, 2009 —— (December 1966). "Some Sources of Uncertainty and Their Consequences in Engineering Design Projects". IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. EM-13 (4): 167–80. doi:10.1109/tem.1966.6447108. —— (1963). Evaluation of planning models for research and development projects (DBA thesis). Graduate School of Business Administration, G.F. Baker Foundation, Harvard University. OCLC 12284394. Speeches —— (2014), A Leader of Learners, BYU Speeches —— (2008), The Power of Deliverance, BYU Speeches —— (2006), Gifts of the Spirit for Hard Times, BYU Speeches —— (2002), ″Go Forth to Serve″, BYU Speeches —— (2001), A Consecrated Place, BYU Speeches —— (2000), A Life Founded in Light and Truth, BYU Speeches —— (1999), Always, BYU Speeches —— (1997), A Child of God, BYU Speeches —— (1996), Making Covenants with God, BYU Speeches —— (1996), A Charted Course, BYU Speeches —— (1996), Faith of Our Fathers, BYU Speeches —— (1995), The Family, BYU Speeches —— (1994), Blessed are the Peacemakers, BYU Speeches —— (1993), To Choose and Keep a Mentor, BYU Speeches —— (1991), Choose to Be Good, BYU Speeches —— (1991), Teaching Is a Moral Act, BYU Speeches —— (1990), Waiting Upon the Lord, BYU Speeches —— (1989), Come Unto Christ, BYU Speeches —— (1988), Listen Together, BYU Speeches —— (1986), Going Home, BYU Speeches —— (1986), Child of Promise, BYU Speeches —— (1985), Good Judgment and Common Sense, BYU Speeches —— (1983), Discovering Truth, BYU Speeches —— (1982), A Law of Increasing Returns, BYU Speeches —— (1980), Gifts of Love, BYU Speeches See also Latter Day Saint movement portal Council on the Disposition of the Tithes Glenn L. Pace, counselor with Eyring in the presiding bishopric Notes ^ "President Thomas S. Monson Dies at Age 90", Newsroom, LDS Church, January 2, 2018 ^ Apostolic seniority is generally understood to include all ordained apostles (including the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Seniority is determined by date of ordination, not by age or other factors. If two apostles are ordained on the same day, the older of the two is typically ordained first. See Succession to the presidency and Heath, Steven H. (Summer 1987). "Notes on Apostolic Succession" (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 20 (2): 44–56.. ^ Hales, Robert D. (July 2008), "President Henry B. Eyring: Called of God", Ensign: 10 ^ "We Are One", Ensign, May 2013. ^ Rober I. Eaton and Henry J. Eyring. I Will Lead You Along: The Life of Henry B. Eyring. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 2013, p. 65-67 ^ Rober I. Eaton and Henry J. Eyring. I Will Lead You Along: The Life of Henry B. Eyring. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 2013, p. 76-80 ^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 81-83 ^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 105 ^ Eaton and Eyrong, I Will Lead You Along, p. 106 ^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 108 ^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 112 ^ Dobner, Jennifer (7 October 2007). "President of Mormon Church appoints new adviser". Houston Chronicle. (AP). Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. ^ I Will Lead You Along, p. 113-115 ^ "Elder W. Rolfe Kerr to Guide Church Educational System", Newsroom, LDS Church, 14 January 2005 ^ a b "President Henry B. Eyring", Organization: General Authorities, retrieved 2014-08-19 ^ "Church President Names New Leaders", Newsroom, LDS Church, 7 October 2007 ^ "Thomas S. Monson Named 16th Church President", Newsroom, LDS Church, 4 February 2008 On January 16, 2018, Eyring was announced as the second counselor to the newly reorganized First Presidency with Nelson as president and Dallin H. Oaks as first counselor. ^ "San Salvador El Salvador Temple Dedicated", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2011-08-11 ^ "Church Dedicates 142nd Temple", Newsroom , LDS Church, 2 March 2014 ^ "Payson Utah Temple Dedicated: The 15th temple in Utah and 146th in the world", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2015-06-07 ^ "President Eyring dedicates temple in the Crossroads of America", Church News, 23 August 2015. ^ Weaver, Sarah Jane (18 September 2016). "President Eyring dedicates temple in Philadelphia, the place 'where so much began'". Deseret News. ^ "Church Breaks Ground for Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Trujillo Peru Temples", Newsroom, LDS Church, September 17, 2011 ^ "Buenos Aires Temple Rededicated", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2012-09-10 ^ "Mexico City Temple Is Rededicated", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2015-09-13 ^ Gallagher, Maggie (November 21, 2014). "Rome's Extraordinary Ecumenical Event: What I and others learned from other faiths at a special event on the family". National Review. ^ a b Stack, Peggy Fletcher (November 17, 2014). "Pope, Mormon leader make history with a handshake". Salt Lake Tribune. ^ "Transcript: President Eyring Addresses the Vatican Summit on Marriage". Mormon Newsroom, 18 November 2014. ^ "Humanum | Program". Archived from the original on 2014-11-19. Retrieved 2014-11-19. ^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 89-90 ^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 100 ^ Robert D. Hales, "President Henry B. Eyring: Called of God", Ensign, July 2008, pp. 8–15. ^ As confirmed here. ^ Sarah Jane Weaver, "President Eyring Receives Honorary Degree from University of Utah", churchofjesuschrist.org, 11 May 2015. ^ "President Eyring Tells UVU Graduates to Focus on 'Happiness That Lasts'". 4 May 2017. References "President Henry B. Eyring", Newsroom, LDS Church Lund, Gerald N. (April 1996), "Elder Henry B. Eyring: Molded by 'Defining Influences'", Liahona: 10 "Henry B. Eyring, First Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric", Ensign, May 1985. External links Media related to Henry B. Eyring at Wikimedia Commons "General Authorities: President Henry B. Eyring", churchofjesuschrist.org Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Henry B. Eyring Multimedia "Pres. Henry B. Eyring – Humanum 2014". Humanum YouTube channel. November 18, 2014. ( – transcript: "President Eyring Addresses the Vatican Summit on Marriage". Vatican City: Newsroom (LDS Church). November 18, 2014.) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints titles Preceded byDieter F. Uchtdorf Second Counselor in the First Presidency January 14, 2018 – Incumbent Preceded byThomas S. Monson First Counselor in the First Presidency February 3, 2008 – January 2, 2018 Succeeded byDallin H. Oaks Preceded byJames E. Faust Second Counselor in the First Presidency October 6, 2007 – January 27, 2008 Succeeded byDieter F. Uchtdorf Preceded byJeffrey R. Holland Quorum of the Twelve Apostles April 1, 1995 – October 6, 2007 Preceded byH. Burke Peterson First Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric April 6, 1985 – October 3, 1992 Succeeded byH. David Burton Academic offices Preceded byJohn L. Clarke President of Ricks College 1971 – 1977 Succeeded byBruce C. Hafen vteFirst Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Russell M. Nelson (President) Dallin H. Oaks (First Counselor) Henry B. Eyring (Second Counselor) vteMembers of the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsPresidents ofthe Church J. Smith Jr. (1830–44) B. Young Sr. (1847–77) Taylor (1880–87) Woodruff (1889–98) Snow (1898–1901) J.F. Smith Sr. (1901–18) Grant (1918–45) G.A. Smith (1945–51) McKay (1951–70) J.F. Smith Jr. (1970–72) Lee (1972–73) Kimball (1973–85) Benson (1985–94) Hunter (1994–95) Hinckley (1995–2008) Monson (2008–18) Nelson (2018–) First Counselors Gause (1832) Rigdon (1832–44) Kimball (1847–68) G.A. Smith (1868–75) J.W. Young (1876–77) Cannon (1880–1901) J.F. Smith Sr. (1901) Winder (1901–10) Lund (1910–21) Penrose (1921–25) Ivins (1925–34) Clark (1934–51; 1959–61) S.L. Richards (1951–59) Moyle (1961–63) Brown (1963–70) Lee (1970–72) Tanner (1972–82) Romney (1982–85) Hinckley (1985–95) Monson (1995–2008) Eyring (2008–18) Oaks (2018–) Second Counselors Rigdon (1832) Williams (1833–37) H. Smith (1837–41) Law (1841–44) W. Richards (1847–54) Grant (1854–56) Wells (1857–77) J.F. Smith Sr. (1880–1901) Clawson (1901) Lund (1901–10) J.H. Smith (1910–11) Penrose (1911–21) Ivins (1921–25) Nibley (1925–31) Clark (1933–34) McKay (1934–51) Clark (1951–59) Moyle (1959–61) Brown (1961–63) Tanner (1963–72) Romney (1972–82) Hinckley (1982–85) Monson (1985–95) Faust (1995–2007) Eyring (2007–08) Uchtdorf (2008–18) Eyring (2018–) vteCommissioners of Church Education of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Maeser (1888–1901) Tanner (1901–05) Cummings (1905–20) McKay (1920–21) Widtsoe (1921–24) Merrill (1928–33) Widtsoe (1934–36) West (1936–53) Wilkinson (1953–70) Maxwell (1970–76) Holland (1976–80) Eyring (1980–86) Cameron (1986–89) Eyring (1992–2004) Kerr (2004–08) Johnson (2008–15) Clark (2015–) vtePrincipals and Presidents of Brigham Young University–Idaho Spori (1888–91) Watkins (1891–94) Cole (1894–99) Todd (1899–1901) Dalby (1901–03) Dalby (1903–14) A. Christenson (1914–17) Romney (1917–23) Romney (1923–31) Manwaring (1931–44) Clarke (1944–71) H.B. Eyring (1971–77) Hafen (1978–85) J. Christensen (1985–89) Bennion (1989–97) Bednar (1997–2001) Bednar (2001–04) Wilkes (Interim, 2004–05) Clark (2005–15) Gilbert (2015–17) H.J. Eyring (2017–) vteApostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints J. Smith (1829–44) Cowdery (1829–38) Whitmer (1829–38) Harris (unknown–1837) Marsh (1835–39) Patten (1835–38) B. Young Sr. (1835–77) H. C. Kimball (1835–68) Hyde (1835–78) McLellin (1835–38) P. P. Pratt (1835–57) Luke Johnson (1835–37) Wm. Smith (1835–45) O. Pratt (1835–81) Boynton (1835–37) L. E. Johnson (1835–38) Page (1838–46) J. Taylor (1838–87) W. Woodruff (1839–98) G. A. Smith (1839–75) W. Richards (1840–54) Wight (1841–48) H. Smith (1841–44) A. M. Lyman (1842–67) Benson (1846–69) Rich (1849–83) L. Snow (1849–1901) E. Snow (1849–88) F. D. Richards (1849–99) J. M. Grant (1854–56) Wells (1857–91) J. W. Young (1855–1924) G. Q. Cannon (1860–1901) J. A. Young (1864–75) B. Young Jr. (1864–1903) J. F. Smith Sr. (1866–1918) Carrington (1870–85) Thatcher (1879–1909) F. M. Lyman (1880–1916) J. H. Smith (1880–1911) Teasdale (1882–1907) H. J. Grant (1882–1945) J. W. Taylor (1884–1911) M. W. Merrill (1889–1906) Lund (1889–1921) A. H. Cannon (1889–96) M. F. Cowley (1897–1911) A. O. Woodruff (1897–1904) Clawson (1898–1943) Smoot (1900–41) H. M. Smith (1901–18) G. A. Smith (1903–51) Penrose (1904–25) G. F. Richards (1906–50) Whitney (1906–31) McKay (1906–70) Ivins (1907–34) J. F. Smith Jr. (1910–72) Talmage (1911–33) S. L. Richards (1917–59) R. R. Lyman (1918–43) M. J. Ballard (1919–39) Widtsoe (1921–52) J. F. Merrill (1931–52) Callis (1933–47) Clark (1934–61) A. A. Hinckley (1934–36) Bowen (1937–53) S. Q. Cannon (1938–43) Lee (1941–73) S. W. Kimball (1943–85) Benson (1943–94) Petersen (1944–84) M. Cowley (1945–53) Moyle (1947–63) Stapley (1950–78) Romney (1951–88) L. Richards (1952–83) Bennion (1953–58) Evans (1953–71) Morris (1954–62) Brown (1958–75) Hunter (1959–95) G. B. Hinckley (1961–2008) Tanner (1962–82) Monson (1963–2018) Dyer (1967–77) Packer (1970–2015) Ashton (1971–94) McConkie (1972–85) Perry (1974–2015) Haight (1976–2004) Faust (1978–2007) Maxwell (1981–2004) Nelson (1984–) Oaks (1984–) M. R. Ballard (1985–2023) Wirthlin (1986–2008) Scott (1988–2015) Hales (1994–2017) Holland (1994–) Eyring (1995–) Uchtdorf (2004–) Bednar (2004–) Cook (2007–) Christofferson (2008–) Andersen (2009–) Rasband (2015–) Stevenson (2015–) Renlund (2015–) Gong (2018–) Soares (2018–) Kearon (2023–) Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j Never a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Term ended by excommunication. ^ Term ended by resignation. ^ Term ended by removal of apostleship; was later excommunicated. ^ Term ended by suspension of priesthood. vteMembers of the Presiding Bishopric of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsPresiding Bishops Partridge (1831–40) Whitney (1847–50) Hunter (1851–83) Preston (1884–1907) Nibley (1907–25) Cannon (1925–38) Richards (1938–52) Wirthlin (1952–61) Vandenberg (1961–72) Brown (1972–85) Hales (1985–94) Bateman (1994–95) H.D. Burton (1995–2012) Stevenson (2012–15) Caussé (2015–) First Counselors Morley (1831–40) G. Miller (1844–46) Hardy (1856–84) R.T. Burton (1884–1907) O.P. Miller (1907–18) Smith (1918–38) Ashton (1938–46) Wirthlin (1946–52) Isaacson (1952–61) Simpson (1961–72) Peterson (1972–85) Eyring (1985–92) H.D. Burton (1992–95) Edgley (1995–2012) Caussé (2012–15) Davies (2015–20) Waddell (2020–) Second Counselors Corrill (1831–37) Billings (1837–40) Little (1856–74) R.T. Burton (1874–83) Cannon (1884–86) Winder (1887–1901) O.P. Miller (1901–07) Smith (1907–18) Wells (1918–38) Wirthlin (1938–46) Isaacson (1946–52) Buehner (1952–61) Brown (1961–72) Featherstone (1972–76) Clarke (1976–85) Pace (1985–92) Edgley (1992–95) McMullin (1995–2012) Davies (2012–15) Waddell (2015–20) Budge (2020–) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell M. Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson"},{"link_name":"First Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Thomas S. Monson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gordon B. Hinckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley"},{"link_name":"general authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_authority"},{"link_name":"Quorum of the Twelve Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"First Quorum of the Seventy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Quorum_of_the_Seventy"},{"link_name":"Presiding Bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Church_Education"},{"link_name":"Church Educational System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Educational_System"},{"link_name":"apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Henry Bennion Eyring (born May 31, 1933) is an American educational administrator, author, and religious leader. Eyring has been the second counselor to Russell M. Nelson in the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since January 14, 2018. Previously, Eyring was the first counselor to Thomas S. Monson in the First Presidency from 2008 until Monson's death on January 2, 2018.[1] Eyring was the second counselor to Gordon B. Hinckley in the First Presidency from October 6, 2007, until Hinckley's death on January 27, 2008.While he has been a general authority of the church, Eyring has also served in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Quorum of the Seventy, and the Presiding Bishopric. Eyring has served twice as commissioner of the Church Educational System. Currently, he is the fourth most senior apostle among the ranks of the church.[2]","title":"Henry B. Eyring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Henry Eyring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"Spencer W. Kimball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"}],"text":"Eyring was born in Princeton, New Jersey, the second child of Henry Eyring, then a professor at Princeton and later the dean of the graduate school at the University of Utah and president of the American Chemical Society, and his wife, Mildred Bennion. His father's sister, Camilla Eyring, married Spencer W. Kimball, making Henry B. the nephew of Kimball, who was the twelfth president of the LDS Church.He lived in Princeton until his early teenage years. Until the start of World War II they attended LDS meetings at the branch in New Brunswick, New Jersey, but with the gasoline rationing of the war, they received permission to hold meetings in their home, which often had only the Eyring family.[3] As a teenager, Eyring and his family moved to Salt Lake City, where his father took a post at the University of Utah.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Sandia Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandia_Base"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"master's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"doctoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Harvard Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School"},{"link_name":"Arthur D. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Little"},{"link_name":"Abitibi Power and Paper Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitibi_Power_and_Paper_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Georges Doriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Doriot"},{"link_name":"Ken Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Digital Equipment Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Eyring spent two years in the U.S. Air Force, stationed at Sandia Base in New Mexico. In New Mexico, Eyring served as a district missionary for the LDS Church.[4] Eyring had been in the ROTC at the University of Utah. While in the Air Force, he served as a liaison between military officers and scientists. His main responsibility was to analyze data from weapons tests of nuclear weapons. At the end of the assignment, he gave a report and ended up meeting in person with a collection of several leading generals.[5]He had previously received a bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Utah. He went on to earn both master's and doctoral degrees in business administration from the Harvard Business School, before embarking on a career in academia. Over the summer after his first year at Harvard, Eyring did an internship with Arthur D. Little as a consultant for Abitibi Power and Paper Company. He did an analysis to study how to improve the process of river logging. His suggestion was to abandon river logging and turn to truck transport of logs, but a combination of not studying the issue deeply enough and having a CEO of the company who had risen through the ranks from being a river logger prevented Eyring's suggestions from being adopted then.[6]While studying at Harvard, Eyring was heavily influenced by Georges Doriot, who offered Eyring a chance to work with him and Ken Olsen, the founder of Digital Equipment Company. Eyring chose instead to pursue a doctorate in business.[7]","title":"Military service and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ed Zschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Zschau"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Stanford Graduate School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Douglas McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Warren Bennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Bennis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"W. Rolfe Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Rolfe_Kerr"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In the fall of 1962, Eyring began work as a professor at Stanford University. He finished his doctorate in business in the summer of 1963.[8] That summer, Eyring completed a fellowship with the RAND Corporation.[9] Eyring had married his wife, Kathleen, the summer before he started at Stanford, and they spent their first year of married life moving through various homes his real estate developer father-in-law was in the process of refurbishing. They then spent the next ten years living in the guest house of his in-laws' property.[10]Among Eyring's associates at Stanford were Roger Sant and Ed Zschau. Eyring worked with Zschau in the founding of the computer company System Industries.[11]Eyring was an associate professor of business at the Stanford Graduate School of Business from 1962 to 1971.[12] He was also a Sloan Visiting Faculty Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At MIT, he took multiple courses in human behavior, including courses from Douglas McGregor, who died of a heart attack while Eyring was at MIT, and also Ed Schein and Warren Bennis.[13]Eyring has served twice as commissioner of church education, from September 1980 to April 1985, and from September 1992 to January 2005, when he was replaced by W. Rolfe Kerr.[14]","title":"Academic and business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_B._Eyring2.jpg"},{"link_name":"regional representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_representative_of_the_Twelve"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Sunday School General Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_School_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ldsbio-15"},{"link_name":"Ricks College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricks_College"},{"link_name":"Presiding Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Robert D. Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Hales"},{"link_name":"church president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Howard W. Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter"},{"link_name":"apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"James E. Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Faust"},{"link_name":"Gordon B. Hinckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"San Salvador El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvador_El_Salvador_Temple"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedication-18"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Arizona_Temple"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsroom2014-03-02-19"},{"link_name":"Payson Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payson_Utah_Temple"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Indiana_Temple"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indianapolis_Indiana_Temple_Dedication-21"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Pennsylvania_Temple"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philadelphia-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Argentina_Temple"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mexico City Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Mexico_Temple"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rededication-25"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-27"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pope-27"}],"text":"Eyring while president of Ricks CollegeAmong other callings in the LDS Church, Eyring has served as a regional representative, bishop and member of the Sunday School General Board.[15] Eyring served as an early-morning seminary teacher early in his time as a professor at Stanford University, and as bishop of the Stanford singles ward later on.Eyring served as president of Ricks College from 1971 to 1977, as a counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales from 1985 to 1992, and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, from 1992 to 1995.Following the death of church president Howard W. Hunter, Eyring was sustained as a member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on April 1, 1995 and ordained an apostle later that week.Eyring was sustained as second counselor in the church's First Presidency on October 6, 2007,[16] filling the vacancy left by the death of James E. Faust, on August 10, 2007. When the First Presidency was reorganized following the death of Gordon B. Hinckley, Eyring was called and set apart as the first counselor on February 3, 2008. The new First Presidency, with Monson as president, was announced on February 4, 2008.[17]As a member of the First Presidency, Eyring has dedicated the San Salvador El Salvador,[18] Gilbert Arizona,[19] Payson Utah,[20] Indianapolis Indiana,[21] and Philadelphia Pennsylvania Temples[22] where he had also presided at the groundbreaking in 2011[23] as well as rededicating the Buenos Aires Argentina[24] and Mexico City Mexico[25] Temples.In 2014, after a meeting with Pope Francis,[26][27] Eyring spoke at Humanum, \"an International Interreligious Colloquium on The Complementarity of Man and Woman,\" held in Vatican City.[28][29] It was the first time that a pope and a top LDS general authority ever met.[27]","title":"LDS Church service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_adult_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Rindge, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rindge,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Pines"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Logan Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Utah_Temple"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ldsbio-15"},{"link_name":"Henry J. Eyring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._Eyring"},{"link_name":"BYU–Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU%E2%80%93Idaho"},{"link_name":"Vivint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivint"},{"link_name":"George W. Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Romney"}],"text":"Eyring and his wife, Kathleen Johnson, met at a YSA meeting held at Rindge, New Hampshire at the Cathedral of the Pines in the spring of 1960. They became further acquainted at a meeting at the LDS Longfellow Park Chapel in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the next summer. Johnson was a native of Palo Alto and was a student at Stanford University. She had previously studied summers at the University of Vienna and University of Paris and was studying at Harvard University the summer she met Eyring. Wilbur Cox, the LDS Church's district president (to whom Eyring was serving as a counselor), made accommodations to facilitate Eyring's dating Johnson.[30] After an intense courtship that first summer, Eyring and Johnson continued courting with her making multiple cross-country airplane trips until they were engaged early in 1961.[31] They were married in the LDS Church's Logan Temple on July 27, 1962, with the ceremony performed by his uncle, Spencer W. Kimball.[32] The couple were married for 61 years until Kathleen's death on October 15, 2023, at the age of 82.[33]They are the parents of six children (four sons and two daughters).[15] Their sons include Henry J. Eyring, past president of BYU–Idaho (2017 to 2023); and Matthew J. Eyring, the chief strategy innovation officer of Vivint, a home automation company in North America. Eyring is a first cousin once-removed of former Michigan governor George W. Romney; his paternal grandmother was Romney's aunt.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Utah Valley University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Valley_University"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, University of Utah (2015)[34]\nHonorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Utah Valley University (2017)[35]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deseret Book Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1629722535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629722535"},{"link_name":"Deseret Book Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781609074630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609074630"},{"link_name":"Deseret Book Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59038-637-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59038-637-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59038-322-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59038-322-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57008-946-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57008-946-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57008-924-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57008-924-8"},{"link_name":"Bookcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookcraft"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57008-198-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57008-198-0"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1037/009462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1037%2F009462"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1554-0138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1554-0138"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/tem.1966.6447108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2Ftem.1966.6447108"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12284394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/12284394"},{"link_name":"A Leader of Learners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/leader-learners/"},{"link_name":"The Power of Deliverance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/power-deliverance/"},{"link_name":"Gifts of the Spirit for Hard Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/gifts-spirit-hard-times/"},{"link_name":"″Go Forth to Serve″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/go-forth-serve-4/"},{"link_name":"A Consecrated Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/consecrated-place/"},{"link_name":"A Life Founded in Light and Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/life-founded-light-truth/"},{"link_name":"Always","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/always/"},{"link_name":"A Child of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/child-god/"},{"link_name":"Making Covenants with God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/making-covenants-god/"},{"link_name":"A Charted Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/charted-course/"},{"link_name":"Faith of Our Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/faith-fathers/"},{"link_name":"The Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/family/"},{"link_name":"Blessed are the Peacemakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/blessed-peacemakers/"},{"link_name":"To Choose and Keep a Mentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/choose-keep-mentor/"},{"link_name":"Choose to Be Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/choose-good/"},{"link_name":"Teaching Is a Moral Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/teaching-moral-act/"},{"link_name":"Waiting Upon the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/waiting-upon-lord/"},{"link_name":"Come Unto Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/come-unto-christ/"},{"link_name":"Listen Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/listen-together/"},{"link_name":"Going Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/going-home/"},{"link_name":"Child of Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/child-promise/"},{"link_name":"Good Judgment and Common Sense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/good-judgement-and-common-sense/"},{"link_name":"Discovering Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/discovering-truth/"},{"link_name":"A Law of Increasing Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/law-increasing-returns/"},{"link_name":"Gifts of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/gifts-love/"}],"text":"Eyring, Henry B. (2016). On The Path Home. Deseret Book Company. ISBN 978-1629722535.\n—— (2013). Choose Higher Ground. Deseret Book Company. ISBN 9781609074630.\n—— (2006). Because He First Loved Us: A Collection of Discourses. Deseret Book Company. ISBN 1-59038-637-X.\n—— (2004). To Draw Closer to God: A Collection of Discourses. Deseret Book. ISBN 1-59038-322-2.\n—— (2003). Go Forth to Serve. Deseret Book. ISBN 1-57008-946-9.\n—— (2002). Because He First Loved Us. Deseret Book. ISBN 1-57008-924-8.\n—— (1995). On Becoming a Disciple-Scholar: Lectures presented at the Brigham Young University Honors Program. Discipline and discipleship lecture series. Bookcraft. ISBN 1-57008-198-0.\n—— (August 1968), \"Wise Advice for R and D.\", PsycCRITIQUES, 13 (8), Stanford University, Stanford, CA: 398–400, doi:10.1037/009462, ISSN 1554-0138. Database:PsycINFO Electronic, accessed March 12, 2009\n—— (December 1966). \"Some Sources of Uncertainty and Their Consequences in Engineering Design Projects\". IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. EM-13 (4): 167–80. doi:10.1109/tem.1966.6447108.\n—— (1963). Evaluation of planning models for research and development projects (DBA thesis). [Boston] Graduate School of Business Administration, G.F. Baker Foundation, Harvard University. OCLC 12284394.Speeches—— (2014), A Leader of Learners, BYU Speeches\n—— (2008), The Power of Deliverance, BYU Speeches\n—— (2006), Gifts of the Spirit for Hard Times, BYU Speeches\n—— (2002), ″Go Forth to Serve″, BYU Speeches\n—— (2001), A Consecrated Place, BYU Speeches\n—— (2000), A Life Founded in Light and Truth, BYU Speeches\n—— (1999), Always, BYU Speeches\n—— (1997), A Child of God, BYU Speeches\n—— (1996), Making Covenants with God, BYU Speeches\n—— (1996), A Charted Course, BYU Speeches\n—— (1996), Faith of Our Fathers, BYU Speeches\n—— (1995), The Family, BYU Speeches\n—— (1994), Blessed are the Peacemakers, BYU Speeches\n—— (1993), To Choose and Keep a Mentor, BYU Speeches\n—— (1991), Choose to Be Good, BYU Speeches\n—— (1991), Teaching Is a Moral Act, BYU Speeches\n—— (1990), Waiting Upon the Lord, BYU Speeches\n—— (1989), Come Unto Christ, BYU Speeches\n—— (1988), Listen Together, BYU Speeches\n—— (1986), Going Home, BYU Speeches\n—— (1986), Child of Promise, BYU Speeches\n—— (1985), Good Judgment and Common Sense, BYU Speeches\n—— (1983), Discovering Truth, BYU Speeches\n—— (1982), A Law of Increasing Returns, BYU Speeches\n—— (1980), Gifts of Love, BYU Speeches","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"President Thomas S. Monson Dies at Age 90\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/president-thomas-monson-passes-away"},{"link_name":"LDS Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDS_Church"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"First Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Quorum of the Twelve Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Succession to the presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)#Succession_to_the_presidency"},{"link_name":"\"Notes on Apostolic Succession\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V20N02_46.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Hales, Robert D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Hales"},{"link_name":"\"President Henry B. Eyring: Called of God\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2008/07/president-henry-b-eyring-called-of-god"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"We Are One\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2013/05/we-are-one?lang=eng"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"President of Mormon Church appoints new adviser\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110521212758/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/nation/5193935.html"},{"link_name":"AP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/nation/5193935.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Elder W. Rolfe Kerr to Guide Church Educational System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/elder-w.-rolfe-kerr-to-guide-church-educational-system"},{"link_name":"LDS Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDS_Church"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ldsbio_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ldsbio_15-1"},{"link_name":"\"President Henry B. Eyring\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/leader/henry-b-eyring"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Church President Names New Leaders\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-president-names-new-leaders"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Thomas S. Monson Named 16th Church President\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/news-releases-stories/thomas-s-monson-named-16th-church-president"},{"link_name":"Dallin H. Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallin_H._Oaks"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dedication_18-0"},{"link_name":"\"San Salvador El Salvador Temple Dedicated\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/san-salvador-el-salvador-temple-dedication"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Newsroom2014-03-02_19-0"},{"link_name":"\"Church Dedicates 142nd Temple\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-dedicates-142nd-temple"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Payson Utah Temple Dedicated: The 15th temple in Utah and 146th in the world\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/payson-utah-temple-dedicated"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Indianapolis_Indiana_Temple_Dedication_21-0"},{"link_name":"\"President Eyring dedicates temple in the Crossroads of America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deseretnews.com/article/865635206/President-Eyring-dedicates-temple-in-the-Crossroads-of-America.html"},{"link_name":"Church News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Philadelphia_22-0"},{"link_name":"\"President Eyring dedicates temple in Philadelphia, the place 'where so much began'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deseretnews.com/article/865662733/President-Eyring-dedicates-temple-in-Philadelphia-the-place-where-so-much-began.html"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Church Breaks Ground for Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Trujillo Peru Temples\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-breaks-ground-philadelphia-pennsylvania-trujillo-peru-temples"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Buenos Aires Temple Rededicated\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/mormon-buenos-aires-temple-rededicated"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rededication_25-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mexico City Temple Is Rededicated\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/mexico-city-temple-is-rededicated"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Gallagher, Maggie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"\"Rome's Extraordinary Ecumenical Event: What I and others learned from other faiths at a special event on the family\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalreview.com/article/393232/romes-extraordinary-ecumenical-event-maggie-gallagher"},{"link_name":"National Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pope_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pope_27-1"},{"link_name":"Stack, Peggy Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Fletcher_Stack"},{"link_name":"\"Pope, Mormon leader make history with a handshake\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sltrib.com/lifestyle/faith/1836619-155/eyring-marriage-pope-address-conference-environments"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Transcript: President Eyring Addresses the Vatican Summit on Marriage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/transcript-president-eyring-addresses-vatican-summit-marriage"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Humanum | Program\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141119062334/http://humanum.it/en/program/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//humanum.it/en/program/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Robert D. Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Hales"},{"link_name":"\"President Henry B. Eyring: Called of God\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2008/07/president-henry-b-eyring-called-of-god?lang=eng"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ksl.com/article/50753246/kathleen-eyring-wife-of-president-henry-b-eyring-dies-at-age-82"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"President Eyring Receives Honorary Degree from University of Utah\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/president-eyring-receives-honorary-degree-from-university-of-utah?lang=eng&_r=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"President Eyring Tells UVU Graduates to Focus on 'Happiness That Lasts'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/president-eyring-utah-valley-university"}],"text":"^ \"President Thomas S. Monson Dies at Age 90\", Newsroom, LDS Church, January 2, 2018\n\n^ Apostolic seniority is generally understood to include all ordained apostles (including the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Seniority is determined by date of ordination, not by age or other factors. If two apostles are ordained on the same day, the older of the two is typically ordained first. See Succession to the presidency and Heath, Steven H. (Summer 1987). \"Notes on Apostolic Succession\" (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 20 (2): 44–56..\n\n^ Hales, Robert D. (July 2008), \"President Henry B. Eyring: Called of God\", Ensign: 10\n\n^ \"We Are One\", Ensign, May 2013.\n\n^ Rober I. Eaton and Henry J. Eyring. I Will Lead You Along: The Life of Henry B. Eyring. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 2013, p. 65-67\n\n^ Rober I. Eaton and Henry J. Eyring. I Will Lead You Along: The Life of Henry B. Eyring. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 2013, p. 76-80\n\n^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 81-83\n\n^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 105\n\n^ Eaton and Eyrong, I Will Lead You Along, p. 106\n\n^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 108\n\n^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 112\n\n^ Dobner, Jennifer (7 October 2007). \"President of Mormon Church appoints new adviser\". Houston Chronicle. (AP). Archived from the original on 21 May 2011.\n\n^ I Will Lead You Along, p. 113-115\n\n^ \"Elder W. Rolfe Kerr to Guide Church Educational System\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 14 January 2005\n\n^ a b \"President Henry B. Eyring\", Organization: General Authorities, retrieved 2014-08-19\n\n^ \"Church President Names New Leaders\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 7 October 2007\n\n^ \"Thomas S. Monson Named 16th Church President\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 4 February 2008\n\nOn January 16, 2018, Eyring was announced as the second counselor to the newly reorganized First Presidency with Nelson as president and Dallin H. Oaks as first counselor.\n\n^ \"San Salvador El Salvador Temple Dedicated\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2011-08-11\n\n^ \"Church Dedicates 142nd Temple\", Newsroom [MormonNewsroom.org], LDS Church, 2 March 2014\n\n^ \"Payson Utah Temple Dedicated: The 15th temple in Utah and 146th in the world\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2015-06-07\n\n^ \"President Eyring dedicates temple in the Crossroads of America\", Church News, 23 August 2015.\n\n^ Weaver, Sarah Jane (18 September 2016). \"President Eyring dedicates temple in Philadelphia, the place 'where so much began'\". Deseret News.\n\n^ \"Church Breaks Ground for Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Trujillo Peru Temples\", Newsroom, LDS Church, September 17, 2011\n\n^ \"Buenos Aires Temple Rededicated\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2012-09-10\n\n^ \"Mexico City Temple Is Rededicated\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2015-09-13\n\n^ Gallagher, Maggie (November 21, 2014). \"Rome's Extraordinary Ecumenical Event: What I and others learned from other faiths at a special event on the family\". National Review.\n\n^ a b Stack, Peggy Fletcher (November 17, 2014). \"Pope, Mormon leader make history with a handshake\". Salt Lake Tribune.\n\n^ \"Transcript: President Eyring Addresses the Vatican Summit on Marriage\". Mormon Newsroom, 18 November 2014.\n\n^ \"Humanum | Program\". Archived from the original on 2014-11-19. Retrieved 2014-11-19.\n\n^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 89-90\n\n^ Eaton and Eyring, I Will Lead You Along, p. 100\n\n^ Robert D. Hales, \"President Henry B. Eyring: Called of God\", Ensign, July 2008, pp. 8–15.\n\n^ As confirmed here.\n\n^ Sarah Jane Weaver, \"President Eyring Receives Honorary Degree from University of Utah\", churchofjesuschrist.org, 11 May 2015.\n\n^ \"President Eyring Tells UVU Graduates to Focus on 'Happiness That Lasts'\". 4 May 2017.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"Latter Day Saint movement portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement"},{"title":"Council on the Disposition of the Tithes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_the_Disposition_of_the_Tithes"},{"title":"Glenn L. Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_L._Pace"}]
[{"reference":"Eyring, Henry B. (2016). On The Path Home. Deseret Book Company. ISBN 978-1629722535.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company","url_text":"Deseret Book Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629722535","url_text":"978-1629722535"}]},{"reference":"—— (2013). Choose Higher Ground. Deseret Book Company. ISBN 9781609074630.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company","url_text":"Deseret Book Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609074630","url_text":"9781609074630"}]},{"reference":"—— (2006). Because He First Loved Us: A Collection of Discourses. Deseret Book Company. ISBN 1-59038-637-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company","url_text":"Deseret Book Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59038-637-X","url_text":"1-59038-637-X"}]},{"reference":"—— (2004). To Draw Closer to God: A Collection of Discourses. Deseret Book. ISBN 1-59038-322-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59038-322-2","url_text":"1-59038-322-2"}]},{"reference":"—— (2003). Go Forth to Serve. Deseret Book. ISBN 1-57008-946-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57008-946-9","url_text":"1-57008-946-9"}]},{"reference":"—— (2002). Because He First Loved Us. Deseret Book. ISBN 1-57008-924-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57008-924-8","url_text":"1-57008-924-8"}]},{"reference":"—— (1995). On Becoming a Disciple-Scholar: Lectures presented at the Brigham Young University Honors Program. Discipline and discipleship lecture series. Bookcraft. ISBN 1-57008-198-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookcraft","url_text":"Bookcraft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57008-198-0","url_text":"1-57008-198-0"}]},{"reference":"—— (August 1968), \"Wise Advice for R and D.\", PsycCRITIQUES, 13 (8), Stanford University, Stanford, CA: 398–400, doi:10.1037/009462, ISSN 1554-0138","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University","url_text":"Stanford University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F009462","url_text":"10.1037/009462"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1554-0138","url_text":"1554-0138"}]},{"reference":"—— (December 1966). \"Some Sources of Uncertainty and Their Consequences in Engineering Design Projects\". IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. EM-13 (4): 167–80. doi:10.1109/tem.1966.6447108.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftem.1966.6447108","url_text":"10.1109/tem.1966.6447108"}]},{"reference":"—— (1963). Evaluation of planning models for research and development projects (DBA thesis). [Boston] Graduate School of Business Administration, G.F. Baker Foundation, Harvard University. OCLC 12284394.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Harvard University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12284394","url_text":"12284394"}]},{"reference":"—— (2014), A Leader of Learners, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/leader-learners/","url_text":"A Leader of Learners"}]},{"reference":"—— (2008), The Power of Deliverance, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/power-deliverance/","url_text":"The Power of Deliverance"}]},{"reference":"—— (2006), Gifts of the Spirit for Hard Times, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/gifts-spirit-hard-times/","url_text":"Gifts of the Spirit for Hard Times"}]},{"reference":"—— (2002), ″Go Forth to Serve″, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/go-forth-serve-4/","url_text":"″Go Forth to Serve″"}]},{"reference":"—— (2001), A Consecrated Place, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/consecrated-place/","url_text":"A Consecrated Place"}]},{"reference":"—— (2000), A Life Founded in Light and Truth, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/life-founded-light-truth/","url_text":"A Life Founded in Light and Truth"}]},{"reference":"—— (1999), Always, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/always/","url_text":"Always"}]},{"reference":"—— (1997), A Child of God, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/child-god/","url_text":"A Child of God"}]},{"reference":"—— (1996), Making Covenants with God, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/making-covenants-god/","url_text":"Making Covenants with God"}]},{"reference":"—— (1996), A Charted Course, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/charted-course/","url_text":"A Charted Course"}]},{"reference":"—— (1996), Faith of Our Fathers, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/faith-fathers/","url_text":"Faith of Our Fathers"}]},{"reference":"—— (1995), The Family, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/family/","url_text":"The Family"}]},{"reference":"—— (1994), Blessed are the Peacemakers, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/blessed-peacemakers/","url_text":"Blessed are the Peacemakers"}]},{"reference":"—— (1993), To Choose and Keep a Mentor, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/choose-keep-mentor/","url_text":"To Choose and Keep a Mentor"}]},{"reference":"—— (1991), Choose to Be Good, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/choose-good/","url_text":"Choose to Be Good"}]},{"reference":"—— (1991), Teaching Is a Moral Act, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/teaching-moral-act/","url_text":"Teaching Is a Moral Act"}]},{"reference":"—— (1990), Waiting Upon the Lord, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/waiting-upon-lord/","url_text":"Waiting Upon the Lord"}]},{"reference":"—— (1989), Come Unto Christ, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/come-unto-christ/","url_text":"Come Unto Christ"}]},{"reference":"—— (1988), Listen Together, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/listen-together/","url_text":"Listen Together"}]},{"reference":"—— (1986), Going Home, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/going-home/","url_text":"Going Home"}]},{"reference":"—— (1986), Child of Promise, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/child-promise/","url_text":"Child of Promise"}]},{"reference":"—— (1985), Good Judgment and Common Sense, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/good-judgement-and-common-sense/","url_text":"Good Judgment and Common Sense"}]},{"reference":"—— (1983), Discovering Truth, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/discovering-truth/","url_text":"Discovering Truth"}]},{"reference":"—— (1982), A Law of Increasing Returns, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/law-increasing-returns/","url_text":"A Law of Increasing Returns"}]},{"reference":"—— (1980), Gifts of Love, BYU Speeches","urls":[{"url":"https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/henry-b-eyring/gifts-love/","url_text":"Gifts of Love"}]},{"reference":"\"President Thomas S. Monson Dies at Age 90\", Newsroom, LDS Church, January 2, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/president-thomas-monson-passes-away","url_text":"\"President Thomas S. Monson Dies at Age 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDS_Church","url_text":"LDS Church"}]},{"reference":"Heath, Steven H. (Summer 1987). \"Notes on Apostolic Succession\" (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 20 (2): 44–56.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V20N02_46.pdf","url_text":"\"Notes on Apostolic Succession\""}]},{"reference":"Hales, Robert D. (July 2008), \"President Henry B. Eyring: Called of God\", Ensign: 10","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Hales","url_text":"Hales, Robert D."},{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2008/07/president-henry-b-eyring-called-of-god","url_text":"\"President Henry B. 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Deseret News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865662733/President-Eyring-dedicates-temple-in-Philadelphia-the-place-where-so-much-began.html","url_text":"\"President Eyring dedicates temple in Philadelphia, the place 'where so much began'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"Church Breaks Ground for Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Trujillo Peru Temples\", Newsroom, LDS Church, September 17, 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-breaks-ground-philadelphia-pennsylvania-trujillo-peru-temples","url_text":"\"Church Breaks Ground for Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Trujillo Peru Temples\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buenos Aires Temple Rededicated\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2012-09-10","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/mormon-buenos-aires-temple-rededicated","url_text":"\"Buenos Aires Temple Rededicated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexico City Temple Is Rededicated\", Newsroom, LDS Church, 2015-09-13","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/mexico-city-temple-is-rededicated","url_text":"\"Mexico City Temple Is Rededicated\""}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Maggie (November 21, 2014). \"Rome's Extraordinary Ecumenical Event: What I and others learned from other faiths at a special event on the family\". National Review.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Gallagher","url_text":"Gallagher, Maggie"},{"url":"http://www.nationalreview.com/article/393232/romes-extraordinary-ecumenical-event-maggie-gallagher","url_text":"\"Rome's Extraordinary Ecumenical Event: What I and others learned from other faiths at a special event on the family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review","url_text":"National Review"}]},{"reference":"Stack, Peggy Fletcher (November 17, 2014). \"Pope, Mormon leader make history with a handshake\". Salt Lake Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Fletcher_Stack","url_text":"Stack, Peggy Fletcher"},{"url":"http://www.sltrib.com/lifestyle/faith/1836619-155/eyring-marriage-pope-address-conference-environments","url_text":"\"Pope, Mormon leader make history with a handshake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Humanum | Program\". Archived from the original on 2014-11-19. Retrieved 2014-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141119062334/http://humanum.it/en/program/","url_text":"\"Humanum | Program\""},{"url":"http://humanum.it/en/program/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"President Eyring Tells UVU Graduates to Focus on 'Happiness That Lasts'\". 4 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/president-eyring-utah-valley-university","url_text":"\"President Eyring Tells UVU Graduates to Focus on 'Happiness That Lasts'\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Henry B. Eyring\", Newsroom, LDS Church","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/leader-biographies/president-henry-b-eyring","url_text":"\"President Henry B. Eyring\""}]},{"reference":"Lund, Gerald N. (April 1996), \"Elder Henry B. Eyring: Molded by 'Defining Influences'\", Liahona: 10","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_N._Lund","url_text":"Lund, Gerald N."},{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1996/04/elder-henry-b-eyring-molded-by-defining-influences","url_text":"\"Elder Henry B. Eyring: Molded by 'Defining Influences'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)","url_text":"Liahona"}]},{"reference":"\"Pres. Henry B. Eyring – Humanum 2014\". Humanum YouTube channel. November 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSgLO9FYgxM","url_text":"\"Pres. Henry B. Eyring – Humanum 2014\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Wolves
Iris Wolves
["1 References","2 External links"]
Dutch water polo player Iris WolvesPersonal informationBorn (1994-05-09) 9 May 1994 (age 30)Nationality DutchHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Weight 75 kg (165 lb)Position Centre forwardHandedness RightClub informationCurrent team Polar Bears Medal record Women's water polo Representing the  Netherlands World Championships 2023 Fukuoka Team 2022 Budapest Team European Championships 2018 Barcelona 2024 Eindhoven World Cup 2023 Long Beach Iris Wolves (born 9 May 1994) is a Dutch water polo player for Polar Bears and the Dutch national team. She participated at the 2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship. References ^ "EK-selectie waterpolodames bekend". knzb.nl. 4 July 2018. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018. ^ "Team Roster" (PDF). wp2018bcn.microplustiming.com. 16 July 2018. p. 9. External links Iris Wolves at World Aquatics Iris Wolves at Olympics.com Iris Wolves at Olympedia Iris Wolves at TeamNL (archive) (in Dutch) vteNetherlands women's water polo squad – 2020 Summer Olympics – 6th place 1 Koenders (GK) 2 Megens 3 Genee 4 van der Sloot 5 Wolves 6 Stomphorst (C) 7 Joustra 8 Sevenich (LH) 9 Keuning 10 Koolhaas 11 van de Kraats (LH) 12 Sleeking 13 Willemsz (GK) Coach: Havenga vteNetherlands women's water polo squad – 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Bronze medal Aarts (GK) Wolves Sleeking van der Sloot Moolhuijzen van de Kraats Voorvelt Sevenich Joustra Koolhaas Schaap ten Broek Buis (GK) Coach: Doudesis vteNetherlands women's water polo squad – 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Gold medal (2nd title) Aarts (GK) Wolves Sleeking van der Sloot Keuning van de Kraats B. Rogge Sevenich Joustra L. Rogge Moolhuijzen ten Broek Buis (GK) van der Weijden Schaap Coach: Doudesis This biographical article relating to a Dutch water polo figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharia_Oluchi_Nwaichi
Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi
["1 Education and career","2 References"]
Nigerian toxicology biochemist Eucharia Oluchi NwaichiBornAbia State, NigeriaNationalityNigerianAlma materUniversity of Port Harcourt (BSc, MSc, PhD)Occupation(s)BiochemistEnvironmental scientistToxicologistYears active2003 - presentKnown forL'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in SciencePhytoremediation Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi // ⓘ is a Nigerian environmental biochemist, soil scientist and toxicologist. Her research interest focus on waste management, pollution prevention and phytoremediation, which involves the treatment of environmental problems (bioremediation) through the use of local plants that mitigate the environmental problem without the need to excavate the contaminant material and dispose of it elsewhere. She is an expert in elimination of toxic heavy metal such as cadmium, copper, mercury, lead and arsenic from contaminated soil. Education and career She holds a B.Sc., an M.Sc. and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry all from the University of Port Harcourt where she later became a senior lecturer. Before she joined the services of the University of Port Harcourt, she worked at Shell Oil Company for one year (2009 - 2010). She was made an international fellow at the 2013 L’Oréal-UNESCO Awards in Physical Sciences. She is a member of several academic organizations, such as the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World, American Chemical Society, International Society For Environmental Technology, International Phytotechnology Society, Society for Functional Foods and Bioactive Compounds and the Nigerian Institute of Management. In 2022 she was awarded the John Maddox Prize. References ^ "Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi Port harcourt studies how to remove arsenic and copper from polluted soil". Star Africa. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "The Nigerian woman cleaning up a land soaked in oil". BBC. Retrieved February 21, 2024. ^ "Two Nigerian Scientists bag UNESCO LOreal 2013 award". Vanguard News. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "Nigerian Shines UNESCO Science Laureate wins-$100,000-NAN". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "Dr. Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi - Department of Biochemistry". Uniport.edu.ng. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "Maddox Prize 2022". Retrieved November 1, 2022. Authority control databases: Academics ORCID
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_warfare
Dacian warfare
["1 Mythological","2 Tribal wars","3 Domitian's Dacian War","4 Trajan's Dacian Wars","5 Dacian troop types and organization","5.1 Infantry and cavalry","5.2 Mercenaries","5.3 Nobility","5.4 Navy","6 Fortifications","7 External influences","7.1 Thracian","7.2 Scythian and Sarmatian","7.3 Greek/Hellenic","7.4 Roman","8 Barbarians","9 List of Dacian battles","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Historical overview article Tropaeum Traiani depicting a soldier armed with a falx The history of Dacian warfare spans from c. 10th century BC up to the 2nd century AD in the region defined by Ancient Greek and Latin historians as Dacia, populated by a collection of Thracian, Ionian, and Dorian tribes. It concerns the armed conflicts of the Dacian tribes and their kingdoms in the Balkans. Apart from conflicts between Dacians and neighboring nations and tribes, numerous wars were recorded among Dacians too. Mythological See also: Paleo-Balkanic_religion § Daco-Thracian This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2009) Tribal wars Main article: List of ancient tribes in Dacia The Dacians fought amongst each other but were later united under Burebista. However, after his death in 44 BC, the empire again descended into conflict culminating in a full-scale civil war. This led to the division of Burebista's empire into five separate kingdoms, severely weakening the Dacian's defensive capabilities against enemies, particularly Rome. The Dacian tribes were again consolidated under Decebalus, who achieved several military victories in a series of battles with the forces of Emperor Domitian. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2009) Tropaeum Traiani depicting a soldier armed with a falx The history of Dacian warfare spans from c. 10th century BC up to the 2nd century AD in the region defined by Ancient Greek and Latin historians as Dacia, populated by a collection of Thracian, Ionian, and Dorian tribes. It concerns the armed conflicts of the Dacian tribes and their kingdoms in the Balkans. Apart from conflicts between Dacians and neighboring nations and tribes, numerous wars were recorded among Dacians too. Domitian's Dacian War Main article: Domitian's Dacian War The two punitive expeditions mounted as a border defense against raids of Moesia from Dacia in 86-87 AD ordered by the Emperor Titus Flavius Domitianus (Domitian) in 87 AD, and 88 AD. The first expedition was an unmitigated disaster, and the second achieved a peace, seen as unfavorable and shameful by many in Rome. Trajan's Dacian Wars Main article: Trajan's Dacian Wars Trajan's Dacian Wars. The two campaigns of conquest ordered or led by the Emperor Trajan in 101-102 AD, and 105-106 AD from Moesia across the Danube north into Dacia. Trajan's forces were successful in both cases, reducing Dacia to client state status in the first, and taking the territory over in the second. These wars involved no fewer than 13 legions. The defeat reduced the Dacian territory as a mere Roman province. Rome ruled it, including the entire Transylvanian basin for 150 years. A succession of migratory waves by Visigoths, Huns, Gepids, Avars, and Slavs overran Dacia, cutting it off from the Roman and the Byzantine empires by the end of the sixth century. Dacian troop types and organization This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2009) The Dacians, like any other barbarian nation, never fielded a standing army, even though there was a warrior class of sorts, the comati, meaning "long-haired people". Instead, local chieftains, the pileati, meaning "cap-wearing people", raised a levy when required, a force only available after the harvesting season ended. The men themselves fought in everyday clothing defended merely by an oval shield, for body armor and helmets were only worn by the nobility. Infantry and cavalry The Dacian tribes established a highly militarized society and, during the periods when the tribes were united under one king (82 -44 BC, 86-106 AD), posed a major threat to the Roman provinces of Lower Danube. Julius Caesar made preparations for war with King Burebista to prevent an invasion of Macedonia, however both rulers died in the same year. Dacia lost control over territories beyond the Danube and Tisza and collapsed into hostile fractions, now being able to master only 40,000 men from the previous 200,000. Dacia, however remained a formidable foe: in the winter of 10 BC, a raid across the Danube was repulsed by Marcus Vinicius. After some decades, the invasions restarted. A major one was just checked in 69 by Licinius Mucianus while on his way to battle Aulus Vitellius. In another one in 85 the Romans have almost lost Moesia, and its governor Oppius Sabinus was killed. The following year a Dacian force annihilated the army of Cornelius Fuscus under the new leader Decebalus after the victory of Tettius Julianus at Tapae. As the war dragged on, Domitian was distracted by the Suebians and Iazyges, and had to make a humiliating peace. Later Trajan had attacked Decebalus two times, first making peace before reaching the capital, then taking it and conquering around a third of Dacia. According to Criton of Heraclea, the 500,000 POWs were taken. The Free Dacians, allying with Scythian and Germanic tribes never stopped raiding the new Roman province. Dacian scale armour After the sound of the carnyx war trumpet, the Dacians went to battle with the draco. The most important weapon of their arsenal was the falx. This dreaded weapon, similar to a large sickle, came in two variants: a shorter, one-handed falx called a sica, and a longer two-handed version, which was a polearm. It consisted of a three-feet long wooden shaft with a long curved iron blade of nearly-equal length attached to the end. The blade was sharpened only on the inside, and was reputed to be devastatingly effective. However, it left its user vulnerable because, using a two-handed weapon, the warrior could not also make use of a shield. Alternatively, it might be used as a hook, pulling away shields and cutting at vulnerable limbs. Using the falx, the Dacian warriors were able to counter the power of the compact, massed Roman formations. During the time of the Roman conquest of Dacia (101 - 102, 105 - 106), legionaries had reinforcing iron straps applied to their helmets. The Romans also introduced the use of leg and arm protectors (greaves and manica) as further protection against the falxes. This was one of the rare times in history where Roman armor was modified. An atypical falx. The handle was usually as long as, if not longer than, the blade. Sica, a small version of the falx The Dacians were adept at surprise attacks and skillful, tactical withdrawals using the fortification system. During the wars with the Romans fought by their last king Decebalus (87-106), the Dacians almost crushed the Roman garrisons south of the Danube in a surprise attack launched over the frozen river ( winter of 101-102 ). Only the intervention of Emperor Trajan with the main army saved the Romans from a major defeat. But, by 106, the Dacians were surrounded in their capital Sarmizegetusa. The city was taken after the Romans discovered and destroyed the capital's water supply line. Dacians decorated their bodies with tattoos like the Illyrians and the Thracians. The Pannonians north of the Drava had accepted Roman rule out of fear of the Dacians. Dacia remained a Roman province until 271. Marcus Annaeus Lucanus 39 - 65 wrote of Dacian hordes; Have poured her captains, and the troops who guard the northern frontier from the Dacian hordes Dacians that could afford armor wore customised Phrygian type helmets with solid crests (intricately decorated), domed helmets and Sarmatian helmets. They fought with spears, javelins, falces, and one-sided battle axes, and used "Draco" carnyxes as standards. Most used only shields as a form of defense. Cavalry would be armed with a spear, a long La Tène sword and an oval shield; few in number, they relied heavily on Sarmatian allies for their mounted arm. Most of the infantry would wield a falx and perhaps a sica and would wear no armor at all, even shunning shields. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2009) Mercenaries Dacian mercenaries were uncommon in contrast to the Thracians and the Illyrians but they could be found in the service of the Greek Diadochi and of the Romans. Nobility A 2nd century chieftain would wear a bronze Phrygian type helmet, a corselet of iron scale armor, an oval wooden shield with motifs and wield a sword. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2009) Navy The ancient historian Ptolemy mentions a naval battle between the Geto-Dacians and the Romans near the island of Eukon (most likely today's Popina Island). Fortifications See also: Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains, Dava (Dacian), and Murus dacicus Remains of the Fortress of Blidaru. Dacians had built fortresses all around Dacia with most of them being on the Danube. A scene from Trajan's column shows Romans attacking a Dacian fortification using the "testudo". The Dacians constructed stone strongholds, davas, in the Carpathian Mountains in order to protect their capital Sarmizegetusa. The fortifications were built on a system of circular belts. This allowed the defenders, after a stronghold was lost, to retreat to the next one using hidden escape gates. Advanced defensive systems adopted from the Greeks made their already powerful strongholds extremely difficult obstacles. External influences Thracian This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2011) Scythian and Sarmatian This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2009) Main article: Dacian Draco A Dacian Draco. The Dacian Draco was the standard of the ancient Dacian military. It served as a standard for the Dacians of the La Tène period and its origin must clearly be sought in the art of Asia Minor sometime during the second millennium BC. Sarmatians were part of the Dacian army as allies.The Roxolani became part of the Dacians while the Iazyges fought against them trying to claim their own land. The Celts played a very active role in Dacia as enemies that were easily defeated by Dacians. The Scordisci were among the defeated Celts that the Dacians conquered. Greek/Hellenic This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2009) Cothelas had become a vassal to ancient Macedon. Some Kings of the Getae had been Hellenized The Dacians traded with the Hellenistic world based upon their mineral reserves and gained better technological and cultural strategies than their Germanic and Celtic neighbours. Advanced defensive systems made their already powerful strongholds extremely difficult obstacles. Roman Roman province of Dacia with Roman settlements and legion garrisons included Dacian armaments Main article: Roman Dacia After their defeat, the Dacians were ethnically cleansed. Young men were either killed or became slaves or legionaries. The remaining population was expelled and their lands were given to colonists. Later, the Romans started minting a coin called Dacicus was minted by Domitian.This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2009) Barbarians Dacians were spoken of by Trajan as dignified barbarians consequently still dangerous, but unable to win against the might of Rome. 1st century BC poet Horace writes of them in one of his works and mentions them along with the Scythians as tyrants and fierce barbarians. Later historian Tacitus writes that they are a people that can never be trusted. The Ancient Greeks expressed admiration and respect for Burebista. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2009) List of Dacian battles This is a list of battles or conflicts that Dacians had a leading or crucial role in, rarely as mercenaries. They were involved in massive battles against Roman legions. Unknown date. Celtic Boii in Bohemia against Dacian tribes from the lower Danube, Dacian victory 1st century BC Dacians against Scordisci, Dacian victory 86 87, First Battle of Tapae, Dacian victory 88 101, Second Battle of Tapae, Roman victory 102, Battle of Adamclisi, Roman victory 103, Battle of Gatae, Roman victory 105 106, Battle of Sarmisegetusa, Roman victory See also List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia Thracian warfare Illyrian warfare Celtic warfare Falx Sica References ^ a b c Bugajski, Janus (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe. New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 829. ISBN 1563246767. ^ Ramsey, Syed (2016). Tools of War: History of Weapons in Ancient Times. New Delhi: Alpha Editions. ISBN 9789386019806. ^ The Legionary by Peter Connolly, 1998, page 14: "... dynamic king Burebista, a century and a half earlier, the Dacians had become the most powerful nation in central Europe, but since his death the country had been split by civil war." ^ Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Lanham: Hamilton Books. p. 146. ISBN 9780761844655. ^ A Companion to the Roman Army (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World) by Paul Erdkamp, 2007, page 218 ^ a b c Bennett, Julian (2005). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. Taylor & Francis e-Library. p. 87. ISBN 0-415-165245. ^ Bennett, Julian (2005). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. Taylor & Francis e-Library. p. 88. ISBN 0-415-165245. ^ a b Bennett, Julian (2005). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. Taylor & Francis e-Library. p. 104. ISBN 0-415-165245. ^ Rome's Enemies (1): Germanics and Dacians (Men at Arms Series, 129) by Peter Wilcox and Gerry Embleton, 1982, page 35 ^ The Illyrians by John Wilkes, 1996, page 198: "...their armor is Celtic but they are tattooed like the rest of the Illyrians and Thracians..." ^ The World of Tattoo: An Illustrated History by Maarten Hesselt van Dinter, 2007, page 25: "... in ancient times. The Danube area Dacians, Thracians and Illyrians all decorated themselves with status-enhancing tattoos, ..." ^ The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 2003, page 1106, "Pannonia north of the Drava appears to have accepted Roman rule without a struggle probably owing to fear of the Dacians to the east. ^ Luc. 8.331 ^ Rome's enemies: Germanics and Dacians by Peter Wilcox, Gerry Embleton, ISBN 0850454735, 1982 ^ The Coming of Rome in the Dacian World, ISBN 387940707X, 2000, page 83 ^ The Coming of Rome in the Dacian World, ISBN 387940707X, 2000, page 115 ^ Rome's Enemies (1): Germanics and Dacians (Men at Arms Series, 129) by Peter Wilcox and Gerry Embleton, 1982 ^ Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, 2009, page 13, "The shores of the Danube were well monitored from the Dacian fortresses Acidava, Buricodava, Dausadava (the shrine of the wolves), Diacum, Drobeta (Turnu Severin), Nentivava (Oltenita), Suvidava (Corabia), Tsirista, Tierna/Dierna (Orsova) and what is today Zimnicea. Downstream were also other fortresses: Axiopolis (Cernadova), Barbosi, Buteridava, Capidava (Topalu), Carsium (Harsova), Durostorum (Silistra), Sacidava/Sagadava (Dunareni) along with still others..." ^ The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Volume 2, Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire by Philip Sabin, Hans van Wees, and Michael Whitby, 2007, page 149: "... 4.5 Scene from Trajan's column depicting Roman troops attacking a Dacian fortification, using the famous testudo (tortoise) formation to shield themselves from ..." ^ Parvan Vasile (1928) in 'Dacia', Bucuresti, page 125 ^ Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, 2009, page 170 ^ Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, 2009, page 134 ^ Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, 2009, page 88 ^ Strab. 7.5, "...they often used the Scordisci as allies..." ^ The Thracians, 700 BC - AD 46 by Christopher Webber, ISBN 1-84176-329-2, ISBN 978-1-84176-329-3, 2001, page 14, "It shows a Hellenised king of the Getae..." ^ Dacicus, "Dācicus, a gold coin of Domitian, conqueror of the Dacians..." ^ The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe by Peter S. Wells, 2001, page 105, "... so too the Emperor Trajan represented the Dacians as a strong threat to Roman authority on the lower Danube. These barbarian enemies are represented in heroic fashion, as dignified warriors ..." ^ Q. Horatius Flaccus (Horace), Odes, John Conington, Ed.Hor. Carm. 1.35, "The fierce Dacians, and Scythian hordes, people and towns, and Rome, their head, and mothers of barbarian lords, and tyrants in their purple dread,..." ^ Tac. Hist. 3.46, "The Dacians also were in motion, a people which never can be trusted..." ^ Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, 2009, page 54, "The Greeks were so impressed with his achievements that they named him 'the first and greatest king of the kings of Thracia'...." ^ Celtic Warrior: 300 BC-AD 100 by Stephen Allen and Wayne Reynolds, 2001, Front Matter,"... 60: Celtic Boii in Bohemia defeated by Dacian tribes from the lower Danube. 58-51: Caesar's campaigns in Gaul ..." External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dacian weapons, Dacian shields, Dacian helmets and Dacian armour. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dacia and Dacians. Dacian reenactor with Falx vteDaciaTribes (List) Aedi Albocenses Anartes Apuli Biephi Bessi/Bessoi Burs (Dacia) Carpi Ciaginsi Clariae Costoboci Crobidae Daci Getae Moesi Peukini Piephigi Potulatenses Predasenses Rhadacenses Saldenses Scaugdae Senses Suci Terizi Teurisci Trixae Tyragetae Troglodytae Kings Coson Cothelas Dromichaetes Moskon Oroles Rhemaxos Rubobostes Zalmodegicus Dacian nucleus in Transylvania1 Burebista (82/61–44 BC) Deceneus (44 BC–???) Comosicus (9 BC(?)–30s AD) Scorilo (c. 30s–70 AD) Duras (c. 69–87 AD) Decebalus (87–106 AD) Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia1 Cotiso (c. 40–c. 9 BC) Dacian kingdom of Dobruja1 Dapyx (1st-century BC) Rholes Zyraxes Dacian kingdom of Wallachia andsouthern Moldavia and Transylvania1 Dicomes Culture andcivilizationArtifacts Coinage Art, jewellery, treasures, tools bracelets Clothing Language Belagines Words of possible Dacian origin Dacian plant names Dacian names Dacian script Sinaia lead plates Daco-Thracian Thracian language Thraco-Illyrian ReligionDeities Bendis Deceneus Derzelas Dionysus Gebeleizis Kotys Pleistoros Sabazios Semele Seirenes Silenus Zalmoxis Dacian Draco Kogaionon Settlements andFortresses Sarmizegetusa Argidava Buridava Cumidava Piroboridava Sucidava Davae Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains Murus Dacicus Foreignrelations Greeks Celts Germanic tribes Romans Warfare Falx Sica Thracian warfare Wars with theRoman EmpireDomitian First Battle of Tapae Trajan First War Second Battle of Tapae Battle of Adamclisi Second War Battle of Sarmizegetusa Roman Dacia / Free Dacians Dacia Traiana Moesia Scythia Minor Dacia Aureliana Diocese of Dacia Dacia Mediterranea Dacia Ripensis Trajan Bridge Column Towns and cities Castra Limes Alutanus Moesiae Porolissensis Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes) Transalutanus Trajan's Wall Brazda lui Novac Culture Daco-Roman Thraco-Roman Eastern Romance substratum Research Archaeology sites in Romania Books Dacianism Dacology Thracology Category Commons WikiProject 1 Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdamclisiMetope32.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tropaeum Traiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropaeum_Traiani"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Dacian tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Getic-Dacian"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Dacians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Getic-Dacian"}],"text":"Tropaeum Traiani depicting a soldier armed with a falxThe history of Dacian warfare spans from c. 10th century BC up to the 2nd century AD in the region defined by Ancient Greek and Latin historians as Dacia, populated by a collection of Thracian, Ionian, and Dorian tribes.[1] It concerns the armed conflicts of the Dacian tribes and their kingdoms in the Balkans. Apart from conflicts between Dacians and neighboring nations and tribes, numerous wars were recorded among Dacians too.","title":"Dacian warfare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paleo-Balkanic_religion § Daco-Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Balkanic_religion#Daco-Thracian"}],"text":"See also: Paleo-Balkanic_religion § Daco-Thracian","title":"Mythological"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Burebista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Decebalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decebalus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdamclisiMetope32.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tropaeum Traiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropaeum_Traiani"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Dacian tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Getic-Dacian"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Dacians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Getic-Dacian"}],"text":"The Dacians fought amongst each other[2] but were later united under Burebista. However, after his death[3] in 44 BC, the empire again descended into conflict culminating in a full-scale civil war. This led to the division of Burebista's empire into five separate kingdoms, severely weakening the Dacian's defensive capabilities against enemies, particularly Rome.[4] The Dacian tribes were again consolidated under Decebalus, who achieved several military victories in a series of battles with the forces of Emperor Domitian.Tropaeum Traiani depicting a soldier armed with a falxThe history of Dacian warfare spans from c. 10th century BC up to the 2nd century AD in the region defined by Ancient Greek and Latin historians as Dacia, populated by a collection of Thracian, Ionian, and Dorian tribes.[1] It concerns the armed conflicts of the Dacian tribes and their kingdoms in the Balkans. Apart from conflicts between Dacians and neighboring nations and tribes, numerous wars were recorded among Dacians too.","title":"Tribal wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"Titus Flavius Domitianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"}],"text":"The two punitive expeditions mounted as a border defense against raids of Moesia from Dacia in 86-87 AD ordered by the Emperor Titus Flavius Domitianus (Domitian) in 87 AD, and 88 AD. The first expedition was an unmitigated disaster, and the second achieved a peace, seen as unfavorable and shameful by many in Rome.","title":"Domitian's Dacian War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_conquest"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"client state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state"},{"link_name":"legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Trajan's Dacian Wars. The two campaigns of conquest ordered or led by the Emperor Trajan in 101-102 AD, and 105-106 AD from Moesia across the Danube north into Dacia. Trajan's forces were successful in both cases, reducing Dacia to client state status in the first, and taking the territory over in the second. These wars involved no fewer than 13 legions.[5] The defeat reduced the Dacian territory as a mere Roman province. Rome ruled it, including the entire Transylvanian basin for 150 years. A succession of migratory waves by Visigoths, Huns, Gepids, Avars, and Slavs overran Dacia, cutting it off from the Roman and the Byzantine empires by the end of the sixth century.[1]","title":"Trajan's Dacian Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comati"},{"link_name":"pileati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pileati&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"The Dacians, like any other barbarian nation, never fielded a standing army, even though there was a warrior class of sorts, the comati, meaning \"long-haired people\". Instead, local chieftains, the pileati, meaning \"cap-wearing people\", raised a levy when required, a force only available after the harvesting season ended. The men themselves fought in everyday clothing defended merely by an oval shield, for body armor and helmets were only worn by the nobility.[6]","title":"Dacian troop types and organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians"},{"link_name":"militarized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarized"},{"link_name":"Roman provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"King Burebista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Tisza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisza"},{"link_name":"Marcus Vinicius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Vinicius_(consul_19_BC)"},{"link_name":"Licinius Mucianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Licinius_Mucianus"},{"link_name":"Aulus Vitellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitellius"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"Oppius Sabinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Oppius_Sabinus"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Fuscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Fuscus"},{"link_name":"Decebalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decebalus"},{"link_name":"Tettius Julianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tettius_Julianus"},{"link_name":"Tapae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapae"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War"},{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"Suebians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi"},{"link_name":"Iazyges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iazyges"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Criton of Heraclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criton_of_Heraclea"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-8"},{"link_name":"Free Dacians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Dacians"},{"link_name":"Scythian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dacian_Scale_Armour.JPG"},{"link_name":"draco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_Draco"},{"link_name":"weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon"},{"link_name":"arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal"},{"link_name":"falx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falx"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle"},{"link_name":"sica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sica"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"polearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polearm"},{"link_name":"blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade"},{"link_name":"warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior"},{"link_name":"shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield"},{"link_name":"Roman conquest of Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars"},{"link_name":"legionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionaries"},{"link_name":"helmets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmets"},{"link_name":"greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greave"},{"link_name":"manica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manica_(armguard)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falx_bgiu.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SicaAncient.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Decebalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decebalus"},{"link_name":"garrisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Sarmizegetusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"water supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply"},{"link_name":"Illyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Thracians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pannonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Drava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drava"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Marcus Annaeus Lucanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Phrygian type helmets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygian_type_helmet"},{"link_name":"Sarmatian helmets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarmatian_helmets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"carnyxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnyx"},{"link_name":"La Tène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Infantry and cavalry","text":"The Dacian tribes established a highly militarized society and, during the periods when the tribes were united under one king (82 -44 BC, 86-106 AD), posed a major threat to the Roman provinces of Lower Danube. Julius Caesar made preparations for war with King Burebista to prevent an invasion of Macedonia, however both rulers died in the same year. Dacia lost control over territories beyond the Danube and Tisza and collapsed into hostile fractions, now being able to master only 40,000 men from the previous 200,000. Dacia, however remained a formidable foe: in the winter of 10 BC, a raid across the Danube was repulsed by Marcus Vinicius. After some decades, the invasions restarted. A major one was just checked in 69 by Licinius Mucianus while on his way to battle Aulus Vitellius. In another one in 85 the Romans have almost lost Moesia, and its governor Oppius Sabinus was killed. The following year a Dacian force annihilated the army of Cornelius Fuscus under the new leader Decebalus after the victory of Tettius Julianus at Tapae. As the war dragged on, Domitian was distracted by the Suebians and Iazyges, and had to make a humiliating peace.[7] Later Trajan had attacked Decebalus two times, first making peace before reaching the capital, then taking it and conquering around a third of Dacia. According to Criton of Heraclea, the 500,000 POWs were taken.[8] The Free Dacians, allying with Scythian and Germanic tribes never stopped raiding the new Roman province.Dacian scale armourAfter the sound of the carnyx war trumpet, the Dacians went to battle with the draco. The most important weapon of their arsenal was the falx.[citation needed] This dreaded weapon, similar to a large sickle, came in two variants: a shorter, one-handed falx called a sica,[9] and a longer two-handed version, which was a polearm. It consisted of a three-feet long wooden shaft with a long curved iron blade of nearly-equal length attached to the end. The blade was sharpened only on the inside, and was reputed to be devastatingly effective. However, it left its user vulnerable because, using a two-handed weapon, the warrior could not also make use of a shield. Alternatively, it might be used as a hook, pulling away shields and cutting at vulnerable limbs.Using the falx, the Dacian warriors were able to counter the power of the compact, massed Roman formations. During the time of the Roman conquest of Dacia (101 - 102, 105 - 106), legionaries had reinforcing iron straps applied to their helmets. The Romans also introduced the use of leg and arm protectors (greaves and manica[citation needed]) as further protection against the falxes. This was one of the rare times in history where Roman armor was modified.An atypical falx. The handle was usually as long as, if not longer than, the blade.Sica, a small version of the falxThe Dacians were adept[citation needed] at surprise attacks and skillful, tactical withdrawals using the fortification system. During the wars with the Romans fought by their last king Decebalus (87-106), the Dacians almost crushed the Roman garrisons south of the Danube in a surprise[citation needed] attack launched over the frozen river ( winter of 101-102 ). Only the intervention of Emperor Trajan with the main army saved the Romans from a major defeat. But, by 106, the Dacians were surrounded in their capital Sarmizegetusa. The city was taken after the Romans discovered and destroyed[citation needed] the capital's water supply line.Dacians decorated their bodies with tattoos like the Illyrians[10] and the Thracians.[11] The Pannonians north of the Drava had accepted Roman rule out of fear of the Dacians.[12]Dacia remained a Roman province until 271.Marcus Annaeus Lucanus[13] 39 - 65 wrote of Dacian hordes;Have poured her captains, and the troops who guard the northern frontier from the Dacian hordesDacians that could afford armor wore customised Phrygian type helmets with solid crests (intricately decorated), domed helmets and Sarmatian helmets.[14] They fought with spears, javelins, falces, and one-sided battle axes, and used \"Draco\" carnyxes as standards. Most used only shields as a form of defense. Cavalry would be armed with a spear, a long La Tène sword and an oval shield; few in number, they relied heavily on Sarmatian allies for their mounted arm.Most[citation needed] of the infantry would wield a falx and perhaps a sica and would wear no armor at all, even shunning shields.","title":"Dacian troop types and organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thracians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians"},{"link_name":"Illyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Diadochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadochi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Mercenaries","text":"Dacian mercenaries were uncommon in contrast to the Thracians and the Illyrians but they could be found in the service of the Greek Diadochi[15] and of the Romans.[16]","title":"Dacian troop types and organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phrygian type helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygian_type_helmet"},{"link_name":"corselet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corselet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Nobility","text":"A 2nd century chieftain would wear a bronze Phrygian type helmet, a corselet of iron scale armor, an oval wooden shield with motifs and wield a sword.[17]","title":"Dacian troop types and organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popina Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popina_Island"}],"sub_title":"Navy","text":"The ancient historian Ptolemy mentions a naval battle between the Geto-Dacians and the Romans near the island of Eukon (most likely today's Popina Island).","title":"Dacian troop types and organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_Fortresses_of_the_Or%C4%83%C5%9Ftie_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Dava (Dacian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dava_(Dacian)"},{"link_name":"Murus dacicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murus_dacicus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetatea_Blidaru.JPG"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Trajan's column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_column"},{"link_name":"testudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudo_formation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"davas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dava_(Dacian)"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Sarmizegetusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"See also: Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains, Dava (Dacian), and Murus dacicusRemains of the Fortress of Blidaru.Dacians had built fortresses all around Dacia with most of them being on the Danube.[18] A scene from Trajan's column shows Romans attacking a Dacian fortification using the \"testudo\".[19]The Dacians constructed stone strongholds, davas, in the Carpathian Mountains in order to protect their capital Sarmizegetusa. The fortifications were built on a system of circular belts. This allowed[citation needed] the defenders, after a stronghold was lost, to retreat to the next one using hidden escape gates. Advanced defensive systems adopted from the Greeks made their already powerful strongholds extremely difficult obstacles.[6]","title":"Fortifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"External influences"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Thracian","title":"External influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dacian_Draco.svg"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dacia_2009,_page_170-21"},{"link_name":"Roxolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxolani"},{"link_name":"Iazyges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iazyges"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Scordisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordisci"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Scythian and Sarmatian","text":"A Dacian Draco.The Dacian Draco was the standard of the ancient Dacian military. It served as a standard for the Dacians of the La Tène period and its origin must clearly be sought in the art of Asia Minor sometime during the second millennium BC.[20]Sarmatians were part[21] of the Dacian army as allies.The Roxolani became part of the Dacians while the Iazyges fought against them trying to claim their own land.[22]The Celts played a very active role in Dacia as enemies that were easily defeated by Dacians.[23] The Scordisci were among the defeated Celts that the Dacians conquered.[24]","title":"External influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cothelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cothelas"},{"link_name":"Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Getae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getae"},{"link_name":"Hellenized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenized"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"sub_title":"Greek/Hellenic","text":"Cothelas had become a vassal to ancient Macedon.[citation needed] Some Kings of the Getae had been Hellenized[25] The Dacians traded with the Hellenistic world based upon their mineral reserves and gained better technological and cultural strategies than their Germanic and Celtic neighbours. Advanced defensive systems made their already powerful strongholds extremely difficult obstacles.[6]","title":"External influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_province_of_Dacia_(106_-_271_AD).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:057_Conrad_Cichorius,_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule,_Tafel_LVII_(Ausschnitt_02).jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-8"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Dacicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacicus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"}],"sub_title":"Roman","text":"Roman province of Dacia with Roman settlements and legion garrisons includedDacian armamentsAfter their defeat, the Dacians were ethnically cleansed. Young men were either killed or became slaves or legionaries. The remaining population was expelled and their lands were given to colonists.[8] Later, the Romans started minting a coin called Dacicus[26] was minted by Domitian.","title":"External influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dacians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Horace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"tyrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrants"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greeks"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dacia_2009,_page_54-30"},{"link_name":"Burebista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista"}],"text":"Dacians were spoken of by Trajan as dignified barbarians[27] consequently still dangerous, but unable to win against the might of Rome. 1st century BC poet Horace writes of them in one of his works and mentions them along with the Scythians[28] as tyrants and fierce barbarians. Later historian Tacitus writes that they are a people that can never be trusted.[29]The Ancient Greeks[30] expressed admiration and respect for Burebista.","title":"Barbarians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dacians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians"},{"link_name":"Scordisci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordisci"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Tapae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tapae"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Tapae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tapae"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Battle of Adamclisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adamclisi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sarmisegetusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sarmisegetusa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This is a list of battles or conflicts that Dacians had a leading or crucial role in, rarely as mercenaries. They were involved in massive battles against Roman legions.Unknown date. Celtic Boii in Bohemia against Dacian tribes from the lower Danube,[31] Dacian victory\n1st century BC Dacians against Scordisci,[citation needed] Dacian victory\n86\n87, First Battle of Tapae,[citation needed] Dacian victory\n88\n101, Second Battle of Tapae,[citation needed] Roman victory\n102, Battle of Adamclisi,[citation needed] Roman victory\n103, Battle of Gatae,[citation needed] Roman victory\n105\n106, Battle of Sarmisegetusa,[citation needed] Roman victory","title":"List of Dacian battles"}]
[{"image_text":"Tropaeum Traiani depicting a soldier armed with a falx","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AdamclisiMetope32.jpg/220px-AdamclisiMetope32.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tropaeum Traiani depicting a soldier armed with a falx","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AdamclisiMetope32.jpg/220px-AdamclisiMetope32.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dacian scale armour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dacian_Scale_Armour.JPG/220px-Dacian_Scale_Armour.JPG"},{"image_text":"An atypical falx. The handle was usually as long as, if not longer than, the blade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Falx_bgiu.png/220px-Falx_bgiu.png"},{"image_text":"Sica, a small version of the falx","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SicaAncient.jpg/220px-SicaAncient.jpg"},{"image_text":"Remains of the Fortress of Blidaru.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cetatea_Blidaru.JPG/220px-Cetatea_Blidaru.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Dacian Draco.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dacian_Draco.svg/220px-Dacian_Draco.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Roman province of Dacia with Roman settlements and legion garrisons included","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roman_province_of_Dacia_%28106_-_271_AD%29.svg/220px-Roman_province_of_Dacia_%28106_-_271_AD%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Dacian armaments","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/057_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_LVII_%28Ausschnitt_02%29.jpg/220px-057_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_LVII_%28Ausschnitt_02%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia"},{"title":"List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia"},{"title":"List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia"},{"title":"Thracian warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_warfare"},{"title":"Illyrian warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_warfare"},{"title":"Celtic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_warfare"},{"title":"Falx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falx"},{"title":"Sica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sica"}]
[{"reference":"Bugajski, Janus (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe. New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 829. ISBN 1563246767.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563246767","url_text":"1563246767"}]},{"reference":"Ramsey, Syed (2016). Tools of War: History of Weapons in Ancient Times. New Delhi: Alpha Editions. ISBN 9789386019806.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789386019806","url_text":"9789386019806"}]},{"reference":"Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Lanham: Hamilton Books. p. 146. ISBN 9780761844655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761844655","url_text":"9780761844655"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Julian (2005). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. Taylor & Francis e-Library. p. 87. ISBN 0-415-165245.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-165245","url_text":"0-415-165245"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Julian (2005). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. Taylor & Francis e-Library. p. 88. ISBN 0-415-165245.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-165245","url_text":"0-415-165245"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Julian (2005). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. Taylor & Francis e-Library. p. 104. ISBN 0-415-165245.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-165245","url_text":"0-415-165245"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_590_(Ontario)
List of secondary highways in Thunder Bay District
["1 Highway 527","2 Highway 580","3 Highway 582","4 Highway 584","5 Highway 585","6 Highway 586","7 Highway 587","7.1 History","8 Highway 588","8.1 Route description","8.2 Major intersections","9 Highway 589","9.1 Towns and Highways","10 Highway 590","10.1 Towns and Highways","11 Highway 591","12 Highway 593","13 Highway 595","13.1 Towns and highways","14 Highway 597","15 Highway 608","15.1 Towns and highways","16 Highway 614","17 Highway 625","18 Highway 627","19 Highway 628","20 Highway 643","21 References"]
List of Ontario secondary highways This is a list of secondary highways in Thunder Bay District, most of which serve as logging roads or provide access to the isolated and sparsely populated areas in the Thunder Bay District of northern Ontario. Highway 527 Highway 527Route informationMaintained by Ontario Ministry of TransportationLength235.1 km (146.1 mi)Existed1950s–presentMajor junctionsSouth end Highway 17 in ShuniahNorth end1st Avenue in Armstrong LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 526→ Highway 528 Secondary Highway 527, commonly referred to as Highway 527 is a provincial maintained secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of the longest secondary highways in the province; only Highway 599 is longer. Highway 527 spans a distance of 235.1 km (146.1 mi) from a junction with Highway 11 and Highway 17, the Trans-Canada Highway, in the community of Shuniah just outside Thunder Bay, to the small, remote community of Armstrong and neighbouring Whitesand Indian Reserve. The Gull Bay First Nation occupies one of the few permanent settlements on Highway 527, Gull Bay Reserve, situated on the western shore of Lake Nipigon about 70 kilometres south of Armstrong. The highway also passes the start of Highway 811 along its route. Highway 527 was created in the 1950s as a forest access road and designated Highway 800 in 1963. Throughout the 1960s, the route was gradually extended until it reached what is now Highway 811 in 1969. The route was designated Highway 527 in 1976. Except within the communities of Armstrong and Gull Bay, there are no services or development along this road. Highway 527 Highway 580 Highway 580Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength12.5 km (7.8 mi)Existed1956–presentMajor junctionsWest endPoplar Lodge at Lake NipigonEast end Highway 11 near Beardmore LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 579→ Highway 581 Secondary Highway 580, commonly referred to as Highway 580 is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is served to connect between Highway 11 near Beardmore to Poplar Lodge near Lake Nipigon. It is also known as The Spruce River Road. Highway 582 Highway 582Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength6.4 km (4.0 mi)Major junctionsSouthwest end Highway 11 / Highway 17 / TCH – Thunder BayNortheast end Highway 11 / Highway 17 / TCH – Nipigon LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay DistrictTownsHurkett Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 581→ Highway 583 Highway 582 is a short secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, which serves to connect the small community of Hurkett to Highway 17, the main route of the Trans-Canada Highway through the area. Highway 582 is itself a former route of Highway 17, which was given its current number when a new alignment of Highway 17 between the two endpoints was later constructed. Highway 584 Highway 584Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength53.1 km (33.0 mi)Major junctionsSouth endNorth of GeraldtonNorth endWarren Street in Nakina LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay DistrictTownsNakina, Geraldton Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 583→ Highway 585 Secondary Highway 584, commonly referred to as Highway 584 is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The southern terminus is north of the town of Geraldton in Greenstone, while the northern terminus is at Warren Street in Nakina, a length of 53.1 kilometres (33.0 mi). The road is signed as Michael Power Boulevard, First Avenue North, Third Street North, and Center Street. Highway 584 Highway 585 Highway 585Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength37.1 km (23.1 mi)Major junctionsSouth end Highway 11 / Highway 17 / TCH near Nipigon, OntarioNorth endPine Portage Hydroelectric Power Plant LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay DistrictTownsNipigon, Cameron Falls, Pine Portage Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 584→ Highway 586 Highway 585 is a 36 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Trans-Canada Highway 11/17 in Nipigon. It travels northward, parallel to the Nipigon River, through the community of Cameron Falls to the Pine Portage Hydroelectric Power Plant. Highway 586 Highway 586Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength5.2 km (3.2 mi)Existed1956–presentMajor junctionsWest endDead end at Shebandowan LakesEast end Highway 11 near Shebandowan LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 585→ Highway 587 Secondary Highway 586, commonly referred to as Highway 586 is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The western terminus is a dead end near the shores of the Shebandowan Lakes, while the eastern terminus is at an intersection with Highway 11, a length of 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi). The route was assigned in 1956, when Highway 11 was known as Highway 120. Highway 587 Highway 587Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength41.0 km (25.5 mi)Existed1956–presentMajor junctionsSouth endSilver Islet loop in Sleeping Giant Provincial ParkNorth end Highway 11 / Highway 17 / TCH near Loon LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 586→ Highway 588 Highway 587 is a secondary highway 40 kilometres away from Thunder Bay on the Sibley Peninsula. It travels 15 kilometres in the Township Of Shuniah then 22 kilometres in the Sleeping Giant Provincial Park. It begins at pass lake truck stop at Highway 11/Highway 17, and ends at Silver Islet, where it makes a 6 km (3.7 mi) loop around to connect with itself. Locations along the route include Pass Lake, Silver Islet and a campground called Marie Louise Lake Campground. History Highway 587 started out as a logging road in the 1800s and a connection to the silver mines at Silver Islet, Ontario. Later about the 1870s Sleeping Giant Provincial Park was incorporated and Highway 587 was in the planning stages. Finally about 1940 it was finished. The route was assumed as a provincial highway in 1956. Highway 588 Highway 588Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength54.0 km (33.6 mi)Major junctionsWest end0.8 km (0.50 mi) west of McKechnie Road in NolaluEast end Highway 11 / Highway 17 / TCH in Oliver Paipoonge LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay DistrictMajor citiesOliver Paipoonge, Whitefish River Valley Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 587→ Highway 589 Secondary Highway 588, commonly referred to as Highway 588, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District. Route description Highway 588 is a 54.0-kilometre (33.6 mi) road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Trans-Canada Highway 11/17 in Stanley, Ontario. It travels to approximately 10 kilometres west of the village of Suomi. The highway intersects with Highway 595 south of Hymers, Highway 590 in Nolalu, and Highway 593 between Nolalu and Suomi. Major intersections  Highway 590  Highway 593  Highway 595 Highway 589 Highway 589Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength25.7 km (16.0 mi)Major junctionsNorth endThunder Bay north limitsSouth endMary Lake Road near Jacques LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay DistrictMajor citiesThunder Bay, Lappe Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 588→ Highway 590 Highway 589, also known as Dog Lake Road, is a 31 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 102 (Dawson Road) in Thunder Bay. It travels north to Dog Lake. The highway intersects with Highway 591 in Lappe. Towns and Highways Highway 102 Highway 591 Lappe, Ontario Highway 590 Highway 590Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength23.7 km (14.7 mi)Existed1956–presentMajor junctionsSouth end Highway 588 in NolaluMajor intersections Highway 595East end Highway 11 / Highway 17 / TCH at Kakabeka Falls LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay DistrictMajor citiesKakabeka Falls, O'Connor, Gillies, Nolalu Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 589→ Highway 591 Highway 590 is a 26 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Trans-Canada Highway 11/17 in Kakabeka Falls. It travels west for approximately 12 kilometres then turns due south to terminate at Highway 588 in Nolalu. It intersects with Highway 595. Towns and Highways Kakabeka Falls O'Connor South Gillies Nolalu Highway 590 Highway 591 Highway 591Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength7.8 km (4.8 mi)Existed1956–presentMajor junctionsSouth end Highway 589 in Lappe, OntarioNorth endIsland Lake Road near Fowler LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay DistrictTownsLappe, Ontario Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 590→ Highway 592 Highway 591 is an 8 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 589 in Lappe. It travels west then north and terminates at the corners of Gilbride and Island Lake Roads, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northwest of Lappe. Highway 593 Highway 593Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength37.9 km (23.5 mi)Existed1956–presentMajor junctionsSouth end Highway 61 near Canada–US borderNorth end Highway 588 between Suomi and Nolalu LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 592→ Highway 594 Highway 593 is a 52 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 61, three kilometres north of the Pigeon River border crossing at the Canada–US border. It travels west then north and terminates at Highway 588 between Suomi and Nolalu. Highway 595 Highway 595Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength39.3 km (24.4 mi)Existed1956–presentMajor junctionsSouth end Highway 597 near PardeeMajor intersections Highway 608 at South Gillies Highway 588 near HymersNorth end Highway 590 west of Kakabeka Falls LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay DistrictTownsGillies, Hymers Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 594→ Highway 596 Highway 595 is a 41 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 597, 22 kilometres southwest of South Gillies. It travels west then north to Highway 590, 8 kilometres west of Kakabeka Falls. It intersects with Highway 588 south of Hymers and Highway 608 at South Gillies. Towns and highways Highway 588 Highway 590 Highway 597 Highway 608 Gillies Hymers Highway 595 at Hymers Highway 597 Highway 597Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength15.3 km (9.5 mi)Major junctionsSouth endCloud Lake Road at PardeeMajor intersections Highway 595North end Highway 608 east of South Gillies LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 596→ Highway 599 Highway 597 is a 15.3-kilometre (9.5 mi) road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 595 in the Cloud Lake area. It travels north to Highway 608, east of South Gillies. Highway 608 Highway 608Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength19.0 km (11.8 mi)Major junctionsWest end Highway 595 at South GiliesEast end Highway 61 at Moose Hill LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 607A→ Highway 609 Secondary Highway 608, commonly referred to as Highway 608, is a secondary highway in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 595 in South Gillies. It travels 19.0 kilometres (11.8 mi) east to Highway 61, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Highway 130 in Neebing, Ontario at the community of Moose Hill. Towns and highways Highway 597 Highway 61 Neebing, Ontario South Gillies Highway 614 Highway 614Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength51.8 km (32.2 mi)Existed1956–presentMajor junctionsSouth end  Highway 17 / TCH – Marathon, White RiverNorth endAdjala Avenue in Manitouwadge LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 613→ Highway 615 Secondary Highway 614, commonly referred to as Highway 614, is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District. The route connects Highway 17 (the Trans-Canada Highway) east of Marathon with the mining town of Manitouwadge, where it ends at Adjala Avenue. The route is 51.8 kilometres (32.2 mi) in length. Highway 614 was assumed in early 1956. Southern terminus of Highway 614 at Highway 17 Highway 625 Highway 625Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength29.6 km (18.4 mi)ExistedApril 17, 1958–presentMajor junctionsSouth endTamarac Drive in CaramatNorth end  Highway 11 / TCH near Longlac LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 624→ Highway 627 Former provincial highways Highway 626  → Secondary Highway 625, commonly referred to as Highway 625, is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District. The route begins at Tamarac Drive in the community of Caramat. It travels north 29.6 kilometres (18.4 mi) and ends at Highway 11 (the Trans-Canada Highway) approximately 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) east of Longlac. Highway 625 was assumed on April 17, 1958. Highway 627 Highway 627Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength13.2 km (8.2 mi)ExistedJuly 17, 1958–presentMajor junctionsNorth end  Highway 17 / TCH near MarathonSouth endPukaskwa National Park near Pic River LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 625→ Highway 628 Former provincial highways ←  Highway 626 Secondary Highway 627, commonly referred to as Highway 627, is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District. The route begins at the visitor's centre for Pukaskwa National Park, from which it travels north 13.2 kilometres (8.2 mi) to end at Highway 17 (the Trans-Canada Highway) just east of Marathon. Highway 627 was assumed on July 17 and July 30, 1958, connecting Heron Bay with Highway 17. It was extended south through the Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation to Pukaskwa National Park circa 1982. Highway 627 at Heron Bay Highway 628 Highway 628Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength7.3 km (4.5 mi)ExistedJuly 28, 1961–presentMajor junctionsWest end   Highway 11 / Highway 17 / TCH near NipigonEast endRedditt CNR station in Red Rock LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDivisionsThunder Bay DistrictTownsRed Rock Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 627→ Highway 630 Secondary Highway 628, commonly referred to as Highway 628, is a 7.3-kilometre (4.5 mi) secondary highway in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Trans-Canada Highway, Highway 11/Highway 17 approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southeast of Nipigon. It travels east to the town of Red Rock. Highway 628 was assumed by the Department of Highways, predecessor to the Ministry of Transportation on July 28, 1961. It remained unchanged from then until 2015, when construction began on four laning Highway 11/17 between Red Rock Road 9 and Stillwater Creek. The route was extended approximately 350 m (1,150 ft) west in June 2019 to the newly opened four lane highway. Highway 628 near Red Rock Highway 643 Highway 643Route informationMaintained by Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength19.6 km (12.2 mi)ExistedNovember 7, 1963–presentMajor junctionsWest endCavell Road near Aroland First NationEast end Highway 584 near Nakina LocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioDistrictsThunder Bay District Highway system Ontario provincial highways Current Former 400-series ← Highway 642→ Highway 645 Former provincial highways Highway 644  → Secondary Highway 643, commonly referred to as Highway 643, is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District. Its total length is approximately 19.6 kilometres (12.2 mi) and runs roughly on a northwest–southeast orientation. The northern terminus intersects Exton Road northwest of Aroland First Nation while the southern terminus intersects Highway 584 near Exton. A proposed all-season access road would connect Marten Falls First Nation to Highway 643. Highway 643 was assumed by the Department of Highways, predecessor to the modern Ministry of Transportation, in 1963. Although a short 1 km section within Danford Township was assumed on November 7, the majority of its length through Rupert Township and Exton Township was assumed on November 21. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2016). "Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts". Retrieved February 1, 2021. ^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ontario Department of Highways. 1956. ^ "Ontario Secondary Roads Now Designated 500, 600". The Globe and Mail. Vol. 112, no. 33, 119. February 4, 1956. p. 4. Two new Ontario road numbers appear on the province's 1956 official road map which will be ready for distribution next week. The new numbers are the 500 and 600 series and designate hundreds of miles of secondary roads which are wholly maintained by the Highways Department. More than 100 secondary roads will have their own numbers and signs this year. All of these secondary roads were taken into the province's main highways system because they form important connecting links with the King's Highways ^ Ontario Department of Highways (March 31, 1959). "Appendix No. 3A – Schedule of designations and Re-designations of Sections of the King's Highway and Secondary Highway Systems for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 1961". Annual Report (Report). pp. 237–239. Retrieved February 7, 2021. ^ Ontario Department of Highways (March 31, 1959). "Appendix No. 3A – Schedule of designations and Re-designations of Sections of the King's Highway and Secondary Highway Systems for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 1959". Annual Report (Report). pp. 237–239. Retrieved February 7, 2021. ^ Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Photogrammetrey Office. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1982–83. § M9. ^ a b Ontario Department of Highways (March 31, 1961). "Appendix No. 3A – Schedule Of designations And Re-designations Of Sections of the King's Highway and Secondary Highway Systems for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 1961". Annual Report (Report). pp. 241–242. Retrieved February 7, 2021. ^ Widening of Highway 11/17 section ahead of schedule, reports MTO ^ a b Ontario Department of Highways (March 31, 1964). "Appendix No. 3A – Schedule of Assumptions of Sections". Annual Report (Report). p. 269. Retrieved February 8, 2021. ^ "Marten Falls Access Road Project Overview". vteOntario Provincial Highway NetworkThe King's HighwaysCurrent highways 2 3 4 5 6 7 7A 8 9 10 11 11B 12 15 16 17 17A 17B 19 20 21 23 24 26 27 28 33 34 35 37 40 41 48 49 58 58A 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 69 71 72 77 85 89 93 94 101 102 105 108 112 115 118 124 125 127 129 130 132 137 138 140 141 144 148 400-series highways 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 409 410 412 416 417 418 420 427 QEW Former highways 2A 2B 2S 3B 4A 5A 7B 8A 8B 8D 11A 12B 14 15A 18 18A 18B 22 24A 25 29 30 31 32 35A 35B 36 38 39 40A 40B 40C 42 43 44 45 46 47 48B 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 59 61B 68 70 73 74 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 90 91 92 95 96 97 98 99 100 103 104 106 107 109 110 111 114 116 117 119 120 121 122 123 126 128 131 133 134 135 136 169 400A Proposed 413 Bradford Bypass Secondary highwaysSecondary highways 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 518 519 520 522 522B 523 524 525 526 527 528 528A 529 529A 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 539A 540 540A 540B 541 541A 542 542A 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 560A 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 577 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 607A 608 609 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 630 631 632 633 634 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 650 651 652 654 655 656 657 658 661 663 664 665 667 668 670 671 672 673 By district Algoma Cochrane Kenora Manitoulin Nipissing Parry Sound Rainy River Sudbury Thunder Bay Timiskaming Tertiary roads            Tertiary roads 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 List Category WikiProject
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"logging roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging_road"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"}],"text":"This is a list of secondary highways in Thunder Bay District, most of which serve as logging roads or provide access to the isolated and sparsely populated areas in the Thunder Bay District of northern Ontario.","title":"List of secondary highways in Thunder Bay District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provincial maintained secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_in_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_599"},{"link_name":"Highway 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Highway 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_17"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"Shuniah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuniah,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay"},{"link_name":"Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong,_Thunder_Bay_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Whitesand Indian Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesand_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-1"},{"link_name":"Gull Bay First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull_Bay_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"Highway 811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_811"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hwy_527_ON.JPG"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 527, commonly referred to as Highway 527 is a provincial maintained secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of the longest secondary highways in the province; only Highway 599 is longer. Highway 527 spans a distance of 235.1 km (146.1 mi) from a junction with Highway 11 and Highway 17, the Trans-Canada Highway, in the community of Shuniah just outside Thunder Bay, to the small, remote community of Armstrong and neighbouring Whitesand Indian Reserve.[1]The Gull Bay First Nation occupies one of the few permanent settlements on Highway 527, Gull Bay Reserve, situated on the western shore of Lake Nipigon about 70 kilometres south of Armstrong. The highway also passes the start of Highway 811 along its route.Highway 527 was created in the 1950s as a forest access road and designated Highway 800 in 1963. Throughout the 1960s, the route was gradually extended until it reached what is now Highway 811 in 1969. The route was designated Highway 527 in 1976. Except within the communities of Armstrong and Gull Bay, there are no services or development along this road.Highway 527","title":"Highway 527"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Highway_Network"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Beardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstone,_Ontario"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 580, commonly referred to as Highway 580 is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is served to connect between Highway 11 near Beardmore to Poplar Lodge near Lake Nipigon. It is also known as The Spruce River Road.","title":"Highway 580"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_highways_in_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Hurkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurkett,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_17"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"}],"text":"Highway 582 is a short secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, which serves to connect the small community of Hurkett to Highway 17, the main route of the Trans-Canada Highway through the area.Highway 582 is itself a former route of Highway 17, which was given its current number when a new alignment of Highway 17 between the two endpoints was later constructed.","title":"Highway 582"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Highway_Network#Secondary_highway"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Geraldton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Greenstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstone,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Nakina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakina,_Ontario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hwy_584_ON.JPG"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 584, commonly referred to as Highway 584 is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The southern terminus is north of the town of Geraldton in Greenstone, while the northern terminus is at Warren Street in Nakina, a length of 53.1 kilometres (33.0 mi). The road is signed as Michael Power Boulevard, First Avenue North, Third Street North, and Center Street.Highway 584","title":"Highway 584"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_17"},{"link_name":"Nipigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipigon,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Nipigon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipigon_River"},{"link_name":"Cameron Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Falls,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Pine Portage Hydroelectric Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine_Portage_Hydroelectric_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Highway 585 is a 36 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Trans-Canada Highway 11/17 in Nipigon. It travels northward, parallel to the Nipigon River, through the community of Cameron Falls to the Pine Portage Hydroelectric Power Plant.","title":"Highway 585"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Highway_Network#Secondary_highway"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Shebandowan Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebandowan_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Highway 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Highway 120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_120"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 586, commonly referred to as Highway 586 is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The western terminus is a dead end near the shores of the Shebandowan Lakes, while the eastern terminus is at an intersection with Highway 11, a length of 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi). The route was assigned in 1956, when Highway 11 was known as Highway 120.","title":"Highway 586"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunder Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay"},{"link_name":"Sibley Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibley_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Giant Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Giant_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"Highway 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Highway 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_17"},{"link_name":"Silver Islet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Islet,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Pass Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_Lake,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Marie Louise Lake Campground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Giant_Provincial_Park"}],"text":"Highway 587 is a secondary highway 40 kilometres away from Thunder Bay on the Sibley Peninsula. It travels 15 kilometres in the Township Of Shuniah then 22 kilometres in the Sleeping Giant Provincial Park. It begins at pass lake truck stop at Highway 11/Highway 17, and ends at Silver Islet, where it makes a 6 km (3.7 mi) loop around to connect with itself. Locations along the route include Pass Lake, Silver Islet and a campground called Marie Louise Lake Campground.","title":"Highway 587"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silver Islet, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Islet,_Ontario"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Highway 587 started out as a logging road in the 1800s and a connection to the silver mines at Silver Islet, Ontario.\nLater about the 1870s Sleeping Giant Provincial Park was incorporated and Highway 587 was in the planning stages. Finally about 1940 it was finished. The route was assumed as a provincial highway in 1956.","title":"Highway 587"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provincially maintained highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_highways_in_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 588, commonly referred to as Highway 588, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District.","title":"Highway 588"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_17"},{"link_name":"Stanley, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Paipoonge,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_595"},{"link_name":"Hymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymers,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_590"},{"link_name":"Nolalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolalu"},{"link_name":"Highway 593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_593"}],"sub_title":"Route description","text":"Highway 588 is a 54.0-kilometre (33.6 mi) road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Trans-Canada Highway 11/17 in Stanley, Ontario. It travels to approximately 10 kilometres west of the village of Suomi. The highway intersects with Highway 595 south of Hymers, Highway 590 in Nolalu, and Highway 593 between Nolalu and Suomi.","title":"Highway 588"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_590"},{"link_name":"Highway 593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_593"},{"link_name":"Highway 595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_595"}],"sub_title":"Major intersections","text":"Highway 590\n Highway 593\n Highway 595","title":"Highway 588"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_102_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay"},{"link_name":"Dog Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Lake_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Highway 591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_591_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Lappe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappe,_Ontario"}],"text":"Highway 589, also known as Dog Lake Road, is a 31 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 102 (Dawson Road) in Thunder Bay. It travels north to Dog Lake. The highway intersects with Highway 591 in Lappe.","title":"Highway 589"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_102_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Highway 591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_591_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Lappe, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappe,_Ontario"}],"sub_title":"Towns and Highways","text":"Highway 102\nHighway 591\nLappe, Ontario","title":"Highway 589"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_17"},{"link_name":"Kakabeka Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakabeka_Falls,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_588"},{"link_name":"Nolalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolalu,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_595"}],"text":"Highway 590 is a 26 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Trans-Canada Highway 11/17 in Kakabeka Falls. It travels west for approximately 12 kilometres then turns due south to terminate at Highway 588 in Nolalu. It intersects with Highway 595.","title":"Highway 590"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kakabeka Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakabeka_Falls"},{"link_name":"O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Connor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"South Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gillies,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Nolalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolalu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:O%27Connor_ON_1.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Towns and Highways","text":"Kakabeka Falls\nO'Connor\nSouth Gillies\nNolaluHighway 590","title":"Highway 590"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_589"},{"link_name":"Lappe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappe,_Ontario"}],"text":"Highway 591 is an 8 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 589 in Lappe. It travels west then north and terminates at the corners of Gilbride and Island Lake Roads, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northwest of Lappe.","title":"Highway 591"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_61"},{"link_name":"Highway 588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_588"},{"link_name":"Nolalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolalu"}],"text":"Highway 593 is a 52 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 61, three kilometres north of the Pigeon River border crossing at the Canada–US border. It travels west then north and terminates at Highway 588 between Suomi and Nolalu.","title":"Highway 593"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_597_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"South Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillies,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_590_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Kakabeka Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakabeka_Falls,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_588_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Highway 608","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_608_(Ontario)"}],"text":"Highway 595 is a 41 kilometre road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 597, 22 kilometres southwest of South Gillies. It travels west then north to Highway 590, 8 kilometres west of Kakabeka Falls. It intersects with Highway 588 south of Hymers and Highway 608 at South Gillies.","title":"Highway 595"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_588_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Highway 590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_590_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Highway 597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_597_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Highway 608","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_608_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillies,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Hymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymers,_Ontario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hymers_ON.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Towns and highways","text":"Highway 588\nHighway 590\nHighway 597\nHighway 608\nGillies\nHymersHighway 595 at Hymers","title":"Highway 595"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_595"},{"link_name":"Highway 608","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_608"},{"link_name":"South Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillies,_Ontario"}],"text":"Highway 597 is a 15.3-kilometre (9.5 mi) road in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 595 in the Cloud Lake area. It travels north to Highway 608, east of South Gillies.","title":"Highway 597"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_in_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_595"},{"link_name":"Highway 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_61"},{"link_name":"Highway 130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_130"},{"link_name":"Neebing, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neebing,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Moose Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_Hill,_Ontario"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 608, commonly referred to as Highway 608, is a secondary highway in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Highway 595 in South Gillies. It travels 19.0 kilometres (11.8 mi) east to Highway 61, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Highway 130 in Neebing, Ontario at the community of Moose Hill.","title":"Highway 608"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_597"},{"link_name":"Highway 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_61"},{"link_name":"Neebing, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neebing,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"South Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillies,_Ontario"}],"sub_title":"Towns and highways","text":"Highway 597\nHighway 61\nNeebing, Ontario\nSouth Gillies","title":"Highway 608"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Highway_Network#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District"},{"link_name":"Highway 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_17"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Manitouwadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitouwadge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec-map-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec-designated-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hwy_614_Ontario.JPG"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 614, commonly referred to as Highway 614, is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District. The route connects Highway 17 (the Trans-Canada Highway) east of Marathon with the mining town of Manitouwadge, where it ends at Adjala Avenue. The route is 51.8 kilometres (32.2 mi) in length.[1] Highway 614 was assumed in early 1956.[2][3]Southern terminus of Highway 614 at Highway 17","title":"Highway 614"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Highway_Network#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District"},{"link_name":"Caramat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramat,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Highway 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"Longlac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longlac,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1958_report-4"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 625, commonly referred to as Highway 625, is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District. The route begins at Tamarac Drive in the community of Caramat. It travels north 29.6 kilometres (18.4 mi) and ends at Highway 11 (the Trans-Canada Highway) approximately 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) east of Longlac.[1] Highway 625 was assumed on April 17, 1958.[4]","title":"Highway 625"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Highway_Network#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District"},{"link_name":"Pukaskwa National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukaskwa_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Highway 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_17"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1958_report2-5"},{"link_name":"Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibways_of_the_Pic_River_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heron_Bay_ON.JPG"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 627, commonly referred to as Highway 627, is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District. The route begins at the visitor's centre for Pukaskwa National Park, from which it travels north 13.2 kilometres (8.2 mi) to end at Highway 17 (the Trans-Canada Highway) just east of Marathon.[1] Highway 627 was assumed on July 17 and July 30, 1958, connecting Heron Bay with Highway 17.[5]\nIt was extended south through the Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation to Pukaskwa National Park circa 1982.[6]Highway 627 at Heron Bay","title":"Highway 627"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_in_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"Highway 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Highway 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_17"},{"link_name":"Nipigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipigon"},{"link_name":"Red Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rock,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1961_report-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hwy_628_Ontario.JPG"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 628, commonly referred to as Highway 628, is a 7.3-kilometre (4.5 mi) secondary highway in the Thunder Bay District of Northwestern Ontario, starting at Trans-Canada Highway, Highway 11/Highway 17 approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southeast of Nipigon. It travels east to the town of Red Rock.Highway 628 was assumed by the Department of Highways, predecessor to the Ministry of Transportation on July 28, 1961.[7]\nIt remained unchanged from then until 2015, when construction began on four laning Highway 11/17 between Red Rock Road 9 and Stillwater Creek. The route was extended approximately 350 m (1,150 ft) west in June 2019 to the newly opened four lane highway.[8]Highway 628 near Red Rock","title":"Highway 628"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Highway_Network#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District"},{"link_name":"Aroland First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroland_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"Highway 584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_584"},{"link_name":"Exton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Marten Falls First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten_Falls_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1963_report-9"}],"text":"Secondary Highway 643, commonly referred to as Highway 643, is a secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District. Its total length is approximately 19.6 kilometres (12.2 mi) and runs roughly on a northwest–southeast orientation. The northern terminus intersects Exton Road northwest of Aroland First Nation while the southern terminus intersects Highway 584 near Exton. A proposed all-season access road would connect Marten Falls First Nation to Highway 643.[10]Highway 643 was assumed by the Department of Highways, predecessor to the modern Ministry of Transportation, in 1963. Although a short 1 km section within Danford Township was assumed on November 7, the majority of its length through Rupert Township and Exton Township was assumed on November 21.[9]","title":"Highway 643"}]
[{"image_text":"Highway 527","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hwy_527_ON.JPG/230px-Hwy_527_ON.JPG"},{"image_text":"Highway 584","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hwy_584_ON.JPG/230px-Hwy_584_ON.JPG"},{"image_text":"Highway 590","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/O%27Connor_ON_1.JPG/230px-O%27Connor_ON_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Highway 595 at Hymers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hymers_ON.JPG/230px-Hymers_ON.JPG"},{"image_text":"Southern terminus of Highway 614 at Highway 17","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hwy_614_Ontario.JPG/230px-Hwy_614_Ontario.JPG"},{"image_text":"Highway 627 at Heron Bay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Heron_Bay_ON.JPG/230px-Heron_Bay_ON.JPG"},{"image_text":"Highway 628 near Red Rock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hwy_628_Ontario.JPG/230px-Hwy_628_Ontario.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2016). \"Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts\". Retrieved February 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario","url_text":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario"},{"url":"https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/tvSplash.aspx","url_text":"\"Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts\""}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ontario Department of Highways. 1956.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ontario Secondary Roads Now Designated 500, 600\". The Globe and Mail. Vol. 112, no. 33, 119. February 4, 1956. p. 4. Two new Ontario road numbers appear on the province's 1956 official road map which will be ready for distribution next week. The new numbers are the 500 and 600 series and designate hundreds of miles of secondary roads which are wholly maintained by the Highways Department. More than 100 secondary roads will have their own numbers and signs this year. All of these secondary roads were taken into the province's main highways system because they form important connecting links with the King's Highways","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ontario Department of Highways (March 31, 1959). \"Appendix No. 3A – Schedule of designations and Re-designations of Sections of the King's Highway and Secondary Highway Systems for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 1961\". Annual Report (Report). pp. 237–239. Retrieved February 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zWEPAAAAIAAJ&q=%2211+625+11%22","url_text":"Annual Report"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Department of Highways (March 31, 1959). \"Appendix No. 3A – Schedule of designations and Re-designations of Sections of the King's Highway and Secondary Highway Systems for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 1959\". Annual Report (Report). pp. 237–239. Retrieved February 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zWEPAAAAIAAJ&q=%22627+627+P+-+3412%22","url_text":"Annual Report"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by Photogrammetrey Office. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1982–83. § M9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ontario Department of Highways (March 31, 1961). \"Appendix No. 3A – Schedule Of designations And Re-designations Of Sections of the King's Highway and Secondary Highway Systems for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 1961\". Annual Report (Report). pp. 241–242. Retrieved February 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f2tOAAAAMAAJ&q=628","url_text":"Annual Report"}]},{"reference":"Ontario Department of Highways (March 31, 1964). \"Appendix No. 3A – Schedule of Assumptions of Sections\". Annual Report (Report). p. 269. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gYb_pMUWRp4C&q=%22643%22","url_text":"Annual Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Marten Falls Access Road Project Overview\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.martenfallsaccessroad.ca/project-overview/","url_text":"\"Marten Falls Access Road Project Overview\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/tvSplash.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zWEPAAAAIAAJ&q=%2211+625+11%22","external_links_name":"Annual Report"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zWEPAAAAIAAJ&q=%22627+627+P+-+3412%22","external_links_name":"Annual Report"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f2tOAAAAMAAJ&q=628","external_links_name":"Annual Report"},{"Link":"https://canada.constructconnect.com/dcn/news/projects/2019/05/widening-highway-11-17-section-ahead-schedule-reports-mto","external_links_name":"Widening of Highway 11/17 section ahead of schedule, reports MTO"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gYb_pMUWRp4C&q=%22643%22","external_links_name":"Annual Report"},{"Link":"http://www.martenfallsaccessroad.ca/project-overview/","external_links_name":"\"Marten Falls Access Road Project Overview\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Talagon
Volkswagen Talagon
["1 Overview","1.1 Powertrain","2 References","3 External links"]
Chinese full-size crossover SUV produced by German brand Motor vehicle Volkswagen Talagon2021 Volkswagen TalagonOverviewManufacturerVolkswagenProduction2021–presentAssemblyChina: Tianjin (FAW-VW)Body and chassisClassFull-size crossover SUVBody style5-door SUVLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-driveFront-engine, all-wheel-drivePlatformVolkswagen Group MQB EvoRelatedVolkswagen TavendorVolkswagen Teramont/AtlasAudi Q6Volkswagen ViloranPowertrainEnginePetrol:2.0 L EA888 DPL TSI I42.0 L EA888 DKX TSI I42.5 L EA390 DPK VR6Power output137 kW (183 hp; 186 PS) (2.0L '330 TSI')162 kW (217 hp; 220 PS) (2.0L '380 TSI')220 kW (295 hp; 299 PS) (2.5L '530 V6')Transmission7-speed DSGDimensionsWheelbase2,980 mm (117.3 in)Length5,152 mm (202.8 in)Width2,002 mm (78.8 in)Height1,795 mm (70.7 in) The Volkswagen Talagon (Chinese: 大众揽境; pinyin: Dàzhòng Lǎnjìng) is a full-size crossover SUV with three-row seating manufactured by the German automaker Volkswagen through FAW-Volkswagen joint venture in China since 2021. It is the largest SUV model produced by the company and also the second largest vehicle based on the MQB platform, after the Viloran minivan. Overview The Talagon was previewed by a near-production concept vehicle called the SMV (Sport Multi-Purpose Vehicle) in April 2019. The production version was unveiled at Auto Shanghai in April 2021. The vehicle is based on the modular MQB platform in its most stretched configuration. Considered as a sister model to the Teramont/Atlas, it is slightly larger by around 110 mm (4.3 in) in length and 12 mm (0.5 in) in width. Rear view Interior Powertrain The engine configurations are carried from the Teramont, which include a 2.0-litre turbocharged engine that can produce 186 PS (183 hp; 137 kW) and 220 PS (217 hp; 162 kW), which are labeled '330 TSI' and '380 TSI' respectively. A 2.5-litre VR6 engine labeled as '530 V6' is also offered. All configurations are paired with a wet 7-speed DSG transmission. Petrol engines Model Displacement Series Power Torque Transmission 2.0 '330 TSI' 1,984 cc (121.1 cu in) I4 EA888 (DPL) 186 PS (183 hp; 137 kW) 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) 7-speed DSG 2.0 '380 TSI' 1,984 cc (121.1 cu in) I4 EA888 (DKX) 220 PS (217 hp; 162 kW) 350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft) 7-speed DSG 2.5 '530 V6' 2,492 cc (152.1 cu in) VR6 EA390 (DPK/DDK) 299 PS (295 hp; 220 kW) 500 N⋅m (369 lb⋅ft) 7-speed DSG References ^ "Volkswagen at „Auto Shanghai": SUV night in Shanghai features four world premieres". volkswagenag.com. Retrieved 2021-07-20. ^ "Volkswagen SMV Unveiled As 7-Seat SUV Larger Than Atlas". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ autotimesnews (2021-04-19). "Volkswagen presented its largest crossover Talagon in Shanghai". Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ "Volkswagen Talagon (CN)". AutoWeek (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ "Volkswagen Talagon стал самым крупным кроссовером марки" . autoreview.ru (in Russian). 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ "2021上海车展丨岂止于大 一汽大众揽境实拍解码_途昂". sohu.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ 新浪汽车原创 (2021-04-20). "大众最大SUV诞生 大众揽境静态解析" . auto.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ "2021上海车展丨轴距近3米 一汽-大众Talagon揽境正式发布" . chejiahao.autohome.com.cn. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ "FAW-Volkswagen Talagon, is it SUV or MPV?". inf.news. 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ "2021上海车展：一汽-大众揽境正式亮相_途昂" . sohu.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volkswagen Talagon. vteVolkswagen passenger carsA marque of the Volkswagen GroupSee also: Volkswagen Commercial VehiclesCurrentvehiclesCars Arteon/CC Bora Golf ID.3 ID.7 Jetta/Sagitar/Vento Lamando Lavida Passat/Magotan Passat (China) Polo Virtus / Polo Sedan / Lavida XR SUVs/Crossovers Atlas/Teramont ID.4 ID.5 ID.6 T-Cross/Tacqua/Taigun T-Roc Taigo/Nivus Talagon Taos/Tharu Tavendor Tayron Tiguan Touareg MPVs ID. Buzz Touran Viloran DiscontinuedvehiclesAircooled 181 411/412 (Type 4) 1500/1600 (Type 3) Beetle (Type 1) Brasília Country Buggy/Sakbayan Gacel Hebmüller Cabriolet Karmann Ghia Kommandeurswagen Kübelwagen Schwimmwagen Senda SP1/SP2 Type 18A Type 147 (Fridolin) VW-Porsche 914 Watercooled Ameo Apollo Atlantic Beetle C-Trek Cabrio Cabriolet Carat Caribe Citi Golf (China) Citi Golf (South Africa) Clásico Corrado Corsar Dasher Derby Eos Fox Gol Golf Plus Golf Sportsvan Iltis K70 Logus Lupo New Beetle Parati Passat Lingyu Passat (North America) Phaeton Phideon Pointer Polo Playa Polo (Russia) Quantum Rabbit Routan Santana Scirocco Sharan SpaceCross Suran/SpaceFox Taro Up Vento/Polo Sedan Voyage/Gol Sedan XL1 Conceptvehicles 1-Litre/L1/XL1 Concept Alltrack Concept ARVW Auto 2000 Bio Runner BUDD-e Bulli Concept C Coupe GTE Chico Concept A Concept BlueSport Concept D Concept R CrossBlue Concept Cross Coupe GTE concept EcoRacer EDAG Biwak (New Beetle estate) GTI Roadster/Supersport Vision Gran Turismo GX3 ID.2all I.D. Buggy I.D. Buzz I.D. Crozz I.D. R I.D. Roomzz I.D. Space Vizzion ID. Vizzion ID. Life ID. Aero ID.Next Iroc Magellan Microbus Concept Milano Taxi New Beetle Ragster New Compact Coupé Phaeton D2 Concept SMV Concept Stanley T-Cross Breeze Concept T-Roc Concept T-Prime Concept GTE Taigun Concept Tarok Concept Touran HyMotion W12 Coupe/Roadster (Nardò) XL Sport Concept e-Beetle Concept Racing cars Polo R WRC I.D. R Formula Vee EMPI Imp Baja Bug Meyers Manx Race Touareg Engines Petrol engines Discontinued petrol engines G40 / G60 VR6 engine Diesel engines Discontinued diesel engines North American engines Air-cooled engine Wasserboxer Factories Autoeuropa Bratislava Chattanooga Transparent Factory Westmoreland Wolfsburg Zwickau Related List of passenger cars Emissions scandal 4Motion Advertising AutoMuseum Volkswagen BlueMotion Ehra-Lessien Deutsche Arbeitsfront G-Lader Herbie Platforms Volkswagen R Westfalia Camper Category vteVolkswagen Passenger Cars, a marque of the Volkswagen Group, car timeline, Chinese market, 1980s–present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 Subcompact/supermini (B) hatchback Gol II Polo → Polo Jinqing IV Polo V Polo Plus VI sedan Polo → Polo Jingqu IV Lavida XR Compact (C) hatchback/station wagon Santana Variant I Gran/Cross Santana II Gran/Cross Lavida II Gran Lavida III C-Trek Golf IV → Bora HS Golf VI Golf VII Golf VIII Golf Sportsvan sedan Santana I Santana II Jetta I Jetta II Lavida → Lavida Classic I Lavida → Lavida Qihang II Lavida Plus III Citi Golf Bora → Bora Classic I Bora II Bora → Bora Classic III Bora IV Lamando Lamando L Sagitar I Sagitar II Sagitar III Mid-size sedan (D) Passat → Passat Classic V Passat Lingyu Passat NMS I Passat VIII Magotan I Magotan II Magotan III Magotan IV CC I CC II ID.7 S ID.7 Vizzion Executive sedan (E) Phideon Subcompact SUV (B) T-Cross Tacqua T-Roc Compact SUV (C) Tharu ID.4 X ID.4 Crozz ID. UNYX Tiguan → Tiguan Silk Road I Tiguan L II Tiguan L Pro III Tayron Mid-size SUV (D) ID.6 X ID.6 Crozz Teramont Talagon Tavendor Compact MPV Touran I Touran L II Caddy III Full-size minivan Viloran      Manufactured by SAIC-Volkswagen        Manufactured by FAW-Volkswagen        Manufactured by Volkswagen AnhuiExcluding imported models A marque of the Volkswagen Group Volkswagen Group China List of Volkswagen passenger vehicles
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"full-size crossover SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-size_crossover_SUV"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"FAW-Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW-Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUV"},{"link_name":"MQB platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_MQB_platform"},{"link_name":"Viloran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Viloran"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Volkswagen Talagon (Chinese: 大众揽境; pinyin: Dàzhòng Lǎnjìng) is a full-size crossover SUV with three-row seating manufactured by the German automaker Volkswagen through FAW-Volkswagen joint venture in China since 2021. It is the largest SUV model produced by the company and also the second largest vehicle based on the MQB platform, after the Viloran minivan.","title":"Volkswagen Talagon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Teramont/Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Atlas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021_FAW-Volkswagen_Talagon_(rear).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VOLKSWAGEN_TALAGON_INTERIOR.jpg"}],"text":"The Talagon was previewed by a near-production concept vehicle called the SMV (Sport Multi-Purpose Vehicle[1]) in April 2019.[2] The production version was unveiled at Auto Shanghai in April 2021.[3] The vehicle is based on the modular MQB platform in its most stretched configuration.[4] Considered as a sister model to the Teramont/Atlas, it is slightly larger by around 110 mm (4.3 in) in length and 12 mm (0.5 in) in width.[5][6]Rear view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"DSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-shift_gearbox"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Powertrain","text":"The engine configurations are carried from the Teramont, which include a 2.0-litre turbocharged engine that can produce 186 PS (183 hp; 137 kW) and 220 PS (217 hp; 162 kW), which are labeled '330 TSI' and '380 TSI' respectively. A 2.5-litre VR6 engine labeled as '530 V6' is also offered.[7] All configurations are paired with a wet 7-speed DSG transmission.[8]","title":"Overview"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Volkswagen at „Auto Shanghai\": SUV night in Shanghai features four world premieres\". volkswagenag.com. Retrieved 2021-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2019/04/floating-instruments-in-the-lounge-at-full-speed.html","url_text":"\"Volkswagen at „Auto Shanghai\": SUV night in Shanghai features four world premieres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volkswagen SMV Unveiled As 7-Seat SUV Larger Than Atlas\". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motor1.com/news/344698/2019-vw-smv-concept-revealed/","url_text":"\"Volkswagen SMV Unveiled As 7-Seat SUV Larger Than Atlas\""}]},{"reference":"autotimesnews (2021-04-19). \"Volkswagen presented its largest crossover Talagon in Shanghai\". Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autotimesnews.com/volkswagen-presented-its-largest-crossover-talagon-in-shanghai/","url_text":"\"Volkswagen presented its largest crossover Talagon in Shanghai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volkswagen Talagon (CN)\". AutoWeek (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autoweek.nl/forum/read.php?4,6001088,6001088","url_text":"\"Volkswagen Talagon (CN)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volkswagen Talagon стал самым крупным кроссовером марки\" [Volkswagen Talagon became the largest crossover brand]. autoreview.ru (in Russian). 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://autoreview.ru/news/volkswagen-talagon-stal-samym-krupnym-krossoverom-marki","url_text":"\"Volkswagen Talagon стал самым крупным кроссовером марки\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021上海车展丨岂止于大 一汽大众揽境实拍解码_途昂\". sohu.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sohu.com/a/461734991_430526","url_text":"\"2021上海车展丨岂止于大 一汽大众揽境实拍解码_途昂\""}]},{"reference":"新浪汽车原创 (2021-04-20). \"大众最大SUV诞生 大众揽境静态解析\" [Volkswagen's largest SUV was born]. auto.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://auto.sina.com.cn/newcar/2021-04-20/detail-ikmxzfmk7804285.shtml","url_text":"\"大众最大SUV诞生 大众揽境静态解析\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021上海车展丨轴距近3米 一汽-大众Talagon揽境正式发布\" [2021 Shanghai Auto Show丨FAW-Volkswagen Talagon Landing officially released with a wheelbase of nearly 3 meters]. chejiahao.autohome.com.cn. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://chejiahao.autohome.com.cn/info/8399083#pvareaid=3311331#position=61","url_text":"\"2021上海车展丨轴距近3米 一汽-大众Talagon揽境正式发布\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAW-Volkswagen Talagon, is it SUV or MPV?\". inf.news. 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://inf.news/en/auto/6cf2df8ab31d053bf20b5d432b07d5e5.html","url_text":"\"FAW-Volkswagen Talagon, is it SUV or MPV?\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021上海车展：一汽-大众揽境正式亮相_途昂\" [2021 Shanghai Auto Show: FAW-Volkswagen Talagon officially unveiled]. sohu.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sohu.com/a/461588917_430526","url_text":"\"2021上海车展：一汽-大众揽境正式亮相_途昂\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirjaveh_County
Mirjaveh County
["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 Population","2.2 Administrative divisions","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
Coordinates: 28°55′N 61°23′E / 28.917°N 61.383°E / 28.917; 61.383County in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran Not to be confused with Mirabad County.For the city, see Mirjaveh. County in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranMirjaveh County Persian: شهرستان میرجاوهCountyLocation of Mirjaveh County in Sistan and Baluchestan province (top center, purple)Location of Sistan and Baluchestan province in IranCoordinates: 28°55′N 61°23′E / 28.917°N 61.383°E / 28.917; 61.383Country IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCapitalMirjavehDistrictsCentral, Ladiz, Rig-e MalekPopulation (2016) • Total45,357Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Mirjaveh County (Persian: شهرستان میرجاوه) is in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Mirjaveh. The county is bordered by both Pakistan and Afghanistan. History After the 2011 National Census, Mirjaveh District was separated from Zahedan County in the establishment of Mirjaveh County, which was divided into three districts and seven rural districts, with Mirjaveh as its capital and only city at the time. Demographics Population At the 2016 census, the county's population was 45,357 in 11,853 households. After the census, the village of Rig-e Malek was elevated to the status of a city. Administrative divisions Mirjaveh County's population and administrative structure are shown in the following table. Mirjaveh County Population Administrative Divisions 2016 Central District 13,195 Andeh RD 3,265 Howmeh RD 571 Mirjaveh (city) 9,359 Ladiz District 22,960 Junabad RD 6,455 Ladiz RD 7,981 Tamin RD 8,524 Rig-e Malek District 9,202 Rig-e Malek RD 7,184 Tahlab RD 2,018 Rig-e Malek (city) Total 45,357 RD = Rural District See also Media related to Mirjaveh County at Wikimedia Commons Iran portal Notes ^ Became a city after the 2016 census References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (14 April 2023). "Mirjaveh County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 14 April 2023. ^ a b c "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ a b Rahimi, Mohammadreza. "Seven new counties were added to the map of country divisions". DOLAT (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2023. ^ a b Fazli, Abdolreza Rahmani (17 December 2018). "Notification of the resolution of the Ministry of Interior regarding the conversion of Rig-e Malek village, the center of Rig-e Malek District, Mirjaveh County, into a city". Laws and Regulations Portal of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2023. vte Sistan and Baluchestan ProvinceCapital city Zahedan Counties and citiesBampur County Bampur Chabahar County Chabahar Dalgan County Galmurti Dashtiari County Negur Golshan County Jaleq Fanuj County Fanuj Hamun County Mohammadabad Hirmand County Dust Mohammad Iranshahr County Iranshahr Bazman Khash County Khash Konarak County Konarak Mehrestan County Zaboli Mirjaveh County Mirjaveh Nik Shahr County Nik Shahr Bent Espakeh Nimruz County Adimi Qasr-e Qand County Qasr-e Qand Rask County Rask Saravan County Saravan Sirkan Sarbaz County Pishin Sarbaz Sib and Suran County Suran Hiduj Taftan County Nukabad Zabol County Zabol Bonjar Zahedan County Zahedan Nosratabad Zehak County Zehak Sights Mount Khajeh Hamun Lake Shahr-e Sukhteh Bazman Taftan Populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Sistan and Baluchestan Province vte Mirjaveh CountyCapital Mirjaveh DistrictsCentralCities Mirjaveh Rural Districts and villagesLadiz Abak Ziri Haj Shir Mohammad Abak Ziri Hajji Ali Ahmadabad ol Masaki Ahu Ab Alanjan-e Do Allahabad Andeh Apak Chushan Azizabad Bakjud Barekatabad Barziar Bayan Behesht Dar Kavir Bid Lang Bug Station Bugakabad Buk White Granite Quarry Chah Maldary-e Harun Chah Maldary-e Morad Mir Baluch Zehi Chah Maldary-e Talarak Chah Mowtowr-e Teymury Chah-e Gurik Chah-e Hajji Baha ol Din Chah-e Nik Mohammad Gamshad Zehi Chah-e Soltan Mohammad Chahar Suleh Station Chehel Kharvari Chehmeh-ye Sorkh Mowtowr-e Hoseyni Cheshmeh Bid Dar Giaban Deh-e Bala Siyah Rishan Deh-e Kadeh Feyzabad Deh-e Mohammad Ali Deh-e Reza Dizuk Dorrabad Emamabad Eslamabad Eslamabad-e Qanat Shahbaz Faruqabad Fathabad Feyzabad Garanshand Gargush Gati Gur Gazikeh Gharibabad Gharibabad-e Bala Gharibabad-e Pain Hajji Akbar Hari Hasanabad Hemmatabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad-e Bazy Iduabad Jabbar Kuteh Jalalabad Jan Mohammad Jan Mohammad Chahi Junabad Kacheh Rud Kahn Rahim Kahnak Kalak Kalateh Kam Kaseh Kashi Katamak Khan Mohammad Chah Khaz Pari Kheyrabad Khoda Suli Khvoshab Ladiz-e Olya Ladiz-e Sofla Lahrab-e Alanjan Lahrab-e Andeh Majidabad Mandustabad Masha-ye Seyyed Mohammad Rigi Masha-ye Shahid Abbaspur Mazraeh-ye Anu Shirvan Meydan-e Sorkh Mir Kuh-e Bala Mir Kuh-e Pain Mirabad Mohammad Baluchi Mohammadabad-e Andeh Mohammadabad-e Pain Mohammadabad-e Suran Mohammadabad-e Tasab Mowtowr Shomareh-ye 202 Mowtowr Shomareh-ye 210 Mowtowr Shomareh-ye 212 Mowtowr Shomareh-ye 37 Mowtowr Shomareh-ye 39 Mowtowr Shomareh-ye 40 Mowtowr Shomareh-ye 41 Mowtowr Shomareh-ye 5 Mowtowr Shomareh-ye Yek Mowtowr-e 22 Bahman Mowtowr-e 231 Mowtowr-e 8 Shahrivar Mowtowr-e 9 Morad Gam Dad Rigi Mowtowr-e Abbas Mowtowr-e Abdol Haqq Mowtowr-e Abdol Qeyum Rigi Mowtowr-e Abdol Vahad Mowtowr-e Akbar Mowtowr-e Ali Rigi Mowtowr-e Arbabi Mowtowr-e Bahader Qanbar Zehi Mowtowr-e Beyt ol Maqades Mowtowr-e Bibi Meh Shahsevar Mowtowr-e Dar Mohammad Gamshad Zehi Mowtowr-e Doktor Spahi Mowtowr-e Ezzat Rigi Mowtowr-e Firuz Rigi Mowtowr-e Gami Mowtowr-e Gholam Mohammad Mowtowr-e Hajj Ahmad Mowtowr-e Hajj Mohammad Mowtowr-e Hajji Abdel Qanbar Zehi Mowtowr-e Hajji Alam Mowtowr-e Hajji Ali Mowtowr-e Hajji Allah Bakhsh Shah Nowazy Mowtowr-e Hajji Aman Allah Mowtowr-e Hajji Fulad Mowtowr-e Hajji Golzar Mowtowr-e Hajji Qader Mowtowr-e Hajji Shah Nowaz Rigi Mowtowr-e Irani Mowtowr-e Jelal Mowtowr-e Kamran Gamshad Zehi Mowtowr-e Karim Bakhsh Gamshad Zehi Mowtowr-e Kheyr Mohammad Mowtowr-e Khoda Rahm Mowtowr-e Khodad Gamshad Zehi Mowtowr-e Khodadad Mowtowr-e Majid Nowti Zehi Mowtowr-e Malang Mowtowr-e Mohammad Ali Rigi Mowtowr-e Muluy Abdollah Mowtowr-e Narmashiry Mowtowr-e Nasrollah Mowtowr-e Panzadeh Khordad Mowtowr-e Qeysar Rigi Mowtowr-e Shahid Malek Gamshazarhi Mowtowr-e Shahid Zarak Gamshazarhi Mowtowr-e Soleyman Khatr Mowtowr-e Tusi Mowtowr-e Yar Mohammad Nagatabad-e Din Mohammad Nowziar Nukabad Padagi Station Palizy-e Dar Giaban Papabi-ye Bala Papabi-ye Pain Parmaru Parviz Pirkan Posht Rud Post and Customs, Mirjaveh Qaderabad Qasemabad Rangazan Rustay-ye Mohammadabad Mohammad Rahman Sabzvar Keshmir Saidabad Saidabad Saidabad Sar Cheshmeh Sar Rig Sargeh-ye Bala Sargeh-ye Pain Shahrak-e Rig-e Malek Shahr-e Deraz Shak Band Shankar Sharifabad Shekarabad Siah Jak Siah Khak Tang-e Nadam Tavakkolabad Tavakkolabad Tehrud Towhidabad Vakilabad Tamin Alamabad Aliabad Allahabad Anjerah Anjerak-e Pain Bariz Bon Deh Bondabi Burta Chukaleki-ye Bala Chukaleki-ye Pain Darreh-ye Palfateh Kharestan Deh-e Molla Deh-e Rejai Deh-e Rezayi Eslamabad Gazond Gharibabad Hasanak Hoseynabad Isaabad Jangal Baghi Jash Jeyhunak-e Bala Jeyhunak-e Pain Jolgeh Anjerak Kad Eshkaft Kahn-e Shanbeh Kalateh Kasur-e Bala Kasur-e Pain Kasuri Keydun Kharestan-e Bala Kharestan-e Pain Khazun Khvoshab-e Anjerak Kiaabad-e Padagi Koch Lahremba Mirabad Moradabad Naik Palang Sar Pas Kusheh Qateri Rebabad Rudgar Rupas-e Bala Rupas-e Pain Sangun Sar Deh Sar Gar Sar Kahnu Sargdar Cheshmeh Sarvageh Sharifabad Shureh Rud Siah Jangal-e Bala Siah Jangal-e Pain Talkhab Tamin Tamiz Tang-e Lakur Tilvai Tirabad Zarchak Ziar This Sistan and Baluchestan province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirabad County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabad_County"},{"link_name":"Mirjaveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirjaveh"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Mirjaveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirjaveh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mirjaveh-3"}],"text":"County in Sistan and Baluchestan province, IranNot to be confused with Mirabad County.For the city, see Mirjaveh.County in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranMirjaveh County (Persian: شهرستان میرجاوه) is in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Mirjaveh.[3] The county is bordered by both Pakistan and Afghanistan.","title":"Mirjaveh County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zahedan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahedan_County"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mirjaveh-3"}],"text":"After the 2011 National Census, Mirjaveh District was separated from Zahedan County in the establishment of Mirjaveh County, which was divided into three districts and seven rural districts, with Mirjaveh as its capital and only city at the time.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"Rig-e Malek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig-e_Malek"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rig-e_Malek-4"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the 2016 census, the county's population was 45,357 in 11,853 households.[2]After the census, the village of Rig-e Malek was elevated to the status of a city.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Administrative divisions","text":"Mirjaveh County's population and administrative structure are shown in the following table.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rig-e_Malek-4"}],"text":"^ Became a city after the 2016 census[4]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"title":"Mirjaveh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mirjaveh_County"},{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}]
[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (14 April 2023). \"Mirjaveh County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=28.916667&mlon=61.383333&zoom=9#map=9/28.9167/61.3833","url_text":"\"Mirjaveh County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211223104011/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rahimi, Mohammadreza. \"Seven new counties were added to the map of country divisions\". DOLAT (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130108220512/http://www.dolat.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=1&Id=223430","url_text":"\"Seven new counties were added to the map of country divisions\""},{"url":"http://www.dolat.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=1&Id=223430","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fazli, Abdolreza Rahmani (17 December 2018). \"Notification of the resolution of the Ministry of Interior regarding the conversion of Rig-e Malek village, the center of Rig-e Malek District, Mirjaveh County, into a city\". Laws and Regulations Portal of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211204172256/https://dotic.ir/news/1680","url_text":"\"Notification of the resolution of the Ministry of Interior regarding the conversion of Rig-e Malek village, the center of Rig-e Malek District, Mirjaveh County, into a city\""},{"url":"https://dotic.ir/news/1680","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mirjaveh_County&params=28_55_N_61_23_E_dim:80km_type:city(45357)_region:IR-11","external_links_name":"28°55′N 61°23′E / 28.917°N 61.383°E / 28.917; 61.383"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mirjaveh_County&params=28_55_N_61_23_E_dim:80km_type:city(45357)_region:IR-11","external_links_name":"28°55′N 61°23′E / 28.917°N 61.383°E / 28.917; 61.383"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=28.916667&mlon=61.383333&zoom=9#map=9/28.9167/61.3833","external_links_name":"\"Mirjaveh County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211223104011/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130108220512/http://www.dolat.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=1&Id=223430","external_links_name":"\"Seven new counties were added to the map of country divisions\""},{"Link":"http://www.dolat.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=1&Id=223430","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211204172256/https://dotic.ir/news/1680","external_links_name":"\"Notification of the resolution of the Ministry of Interior regarding the conversion of Rig-e Malek village, the center of Rig-e Malek District, Mirjaveh County, into a city\""},{"Link":"https://dotic.ir/news/1680","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirjaveh_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelin_(bishop)
Gamelin (bishop)
["1 References"]
GamelinBishop of St AndrewsSeal of bishop Gamelin.DioceseSt AndrewsAppointed1255Term ended29 April 1271PredecessorAbel de GolynnSuccessorWilliam WishartOrdersConsecration26 December 1255by William de BondingtonPersonal detailsDied29 April 1271Inchmurdo Palace, Fife Gamelin (died 1271) was a 13th-century Bishop of St Andrews. He had previously been the chancellor to King Alexander III of Scotland, as well as Papal chaplain. He was postulated to the see in Lent, 1255, and confirmed by Pope Alexander IV on 1 July 1255, who also agreed to overlook his apparent "defect of birth". Gamelin was a Comyn supporter, and was banished from the kingdom sometime in 1256, a year after the Comyns' rival Alan Durward had seized power. After the Durwards were overthrown, he was able to return, and was certainly back in Scotland by 1270. He died the following year at "Inchmurdauch" (Innse Muiredaich). References Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912) Campbell, Marion, Alexander III: King of Scots, House of Lochar, (Colonsay, 1999) Young, Alan & Cumming, George, The Real Patriots of Early Scottish Independence, Birlinn, (Edinburgh, 2014) Religious titles Preceded byAbel de Golynn Bishop of St Andrews (Cell Rígmonaid) 1255–1271 Succeeded byWilliam Wishart vteBishops and archbishops of St AndrewsKnown pre-Norman era bishops Cellach I Fothad I Máel Ísu I Cellach II Máel Muire Máel Ísu II Ailín Máel Dúin Túathal Fothad II Giric Cathróe Scoto-Norman era bishops Turgot of Durham Eadmer Robert of Scone Ernald Richard the Chaplain Hugh the Chaplain John Scotus Roger de Beaumont Geoffrey de Liberatione William de Malveisin David de Bernham Robert de Stuteville Abel de Gullane Gamelin William Wishart William Fraser William de Lamberton James Bane William Bell William de Landallis Stephen de Pa Walter Trail Thomas Stewart Walter de Danielston Gilbert de Greenlaw Henry Wardlaw James Kennedy Patrick Graham Pre-Reformation archbishops Patrick Graham William Scheves James Stewart, Duke of Ross Alexander Stewart John Hepburn Cardinal Innocenzo Cybo Andrew Forman James Beaton Cardinal David Beaton John Hamilton Gavin Hamilton Post-Reformation archbishops John Douglas Patrick Adamson George Gledstanes John Spottiswoode James Sharp Alexander Burnet Arthur Rose Afterwards, see also: Episcopal Archbishops of St Andrews, Bishops of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane (etc.) & Roman Catholic Archbishops of St Andrews and Edinburgh (etc.) This biography of a Scottish religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a United Kingdom bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Alexander III of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Papal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"postulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postulate"},{"link_name":"see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV"},{"link_name":"Alan Durward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Durward"}],"text":"Gamelin (died 1271) was a 13th-century Bishop of St Andrews. He had previously been the chancellor to King Alexander III of Scotland, as well as Papal chaplain. He was postulated to the see in Lent, 1255, and confirmed by Pope Alexander IV on 1 July 1255, who also agreed to overlook his apparent \"defect of birth\". Gamelin was a Comyn supporter, and was banished from the kingdom sometime in 1256, a year after the Comyns' rival Alan Durward had seized power. After the Durwards were overthrown, he was able to return, and was certainly back in Scotland by 1270. He died the following year at \"Inchmurdauch\" (Innse Muiredaich).","title":"Gamelin (bishop)"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamelin_(bishop)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamelin_(bishop)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabb
Rabb
["1 See also","2 References"]
Arabic word used to refer to God as the "Lord" or "Master" Rabb (Arabic: رب, lit. 'lord') is often used in Arabic to refer to God as Lord or Master. The term is used by Arabic-speaking Muslims, Christians, and Jews. In the Quran, God refers to himself as "Rabb" in several places. When it is used with the definite article (al-Rabb) the Arabic word denotes "the Lord (God)". In other cases, the context makes it clear as to whom the word is referring to, in this case, "rabb" refers to "owner, master", for example rabb al-dar (رَبُّ ٱلْدَّار) means "master of the house/residence". God in Islam is referred to by many qualities and attributes. In the first Surah, Al-Fatihah of the Quran, introduces this Title "Rabb" in the first Verse, "All Praise and Gratitude is due to God, Rabb of all the worlds and Universe", thus stating clearly that God takes care, nourishes, fosters through every stage of existence, in which everything between that exists. In the Indo-Gangetic plain, especially in the Punjab region, the term "Rabb" or "Rab" is used by Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus and Christians to refer to God. See also Rabbi – Hebrew word with a similar etymology Rebbe – Yiddish term derived rabbi, it mostly refers to the leader of a Hasidic Jewish movement. References ^ Yuskaev, Timur R. (18 October 2017). Speaking Qur'an: An American Scripture. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-795-4. Indeed, "Lord" is a direct translation of the Arabic word Rabb. ^ Wan, Enoch (2004). Christian Witness in Pluralistic Contexts in the 21st Century. William Carey Library. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-87808-385-5. After the rise of Islam, Jews, Christians, and Muslims used "Allah" for Elohim and "theos" when they quoted or translated the Bible in Arabic as they did in their dialogues together. Arabicish versions have tended to transliterate Yahweh or use the word rabb (Lord) as Jews used adonai. ^ a b Singh, Wazir (1990). Sikhism and Punjab's Heritage. Punjabi University. For instance 'Rabb' is the most popular Name of God in Punjabi. Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs frequently use this Arabic word which means Lord or Master. Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Spoken Language Services, Ithaca, NY, 1976). ed. J. Milton Cowan. ISBN 0-87950-001-8. Islam in the World by Malise Ruthven (Gantra Publications, 2006) ISBN 1-86207-906-4
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuskaev2017-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wan2004-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh1990-3"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"God in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Surah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah"},{"link_name":"Al-Fatihah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fatihah"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Indo-Gangetic plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plain"},{"link_name":"Punjab region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh1990-3"}],"text":"Rabb (Arabic: رب, lit. 'lord') is often used in Arabic to refer to God as Lord or Master.[1] The term is used by Arabic-speaking Muslims, Christians, and Jews.[2][3]In the Quran, God refers to himself as \"Rabb\" in several places. When it is used with the definite article (al-Rabb) the Arabic word denotes \"the Lord (God)\". In other cases, the context makes it clear as to whom the word is referring to, in this case, \"rabb\" refers to \"owner, master\", for example rabb al-dar (رَبُّ ٱلْدَّار) means \"master of the house/residence\".God in Islam is referred to by many qualities and attributes. In the first Surah, Al-Fatihah of the Quran, introduces this Title \"Rabb\" in the first Verse, \"All Praise and Gratitude is due to God, Rabb of all the worlds and Universe\", thus stating clearly that God takes care, nourishes, fosters through every stage of existence, in which everything between that exists.In the Indo-Gangetic plain, especially in the Punjab region, the term \"Rabb\" or \"Rab\" is used by Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus and Christians to refer to God.[3]","title":"Rabb"}]
[]
[{"title":"Rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"title":"Rebbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe"},{"title":"Hasidic Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Jewish"}]
[{"reference":"Yuskaev, Timur R. (18 October 2017). Speaking Qur'an: An American Scripture. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-795-4. Indeed, \"Lord\" is a direct translation of the Arabic word Rabb.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-795-4","url_text":"978-1-61117-795-4"}]},{"reference":"Wan, Enoch (2004). Christian Witness in Pluralistic Contexts in the 21st Century. William Carey Library. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-87808-385-5. After the rise of Islam, Jews, Christians, and Muslims used \"Allah\" for Elohim and \"theos\" when they quoted or translated the Bible in Arabic as they did in their dialogues together. Arabicish versions have tended to transliterate Yahweh or use the word rabb (Lord) as Jews used adonai.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-385-5","url_text":"978-0-87808-385-5"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Wazir (1990). Sikhism and Punjab's Heritage. Punjabi University. For instance 'Rabb' is the most popular Name of God in Punjabi. Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs frequently use this Arabic word which means Lord or Master.","urls":[]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_Boxed_Set
Led Zeppelin Boxed Set
["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 Certifications","6 Release history","7 See also","8 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Led Zeppelin Boxed Set" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1990 box set by Led ZeppelinLed ZeppelinBox set by Led ZeppelinReleased8 October 1990RecordedOctober 1968 – December 1978Genre Hard rock heavy metal blues rock folk rock Length4:49:05LabelAtlanticProducerJimmy PageCompilerJimmy PageLed Zeppelin chronology Coda(1982) Led Zeppelin(1990) Led Zeppelin Remasters(1990) Singles from Led Zeppelin "Travelling Riverside Blues"Released: 8 October 1990 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Encyclopedia of Popular Music Led Zeppelin is a boxed set by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was the first compilation of songs by the band (not counting Coda, which some sources list as a studio album) and the selection and remastering of the tracks were supervised by Jimmy Page. Atlantic Records released it on 8 October 1990 on several formats: four compact discs, six vinyl records, or four cassette tapes. A 36-page booklet was also included with the release. Background This set contains two previously unreleased tracks and one new mix. "Travelling Riverside Blues" was recorded on 24 June 1969 at the BBC Maida Vale Studio. "White Summer/Black Mountain Side" was recorded at the Playhouse Theatre, London on 27 June 1969. The "Moby Dick/Bonzo's Montreux" mix took place at the Atlantic Synclavier Suite in New York, in May 1990. It also includes the band's only non-album B-side, "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do" of the 1970 single "Immigrant Song", previously unavailable on compact disc. To differentiate this box set from a set of selections taken from it, the Remasters album released the same month, in some markets this release is listed under the title The Complete Collection. To further the confusion, in both cases this is different from The Complete Studio Recordings box set released three years later, which includes all nine of the band's studio albums on ten discs, with the three extra tracks appended to Coda, along with the 1969 recording "Baby Come On Home", first released on the two-disc Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2. The "Moby Dick/Bonzo's Montreux" mix is also included in the promotional interview album Profiled (1990). Also three years after this release, the remaining Led Zeppelin tracks not appearing on this box set were issued on Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2. Track listing All tracks produced by Jimmy Page except for "Travelling Riverside Blues" produced by John Walters and "White Summer/Black Mountain Side" produced by Jeff Griffin. Disc oneNo.TitleWriter(s)OriginLength1."Whole Lotta Love"John BonhamWillie DixonJohn Paul JonesJimmy PageRobert PlantLed Zeppelin II, 19695:342."Heartbreaker"BonhamJonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin II4:143."Communication Breakdown"BonhamJonesPageLed Zeppelin, 19692:294."Babe I'm Gonna Leave You"Anne BredonPagePlantLed Zeppelin6:425."What Is and What Should Never Be"PagePlantLed Zeppelin II4:476."Thank You"PagePlantLed Zeppelin II4:507."I Can't Quit You Baby" (Live at the Royal Albert Hall, London, England, 9 January 1970)DixonCoda, 19824:158."Dazed and Confused"Page (inspired by Jake Holmes)Led Zeppelin6:279."Your Time Is Gonna Come" (Early fade-out)JonesPageLed Zeppelin4:1410."Ramble On"PagePlantLed Zeppelin II4:2311."Travelling Riverside Blues" (Live at the BBC 24 June 1969)Robert JohnsonPagePlantPreviously unreleased, 19695:1112."Friends"PagePlantLed Zeppelin III, 19703:5513."Celebration Day"JonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin III3:2914."Hey, Hey, What Can I Do"BonhamJonesPagePlant"Immigrant Song" single, 19703:5515."White Summer/Black Mountain Side" (Live at the BBC 27 June 1969)PagePreviously unreleased, 19698:01 Disc twoNo.TitleWriter(s)OriginLength1."Black Dog"JonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin IV, 19714:552."Over the Hills and Far Away"PagePlantHouses of the Holy, 19734:503."Immigrant Song"PagePlantLed Zeppelin III2:274."The Battle of Evermore"PagePlantLed Zeppelin IV5:525."Bron-Y-Aur Stomp"JonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin III4:206."Tangerine"PageLed Zeppelin III2:577."Going to California"PagePlantLed Zeppelin IV3:318."Since I've Been Loving You"JonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin III7:249."D'yer Mak'er"BonhamJonesPagePlantHouses of the Holy4:2310."Gallows Pole"traditional, arranged by PagePlantLed Zeppelin III4:5811."Custard Pie"PagePlantPhysical Graffiti, 19754:1312."Misty Mountain Hop"JonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin IV4:3813."Rock and Roll"BonhamJonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin IV3:4114."The Rain Song"PagePlantHouses of the Holy7:3915."Stairway to Heaven"PagePlantLed Zeppelin IV8:02 Disc threeNo.TitleWriter(s)OriginLength1."Kashmir"BonhamPagePlantPhysical Graffiti8:332."Trampled Under Foot"JonesPagePlantPhysical Graffiti5:373."For Your Life"PagePlantPresence, 19766:244."No Quarter"JonesPagePlantHouses of the Holy7:005."Dancing Days"PagePlantHouses of the Holy3:436."When the Levee Breaks"BonhamMemphis MinnieJonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin IV7:077."Achilles Last Stand"PagePlantPresence10:258."The Song Remains the Same"PagePlantHouses of the Holy5:329."Ten Years Gone"PagePlantPhysical Graffiti6:3210."In My Time of Dying"BonhamJonesPagePlantPhysical Graffiti11:05 Disc fourNo.TitleWriter(s)OriginLength1."In the Evening"JonesPagePlantIn Through the Out Door, 19796:492."Candy Store Rock"PagePlantPresence4:113."The Ocean"BonhamJonesPagePlantHouses of the Holy4:314."Ozone Baby"PagePlantCoda3:355."Houses of the Holy"PagePlantPhysical Graffiti4:026."Wearing and Tearing"PagePlantCoda5:317."Poor Tom"PagePlantCoda3:038."Nobody's Fault but Mine"PagePlantPresence6:279."Fool in the Rain"JonesPagePlantIn Through the Out Door6:1210."In the Light"JonesPagePlantPhysical Graffiti8:4611."The Wanton Song"PagePlantPhysical Graffiti4:0712."Moby Dick/Bonzo's Montreux"BonhamJonesPagePreviously unreleased remix of both recordings, 19903:5013."I'm Gonna Crawl"JonesPagePlantIn Through the Out Door5:3014."All My Love"JonesPlantIn Through the Out Door5:51 Personnel John Bonham – drums, percussion, backing vocals John Paul Jones – bass guitar, keyboards, mandolin Jimmy Page – guitars, backing vocals, production, digital remastering Robert Plant – vocals, harmonica Sandy Denny – vocals on "The Battle of Evermore" Ian Stewart – piano on "Rock and Roll" Yves Beauvais – producer Bruce Buchanan – engineering Peter Grant – executive producer Jeff Griffin – producer Chris Houston – engineering John Mahoney – Programming and engineering on "Moby Dick"/"Bonzo's Montreux" George Marino – remastering and digital remastering Tony Wilson – engineering on "Travelling Riverside Blues" and "White Summer" Bob Alford – photography Richard Creamer – photography Cameron Crowe – liner notes Jim Cummins – photography Chris Dreja – photography Robert Ellis – photography Larry Fremantle – design Neil Jones – photography John Kubick – digital transfers Kurt Loder – liner notes Janet Macoska – photography Richard "Hutch" Hutchison – design co-ordinator Jennifer Moore – photography and imaging Terry O'Neil – photography Robert Palmer – liner notes Barry Plummer – photography Neal Preston – photography Michael Putland – photography Rhonda Schoen – digital editing and transfers Peter Simon – photography Pennie Smith – photography Jay Thompson – photography Chris Walter – photography Bob Gruen – photography Chris Wroe – photography and imaging Neil Zlozower – photography Charts 1990 weekly chart performance for Led Zeppelin Boxed Set Chart (1990) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 46 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 16 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 17 UK Albums (OCC) 48 US Billboard 200 18 2011 weekly chart performance for Led Zeppelin Boxed Set Chart (2011) Peakposition Italian Albums (FIMI) 36 Certifications Certifications for Led Zeppelin Boxed Set Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) Gold 50,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) 2001 release Silver 60,000^ United States (RIAA) Diamond 10,000,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Release history Release formats for Led Zeppelin Boxed Set Region Date Label Format Catalog # United States 8 October 1990 Atlantic Records 6LP (33 rpm) 82144-1 4 Compact disc 82144-2 4 Cassette 82144-4 United Kingdom 4 Compact disc 7567-82144-2 France Germany Japan AMCY-170/3 Germany 1990 East West Records 7567-80566-2 See also List of best-selling albums in the United States References ^ "RIAA". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "Led Zeppelin - Led Zeppelin | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734. ^ While some external sources categorise Coda as a compilation album, Led Zeppelin's official album label, Atlantic Records, categorises it as a studio album. See for example the liner notes for Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2 and the label attached to The Complete Studio Recordings boxed set. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Led Zeppelin – Boxed Set". Hung Medien. Retrieved July, 8 2023. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 9159". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July, 8 2023. ^ Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005 (in Japanese). Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July, 8 2023. ^ "Led Zeppelin Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved July, 8 2023. ^ "Italiancharts.com – Led Zeppelin – Boxed Set". Hung Medien. Retrieved July, 8 2023. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin". Music Canada. ^ "British album certifications – Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin - Box Set 1". British Phonographic Industry. ^ "American album certifications – Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin". Recording Industry Association of America. vteLed Zeppelin John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Studio albums Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Untitled (Led Zeppelin IV) Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Live albums The Song Remains the Same BBC Sessions How the West Was Won Celebration Day Compilations Coda BBC Sessions The Best of Led Zeppelin Mothership Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition Box sets Boxed Set Remasters Boxed Set 2 The Complete Studio Recordings Definitive Collection Singles1960s "Good Times Bad Times" / "Communication Breakdown" "Whole Lotta Love" / "Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)" 1970s "Immigrant Song" / "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do" "Black Dog" / "Misty Mountain Hop" "Rock and Roll" / "Four Sticks" "Over the Hills and Far Away" / "Dancing Days" "D'yer Mak'er" / "The Crunge" "The Ocean" / "Over the Hills and Far Away" / "Dancing Days" "Trampled Under Foot" / "Black Country Woman" "Candy Store Rock" / "Royal Orleans" "Fool in the Rain" / "Hot Dog" Post-breakup "Travelling Riverside Blues" "Baby Come On Home" "Whole Lotta Love" "The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair" "Kashmir" "Rock and Roll" (Sunset Sound Mix) / "Friends" (Olympic Studio Mix) Films The Song Remains the Same Led Zeppelin DVD Celebration Day Becoming Led Zeppelin Tours1960s Scandinavia 1968 U.K. 1968 North America 1968–1969 North America Spring 1969 U.K. Summer 1969 North America Summer 1969 1970s U.K. 1970 Europe 1970 North America Spring 1970 Iceland, Bath & Germany 1970 North America Summer 1970 U.K. & Ireland Spring 1971 Europe 1971 North America 1971 Japan 1971 U.K. Winter 1971 North America 1972 Japan 1972 Europe 1973 North America 1973 North America 1975 Earls Court 1975 North America 1977 Knebworth 1979 1980s Over Europe 1980 The 1980s, Part One (cancelled) Reunions Live Aid (1985) Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary (1988) Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert (2007) Bootlegs Live on Blueberry Hill Destroyer Listen to This, Eddie For Badgeholders Only Burn Like a Candle Lists Discography Songs Awards and nominations Cover versions by others Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others RelatedArticles Swan Song Records Three Week Hero "Beck's Bolero" Bron-Yr-Aur The Starship Caesar's Chariot Led Zeppelin Played Here Out Through the In Door Bands XYZ Page and Plant Books Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga Stairway to Heaven: Led Zeppelin Uncensored When Giants Walked the Earth Led Zeppelin: The Biography People Jason Bonham Peter Grant Richard Cole Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boxed set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxed_set"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(Led_Zeppelin_album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Explanation-4"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Page"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"compact discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"vinyl records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"cassette tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape"}],"text":"1990 box set by Led ZeppelinLed Zeppelin is a boxed set by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was the first compilation of songs by the band (not counting Coda, which some sources list as a studio album)[4] and the selection and remastering of the tracks were supervised by Jimmy Page.\nAtlantic Records released it on 8 October 1990 on several formats: four compact discs, six vinyl records, or four cassette tapes. A 36-page booklet was also included with the release.","title":"Led Zeppelin Boxed Set"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travelling Riverside Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_Riverside_Blues#Led_Zeppelin_version"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Maida Vale Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale_Studios"},{"link_name":"White Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Summer"},{"link_name":"Black Mountain Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_Side"},{"link_name":"Playhouse Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Moby Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Dick_(instrumental)"},{"link_name":"Bonzo's Montreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonzo%27s_Montreux"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey,_Hey,_What_Can_I_Do"},{"link_name":"Immigrant Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_Song"},{"link_name":"Remasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_Remasters"},{"link_name":"The Complete Studio Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Studio_Recordings_(Led_Zeppelin_album)"},{"link_name":"Coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(Led_Zeppelin_album)"},{"link_name":"Baby Come On Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Come_On_Home"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_Boxed_Set_2"}],"text":"This set contains two previously unreleased tracks and one new mix. \"Travelling Riverside Blues\" was recorded on 24 June 1969 at the BBC Maida Vale Studio. \"White Summer/Black Mountain Side\" was recorded at the Playhouse Theatre, London on 27 June 1969. The \"Moby Dick/Bonzo's Montreux\" mix took place at the Atlantic Synclavier Suite in New York, in May 1990. It also includes the band's only non-album B-side, \"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do\" of the 1970 single \"Immigrant Song\", previously unavailable on compact disc.To differentiate this box set from a set of selections taken from it, the Remasters album released the same month, in some markets this release is listed under the title The Complete Collection. To further the confusion, in both cases this is different from The Complete Studio Recordings box set released three years later, which includes all nine of the band's studio albums on ten discs, with the three extra tracks appended to Coda, along with the 1969 recording \"Baby Come On Home\", first released on the two-disc Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2. The \"Moby Dick/Bonzo's Montreux\" mix is also included in the promotional interview album Profiled (1990). Also three years after this release, the remaining Led Zeppelin tracks not appearing on this box set were issued on Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walters_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Whole Lotta Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Lotta_Love"},{"link_name":"John Bonham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bonham"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"John Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Page"},{"link_name":"Robert Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Plant"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_II"},{"link_name":"Heartbreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreaker_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"Communication Breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_Breakdown"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_(album)"},{"link_name":"Babe I'm Gonna Leave You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_I%27m_Gonna_Leave_You_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"Anne Bredon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bredon"},{"link_name":"What Is and What Should Never Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_and_What_Should_Never_Be"},{"link_name":"Thank You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_You_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"I Can't Quit You Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Quit_You_Baby"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(Led_Zeppelin_album)"},{"link_name":"Dazed and Confused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazed_and_Confused_(song)#Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Jake Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Ramble On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramble_On"},{"link_name":"Travelling Riverside Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_Riverside_Blues#Led_Zeppelin_version"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Robert Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_III"},{"link_name":"Celebration Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebration_Day"},{"link_name":"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey,_Hey,_What_Can_I_Do"},{"link_name":"White Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Summer"},{"link_name":"Black Mountain Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_Side"},{"link_name":"Black Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dog_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_IV"},{"link_name":"Over the Hills and Far Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Hills_and_Far_Away_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"Houses of the Holy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_the_Holy"},{"link_name":"Immigrant Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_Song"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Evermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Evermore"},{"link_name":"Bron-Y-Aur Stomp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron-Y-Aur_Stomp"},{"link_name":"Tangerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"Going to California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_to_California"},{"link_name":"Since I've Been Loving You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Since_I%27ve_Been_Loving_You"},{"link_name":"D'yer Mak'er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27yer_Mak%27er"},{"link_name":"Gallows Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maid_Freed_from_the_Gallows#Led_Zeppelin_version"},{"link_name":"Physical Graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Graffiti"},{"link_name":"Misty Mountain Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misty_Mountain_Hop"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"The Rain Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rain_Song"},{"link_name":"Stairway to Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairway_to_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_(song)"},{"link_name":"Trampled Under Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trampled_Under_Foot"},{"link_name":"Presence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presence_(album)"},{"link_name":"No Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Quarter_(song)"},{"link_name":"Dancing Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Days"},{"link_name":"When the Levee Breaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Levee_Breaks#Led_Zeppelin_version"},{"link_name":"Memphis Minnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Minnie"},{"link_name":"Achilles Last Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_Last_Stand"},{"link_name":"The Song Remains the Same","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_Remains_the_Same_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ten Years Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Years_Gone"},{"link_name":"In My Time of Dying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Time_of_Dying_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"In the Evening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Evening"},{"link_name":"In Through the Out Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Through_the_Out_Door"},{"link_name":"Candy Store Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Store_Rock"},{"link_name":"The Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ocean_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"Houses of the Holy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_the_Holy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Wearing and Tearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearing_and_Tearing"},{"link_name":"Nobody's Fault but Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody%27s_Fault_but_Mine"},{"link_name":"Fool in the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fool_in_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"In the Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Light"},{"link_name":"The Wanton Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wanton_Song"},{"link_name":"Moby Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Dick_(instrumental)"},{"link_name":"Bonzo's Montreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonzo%27s_Montreux"},{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"All My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Love_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"}],"text":"All tracks produced by Jimmy Page except for \"Travelling Riverside Blues\" produced by John Walters and \"White Summer/Black Mountain Side\" produced by Jeff Griffin.Disc oneNo.TitleWriter(s)OriginLength1.\"Whole Lotta Love\"John BonhamWillie DixonJohn Paul JonesJimmy PageRobert PlantLed Zeppelin II, 19695:342.\"Heartbreaker\"BonhamJonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin II4:143.\"Communication Breakdown\"BonhamJonesPageLed Zeppelin, 19692:294.\"Babe I'm Gonna Leave You\"Anne BredonPagePlantLed Zeppelin6:425.\"What Is and What Should Never Be\"PagePlantLed Zeppelin II4:476.\"Thank You\"PagePlantLed Zeppelin II4:507.\"I Can't Quit You Baby\" (Live at the Royal Albert Hall, London, England, 9 January 1970)DixonCoda, 19824:158.\"Dazed and Confused\"Page (inspired by Jake Holmes)Led Zeppelin6:279.\"Your Time Is Gonna Come\" (Early fade-out)JonesPageLed Zeppelin4:1410.\"Ramble On\"PagePlantLed Zeppelin II4:2311.\"Travelling Riverside Blues\" (Live at the BBC 24 June 1969)Robert JohnsonPagePlantPreviously unreleased, 19695:1112.\"Friends\"PagePlantLed Zeppelin III, 19703:5513.\"Celebration Day\"JonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin III3:2914.\"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do\"BonhamJonesPagePlant\"Immigrant Song\" single, 19703:5515.\"White Summer/Black Mountain Side\" (Live at the BBC 27 June 1969)PagePreviously unreleased, 19698:01Disc twoNo.TitleWriter(s)OriginLength1.\"Black Dog\"JonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin IV, 19714:552.\"Over the Hills and Far Away\"PagePlantHouses of the Holy, 19734:503.\"Immigrant Song\"PagePlantLed Zeppelin III2:274.\"The Battle of Evermore\"PagePlantLed Zeppelin IV5:525.\"Bron-Y-Aur Stomp\"JonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin III4:206.\"Tangerine\"PageLed Zeppelin III2:577.\"Going to California\"PagePlantLed Zeppelin IV3:318.\"Since I've Been Loving You\"JonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin III7:249.\"D'yer Mak'er\"BonhamJonesPagePlantHouses of the Holy4:2310.\"Gallows Pole\"traditional, arranged by PagePlantLed Zeppelin III4:5811.\"Custard Pie\"PagePlantPhysical Graffiti, 19754:1312.\"Misty Mountain Hop\"JonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin IV4:3813.\"Rock and Roll\"BonhamJonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin IV3:4114.\"The Rain Song\"PagePlantHouses of the Holy7:3915.\"Stairway to Heaven\"PagePlantLed Zeppelin IV8:02Disc threeNo.TitleWriter(s)OriginLength1.\"Kashmir\"BonhamPagePlantPhysical Graffiti8:332.\"Trampled Under Foot\"JonesPagePlantPhysical Graffiti5:373.\"For Your Life\"PagePlantPresence, 19766:244.\"No Quarter\"JonesPagePlantHouses of the Holy7:005.\"Dancing Days\"PagePlantHouses of the Holy3:436.\"When the Levee Breaks\"BonhamMemphis MinnieJonesPagePlantLed Zeppelin IV7:077.\"Achilles Last Stand\"PagePlantPresence10:258.\"The Song Remains the Same\"PagePlantHouses of the Holy5:329.\"Ten Years Gone\"PagePlantPhysical Graffiti6:3210.\"In My Time of Dying\"BonhamJonesPagePlantPhysical Graffiti11:05Disc fourNo.TitleWriter(s)OriginLength1.\"In the Evening\"JonesPagePlantIn Through the Out Door, 19796:492.\"Candy Store Rock\"PagePlantPresence4:113.\"The Ocean\"BonhamJonesPagePlantHouses of the Holy4:314.\"Ozone Baby\"PagePlantCoda3:355.\"Houses of the Holy\"PagePlantPhysical Graffiti4:026.\"Wearing and Tearing\"PagePlantCoda5:317.\"Poor Tom\"PagePlantCoda3:038.\"Nobody's Fault but Mine\"PagePlantPresence6:279.\"Fool in the Rain\"JonesPagePlantIn Through the Out Door6:1210.\"In the Light\"JonesPagePlantPhysical Graffiti8:4611.\"The Wanton Song\"PagePlantPhysical Graffiti4:0712.\"Moby Dick/Bonzo's Montreux\"BonhamJonesPagePreviously unreleased remix of both recordings, 19903:5013.\"I'm Gonna Crawl\"JonesPagePlantIn Through the Out Door5:3014.\"All My Love\"JonesPlantIn Through the Out Door5:51","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Bonham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bonham"},{"link_name":"John Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Page"},{"link_name":"digital remastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Robert Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Plant"},{"link_name":"Sandy Denny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Denny"},{"link_name":"Ian Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(musician)"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"Peter Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Grant_(music_manager)"},{"link_name":"Programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"remastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Cameron Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Crowe"},{"link_name":"Chris Dreja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Dreja"},{"link_name":"Kurt Loder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Loder"},{"link_name":"Robert Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)"},{"link_name":"Pennie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennie_Smith"}],"text":"John Bonham – drums, percussion, backing vocals\nJohn Paul Jones – bass guitar, keyboards, mandolin\nJimmy Page – guitars, backing vocals, production, digital remastering\nRobert Plant – vocals, harmonica\nSandy Denny – vocals on \"The Battle of Evermore\"\nIan Stewart – piano on \"Rock and Roll\"\nYves Beauvais – producer\nBruce Buchanan – engineering\nPeter Grant – executive producer\nJeff Griffin – producer\nChris Houston – engineering\nJohn Mahoney – Programming and engineering on \"Moby Dick\"/\"Bonzo's Montreux\"\nGeorge Marino – remastering and digital remastering\nTony Wilson – engineering on \"Travelling Riverside Blues\" and \"White Summer\"\nBob Alford – photography\nRichard Creamer – photography\nCameron Crowe – liner notes\nJim Cummins – photography\nChris Dreja – photography\nRobert Ellis – photography\nLarry Fremantle – design\nNeil Jones – photography\nJohn Kubick – digital transfers\nKurt Loder – liner notes\nJanet Macoska – photography\nRichard \"Hutch\" Hutchison – design co-ordinator\nJennifer Moore – photography and imaging\nTerry O'Neil – photography\nRobert Palmer – liner notes\nBarry Plummer – photography\nNeal Preston – photography\nMichael Putland – photography\nRhonda Schoen – digital editing and transfers\nPeter Simon – photography\nPennie Smith – photography\nJay Thompson – photography\nChris Walter – photography\nBob Gruen – photography\nChris Wroe – photography and imaging\nNeil Zlozower – photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of best-selling albums in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"\"RIAA\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Led+Zeppelin&ti=Led+Zeppelin&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"RIAA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Led Zeppelin [Box Set] - Led Zeppelin | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/led-zeppelin-box-set-mw0000690188","url_text":"\"Led Zeppelin [Box Set] - Led Zeppelin | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195313734","url_text":"978-0195313734"}]},{"reference":"Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005 (in Japanese). Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon Entertainment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-87131-077-9","url_text":"4-87131-077-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Led+Zeppelin%20Led+Zeppelin","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin - Box Set 1\". British Phonographic Industry.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/8663-2162-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin - Box Set 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Led+Zeppelin&ti=Led+Zeppelin&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malla_(surname)
Malla (surname)
[]
Look up malla, Malla, or mallá in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Malla is a Spanish and Nepalese surname that may refer to: Spanish Ceferino Giménez Malla (1861–1936), Spanish Roman Catholic catechist Coque Malla (born 1970), Spanish musician and actor Felip de Malla (1370–1431), Catalan prelate, theologian and scholar Ramon Malla Call (1922–2014), Andorran Bishop Nepalese/Indian Malla (Nepal), a royal dynasty, see List of Malla Kings of Nepal for members Ashesh Malla (born 1954), Nepalese playwright and theatre director Bikash Malla (born 1986), Nepalese footballer Chandra Kanta Devi Malla, Nepalese activist and teacher Durga Malla (1913–1944), Indian soldier Gauri Malla, Nepalese actress Gyanendra Malla (born 1990), Nepalese cricketer Hem Bahadur Malla, Nepalese minister Jagat Sundar Malla (1882–1952), Nepalese teacher and writer Jayanta Malla Baruah, Indian politician Kali Bahadur Malla, Nepalese politician Kamal P. Malla, Nepalese academic Narasingha Malla Deb (1907–1976), Indian politician Sampada Malla, Nepalese media personality, writer, film maker and journalist Sapana Pradhan Malla, Nepalese Supreme Court Judge Saugat Malla, Nepalese film actor Sharmila Malla, Nepalese actress Suresh Malla, Nepalese politician Tilak Bam Malla, better known as Parivesh, Nepalese singer Thirbam Malla, Nepalese democracy activist Other Nissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa, 12th century king of Sri Lanka Florentina Mallá (1891–1973), Czech composer and pianist Jihan Malla, Lebanese television personality and voice actress Pasha Malla, Canadian author Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Malla. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malla"},{"link_name":"Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Malla"},{"link_name":"mallá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mall%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Ceferino Giménez Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceferino_Gim%C3%A9nez_Malla"},{"link_name":"Coque Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coque_Malla"},{"link_name":"Felip de Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felip_de_Malla"},{"link_name":"Ramon Malla Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Malla_Call"},{"link_name":"Malla (Nepal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malla_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"List of Malla Kings of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malla_Kings_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Ashesh Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashesh_Malla"},{"link_name":"Bikash Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikash_Malla"},{"link_name":"Chandra Kanta Devi Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Kanta_Devi_Malla"},{"link_name":"Durga Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Malla"},{"link_name":"Gauri Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauri_Malla"},{"link_name":"Gyanendra Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyanendra_Malla"},{"link_name":"Hem Bahadur Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hem_Bahadur_Malla"},{"link_name":"Jagat Sundar Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagat_Sundar_Malla"},{"link_name":"Jayanta Malla Baruah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayanta_Malla_Baruah"},{"link_name":"Kali Bahadur Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Bahadur_Malla"},{"link_name":"Kamal P. Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_P._Malla"},{"link_name":"Narasingha Malla Deb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasingha_Malla_Deb"},{"link_name":"Sampada Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampada_Malla"},{"link_name":"Sapana Pradhan Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapana_Pradhan_Malla"},{"link_name":"Saugat Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugat_Malla"},{"link_name":"Sharmila Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharmila_Malla"},{"link_name":"Suresh Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Malla"},{"link_name":"Parivesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parivesh"},{"link_name":"Thirbam Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirbam_Malla"},{"link_name":"Nissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissanka_Malla_of_Polonnaruwa"},{"link_name":"Florentina Mallá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentina_Mall%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Jihan Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihan_Malla"},{"link_name":"Pasha Malla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha_Malla"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Malla_(surname)&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"Look up malla, Malla, or mallá in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Malla is a Spanish and Nepalese surname that may refer to:SpanishCeferino Giménez Malla (1861–1936), Spanish Roman Catholic catechist\nCoque Malla (born 1970), Spanish musician and actor\nFelip de Malla (1370–1431), Catalan prelate, theologian and scholar\nRamon Malla Call (1922–2014), Andorran BishopNepalese/IndianMalla (Nepal), a royal dynasty, see List of Malla Kings of Nepal for members\nAshesh Malla (born 1954), Nepalese playwright and theatre director\nBikash Malla (born 1986), Nepalese footballer\nChandra Kanta Devi Malla, Nepalese activist and teacher\nDurga Malla (1913–1944), Indian soldier\nGauri Malla, Nepalese actress\nGyanendra Malla (born 1990), Nepalese cricketer\nHem Bahadur Malla, Nepalese minister\nJagat Sundar Malla (1882–1952), Nepalese teacher and writer\nJayanta Malla Baruah, Indian politician\nKali Bahadur Malla, Nepalese politician\nKamal P. Malla, Nepalese academic\nNarasingha Malla Deb (1907–1976), Indian politician\nSampada Malla, Nepalese media personality, writer, film maker and journalist\nSapana Pradhan Malla, Nepalese Supreme Court Judge\nSaugat Malla, Nepalese film actor\nSharmila Malla, Nepalese actress\nSuresh Malla, Nepalese politician\nTilak Bam Malla, better known as Parivesh, Nepalese singer\nThirbam Malla, Nepalese democracy activistOtherNissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa, 12th century king of Sri Lanka\nFlorentina Mallá (1891–1973), Czech composer and pianist\nJihan Malla, Lebanese television personality and voice actress\nPasha Malla, Canadian authorSurname listThis page lists people with the surname Malla. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.","title":"Malla (surname)"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Malla_(surname)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Munro_Kerr
William Munro Kerr
["1 Naval service","2 References"]
Sir William Munro KerrBorn(1876-03-04)4 March 1876Campsie, Stirlingshire, ScotlandDied26 October 1959(1959-10-26) (aged 83)Lymington, Hampshire, EnglandAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchRoyal NavyYears of service1892–1936RankVice AdmiralCommands heldReserve Fleet (1932–34)Chief of the Australian Naval Staff (1929–31)1st Battle Squadron, Mediterranean Fleet (1928–29)HMS Eagle (1925–26)HMS Ajax (1924–25)HMS Calliope (1924_Rosyth Dockyard (1921–23)HMS Caradoc (1917–19)HMS Centurion (1916)Battles/warsFirst World WarAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the British EmpireCompanion of the Order of the Bath Vice Admiral Sir William Munro Kerr KBE, CB (4 March 1876 – 26 October 1959) was a Royal Navy officer who served as First Naval Member and Chief of the Australian Naval Staff from 1929 to 1931. Naval service Kerr joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman in 1892. In November 1901, Kerr—by then a lieutenant—was lent to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich for the compass course. In May the following year he was appointed lieutenant in charge of navigation at HMS Hermione, serving at the Mediterranean station. After serving in the First World War, he was appointed Captain of the Dockyard and King's Harbour Master at Rosyth in 1921 and Rear Admiral of the 1st Battle Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet in 1928. He went on to be First Naval Member and Chief of the Australian Naval Staff in 1929 and, having been promoted to vice admiral in 1931, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Reserve Fleet later that year. He retired in 1936. References ^ a b Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945 ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36598. London. 29 October 1901. p. 8. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36760. London. 6 May 1902. p. 11. ^ Mediterranean Fleet The Sydney Morning Herald, 22 March 1928 ^ Four New Admirals Evening Post, 23 May 1929 ^ Royal Navy October 1932 ^ Whitaker's Almanack 1937 Military offices Preceded byWilliam Napier Chief of the Australian Naval Staff 1929–1931 Succeeded bySir George Hyde Preceded bySir Frank Larken Commander-in-Chief, Reserve Fleet 1932–1934 Succeeded byEdward Astley-Rushton vteChiefs of the Royal Australian NavyDirector,Commonwealth Naval Forces Sir William Rooke Creswell First Naval Members,Australian Commonwealth Naval Board Sir William Rooke Creswell Sir Percy Grant Sir Allan Everett Percival Hall-Thompson William Napier Sir William Munro Kerr Sir George Hyde Sir Ragnar Colvin Sir Guy Royle Sir Louis Keppel Hamilton Sir John Augustine Collins Sir Roy Dowling Sir Henry Burrell Sir Hastings Harrington Sir Alan McNicoll Sir Victor Smith Sir Richard Peek Sir David Stevenson Chiefs of the Naval Staff Sir Anthony Synnot Sir James Willis David Leach Michael Hudson Ian MacDougall Rodney Taylor Chiefs of Navy Rodney Taylor Donald Chalmers David Shackleton Chris Ritchie Russ Shalders Russell Crane Raymond Griggs Timothy Barrett Michael Noonan Mark Hammond
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vice Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"First Naval Member and Chief of the Australian Naval Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Navy_(Australia)"}],"text":"Vice Admiral Sir William Munro Kerr KBE, CB (4 March 1876 – 26 October 1959) was a Royal Navy officer who served as First Naval Member and Chief of the Australian Naval Staff from 1929 to 1931.","title":"William Munro Kerr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flag-1"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval College, Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_College,_Greenwich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"HMS Hermione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hermione_(1893)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Rosyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyth"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"First Naval Member and Chief of the Australian Naval Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Navy_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flag-1"},{"link_name":"Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Kerr joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman in 1892.[1] In November 1901, Kerr—by then a lieutenant—was lent to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich for the compass course.[2] In May the following year he was appointed lieutenant in charge of navigation at HMS Hermione, serving at the Mediterranean station.[3] After serving in the First World War, he was appointed Captain of the Dockyard and King's Harbour Master at Rosyth in 1921 and Rear Admiral of the 1st Battle Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet in 1928.[4] He went on to be First Naval Member and Chief of the Australian Naval Staff in 1929[5] and, having been promoted to vice admiral in 1931,[1] he became Commander-in-Chief of the Reserve Fleet later that year.[6] He retired in 1936.[7]","title":"Naval service"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36598. London. 29 October 1901. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 36760. London. 6 May 1902. p. 11.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/individual.php?RecNo=301","external_links_name":"Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945"},{"Link":"http://www.trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/16451110","external_links_name":"Mediterranean Fleet"},{"Link":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19290523.2.84&l=mi&e=-------10--1----0captain+john+smith--","external_links_name":"Four New Admirals"},{"Link":"http://www.fleetorganization.com/1932rnreserve.html","external_links_name":"Royal Navy October 1932"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1366_in_Ireland
1366 in Ireland
["1 Incumbent","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]
List of events in the year 1366 ← 1365 1364 1363 1362 1361 1366 in Ireland → 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 Centuries: 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th Decades: 1340s 1350s 1360s 1370s 1380s See also:Other events of 1366 List of years in Ireland Events from the year 1366 in Ireland. Incumbent Lord: Edward III Events Irish Parliament at Kilkenny before Prince Lionel of Clarence, Earl of Ulster codifies the legislation of the previous 50 years in the Statutes of Kilkenny, prohibiting, among other things, the adoption of the Irish language by the colonists. Births This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) Deaths This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) References ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland. Foster, RF. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1989 ^ The Concise History of Ireland. Duffy, S. Gill & Macmillan, Dublin. 2005 vteYears in Ireland (1101–present)12th century Pre-1101 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 13th century 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 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Navarre Norway Ottoman Empire Papal States Poland Portugal San Marino Scotland Serbia Sweden Switzerland Wallachia Dependencies, coloniesand other territories Guernsey Jersey This year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List of events in the year 1366Events from the year 1366 in Ireland.","title":"1366 in Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"}],"text":"Lord: Edward III","title":"Incumbent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Prince Lionel of Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence"},{"link_name":"Earl of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Statutes of Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes_of_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Irish Parliament at Kilkenny before Prince Lionel of Clarence, Earl of Ulster codifies the legislation of the previous 50 years in the Statutes of Kilkenny, prohibiting, among other things, the adoption of the Irish language by the colonists.[1][2]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deaths"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blank_Ireland.svg/80px-Blank_Ireland.svg.png"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Lacarra
Lucía Lacarra
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Awards","4 References"]
Spanish ballet dancer Lucía LacarraLucía Lacarra in 2003Born (1975-03-24) 24 March 1975 (age 49)Zumaia, GipuzkoaOccupationBallerinaYears active1985-presentOrganizations Ballet National de Marseille San Francisco Ballet Bayerisches Staatsballett Awards Nijinsky Award (2002) Prix Benois de la Danse (2003) Dancer of the Decade (2011) Lucía Lacarra (born 24 March 1975) is a Spanish ballet dancer who has been a principal with the Bayerisches Staatsballett (Bavarian State Opera Ballet) since 2002. A recipient of the Prix Benois de la Danse, she was named the Dancer of the Decade in 2011, at the World Ballet Stars Gala in Saint Petersburg. Early life Born in the Basque town of Zumaia, Gipuzkoa, Lacarra was interested in dance from an early age but only received training from the age of 10 when a ballet school opened in her home town. After participating in a summer course run by Rosella Hightower, she studied for three years with Mentxu Medel in San Sebastián before attending Víctor Ullate's school in Madrid, along with Tamara Rojo and Angel Corella. She soon became a member of his Ballet de Victor Ullate, dancing George Balanchine's Allegro Brillante when she was 15, as well as other modern abstract ballets. Career After four seasons with Ullate, she moved to Roland Petit's Ballet de Marseille as a principal, dancing leading Esmeralda in his Notre Dame de Paris. Over the next three years, she created roles in seven other Petit ballets including Le Guépard where she danced Angélique, and Le jeune homme et la mort where she partnered with Nicolas Le Riche. In 1997, she joined the San Francisco Ballet where she performed in various classical and contemporary works, taking the title role in Helgi Tómasson's Giselle (1999). There, she paired with the Frenchman, Cyril Pierre, whom she married in 1998. "I love to do bad stuff! I don't want to get typecast in goody roles." (Lucía Lacarra, 2001) In 2002, Lacarra moved to Munich where she became a principal with the Bayerisches Staatsballett, partnering Cyril Pierre with whom she has participated in guest performances around the world. In recent years, she has created the roles of Princess Natalia and of Princess Odette in John Neumeier's Illusions – Like Swan Lake, Katharina in John Cranko's The Taming of the Shrew and Hippolyta/Titania in Neumeier's A Midsummer Night's Dream. From 2007, she began a dancing partnership with Marlon Dino which led to their marriage in 2010. Awards In 2002, Lacarra received the Nijinsky Award. In 2003, at a gala in Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre she was awarded the Prix Benois de la Danse as best female dancer for her role of Tatjana in Cranko's Onegin. In 2011, at the World Ballet Stars Gala in St Petersburg, she was named the Dancer of the Decade. References ^ a b c "Lucia Lacarra – The best Time of my Life (D + E)". Online Merker. Retrieved 20 March 2014. ^ "Lucía Lacarra, la bailarina que desafía el dolor, vuelve a la CND". RTVE. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2014. ^ a b c Sweeney, Stuart (August 12, 2001). "An Interview with Lucia Lacarra". Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ a b c "Lucia Lacarra". Bayerisches Staatsballett. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014. ^ "Lucia Lacarra". Oxford Index. Retrieved 20 March 2014. ^ Rubin, Sylvia (9 May 1998). "The Dance Of Love / When Lucia Lacarra and Cyril Pierre smolder onstage, it's for real". SF Gate. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ "Lucia Lacarra". The Ballerina Gallery. Retrieved 20 March 2014. ^ "International Prizes for Lacarra, Slavicky and Cullum". Bayerisches Staatsballett. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ballet dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_dancer"},{"link_name":"principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_dancer"},{"link_name":"Bayerisches Staatsballett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerisches_Staatsballett"},{"link_name":"Prix Benois de la Danse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Benois_de_la_Danse"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merker-1"}],"text":"Lucía Lacarra (born 24 March 1975) is a Spanish ballet dancer who has been a principal with the Bayerisches Staatsballett (Bavarian State Opera Ballet) since 2002. A recipient of the Prix Benois de la Danse, she was named the Dancer of the Decade in 2011, at the World Ballet Stars Gala in Saint Petersburg.[1]","title":"Lucía Lacarra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_people"},{"link_name":"Zumaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumaia"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTVE2013-2"},{"link_name":"Rosella Hightower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosella_Hightower"},{"link_name":"Mentxu Medel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mentxu_Medel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Víctor Ullate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ullate"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Tamara Rojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Rojo"},{"link_name":"Angel Corella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Corella"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweeney2001-3"},{"link_name":"George Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Balanchine"},{"link_name":"Allegro Brillante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegro_Brillante"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bs-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweeney2001-3"}],"text":"Born in the Basque town of Zumaia, Gipuzkoa,[2] Lacarra was interested in dance from an early age but only received training from the age of 10 when a ballet school opened in her home town. After participating in a summer course run by Rosella Hightower, she studied for three years with Mentxu Medel in San Sebastián before attending Víctor Ullate's school in Madrid, along with Tamara Rojo and Angel Corella.[3] She soon became a member of his Ballet de Victor Ullate, dancing George Balanchine's Allegro Brillante when she was 15,[4] as well as other modern abstract ballets.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roland Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Petit"},{"link_name":"Ballet de Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_National_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Esmeralda_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Le jeune homme et la mort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_jeune_homme_et_la_mort"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Le Riche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Le_Riche"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bs-4"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Helgi Tómasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgi_T%C3%B3masson_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Giselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giselle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oqr-5"},{"link_name":"Cyril Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Pierre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubin1998-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweeney2001-3"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Bayerisches Staatsballett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerisches_Staatsballett"},{"link_name":"John Neumeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neumeier"},{"link_name":"John Cranko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cranko"},{"link_name":"The Taming of the Shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bs-4"},{"link_name":"Marlon Dino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marlon_Dino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merker-1"}],"text":"After four seasons with Ullate, she moved to Roland Petit's Ballet de Marseille as a principal, dancing leading Esmeralda in his Notre Dame de Paris. Over the next three years, she created roles in seven other Petit ballets including Le Guépard where she danced Angélique, and Le jeune homme et la mort where she partnered with Nicolas Le Riche.[4] In 1997, she joined the San Francisco Ballet where she performed in various classical and contemporary works, taking the title role in Helgi Tómasson's Giselle (1999).[5] There, she paired with the Frenchman, Cyril Pierre, whom she married in 1998.[6]\"I love to do bad stuff! I don't want to get typecast in goody roles.\" (Lucía Lacarra, 2001)[3]In 2002, Lacarra moved to Munich where she became a principal with the Bayerisches Staatsballett, partnering Cyril Pierre with whom she has participated in guest performances around the world. In recent years, she has created the roles of Princess Natalia and of Princess Odette in John Neumeier's Illusions – Like Swan Lake, Katharina in John Cranko's The Taming of the Shrew and Hippolyta/Titania in Neumeier's A Midsummer Night's Dream.[4] From 2007, she began a dancing partnership with Marlon Dino which led to their marriage in 2010.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bolshoi Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Onegin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onegin_(Cranko)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merker-1"}],"text":"In 2002, Lacarra received the Nijinsky Award.[7] In 2003, at a gala in Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre she was awarded the Prix Benois de la Danse as best female dancer for her role of Tatjana in Cranko's Onegin.[8] In 2011, at the World Ballet Stars Gala in St Petersburg, she was named the Dancer of the Decade.[1]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gananda_Central_School_District
Gananda Central School District
["1 Board of education","2 History","3 Schools","3.1 Elementary schools","3.2 Middle schools","3.3 High schools","4 Performance","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°06′50″N 77°20′07″W / 43.113959°N 77.335377°W / 43.113959; -77.335377School district in the U.S. state of New York The Gananda Central School District is a public school district in New York State located about 20 miles east of Rochester’s city center and serves approximately 900 students in the master-planned development of Gananda, which is in the towns of Macedon and Walworth in Wayne County with a staff of 200 (112 teachers and 90 support staff) and an annual budget of approximately $24 million. The average class size is 20 students (all grades). The student-teacher ratio is 14:1. Dr. Shawn Van Scoy is Superintendent of Schools. The district motto is "Success for All". Board of education The Board of Education (BOE) consists of 7 members, 7 who serve rotating 3-year terms. Elections are held each May for board members and to vote on the School District Budget. Board members (2022) are: Greg Giles- President Patty Walker- Vice President Lisa Finnegan Shauna Phillips Bill Buchko Mike Cardarelli Robin Vogt Leslie Ferrante - District Clerk History The Gananda Central School District opened its doors to 108 students in 1974 and has grown since then as the population of suburban Rochester has grown. In 2022, Middle School Principal, Eliott Butt won the WROC-TV Golden Apple award. Schools The district operates three schools, all located in the town of Walworth. Elementary schools Richard Mann Elementary School (K-5), Principal - Katy Lumb Middle schools Gananda Middle School (6-8), Principal - Elliot Butt High schools Ruben A. Cirillo High School (9-12), Principal - Christopher Whipple Performance The district's 96% graduation rate exceeds the State Standard of 55%. References ^ Gananda Central School District - General Information ^ a b greatschools - Gananda Central School District Schools ^ a b c nySTART 2006 Report Card for Gananda Central School District Archived 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Superintendents Office". www.gananda.org. ^ "Gananda CSD". www.gananda.org. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. ^ "Golden Apple: Congratulations to Elliott Butt from Gananda Middle School!". www.rochesterfirst.com. ^ "Golden Apple: Congratulations to Elliott Butt from Gananda Middle School!". www.youtube.com. ^ "About us - Our School - Gananda Middle School". ms.gananda.org. Retrieved October 23, 2019. ^ "About us - Our School - Ruben A. Cirillo High School". rachs.gananda.org. Retrieved November 24, 2023. External links Official website New York State School Boards Association 43°06′50″N 77°20′07″W / 43.113959°N 77.335377°W / 43.113959; -77.335377 vteWayne County, New York schoolsPublic schools Clyde-Savannah Central School District Gananda Central School District Lyons Central School District Marion Central School District Newark Central School District North Rose-Wolcott Central School District Palmyra-Macedon School District Red Creek Central School District Sodus Central School District Wayne Central School District Williamson Central School District Private schools Clyde Mennonite Parochial School; Clyde, New York St. Michael Elementary School; Newark, New York Sunnyside Christian Academy; North Rose, New York East Palmyra Christian School; Palmyra, New York Heritage Baptist Christian School; Palmyra, New York Palmyra Christian Academy; Palmyra, New York Shared services/public Wayne-Finger Lakes BOCES
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale-winged_dog-like_bat
Pale-winged dog-like bat
["1 References"]
Species of bat Pale-winged dog-like bat Conservation status Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Emballonuridae Genus: Peropteryx Species: P. pallidoptera Binomial name Peropteryx pallidopteraLim, Engstrom, Reid, Simmons, Voss & Fleck, 2010 The pale-winged dog-like bat (Peropteryx pallidoptera) is a bat species found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. References ^ a b Solari, S. (2016). "Peropteryx pallidoptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T85822291A85822446. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T85822291A85822446.en. ^ a b Lim, B. K.; Engstrom, M. D.; Reid, F. A.; Simmons, N. B.; Voss, R. S.; Fleck, D. W. (2010). "A New Species of Peropteryx (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) from Western Amazonia with Comments on Phylogenetic Relationships within the Genus". American Museum Novitates (3686): 1–20. doi:10.1206/691.1. hdl:2246/6070. S2CID 53674551. vteExtant species of family Emballonuridae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria Order: Chiroptera Balantiopteryx Ecuadorian sac-winged bat (B. infusca) Thomas's sac-winged bat (B. io) Gray sac-winged bat (B. plicata) Centronycteris Thomas's shaggy bat (C. centralis) Shaggy bat (C. maximiliani) Coleura African sheath-tailed bat (C. afra) Madagascar sheath-tailed bat (C. kibomalandy) Seychelles sheath-tailed bat (C. seychellensis) Cormura Chestnut sac-winged bat (C. brevirostris) Cyttarops Short-eared bat (C. alecto) Diclidurus(Ghost bats) Northern ghost bat (D. albus) Greater ghost bat (D. ingens) Isabelle's ghost bat (D. isabellus) Lesser ghost bat (D. scutatus) Emballonura Small Asian sheath-tailed bat (E. alecto) Beccari's sheath-tailed bat (E. beccarii) Large-eared sheath-tailed bat (E. dianae) Greater sheath-tailed bat (E. furax) Lesser sheath-tailed bat (E. monticola) Raffray's sheath-tailed bat (E. raffrayana) Pacific sheath-tailed bat (E. semicaudata) Seri's sheath-tailed bat (E. serii) Mosia Dark sheath-tailed bat (M. nigrescens) Peropteryx Greater dog-like bat (P. kappleri) White-winged dog-like bat (P. leucoptera) Lesser dog-like bat (P. macrotis) Pale-winged dog-like bat (P. pallidoptera) Trinidad dog-like bat (P. trinitatis) Rhynchonycteris Proboscis bat (R. naso) Saccolaimus Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat (S. flaviventris) Papuan sheath-tailed bat (S. mixtus) Pel's pouched bat (S. peli) Naked-rumped pouched bat (S. saccolaimus) Saccopteryx Antioquian sac-winged bat (S. antioquensis) Greater sac-winged bat (S. bilineata) Frosted sac-winged bat (S. canescens) Amazonian sac-winged bat (S. gymnura) Lesser sac-winged bat (S. leptura) Taphozous Indonesian tomb bat (T. achates) Coastal sheath-tailed bat (T. australis) Common sheath-tailed bat (T. georgianus) Hamilton's tomb bat (T. hamiltoni) Hildegarde's tomb bat (T. hildegardeae) Hill's sheath-tailed bat (T. hilli) Arnhem sheath-tailed bat (T. kapalgensis) Long-winged tomb bat (T. longimanus) Mauritian tomb bat (T. mauritianus) Black-bearded tomb bat (T. melanopogon) Naked-rumped tomb bat (T. nudiventris) Egyptian tomb bat (T. perforatus) Theobald's tomb bat (T. theobaldi) Troughton's sheath-tailed bat (T. troughtoni) Taxon identifiersPeropteryx pallidoptera Wikidata: Q3900050 Wikispecies: Peropteryx pallidoptera BOLD: 765893 GBIF: 9078143 ITIS: 1149090 IUCN: 85822291 MDD: 1004790 Open Tree of Life: 7656300 This Emballonuridae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymburk_District
Nymburk District
["1 Administrative division","1.1 List of municipalities","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 Most populated municipalities","4 Economy","5 Transport","6 Sights","7 Notable people","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°13′N 15°6′E / 50.217°N 15.100°E / 50.217; 15.100District in Central Bohemian, Czech RepublicNymburk District Okres NymburkDistrictLocation in the Central Bohemian Region within the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 50°13′N 15°6′E / 50.217°N 15.100°E / 50.217; 15.100Country Czech RepublicRegionCentral BohemianCapitalNymburkArea • Total846.40 km2 (326.80 sq mi)Population (2024) • Total106,551 • Density130/km2 (330/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Municipalities86* Towns7* Market towns3 Nymburk District (Czech: okres Nymburk) is a district in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. Its capital is the town of Nymburk. Administrative division Nymburk District is divided into three administrative districts of municipalities with extended competence: Nymburk, Lysá nad Labem and Poděbrady. List of municipalities Towns are marked in bold and market towns in italics: Běrunice - Bobnice - Bříství - Budiměřice - Chleby - Choťánky - Chotěšice - Chrást - Chroustov - Čilec - Činěves - Dlouhopolsko - Dobšice - Dvory - Dymokury - Hořany - Hořátev - Hradčany - Hradištko - Hrubý Jeseník - Jíkev - Jiřice - Jizbice - Kamenné Zboží - Kněžice - Kněžičky - Kolaje - Kostelní Lhota - Kostomlátky - Kostomlaty nad Labem - Košík - Kounice - Kouty - Kovanice - Krchleby - Křečkov - Křinec - Libice nad Cidlinou - Loučeň - Lysá nad Labem - Mcely - Městec Králové - Milčice - Milovice - Netřebice - Nový Dvůr - Nymburk - Odřepsy - Okřínek - Opočnice - Opolany - Oseček - Oskořínek - Ostrá - Pátek - Písková Lhota - Písty - Poděbrady - Podmoky - Přerov nad Labem - Rožďalovice - Sadská - Sány - Seletice - Semice - Senice - Sloveč - Sokoleč - Stará Lysá - Starý Vestec - Straky - Stratov - Třebestovice - Úmyslovice - Velenice - Velenka - Vestec - Vlkov pod Oškobrhem - Vrbice - Vrbová Lhota - Všechlapy - Vykáň - Záhornice - Zbožíčko - Žitovlice - Zvěřínek Geography Elbe and Poděbrady Lake in Poděbrady The surface of the district has a distinctly flat character, a significant part of the district lies in the Polabí lowland. The territory extends into three geomorphological mesoregions: Central Elbe Table (most of the territory), Jizera Table (small parts in the west and north) and East Elbe Table (very small part in the east). The highest point of the district is the hill Na kostele in Kněžice with an elevation of 299 m (981 ft), which is the lowest among all districts in the country. The lowest point is the river bed of the Elbe in Přerov nad Labem at 173 m (568 ft). From the total district area of 846.4 km2 (326.8 sq mi), agricultural land occupies 584.8 km2 (225.8 sq mi), forests occupy 148.5 km2 (57.3 sq mi), and water area occupies 18.5 km2 (7.1 sq mi). Forests cover 17.5% of the district's area. The most important river is the Elbe, flowing from the south to the west. The north of the district is drained by the Mrlina (a tributary of the Elbe). Several kilometres of the Cidlina also flow through the territory before its confluence with the Elbe. There are some middle-sized ponds, but none larger than 25 ha (62 acres). There are also several artificial lakes in the vicinity of the Elbe, created by flooding sand quarries. There are no large-scale protected areas. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%186972,795—    188084,046+15.5%189087,401+4.0%190088,310+1.0%191093,602+6.0%YearPop.±%192196,960+3.6%1930101,607+4.8%195094,472−7.0%196194,222−0.3%197089,994−4.5%YearPop.±%198086,102−4.3%199181,122−5.8%200182,708+2.0%201194,768+14.6%2021102,727+8.4%Source: Censuses Most populated municipalities Name Population Area (km2) Nymburk 15,510 21 Poděbrady 15,156 34 Milovice 13,920 28 Lysá nad Labem 10,062 34 Sadská 3,253 16 Městec Králové 2,860 20 Kostomlaty nad Labem 1,901 18 Kounice 1,703 11 Rožďalovice 1,663 24 Semice 1,547 9 Economy The largest employers with headquarters in Nymburk District and at least 500 employees are: Economic entity Location Number of employees Main activity Super Pet Poděbrady 1,000–1,499 Retail sale Louda Auto Choťánky 500–999 Trade and maintenance of motor vehicles Fresenius Kabi Horatev CZ Hořátev 500–999 Manufacture of medical supplies Nymburk Hospital Nymburk 500–999 Health care Crystal Bohemia Poděbrady 500–999 Manufacture of glass and glass products Transport The D11 motorway from Prague to Hradec Králové passes through the southern part of the district. Sights Slavník gord in Libice nad Cidlinou The most important monuments in the district, protected as national cultural monuments, are: Slavník gord in Libice nad Cidlinou Crematorium in Nymburk Hydroelectric power plant in Poděbrady Monument of King George of Poděbrady in Poděbrady The best-preserved settlements and archaeological sites, protected as monument reservations and monument zones, are: Bošín (monument reservation) Area of the Slavník gord in Libice nad Cidlinou (monument reservation) Lysá nad Labem Nymburk Poděbrady Pojedy Sovenice Vinice The most visited tourist destinations are the Mirakulum amusement park in Milovice, Loučeň Castle, and Chleby Zoo. Notable people Main category: People from Nymburk District Notes ^ Excluding Černíky, which was part of Nymburk District until 2020. References ^ a b "Land use (as at 31 December)". Public database. Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 2023-05-16. ^ a b "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17. ^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Nymburk" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 1–2. ^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27. ^ "Registr ekonomických subjektů". Business Register (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "Výsledky vyhledávání: Národní kulturní památky, okres Nymburk". Ústřední seznam kulturních památek (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2024-06-19. ^ "Výsledky vyhledávání: Památkové rezervace, Památkové zóny, okres Nymburk". Ústřední seznam kulturních památek (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2024-06-19. ^ "Turisté mají v České republice nejraději zoologické zahrady, technické památky, koupání a Pražský hrad" (in Czech). CzechTourism. 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2023-01-19. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nymburk District. Nymburk District – profile on the Czech Statistical Office website vteDistricts of the Central Bohemian Region Benešov Beroun Kladno Kolín Kutná Hora Mělník Mladá Boleslav Nymburk Prague-East Prague-West Příbram Rakovník vteTowns, market towns and villages of Nymburk District Běrunice Bobnice Bříství Budiměřice Chleby Choťánky Chotěšice Chrást Chroustov Čilec Činěves Dlouhopolsko Dobšice Dvory Dymokury Hořany Hořátev Hradčany Hradištko Hrubý Jeseník Jíkev Jiřice Jizbice Kamenné Zboží Kněžice Kněžičky Kolaje Košík Kostelní Lhota Kostomlátky Kostomlaty nad Labem Kounice Kouty Kovanice Krchleby Křečkov Křinec Libice nad Cidlinou Loučeň Lysá nad Labem Mcely Městec Králové Milčice Milovice Netřebice Nový Dvůr Nymburk Odřepsy Okřínek Opočnice Opolany Oseček Oskořínek Ostrá Pátek Písková Lhota Písty Poděbrady Podmoky Přerov nad Labem Rožďalovice Sadská Sány Seletice Semice Senice Sloveč Sokoleč Stará Lysá Starý Vestec Straky Stratov Třebestovice Úmyslovice Velenice Velenka Vestec Vlkov pod Oškobrhem Vrbice Vrbová Lhota Všechlapy Vykáň Záhornice Zbožíčko Žitovlice Zvěřínek Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okres"},{"link_name":"Central Bohemian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bohemian_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Nymburk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymburk"}],"text":"District in Central Bohemian, Czech RepublicNymburk District (Czech: okres Nymburk) is a district in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. Its capital is the town of Nymburk.","title":"Nymburk District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"administrative districts of municipalities with extended competence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_the_Czech_Republic#Municipalities_with_extended_competence"}],"text":"Nymburk District is divided into three administrative districts of municipalities with extended competence: Nymburk, Lysá nad Labem and Poděbrady.","title":"Administrative division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Běrunice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9Brunice"},{"link_name":"Bobnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobnice"},{"link_name":"Bříství","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99%C3%ADstv%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Budiměřice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budim%C4%9B%C5%99ice"},{"link_name":"Chleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chleby_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Choťánky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C5%A5%C3%A1nky"},{"link_name":"Chotěšice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chot%C4%9B%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"Chrást","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A1st_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Chroustov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroustov"},{"link_name":"Čilec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cilec"},{"link_name":"Činěves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cin%C4%9Bves"},{"link_name":"Dlouhopolsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlouhopolsko"},{"link_name":"Dobšice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%A1ice_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Dvory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvory_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Dymokury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymokury"},{"link_name":"Hořany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99any"},{"link_name":"Hořátev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99%C3%A1tev"},{"link_name":"Hradčany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrad%C4%8Dany_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Hradištko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hradi%C5%A1tko_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Hrubý Jeseník","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_Jesen%C3%ADk_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Jíkev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ADkev"},{"link_name":"Jiřice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99ice_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Jizbice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizbice"},{"link_name":"Kamenné Zboží","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenn%C3%A9_Zbo%C5%BE%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Kněžice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEice_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Kněžičky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEi%C4%8Dky"},{"link_name":"Kolaje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolaje"},{"link_name":"Kostelní Lhota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosteln%C3%AD_Lhota"},{"link_name":"Kostomlátky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostoml%C3%A1tky"},{"link_name":"Kostomlaty nad Labem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostomlaty_nad_Labem"},{"link_name":"Košík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Kounice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kounice"},{"link_name":"Kouty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouty_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Kovanice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovanice"},{"link_name":"Krchleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krchleby_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Křečkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99e%C4%8Dkov"},{"link_name":"Křinec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99inec"},{"link_name":"Libice nad Cidlinou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libice_nad_Cidlinou"},{"link_name":"Loučeň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%C4%8De%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Lysá nad Labem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_nad_Labem"},{"link_name":"Mcely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mcely"},{"link_name":"Městec Králové","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bstec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Milčice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C4%8Dice"},{"link_name":"Milovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milovice"},{"link_name":"Netřebice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%C5%99ebice_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Nový Dvůr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Dv%C5%AFr_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Nymburk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymburk"},{"link_name":"Odřepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C5%99epsy"},{"link_name":"Okřínek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%C5%99%C3%ADnek"},{"link_name":"Opočnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opo%C4%8Dnice"},{"link_name":"Opolany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opolany"},{"link_name":"Oseček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ose%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Oskořínek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osko%C5%99%C3%ADnek"},{"link_name":"Ostrá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%A1_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Pátek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1tek"},{"link_name":"Písková Lhota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADskov%C3%A1_Lhota_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Písty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsty"},{"link_name":"Poděbrady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod%C4%9Bbrady"},{"link_name":"Podmoky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podmoky_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Přerov nad Labem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99erov_nad_Labem"},{"link_name":"Rožďalovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BE%C4%8Falovice"},{"link_name":"Sadská","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadsk%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Sány","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ny"},{"link_name":"Seletice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seletice"},{"link_name":"Semice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semice"},{"link_name":"Senice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senice"},{"link_name":"Sloveč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slove%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Sokoleč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokole%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Stará Lysá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A1_Lys%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Starý Vestec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%BD_Vestec"},{"link_name":"Straky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straky"},{"link_name":"Stratov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratov"},{"link_name":"Třebestovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99ebestovice"},{"link_name":"Úmyslovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Amyslovice"},{"link_name":"Velenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velenice_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Velenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velenka"},{"link_name":"Vestec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestec_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Vlkov pod Oškobrhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlkov_pod_O%C5%A1kobrhem"},{"link_name":"Vrbice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbice_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Vrbová Lhota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbov%C3%A1_Lhota"},{"link_name":"Všechlapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1echlapy_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Vykáň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyk%C3%A1%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Záhornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1hornice"},{"link_name":"Zbožíčko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbo%C5%BE%C3%AD%C4%8Dko"},{"link_name":"Žitovlice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDitovlice"},{"link_name":"Zvěřínek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zv%C4%9B%C5%99%C3%ADnek"}],"sub_title":"List of municipalities","text":"Towns are marked in bold and market towns in italics:Běrunice -\nBobnice -\nBříství -\nBudiměřice -\nChleby -\nChoťánky -\nChotěšice -\nChrást -\nChroustov -\nČilec -\nČiněves -\nDlouhopolsko -\nDobšice -\nDvory -\nDymokury -\nHořany -\nHořátev -\nHradčany -\nHradištko -\nHrubý Jeseník -\nJíkev -\nJiřice -\nJizbice -\nKamenné Zboží -\nKněžice -\nKněžičky -\nKolaje -\nKostelní Lhota -\nKostomlátky -\nKostomlaty nad Labem -\nKošík -\nKounice -\nKouty -\nKovanice -\nKrchleby -\nKřečkov -\nKřinec -\nLibice nad Cidlinou -\nLoučeň -\nLysá nad Labem -\nMcely -\nMěstec Králové -\nMilčice -\nMilovice -\nNetřebice -\nNový Dvůr -\nNymburk -\nOdřepsy -\nOkřínek -\nOpočnice -\nOpolany -\nOseček -\nOskořínek -\nOstrá -\nPátek -\nPísková Lhota -\nPísty -\nPoděbrady -\nPodmoky -\nPřerov nad Labem -\nRožďalovice -\nSadská -\nSány -\nSeletice -\nSemice -\nSenice -\nSloveč -\nSokoleč -\nStará Lysá -\nStarý Vestec -\nStraky -\nStratov -\nTřebestovice -\nÚmyslovice -\nVelenice -\nVelenka -\nVestec -\nVlkov pod Oškobrhem -\nVrbice -\nVrbová Lhota -\nVšechlapy -\nVykáň -\nZáhornice -\nZbožíčko -\nŽitovlice -\nZvěřínek","title":"Administrative division"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LabeA_JezeroZeZ%C3%A1mkuPdy.JPG"},{"link_name":"Polabí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polab%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Central Elbe Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Elbe_Table"},{"link_name":"Jizera Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizera_Table"},{"link_name":"East Elbe Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Elbe_Table"},{"link_name":"Kněžice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEice_(Nymburk_District)"},{"link_name":"Přerov nad Labem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99erov_nad_Labem"},{"link_name":"agricultural land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_land"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-area-1"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Mrlina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrlina"},{"link_name":"Cidlina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidlina"},{"link_name":"large-scale protected areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Czech_Republic"}],"text":"Elbe and Poděbrady Lake in PoděbradyThe surface of the district has a distinctly flat character, a significant part of the district lies in the Polabí lowland. The territory extends into three geomorphological mesoregions: Central Elbe Table (most of the territory), Jizera Table (small parts in the west and north) and East Elbe Table (very small part in the east). The highest point of the district is the hill Na kostele in Kněžice with an elevation of 299 m (981 ft), which is the lowest among all districts in the country. The lowest point is the river bed of the Elbe in Přerov nad Labem at 173 m (568 ft).From the total district area of 846.4 km2 (326.8 sq mi), agricultural land occupies 584.8 km2 (225.8 sq mi), forests occupy 148.5 km2 (57.3 sq mi), and water area occupies 18.5 km2 (7.1 sq mi). Forests cover 17.5% of the district's area.[1]The most important river is the Elbe, flowing from the south to the west. The north of the district is drained by the Mrlina (a tributary of the Elbe). Several kilometres of the Cidlina also flow through the territory before its confluence with the Elbe. There are some middle-sized ponds, but none larger than 25 ha (62 acres). There are also several artificial lakes in the vicinity of the Elbe, created by flooding sand quarries.There are no large-scale protected areas.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Most populated municipalities","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The largest employers with headquarters in Nymburk District and at least 500 employees are:[5]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D11 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D11_motorway_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Hradec Králové","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9"}],"text":"The D11 motorway from Prague to Hradec Králové passes through the southern part of the district.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Z%C3%A1klady_Slavn%C3%ADkovsk%C3%A9ho_kostela_v_Libici.jpg"},{"link_name":"national cultural monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_monument_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Libice nad Cidlinou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libice_nad_Cidlinou"},{"link_name":"Nymburk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymburk"},{"link_name":"Poděbrady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod%C4%9Bbrady"},{"link_name":"George of Poděbrady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady"},{"link_name":"monument reservations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_monument_(Czech_Republic)#Monument_reservations"},{"link_name":"monument zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_monument_(Czech_Republic)#Monument_zones"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bošín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99inec"},{"link_name":"Libice nad Cidlinou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libice_nad_Cidlinou"},{"link_name":"Lysá nad Labem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_nad_Labem"},{"link_name":"Nymburk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymburk"},{"link_name":"Poděbrady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod%C4%9Bbrady"},{"link_name":"Pojedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDitovlice"},{"link_name":"Sovenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99inec"},{"link_name":"Vinice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bstec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Milovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milovice"},{"link_name":"Loučeň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%C4%8De%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Chleby Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chleby_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Slavník gord in Libice nad CidlinouThe most important monuments in the district, protected as national cultural monuments, are:[6]Slavník gord in Libice nad Cidlinou\nCrematorium in Nymburk\nHydroelectric power plant in Poděbrady\nMonument of King George of Poděbrady in PoděbradyThe best-preserved settlements and archaeological sites, protected as monument reservations and monument zones, are:[7]Bošín (monument reservation)\nArea of the Slavník gord in Libice nad Cidlinou (monument reservation)\nLysá nad Labem\nNymburk\nPoděbrady\nPojedy\nSovenice\nViniceThe most visited tourist destinations are the Mirakulum amusement park in Milovice, Loučeň Castle, and Chleby Zoo.[8]","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People from Nymburk District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Nymburk_District"}],"text":"Main category: People from Nymburk District","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Černíky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%ADky"}],"text":"^ Excluding Černíky, which was part of Nymburk District until 2020.","title":"Notes"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanda
Kitanda
["1 Description","2 History","3 Locations","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Restaurant chain in the U.S. state of Washington Kitanda Espresso and AçaíExterior of the location on Seattle's Capitol Hill, 2023Restaurant informationEstablished1998 (1998)Food type Brazilian Latin CitySeattleStateWashingtonCountryUnited StatesWebsitekitanda.com Kitanda Espresso and Açaí, or simply Kitanda, is a chain of Brazilian coffee shops in the Seattle metropolitan area, in the U.S. state of Washington. João Boff opened the original shop in Seattle's University District in 1998; since then, the business has evolved and expanded to ten locations, operating in Washington and Oregon. Description Kitanda is a family- and Latino-owned chain of Brazilian coffee shops in the Seattle metropolitan area. The business' name comes from "quitanda", which translates to "corner store" in English. The menu has included: açaí bowls; coxinha (shredded chicken croquette); pão de queijo (gluten-free cheese bread made with tapioca flour) and other pastries; brigadeiros; and coffee drinks and smoothies. Açaí bowls are served with banana, granola, and other berries; varieties include the Traditional, the Energy Blast (strawberry, peanuts, and honey), the Super Hero (spinach, vanilla protein, and soy milk), the Tropical (coconut water, dried pineapple and mango), and the Festa (chocolate sprinkles, coconut, and condensed milk). The cheese bread, which has been rebranded as "Kitanda bread", is prepared as a snack and as a base for a breakfast sandwich. Coffee drinks use medium-roast organic Brazilian coffee. History Interior of the location on Seattle's Capitol Hill in 2023 Brazil-born João Boff opened the original Kitanda as a convenience store in Seattle's University District in 1998 named Sendex. The shop initially sold Brazilian groceries and foods, as well as cassette tapes of Brazilian music. In 2002, the business relocated to Kirkland because of the city's larger Brazilian community, and became more of a bakery. At this point, the name of the business was changed to Kitanda, a name based on the Brazilian Portuguese word quitanda, meaning convenience store. Kitanda relocated to Redmond in 2013, evolving into a coffee shop chain. Boff's stepdaughter Erica Bueno joined the family business in 2009, after relocating from Brazil to the United States. The Green Lake shop opened in 2015. As of 2019, there were five locations, in Green Lake, Kirkland, Redmond, Southcenter, and the University District. The Capitol Hill location opened in 2021. In downtown Seattle, Kitanda has operated in the McKenzie building. Locations Exterior of the Kitanda on Northeast 45th, in Seattle's University District, 2024 As of 2023, Kitanda has 10 locations, all of which (except the Beaverton, Oregon location) are in the State of Washington: Totem Lake, Kirkland Redmond Town Center, Redmond Green Lake, Seattle University District, Seattle Capitol Hill, Seattle Aurora Avenue, Shoreline Southcenter, Tukwila South Lake Union, Seattle Beaverton, Oregon Alderwood Mall, Lynnwood Reception Lori Bailey included Kitanda in Eater Seattle's 2019 list of "top spots" in Seattle for bowls and juices. The Not for Tourists Guide to Seattle has said Kitanda has "Brazilian coffee and pastries that you didn't know your life was missing". See also List of coffeehouse chains List of restaurant chains in the United States References ^ a b "Kitanda Espresso & Açaí Review - Green Lake - Seattle". The Infatuation. 2022-01-21. Archived from the original on 2023-03-23. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Latinx-Owned Businesses & Restaurants in Seattle You Can Support Right Now". Seattle Refined. 2021-09-21. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2023-12-25. ^ "Why Brazilian Seattleites say it's important to take notice of threats to democracy worldwide". KING-TV. 2023-02-21. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ a b "We Tried All 5 Açaí Bowls at Kitanda | News, culture and lifestyle from Seattle's Green Lake neighborhood". Seattle Greenlaker. Archived from the original on 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ a b c d e f g "One Family Looks to Bring Brazil's Hospitality and Pastries to Seattle". Seattle Magazine. 2022-07-08. Archived from the original on 2023-12-23. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "Gluten-free decadence for everyone: It's bread that's made out of ... cheese". The Seattle Times. 2016-02-16. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ a b c Bailey, Lori (2019-01-17). "The Top Spots for Juices and Bowls in Seattle". Eater Seattle. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ a b "Capitol Hill Welcomes Acai Eatery". Seattle Magazine. 2022-07-08. Archived from the original on 2023-12-23. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ a b c "About us". Kitanda 2023. ^ "quitanda". Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 2 November 2023. ^ "Kitanda Brazilian Espresso and Bakery to open Redmond shop". Redmond Reporter. 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2023-12-25. ^ Craighead, Callie (2021-02-03). "New roasteries bring global brews to Seattle's coffee scene". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2023-12-25. ^ "32 restaurant openings in Seattle (with bagels, soup dumplings and fried grasshoppers)". The Seattle Times. 2022-07-23. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2023-12-23. Our international coffee scene expands with the Ethiopian Café Avole in the Central District, the Vietnamese coffeehouse Voi Cà Phê in Georgetown and the Brazilian cafe chain Kitanda in the McKenzie building downtown. ^ "Kitanda Locations". Kitanda 2023. ^ Not for Tourists: Not For Tourists Guide to Seattle. Simon and Schuster. 2014-05-06. ISBN 978-1-62873-587-1. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25. Not For Tourists Guide to Seattle 2016. Simon and Schuster. 2015-11-24. ISBN 978-1-5107-0025-3. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25. Not For Tourists Guide to Seattle 2017. Simon and Schuster. 2016-10-18. ISBN 978-1-5107-1063-4. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25. External links Food portal Media related to Kitanda at Wikimedia Commons Official website vteCapitol Hill, SeattleBuildings Bullitt Center Capitol Hill Arts Center Capitol Hill Branch Library Chophouse Row Colman Automotive Pierre P. Ferry House First Church of Christ, Scientist First Methodist Protestant Church Kelly-Springfield Motor Truck Co. Oddfellows Hall Pike Motorworks Pride Place Roy Vue Seattle Asian Art Museum St. Joseph's Church St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral Starbucks Reserve Roastery Teal Building Volunteer Park Conservatory Ward House Business 35th North Annapurna Cafe Artusi Bakery Nouveau Barrio Bauhaus Strong Coffee Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli Big Little News Big Mario's Pizza Boca Bok a Bok Capitol Cider CC Attle's Comet Tavern Cone & Steiner The Confectional Cuff Complex D' La Santa DeLuxe Bar and Grill Dingfelder's Don't Yell at Me Dough Joy Drip Tea Espresso Vivace Fogón Frankie & Jo's Fuel Coffee & Books General Porpoise Ghost Note Coffee Glo's Half and Half Doughnut Co. Hello Robin Julia's on Broadway Kedai Makan Kitanda La Josie's Life on Mars Lil Woody's Linda's Tavern Lost Lake Ltd Edition Sushi Madison Pub Momiji Monsoon Mt. Joy Nacho Borracho Neighbours Nightclub Nue Oddfellows Ooink Osteria la Spiga Overcast Coffee Pony Poquitos Queer Bar Rachel's Ginger Beer Raygun Lounge Regent Rione XIII Ristorante Machiavelli Rubinstein Bagels Sam's Tavern Seattle Coffee Works Seattle Eagle Serious Pie Single Shot Spice Waala Spinasse Stateside Sweet Alchemy Taku Taurus Ox Tavolàta Tin Table Unicorn Union Seattle Via Tribunali Victrola Coffee Roasters Volunteer Park Cafe & Pantry Wall of Sound Westman's Bagel & Coffee The Wildrose The Woods Zion's Gate Records Defunct Blotto Coastal Kitchen Dacha Diner Harvard Exit Theatre Omega Ouzeri Paseo Poppy Purr Cocktail Lounge R Place Rancho Bravo Tacos Sitka and Spruce Education Broadway High School Seattle Academy of Arts and Sciences Seattle Central College Geography Blaine Street Stairs Broadway District Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery Harvard-Belmont Landmark District Howe Street Stairs Lake View Cemetery Parks Cal Anderson I-5 Colonnade Interlaken Louisa Boren Plymouth Pillars Summit Slope Tashkent Volunteer Public art AIDS Memorial Pathway Black Lives Matter street mural Black Sun Dancer's Series: Steps Jet Kiss Thomas Burke Monument Untitled (Lee Kelly, 1975) Waterworks Wind Cradle Statues Jimi Hendrix William H. Seward Transport Broadway Capitol Hill station Denny Way East Republican Street Stairway First Hill Streetcar Madison Street RapidRide G Line Trolleybuses Related Capitol Hill mystery soda machine† Capitol Hill Occupied Protest Key: † No longer extant or on public display Category vteCoffee in SeattleBusiness ʔálʔal Café Anchorhead Artly Bauhaus Black Coffee Northwest Boon Boona Café Allegro Café Avole Caffe Ladro Caffè Umbria Caffé Vita Cherry Street Coffee Equipment Company Drinkmore Cafe Eastern Cafe Espresso Vivace Fuel Fulcrum Ghost Alley Espresso Ghost Note Hello Em Kaladi Brothers Kitanda Last Exit on Brooklyn Monorail Espresso Mr. West Cafe Bar Overcast Pegasus Seattle's Best Seattle Coffee Works Starbucks Original Starbucks Reserve Roastery Storyville Top Pot Doughnuts Tully's Victrola Wunderground Zeitgeist People David Schomer Howard Schultz vteRestaurants in SeattleCurrent 14 Carrot Cafe 2120 The 5 Point Cafe 8oz Burger & Co A+ Hong Kong Kitchen ʔálʔal Café Anchorhead Coffee Annapurna Archipelago Artusi Askatu Bakery Athenian Ba Bar Bakery Nouveau Bar del Corso Barrio Bateau Bauhaus Strong Coffee Beast and Cleaver Beecher's Handmade Cheese Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli Ben's Bread Co. 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Harbor City Hattie's Hat Hello Em Hello Robin HoneyHole Sandwiches Hood Famous Huong Binh Husky Deli Itsumono Ivar's Jack's Fish Spot Jackalope Jackson's Catfish Corner Jade Garden Joe's Bar and Grill Joule Jules Maes Saloon Julia's on Broadway Kamonegi Katsu Burger Kedai Makan Kitanda Koko's La Carta de Oaxaca La Josie's Lark Le Panier La Parisienne Le Pichet Life on Mars Lil Red Lil Woody's Linda's Tavern Local Tide Lockspot Cafe Lost Lake Macrina Bakery Mad Pizza Madrona Arms Maíz Maneki Marjorie Market Grill The Matador Matt's in the Market Mecca Mee Sum Pastry Meesha Merchant's Michou Deli Mighty-O Donuts Mike's Chili Parlor Mike's Noodle House Molly Moon's Momiji Monorail Espresso Monsoon Mr. D's Greek Delicacies Mr. West Cafe Bar Mt. Bagel Mt. Joy Musang Nacho Borracho Nue Oasis Tea Zone Oddfellows Off Alley Off the Rez Ooink Oriental Mart The Original Philly's Original Starbucks Osteria la Spiga Overcast Coffee Company Pagliacci Pizza Paju Palace Kitchen Palisade Pam's Kitchen Pancita Paseo Pegasus Coffee Company Phnom Penh Noodle House Phở Bắc Phởcific Standard Time Pike Place Bakery Pike Place Chinese Cuisine Pike Place Chowder The Pink Door Pinoyshki Piroshky Piroshky Plum Bistro Poquitos Post Alley Pizza Prost Rachel's Ginger Beer Raised Doughnuts Ray's Boathouse Red Cow Red Mill Burgers Red Robin Regent Rhein Haus Rione XIII Ristorante Machiavelli Rob Roy Rubinstein Bagels Rumba Rupee Bar Saigon Deli Saigon Vietnam Deli Saint Bread Sal Y Limón Salumi Sam's Tavern Sea Wolf Seattle Best Tea Seattle Coffee Works Seattle Fish Guys Serafina Serious Pie Shug's Single Shot Sisters and Brothers Bar Skillet Slim's Last Chance Spice Waala Spinasse Starbucks Reserve Roastery Stateside Storyville Coffee Sully's Snowgoose Saloon Sushi Kashiba Sweet Alchemy Tacos Chukis Tai Tung Taku Tamarind Tree Taurus Ox Tavolàta Temple Pastries Terra Plata That's Amore Three Girls Bakery Tin Table Top Pot Doughnuts Torrefazione Italia The Triple Door Turkish Delight Uli's Famous Sausage Un Bien Unicorn Via Tribunali Victrola Virginia Inn Volunteer Park Cafe Voula's Offshore Cafe The Walrus and the Carpenter Westman's Bagel & Coffee Westward The Whale Wins White Swan Public House Wild Ginger Wild Mountain Cafe Wood Shop BBQ The Woods Wunderground Coffee Xi'an Noodles Zeitgeist Coffee Zig Zag Café Zylberschtein's Defunct Andy's Diner Bavarian Meats Blotto Burbs Burgers Bush Garden Coastal Kitchen Country Dough Dacha Diner Dahlia Lounge Eastern Cafe Henry's Tavern Iron Horse JuneBaby Last Exit on Brooklyn The London Plane Loulay Manning's Cafeterias Marmite Maximus/Minimus Miller's Guild Omega Ouzeri Optimism Brewing Company Pizzeria Credo Poppy Purr Cocktail Lounge Rancho Bravo Tacos The Red Door Salare Sitka and Spruce SkyCity Tula's Vito's Related Asean Streat Food Hall Pike Place Market list vteUniversity District, SeattleBuildings Graduate Seattle Seattle Public Library University Branch University Heights Center UW Tower Businesses Ba Bar Blue Moon Tavern Bok a Bok Bulldog News Don't Yell at Me Donut Factory Frankie & Jo's Full Tilt Ice Cream Kitanda Last Exit on Brooklyn Mee Sum Pastry Mr. West Cafe Bar Neptune Theatre Oasis Tea Zone Off the Rez Pink Gorilla Playhouse Theatre Rachel's Ginger Beer Rancho Bravo Tacos Scarecrow Video Seattle Best Tea Sweet Alchemy University Book Store Westman's Bagel & Coffee Xi'an Noodles Culture Blessed Sacrament Church The Wall of Death Parks and gardens Fritz Hedges Waterway Park Peace Park Union Bay Natural Area Transportation The Ave University of Washington station Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Seattle metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"University District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"}],"text":"Kitanda Espresso and Açaí, or simply Kitanda, is a chain of Brazilian coffee shops in the Seattle metropolitan area, in the U.S. state of Washington. João Boff opened the original shop in Seattle's University District in 1998; since then, the business has evolved and expanded to ten locations, operating in Washington and Oregon.","title":"Kitanda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Seattle metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"corner store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"açaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_palm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Infatuation-1"},{"link_name":"coxinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxinha"},{"link_name":"croquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquette"},{"link_name":"pão de queijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A3o_de_queijo"},{"link_name":"gluten-free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten-free_diet"},{"link_name":"tapioca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"pastries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"brigadeiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadeiro"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"smoothies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"granola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granola"},{"link_name":"spinach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach"},{"link_name":"soy milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_milk"},{"link_name":"coconut water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_water"},{"link_name":"sprinkles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprinkles"},{"link_name":"condensed milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_milk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"breakfast sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_sandwich"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Brazilian coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"}],"text":"Kitanda is a family- and Latino-owned[2] chain of Brazilian coffee shops in the Seattle metropolitan area.[3][4] The business' name comes from \"quitanda\", which translates to \"corner store\" in English.[5]The menu has included: açaí bowls;[1] coxinha (shredded chicken croquette); pão de queijo (gluten-free cheese bread made with tapioca flour)[6] and other pastries;[7] brigadeiros; and coffee drinks and smoothies.[5][8] Açaí bowls are served with banana, granola, and other berries; varieties include the Traditional, the Energy Blast (strawberry, peanuts, and honey), the Super Hero (spinach, vanilla protein, and soy milk), the Tropical (coconut water, dried pineapple and mango), and the Festa (chocolate sprinkles, coconut, and condensed milk).[4]The cheese bread, which has been rebranded as \"Kitanda bread\", is prepared as a snack and as a base for a breakfast sandwich.[5] Coffee drinks use medium-roast organic Brazilian coffee.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle,_WA,_in_December_2023_-_23.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Capitol Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"convenience store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store"},{"link_name":"University District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about_us-9"},{"link_name":"cassette tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape"},{"link_name":"Brazilian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington"},{"link_name":"bakery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about_us-9"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese"},{"link_name":"quitanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quitanda"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about_us-9"},{"link_name":"Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Green Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lake,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Capitol Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"downtown Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Interior of the location on Seattle's Capitol Hill in 2023Brazil-born João Boff opened the original Kitanda as a convenience store in Seattle's University District in 1998 named Sendex.[9] The shop initially sold Brazilian groceries and foods, as well as cassette tapes of Brazilian music. In 2002, the business relocated to Kirkland because of the city's larger Brazilian community, and became more of a bakery. At this point, the name of the business was changed to Kitanda,[9] a name based on the Brazilian Portuguese word quitanda, meaning convenience store.[5][10][9] Kitanda relocated to Redmond in 2013, evolving into a coffee shop chain.[5][11]Boff's stepdaughter Erica Bueno joined the family business in 2009, after relocating from Brazil to the United States. The Green Lake shop opened in 2015.[5] As of 2019, there were five locations, in Green Lake,[8] Kirkland, Redmond, Southcenter, and the University District.[7] The Capitol Hill location opened in 2021.[12] In downtown Seattle, Kitanda has operated in the McKenzie building.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle,_January_2024_-_095.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beaverton, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"State of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Totem Lake, Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_Lake,_Kirkland"},{"link_name":"Redmond Town Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond_Town_Center"},{"link_name":"Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Green Lake, Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lake,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"University District, Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Capitol Hill, Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Aurora Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Shoreline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreline,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Southcenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcenter"},{"link_name":"Tukwila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukwila,_Washington"},{"link_name":"South Lake Union, Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake_Union,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Beaverton, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Alderwood Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderwood_Mall"},{"link_name":"Lynnwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynnwood"}],"text":"Exterior of the Kitanda on Northeast 45th, in Seattle's University District, 2024As of 2023, Kitanda has 10 locations, all of which (except the Beaverton, Oregon location) are in the State of Washington:[14]Totem Lake, Kirkland\nRedmond Town Center, Redmond\nGreen Lake, Seattle\nUniversity District, Seattle\nCapitol Hill, Seattle\nAurora Avenue, Shoreline\nSouthcenter, Tukwila\nSouth Lake Union, Seattle\nBeaverton, Oregon\nAlderwood Mall, Lynnwood","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eater Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eater_(website)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Not for Tourists Guide to Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_for_Tourists"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Lori Bailey included Kitanda in Eater Seattle's 2019 list of \"top spots\" in Seattle for bowls and juices.[7] The Not for Tourists Guide to Seattle has said Kitanda has \"Brazilian coffee and pastries that you didn't know your life was missing\".[15]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Interior of the location on Seattle's Capitol Hill in 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Seattle%2C_WA%2C_in_December_2023_-_23.jpg/220px-Seattle%2C_WA%2C_in_December_2023_-_23.jpg"},{"image_text":"Exterior of the Kitanda on Northeast 45th, in Seattle's University District, 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Seattle%2C_January_2024_-_095.jpg/220px-Seattle%2C_January_2024_-_095.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of coffeehouse chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains"},{"title":"List of restaurant chains in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restaurant_chains_in_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"\"Kitanda Espresso & Açaí Review - Green Lake - Seattle\". The Infatuation. 2022-01-21. Archived from the original on 2023-03-23. Retrieved 2023-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theinfatuation.com/seattle/reviews/kitanda-espresso-acai","url_text":"\"Kitanda Espresso & Açaí Review - Green Lake - Seattle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Infatuation","url_text":"The Infatuation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230323090914/https://www.theinfatuation.com/seattle/reviews/kitanda-espresso-acai","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Latinx-Owned Businesses & Restaurants in Seattle You Can Support Right Now\". Seattle Refined. 2021-09-21. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2023-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://seattlerefined.com/lifestyle/latinx-owned-businesses-restaurants-in-seattle-you-can-support-right-now","url_text":"\"Latinx-Owned Businesses & Restaurants in Seattle You Can Support Right Now\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006205932/https://seattlerefined.com/lifestyle/latinx-owned-businesses-restaurants-in-seattle-you-can-support-right-now","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Brazilian Seattleites say it's important to take notice of threats to democracy worldwide\". KING-TV. 2023-02-21. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.king5.com/article/news/nation-world/brazil-seattle-democracy-bolsonaro-united-states-political-unrest/281-48983eab-ca52-486e-8149-e6ee766e6356","url_text":"\"Why Brazilian Seattleites say it's important to take notice of threats to democracy worldwide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KING-TV","url_text":"KING-TV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230226152911/https://www.king5.com/article/news/nation-world/brazil-seattle-democracy-bolsonaro-united-states-political-unrest/281-48983eab-ca52-486e-8149-e6ee766e6356","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"We Tried All 5 Açaí Bowls at Kitanda | News, culture and lifestyle from Seattle's Green Lake neighborhood\". Seattle Greenlaker. Archived from the original on 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2023-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattlegreenlaker.com/2015/10/we-tried-all-5-acai-bowls-at-kitanda/","url_text":"\"We Tried All 5 Açaí Bowls at Kitanda | News, culture and lifestyle from Seattle's Green Lake neighborhood\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230131230437/https://www.seattlegreenlaker.com/2015/10/we-tried-all-5-acai-bowls-at-kitanda/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"One Family Looks to Bring Brazil's Hospitality and Pastries to Seattle\". Seattle Magazine. 2022-07-08. Archived from the original on 2023-12-23. Retrieved 2023-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://seattlemag.com/food-and-culture/one-family-looks-bring-brazils-hospitality-and-pastries-seattle/","url_text":"\"One Family Looks to Bring Brazil's Hospitality and Pastries to Seattle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231223175606/https://seattlemag.com/food-and-culture/one-family-looks-bring-brazils-hospitality-and-pastries-seattle/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gluten-free decadence for everyone: It's bread that's made out of ... cheese\". The Seattle Times. 2016-02-16. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2023-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/make-the-best-gluten-free-snack-at-home/","url_text":"\"Gluten-free decadence for everyone: It's bread that's made out of ... cheese\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707145312/https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/make-the-best-gluten-free-snack-at-home/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Lori (2019-01-17). \"The Top Spots for Juices and Bowls in Seattle\". Eater Seattle. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://seattle.eater.com/maps/best-juice-bars-smoothie-bowls-acai-superfoods-seattle","url_text":"\"The Top Spots for Juices and Bowls in Seattle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221206081759/https://seattle.eater.com/maps/best-juice-bars-smoothie-bowls-acai-superfoods-seattle","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Capitol Hill Welcomes Acai Eatery\". Seattle Magazine. 2022-07-08. Archived from the original on 2023-12-23. Retrieved 2023-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://seattlemag.com/food-and-culture/capitol-hill-welcomes-acai-eatery/","url_text":"\"Capitol Hill Welcomes Acai Eatery\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231223175635/https://seattlemag.com/food-and-culture/capitol-hill-welcomes-acai-eatery/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". Kitanda 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kitanda.com/aboutus","url_text":"\"About us\""}]},{"reference":"\"quitanda\". Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 2 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quitanda#Portuguese","url_text":"\"quitanda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kitanda Brazilian Espresso and Bakery to open Redmond shop\". Redmond Reporter. 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2023-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redmond-reporter.com/business/kitanda-brazilian-espresso-and-bakery-to-open-redmond-shop/","url_text":"\"Kitanda Brazilian Espresso and Bakery to open Redmond shop\""}]},{"reference":"Craighead, Callie (2021-02-03). \"New roasteries bring global brews to Seattle's coffee scene\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2023-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/food/article/new-global-coffee-shops-in-seattle-hello-em-15919227.php","url_text":"\"New roasteries bring global brews to Seattle's coffee scene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer","url_text":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220629102633/https://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/food/article/new-global-coffee-shops-in-seattle-hello-em-15919227.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"32 restaurant openings in Seattle (with bagels, soup dumplings and fried grasshoppers)\". The Seattle Times. 2022-07-23. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2023-12-23. Our international coffee scene expands with the Ethiopian Café Avole in the Central District, the Vietnamese coffeehouse Voi Cà Phê in Georgetown and the Brazilian cafe chain Kitanda in the McKenzie building downtown.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/life/food-drink/30-restaurant-openings-in-seattle-with-bagels-soup-dumplings-and-fried-grasshoppers-amid-record-inflation/","url_text":"\"32 restaurant openings in Seattle (with bagels, soup dumplings and fried grasshoppers)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221104064250/https://www.seattletimes.com/life/food-drink/30-restaurant-openings-in-seattle-with-bagels-soup-dumplings-and-fried-grasshoppers-amid-record-inflation/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kitanda Locations\". Kitanda 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kitanda.com/locations","url_text":"\"Kitanda Locations\""}]},{"reference":"Not For Tourists Guide to Seattle. Simon and Schuster. 2014-05-06. ISBN 978-1-62873-587-1. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iN3-DQAAQBAJ&dq=%22kitanda%22+%22seattle%22&pg=PT270","url_text":"Not For Tourists Guide to Seattle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62873-587-1","url_text":"978-1-62873-587-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231225040711/https://books.google.com/books?id=iN3-DQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT270&dq=%22kitanda%22+%22seattle%22&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22kitanda%22%20%22seattle%22&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Not For Tourists Guide to Seattle 2016. Simon and Schuster. 2015-11-24. ISBN 978-1-5107-0025-3. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jf4PCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22kitanda%22+%22seattle%22&pg=PR318","url_text":"Not For Tourists Guide to Seattle 2016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-0025-3","url_text":"978-1-5107-0025-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231225040722/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jf4PCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PR318&dq=%22kitanda%22+%22seattle%22&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22kitanda%22%20%22seattle%22&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Not For Tourists Guide to Seattle 2017. Simon and Schuster. 2016-10-18. ISBN 978-1-5107-1063-4. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HG-CDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22kitanda%22+%22seattle%22&pg=RA2-PR16","url_text":"Not For Tourists Guide to Seattle 2017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-1063-4","url_text":"978-1-5107-1063-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231225050646/https://books.google.com/books?id=HG-CDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA2-PR16&dq=%22kitanda%22+%22seattle%22&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22kitanda%22%20%22seattle%22&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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Seattle 2017"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231225050646/https://books.google.com/books?id=HG-CDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA2-PR16&dq=%22kitanda%22+%22seattle%22&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22kitanda%22%20%22seattle%22&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kitanda.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_26
Amarna letter EA 26
["1 The letter","1.1 EA 26: To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues","2 Akkadian text","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
EA 26, fragment (Obverse). (high-resolution expandable photo) Amarna letter EA 26, titled To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues, is a shorter-length clay tablet Amarna letter from Tushratta of Mittani. Unlike the next letter EA 27 from Tushratta, which is more than twice as tall, and about twice as wide-(XXVII paragraphs), EA 26 is topical and synoptic about recent events about the desire for 'gold statues' (VII paragraphs). The letter is addressed to the Pharaoh's wife, Teye, and its dimensions are approximately: 6.0 inches (15 cm) tall, 3.5 inches (9 cm) wide, and 1.0 inch (3 cm) thick. EA 26 has missing edges, left and right. The piece pictured is the Oriental Institute of Chicago's piece which is part of the obverse, lower-left corner, at the beginning of lines of text. The entire obverse of EA 26 can be seen here, with its missing edges and scuffed/eroded surfaces on the edges. The Oriental Institute piece shows the high quality of inscribed cuneiform, as visible in undamaged sections of EA 26. The letter EA 26: To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues EA 26, letter ten of thirteen from Tushratta. (Not a linear, line-by-line translation.) Obverse (see here: ) (Lines 1-6)-- t, the mistrisss of Egy: Tratta, the king of all goes well. For you may all go w your sons, may all go well. For Tadu-Heba, , your daughter-in-law, may all go well. For your countries, fo and for whatever else belongs to you, may all go very, very . (7-18)--You are the one that knows that I always showed love Mimmureya, your husband, and that Mimmureya, husba, on the other hand, always showed love to me. A that I wou say o Mimmureya, your husband, and the things that Mimmureya, your husband, ys write and say to me, you, ya, and Mane know. But you are the onnd, who knows much better than all others the things we said other. No one se knows them (as well). (19-29)--ow, you yourself d to Keliya, "Say to your lord: 'Mimureya,1 my husband, always showed love to yo father, and maintained (it) for you;2 he did not forge3 his love for your father, and he did not cut o4 the bassies that he had been accustomed to sending, one after the other. And now you are the one that must not forget your ove5 for Mimmu, your brother. Increase (it) f Naphurrea and maintiain (it) for hi. You must keep on send embassies of joy,6 one after the other. Do not cut off.' " (30-39)--I will fo8 the love for Mimmureya, your husband. More than ever bere,9 at this very moment, I show 10 times — much, much — more love to Naphurreya, your son. the words of Mimmureya, husb you did not s10 all of my greeting-gift11 that to . I had asked12 for of sol cast , saying, " a and genuine lapis lazuli." Reverse (see here: ) (lines 40-48)—But now Nap, has plated of wood. With gold being the dirt hy have they been a source of such dis to your son that he has not given them to me?14 Furthermore, I asked ... o give th.15 Is this love? I had sa, "Naphurre, is going to treat me 10 times better that his father did." But now he has not even what his father was accustomed to give. (49-57)—Wh have you t exposed before Naph the words tself, and with your own mouth, said to ? If do not expose them before him, and y,16 can anyone se know? Let hurreya give me statues of sol gold! He must cause me no tress whasover, nor . Let him treat m 10 times better an his father did, th love and evidence of es. (58-63)—May your own messengers g regularly with the messenf Naphurreya, with 5 o Yuni, my wife, and may the messenf Yuni, my wife, o regula to . (64-66)–I ewith as your Greeting-gift scent containers17 with "sweet oil," (and) 1 set of stones .—(complete EA 26, lines 1-66, with various major & minor lacunae) Akkadian text Text: Akkadian language, sumerograms, Egyptianisms, etc. Akkadian: Obverse: Paragraph I (see here ) (Line 1)--A-na MUNUS-Te-I-E NIN KUR M (2)--umma 1.diš-Du-uŠ-]RaT-Ta LUGAL aN-Ni ana ia-ši (3)--šul-mu ana ka-a-ši lu-ú šul- (4)--DUMU-MEŠ-]-ka lu-ú šul-mu ana { MUNUS} Ta-A-Tu4-Hé-Pa (5)--É-GI4-A-ka lu-ú šul-mu ana KUR.KUR-ka a-[ -na x(=ERIM)-ka (6)--ù MIM.MU-ka dan-is dan-is lu-ú (1)--(To Tiye,.. --(1.3)--Mistress land Egypt (Miṣri),.. Speak!... ) (2)--('Message thus' 1.-Tushratta, King land Mitanni!.. --(2.8)--For me,.. ) (3)--(Peace,.. --(3.1)--For you,.. "may there be" Peace!..--(3.7)--For (family)-Household-yours,.. ) (4)--((for) "Sons"-(compatriot)s(pl)-yours, "may there be" Peace!.. --(4.4)For Tadu-khipa,.. Daughter-mine,.. ) (5)--(Daughter-in-law-yours,.. "may there be" Peace!.. --(5.5)--For 'country-lands(pl)-yours,.. For Armys(pl)-yours,.. ) (6)--(and Everything-yours,... --(6.5)--Strongly,.. Strongly, (fervently) "May it Be" Peace-full!... ) (Double-line ruling) Obverse: Paragraph II (7)--at-ti-i-ma ti-i-ta-a-an-ni,.. ki-i-me-e a-na-ku(?) itti--((K)âti idû,.. kīma itti ) (8)--1.diš-Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa, mu-ti-i-ka,.. ar-[-ta-na-'a-am!..--(1.Mimmuriya, mutu-ka,.. ra'āmu!.. ) (9)--ù 1.diš-Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. ap-pu-na,.. mu-ut---(Ù 1.Mimmuriya,.. appu,.. ?mahru? ) (10)--ki-i-me-e itti-ia,.. ir-ta-na-'a-am,.. --(kīma itti-ia,.. ra'āmu,.. iāši!.. ) (11)--?Ù? 1.diš-Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. mu-tu-ki,.. ša a-ša---(Ù 1.Mimmuriya,.. mutu-ka,.. ša šapāru,.. ) (12)--ù ša a-tap-bu-bu ù 1.diš-Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa--(ù,.. ša dabābu(discussed),.. Ù 1.Mimmuriya,.. ) (13)---na? mu-ti-ki a-ma-te-meš,.. ana ia-ši---(, mutu-ki amatu-meš,.. a-na(=itti) iāši- (14)---ap-pa-ru,.. ù ša i-tap-bu-bu,.. at-ti---(apāru,.. ù ša dabābu(discussed),.. #1-(k)âti ,.. ) (15)--1.diš-iK-Li-iYa,.. 1.diš-Ma-Né-E i-te,.. ù at-ti---(#2 1.-Keliya,.. #3 1.-Mane idû!.. Ù (k)âti ) (16)-- -šu-nu-ma ti-i-te a-ma-te-meš--( idû, amatu-meš, ) (17)-ti ha-mi-iš,.. ni-id-bu-bu ma-am-ma--(ša itti ahāmiš,.. nadû mimma ) (18)--ša-nu-]um-ma,.. la i-te-šu-nu--(šanu,.. lā idû!..) (7)--You know,.. (that) Always (8)--1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa Husband-yours,.. "I showed Love"!... (9)--..and 1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. foremost,.. ?topmost?,.. (10)--"always"(as/if) with-myself,.. "showed Love",.. 'to Me'!... (11)--..And, 1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa, Husband-yours,.. What sent,.. (12)--..and What "written about"(discussed),.. But 1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. (13)-- Husband-yours,.. 'discussions', by Me!... (14)-- ent,.. and What "written about"(discussed),.. --(14.9)--#1-YOU,.. (15)-#2-1.-Keliya, and #3-1.-Mane,.. Know!..(are Aware-of) --(15.8)--But You,.. (Double-line ruling) Obverse: Paragraph III (19)---um-ma,.. at-ti-i-ma,.. ana 1.diš-Gi-Li-iYA--(Ù enūma,.. (k)âti,.. ana Keliya ) (20)---ta-bi ana,.. be-li i-ka,.. qí-bi i-me--(qabû,.. ..Ana Bēlu-ka:.. (Quote)Qabû.. ) Beginning of Line 21: 1. : Start of Fracture corner. Lines 23, 24, and 25, all begin with "And (But)" (Ù) (21)--1.diš-Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. mu-ti,.. it-ti a-bi-i-ka--(1.Mimmuriya,.. mutu,.. itti abu-ka,.. ) (22)--ir-ta-na-'a-am-me,.. ù ak-ka-a-ša,.. it-ta-ṣa-ar-ka--(..ra'āmu!.. Ù kâša,..itti-(him).. ) (23)--Ù,.. it-ti a-bi-i-ka,.. ra-'a-mu-ut-ta-šu!.. La im-še!..--(..Ù,.. itti abu-ka,.. ra'āmu!.. ..Lā mašû!.. ) (24)--Ù,.. har-ra-na,.. ša il-ta-na-ap-pa-ru,.. la ip-ru-[-us--(..Ù harrānu,.. ša (napharau)(commonplace),.. Lā parāsu!.. ) (19)--And now-(at-this-time),.. You,.. to Keliya, (20)--..Say,.. to Lord-yours:.. (Quote)Say.. (21)--1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. Husband,.. with(concerning) Father-yours,.. (22)--"showed Love"!.. ..And You,.. with Him!.. (23)--..And,.. with Father-yours, "showed Love"!.. 'Never' forgetting!.. (24)—..And,.. "diplomatic trips" which commonplace,.. 'Not' stopping!.. (25)—..And .. Later You .. With 1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. (26)—..Brother-yours .. Loved !, .. Not Forgetting .. (27)—1.Neb-Kheper-Ru-ia Great! .. And Send(Issue) .. (28)—..And (But) "diplomatic trips" "which of" "to be joy" .. Return .. (29)—..Not .... I..N..T..E..R..R..U..P..T.ing !!.. (Unquote) Note: The last line of Para III, uses cuneiform: La, for "not" ("no"), Akkadian "lā", but of course, it is obvious, that the verb is spread across the entire last line, 29, as an embellishment, and an "exclamation", to the topic of Paragraph III. (The fractured piece has only the first two cuneiform characters, ta & pa, for Akkadian parāsu, meaning: "to separate, cut, decide"., and using English "interrupt". The rest of the verb is on the main letter piece, (See here: ; or Here: ). See also Tushratta of Mitanni Oriental Institute of Chicago Amarna letters–phrases and quotations List of Amarna letters by size Amarna letter EA 5, EA 9, EA 15, EA 19, EA 26, EA 27, EA 35, EA 38 EA 153, EA 161, EA 288, EA 364, EA 365, EA 367 References ^ Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. EA 245, "To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues", pp. 84-86. ^ "National Geographic Magazine". Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. ^ Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. EA 245, "To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues", pp. 84-86. ^ Archived 2015-05-04 at the Wayback Machine Line Drawing, cuneiform, and Akkadian, Sumerograms, etc, EA 26: Obverse & Reverse, CDLI no. P270897 (Chicago Digital Library Initiative) ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Glossary pp. 119-145; p. 135, "parāsu", External links Photo, EA 26: Obverse British Museum page Write-up of EA 26 Line Drawing, cuneiform, and Akkadian, EA 325: Obverse & Reverse, CDLI no. P270897 (Chicago Digital Library Initiative) CDLI no: P270897, same, (Chicago Digital Library Initiative), accessed Apr 20, 2016 Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"clay tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_tablet"},{"link_name":"Amarna letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter"},{"link_name":"Tushratta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushratta"},{"link_name":"Mittani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittani"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"EA 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_27"},{"link_name":"Teye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiye"},{"link_name":"Oriental Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ib205.tripod.com/amarna/letter_1.gif"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform"}],"text":"Amarna letter EA 26, titled To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues,[1] is a shorter-length clay tablet Amarna letter from Tushratta of Mittani.[2] Unlike the next letter EA 27 from Tushratta, which is more than twice as tall, and about twice as wide-(XXVII paragraphs), EA 26 is topical and synoptic about recent events about the desire for 'gold statues' (VII paragraphs). The letter is addressed to the Pharaoh's wife, Teye, and its dimensions are approximately: 6.0 inches (15 cm) tall, 3.5 inches (9 cm) wide, and 1.0 inch (3 cm) thick.EA 26 has missing edges, left and right. The piece pictured is the Oriental Institute of Chicago's piece which is part of the obverse, lower-left corner, at the beginning of lines of text. The entire obverse of EA 26 can be seen here, with its missing edges and scuffed/eroded surfaces on the edges. The Oriental Institute piece shows the high quality of inscribed cuneiform, as visible in undamaged sections of EA 26.","title":"Amarna letter EA 26"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The letter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P270897"},{"link_name":"Teye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiye"},{"link_name":"Tuš]ratta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushratta"},{"link_name":"Mittani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittani"},{"link_name":"Tadu-Heba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadukhipa"},{"link_name":"Mimmureya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"Mimmureya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"Mimmureya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"Mimmureya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"Mi[m]mureya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"Mimmu[reya]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"Mimmureya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"Naphurreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"Mimmureya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"greeting-gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting-gift_(Shulmani)"},{"link_name":"lapis lazuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_lazuli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P270897"},{"link_name":"Nap[hurreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"Naphurre[ya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0u_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"Naph[urreya]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"[Nap]hurreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0u_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"messengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier"},{"link_name":"Naphurreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"Yuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuni_(Amarna_letters)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"messen[gers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier"},{"link_name":"Yuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuni_(Amarna_letters)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greeting-gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting-gift_(Shulmani)"},{"link_name":"lacunae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)"}],"sub_title":"EA 26: To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues","text":"EA 26, letter ten of thirteen from Tushratta. (Not a linear, line-by-line translation.)[3]Obverse (see here: [2])\n(Lines 1-6)--[Say] t[o Teye ], the mistrisss of Egy[pt]: T[hus Tuš]ratta, the king of [ Mittani. For me] all goes well. For you may all go w[ell. For your household, for] your sons, may all go well. For Tadu-Heba, [my daughter], your daughter-in-law, may all go well. For your countries, fo[r your troops,] and for whatever else belongs to you, may all go very, very [well].\n(7-18)--You are the one that knows that I [myself] always showed love [to] Mimmureya, your husband, and that Mimmureya, [your] husba[nd], on the other hand, always showed love to me. A[nd the things] that I wou[ld write and] say [t]o Mimmureya, your husband, and the things that Mimmureya, your husband, [would alwa]ys write and say to me, you, [Keli]ya, and Mane know. But you are the on[e, on the other ha]nd, who knows much better than all others the things [that] we said [to one an]other. No one [el]se knows them (as well).(19-29)--[And n]ow, you yourself [sai]d to Keliya, \"Say to your lord: 'Mi[m]mureya,1 my husband, always showed love to yo[ur] father, and maintained (it) for you;2 he did not forge[t]3 his love for your father, and he did not cut o[ff]4 the [em]bassies that he had been accustomed to sending, one after the other. And now you are the one that must not forget your [l]ove5 for Mimmu[reya], your brother. Increase (it) f[or] Naphurre[y]a and maintiain (it) for hi[m]. You must keep on send[ing] embassies of joy,6 one after the other. Do not cut [them] off.' \"\n(30-39)--I will [not] fo[rget]8 the love for Mimmureya, your husband. More than ever be[fo]re,9 at this very moment, I show 10 times — much, much — more love to Naphurreya, your son. [Your are the one who knows] the words of Mimmureya, [your] husb[and, but] you did not s[end]10 all of my greeting-gift11 that [your husband ordered] to [be sent]. I had asked12 [your husband] for [statues] of sol[id] cast [gold], saying, \"[May my brother send me] a[s my greeting gift,13 statues of solid cast gold and ... ... of gold] and genuine lapis lazuli.\"Reverse (see here: [3])\n(lines 40-48)—But now Nap[hurreya, your son], has plated [statues] of wood. With gold being the dirt [in your son's country, w]hy have they been a source of such dis[tress] to your son that he has not given them to me?14 Furthermore, I asked ... [... t]o give th[is].15 Is this love? I had sa[id], \"Naphurre[ya, my brother], is going to treat me 10 times better that his father did.\" But now he has not [given me] even what his father was accustomed to give.\n(49-57)—Wh[y] have you [no]t exposed before Naph[urreya] the words t[hat you your]self, and with your own mouth, said to [me]? If [you] do not expose them before him, and y[ou keep silent],16 can anyone [el]se know? Let [Nap]hurreya give me statues of sol[id] gold! He must cause me no [dis]tress whasover, nor [ ... ]. Let him treat m[e] 10 times better [th]an his father did, [wi]th love and evidence of es[teem].\n(58-63)—May your own messengers g[o] regularly with the messen[gers o]f Naphurreya, with 5 [... t]o Yuni, my wife, and may the messen[gers o]f Yuni, my wife, [g]o regula[rly] to [you].\n(64-66)–I [her]ewith [send] as your Greeting-gift [x] scent containers17 [filled] with \"sweet oil,\" (and) 1 set of stones [set in gold].—(complete EA 26, lines 1-66, with various major & minor lacunae)","title":"The letter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akkadian 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i/%C3%99_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"um","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"at","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"diš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%A1_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"Gi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"iYA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"Keliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keliya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"aq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aq_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"bi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"qí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C3%AD_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"bi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"Ù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"diš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%A1_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"Mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"iM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Im_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"Ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"iYa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"bi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ak_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0a_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ṣa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2a_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"Ù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"bi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ra_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ut_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"šu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0u_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Im_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"še","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0e_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"har","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ra_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0a_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"pa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"la","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ip_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Us_(cuneiform)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keliya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"ta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"pa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_(cuneiform)"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P270897"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=276254&partId=1&searchText=amarna%2Bletters&page=1"}],"text":"Text: Akkadian language, sumerograms, Egyptianisms, etc.[4]Akkadian:Obverse: Paragraph I (see here [4])(Line 1)--A-na MUNUS-Te-I-E NIN KUR M[i-iṢ-[ Ri-(Egypt) qí-bí-ma ]\n(2)--umma 1.diš-Du-uŠ-]RaT-Ta LUGAL [KUR Mi-Ta-]aN-Ni ana ia-ši\n(3)--šul-mu ana ka-a-ši lu-ú šul-[-mu ana É-ka ana ]\n(4)--DUMU-MEŠ-]-ka lu-ú šul-mu ana {\nMUNUS} Ta-A-Tu4-Hé-Pa\n(5)--É-GI4-A-ka lu-ú šul-mu ana KUR.KUR-ka a-[ -na x(=ERIM)-ka\n(6)--ù MIM.MU-ka dan-is dan-is lu-ú [ šul-mu ](1)--(To Tiye,.. --(1.3)--Mistress land Egypt (Miṣri),.. Speak!... )\n(2)--('Message thus' 1.-Tushratta, King land Mitanni!.. --(2.8)--For me,.. )\n(3)--(Peace,.. --(3.1)--For you,.. \"may there be\" Peace!..--(3.7)--For (family)-Household-yours,.. )\n(4)--((for) \"Sons\"-(compatriot)s(pl)-yours, \"may there be\" Peace!.. --(4.4)For Tadu-khipa,.. Daughter-mine,.. )\n(5)--(Daughter-in-law-yours,.. \"may there be\" Peace!.. --(5.5)--For 'country-lands(pl)-yours,.. For Armys(pl)-yours,.. )\n(6)--(and Everything-yours,... --(6.5)--Strongly,.. Strongly, (fervently) \"May it Be\" Peace-full!... )(Double-line ruling) Obverse: Paragraph II(7)--at-ti-i-ma ti-i-ta-a-an-ni,.. ki-i-me-e a-na-ku(?) itti--((K)âti idû,.. kīma itti )\n(8)--1.diš-Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa, mu-ti-i-ka,.. ar-[-ta-na-'a-am!..--(1.Mimmuriya, mutu-ka,.. ra'āmu!.. )\n(9)--ù 1.diš-Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. ap-pu-na,.. mu-ut-[ ka?,.. ]--(Ù 1.Mimmuriya,.. appu,.. ?mahru? )\n(10)--ki-i-me-e itti-ia,.. ir-ta-na-'a-am,.. [ ?ana? ?ia-ši? ]--(kīma itti-ia,.. ra'āmu,.. iāši!.. )\n(11)--?Ù? 1.diš-Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. mu-tu-ki,.. ša a-ša-[-ap-pa-ru,.. ]--(Ù 1.Mimmuriya,.. mutu-ka,.. ša šapāru,.. )\n(12)--ù ša a-tap-bu-bu ù 1.diš-Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa--(ù,.. ša dabābu(discussed),.. Ù 1.Mimmuriya,.. )\n(13)--[ x x ]-na? mu-ti-ki a-ma-te-meš,.. ana ia-ši-[ ša ]--([ xx ?idû ], mutu-ki amatu-meš,.. a-na(=itti) iāši-[?ša?]\n(14)--[ xx ù ša š-]-ap-pa-ru,.. ù ša i-tap-bu-bu,.. at-ti-[ i ]--([ xx š]apāru,.. ù ša dabābu(discussed),.. #1-(k)âti ,.. )\n(15)--1.diš-iK-Li-iYa,.. 1.diš-Ma-Né-E i-te,.. ù at-ti-[-i ]--(#2 1.-Keliya,.. #3 1.-Mane idû!.. Ù (k)âti )\n(16)--[ x x ] [ x ]-šu-nu-ma ti-i-te a-ma-te-meš--([ x x ] [ x ] idû, amatu-meš, )\n(17)-[ ša it-]ti ha-mi-iš,.. ni-id-bu-bu ma-am-ma--(ša itti ahāmiš,.. nadû mimma )\n(18)--ša-nu-]um-ma,.. la i-te-šu-nu--(šanu,.. lā idû!..)(7)--You know,.. (that) Always [ with.. ]\n(8)--1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa Husband-yours,.. \"I showed Love\"!...\n(9)--..and 1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. foremost,.. ?topmost?,..\n(10)--\"always\"(as/if) with-myself,.. \"showed Love\",.. 'to Me'!...\n(11)--..And, 1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa, Husband-yours,.. What sent,..\n(12)--..and What \"written about\"(discussed),.. But 1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,..\n(13)--[ ? knows ? ] Husband-yours,.. 'discussions', by Me!...\n(14)-- [..But,.. What.. s]ent,.. and What \"written about\"(discussed),.. --(14.9)--#1-YOU,..\n(15)-#2-1.-Keliya, and #3-1.-Mane,.. Know!..(are Aware-of) --(15.8)--But You,..(Double-line ruling) Obverse: Paragraph III(19)--[ Ù a-nu-]-um-ma,.. at-ti-i-ma,.. ana 1.diš-Gi-Li-iYA--(Ù enūma,.. (k)âti,.. ana Keliya )\n(20)--[ ta-aq-]-ta-bi ana,.. be-li i-ka,.. qí-bi i-me--(qabû,.. ..Ana Bēlu-ka:.. (Quote)Qabû.. )Beginning of Line 21: 1. : Start of Fracture corner. Lines 23, 24, and 25, all begin with \"And (But)\" (Ù)(21)--1.diš-Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. mu-ti,.. it-ti a-bi-i-ka--(1.Mimmuriya,.. mutu,.. itti abu-ka,.. )\n(22)--ir-ta-na-'a-am-me,.. ù ak-ka-a-ša,.. it-ta-ṣa-ar-ka--(..ra'āmu!.. Ù kâša,..itti-(him).. )\n(23)--Ù,.. it-ti a-bi-i-ka,.. ra-'a-mu-ut-ta-šu!.. La im-še!..--(..Ù,.. itti abu-ka,.. ra'āmu!.. ..Lā mašû!.. )\n(24)--Ù,.. har-ra-na,.. ša il-ta-na-ap-pa-ru,.. la ip-ru-[-us--(..Ù harrānu,.. ša (napharau)(commonplace),.. Lā parāsu!.. )(19)--And now-(at-this-time),.. You,.. to Keliya,\n(20)--..Say,.. to Lord-yours:.. (Quote)Say..\n(21)--1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,.. Husband,.. with(concerning) Father-yours,..\n(22)--\"showed Love\"!.. ..And You,.. with Him!..\n(23)--..And,.. with Father-yours, \"showed Love\"!.. 'Never' forgetting!..\n(24)—..And,.. \"diplomatic trips\" which commonplace,.. 'Not' stopping!..\n(25)—..And .. Later You .. With 1.Mi-iM-Mu-Ri-iYa,..\n(26)—..Brother-yours .. Loved !, .. Not Forgetting ..\n(27)—1.Neb-Kheper-Ru-ia Great! .. And Send(Issue) ..\n(28)—..And (But) \"diplomatic trips\" \"which of\" \"to be joy\" .. Return ..\n(29)—..Not .... I..N..T..E..R..R..U..P..T.ing !!.. (Unquote)Note: The last line of Para III, uses cuneiform: La, for \"not\" (\"no\"), Akkadian \"lā\", but of course, it is obvious, that the verb is spread across the entire last line, 29, as an embellishment, and an \"exclamation\", to the topic of Paragraph III. (The fractured piece has only the first two cuneiform characters, ta & pa, for Akkadian parāsu, meaning: \"to separate, cut, decide\".,[5] and using English \"interrupt\". The rest of the verb is on the main letter piece, (See here: [5]; or Here: [6]).","title":"Akkadian text"}]
[{"image_text":"EA 26, fragment (Obverse). (high-resolution expandable photo)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amarna_letter_fragment%2C_from_King_Tushratta_of_Mitanni_to_Queen_Tiy_%28Teye%29_of_Egypt%2C_matching_fragment_in_British_Museum_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07018.JPG/340px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amarna_letter_fragment%2C_from_King_Tushratta_of_Mitanni_to_Queen_Tiy_%28Teye%29_of_Egypt%2C_matching_fragment_in_British_Museum_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07018.JPG/370px-thumbnail.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Tushratta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushratta"},{"title":"Mitanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni"},{"title":"Oriental Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"title":"Amarna letters–phrases and quotations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters%E2%80%93phrases_and_quotations"},{"title":"List of Amarna letters by size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amarna_letters_by_size"},{"title":"Amarna letter EA 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_5"},{"title":"EA 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_9"},{"title":"EA 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_15"},{"title":"EA 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_19"},{"title":"EA 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_27"},{"title":"EA 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_35"},{"title":"EA 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_38"},{"title":"EA 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_153"},{"title":"EA 161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_161"},{"title":"EA 288","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_288"},{"title":"EA 364","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_364"},{"title":"EA 365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_365"},{"title":"EA 367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_367"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jones_(bishop)
James Jones (bishop)
["1 Early life","2 Religious career","3 Independent panel chair","4 Personal life","5 Styles","6 References","7 External links"]
Church of England bishop (born 1948) The Right ReverendJames JonesKBEformer Bishop of LiverpoolChurchChurch of EnglandDioceseDiocese of LiverpoolInstalled1998Term ended18 August 2013 (retirement)PredecessorDavid SheppardSuccessorPaul BayesOther post(s)Bishop to HM Prisons (2007–2013)Bishop of Hull (1994–1998)OrdersOrdination1982Consecration1994Personal detailsBorn (1948-08-18) 18 August 1948 (age 75)NationalityBritishDenominationAnglicanResidenceBishop's Lodge, LiverpoolParentsMaj Stuart & Helen JonesSpouseSarah Marrow (m. 1980)Children3 daughtersProfessionformerly teacherAlma materExeter UniversityWebsitebishopjamesjones.com James Stuart Jones KBE (born 18 August 1948) is a retired Church of England bishop. He was the Bishop of Liverpool between 1998 and 2013. Early life Jones is the son of Major Stuart Jones and Helen Jones. He was educated at the Duke of York's Royal Military School, Dover and Exeter University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in theology in 1970. He was further educated at Alsager College, Keele (where he graduated with a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) in drama and religious education in 1971) and Wycliffe Hall, Oxford (1981). Religious career From 1971 to 1974, Jones was a teacher at Sevenoaks School and led one of the first community service programmes in schools. He was also co-founder of the first Volunteer Bureau in England. Between 1975 and 1981, he was producer at Scripture Union. He was then a curate, then associate vicar of Christ Church, Clifton Down in the Diocese of Bristol. Jones was visiting lecturer in media studies at Trinity College, Bristol and, from 1990 to 1994, the vicar of Emmanuel Church, South Croydon in the Diocese of Southwark and the Bishop of Southwark's examining chaplain. In 1994, he became Suffragan Bishop of Hull in the Diocese of York, a post he held until 1998 when he was appointed the 7th Bishop of Liverpool. Jones is an Evangelical and was one of the group of bishops who signed a letter opposing Rowan Williams' decision not to block the appointment of Jeffrey John as Bishop of Reading. The other diocesan bishop signatories were: Michael Scott-Joynt (Bishop of Winchester), Michael Langrish (Exeter), Michael Nazir-Ali (Rochester), Peter Forster (Chester), George Cassidy (Southwell & Nottingham), Graham Dow (Carlisle), John Hind (Chichester) and David James (Bradford). In 2008, Jones apologised for opposing the gay cleric. Jones was also Chair of Council at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, when the college suffered much publicity because of allegations of bullying against its principal, Richard Turnbull. The majority of the academic staff left the college and wrote to the Church Times expressing grave dissatisfaction at the failure of the council (under Jones as chair) to allow mediation and address substantive issues. Former principals wrote to the press to object at the way the council and chair had handled the issue. A member of the council also resigned in protest, having "no confidence in the Chair, the Principal or the Council". In 2008, the college was taken to an employment tribunal for unfair dismissal. They admitted breaking the law and had to pay damages. In 2009, Bishop Jones resigned and was replaced as Council Chair by the Bishop of Chester. On 28 January 2013, it was announced that Jones would retire as Bishop of Liverpool on his 65th birthday on 18 August. He was subsequently licensed as an honorary assistant bishop in the diocese of York. Independent panel chair In December 2009 it was announced that Jones would chair the panel relating to the Hillsborough Disaster in which 96 Liverpool football fans died. In 2012, Jones and Sir Henry Studholme, as chairman and deputy chairman respectively, conducted the Independent Forestry Panel report on the future of the UK's state-owned forests after the government announced plans to sell off the British state forests. Jones chaired the Gosport Independent Panel, an independent panel which wrote a report published on 20 June 2018, which found that 456 deaths at the Gosport War Memorial Hospital in Hampshire, England, in the 1990s had "followed inappropriate administration of opioid drugs". In his introduction, the bishop says: The shocking outcome of the Panel’s work is that we have now been able to conclude that the lives of over 450 patients were shortened while in the hospital ... during a certain period at Gosport War Memorial Hospital, there was a disregard for human life and a culture of shortening the lives of a large number of patients by prescribing and administering "dangerous doses" of a hazardous combination of medication not clinically indicated or justified ... when relatives complained about the safety of patients and the appropriateness of their care, they were consistently let down by those in authority – both individuals and institutions... Personal life Jones married Sarah Marrow in 1980 and they have three daughters. Jones was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to bereaved families and justice. Styles James Jones Esq (1948–1982) The Revd James Jones (1982–1994) The Rt Revd James Jones (1994–2017) The Rt Revd James Jones KBE (2017 to date) References ^ "Church of England – Bishop to Prisons announced". Churchofengland.org. 21 May 2007. ^ Riazat Butt (8 February 2008). "The Guardian Profile". The Guardian. London. ^ Riazat Butt (8 February 2008). "– Whether you think he's gone too far". The Guardian. London. ^ unknown (19 August 1949). "Frost's Meditations – Nazir-Ali". Martinfrost.ws. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. ^ Riazat Butt, religious affairs correspondent (5 February 2008). "Bishop of Liverpool apologising for opposing gay cleric". The Guardian. London. ^ Sarmiento, Simon (28 September 2007). "Wycliffe Hall: former staff write to church Press". ^ Bates, Stephen. "Theological College's Head is undermining it, says Predecessors". The Guardian. London Date=14 June 2007.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Bates, Stephen (4 October 2007). "College council member quits over 'bullying'". The Guardian. London. ^ Blake, Daniel. "Crisis continues at Wycliffe Hall as Council member resigns. The controversy over Oxford theological college Wycliffe Hall has taken another dramatic turn after a council member resigned this week, saying she had serious concerns over the response of the hall to allegations of bullying and intimidation", Christian Today, 5 October 2007. ^ a b "Bishop James Jones". Retrieved 9 October 2017. ^ Choral Mattins – Law Sunday (order of service). Winchester Cathedral. 8 October 2017. p. 4. The Right Reverend James Jones KBS is currently an Assistant Bishop in the Diocese of York having formerly been Bishop of Hull (1994-98), Bishop of Liverpool (1998-2013) and Bishop to Prisons (2006-13) ^ Liverpool Echo: Bishop of Liverpool James Jones will lead Hillsborough files release panel ^ "Forestry panel attacks UK government". The Guardian. London. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2018. ^ "Independent Panel on Forestry Final Report" (PDF). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government. 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2018. ^ Boseley, Sarah (20 June 2018). "Gosport hospital: more than 450 patients died due to opioid drugs policy". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 June 2018. ^ "Foreword by The Right Reverend James Jones KBE". The Panel Report. Gosport Independent Panel. Retrieved 20 June 2018. ^ "No. 61803". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2016. p. N8. External links James Jones Official Website "DodOnline". Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2006. Diocese of Liverpool website biography Church of England titles Preceded byDonald Snelgrove Bishop of Hull 1994–1998 Succeeded byRichard Frith Preceded byDavid Sheppard Bishop of Liverpool 1998–2013 Succeeded byPaul Bayes Preceded byPeter Selby Bishop to HM Prisons 2007–2013 Succeeded byJames Langstaff, Bishop of Rochester vteBishops of Hull Richard Blunt John Kempthorne Francis Gurdon Bernard Heywood Henry Vodden George Townley Hubert Higgs Geoffrey Paul Donald Snelgrove James Jones Richard Frith Alison White Eleanor Sanderson vteBishops of Liverpool John Ryle Francis Chavasse Albert David Clifford Martin Stuart Blanch David Sheppard James Jones Paul Bayes John Perumbalath vteBishops to HM Prisons ? John Cavell, Bishop of Southampton Br Michael (Fisher), Bishop of St Germans Bob Hardy, Bishop of Maidstone then of Lincoln Peter Selby, Bishop of Worcester James Jones, Bishop of Liverpool James Langstaff, Bishop of Rochester Rachel Treweek, Bishop of Gloucester Portal: Christianity Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands People UK Parliament
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Liverpool"}],"text":"James Stuart Jones KBE (born 18 August 1948) is a retired Church of England bishop. He was the Bishop of Liverpool between 1998 and 2013.","title":"James Jones (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of York's Royal Military School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_York%27s_Royal_Military_School"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"Exeter University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_University"},{"link_name":"Alsager College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_and_Alsager_College_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"Keele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keele_University"},{"link_name":"Postgraduate Certificate in Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_Certificate_in_Education"},{"link_name":"religious education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_education"},{"link_name":"Wycliffe Hall, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe_Hall,_Oxford"}],"text":"Jones is the son of Major Stuart Jones and Helen Jones. He was educated at the Duke of York's Royal Military School, Dover and Exeter University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in theology in 1970. He was further educated at Alsager College, Keele (where he graduated with a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) in drama and religious education in 1971) and Wycliffe Hall, Oxford (1981).","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sevenoaks School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Scripture Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripture_Union"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Clifton Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Clifton_Down"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"South Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Croydon"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Southwark_(Anglican)"},{"link_name":"Suffragan Bishop of Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_Bishop_of_Hull"},{"link_name":"Diocese of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_York"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rowan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_John"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Reading"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Michael Scott-Joynt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott-Joynt"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"Michael Langrish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Langrish"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Michael Nazir-Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nazir-Ali"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"Peter Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Forster_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"George Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cassidy_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Southwell & Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Southwell_and_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Graham Dow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Dow"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"John Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hind_(bishop_of_Chichester)"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"David James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_James_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bradford_(diocese)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wycliffe Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe_Hall"},{"link_name":"Richard Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Turnbull_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Church Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"honorary assistant bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_bishop"},{"link_name":"diocese of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_York"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bishop-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"From 1971 to 1974, Jones was a teacher at Sevenoaks School and led one of the first[citation needed] community service programmes in schools. He was also co-founder of the first Volunteer Bureau in England. Between 1975 and 1981, he was producer at Scripture Union. He was then a curate, then associate vicar of Christ Church, Clifton Down in the Diocese of Bristol. Jones was visiting lecturer in media studies at Trinity College, Bristol and, from 1990 to 1994, the vicar of Emmanuel Church, South Croydon in the Diocese of Southwark and the Bishop of Southwark's examining chaplain. In 1994, he became Suffragan Bishop of Hull in the Diocese of York, a post he held until 1998 when he was appointed the 7th Bishop of Liverpool.[citation needed]Jones is an Evangelical and was one of the group of bishops who signed a letter opposing Rowan Williams' decision not to block the appointment of Jeffrey John as Bishop of Reading.[3] The other diocesan bishop signatories were: Michael Scott-Joynt (Bishop of Winchester), Michael Langrish (Exeter), Michael Nazir-Ali (Rochester), Peter Forster (Chester), George Cassidy (Southwell & Nottingham), Graham Dow (Carlisle), John Hind (Chichester) and David James (Bradford).[4] In 2008, Jones apologised for opposing the gay cleric.[5]Jones was also Chair of Council at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, when the college suffered much publicity because of allegations of bullying against its principal, Richard Turnbull. The majority of the academic staff left the college and wrote to the Church Times expressing grave dissatisfaction at the failure of the council (under Jones as chair) to allow mediation and address substantive issues.[6] Former principals wrote to the press to object at the way the council and chair had handled the issue.[7] A member of the council also resigned in protest,[8] having \"no confidence in the Chair, the Principal or the Council\".[9]In 2008, the college was taken to an employment tribunal for unfair dismissal. They admitted breaking the law and had to pay damages. In 2009, Bishop Jones resigned and was replaced as Council Chair by the Bishop of Chester. On 28 January 2013, it was announced that Jones would retire as Bishop of Liverpool on his 65th birthday on 18 August. He was subsequently licensed as an honorary assistant bishop in the diocese of York.[10][11]","title":"Religious career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chair the panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bishopjamesjones.com/contact.php"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_Disaster"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Studholme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Studholme"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"456 deaths at the Gosport War Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport_War_Memorial_Hospital_1990s_opioid_deaths_scandal"},{"link_name":"opioid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boseley-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foreword-16"}],"text":"In December 2009 it was announced that Jones would chair the panel relating to the Hillsborough Disaster in which 96 Liverpool football fans died.[12]In 2012, Jones and Sir Henry Studholme, as chairman and deputy chairman respectively, conducted the Independent Forestry Panel report on the future of the UK's state-owned forests after the government announced plans to sell off the British state forests.[13][14]Jones chaired the Gosport Independent Panel, an independent panel which wrote a report published on 20 June 2018, which found that 456 deaths at the Gosport War Memorial Hospital in Hampshire, England, in the 1990s had \"followed inappropriate administration of opioid drugs\".[15] In his introduction, the bishop says:[16]The shocking outcome of the Panel’s work is that we have now been able to conclude that the lives of over 450 patients were shortened while in the hospital ... during a certain period at Gosport War Memorial Hospital, there was a disregard for human life and a culture of shortening the lives of a large number of patients by prescribing and administering \"dangerous doses\" of a hazardous combination of medication not clinically indicated or justified ... when relatives complained about the safety of patients and the appropriateness of their care, they were consistently let down by those in authority – both individuals and institutions...","title":"Independent panel chair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bishop-10"},{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2017 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Jones married Sarah Marrow in 1980 and they have three daughters.[10]Jones was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to bereaved families and justice.[17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"James Jones Esq (1948–1982)\nThe Revd James Jones (1982–1994)\nThe Rt Revd James Jones (1994–2017)\nThe Rt Revd James Jones KBE (2017 to date)","title":"Styles"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Church of England – Bishop to Prisons announced\". Churchofengland.org. 21 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.churchofengland.org/media-centre/news/2007/05/pr4507.aspx","url_text":"\"Church of England – Bishop to Prisons announced\""}]},{"reference":"Riazat Butt (8 February 2008). \"The Guardian Profile\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/feb/08/gayrights.religion","url_text":"\"The Guardian Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Riazat Butt (8 February 2008). \"– Whether you think he's gone too far\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/feb/08/gayrights.religion","url_text":"\"– Whether you think he's gone too far\""}]},{"reference":"unknown (19 August 1949). \"Frost's Meditations – Nazir-Ali\". Martinfrost.ws. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111026232425/http://martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/jan2008/nazir_ali.html","url_text":"\"Frost's Meditations – Nazir-Ali\""},{"url":"http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/jan2008/nazir_ali.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Riazat Butt, religious affairs correspondent (5 February 2008). \"Bishop of Liverpool apologising for opposing gay cleric\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,,2252616,00.html","url_text":"\"Bishop of Liverpool apologising for opposing gay cleric\""}]},{"reference":"Sarmiento, Simon (28 September 2007). \"Wycliffe Hall: former staff write to church Press\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thinkinganglicans.org.uk/2658-2/","url_text":"\"Wycliffe Hall: former staff write to church Press\""}]},{"reference":"Bates, Stephen. \"Theological College's Head is undermining it, says Predecessors\". The Guardian. London Date=14 June 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bates, Stephen (4 October 2007). \"College council member quits over 'bullying'\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/oct/04/highereducation.religion","url_text":"\"College council member quits over 'bullying'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop James Jones\". Retrieved 9 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://bishopjamesjones.com/","url_text":"\"Bishop James Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Choral Mattins – Law Sunday (order of service). Winchester Cathedral. 8 October 2017. p. 4. The Right Reverend James Jones KBS is currently an Assistant Bishop in the Diocese of York having formerly been Bishop of Hull (1994-98), Bishop of Liverpool (1998-2013) and Bishop to Prisons (2006-13)","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Forestry panel attacks UK government\". The Guardian. London. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/06/forestry-panel-attacks-uk-government","url_text":"\"Forestry panel attacks UK government\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Independent Panel on Forestry Final Report\" (PDF). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government. 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/183095/Independent-Panel-on-Forestry-Final-Report1.pdf","url_text":"\"Independent Panel on Forestry Final Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs","url_text":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs"}]},{"reference":"Boseley, Sarah (20 June 2018). \"Gosport hospital: more than 450 patients died due to opioid drugs policy\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jun/20/gosport-war-memorial-hospital-opioid-drugs-policy-inquiry","url_text":"\"Gosport hospital: more than 450 patients died due to opioid drugs policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreword by The Right Reverend James Jones KBE\". The Panel Report. Gosport Independent Panel. Retrieved 20 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gosportpanel.independent.gov.uk/panel-report/foreword-section/foreword/","url_text":"\"Foreword by The Right Reverend James Jones KBE\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61803\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2016. p. N8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61803/supplement/N8","url_text":"\"No. 61803\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"DodOnline\". Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061003070837/http://www.dodonline.co.uk/engine.asp?lev1=4&lev2=38&menu=81&biog=y&id=26813","url_text":"\"DodOnline\""},{"url":"http://www.dodonline.co.uk/engine.asp?lev1=4&lev2=38&menu=81&biog=y&id=26813","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Garvey_(footballer)
Steve Garvey (footballer)
["1 Honours","2 References","3 External links"]
English footballer Steve GarveyPersonal informationFull name Stephen Hugh GarveyDate of birth (1973-11-22) 22 November 1973 (age 50)Place of birth Stalybridge, EnglandPosition(s) MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1991–1998 Crewe Alexandra 107 (8)1997 → Chesterfield (loan) 3 (0)1998–2001 Blackpool 17 (1)2001–2005 Northwich Victoria 148 (15)2005–2006 Stalybridge Celtic 47 (5)2006–2008 Ashton United 67 (11) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Stephen Hugh Garvey (born 22 November 1973 in Stalybridge, Cheshire) is an English former professional footballer. Garvey, a winger, began his career as a trainee with Dario Gradi's Crewe Alexandra in 1991. He remained at Gresty Road for seven years, making 107 league appearances and scoring eight goals for the Railwaymen. In 1998, he moved to Blackpool on a free transfer. In three years at the seaside, he made only 17 appearances, scoring once. He was released in May 2001. He moved into non-league football in 2001 with Northwich Victoria, on another free. He left the Cheshire club four years later after making just short of 150 appearances and scoring fifteen goals returning to his native Tameside to play first for Stalybrige Celtic then Ashton United. Honours with Crewe Alexandra Football League Second Division play-off final winner: 1997 References ^ "Steve McMahon announces retained list". BlackpoolFC.co.uk. Blackpool Football Club. 4 June 2001. Archived from the original on 8 June 2001. Retrieved 11 May 2020. External links Steve Garvey at Soccerbase
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stalybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalybridge"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Winger"},{"link_name":"Dario Gradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Gradi"},{"link_name":"Crewe Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gresty Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresty_Road"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"non-league football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-league_football"},{"link_name":"Northwich Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Stalybrige Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalybridge_Celtic_F.C"},{"link_name":"Ashton United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_United_F.C."}],"text":"Stephen Hugh Garvey (born 22 November 1973 in Stalybridge, Cheshire) is an English former professional footballer.Garvey, a winger, began his career as a trainee with Dario Gradi's Crewe Alexandra in 1991. He remained at Gresty Road for seven years, making 107 league appearances and scoring eight goals for the Railwaymen.In 1998, he moved to Blackpool on a free transfer. In three years at the seaside, he made only 17 appearances, scoring once. He was released in May 2001.[1]He moved into non-league football in 2001 with Northwich Victoria, on another free. He left the Cheshire club four years later after making just short of 150 appearances and scoring fifteen goals returning to his native Tameside to play first for Stalybrige Celtic then Ashton United.","title":"Steve Garvey (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Football_League_Second_Division_play-off_Final"}],"text":"with Crewe AlexandraFootball League Second Division play-off final winner: 1997","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Steve McMahon announces retained list\". BlackpoolFC.co.uk. Blackpool Football Club. 4 June 2001. Archived from the original on 8 June 2001. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010608212904/http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news.htm","url_text":"\"Steve McMahon announces retained list\""},{"url":"http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijk_aan_Zee
Wijk aan Zee
["1 Cultural Village of Europe 1999","2 Atlantic Wall","3 Art","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°30′N 4°36′E / 52.500°N 4.600°E / 52.500; 4.600This article is about the town in the Netherlands. For the chess tournament commonly referred to as "Wijk aan Zee", see Tata Steel Chess Tournament. Village in North Holland, NetherlandsWijk aan ZeeVillage FlagWijk aan ZeeLocation in the NetherlandsShow map of NetherlandsWijk aan ZeeLocation in the province of North Holland in the NetherlandsShow map of North HollandCoordinates: 52°30′N 4°36′E / 52.500°N 4.600°E / 52.500; 4.600CountryNetherlandsProvinceNorth HollandMunicipalityBeverwijkArea • Total4.59 km2 (1.77 sq mi)Elevation9 m (30 ft)Population (2021) • Total2,175 • Density470/km2 (1,200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code1949Dialing code0251 Wijk aan Zee (Dutch pronunciation: literally Neighborhood at Sea) is a village on the coast of the North Sea in the municipality of Beverwijk, the province of North Holland of the Netherlands. The prestigious Tata Steel Chess Tournament (formerly called the Corus chess tournament or the Hoogovens tournament) takes place there every year. Due to its seaside location, Wijk aan Zee has become a popular destination among tourists. This is reflected in the village economy, which consists of many bars and hotels. Cultural Village of Europe 1999 In 1999, Wijk aan Zee named itself "Cultural Village of Europe", recognizing the special nature of village life in general. This was three years after the Danish village of Tommerup had claimed such a title, but this time a large project was to ensue. Wijk aan Zee came together with villages from England, Estonia, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Germany, Denmark, The Czech Republic and Hungary in an effort to determine the role and future of villages in Europe, but also to help each other find ways to cope with difficulties that come to small communities nowadays. Each year, another one of these villages would bear the title of "Cultural Village of Europe". During the last years, the Cultural Village project led to an increasingly refined picture of what villages have to offer and how to offer it. Simultaneously, this brought about a social critique that is relevant to urban areas as well. It has attracted the attention of the Dutch government, who asked one of the initiators of the project to write an essay about how to 'build' villages. Recently, a Dutch journalist wrote a book about the project called 'Vital Villages', in which the thoughts and deeds of the 'village movement' are documented. Atlantic Wall This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In the dune landscape around Wijk aan Zee some bunkers still remain of the Atlantic Wall, built by the German occupying forces between 1940 and 1944. These coastal defence works (kustverdedigingswerken in Dutch) formed part of the so-called “Fortress IJmuiden,” (Festung IJmuiden in German.) The purpose of the Fortress IJmuiden was to protect the port of IJmuiden and the nearby steelworks against attacks from the Allies. All of these defences were protected by a combination of mine fields, tank ditches, and dams, some of which ran kilometres deep inland. In November 1942 it was decided there would be a complete evacuation of the inhabitants of Wijk aan Zee to the inland country. Many inhabitants withdrew to Beverwijk and Velsen. On 12 August 1943 the occupants were permitted to return at their own risk, but on 15 October 1943 the village was once again evacuated. On the dunes behind Hotel de Wijk, a radar bunker was constructed by the Germans. This was aimed at intercepting enemy ships and planes. These radar screens had a height of twenty meters and for this reason had to be deeply set in the concrete of the bunker. These radar installations were called Mammoths‘ Teeth, (Mammutstanden in Dutch). In total there were four places in the Netherlands where these "Mammoths’ Teeth" stood: Den Helder, Oostkapelle, The Hague and Wijk aan Zee. In the summer of 1944, after the landings of the Allies, Velsen and some parts of Beverwijk were also evacuated. The occupants of Wijk aan Zee then had to move still further away from their village, generally to Haarlem or Amsterdam. After the liberation and as of 8 June 1945 the people could return to their mostly empty houses. The German troops that remained were kept by Allied soldiers and Dutch citizen soldiers as prisoners of war and were kept temporarily in still empty apartments. Before they would return to Germany, they were forced to clear the dams and mine fields. The manner in which this happened was indeed cruel: the soldiers had to clear an area of mines completely by walking arm in arm in wide rows. Some German soldiers lost their lives in this clearing of mines. Some rural occupants didn't like the idea of de-mining being finished so quickly and so it could be that the German soldiers searched at least one area for mines where they knew for certain mines had indeed been laid. However, the citizen population had personally removed the mines earlier in that area to be able to enter for poaching purposes. When the village had been safely cleared, the German soldiers were sent back to Germany. Art The beach at Wijk Aan Zee was used in 1999 as the site for Aleksandra Mir's performance First Woman on the Moon. Gallery 1995 Catholic church Houses Village church Beach houses References ^ a b c "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 28 April 2022. ^ "Postcodetool for 1949AG". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 28 April 2022. ^ "Anand leads at Tata Steel Chess". IndiaVoice. 2011-01-25. ^ New Times for the Villages (essay by Bert Kisjes and Carin Giesen) Archived 2005-03-17 at the Wayback Machine ^ Jacky de Vries, "Vital Villages" ^ Mir, Aleksandra. "First Woman on the Moon". aleksandramir.info. Retrieved 4 May 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wijk aan Zee. Cultural Village Website Website wijk aan Zee Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tata Steel Chess Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Steel_Chess_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[ˈʋɛi̯k aːn ˈzeː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Beverwijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverwijk"},{"link_name":"North Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Holland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Tata Steel Chess Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Steel_Chess_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India_News-3"},{"link_name":"Corus chess tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_chess_tournament"}],"text":"This article is about the town in the Netherlands. For the chess tournament commonly referred to as \"Wijk aan Zee\", see Tata Steel Chess Tournament.Village in North Holland, NetherlandsWijk aan Zee (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɛi̯k aːn ˈzeː] literally Neighborhood at Sea) is a village on the coast of the North Sea in the municipality of Beverwijk, the province of North Holland of the Netherlands. The prestigious Tata Steel Chess Tournament[3] (formerly called the Corus chess tournament or the Hoogovens tournament) takes place there every year.Due to its seaside location, Wijk aan Zee has become a popular destination among tourists. This is reflected in the village economy, which consists of many bars and hotels.","title":"Wijk aan Zee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Tommerup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommerup"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"The Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1999, Wijk aan Zee named itself \"Cultural Village of Europe\", recognizing the special nature of village life in general.[clarification needed] This was three years after the Danish village of Tommerup had claimed such a title, but this time a large project was to ensue.Wijk aan Zee came together with villages from England, Estonia, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Germany, Denmark, The Czech Republic and Hungary in an effort to determine the role and future of villages in Europe, but also to help each other find ways to cope with difficulties that come to small communities nowadays. Each year, another one of these villages would bear the title of \"Cultural Village of Europe\".[citation needed]During the last years, the Cultural Village project led to an increasingly refined picture of what villages have to offer and how to offer it. Simultaneously, this brought about a social critique that is relevant to urban areas as well.[clarification needed] It has attracted the attention of the Dutch government, who asked one of the initiators of the project to write an essay about how to 'build' villages.[4]Recently, a Dutch journalist wrote a book about the project called 'Vital Villages', in which the thoughts and deeds of the 'village movement' are documented.[5]","title":"Cultural Village of Europe 1999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Wall"},{"link_name":"IJmuiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJmuiden"},{"link_name":"Beverwijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverwijk"},{"link_name":"Velsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velsen"},{"link_name":"Den Helder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Helder"},{"link_name":"Oostkapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostkapelle"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"landings of the Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"}],"text":"In the dune landscape around Wijk aan Zee some bunkers still remain of the Atlantic Wall, built by the German occupying forces between 1940 and 1944. These coastal defence works (kustverdedigingswerken in Dutch) formed part of the so-called “Fortress IJmuiden,” (Festung IJmuiden in German.) The purpose of the Fortress IJmuiden was to protect the port of IJmuiden and the nearby steelworks against attacks from the Allies. All of these defences were protected by a combination of mine fields, tank ditches, and dams, some of which ran kilometres deep inland. In November 1942 it was decided there would be a complete evacuation of the inhabitants of Wijk aan Zee to the inland country. Many inhabitants withdrew to Beverwijk and Velsen. On 12 August 1943 the occupants were permitted to return at their own risk, but on 15 October 1943 the village was once again evacuated.On the dunes behind Hotel de Wijk, a radar bunker was constructed by the Germans. This was aimed at intercepting enemy ships and planes. These radar screens had a height of twenty meters and for this reason had to be deeply set in the concrete of the bunker. These radar installations were called Mammoths‘ Teeth, (Mammutstanden in Dutch). In total there were four places in the Netherlands where these \"Mammoths’ Teeth\" stood: Den Helder, Oostkapelle, The Hague and Wijk aan Zee.In the summer of 1944, after the landings of the Allies, Velsen and some parts of Beverwijk were also evacuated. The occupants of Wijk aan Zee then had to move still further away from their village, generally to Haarlem or Amsterdam. After the liberation and as of 8 June 1945 the people could return to their mostly empty houses. \nThe German troops that remained were kept by Allied soldiers and Dutch citizen soldiers as prisoners of war and were kept temporarily in still empty apartments. Before they would return to Germany, they were forced to clear the dams and mine fields. The manner in which this happened was indeed cruel: the soldiers had to clear an area of mines completely by walking arm in arm in wide rows. Some German soldiers lost their lives in this clearing of mines. Some rural occupants didn't like the idea of de-mining being finished so quickly and so it could be that the German soldiers searched at least one area for mines where they knew for certain mines had indeed been laid. However, the citizen population had personally removed the mines earlier in that area to be able to enter for poaching purposes.When the village had been safely cleared, the German soldiers were sent back to Germany.","title":"Atlantic Wall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleksandra Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Mir"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mir-6"}],"text":"The beach at Wijk Aan Zee was used in 1999 as the site for Aleksandra Mir's performance First Woman on the Moon.[6]","title":"Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wijk_aan_Zee_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wijk_aan_zee_054.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wijk_aan_zee_057.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wijk_aan_zee_061.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wijk_aan_Zee_Vakantiehuisjes.jpg"}],"text":"1995\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCatholic church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHouses\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVillage church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeach houses","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 28 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2021/48/kwb-2021.xls","url_text":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcodetool for 1949AG\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 28 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","url_text":"\"Postcodetool for 1949AG\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anand leads at Tata Steel Chess\". IndiaVoice. 2011-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.indiavoice.info/travel/anand-leads-tata-steel-chess-round-8-2011012512486/","url_text":"\"Anand leads at Tata Steel Chess\""}]},{"reference":"Mir, Aleksandra. \"First Woman on the Moon\". aleksandramir.info. Retrieved 4 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aleksandramir.info/projects/first-woman-on-the-moon/","url_text":"\"First Woman on the Moon\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_MRT_station
Commonwealth MRT station
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 1°18′9.21″N 103°47′53.61″E / 1.3025583°N 103.7982250°E / 1.3025583; 103.7982250Mass Rapid Transit station in Singapore  EW20 Commonwealth联邦காமன்வெல்த் Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stationAn entrance to the station with the exterior view in the background.General informationLocation375 Commonwealth AvenueSingapore 149735Coordinates1°18′9.21″N 103°47′53.61″E / 1.3025583°N 103.7982250°E / 1.3025583; 103.7982250Operated bySMRT Trains Ltd (SMRT Corporation)Line(s)  East–West LinePlatforms2 (1 island platform)Tracks2ConnectionsBus, TaxiConstructionStructure typeElevatedPlatform levels1ParkingYes (external)AccessibleYesHistoryOpened12 March 1988; 36 years ago (1988-03-12)ElectrifiedYesPrevious namesQueenstownServices Preceding station Mass Rapid Transit Following station Queenstowntowards Pasir Ris East–West Line Buona Vistatowards Tuas Link LocationCommonwealthCommonwealth station in Singapore Commonwealth MRT station is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East West line in Queenstown, Singapore located at Commonwealth Avenue near the junction of Commonwealth Drive. The station serves the residential neighbourhoods of Commonwealth and Tanglin Halt. The station is in the vicinity of schools such as New Town Primary School, CHIJ Kellock, Faith Methodist Church, and Queensway Secondary School. The residential estates and station bearing the same name were named after Commonwealth Avenue built around 1963, which in turn was named after the British Commonwealth of Nations. Commonwealth station is a transport node for residents in the vicinity of Commonwealth Avenue, serving adjacent schools, places of worship, housing developments and businesses. History Platform level of Commonwealth station. On 5 January 1985, Lim Kah Ngam and Aoki had won Contract 203 for the construction of Commonwealth and Buona Vista stations together with the viaduct from Queensway to Clementi Road. The station opened on 12 March 1988, as part of the extension of the MRT system from Outram Park to Clementi. Commonwealth had however retrofitted with platform screen doors from January 2011 and started operations on 28 April that year together with Queenstown, and the fans began operating on 25 June 2012 together with Buona Vista station. A new overhead bridge and two new exits were constructed starting mid-2012 and opened on 23 August 2015, the same day as Queenstown MRT station. References ^ "Lim Kah Ngam and Aoki win MRT contract". Business Times. Singapore. Retrieved 5 October 2017 – via NewspaperSG. ^ "Riding the MRT train to Clementi". The Business Times. 12 March 1988. Retrieved 22 October 2017 – via NewspaperSG. ^ Wong, Siew Ying (26 January 2008). "Above-ground MRT stations to have platform screen doors by 2012". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012. ^ "Enhancing Connectivity and Comfort for Commuters". LTA. 13 October 2011. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2011. ^ "New bridges for Commonwealth and Queenstown MRT stations". The Straits Times. 23 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015. External links Media related to Commonwealth MRT Station at Wikimedia Commons Official website vte Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations in SingaporeItalicised locations are currently not in operationEast–West Line Pasir Ris Tampines Simei Tanah Merah Bedok Kembangan Eunos Paya Lebar Aljunied Kallang Lavender Bugis City Hall Raffles Place Tanjong Pagar Outram Park Tiong Bahru Redhill Queenstown Commonwealth Buona Vista Dover Clementi Jurong East Chinese Garden Lakeside Boon Lay Pioneer Joo Koon Gul Circle Tuas Crescent Tuas West Road Tuas Link Changi Airport Line Tanah Merah Expo Changi Airport Depot(s)  EWL  Changi East Coast Tuas See also: Land Transport AuthoritySMRT Trains Trains portal Singapore portal This Singapore MRT-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mass Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"East West line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_West_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"Queenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Faith Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"Queensway Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensway_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"}],"text":"Mass Rapid Transit station in SingaporeCommonwealth MRT station is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East West line in Queenstown, Singapore located at Commonwealth Avenue near the junction of Commonwealth Drive. The station serves the residential neighbourhoods of Commonwealth and Tanglin Halt. The station is in the vicinity of schools such as New Town Primary School, CHIJ Kellock, Faith Methodist Church, and Queensway Secondary School.The residential estates and station bearing the same name were named after Commonwealth Avenue built around 1963, which in turn was named after the British Commonwealth of Nations. Commonwealth station is a transport node for residents in the vicinity of Commonwealth Avenue, serving adjacent schools, places of worship, housing developments and businesses.","title":"Commonwealth MRT station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EW20_Commonwealth_MRT_platforms_20200805_202551.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Outram Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outram_Park_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Clementi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementi_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Queenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Buona Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buona_Vista_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Platform level of Commonwealth station.On 5 January 1985, Lim Kah Ngam and Aoki had won Contract 203 for the construction of Commonwealth and Buona Vista stations together with the viaduct from Queensway to Clementi Road.[1] The station opened on 12 March 1988, as part of the extension of the MRT system from Outram Park to Clementi.[2]Commonwealth had however retrofitted with platform screen doors from January 2011 and started operations on 28 April that year together with Queenstown,[3] and the fans began operating on 25 June 2012 together with Buona Vista station.A new overhead bridge and two new exits were constructed starting mid-2012 and opened on 23 August 2015, the same day as Queenstown MRT station.[4][5]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Platform level of Commonwealth station.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EW20_Commonwealth_MRT_platforms_20200805_202551.jpg/220px-EW20_Commonwealth_MRT_platforms_20200805_202551.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Lim Kah Ngam and Aoki win MRT contract\". Business Times. Singapore. Retrieved 5 October 2017 – via NewspaperSG.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/biztimes19850105-1.2.35","url_text":"\"Lim Kah Ngam and Aoki win MRT contract\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Times_(Singapore)","url_text":"Business Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Riding the MRT train to Clementi\". The Business Times. 12 March 1988. Retrieved 22 October 2017 – via NewspaperSG.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/biztimes19880312-1.2.10","url_text":"\"Riding the MRT train to Clementi\""}]},{"reference":"Wong, Siew Ying (26 January 2008). \"Above-ground MRT stations to have platform screen doors by 2012\". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120730183552/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/324989/1/.html","url_text":"\"Above-ground MRT stations to have platform screen doors by 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/324989/1/.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Enhancing Connectivity and Comfort for Commuters\". LTA. 13 October 2011. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120710005210/http://app.lta.gov.sg/corp_press_content.asp?start=764a0kf76om2osu186igm3tbeku96px4ysg006n6qv5hoiq8ep","url_text":"\"Enhancing Connectivity and Comfort for Commuters\""},{"url":"http://app.lta.gov.sg/corp_press_content.asp?start=764a0kf76om2osu186igm3tbeku96px4ysg006n6qv5hoiq8ep","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New bridges for Commonwealth and Queenstown MRT stations\". The Straits Times. 23 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/new-bridges-for-commonwealth-and-queenstown-mrt-stations","url_text":"\"New bridges for Commonwealth and Queenstown MRT stations\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Council
Saami Council
["1 Purpose","2 Organization","3 Saami Conferences","4 Member organizations","5 Prizes and awards","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Bibliography"]
Coordinates: 69°53′45″N 27°00′52″E / 69.89583°N 27.01444°E / 69.89583; 27.01444Non-governmental organization of the Saami people Saami CouncilFormation1956TypeNGOLocationKárášjohka, NorwayRegion served SápmiFieldsIndigenous rightsMembership 9 organizationsMain organSaami ConferenceAffiliationsArctic CouncilWebsitesaamicouncil.netFormerly calledNordic Saami Council The Saami Council (Northern Sami: Sámiráđđi; Lule Sami: Sámeráde; Southern Sami: Saemienraerie; Inari Sami: Sämirääđi; Skolt Sami: Sääʹmsuåvtõs; Kildin Sami: Са̄мь Соббар; Pite Sami: Sámerárre) is a voluntary, non-governmental organization of the Sámi people made up of nine Sámi member organizations from Finland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Since the founding of the Nordic Saami Council in 1956, among the first indigenous peoples' organizations, the Saami Council has actively dealt with Sámi public policy tasks. In 1992, when Russian Sámi groups joined the council, "Nordic" was removed from the council's name. The secretary was previously sited in both Helsinki and Utsjoki, Finland, but is now in Kárášjohka, Norway. The Saami Council is funded by a range of grants, and its engagements are based on decisions, statements, declarations, and political programs from the Saami Conference held every four years. Purpose The purposes of the Saami Council are to: promote and safeguard Sámi rights and interest; consolidate the feeling of affinity among the Sámi people; attain recognition for the Sámi as one people and an indigenous people; maintain the cultural, political, economic and social rights of the Sámi in the legislation of the four states and in agreements between states and Sámi representative organizations The Saami Council actively works to promote Sámi cultural, political, economic, civil, social and spiritual rights and interests by providing statements and proposals regarding Sámi in the four nations. Beyond this, they exercise influence on behalf of Sámi by participating in international processes related to indigenous peoples around the world, human rights, Arctic and environmental issues and it holds status as permanent participant to the Arctic Council. Further, the organization is represented in the Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples Secretariat (IPS) and the Lásságámmi Foundation , and it holds observer status at the Barents Euro-Arctic Council Working Group of Indigenous Peoples (WGIP) and the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). As there is no state-recognized Sámi Parliament in Russia at present, the Russian association members of the Saami Council are given a seat in the Saami Parliamentary Council (SPR), which is basically a cooperating forum for the Sámi parliaments. The Saami Council emphasizes international collaboration among indigenous peoples' organizations around the world, and holds a particularly close relationship to the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), which represents the Inuit, Yupik, and Chukchi of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Chukotka (Russia). The Saami Council is engaging in issues related to the Arctic and the environment with the goal of supporting sustainable management to ensure both the environment and natural resources, as well as Saami livelihoods, for the future. They state that healthy and productive ecosystems are preconditions for the culture and identity of the Sámi. Organization The Saami Conference is the highest organ of the Saami Council. It consists of 72 delegates, all of them representing one of the nine member organizations in Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Russia. The conference is held every fourth year and some of the tasks are to confirm the Saami Council's business report and accounting for the previous period, as well as processing resolutions for new issues and a new declaration for the Saami Council. At the first Saami Conference, which was held in Jokkmokk, Sweden, in 1953, was appointed a working committee supposed to prepare the establishment of the Saami Council. This establishment found place during the second conference in Kárášjohka in 1956. Other decision made at the Saami Conferences are the Sámi flag, "Sámi soga lávlla" the Sámi anthem, and the Sámi National Day. The Saami Council consists of 15 members from the member organizations. The members are appointed by the Saami Conference. The Saami Council usually gathers twice a year and is chaired by a president selected for a period of two years. The Saami Council's and Conference's work have been of significant importance for the Sámi peoples' status and organization, and also poses an important platform for communication and cooperation in Sámi society. The Saami Council has gained a position in international forums. The Executive Board is formed by the president in addition to one vice president from each country. Their job is to lead the organization and perform the tasks given by the Saami Council. The Cultural Committee consists of five members, of which four are proposed from Sámi arts and culture organizations and one from the Saami Council. The members are supposed to pose a wide representation of the range of arts and culture branches. The aim for their function is to promote a comprehensive Sámi cultural politic and to preserve, challenge and promote Sámi society and culture initiatives. The Saami Council is working on strengthening traditional and modern Sámi culture, in particular through providing a funding scheme funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The Culture Committee is responsible for this scheme. Culture projects working in a pan-Sápmi perspective are prioritized in accordance to the Saami Council's purpose of unifying the Sámi people. The administration consists of a secretariat chaired by a general secretary appointed by the Saami Council, and of following units: The Cultural Unit The Human Rights Unit The Arctic and Environmental Unit The EU Unit Saami Conferences 21 Saami Conferences are held since the establishment in 1953, and for each one is made a new declaration for the Saami Council. The year and location of the conferences were: Jokkmokk, 1953 Kárášjohka, 1956 Inari, 1959 Kiruna, 1962 Tana bru, 1965 Hetta, 1968 Gällivare, 1971 Snåsa, 1974 Inari, 1976 Arjeplog, 1978 Tromsø, 1980 Utsjoki, 1983 Åre, 1986 Lakselv, 1989 Helsinki, 1992 Murmansk, 1996 (Murmanskdeklarasjonen) Kiruna, 2000 (Kirunadeklarasjonen) Honningsvåg, 2004 (Honningsvågdeklarasjonen) Rovaniemi, 2008 (Rovaniemideklarasjonen) Murmansk, 2013 Trondheim, 2017 (Tråantedeklarasjonen) Gällivare, 2021 Member organizations Part of a series onScandinavia Countries Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden HistoryHistory by country Åland Denmark Faroe Islands Finland Greenland Iceland Norway Scotland Sweden Chronological history Prehistory Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Migration Period Viking Age Norsemen Christianization Kalmar Union Sweden Denmark–Norway Sweden–Norway Denmark–Iceland Nordic Council Geography Mountains Peninsula Baltic Sea North Sea Economy Nordic model Finland Sweden Related Languages Scandinavism Nordic countries Monetary Union Defence Union Scandinavian Airlines Denmark Faroe Islands Finland Iceland Norway Swedenvte In order to become a member organization, the organization has to join the purpose of the Saami Council's existence. As of 2020, nine organizations are members of the Saami Council: Reindeer Herders Association of Sweden  (BEO) Kola Sámi Association (AKS) Association of Sámi in Murmansk Oblast (OOSMO) Sami Reindeer Herders' Association of Norway  (NBL) Norwegian Sámi Association (NSR) National Association Same Ätnam  (RSÄ) People's Federation of the Saami (SFF) National Union of the Swedish Sámi People  (SSR) Sámi Central Association  (SSG) Prizes and awards The Saami Council's Honorary Award is given to a person, organization, association or institution that is considered to have contributed to the strengthening of the Sámi peoples togetherness and fellowship, and to helping Sámi safeguard their traditions, livelihoods, mindsets, languages and other non-materialistic traditions. Among others, the prize has been awarded to Áillohaš, Ole Henrik Magga, and Mari Boine. The Saami Council Literature Prize is awarded every second year and is the only one of its kind. The purpose of the prize is to motivate Sámi writers to produce Sámi literature through giving them recognition and rise the attention for their book releases. The prize is awarded to books with Sámi as the main language, sometimes also to books translated to into minority Sámi languages. Among others, it has been awarded to Iraida Vinogradova, Stig Gælok, and Siri Broch Johansen. See also Sámi Parliament of Norway Sámi Parliament of Finland Sámi Parliament of Sweden Arctic cooperation and politics Climate change in the Arctic References ^ "Sami". Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Larsen, Dan Robert (23 January 2014). "Savner fokus på arktiske urfolk" . NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Saami Conferences". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "The Saami Council". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Executive Council". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Cultural Committee". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Cultural Unit". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Human Rights Unit". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Arctic and Environmental Unit". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Call for nominations to Saami Council's Honorary Award". Sámiráđđi. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Saami Council Prize for Literature". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022. Bibliography The Saami Council homepage. Visited 17.09.2018. Leif Rantila (09.10.2004). "Historisk skriv om Samerådet" (PDF). Visited 17.09.2018. Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 69°53′45″N 27°00′52″E / 69.89583°N 27.01444°E / 69.89583; 27.01444
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sami_language"},{"link_name":"Lule Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lule_Sami_language"},{"link_name":"Southern Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Sami_language"},{"link_name":"Inari Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inari_Sami_language"},{"link_name":"Skolt Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolt_Sami_language"},{"link_name":"Kildin Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildin_Sami_language"},{"link_name":"Pite Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite_Sami_language"},{"link_name":"non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"Sámi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people"},{"link_name":"indigenous peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minrig-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Utsjoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsjoki"},{"link_name":"Kárášjohka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karasjok_(village)"},{"link_name":"Saami Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saami_Conference"}],"text":"Non-governmental organization of the Saami peopleThe Saami Council (Northern Sami: Sámiráđđi; Lule Sami: Sámeráde; Southern Sami: Saemienraerie; Inari Sami: Sämirääđi; Skolt Sami: Sääʹmsuåvtõs; Kildin Sami: Са̄мь Соббар; Pite Sami: Sámerárre) is a voluntary, non-governmental organization of the Sámi people made up of nine Sámi member organizations from Finland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Since the founding of the Nordic Saami Council in 1956, among the first indigenous peoples' organizations, the Saami Council has actively dealt with Sámi public policy tasks. In 1992, when Russian Sámi groups joined the council, \"Nordic\" was removed from the council's name.[1][2] The secretary was previously sited in both Helsinki and Utsjoki, Finland, but is now in Kárášjohka, Norway. The Saami Council is funded by a range of grants, and its engagements are based on decisions, statements, declarations, and political programs from the Saami Conference held every four years.","title":"Saami Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sámi cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi"},{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_politics"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Arctic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Council"},{"link_name":"Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Council_Indigenous_Peoples_Secretariat"},{"link_name":"Lásságámmi Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1ss%C3%A1g%C3%A1mmi_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1ss%C3%A1g%C3%A1mmi-Stiftung"},{"link_name":"Barents Euro-Arctic Council Working Group of Indigenous Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Region#Barents_Regional_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"United Nations Economic and Social Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council"},{"link_name":"Sámi Parliament in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Parliament_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Inuit Circumpolar Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council"},{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit"},{"link_name":"Yupik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupik_peoples"},{"link_name":"Chukchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Arctic and the environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic"}],"text":"The purposes of the Saami Council are to:promote and safeguard Sámi rights and interest;\nconsolidate the feeling of affinity among the Sámi people;\nattain recognition for the Sámi as one people and an indigenous people;\nmaintain the cultural, political, economic and social rights of the Sámi in the legislation of the four states and in agreements between states and Sámi representative organizationsThe Saami Council actively works to promote Sámi cultural, political, economic, civil, social and spiritual rights and interests by providing statements and proposals regarding Sámi in the four nations. Beyond this, they exercise influence on behalf of Sámi by participating in international processes related to indigenous peoples around the world, human rights, Arctic and environmental issues and it holds status as permanent participant to the Arctic Council. Further, the organization is represented in the Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples Secretariat (IPS) and the Lásságámmi Foundation [de], and it holds observer status at the Barents Euro-Arctic Council Working Group of Indigenous Peoples (WGIP) and the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). As there is no state-recognized Sámi Parliament in Russia at present, the Russian association members of the Saami Council are given a seat in the Saami Parliamentary Council (SPR), which is basically a cooperating forum for the Sámi parliaments.The Saami Council emphasizes international collaboration among indigenous peoples' organizations around the world, and holds a particularly close relationship to the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), which represents the Inuit, Yupik, and Chukchi[citation needed] of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Chukotka (Russia).The Saami Council is engaging in issues related to the Arctic and the environment with the goal of supporting sustainable management to ensure both the environment and natural resources, as well as Saami livelihoods, for the future. They state that healthy and productive ecosystems are preconditions for the culture and identity of the Sámi.","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saami Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saami_Conference"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jokkmokk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokkmokk"},{"link_name":"Sámi flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_flag"},{"link_name":"Sámi anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_anthem"},{"link_name":"Sámi National Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_National_Day"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nordic Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Council_of_Ministers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Saami Conference[3] is the highest organ of the Saami Council. It consists of 72 delegates, all of them representing one of the nine member organizations in Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Russia. The conference is held every fourth year and some of the tasks are to confirm the Saami Council's business report and accounting for the previous period, as well as processing resolutions for new issues and a new declaration for the Saami Council.At the first Saami Conference, which was held in Jokkmokk, Sweden, in 1953, was appointed a working committee supposed to prepare the establishment of the Saami Council. This establishment found place during the second conference in Kárášjohka in 1956. Other decision made at the Saami Conferences are the Sámi flag, \"Sámi soga lávlla\" the Sámi anthem, and the Sámi National Day.The Saami Council[4] consists of 15 members from the member organizations. The members are appointed by the Saami Conference. The Saami Council usually gathers twice a year and is chaired by a president selected for a period of two years.The Saami Council's and Conference's work have been of significant importance for the Sámi peoples' status and organization, and also poses an important platform for communication and cooperation in Sámi society. The Saami Council has gained a position in international forums.The Executive Board[5] is formed by the president in addition to one vice president from each country. Their job is to lead the organization and perform the tasks given by the Saami Council.The Cultural Committee[6] consists of five members, of which four are proposed from Sámi arts and culture organizations and one from the Saami Council. The members are supposed to pose a wide representation of the range of arts and culture branches. The aim for their function is to promote a comprehensive Sámi cultural politic and to preserve, challenge and promote Sámi society and culture initiatives. The Saami Council is working on strengthening traditional and modern Sámi culture, in particular through providing a funding scheme funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The Culture Committee is responsible for this scheme. Culture projects working in a pan-Sápmi perspective are prioritized in accordance to the Saami Council's purpose of unifying the Sámi people.The administration consists of a secretariat chaired by a general secretary appointed by the Saami Council, and of following units:The Cultural Unit[7]\nThe Human Rights Unit[8]\nThe Arctic and Environmental Unit[9]\nThe EU Unit","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jokkmokk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokkmokk"},{"link_name":"Kárášjohka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karasjok_(village)"},{"link_name":"Inari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inari,_Finland"},{"link_name":"Kiruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiruna"},{"link_name":"Tana bru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana_bru"},{"link_name":"Hetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetta"},{"link_name":"Gällivare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4llivare"},{"link_name":"Snåsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%A5sa_(village)"},{"link_name":"Inari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inari,_Finland"},{"link_name":"Arjeplog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjeplog"},{"link_name":"Tromsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)"},{"link_name":"Utsjoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsjoki"},{"link_name":"Åre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85re"},{"link_name":"Lakselv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakselv"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Murmansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk"},{"link_name":"Kiruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiruna"},{"link_name":"Honningsvåg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honningsv%C3%A5g"},{"link_name":"Rovaniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovaniemi"},{"link_name":"Murmansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim_(city)"},{"link_name":"Gällivare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4llivare"}],"text":"21 Saami Conferences are held since the establishment in 1953, and for each one is made a new declaration for the Saami Council. The year and location of the conferences were:Jokkmokk, 1953\nKárášjohka, 1956\nInari, 1959\nKiruna, 1962\nTana bru, 1965\nHetta, 1968\nGällivare, 1971\nSnåsa, 1974\nInari, 1976\nArjeplog, 1978\nTromsø, 1980\nUtsjoki, 1983\nÅre, 1986\nLakselv, 1989\nHelsinki, 1992\nMurmansk, 1996 (Murmanskdeklarasjonen)\nKiruna, 2000 (Kirunadeklarasjonen)\nHonningsvåg, 2004 (Honningsvågdeklarasjonen)\nRovaniemi, 2008 (Rovaniemideklarasjonen)\nMurmansk, 2013\nTrondheim, 2017 (Tråantedeklarasjonen)\nGällivare, 2021","title":"Saami Conferences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saami_Council&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Reindeer Herders Association of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reindeer_Herders_Association_of_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A4garf%C3%B6rbundet"},{"link_name":"Kola Sámi Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_S%C3%A1mi_Association"},{"link_name":"Association of Sámi in Murmansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_S%C3%A1mi_in_Murmansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Sami Reindeer Herders' Association of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sami_Reindeer_Herders%27_Association_of_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norske_Reindriftsamers_Landsforbund"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Sámi Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_S%C3%A1mi_Association"},{"link_name":"National Association Same Ätnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association_Same_%C3%84tnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksorganisationen_Same_%C3%84tnam"},{"link_name":"People's Federation of the Saami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Federation_of_the_Saami"},{"link_name":"National Union of the Swedish Sámi People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Union_of_the_Swedish_S%C3%A1mi_People&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Samernas_Riksf%C3%B6rbund"},{"link_name":"Sámi Central Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1mi_Central_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suoma_s%C3%A1miid_guovdd%C3%A1%C5%A1searvi"}],"text":"In order to become a member organization, the organization has to join the purpose of the Saami Council's existence. As of 2020[update], nine organizations are members of the Saami Council:Reindeer Herders Association of Sweden [sv] (BEO)\nKola Sámi Association (AKS)\nAssociation of Sámi in Murmansk Oblast (OOSMO)\nSami Reindeer Herders' Association of Norway [no] (NBL)\nNorwegian Sámi Association (NSR)\nNational Association Same Ätnam [sv] (RSÄ)\nPeople's Federation of the Saami (SFF)\nNational Union of the Swedish Sámi People [sv] (SSR)\nSámi Central Association [se] (SSG)","title":"Member organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages"},{"link_name":"Áillohaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils-Aslak_Valkeap%C3%A4%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Ole Henrik Magga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Henrik_Magga"},{"link_name":"Mari Boine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Boine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Saami Council Literature Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saami_Council_Literature_Prize"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Iraida Vinogradova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraida_Vinogradova"},{"link_name":"Stig Gælok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stig_G%C3%A6lok"},{"link_name":"Siri Broch Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_Broch_Johansen"}],"text":"The Saami Council's Honorary Award is given to a person, organization, association or institution that is considered to have contributed to the strengthening of the Sámi peoples togetherness and fellowship, and to helping Sámi safeguard their traditions, livelihoods, mindsets, languages and other non-materialistic traditions. Among others, the prize has been awarded to Áillohaš, Ole Henrik Magga, and Mari Boine.[10]The Saami Council Literature Prize[11] is awarded every second year and is the only one of its kind. The purpose of the prize is to motivate Sámi writers to produce Sámi literature through giving them recognition and rise the attention for their book releases. The prize is awarded to books with Sámi as the main language, sometimes also to books translated to into minority Sámi languages. Among others, it has been awarded to Iraida Vinogradova, Stig Gælok, and Siri Broch Johansen.","title":"Prizes and awards"}]
[]
[{"title":"Sámi Parliament of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Parliament_of_Norway"},{"title":"Sámi Parliament of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Parliament_of_Finland"},{"title":"Sámi Parliament of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Parliament_of_Sweden"},{"title":"Arctic cooperation and politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics"},{"title":"Climate change in the Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic"}]
[{"reference":"\"Sami\". Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://minorityrights.org/minorities/sami-2/","url_text":"\"Sami\""}]},{"reference":"Larsen, Dan Robert (23 January 2014). \"Savner fokus på arktiske urfolk\" [She Focuses on Arctic Indigenous Peoples]. NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/savner-fokus-pa-arktiske-urfolk-1.11489646","url_text":"\"Savner fokus på arktiske urfolk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saami Conferences\". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saamicouncil.net/en/saami-conferences","url_text":"\"Saami Conferences\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Saami Council\". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saamicouncil.net/en/the-saami-council","url_text":"\"The Saami Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Executive Council\". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saamicouncil.net/en/representatives-and-staff","url_text":"\"Executive Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural Committee\". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saamicouncil.net/en/cultural-unit","url_text":"\"Cultural Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural Unit\". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saamicouncil.net/en/cultural-unit","url_text":"\"Cultural Unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human Rights Unit\". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saamicouncil.net/en/human-rights-unit","url_text":"\"Human Rights Unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arctic and Environmental Unit\". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saamicouncil.net/en/arctic-and-environmental-unit","url_text":"\"Arctic and Environmental Unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call for nominations to Saami Council's Honorary Award\". Sámiráđđi. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saamicouncil.net/news-archive/honorary-prize-2021","url_text":"\"Call for nominations to Saami Council's Honorary Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saami Council Prize for Literature\". Sámiráđđi. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saamicouncil.net/en/prize-for-literature","url_text":"\"Saami Council Prize for Literature\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_CA_Technologies
List of mergers and acquisitions by CA Technologies
["1 Acquisitions","2 Stakes","3 Divestitures","4 References"]
Logo of CA Technologies CA Technologies, Inc., formerly Computer Associates International and CA, Inc., was an American multinational software company that developed and published enterprise software. Active from 1976 to 2018, the company was co-founded by Charles B. Wang and Russell Artzt. The pair incorporated CA to capitalize on the emerging market of third-party mainframe software. It grew its portfolio and became successful through acquiring many companies in disparate fields, including system monitoring and management, ID management, security, and anti-virus, among others. In 2018, CA itself was acquired by Broadcom Inc. for nearly US$19 billion in cash. Acquisitions Acquisition date Company Business Country Value (US$) Used as or integrated with References 1981 Viking Data Systems  United States Undisclosed August 31, 1982 Capex Corporation OS/MVS and DOS/VSE mainframe job scheduling and programmer productivity  United States $22,000,000 1983 Stewart P. Orr Associates  United States $2,000,000 July 1, 1983 Information Unlimited Software Word processing  United States $10,000,000 1984 Johnson Systems Job accounting  United States $16,000,000 May 31, 1984 Sorcim Spreadsheets  United States $27,000,000 CA-SuperCalc 1985 Arkay Computer DOS/VSE migration to MVS  United States Undisclosed CA-CONVERTOR May 1985 Value Software, Inc. (previously Value Computing, Inc.) Mainframe data center operations packages  United States Undisclosed December 2, 1986 Software International Accounting software  United States $24,000,000 December 5, 1985 Top Secret, from CGA Computer Computer security  United States $25,000,000 CA-Top Secret December 8, 1986 Integrated Software Systems Corporation Computer graphics  United States $67,000,000 August 20, 1987 Uccel Tape management systems, job scheduling, rerun/restart, mainframe security  United States $870,000,000 Unicenter CA-1, CA-7, CA-11, CA-ACF2 October 14, 1988 Applied Data Research Flowcharting software, database management systems  United States $170,000,000 CA-Datacom/DB December 25, 1989 Cullinet Database management system  United States $300,000,000 CA-IDMS September 27, 1991 On-Line Software International Debuggers  United States $120,000,000 October 30, 1991 Pansophic Systems Change management  United States $300,000,000 CA-Panvalet November 12, 1991 Access Technology VAX (division of H&R Block)  United States Undisclosed May 6, 1992 Nantucket Corporation Xbase  United States $80,000,000 (estimated) CA-Clipper September 1992 Glockenspiel Ltd. C++ compiler  Ireland Undisclosed Aspen June 24, 1994 ASK Group Unix database  United States $308,700,000 Ingres July 29, 1995 Legent Corporation  United States $1,740,000,000–$1,800,000,000 November 12, 1996 Cheyenne Software Backup  United States $1,200,000,000 CA-ARCserve November 12, 1997 Avalan Technology Remote monitoring and management  United States Undisclosed December 18, 1997 AI Ware Artificial intelligence  United States Undisclosed August 5, 1998 Realogic Consulting  United States Undisclosed Global Professional Services Division September 2, 1998 QXCOM Database management for Lotus Notes  United States Undisclosed Unicenter TNG Lotus Notes/Domino October 29, 1998 Viewpoint DataLabs International 3D-CGI model and image libraries  United States Undisclosed November 24, 1998 LDA Systems Consulting  United States Undisclosed Global Professional Services Division March 25, 1999 Computer Management Sciences Consulting  United States $415,000,000 June 7, 1999 Platinum Technology Consulting  United States $3,500,000,000 March 29, 2000 Applied Management Systems Federal e-business software  United States Undisclosed April 4, 2000 Sterling Software Network management  United States $3,910,000,000 February 3, 2003 Netreon Storage area network management  United States Undisclosed BrightStor SAN Designer July 2003 SilentRunner Network monitoring  United States Undisclosed March 11, 2004 Miramar Systems PC migration  United States Undisclosed BrightStor SAN Designer August 16, 2004 PestPatrol Anti-spyware  United States Undisclosed CA Anti-Spyware October 23, 2004 Netegrity Network security  United States $430,000,000 eTrust June 7, 2005 Concord Communications Network management  United States $350,000,000 Spectrum Network Management June 27, 2005 Tiny Software Personal firewall software  United States Undisclosed CA Personal Firewall July 29, 2005 Niku Corporation IT governance  United States $350,000,000 CA PPM October 17, 2005 iLumin E-mail archiving  United States Undisclosed BrightStor January 11, 2006 Control-F1 Corporation Service management  United States Undisclosed January 5, 2006 Wily Technology Application performance management  United States $375,000,000 May 9, 2006 Cybermation Mainframe management  Canada $75,000,000 June 13, 2006 MDY Group Records retention management  United States Undisclosed July 11, 2006 XOSoft Backup  United States Undisclosed CA-ARCserve September 27, 2006 Cendura Application management  United States Undisclosed October 7, 2008 IDFocus Identity management  United States Undisclosed November 13, 2008 Eurekify Role-based access control  Israel Undisclosed January 5, 2009 Orchestria Data security  United States Undisclosed November 19, 2009 NetQoS Network quality of service  United States Undisclosed CA NetQoS Super Agent January 11, 2010 Oblicore Service level management  United States Undisclosed June 2, 2009 Cassatt Corporation Data center automation  United States Undisclosed February 24, 2010 3tera Cloud computing  United States Undisclosed CA Spectrum Infrastructure Manager March 11, 2010 Nimsoft Application monitoring  United States $350,000,000 August 12, 2010 4Base Technology Cloud computing consulting  United States Undisclosed Global Virtualization and Cloud Consulting Team August 30, 2010 Arcot, Inc. Authentication  United States $200,000,000 SiteMinder November 2, 2010 Hyperformix Capacity planning  United States Undisclosed August 16, 2011 Itko Service virtualization and API testing  United States $330,000,000 CA LISA, DevTest Solutions August 16, 2011 WatchMouse Website monitoring  Netherlands Undisclosed CA APM Cloudmonitor April 22, 2013 Layer 7 Technologies API management  Canada $155,000,000 April 22, 2013 Nolio Application release automation  Israel $40,000,000 CA Release Automation May 27, 2015 Rally Software Development Cloud-based agile development management platform  United States $480,000,000 CA Agile Central August 17, 2015 Xceedium Privileged identity and access management  United States Undisclosed June 4, 2015 Grid Tools Enterprise test data management, automated test design, and optimization software  United Kingdom Undisclosed June 8, 2015 IdMLogic Identity management applications  Israel Undisclosed November 15, 2016 Mobile System 7 User behavior analytics and security  United States Undisclosed October 12, 2016 BlazeMeter SaaS-based open-source test execution platform  Israel Undisclosed December 1, 2016 Automic Business automation  Austria $635,000,000 March 6, 2017 Veracode SaaS-based secure devops platform provider  United States $614,000,000 September 28, 2017 Runscope API monitoring  United States Undisclosed April 9, 2018 SourceClear Software security tooling and automation  United States Undisclosed Stakes This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2023) Divestitures This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2023) References ^ Chirgwin, Richard (July 12, 2018). "Weirdest. Acquisition. Ever. Broadcom buys CA Technologies". The Register. ^ "CBI Begins Study of the History of Software" (PDF). Charles Babbage Institute Newsletter. 9 (2). Charles Babbage Institute: 11. Winter 1987. ^ Sims, Calvin (June 2, 1987). "Software Giants Plan Merger". The New York Times: D1 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (September 18, 1982). "In Arizona". Arizona Daily Star: 57 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c Field, Anne R. (June 15, 1987). "Computer Associates Buys It Way to the Top". Business Week: 68 – via Google Books. ^ Staff writer (July 1, 1983). "Computer Bid". The New York Times: D4 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (June 20, 1984). "Computer Associates Buys Johnson Systems". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (May 31, 1984). "Software Deal". The New York Times: D4 – via ProQuest. ^ Mace, Scott (August 19, 1991). "CA-SuperCalc 5.1 boasts faster computation speed". InfoWorld. 13 (33). IDG Publications: 13 – via ProQuest. ^ "Computer Associates buys assets of Value Software". Computerworld. May 13, 1985. p. 129. ^ Staff writer (December 2, 1986). "Software Firm Acquired". Boston Globe: 57 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (December 9, 1985). "Computer Associates Sets Pact to Acquire CGA Line". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest. ^ Ritter, Bill (November 4, 1986). "$12.37-a-Share Offer Is Coming From New York Firm for ISSCO". Los Angeles Times: 1 – via ProQuest. ^ Perry, Ann (December 8, 1986). "ISSCO shareholders OK sale". The San Diego Union-Tribune: AA-1 – via ProQuest. ^ Tyson, David O. (June 2, 1987). "Merger Will Create Largest Software Firm". American Banker: 1 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (August 20, 1987). "Associates, Uccel Complete Merger". The New York Times: D4 – via ProQuest. ^ Stevens, Charles W. (September 14, 1988). "Applied Data To Be Bought For $170 Million". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (October 14, 1988). "Applied Data Research Sale Closed by Ameritech". Chicago Tribune: 4 – via ProQuest. ^ Flint, Anthony (June 20, 1989). "The Man Behind the Cullinet Deal". Boston Globe: 41 – via ProQuest. ^ Simon, Jane Fitz (September 13, 1989). "Cullinet: The Swan Song of a Pioneer". Boston Globe: 69 – via ProQuest. ^ Carroll, Paul B. (August 19, 1991). "Computer Associates Agrees to Acquire On-Line Software for About $120 Million". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B3 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (September 27, 1991). "Offer for On-Line Completed". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B6 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (September 4, 1991). "A Software Leader to Buy Pansophic". The New York Times: D4 – via ProQuest. ^ Storch, Charles (November 29, 1991). "500 Could Lose Jobs at Pansophic". Chicago Tribune: 1 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (November 21, 1991). "Computer Assoicates Buys Software Assets of Access Technology". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B4 – via ProQuest. ^ Carroll, Paul B. (May 7, 1992). "Database Firm's Sale to Computer Associates Is Set". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B2 – via ProQuest. ^ Brownstein, Mark (May 11, 1992). "CA acquisition of Nantucket consolidates XBase arena". InfoWorld. 14 (19). IDG Publications: 8 – via Google Books. ^ Gordon, Bob (November 16, 1992). "Computer Associates Delivers New Releases of CA-Common View Class Library and CA-C++ Complier". Computer Associates International. Business Wire – via ProQuest. ^ Lohr, Steve (May 20, 1994). "Computer Associates To Buy ASK". The New York Times: D4 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (June 24, 1994). "Computer Associates International: Offer for ASK Group Closes". The Wall Street Journal. 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Computer Associates International. Business Wire. November 24, 1998 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (November 25, 1998). "Computer Associates Buys LDA". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (February 9, 1999). "Computer Associates to Acquire Consulting Concern". The New York Times: 4 – via ProQuest. ^ "Updata Capital Manages Computer Associates International, Inc.'s $415 Million Acquisition of Computer Management Sciences, Inc". Updata Capital. Business Wire. March 25, 1999 – via ProQuest. ^ Edwards, Cliff (March 30, 1999). "Computer Associates Buys Competitor for $3.5 Billion". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: D2 – via ProQuest. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help) ^ Robinson, Doug (June 7, 1999). "Computer Associates Closes Platinum Acquisition". Computer Associates International. M2 Presswire – via ProQuest. ^ "Computer Associates Augments eBusiness Services Portfolio with Acquisition of Applied Management Systems, Inc". Computer Associates International. Business Wire. March 29, 2000 – via ProQuest. ^ Lais, Sami (April 3, 2000). "CA continues buying spree". Computerworld. 34 (14). CW Communications: 4 – via ProQuest. ^ Bulkeley, William M. (February 15, 2000). "Software acquisition biggest yet". The Globe and Mail. Bell Globemedia Publishing: B14 – via ProQuest. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help) ^ "Computer Associates Tender Offer for Sterling Closes with More Than 90 Percent Acceptance". Computer Associates International. M2 Presswire. April 4, 2000 – via ProQuest. ^ Berenson, Alex (June 25, 2001). "A New Twist in the Proxy Fight for Control of Computer Associates". The New York Times: B6 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (February 6, 2003). "Technology Briefing E-Commerce: Computer Associates Acquires Netreon". The New York Times: 3 – via ProQuest. ^ Musich, Paula (July 21, 2003). "CA Maps Traffic to Processes". eWeek. Ziff-Davis. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. ^ Cirabis, Robert (March 11, 2004). "CA Extends Desktop Management Leadership with Acquisition of Miramar Systems". Computer Associates International. M2 Presswire – via ProQuest. ^ Nelson, Frank (March 27, 2004). "Santa Barbara, Calif., Software Firm Sold to Computer Associates International". Santa Barbara News-Press: 1 – via ProQuest. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help) ^ Dochat, Tom (August 17, 2004). "Carlisle, Pa., software firm sold". The Patriot-News. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News: 1 – via ProQuest. ^ Dekok, David (September 12, 2004). "Harrisburg, Pa.-area software firm cashes in on pest control". The Patriot-News: 1 – via ProQuest. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help) ^ Bray, Hiawatha (October 7, 2004). "Computer Associates to Buy Netegrity". Boston Globe: E3 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (November 24, 2004). "CA Completes Netegrity Acquisition". TechWeb. 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"CA continues acquisitions, and the software giant has no intention of slowing down". Newsday: A43 – via ProQuest. ^ Stanwell, Alec (January 11, 2006). "CA Extends Leadership in Service Management with Acquisition of Control-F1". CA, Inc. M2 Presswire – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (January 12, 2006). "Computer Associates International: Control-F1 Is Acquired, Raising Service-Management Presence". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: D5 – via ProQuest. ^ Bulkeley, William M. (January 5, 2006). "CA Snags Another Software Maker". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: A17 – via ProQuest. ^ Staff writer (April 14, 2006). "CA Inc.: Canadian Software Maker To Be Bought for $75 Million". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest. ^ Bellingham, Olivia (May 9, 2006). "CA Completes Acquisition of Cybermation". CA, Inc. M2 Presswire – via ProQuest. ^ Bernstein, James (June 14, 2006). "CA Inc. scoops up maker of software for managing data". Newsday: A46 – via ProQuest. ^ "CA Acquires XOsoft, Leading Provider of Continuous Application Availability Software". Computer Associates International. M2 Presswire. July 11, 2006 – via ProQuest. ^ "CA's New Configuration Management Database Speeds ITIL Implementations". CA, Inc. M2 Presswire. September 27, 2006 – via M2 Presswire. ^ Modine, Austin (October 7, 2008). "CA buys IDFocus for identity management boost". The Register. Retrieved August 19, 2010. ^ Kawamoto, Dawn (November 13, 2008). "CA to buy Eurekify". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 20, 2010. ^ Prince, Brian (January 5, 2009). "CA to Acquire Orchestria for Data Loss Prevention Technology". eWeek. Ziff-Davis. Retrieved August 19, 2010. ^ "NetQoS, a CA Technologies Company". CA, Inc. November 26, 2009. Archived from the original on November 26, 2009. ^ "CA Acquires Oblicore, Leader in IT Service Level Management". Computerworld. IDG Publications. January 11, 2010. ^ Burt, Jeffery (June 2, 2009). "CA Acquires Cassatt Assets, Bulks Up Cloud Capabilities". eWeek. Ziff-Davis. Retrieved August 19, 2010. ^ Urquhart, James (February 24, 2010). "CA to acquire cloud platform provider 3Tera". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 19, 2010. ^ Babcock, Charles (March 11, 2010). "CA to buy Nimsoft for USD 350 million". InformationWeek. CMP Media. Archived from the original on June 25, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2010. ^ Gohring, Nancy (August 12, 2010). "CA buys cloud consulting company 4Base". Network World. International Data Group. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. ^ Kanaracus, Chris (August 30, 2010). "CA buying Arcot for cloud authentication services". PC World. International Data Group. ^ Prince, Brian (August 30, 2010). "CA to Acquire Arcot Systems for Fraud Prevention". eWeek. Ziff-Davis. ^ "CA Technologies Finalizes Hyperformix Acquisition". CA Technologies. Business Wire. November 2, 2010. ^ Rashid, Fahmida Y. (September 29, 2010). "CA Technologies Acquires Hyperformix". eWeek. Ziff-Davis. ^ Babcock, Charles (September 28, 2010). "CA Technologies To Acquire Hyperformix". InformationWeek. CMP Media. ^ "CA Technologies Completes Acquisitions of Interactive TKO and Watchmouse B.V." CA Technologies. August 16, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2011. ^ "CA Technologies Acquires Watchmouse B.V. (WatchMouse)". CA Technologies. Retrieved April 14, 2014. ^ Techcrunch (July 29, 2011). "CA Buys Website And App Monitoring Startup WatchMouse". TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved April 14, 2014. ^ "CA Technologies to acquire privately held Layer 7 Technologies". CA Technologies. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013. ^ Staff writer (April 22, 2013). "Layer 7 Acquired by CA Technologies for $155 Million". TechVibes. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2013. ^ Rao, Leena (March 24, 2013). "Report: CA Technologies To Buy Enterprise App Deployment And Management Company Nolio For Over $40M". TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. ^ Nusca, Andrew (April 22, 2013). "CA Technologies to acquire Layer 7, Nolio". ZDNet. Ziff-Davis. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. ^ "CA Technologies Completes Acquisition of Rally Software". CA Technologies. Business Wire. July 8, 2015. ^ "Rally Software Acquired By CA Technologies For $480M". TechRockies. May 27, 2015. ^ "CA Technologies Completes Acquisition of Xceedium Inc". CA Technologies. Business Wire. August 17, 2015. ^ "CA Technologies Acquires Grid-Tools, a Leader in Automated Software Testing, to Speed Up Application Development and Delivery". CA Technologies. Business Wire. June 4, 2015. ^ "CA Technologies Acquires IdMlogic to Further Simplify Identity Governance and Application Access for Business Users". CA Technologies. Retrieved June 10, 2015. ^ "CA Technologies – Mobile System 7". Startup Ranking. n.d. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. ^ Scheaffer, Jeff. "CA Technologies completes acquisition of BlazeMeter". CA Technologies. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ "CA buys Austrian peer Automic in $635 million deal". Reuters. December 1, 2006. Retrieved April 4, 2017. ^ "CA Technologies to Acquire Veracode, a Leading SaaS-based Secure DevOps Platform Provider". CA Technologies. Business Wire. March 6, 2017. ^ "CA acquires Runscope, adds market-leading API monitoring to its portfolio". CA Technologies. Retrieved September 28, 2017. ^ "CA Technologies Acquires SourceClear, Advancing SCA Capabilities for a DevSecOps World". CA Veracode. April 9, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018. vteMergers and acquisitions by company Adobe Advania Alphabet Amazon Apple BlackBerry CA Technologies Cisco Dell Disney eBay Electronic Arts Embracer Group Gen Digital GoDaddy HP IBM Intel Juniper Networks Meta Microsoft Nokia Oracle Sony Take-Two Interactive Twitter Yahoo
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CA_Technologies_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"CA Technologies, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Technologies"},{"link_name":"enterprise software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_software"},{"link_name":"Charles B. Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wang"},{"link_name":"Russell Artzt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Artzt"},{"link_name":"ID management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID_management"},{"link_name":"anti-virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-virus"},{"link_name":"Broadcom Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom_Inc."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Logo of CA TechnologiesCA Technologies, Inc., formerly Computer Associates International and CA, Inc., was an American multinational software company that developed and published enterprise software. Active from 1976 to 2018, the company was co-founded by Charles B. Wang and Russell Artzt. The pair incorporated CA to capitalize on the emerging market of third-party mainframe software. It grew its portfolio and became successful through acquiring many companies in disparate fields, including system monitoring and management, ID management, security, and anti-virus, among others. In 2018, CA itself was acquired by Broadcom Inc. for nearly US$19 billion in cash.[1]","title":"List of mergers and acquisitions by CA Technologies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Acquisitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stakes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Divestitures"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Chirgwin, Richard (July 12, 2018). \"Weirdest. Acquisition. Ever. Broadcom buys CA Technologies\". The Register.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2018/07/12/broadcom_ca_technologies/","url_text":"\"Weirdest. Acquisition. Ever. Broadcom buys CA Technologies\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBI Begins Study of the History of Software\" (PDF). Charles Babbage Institute Newsletter. 9 (2). Charles Babbage Institute: 11. Winter 1987.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbi.umn.edu/about/nsl/v9n2.pdf","url_text":"\"CBI Begins Study of the History of Software\""}]},{"reference":"Sims, Calvin (June 2, 1987). \"Software Giants Plan Merger\". The New York Times: D1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/426511397/","url_text":"\"Software Giants Plan Merger\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (September 18, 1982). \"In Arizona\". Arizona Daily Star: 57 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118878888/in-arizona/","url_text":"\"In Arizona\""}]},{"reference":"Field, Anne R. (June 15, 1987). \"Computer Associates Buys It Way to the Top\". Business Week: 68 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YVk1AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Computer Associates Buys It Way to the Top\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (July 1, 1983). \"Computer Bid\". The New York Times: D4 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/424690098/","url_text":"\"Computer Bid\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (June 20, 1984). \"Computer Associates Buys Johnson Systems\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/397878023/","url_text":"\"Computer Associates Buys Johnson Systems\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (May 31, 1984). \"Software Deal\". The New York Times: D4 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/425066147/","url_text":"\"Software Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Mace, Scott (August 19, 1991). \"CA-SuperCalc 5.1 boasts faster computation speed\". InfoWorld. 13 (33). IDG Publications: 13 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/194244192/","url_text":"\"CA-SuperCalc 5.1 boasts faster computation speed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Computer Associates buys assets of Value Software\". Computerworld. May 13, 1985. p. 129.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WKyJOEl_vlsC&dq=%22value+software%22+%22computer+associates%22+1985&pg=RA1-PA129","url_text":"\"Computer Associates buys assets of Value Software\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (December 2, 1986). \"Software Firm Acquired\". Boston Globe: 57 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/294356550/","url_text":"\"Software Firm Acquired\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (December 9, 1985). \"Computer Associates Sets Pact to Acquire CGA Line\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/397938609/","url_text":"\"Computer Associates Sets Pact to Acquire CGA Line\""}]},{"reference":"Ritter, Bill (November 4, 1986). \"$12.37-a-Share Offer Is Coming From New York Firm for ISSCO\". Los Angeles Times: 1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/292474141/","url_text":"\"$12.37-a-Share Offer Is Coming From New York Firm for ISSCO\""}]},{"reference":"Perry, Ann (December 8, 1986). \"ISSCO shareholders OK sale\". The San Diego Union-Tribune: AA-1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/422358720/","url_text":"\"ISSCO shareholders OK sale\""}]},{"reference":"Tyson, David O. (June 2, 1987). \"Merger Will Create Largest Software Firm\". American Banker: 1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/292939913/","url_text":"\"Merger Will Create Largest Software Firm\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (August 20, 1987). \"Associates, Uccel Complete Merger\". The New York Times: D4 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/426587251/","url_text":"\"Associates, Uccel Complete Merger\""}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Charles W. (September 14, 1988). \"Applied Data To Be Bought For $170 Million\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: 1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/398060967/","url_text":"\"Applied Data To Be Bought For $170 Million\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (October 14, 1988). \"Applied Data Research Sale Closed by Ameritech\". Chicago Tribune: 4 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/282504172/","url_text":"\"Applied Data Research Sale Closed by Ameritech\""}]},{"reference":"Flint, Anthony (June 20, 1989). \"The Man Behind the Cullinet Deal\". Boston Globe: 41 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/294522608/","url_text":"\"The Man Behind the Cullinet Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Simon, Jane Fitz (September 13, 1989). \"Cullinet: The Swan Song of a Pioneer\". Boston Globe: 69 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/294454745/","url_text":"\"Cullinet: The Swan Song of a Pioneer\""}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Paul B. (August 19, 1991). \"Computer Associates Agrees to Acquire On-Line Software for About $120 Million\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B3 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/398228372/","url_text":"\"Computer Associates Agrees to Acquire On-Line Software for About $120 Million\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (September 27, 1991). \"Offer for On-Line Completed\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B6 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/398275970/","url_text":"\"Offer for On-Line Completed\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (September 4, 1991). \"A Software Leader to Buy Pansophic\". The New York Times: D4 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/428218183/","url_text":"\"A Software Leader to Buy Pansophic\""}]},{"reference":"Storch, Charles (November 29, 1991). \"500 Could Lose Jobs at Pansophic\". Chicago Tribune: 1 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/283195342/","url_text":"\"500 Could Lose Jobs at Pansophic\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (November 21, 1991). \"Computer Assoicates Buys Software Assets of Access Technology\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B4 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/398228994/","url_text":"\"Computer Assoicates Buys Software Assets of Access Technology\""}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Paul B. (May 7, 1992). \"Database Firm's Sale to Computer Associates Is Set\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company: B2 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/398286497/","url_text":"\"Database Firm's Sale to Computer Associates Is Set\""}]},{"reference":"Brownstein, Mark (May 11, 1992). \"CA acquisition of Nantucket consolidates XBase arena\". InfoWorld. 14 (19). 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Retrieved September 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ca.com/en/blog-highlight/ca-adds-market-leading-api-monitoring-to-its-portfolio-by-acquiring-runscope.html","url_text":"\"CA acquires Runscope, adds market-leading API monitoring to its portfolio\""}]},{"reference":"\"CA Technologies Acquires SourceClear, Advancing SCA Capabilities for a DevSecOps World\". CA Veracode. April 9, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.veracode.com/blog/security-news/ca-technologies-acquires-sourceclear-advancing-sca-capabilities-devsecops-world","url_text":"\"CA Technologies Acquires SourceClear, Advancing SCA Capabilities for a DevSecOps World\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbravo
Openbravo
["1 History","2 Business and markets","3 Current products","4 Previous products (discontinued)","4.1 Openbravo ERP","4.2 Openbravo Java POS","4.3 Openbravo Business Suite","4.4 Openbravo Commerce Suite","4.5 Openbravo Subscription Management and Recurring Billing","4.6 Openbravo Commerce Cloud","5 See also","6 References"]
Spanish cloud-based software providerThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Openbravo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) OpenbravoCompany typePrivateIndustrySoftwareHeadquartersPamplona, SpainNumber of locations7 officesArea servedWorldwideProductsOpenbravo Commerce CloudServicesImplementation, support, training, cloud Openbravo is a Spanish cloud-based SaaS software provider specializing in retail with headquarters in Pamplona, Spain and offices in Barcelona and Lille. The company was formerly known for being a horizontal open-source Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software vendor for different industries. History Openbravo's roots are in the development of business administration software, first developed by Nicolas Serrano and Ismael Ciordia, employees of the University of Navarra in the mid-1990s who used emerging internet technologies in their work, and subsequently introduced a new approach for building web applications. Their concept was realized in a new company called Tecnicia, founded in August 2001 by Serrano, Ciordia, and Aguinaga. In 2005, two management consultants, Manel Sarasa and Josep Mitjá, were asked by a venture capital company to evaluate Tecnicia and prepare a business plan for its evolution. In 2006, the two consultants joined Tecnicia as the CEO and COO, respectively. Around the same time the Spanish investment company Sodena invested US$6.4 million in the further development of the company. In 2006, the company was renamed Openbravo and launched its first product offering, Openbravo ERP. The code was made available open-source in April that same year. In 2007, the company announced the acquisition of LibrePOS, a Java-based Point-of-Sale (POS) application for retail and hospitality businesses. LibrePOS was rebranded as Openbravo POS (or Openbravo Java POS). In May 2008 Openbravo attracted three more investors, Amadeus (UK), GIMV (Belgium) and Adara (Spain) for a second investment round totaling $12.5 million to further develop its products and services. In July 2012, Openbravo launched Openbravo for Retail, including the Openbravo Web POS, a new point-of-sale platform replacing Openbravo Java POS that was web and mobile-friendly. In March 2014, Openbravo ERP was renamed Openbravo ERP Platform. Openbravo for Retail was renamed to Openbravo Commerce Platform. In May 2015, the Openbravo Commerce Platform and Openbravo ERP Platform were renamed to Openbravo Commerce Suite and Openbravo Business Suite. Openbravo announces its strategic focus in Retail. Openbravo also launches the Openbravo Subscription Management and Recurring Billing, a specialized solution for recurring transactions-based revenue models. In February 2016, Openbravo launches Openbravo Cloud, its official cloud offering, and starts the distribution of Openbravo Commerce Cloud, a cloud-based and mobile-enabled omnichannel platform for midsize to large retail and restaurant chains. In 2018, Openbravo announces a certified SAP connector to facilitate the integration of the Openbravo Commerce Cloud in all those clients running SAP as their central corporate system. In November 2022 Openbravo joins the French group DL Software, today Orisha. As a result Openbravo becomes Orisha | Openbravo in October 2023. Business and markets Openbravo targets today mid-sized to large retail chains. Current products Openbravo currently distributes Openbravo Commerce Cloud, a cloud-based SaaS unified commerce platform. The functionality offered by the platform covers both front and back office processes for the integration of all sales channels. Features such as a web and mobile point of sale, an integrated OMS engine, CRM & Clienteling functionalities and inventory management among others. Previous products (discontinued) Since its appearance in the market in 2006, Openbravo has launched different products that help to describe the evolution of the company. The following information is shown for historical purposes only, since all these products are no longer offered. Openbravo ERP Openbravo ERP was the first product launched by Openbravo. It was a web-based Enterprise Resource Planning software for small and medium-sized companies that is released under the Openbravo Public License, based on the Mozilla Public License. The model for the program was originally based on the Compiere ERP program that is also open-source, released under the GNU General Public License version 2. As of January 2008, the program was among the top ten most active projects of SourceForge. With Openbravo ERP organizations can automate and register the most common business processes, in the fields: Sales, Procurement, Manufacturing, Projects, Finance, MRP and more. Numerous commercial extensions are available on the Openbravo Exchange which can be procured by users with a commercial edition of Openbravo ERP. This paid-for version offers additional functionality compared to the free Community Edition, among them integrated administration tools, a non-technical tool for updates and upgrades, access to Openbravo Exchange and a Service Level Agreement. The characteristic of the Openbravo ERP application is the green web interface through which users maintain company data in a web browser. Openbravo can also create and export reports and data to several formats, such as PDF and Microsoft Excel. Openbravo's Java-based architecture focuses on two development models: model-driven development, in which developers describe the application in terms of models rather than code model-view-controller, a well-established design pattern in which the presentation logic and the business logic are kept isolated These two models allow for integration with other programs and for a simple interface. The application of open standards Openbravo ERP can be integrated with other open source applications like Magento webshop, Pentaho Business Intelligence, ProcessMaker BPM, Liferay Portal and SugarCRM. In March 2014, Openbravo ERP was renamed to Openbravo ERP Platform, which was changed again to Openbravo Business Suite in May 2015. The latest version is 3.0.36902 released in April 2020. Openbravo Java POS Interface Openbravo POS Openbravo POS was the first POS solution offered by Openbravo. It is a Java Point-of-Sale (POS) application for retail and hospitality businesses. The application came into existence called TinaPOS. For legal reasons the application was renamed to LibrePOS. In 2007 LibrePOS was acquired by Openbravo and it is known by its current name. The program was completely integrated into Openbravo ERP. Through this integration it was possible to update stock levels, financial journals and customer data directly in the central database when a POS sales is executed in the stores. Openbravo POS can be applied using PDAs for order intake. In July 2012 Openbravo launched its new POS solution, the Openbravo Web POS, included in the Openbravo Commerce Suite and which replaced the Openbravo Java POS. Openbravo Java POS has been discontinued. Openbravo Business Suite The Openbravo Business Suite was launched in May 2015, replacing the previous Openbravo ERP Platform. It is a global management solution built on top of the Openbravo Technology Platform including horizontal ERP, CRM and BI functionality for across industries. Openbravo Commerce Suite The Openbravo Commerce Suite is the Openbravo's solution for retailers. It is a multi-channel retail management solution including a responsive web and mobile POS (Openbravo Web POS) backed by a comprehensive functionality for Merchandise Management, Supply Chain Management and Enterprise Management. Openbravo Subscription Management and Recurring Billing A commercial solution for companies with recurring billing revenue models, including functionality from pricing definition to automatic revenue recognition and accounting. Openbravo Commerce Cloud The current version of the Openbravo software provides a cloud-based SaaS unified commerce platform for midsize to large retail chains. See also Omnichannel Software as a service Cloud computing Retail Point of Sale OMS Warehouse management system References ^ "New investors Amadeus Capital, GIMV and Adara Venture Partners fund next stage of growth and vouch for Openbravo as a leader in ERP software" (Press release). BusinessWire. Retrieved 2008-05-19. ^ Asay, Matt (2007-10-26). "Running the open-source bulls with Openbravo". CNet Blogs. Archived from the original on 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2020-04-25. ^ McConnachie, Dahna (2007-10-25). "Openbravo executives open up on the ERP solution". Australian PC World. Retrieved 2007-12-13. ^ Ben Haroosh, Yossi. "Openbravo ERP, Pentaho BI, SugarCRM Integration Steps". Archived from the original on 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2010-05-19. ^ "Release Notes - OpenbravoWiki". ^ Wikibooks:Using LibrePOS ^ Romero, Adrián (6 November 2007). "Openbravo has acquired Librepos". blogspot.com. Retrieved 2010-05-19. ^ "Openbravo Java POS Direct Integration". Openbravo. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"},{"link_name":"retail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail"},{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Enterprise resource planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning"}],"text":"Openbravo is a Spanish cloud-based SaaS software provider specializing in retail with headquarters in Pamplona, Spain and offices in Barcelona and Lille. The company was formerly known for being a horizontal open-source Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software vendor for different industries.","title":"Openbravo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Navarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Navarra"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"COO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnet-2"},{"link_name":"buzzword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords"}],"text":"Openbravo's roots are in the development of business administration software, first developed by Nicolas Serrano and Ismael Ciordia, employees of the University of Navarra in the mid-1990s who used emerging internet technologies in their work, and subsequently introduced a new approach for building web applications. Their concept was realized in a new company called Tecnicia, founded in August 2001 by Serrano, Ciordia, and Aguinaga. In 2005, two management consultants, Manel Sarasa and Josep Mitjá, were asked by a venture capital company to evaluate Tecnicia and prepare a business plan for its evolution. In 2006, the two consultants joined Tecnicia as the CEO and COO, respectively. Around the same time the Spanish investment company Sodena invested US$6.4 million in the further development of the company.In 2006, the company was renamed Openbravo and launched its first product offering, Openbravo ERP. The code was made available open-source in April that same year. In 2007, the company announced the acquisition of LibrePOS, a Java-based Point-of-Sale (POS) application for retail and hospitality businesses. LibrePOS was rebranded as Openbravo POS (or Openbravo Java POS). In May 2008 Openbravo attracted three more investors, Amadeus (UK), GIMV (Belgium) and Adara (Spain) for a second investment round totaling $12.5 million[1] to further develop its products and services.[2]In July 2012, Openbravo launched Openbravo for Retail, including the Openbravo Web POS, a new point-of-sale platform replacing Openbravo Java POS that was web and mobile-friendly.In March 2014, Openbravo ERP was renamed Openbravo ERP Platform. Openbravo for Retail was renamed to Openbravo Commerce Platform.In May 2015, the Openbravo Commerce Platform and Openbravo ERP Platform were renamed to Openbravo Commerce Suite and Openbravo Business Suite. Openbravo announces its strategic focus in Retail. Openbravo also launches the Openbravo Subscription Management and Recurring Billing, a specialized solution[buzzword] for recurring transactions-based revenue models.In February 2016, Openbravo launches Openbravo Cloud, its official cloud offering, and starts the distribution of Openbravo Commerce Cloud, a cloud-based and mobile-enabled omnichannel platform for midsize to large retail and restaurant chains.In 2018, Openbravo announces a certified SAP connector to facilitate the integration of the Openbravo Commerce Cloud in all those clients running SAP as their central corporate system.In November 2022 Openbravo joins the French group DL Software, today Orisha. As a result Openbravo becomes Orisha | Openbravo in October 2023.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Openbravo targets today mid-sized to large retail chains.","title":"Business and markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clienteling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clienteling"}],"text":"Openbravo currently distributes Openbravo Commerce Cloud, a cloud-based SaaS unified commerce platform. The functionality offered by the platform covers both front and back office processes for the integration of all sales channels. Features such as a web and mobile point of sale, an integrated OMS engine, CRM & Clienteling functionalities and inventory management among others.","title":"Current products"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Since its appearance in the market in 2006, Openbravo has launched different products that help to describe the evolution of the company. The following information is shown for historical purposes only, since all these products are no longer offered.","title":"Previous products (discontinued)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"web-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-based"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Resource Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Resource_Planning"},{"link_name":"small and medium-sized companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprise"},{"link_name":"Mozilla Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License"},{"link_name":"Compiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiere"},{"link_name":"GNU General Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"SourceForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge"},{"link_name":"Service Level Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Level_Agreement"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Excel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"model-driven development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-driven_development"},{"link_name":"model-view-controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcworld-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-integration-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Openbravo ERP","text":"Openbravo ERP was the first product launched by Openbravo. It was a web-based Enterprise Resource Planning software for small and medium-sized companies that is released under the Openbravo Public License, based on the Mozilla Public License. The model for the program was originally based on the Compiere ERP program that is also open-source, released under the GNU General Public License version 2. As of January 2008, the program was among the top ten most active projects of SourceForge.With Openbravo ERP organizations can automate and register the most common business processes, in the fields: Sales, Procurement, Manufacturing, Projects, Finance, MRP and more. Numerous commercial extensions are available on the Openbravo Exchange which can be procured by users with a commercial edition of Openbravo ERP. This paid-for version offers additional functionality compared to the free Community Edition, among them integrated administration tools, a non-technical tool for updates and upgrades, access to Openbravo Exchange and a Service Level Agreement. The characteristic of the Openbravo ERP application is the green web interface through which users maintain company data in a web browser. Openbravo can also create and export reports and data to several formats, such as PDF and Microsoft Excel.Openbravo's Java-based architecture focuses on two development models:model-driven development, in which developers describe the application in terms of models rather than code\nmodel-view-controller, a well-established design pattern in which the presentation logic and the business logic are kept isolatedThese two models allow for integration with other programs and for a simple interface.[3] The application of open standards Openbravo ERP can be integrated with other open source applications like Magento webshop, Pentaho Business Intelligence, ProcessMaker BPM, Liferay Portal and SugarCRM.[4]In March 2014, Openbravo ERP was renamed to Openbravo ERP Platform, which was changed again to Openbravo Business Suite in May 2015. The latest version is 3.0.36902 released in April 2020.[5]","title":"Previous products (discontinued)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openbravo_POS_Screenshot_NL.png"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LibrePOS-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overname-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POS-integratie-8"}],"sub_title":"Openbravo Java POS","text":"Interface Openbravo POSOpenbravo POS was the first POS solution offered by Openbravo. It is a Java Point-of-Sale (POS) application for retail and hospitality businesses. The application came into existence called TinaPOS. For legal reasons the application was renamed to LibrePOS.[6] In 2007 LibrePOS was acquired by Openbravo and it is known by its current name.[7] The program was completely integrated into Openbravo ERP. Through this integration it was possible to update stock levels, financial journals and customer data directly in the central database when a POS sales is executed in the stores.[8] Openbravo POS can be applied using PDAs for order intake.\nIn July 2012 Openbravo launched its new POS solution, the Openbravo Web POS, included in the Openbravo Commerce Suite and which replaced the Openbravo Java POS. Openbravo Java POS has been discontinued.","title":"Previous products (discontinued)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buzzword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords"}],"sub_title":"Openbravo Business Suite","text":"The Openbravo Business Suite was launched in May 2015, replacing the previous Openbravo ERP Platform. It is a global management solution[buzzword] built on top of the Openbravo Technology Platform including horizontal ERP, CRM and BI functionality for across industries.","title":"Previous products (discontinued)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buzzword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords"},{"link_name":"buzzword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords"}],"sub_title":"Openbravo Commerce Suite","text":"The Openbravo Commerce Suite is the Openbravo's solution[buzzword] for retailers. It is a multi-channel retail management solution[buzzword] including a responsive web and mobile POS (Openbravo Web POS) backed by a comprehensive functionality for Merchandise Management, Supply Chain Management and Enterprise Management.","title":"Previous products (discontinued)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buzzword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords"}],"sub_title":"Openbravo Subscription Management and Recurring Billing","text":"A commercial solution[buzzword] for companies with recurring billing revenue models, including functionality from pricing definition to automatic revenue recognition and accounting.","title":"Previous products (discontinued)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Openbravo Commerce Cloud","text":"The current version of the Openbravo software provides a cloud-based SaaS unified commerce platform for midsize to large retail chains.","title":"Previous products (discontinued)"}]
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[{"title":"Omnichannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnichannel"},{"title":"Software as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service"},{"title":"Cloud computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"},{"title":"Retail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail"},{"title":"Point of Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale"},{"title":"OMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_management_system"},{"title":"Warehouse management system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_management_system"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Industry_Centre
Food Industry Centre
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°29′46″N 3°12′43″W / 51.496°N 3.212°W / 51.496; -3.212 Research Centre in Cardiff, WalesFood Industry CentreGeneral informationTypeResearch CentreLocationCardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Western Avenue, Cardiff, WalesCoordinates51°29′46″N 3°12′43″W / 51.496°N 3.212°W / 51.496; -3.212Construction started2007Completed2009Design and constructionMain contractorWillmott Dixon The Food Industry Centre (FIC) at Cardiff Metropolitan University (also known as UWIC) is a Welsh research and education organisation designed to address issues of food safety and food-related health concerns. Its mission also includes supporting the Welsh food industry. The centre, which is part of UWIC's Cardiff School of Health Sciences at the university's Llandaff campus, was launched in 1999. A new facility for the centre opened on 21 April 2009 and was built at a cost of £5,000,000. References ^ Moira Sharkey (26 January 2008). "Food industry centre part of £46m Uwic revamp". South Wales Echo/Wales Online. Retrieved 11 July 2009. ^ "New facility to boost Welsh food industry". Food Trade Review. June 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2009. External links Food Industry Centre web site This article about an organisation in Wales is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This United Kingdom university, college or other education institution article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Jakobsen
Jonny Jakobsen
["1 Before \"Dr. Bombay\"","2 Johnny Moonshine","2.1 Albums","3 Dr. Bombay","3.1 Singles","3.2 Albums","4 Dr. MacDoo","4.1 Singles","4.2 Albums","5 Carlito","5.1 Singles","5.2 Albums","6 In Video Games","7 References","8 External links"]
Danish-Swedish musician This article is about the musician. For the character in the TV series "Bewitched", see Dr. Bombay (character). Jonny JakobsenDr. Bombay 2022.Born (1963-11-17) 17 November 1963 (age 60)Malmö, SwedenOther names Dr. Bombay Dr. MacDoo Carlito Johnny Moonshine Occupations Singer songwriter musician Years active 1995–2007 2018–present ChildrenJimmy JakobsenMusical careerGenres Bubblegum Eurodance Instrument(s)VocalsLabelsEMI Musical artist Jonny Jakobsen (born 17 November 1963) is a Dano-Swedish former Bubblegum dance/eurodance singer better known under his fictitious identity as Indian taxi driver Dr. Bombay. He began as a country singer called Johnny Moonshine, but became famous only after developing the persona of Dr. Bombay. His debut was in 1998 with the album Rice and Curry, hitting the charts with the title track "Rice & Curry", as well as "Calcutta (Taxi Taxi Taxi)" and "S.O.S. (The Tiger Took My Family)". Subsequently, he went on to record albums as faux-Scottish Dr. MacDoo and faux-Mexican Carlito. Even though he grew up in Sweden, his citizenship is Danish. He speaks both Danish and Swedish. He has gained some fame and notoriety in the Europop scene. He is featured in several video games (See below). Before "Dr. Bombay" Jonny Jakobsen was born in Sweden on 17 November 1963 to Danish father Ejner Jakobsen and a Swedish mother who died in 1992/3. His twin sister Susanne and him are the youngest of five children. He has two older sisters Vinni and Lis and an older brother Niels. He has a son called Jimmy Jakobsen born in 1983/4. Before his music career, he was a taxi driver in Copenhagen. He began his career as a faux-country/pop singer called Johnny Moonshine. As Johnny Moonshine, Jakobsen released one album titled Johnny Moonshine & The Troubled Water Band (1995). Due to the failure of Johnny Moonshine, Jakobsen moved on in search of a newer, more 'annoying' sound. He chose the style of eurodance, which was just becoming popular in the mid 1990s, and began his career as the fake Indian "Dr. Bombay", facing controversy along the way. Jakobsen teamed up with Robert Uhlmann, who is famous for his work with Smile.dk Johnny Moonshine Albums Year Album Peak chart positions Certifications(sales thresholds) SWE 1995 Johnny Moonshine & The Troubled Water Band  – Dr. Bombay Jakobsen's earliest career success was prompted by the introduction of the Dr. Bombay character in 1998. In his lyrics, the character is portrayed as an Indian taxi driver, mystic, sitar player, chef, snake charmer and avid fan of elephant racing. He appears clad in traditional Indian garb, such as a kurta and pagri, with the addition of dark glasses that are also worn by the other characters portrayed by Jakobsen. In 2018 Dr. Bombay celebrated his 20th anniversary with a new single entitled "Stockholm to Bombay". a year later on 5 October 2019 he published a music video for the song "Stockholm to Bombay". Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Certifications(sales thresholds) Album AUT GER NOR SUI SWE 1998 "Calcutta (Taxi Taxi Taxi)" 31 28 2 35 1 NOR: Platinum SWE: Platinum Rice & Curry "S.O.S. (The Tiger Took My Family)" — 30 6 — 2 NOR: Gold SWE: Platinum "Rice & Curry" — — — — 15 1999 "Girlie, Girlie" — — — — 46 "Indy Dancing" — — — — — 2018 "Stockholm to Bombay" — — — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart Albums Year Album Peak chart positions Certifications(sales thresholds) FIN NOR DEN SWE 1998 Rice & Curry 2 2 1 1 Dr. MacDoo Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Album SWE 2000 "Macahula Dance" 4 Under the Kilt "Under the Kilt" 41 "—" denotes releases that did not chart Albums Year Album Peak chart positions Certifications(sales thresholds) SWE 2000 Under the Kilt 30 Carlito Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Album SWE 2005 "Carlito (¿Who's That Boy?)" 17 Fiesta 2006 "Fiesta" — "—" denotes releases that did not chart Albums Year Album Peak chart positions Certifications(sales thresholds) SWE 2006 Fiesta  – 2007 World Wild  – In Video Games Song Games S.O.S. (The Tiger Took My Family) Beatmania IIDX 3rd Style (Console), Samba de Amigo Ver.2000 (Arcade and Dreamcast) Calcutta Beatmania IIDX 3rd Style (Console) Poco Loco Pump It Up PRO 2 (Arcade), StepManiaX (Arcade) Stockholm to Bombay StepManiaX (Arcade) References ^ "Dr Bombay byter skepnad - igen - Kultur & Nöjen - Sydsvenskan-Nyheter…". 18 April 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. ^ a b "Dr. Bombay Official Biography". Bubblegumdancer.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2010. ^ "Dr. Bombay". NNDB. Retrieved 26 February 2020. ^ "Dr. Bombay". NNDB. Retrieved 26 February 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l International peaks ^ "Dr. Bombay released official video for single Stockholm to Bombay". Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019. ^ German peaks ^ a b "SØK I TROFÉER". IFPI Norway. Archived from the original on 26 June 2006. Retrieved 2010-08-14. ^ a b "Sweden's certification-database 1987–1998" (PDF). IFPI (Sweden). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 2010-08-14. ^ https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1999/MM-1999-01-16.pdf ^ a b "beatmania IIDX 3rd style". Giant Bomb. Retrieved 12 July 2010. ^ "Samba de Amigo". Animelyrics.com. Retrieved 12 July 2010. ^ StepManiaX Content Update #39 New Songs!, 26 May 2023, retrieved 26 May 2023 ^ StepManiaX Content Update #38 New Songs!, 29 April 2023, retrieved 4 May 2023 External links Dr. Bombay at Bubblegum Dancer vteJonny JakobsenStudio albums Rice & Curry Under the Kilt Fiesta World Wild Singles Calcutta (Taxi Taxi Taxi) S.O.S. (The Tiger Took My Family) Rice & Curry Girlie Girlie Under the Kilt Macahula Dance Who's That Boy? Poco Loco Fiesta Stockholm to Bombay Compilations The Hits Authority control databases International ISNI National Germany United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Bombay (character)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Bombay_(character)"},{"link_name":"eurodance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Rice & Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_%26_Curry_(song)"},{"link_name":"Calcutta (Taxi Taxi Taxi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_(Taxi_Taxi_Taxi)"},{"link_name":"S.O.S. (The Tiger Took My Family)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.O.S._(The_Tiger_Took_My_Family)"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Europop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europop"}],"text":"This article is about the musician. For the character in the TV series \"Bewitched\", see Dr. Bombay (character).Jonny Jakobsen (born 17 November 1963) is a Dano-Swedish former Bubblegum dance/eurodance singer better known under his fictitious identity as Indian taxi driver Dr. Bombay. He began as a country singer called Johnny Moonshine, but became famous only after developing the persona of Dr. Bombay. His debut was in 1998 with the album Rice and Curry, hitting the charts with the title track \"Rice & Curry\", as well as \"Calcutta (Taxi Taxi Taxi)\" and \"S.O.S. (The Tiger Took My Family)\". Subsequently, he went on to record albums as faux-Scottish Dr. MacDoo and faux-Mexican Carlito. Even though he grew up in Sweden, his citizenship is Danish.[1] He speaks both Danish and Swedish.He has gained some fame and notoriety in the Europop scene. He is featured in several video games (See below).","title":"Jonny Jakobsen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bubblegumdancer-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bubblegumdancer-2"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Uhlmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Uhlmann_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Smile.dk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smile.dk"}],"text":"Jonny Jakobsen was born in Sweden on 17 November 1963 to Danish father Ejner Jakobsen and a Swedish mother who died in 1992/3. His twin sister Susanne and him are the youngest of five children. He has two older sisters Vinni and Lis and an older brother Niels. He has a son called Jimmy Jakobsen born in 1983/4.Before his music career, he was a taxi driver in Copenhagen.He began his career as a faux-country/pop singer called Johnny Moonshine. As Johnny Moonshine, Jakobsen released one album titled Johnny Moonshine & The Troubled Water Band (1995).[2]Due to the failure of Johnny Moonshine, Jakobsen moved on in search of a newer, more 'annoying' sound.[3] He chose the style of eurodance, which was just becoming popular in the mid 1990s, and began his career as the fake Indian \"Dr. Bombay\",[2][dead link] facing controversy along the way.[4] Jakobsen teamed up with Robert Uhlmann, who is famous for his work with Smile.dk","title":"Before \"Dr. Bombay\""},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Johnny Moonshine"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Johnny Moonshine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mystic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef"},{"link_name":"snake charmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_charmer"},{"link_name":"elephant racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_Festival"},{"link_name":"kurta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurta"},{"link_name":"pagri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagri_(turban)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurodancemag-6"}],"text":"Jakobsen's earliest career success was prompted by the introduction of the Dr. Bombay character in 1998. In his lyrics, the character is portrayed as an Indian taxi driver, mystic, sitar player, chef, snake charmer and avid fan of elephant racing. He appears clad in traditional Indian garb, such as a kurta and pagri, with the addition of dark glasses that are also worn by the other characters portrayed by Jakobsen.In 2018 Dr. Bombay celebrated his 20th anniversary with a new single entitled \"Stockholm to Bombay\". a year later on 5 October 2019 he published a music video for the song \"Stockholm to Bombay\".[6]","title":"Dr. Bombay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Dr. Bombay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Dr. Bombay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dr. MacDoo"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Dr. MacDoo"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Dr. MacDoo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Carlito"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Carlito"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Carlito"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In Video Games"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_effectiveness
Efficacy
["1 Pharmacology","2 Medicine","3 Agriculture","4 Theology","4.1 Scripture","4.2 Prayer","5 See also","6 References"]
Ability to finish a task satisfactorily This article is about use in pharmacology, medicine and Christian theology. For electrical engineering, see Luminous efficacy. For business, see Individual Voluntary Arrangement. Not to be confused with Efficiency. This article needs attention from an expert in pharmacology or medicine. The specific problem is: the breadth/scope of this article do not reflect the definitions and content, or clarity, that are available on good secondary sources (advanced texts and reviews) in these fields. WikiProject Pharmacology or WikiProject Medicine may be able to help recruit an expert. (March 2016) Look up efficacy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Efficacy is the ability to perform a task to a satisfactory or expected degree. The word comes from the same roots as effectiveness, and it has often been used synonymously, although in pharmacology a distinction is now often made between efficacy and effectiveness. The word efficacy is used in pharmacology and medicine to refer both to the maximum response achievable from a pharmaceutical drug in research settings, and to the capacity for sufficient therapeutic effect or beneficial change in clinical settings. Pharmacology Main article: Intrinsic activity In pharmacology, efficacy (Emax) is the maximum response achievable from an applied or dosed agent, for instance, a small molecule drug. Intrinsic activity is a relative term for a drug's efficacy relative to a drug with the highest observed efficacy. It is a purely descriptive term that has little or no mechanistic interpretation. In order for a drug to have an effect, it needs to bind to its target, and then to affect the function of this target. The target of a drug is commonly referred to as a receptor, but can in general be any chemically sensitive site on any molecule found in the body. The nature of such binding can be quantified by characterising how tightly these molecules, the drug and its receptor, interact: this is known as the affinity. Efficacy, on the other hand, is a measure of the action of a drug once binding has occurred. The maximum response, Emax, will be reduced if efficacy is sufficiently low. The definition of efficacy has been object for discussion. The only way in which absolute measures of efficacy have been obtained is by single ion channel analysis of ligand gated ion channels. It is still not possible to do this for G protein-linked receptors. In the case of the glycine receptor and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (muscle type), it has been proposed by Sivilotti et al. that opening of the ion channel involves two steps after agonist is bound. Firstly a conformation change to a higher affinity (but still shut) form, followed by the conformation change from shut to open. It was found that partial agonism results from deficiency in the first step, and that the opening and shutting steps are essentially the same for both full and partial agonists. This has been confirmed and extended by Sine and colleagues (2009). The implication of this work is that efficacy has to be defined by at least two equilibrium constants (or, more generally, by four rate constants). The combined influences of affinity and efficacy determine how effectively a drug will produce a biological effect, a property known as potency. Medicine In medicine, efficacy is the capacity for beneficial change (or therapeutic effect) of a given intervention (for example a drug, medical device, surgical procedure, or a public health intervention). Establishment of the efficacy of an intervention is often done relative to other available interventions, with which it will be compared. Specifically, efficacy refers to "whether a drug demonstrates a health benefit over a placebo or other intervention when tested in an ideal situation, such as a tightly controlled clinical trial." These studies focus on a primary parameter to be shown statistically different between placebo and intervention groups. Comparisons of this type are called 'explanatory' randomized controlled trials, whereas 'pragmatic' trials are used to establish the effectiveness of an intervention regarding also non-specific parameters. Effectiveness refers to "how the drug works in a real-world situation", and is "often lower than efficacy because of interactions with other medications or health conditions of the patient, sufficient dose or duration of use not prescribed by the physician or followed by the patient, or use for an off-label condition that had not been tested." Agriculture In agriculture and forestry, efficacy is used to describe whether a pesticide is effective in controlling a pest or disease. Theology Scripture In Protestant Theology (esp. in Lutheran but also in Calvinist doctrine) efficacy is an attribute of Scripture. The efficacy of Scripture means that it is united with the power of the Holy Spirit and with it, not only demands, but also creates the acceptance of its teaching and that this teaching produces faith and obedience. Efficacy further means that Holy Scripture is not a dead letter, but rather, the power of the Holy Spirit is inherent in it and that Scripture does not compel a mere intellectual assent to its doctrine, resting on logical argumentation, but rather it creates the living agreement of faith. The Smalcald Articles affirm, "in those things which concern the spoken, outward Word, we must firmly hold that God grants His Spirit or grace to no one, except through or with the preceding outward Word." The Formula of Concord teaches that when humans reject the calling of the Holy Spirit, it is not a result of the Word being less efficacious. Instead, contempt for the means of grace is the result of "the perverse will of man, which rejects or perverts the means and instrument of the Holy Ghost, which God offers him through the call, and resists the Holy Ghost, who wishes to be efficacious, and works through the Word..." Prayer Main article: Efficacy of prayer § The Holy Spirit and Christian teaching See also Average treatment effect Efficiency (disambiguation) Placebo (origins of technical term) Potency (pharmacology) Pragmatic clinical trial Self-efficacy Vaccine efficacy References ^ Zimmer, Carl (20 November 2020). "2 Companies Say Their Vaccines Are 95% Effective. What Does That Mean? You might assume that 95 out of every 100 people vaccinated will be protected from Covid-19. But that's not how the math works". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ a b Holford NH, Sheiner LB (1981). "Understanding the dose-effect relationship: clinical application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 6 (6): 429–53. doi:10.2165/00003088-198106060-00002. PMID 7032803. S2CID 9337877. ^ Neubig RR, Spedding M, Kenakin T, Christopoulos A (December 2003). "International Union of Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification. XXXVIII. Update on terms and symbols in quantitative pharmacology". Pharmacological Reviews. 55 (4): 597–606. doi:10.1124/pr.55.4.4. PMID 14657418. S2CID 1729572. ^ Colquhoun, D. (November 1998). "Binding, gating, affinity and efficacy: the interpretation of structure-activity relationships for agonists and of the effects of mutating receptors". British Journal of Pharmacology. 125 (5): 924–947. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702164. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 1565672. PMID 9846630. ^ Burzomato, Valeria; Beato, Marco; Groot-Kormelink, Paul J.; Colquhoun, David; Sivilotti, Lucia G. (2004-12-01). "Single-channel behavior of heteromeric alpha1beta glycine receptors: an attempt to detect a conformational change before the channel opens". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (48): 10924–10940. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3424-04.2004. ISSN 1529-2401. PMC 6730200. PMID 15574743. ^ a b Lape R, Colquhoun D, Sivilotti L (2008). "On the nature of partial agonism in the nicotinic receptor superfamily". Nature. 454 (7205): 722–728. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..722L. doi:10.1038/nature07139. PMC 2629928. PMID 18633353. ^ Mukhtasimova N, Lee WY, Wang HL, Sine SM (2009). "On the nature of partial agonism in the nicotinic receptor superfamily". Nature. 459 (7245): 451–454. doi:10.1038/nature07923. PMC 2712348. PMID 19339970. ^ Hargreaves WA, Catalano RA, Hu TW, Cuffel B (January 1998). "3.11 - Mental Health Services Research". In Bellack AS, Hersen M (eds.). Comprehensive Clinical Psychology. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 225–241. doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00275-3. ISBN 978-0-08-042707-2. ^ Polit DF, Beck CT (December 2015). Nursing research : generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (Tenth ed.). Philadelphia. ISBN 9781496300232. OCLC 919860667.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Thaul, Susan (2012-06-25). How FDA Approves Drugs and Regulates Their Safety and Effectiveness (CRS 7-5700, R41983) (CRS Report for Congress). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service (CRS). p. 4. ^ Deen J, Von Seidlein L, Clemens JD (2014-01-01). "6 - Issues and Challenges of Public-Health Research in Developing Countries". In Farrar J, Hotez PJ, Junghanss T, Kang G (eds.). Manson's Tropical Infectious Diseases (Twenty-third ed.). pp. 40–48.e1. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00006-6. ISBN 978-0-7020-5101-2. S2CID 168504597. ^ Porta M, ed. (2008). A Dictionary of Epidemiology (5th ed.). Oxford, ENG: Oxford University Press. ^ "Efficacy Evaluations and Guidelines". www.hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2023. ^ Romans 1:16, 1 Thessalonians 2:13 ^ Gräbner, A. L. (1898). Outlines of doctrinal theology. St. Louis: Concordia Pub. House. p. 11. ISBN 0-524-04891-6. OCLC 889640192. Archived from the original on 2006-07-12. Retrieved 2019-11-20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Engelder TE (1934). Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 27. ^ Romans 1:16, 1 Thessalonians 1:5 ^ Psalm 119:105, 2 Peter 1:19 ^ 2 Timothy 1:16–17,Ephesians 3:3–4 ^ John 6:63, Revelation 1:3, Ephesians 3:3–4 ^ John 7:17 ^ "Smalcald Articles, part 8, "Of Confession"". Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2009-10-07. ^ "Solid Declaration, article xii, "Election", par. 41". Archived from the original on 2017-07-19. Retrieved 2009-10-08. vtePharmacologyLigand (biochemistry)Excitatory Agonist Endogenous agonist Irreversible agonist Partial agonist Superagonist Physiological agonist Inhibitory Antagonist Competitive antagonist Irreversible antagonist Physiological antagonist Inverse agonist Enzyme inhibitor Drug Neurotransmitter Agonist-antagonist PharmacophorePharmacodynamicsActivity at receptor Mechanism of action Mode of action Binding Receptor (biochemistry) Desensitization (medicine) Other effects of ligand Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity) Analysis Dose–response relationship Hill equation (biochemistry) Schild plot Del Castillo Katz model Cheng-Prussoff Equation Methods (Organ bath, Ligand binding assay, Patch clamp) Metrics Efficacy Intrinsic activity Potency (EC50, IC50, ED50, LD50, TD50) Therapeutic index Affinity PharmacokineticsMetrics Loading dose Volume of distribution (Initial) Rate of infusion Onset of action Biological half-life Plasma protein binding Bioavailability LADME (L)ADME: (Liberation) Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion (Clearance) Compartment BioequivalenceRelated fieldsNeuroscience and psychology Neuropsychopharmacology Neuropharmacology Psychopharmacology Electrophysiology Medicine Clinical pharmacology Pharmacy Medicinal chemistry Pharmacoepidemiology Biochemistry and genetics Pharmacoinformatics Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Toxicology Pharmacotoxicology Neurotoxicology Drug discovery Classical pharmacology Reverse pharmacology Photopharmacology Immunopharmacology Cell biology PhysiologyOther Coinduction (anesthetics) Combination therapy Functional analog (chemistry) Polypharmacology Chemotherapy Lists of drugs WHO list of essential medicines Tolerance and resistance Drug tolerance Tachyphylaxis Drug resistance Antibiotic resistance Multiple drug resistance Antimicrobial pharmacology Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics Minimum inhibitory concentration Bacteriostatic Minimum bactericidal concentration Bactericide
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"Christian theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"Luminous efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacy"},{"link_name":"Individual Voluntary Arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Voluntary_Arrangement"},{"link_name":"Efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency"},{"link_name":"efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/efficacy"},{"link_name":"effectiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effectiveness"},{"link_name":"pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"distinction is now often made between efficacy and effectiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_clinical_trial#Efficacy_versus_effectiveness"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20201120-1"},{"link_name":"pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HolfordSheiner-2"}],"text":"This article is about use in pharmacology, medicine and Christian theology. For electrical engineering, see Luminous efficacy. For business, see Individual Voluntary Arrangement.Not to be confused with Efficiency.Look up efficacy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Efficacy is the ability to perform a task to a satisfactory or expected degree. The word comes from the same roots as effectiveness, and it has often been used synonymously, although in pharmacology a distinction is now often made between efficacy and effectiveness.[1]The word efficacy is used in pharmacology and medicine to refer both to the maximum response achievable from a pharmaceutical drug in research settings,[2] and to the capacity for sufficient therapeutic effect or beneficial change in clinical settings.","title":"Efficacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HolfordSheiner-2"},{"link_name":"Intrinsic activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_activity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"affinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colquhoun98-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vb2004-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lcs2008-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sine2009-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lcs2008-6"},{"link_name":"potency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)"}],"text":"In pharmacology, efficacy (Emax) is the maximum response achievable from an applied or dosed agent, for instance, a small molecule drug.[2] Intrinsic activity is a relative term for a drug's efficacy relative to a drug with the highest observed efficacy.[3] It is a purely descriptive term that has little or no mechanistic interpretation.In order for a drug to have an effect, it needs to bind to its target, and then to affect the function of this target. The target of a drug is commonly referred to as a receptor, but can in general be any chemically sensitive site on any molecule found in the body. The nature of such binding can be quantified by characterising how tightly these molecules, the drug and its receptor, interact: this is known as the affinity. Efficacy, on the other hand, is a measure of the action of a drug once binding has occurred. The maximum response, Emax, will be reduced if efficacy is sufficiently low.The definition of efficacy has been object for discussion.[4] The only way in which absolute measures of efficacy have been obtained is by single ion channel analysis of ligand gated ion channels. It is still not possible to do this for G protein-linked receptors.In the case of the glycine receptor and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (muscle type), it has been proposed by Sivilotti et al. that opening of the ion channel involves two steps after agonist is bound. Firstly a conformation change to a higher affinity (but still shut) form, followed by the conformation change from shut to open.[5][6] It was found that partial agonism results from deficiency in the first step, and that the opening and shutting steps are essentially the same for both full and partial agonists. This has been confirmed and extended by Sine and colleagues (2009).[7] The implication of this work[6] is that efficacy has to be defined by at least two equilibrium constants (or, more generally, by four rate constants).The combined influences of affinity and efficacy determine how effectively a drug will produce a biological effect, a property known as potency.","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"therapeutic effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_effect"},{"link_name":"medical device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_device"},{"link_name":"surgical procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_procedure"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThaulCRS12-10"},{"link_name":"randomized controlled trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThaulCRS12-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In medicine, efficacy is the capacity for beneficial change (or therapeutic effect) of a given intervention (for example a drug, medical device, surgical procedure, or a public health intervention).[8] Establishment of the efficacy of an intervention is often done relative to other available interventions, with which it will be compared.[9] Specifically, efficacy refers to \"whether a drug demonstrates a health benefit over a placebo or other intervention when tested in an ideal situation, such as a tightly controlled clinical trial.\"[10] These studies focus on a primary parameter to be shown statistically different between placebo and intervention groups. Comparisons of this type are called 'explanatory' randomized controlled trials, whereas 'pragmatic' trials are used to establish the effectiveness of an intervention regarding also non-specific parameters.[citation needed]Effectiveness refers to \"how the drug works in a real-world situation\",[11] and is \"often lower than efficacy because of interactions with other medications or health conditions of the patient, sufficient dose or duration of use not prescribed by the physician or followed by the patient, or use for an off-label condition that had not been tested.\"[10][12]","title":"Medicine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pesticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In agriculture and forestry, efficacy is used to describe whether a pesticide is effective in controlling a pest or disease.[13]","title":"Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protestant Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Theology"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"},{"link_name":"Scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura#Characteristics_in_Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism#Summary_of_doctrine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"obedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism#Good_works"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"intellectual assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity#Faith_is_a_supernatural_act"},{"link_name":"living agreement of faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity#Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Smalcald Articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalcald_Articles"},{"link_name":"spoken, outward Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_grace#Lutheran_theology"},{"link_name":"grants His Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism#Conversion"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Formula of Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_of_Concord"},{"link_name":"reject the calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irresistible_grace#Lutheran"},{"link_name":"means of grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_grace#Lutheran_theology"},{"link_name":"perverse will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin#Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_News_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Gospel"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Scripture","text":"In Protestant Theology (esp. in Lutheran but also in Calvinist doctrine) efficacy is an attribute of Scripture. The efficacy of Scripture means that it is united with the power of the Holy Spirit and with it, not only demands, but also creates the acceptance of its teaching[14][15][16] and that this teaching produces faith and obedience. Efficacy further means that Holy Scripture is not a dead letter, but rather, the power of the Holy Spirit is inherent in it[17][18][19] and that Scripture does not compel a mere intellectual assent to its doctrine, resting on logical argumentation, but rather it creates the living agreement of faith.[20][21] The Smalcald Articles affirm, \"in those things which concern the spoken, outward Word, we must firmly hold that God grants His Spirit or grace to no one, except through or with the preceding outward Word.\"[22] The Formula of Concord teaches that when humans reject the calling of the Holy Spirit, it is not a result of the Word being less efficacious. Instead, contempt for the means of grace is the result of \"the perverse will of man, which rejects or perverts the means and instrument of the Holy Ghost, which God offers him through the call, and resists the Holy Ghost, who wishes to be efficacious, and works through the Word...\"[23]","title":"Theology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Prayer","title":"Theology"}]
[]
[{"title":"Average treatment effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_treatment_effect"},{"title":"Efficiency (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Placebo (origins of technical term)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_(origins_of_technical_term)"},{"title":"Potency (pharmacology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)"},{"title":"Pragmatic clinical trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_clinical_trial"},{"title":"Self-efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacy"},{"title":"Vaccine efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_efficacy"}]
[{"reference":"Zimmer, Carl (20 November 2020). \"2 Companies Say Their Vaccines Are 95% Effective. What Does That Mean? You might assume that 95 out of every 100 people vaccinated will be protected from Covid-19. But that's not how the math works\". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zimmer","url_text":"Zimmer, Carl"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/20/health/covid-vaccine-95-effective.html","url_text":"\"2 Companies Say Their Vaccines Are 95% Effective. What Does That Mean? You might assume that 95 out of every 100 people vaccinated will be protected from Covid-19. But that's not how the math works\""}]},{"reference":"Holford NH, Sheiner LB (1981). \"Understanding the dose-effect relationship: clinical application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models\". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 6 (6): 429–53. doi:10.2165/00003088-198106060-00002. PMID 7032803. S2CID 9337877.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003088-198106060-00002","url_text":"10.2165/00003088-198106060-00002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7032803","url_text":"7032803"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9337877","url_text":"9337877"}]},{"reference":"Neubig RR, Spedding M, Kenakin T, Christopoulos A (December 2003). \"International Union of Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification. XXXVIII. Update on terms and symbols in quantitative pharmacology\". Pharmacological Reviews. 55 (4): 597–606. doi:10.1124/pr.55.4.4. PMID 14657418. S2CID 1729572.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.55.4.4","url_text":"10.1124/pr.55.4.4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14657418","url_text":"14657418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1729572","url_text":"1729572"}]},{"reference":"Colquhoun, D. (November 1998). \"Binding, gating, affinity and efficacy: the interpretation of structure-activity relationships for agonists and of the effects of mutating receptors\". British Journal of Pharmacology. 125 (5): 924–947. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702164. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 1565672. PMID 9846630.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1565672","url_text":"\"Binding, gating, affinity and efficacy: the interpretation of structure-activity relationships for agonists and of the effects of mutating receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0702164","url_text":"10.1038/sj.bjp.0702164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1188","url_text":"0007-1188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1565672","url_text":"1565672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9846630","url_text":"9846630"}]},{"reference":"Burzomato, Valeria; Beato, Marco; Groot-Kormelink, Paul J.; Colquhoun, David; Sivilotti, Lucia G. (2004-12-01). \"Single-channel behavior of heteromeric alpha1beta glycine receptors: an attempt to detect a conformational change before the channel opens\". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (48): 10924–10940. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3424-04.2004. ISSN 1529-2401. PMC 6730200. PMID 15574743.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6730200","url_text":"\"Single-channel behavior of heteromeric alpha1beta glycine receptors: an attempt to detect a conformational change before the channel opens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.3424-04.2004","url_text":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3424-04.2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1529-2401","url_text":"1529-2401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6730200","url_text":"6730200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15574743","url_text":"15574743"}]},{"reference":"Lape R, Colquhoun D, Sivilotti L (2008). \"On the nature of partial agonism in the nicotinic receptor superfamily\". Nature. 454 (7205): 722–728. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..722L. doi:10.1038/nature07139. PMC 2629928. PMID 18633353.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2629928","url_text":"\"On the nature of partial agonism in the nicotinic receptor superfamily\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.454..722L","url_text":"2008Natur.454..722L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07139","url_text":"10.1038/nature07139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2629928","url_text":"2629928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18633353","url_text":"18633353"}]},{"reference":"Mukhtasimova N, Lee WY, Wang HL, Sine SM (2009). \"On the nature of partial agonism in the nicotinic receptor superfamily\". Nature. 459 (7245): 451–454. doi:10.1038/nature07923. PMC 2712348. PMID 19339970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712348","url_text":"\"On the nature of partial agonism in the nicotinic receptor superfamily\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07923","url_text":"10.1038/nature07923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712348","url_text":"2712348"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19339970","url_text":"19339970"}]},{"reference":"Hargreaves WA, Catalano RA, Hu TW, Cuffel B (January 1998). \"3.11 - Mental Health Services Research\". In Bellack AS, Hersen M (eds.). Comprehensive Clinical Psychology. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 225–241. doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00275-3. ISBN 978-0-08-042707-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb0080-4270%2873%2900275-3","url_text":"10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00275-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-042707-2","url_text":"978-0-08-042707-2"}]},{"reference":"Polit DF, Beck CT (December 2015). Nursing research : generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (Tenth ed.). Philadelphia. ISBN 9781496300232. OCLC 919860667.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496300232","url_text":"9781496300232"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919860667","url_text":"919860667"}]},{"reference":"Thaul, Susan (2012-06-25). How FDA Approves Drugs and Regulates Their Safety and Effectiveness (CRS 7-5700, R41983) (CRS Report for Congress). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service (CRS). p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41983.pdf","url_text":"How FDA Approves Drugs and Regulates Their Safety and Effectiveness (CRS 7-5700, R41983)"}]},{"reference":"Deen J, Von Seidlein L, Clemens JD (2014-01-01). \"6 - Issues and Challenges of Public-Health Research in Developing Countries\". In Farrar J, Hotez PJ, Junghanss T, Kang G (eds.). Manson's Tropical Infectious Diseases (Twenty-third ed.). pp. 40–48.e1. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00006-6. ISBN 978-0-7020-5101-2. S2CID 168504597.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-7020-5101-2.00006-6","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00006-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-5101-2","url_text":"978-0-7020-5101-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168504597","url_text":"168504597"}]},{"reference":"Porta M, ed. (2008). A Dictionary of Epidemiology (5th ed.). Oxford, ENG: Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Efficacy Evaluations and Guidelines\". www.hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/pesticides-registration/efficacy-guides/index.htm","url_text":"\"Efficacy Evaluations and Guidelines\""}]},{"reference":"Gräbner, A. L. (1898). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Guild_Film_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback_Singer
Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer
["1 Superlatives","2 Winners and Nominees","2.1 2000s","2.2 2010s","3 References"]
Award This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer (previously known as the Apsara Award for Best Male Playback Singer) is given by the producers of the film and television guild as part of its annual award ceremony to recognise the best Indian film of the year. Following its inception in 2004, no one was awarded in 2005 and 2007. Superlatives Superlatives Best Female PlaybackSinger Most awards Mohit ChauhanArijit Singh 2 Most nominations Arijit Singh 7 Most nominations in a single year Arijit Singh (2015, 2016) 3 Most consecutive awards Winners and Nominees 2000s 2004 Sonu Nigam - Kal Ho Naa Ho Kal Ho Naa Ho Abhijeet- Tauba Chalte Chalte Udit Narayan - Idhar Chala Koi... Mil Gaya Adnan Sami - Ishq Hota Nahi Joggers Park Kailash Kher - Allah Ke Bande Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part II 2005 - no award 2006 Kunal Ganjawala - Bheegey Honth Tere Murder Udit Narayan - Main Yahan Hoon Veer-Zaara Atif Aslam - Woh Lamhe Zeher Rahat Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Jiya Dhadhak Kalyug Shaan - Main Aisa Kyon Hoon Lakshya 2007 – No award 2008 Shaan - Jab Se Tere Naina Saawariya KK - Ankhon Mein Teri Om Shanti Om Sonu Nigam - Tainu Leke Salaam-E-Ishq Soham - In Dino Life in a... Metro Sukhvinder Singh - Chak De India Chak De! India 2009 Shankar Mahadevan – Maa Taare Zameen Par Atif Aslam – Pehli Nazar Mein Race Rashid Ali – Kabhi Kabhi Aditi Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na KK – Khuda Jaane Bachna Ae Haseeno A.R. Rahman – Khwaja Jodhaa Akbar 2010s 2010 Mohit Chauhan – Ye Dooriyan Love Aaj Kal Javed Ali & Sonu Nigam – Guzarish Ghajini Roop Kumar Rathod – Tujh Men Rab Dikhta Hai Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi Sukhwinder Singh & Vishal Dadlani – Dhan Te Nan Kaminey Shankar Mahadevan – Wake Up Sid Wake Up Sid 2011 Rahat Fateh Ali Khan - Dil Toh Bachcha Hai Ji' - Ishqiya Mohit Chauhan - Pee Loon - Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Rahat Fateh Ali Khan - Tere Mast Mast Do Nain Dabangg KK - 'Sajde Kiye' Khatta Meetha Aadesh Shrivastava - Mora Piya Raajneeti Shafqat Amanat Ali - 'Tere Naina' - My Name Is Khan 2012 Mohit Chauhan - Sadda Haq Rockstar Rahat Fateh Ali Khan - Teri Meri Bodyguard Muhammad Irfaan - Phir Mohabbat Murder 2 Akon - Chammak Challo Ra.One Mohit Chauhan - Naadan Parindey Rockstar Tochi Raina - Saibo Shor in the City 2013 Ayushmann Khurrana - "Paani Da Rang" - Vicky Donor Amitabh Bachchan - "Ekla Chalo Re" - Kahaani 2 Mika Singh & Wajid - "Chinta Ta Ta Chita Chita" - Rowdy Rathore Mohit Chauhan - "Ala Barfi" - Barfi! Neeraj Shridhar - "Tumhi Ho Bandhu" - Cocktail Nikhil Paul George - "Main Kya Karoon" - Barfi! 2014 Arijit Singh - "Tum Hi Ho" - Aashiqui 2 Ankit Tiwari - "Sunn Raha Hai" - Aashiqui 2 Atif Aslam - "Jeene Laga Hoon" - Ramaiya Vastavaiya Amit Trivedi & Mohan Kanan - "Manjha" - Kai Po Che! Aditya Narayan - "Tattad Tattad" & "Ishqyaun Dhishqyuan" - Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela Siddharth Mahadevan - "Malang" - Dhoom 3 2015 Ankit Tiwari - "Galliyan" - Ek Villain Labh Janjua - "London Thumakda" - Queen Arijit Singh - "Aa Raat Bhar" - Heropanti Arijit Singh - "Samjhawan" - Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania Sukhwinder Singh - "Bismil" - Haider Arijit Singh - "Humdard" - Ek Villain Shaan - "Chaar Kadam" - PK 2016 Arijit Singh - "Hamari Adhuri Kahani" - Hamari Adhuri Kahani Arijit Singh - "Khamoshiyan" - Khamoshiyan Arijit Singh - "Sooraj Dooba Hain" - Roy References ^ Producers Guild Film Awards archives ^ Glamsham. "BAJIRAO MASTANI, BAJRANGI BHAIJAAN wins big". www.glamsham.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
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Shrivastava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadesh_Shrivastava"},{"link_name":"Raajneeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raajneeti"},{"link_name":"Shafqat Amanat Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafqat_Amanat_Ali"},{"link_name":"My Name Is Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Name_Is_Khan"},{"link_name":"Mohit Chauhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohit_Chauhan"},{"link_name":"Sadda Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadda_Haq"},{"link_name":"Rockstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Rahat Fateh Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahat_Fateh_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Teri Meri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri_Meri"},{"link_name":"Bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyguard_(2011_Hindi_film)"},{"link_name":"Murder 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_2"},{"link_name":"Akon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akon"},{"link_name":"Chammak Challo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chammak_Challo"},{"link_name":"Ra.One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra.One"},{"link_name":"Mohit Chauhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohit_Chauhan"},{"link_name":"Naadan Parindey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naadan_Parindey"},{"link_name":"Rockstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Tochi Raina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochi_Raina"},{"link_name":"Shor in the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor_in_the_City"},{"link_name":"Ayushmann Khurrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayushmann_Khurrana"},{"link_name":"Vicky Donor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Donor"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Bachchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan"},{"link_name":"Kahaani 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahaani_2"},{"link_name":"Mika Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Singh"},{"link_name":"Wajid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid%E2%80%93Wajid"},{"link_name":"Rowdy Rathore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowdy_Rathore"},{"link_name":"Mohit Chauhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohit_Chauhan"},{"link_name":"Barfi!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barfi!"},{"link_name":"Neeraj Shridhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeraj_Shridhar"},{"link_name":"Cocktail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Nikhil Paul George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhil_Paul_George"},{"link_name":"Barfi!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barfi!"},{"link_name":"Arijit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Tum Hi Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tum_Hi_Ho"},{"link_name":"Aashiqui 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aashiqui_2"},{"link_name":"Ankit Tiwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankit_Tiwari"},{"link_name":"Sunn Raha Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunn_Raha_Hai"},{"link_name":"Aashiqui 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aashiqui_2"},{"link_name":"Atif Aslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atif_Aslam"},{"link_name":"Ramaiya Vastavaiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaiya_Vastavaiya"},{"link_name":"Amit Trivedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Trivedi"},{"link_name":"Kai Po Che!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Po_Che!"},{"link_name":"Aditya Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliyon_Ki_Raasleela_Ram-Leela"},{"link_name":"Siddharth Mahadevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharth_Mahadevan"},{"link_name":"Dhoom 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhoom_3"},{"link_name":"Ankit Tiwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankit_Tiwari"},{"link_name":"Galliyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliyan"},{"link_name":"Ek Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Villain"},{"link_name":"Labh Janjua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labh_Janjua"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Arijit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Heropanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heropanti"},{"link_name":"Arijit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Samjhawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samjhawan"},{"link_name":"Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpty_Sharma_Ki_Dulhania"},{"link_name":"Sukhwinder Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhwinder_Singh"},{"link_name":"Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haider_(film)"},{"link_name":"Arijit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Ek Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Villain"},{"link_name":"Shaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaan_(singer)"},{"link_name":"PK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PK_(film)"},{"link_name":"Arijit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Hamari Adhuri Kahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamari_Adhuri_Kahani"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Khamoshiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamoshiyan_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sooraj Dooba Hain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooraj_Dooba_Hain"},{"link_name":"Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_(2015_film)"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"2010 Mohit Chauhan – Ye Dooriyan Love Aaj Kal\nJaved Ali & Sonu Nigam – Guzarish Ghajini\nRoop Kumar Rathod – Tujh Men Rab Dikhta Hai Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi\nSukhwinder Singh & Vishal Dadlani – Dhan Te Nan Kaminey\nShankar Mahadevan – Wake Up Sid Wake Up Sid\n2011 Rahat Fateh Ali Khan - Dil Toh Bachcha Hai Ji' - Ishqiya\nMohit Chauhan - Pee Loon - Once Upon a Time in Mumbai\nRahat Fateh Ali Khan - Tere Mast Mast Do Nain Dabangg\nKK - 'Sajde Kiye' Khatta Meetha\nAadesh Shrivastava - Mora Piya Raajneeti\nShafqat Amanat Ali - 'Tere Naina' - My Name Is Khan\n2012 Mohit Chauhan - Sadda Haq Rockstar\nRahat Fateh Ali Khan - Teri Meri Bodyguard\nMuhammad Irfaan - Phir Mohabbat Murder 2\nAkon - Chammak Challo Ra.One\nMohit Chauhan - Naadan Parindey Rockstar\nTochi Raina - Saibo Shor in the City\n2013 Ayushmann Khurrana - \"Paani Da Rang\" - Vicky Donor\nAmitabh Bachchan - \"Ekla Chalo Re\" - Kahaani 2\nMika Singh & Wajid - \"Chinta Ta Ta Chita Chita\" - Rowdy Rathore\nMohit Chauhan - \"Ala Barfi\" - Barfi!\nNeeraj Shridhar - \"Tumhi Ho Bandhu\" - Cocktail\nNikhil Paul George - \"Main Kya Karoon\" - Barfi!\n2014 Arijit Singh - \"Tum Hi Ho\" - Aashiqui 2\nAnkit Tiwari - \"Sunn Raha Hai\" - Aashiqui 2\nAtif Aslam - \"Jeene Laga Hoon\" - Ramaiya Vastavaiya\nAmit Trivedi & Mohan Kanan - \"Manjha\" - Kai Po Che!\nAditya Narayan - \"Tattad Tattad\" & \"Ishqyaun Dhishqyuan\" - Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela\nSiddharth Mahadevan - \"Malang\" - Dhoom 3\n2015 Ankit Tiwari - \"Galliyan\" - Ek Villain\nLabh Janjua - \"London Thumakda\" - Queen\nArijit Singh - \"Aa Raat Bhar\" - Heropanti\nArijit Singh - \"Samjhawan\" - Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania\nSukhwinder Singh - \"Bismil\" - Haider\nArijit Singh - \"Humdard\" - Ek Villain\nShaan - \"Chaar Kadam\" - PK2016 Arijit Singh - \"Hamari Adhuri Kahani\" - Hamari Adhuri Kahani[2]\nArijit Singh - \"Khamoshiyan\" - Khamoshiyan\nArijit Singh - \"Sooraj Dooba Hain\" - Roy","title":"Winners and Nominees"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Glamsham. \"BAJIRAO MASTANI, BAJRANGI BHAIJAAN wins big\". www.glamsham.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glamsham.com/en/bajirao-mastani-bajrangi-bhaijaan-wins-big-at-11th-sony-guild-awards","url_text":"\"BAJIRAO MASTANI, BAJRANGI BHAIJAAN wins big\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelodonta_thibetana
Coelodonta thibetana
["1 Phylogeny","2 References"]
Extinct species of mammal Coelodonta thibetanaTemporal range: Middle Pliocene Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Perissodactyla Family: Rhinocerotidae Genus: †Coelodonta Species: †C. thibetana Binomial name †Coelodonta thibetanaDeng, "et al" 2011 Coelodonta thibetana, the Tibetan woolly rhinoceros, is an extinct species of the genus Coelodonta native to western Himalayas that lived during the middle Pliocene epoch. C. thibetana is known from the holotype IVPP V15908, a partially complete skull including incomplete lower jaw preserved with full dentition. It was first named by Tao Deng, Xiaoming Wang, Mikael Fortelius, Qiang Li, Yang Wang, Zhijie J. Tseng, Gary T. Takeuchi, Joel E. Saylor, Laura K. Säilä and Guangpu Xie in 2011. Phylogeny The descriptors conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the five living rhinoceros species and thirteen extinct species. They qualify following cladogram, where C. thibetana was awarded a basal position within its genus. Ronzotherium Lartetotherium Ceratotherium simum (White Rhinoceros) Diceros bicornis (Black Rhinoceros) Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Sumatran Rhinoceros) Rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus (Javan Rhinoceros) Rhinoceros unicornis (Indian Rhinoceros) Dihoplus megarhinus 'Dihoplus' kirchbergensis Dihoplus pikermiensis Dihoplus ringstroemi Stephanorhinus etruscus Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis Stephanorhinus hemitoechus Coelodonta (Woolly rhinoceros) Coelodonta thibetana Coelodonta nihowanensis Coelodonta tologoijensis Coelodonta antiquitatis References ^ a b Deng, T.; Wang, X.; Fortelius, M.; Li, Q.; Wang, Y.; Tseng, Z.J.; Takeuchi, G.T.; Saylor, J.E.; Säilä, L.K. & Xie, G. (2011). "Out of Tibet: Pliocene Woolly Rhino Suggests High-Plateau Origin of Ice Age Megaherbivores". Science. 333 (6047): 1285–1288. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1285D. doi:10.1126/science.1206594. PMID 21885780. S2CID 8913866. Paleontology portal Taxon identifiersCoelodonta thibetana Wikidata: Q142547 Wikispecies: Coelodonta thibetana EoL: 23403168 GBIF: 8552808 Open Tree of Life: 6146914 Paleobiology Database: 197762
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"Coelodonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelodonta"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(geology)"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"IVPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVPP"},{"link_name":"skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull"},{"link_name":"lower jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_jaw"},{"link_name":"dentition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition"},{"link_name":"Tao Deng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Deng"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_paleontology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlioceneWoollyRhino-1"}],"text":"Coelodonta thibetana, the Tibetan woolly rhinoceros, is an extinct species of the genus Coelodonta native to western Himalayas that lived during the middle Pliocene epoch. C. thibetana is known from the holotype IVPP V15908, a partially complete skull including incomplete lower jaw preserved with full dentition. It was first named by Tao Deng, Xiaoming Wang, Mikael Fortelius, Qiang Li, Yang Wang, Zhijie J. Tseng, Gary T. Takeuchi, Joel E. Saylor, Laura K. Säilä and Guangpu Xie in 2011.[1]","title":"Coelodonta thibetana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlioceneWoollyRhino-1"},{"link_name":"Ronzotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronzotherium"},{"link_name":"Lartetotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lartetotherium"},{"link_name":"Ceratotherium simum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratotherium_simum"},{"link_name":"White Rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Diceros bicornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceros_bicornis"},{"link_name":"Black Rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Dicerorhinus sumatrensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicerorhinus_sumatrensis"},{"link_name":"Sumatran Rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Rhinoceros sondaicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_sondaicus"},{"link_name":"Javan Rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Rhinoceros unicornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_unicornis"},{"link_name":"Indian Rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Dihoplus megarhinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dihoplus_megarhinus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"'Dihoplus' kirchbergensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihoplus_kirchbergensis"},{"link_name":"Dihoplus pikermiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihoplus_pikermiensis"},{"link_name":"Dihoplus ringstroemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dihoplus_ringstroemi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephanorhinus etruscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanorhinus"},{"link_name":"Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanorhinus"},{"link_name":"Stephanorhinus hemitoechus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanorhinus"},{"link_name":"Coelodonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelodonta"},{"link_name":"Woolly rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Coelodonta nihowanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coelodonta_nihowanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coelodonta tologoijensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelodonta_tologoijensis"},{"link_name":"Coelodonta antiquitatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelodonta_antiquitatis"}],"text":"The descriptors conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the five living rhinoceros species and thirteen extinct species. They qualify following cladogram, where C. thibetana was awarded a basal position within its genus.[1]Ronzotherium\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLartetotherium\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCeratotherium simum (White Rhinoceros)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDiceros bicornis (Black Rhinoceros)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDicerorhinus sumatrensis (Sumatran Rhinoceros)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRhinoceros\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRhinoceros sondaicus (Javan Rhinoceros)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRhinoceros unicornis (Indian Rhinoceros)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDihoplus megarhinus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'Dihoplus' kirchbergensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDihoplus pikermiensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDihoplus ringstroemi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephanorhinus etruscus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephanorhinus hundsheimensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStephanorhinus hemitoechus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoelodonta (Woolly rhinoceros)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoelodonta thibetana\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoelodonta nihowanensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoelodonta tologoijensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoelodonta antiquitatis","title":"Phylogeny"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Deng, T.; Wang, X.; Fortelius, M.; Li, Q.; Wang, Y.; Tseng, Z.J.; Takeuchi, G.T.; Saylor, J.E.; Säilä, L.K. & Xie, G. (2011). \"Out of Tibet: Pliocene Woolly Rhino Suggests High-Plateau Origin of Ice Age Megaherbivores\". Science. 333 (6047): 1285–1288. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1285D. doi:10.1126/science.1206594. PMID 21885780. S2CID 8913866.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1206594","url_text":"\"Out of Tibet: Pliocene Woolly Rhino Suggests High-Plateau Origin of Ice Age Megaherbivores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...333.1285D","url_text":"2011Sci...333.1285D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1206594","url_text":"10.1126/science.1206594"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21885780","url_text":"21885780"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8913866","url_text":"8913866"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basindawa
Mohammed Basindawa
["1 Career","2 References"]
Yemeni politician Mohammed Basindawaمحمد سالم باسندوة7th Prime Minister of YemenIn office10 December 2011 – 24 September 2014PresidentAbdrabbuh Mansur HadiDeputyAbdullah Mohsen al-AkwaAhmed Obeid bin DaghrPreceded byAli Muhammad MujawarSucceeded byAbdullah Mohsen al-Akwa (Acting) Personal detailsBorn (1935-04-04) 4 April 1935 (age 89)Aden, Aden Protectorate(now Yemen)Political partyIndependent Mohammed Salim Basindawa (Arabic: محمد سالم باسندوة; born 4 April 1935) is a Yemeni politician who was Prime Minister of Yemen from 10 December 2011 to 24 September 2014. Career Born in Aden, Basindawa served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1993 to 1994. He was a member of Yemen's ruling party, but resigned in the early 2000s to join the opposition to President Ali Abdullah Saleh as an independent. In November 2011, following months of unrest, Basindawa was nominated by the Yemeni opposition to lead the first government after the ouster of President Saleh. On 27 November 2011, he was named Prime Minister by Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi. He and the members of his cabinet were sworn in on 10 December 2011. On 31 August 2013, Basindawa narrowly escaped an assassination attempt when gunmen opened fire on his convoy. On 21 September 2014, Basindawa resigned as Prime Minister on the same day that Houthi rebels captured Sana'a, the capital of Yemen. On 24 September, Abdullah Mohsen al-Akwa began acting prime minister. References ^ "Foreign ministers S-Z". Rulers. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2012. ^ "Yemeni opposition names a former member of Saleh's party as candidate to government". Al Arabiya. 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012. ^ "Yemen opposition names candidate to government". Emirates 24/7. 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2012. ^ "Yemen opposition leader Mohammed Basindawa named prime minister" Archived 1 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 27 November 2011. ^ "December 2011". Rulers. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ "Yemen PM quits amid rebel clashes". BBC News. 21 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014. ^ "Houthis dictate state spending after seizing Sanaa". Al Arabia. 3 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014. ^ "شبوة برس | الأكوع خلفا لبا سندوة في رئاسة مجلس الوزراء لهذا اليوم". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. Political offices Preceded byAbd Al-Karim Al-Iryani Minister of Foreign Affairs 1993–1994 Succeeded byAbd Al-Karim Al-Iryani Preceded byAli Muhammad Mujawar Prime Minister of Yemen 2011–2014 Succeeded byAbdullah Mohsen al-AkwaActing vtePrime ministers of Yemen (List)North Yemen(1962–1990)Flag of North Yemen al-Sallal Dayfallah al-Eryani al-Amri al-Gayifi al-Amri A. Numan al-Sallal al-Amri al-Sallal al-Aini al-Amri Sabrah* al-Aini Kurshumi al-Aini Sabrah* A. Numan al-Amri Sabrah* al-Aini al-Hagri Makki al-Aini Dayfallah* Ghani Al-Iryani GhaniSouth Yemen(1969–1990)Flag of South Yemen al-Shaabi Haitham al-Attas Y. NumanRepublic of Yemen(1990–)Flag of Yemen al-Attas al-Attar* Ghani Bin Ghanem Al-Iryani Bajamal Mujawar Basindawa al-Akwa* Bahah Aklan*§ Bin Dagher bin Habtour§ Saeed bin Mubarak * Acting § Houthi–installed prime ministers, in rebellion
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smite_(game)
Smite (video game)
["1 Gameplay","1.1 Conquest","1.2 Slash","1.3 Joust","1.4 Assault","1.5 Arena","1.6 Matchmaking","2 Release","2.1 International expansion","2.2 Esports","2.3 Business model","3 Reception","3.1 Hindu Controversy","3.2 Accolades","4 Sequel","5 References","6 External links"]
2014 video game 2014 video gameSmiteDeveloper(s)Titan Forge GamesPublisher(s)Hi-Rez StudiosTencent Games (China)EngineUnreal Engine 3Platform(s)Microsoft WindowsXbox OnePlayStation 4Nintendo SwitchAmazon LunaReleaseMicrosoft WindowsMarch 25, 2014Xbox OneAugust 19, 2015PlayStation 4May 31, 2016Nintendo SwitchFebruary 18, 2019Amazon LunaSeptember 9, 2021Genre(s)Multiplayer online battle arenaMode(s)Multiplayer Smite is a 2014 free-to-play, third-person multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video game developed and published by Hi-Rez Studios for Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Amazon Luna. In Smite, players control a god, goddess or other mythological figure and take part in team-based combat, using their abilities and tactics against other player-controlled gods and non-player-controlled minions. The game has multiple player versus player (PVP) modes, many playable characters, and has a successful esports scene with multiple tournaments, including the annual million-dollar Smite World Championship. Gameplay Smite features many different game modes with the largest being Conquest. Players can choose between Training (vs AI), Custom, Co-Op (with clan/friends), Normal and Ranked play styles. From there, they can choose between a variety of standard game modes. Special event games with unique rules like unlimited gold are also often introduced. At the beginning of each match, players select a god or other mythological figure to play as. As of December 2023, players can choose between a large variety of characters from different pantheons including, but not limited to, Babylonian, Celtic, Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Hindu, Japanese, Norse, Polynesian, Roman, Mayan, Slavic, Voodoo, and Yoruba. The characters of King Arthur's legends (referred to as the Arthurian pantheon in-game) and the Cthulhu Mythos (referred to as the pantheon of the Great Old Ones) are also considered pantheons in this video game. Each character is classified as one of the following classes: Assassin, Guardian, Hunter, Mage, or Warrior. Unless otherwise stated, two players on the same team cannot choose the same character (in competitive modes and those using a Draft pick method, each player must use a different character). Successful team configurations typically feature a well-rounded team following standard RPG raid configurations (tank, healer, physical/magical damage) during god selection. While most MOBA games are played from a top-down perspective, in Smite, the player controls the god in a third-person perspective. Each god has a basic attack, a passive trait, and four abilities with varying effects (area damage, crowd control, status effects, etc.). These abilities are acquired and upgraded when the player's character levels up by gaining experience from being in range of minions when they are killed, taking down towers or phoenixes and defeating enemy characters. The maximum level is 20 and each successive level is more difficult to reach. Each player also accumulates gold through standard periodic income and by slaying enemies (player and NPC alike); gold is used to buy items for their god, as well as potions, wards and abilities. Each game mode has a specific map it is played on, which is separated into "lanes", where waves of computer-controlled minions march toward the enemy base, and the "jungle", where computer-controlled monsters periodically spawn at specific locations distributed symmetrically across the map. Killing monsters in said jungle grants experience points and gold; killing certain monsters causes a "buff" to drop on the ground which, when picked up by a player, grants temporary bonuses to stats such as damage dealt, movement speed, and attack speed. There are three special monsters who appear less frequently that grant the team which lands the killing blow a set amount of gold, as well as a temporary damage buff and speed boost when coming out of the base. Conquest Conquest is the default game mode and follows the standard gameplay of MOBA games, being played on a three-lane map based on Warcraft III's Defense of the Ancients map. Two teams of five players begin at opposite sides of the map, at their team's "fountain," and are granted a set amount of gold to buy starting items. There are three continuous "lanes" running from one side of the map to the other, each defended by towers and a "phoenix", both of which deal damage to enemies that come too close. The game is won by killing the opposing team's titan, a giant warrior located in each team's base. To accomplish this, the players must first destroy the towers and phoenixes guarding the enemy base. The player teams are accompanied by "minions", small soldiers with a weak attack, who spawn at the phoenixes every thirty seconds and run along their lane towards the enemy base, attacking not only enemy players and other minions but also towers, phoenixes and the titan. Towers will prioritize targeting enemy minions over players, allowing players to attack a tower without receiving damage, unless the players attack an enemy player within the enemy tower's range. Teams can surrender games at any time after ten minutes, provided at least four players agree. If a player loses connection to the game, two players on either team can choose to pause the game for up to thirty seconds to allow the disconnected player to return. If a team has disconnected players, they can surrender within six minutes and with an adjusted majority requirement. Slash Slash resembles Conquest, but is played on a map with only two lanes, and teams each have two towers, two phoenixes, and a titan. Each team also has their own jungle, while three contested jungles are located in the center (called "left", "right" and "mid"). Players start at level 3 and the middle jungle gets stronger as the match goes on, eventually spawning the boss Apophis. Additional jungle bosses around the map spawn more powerful minions called siege juggernauts when killed, which can destroy towers and kill players and minions. The name Slash is a portmanteau of the two discontinued game modes that it is based on - Siege and Clash; Slash replaced these modes in 2022. Joust Joust features two teams of three players and is played on a map with only one lane (and a jungle on either side). Teams have one tower, one phoenix and a titan each. Players also start at level 3, due to the smaller map size and increased focus on combat. There is a jungle boss called Bull Demon King in the side lane that renders the opposing team's tower or phoenix unable to attack enemy minions or players. This boss also provides a team buff that gives both health and mana regeneration. Assault Assault is similar to Joust, being played on a one-lane map, but players are unable to choose their god, instead being assigned a random one at the start of the match. It is played on a one-lane map with two teams of five; teams have two towers, one phoenix, and a titan each. There are no jungle camps and the only goal is to push the minion waves forwards and destroy all of the enemy structures, with the game ending at the death of a Titan. Additionally, once a player has left the fountain, they cannot buy items until they die, and they cannot return to their base to regenerate their health. Arena Arena has two teams of five players face each other in an open arena without towers or Titans. Instead, each team has a portal they must defend and a stream of minions that march towards the enemy's portal. Each team starts with a stock of five hundred points, and the game is won by reducing enemy team's point total to zero. One point is deducted from the enemy team each time one of their minions die or when an enemy minion enters their portal, and five points are deducted per death of a god. Teams can also spawn minotaurs after collectively killing ten enemy gods, which deduct fifteen points from the enemy team upon reaching their portal. There are three jungle camps on each side of the map (left and right) that drop player buffs when slain. At the start of the match, a Rogue’s Stash will spawn near a random jungle camp that awards a set amount of gold and spawns a computer-controlled "Cyclops Rogue" monster. Passive gold income is greatly increased for this game mode and the spawn timers are greatly decreased. Each god starts at level three, has more starting gold than other game modes, and gains experience passively. Matchmaking The matchmaking system uses a modified version of the TrueSkill ranking system. Originally, most modes operated on queues with three-minute matchmaking timers; every three minutes, matches would be made from the group of people in queue at that time. In late 2014, this system was replaced with a more common strategy that looks for an optimal match instead of just the best match-ups at the present time. In this system, if it takes five minutes or more to match a player, the game will gradually lower its requirements until a match is found. In 2018, the system was modified to have different time requirements for different modes. The system will prioritize the player's general performance over their account level. In Ranked Leagues, players are matched by a variation of Elo, a system that rates individual skill of each player based on wins and losses. While the Elo ranking is per-individual, the matchmaking system's goal is to create matches with each team having a similar total Elo ranking, potentially leading to individual disparity within or between teams. Ranked mode is available for Conquest and Joust. In addition to the matchmaking mechanics, Smite features a structured ranking system in its Ranked Leagues, with specific entry requirements and rules. Players must be Level 30, own a minimum of 20 gods at Mastery Level 2 or higher, and have played at least 30 Normal (PvP) Conquest matches. The ranks progress from Bronze to Grandmaster, each divided into five sub-tiers (I-V), denoted by Roman numerals. Ranked matches use a 10 ban draft pick system. Players earn Tribute Points (TP) from ranked wins, needing over 100 TP to advance through each sub-tier. Players new to Ranked start in Bronze 3 with 1500 MMR. Losing games at 0 TP may result in demotion. Release Smite was made available on May 31 of 2012 with a closed beta and transitioned into open beta on January 24, 2013. The game was officially released on March 25, 2014, with approximately 3 million players, and reached 4 million players in June. By 2015, more than 10 million players had played Smite. In June 2016, Hi-Rez Studios announced that the game had attracted 20 million players. In 2019, the game surpassed 30 million players and generated 300 million dollars. In April 2020, Hi-Rez reported that the game had over 40 million players. International expansion On August 21, 2013, Hi-Rez Studios partnered with Tencent, an online media company that publishes video games in China. On June 5, 2014, Hi-Rez Studios announced a partnership with Level Up! Games to bring the game to the Latin American region. In October 2014, Oceanic servers were added and in August 2016 southeast Asian servers were added. In October 2017, the Chinese client was announced to be merged with the international client, with migration taking place late November. Esports In mid-2014, Hi-Rez Studios implemented a system by which players could join professional leagues in teams of 5. Players first played in online competitions, then progressed to offline competitions. Teams were ranked according to how well they did within these competitions, and the top teams were invited to compete in the Smite World Championship. Hi-Rez Studios hosted the first Smite World Championship on January 9, 2015. Teams from North America, South America, Europe and China travelled to Atlanta for the tournament. The $2.6 million prize pool for the tournament was at the time the third-highest in esports, behind the third and fourth iterations of Dota 2's The International and just slightly ahead of the League of Legends World Championships. One of the North American teams, COGnitive Prime, took home the first place prize of over $1.3 million. In July 2015, Stew Chisam, president of Hi-Rez Studios, announced that after discussing the prizing structure of Smite esports with team owners, players and members of other esports communities, Hi-Rez would be placing a cap on the prize pool for the Smite World Championships at $1 million. This decision was based to pay out more money to more players throughout the year instead of paying the bulk of earned prize money at a single event. In January 2016, the Smite World Championship was held, returning to Atlanta, with the total prize of $1 million awarded. The Smite Pro League (SPL) transitioned to a franchise model, managed by Hi-Rez Studios, beginning with Season 8. This marked a departure from the league's prior format of third-party organization-represented teams. The new model involved direct ownership and operation of teams by Hi-Rez, leading to an increase in social media engagement and streamlined operations in areas like visa processing. This change allowed for closer player engagement and more effective long-term strategic planning, enhancing the stability and future prospects of the SPL. Business model Smite is a freemium game that is free to play but has in-game purchases for player skins, boost and more. It has two in-game currencies – gems and favor. Each has a different value and can be used to purchase different in-game items. Gods in the free version are available on a monthly rotating basis, with only a dozen playable gods available at any given time. Players can pay to unlock gods, bonus skins, emotes, character taunts/dances, and access to Odyssey and Battle Pass quests.Many of these skins are limited editions and related to special events (for example, a skin given only to 2015 convention attendees). During its beta phase in 2013, the company sold lifetime passes for $29.99 to unlock all future gods. As of December 2023, there are 129 selectable gods in five classes: Assassin, Warrior, Guardian, Mage and Hunter. Many skins represent brand partnerships including Monstercat, RWBY, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Bob Ross, Stranger Things, Avatar: the Last Airbender, Transformers, Slipknot and Nickelodeon. As of 2019, the game generated $300 million in revenue for Hi-Rez Studios and created over 450 jobs. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 83/100XONE: 80/100PS4: 79/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoidXONE: 7/10GameSpot8/10GamesRadar+XONE: IGN8.5/10Jeuxvideo.com17/20Nintendo Life6.5/10PC Gamer (US)86/100 Cosplay of Neith, an Egyptian goddess featured in the game Smite received generally favorable reviews from critics. The game currently holds a score of 83 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on a dozen reviews by major video game critics. Leah B. Jackson of IGN rated the game 8/10 and wrote that she was delighted with the wide variety of different gods and the detailed models, indicating "A new perspective on familiar game design can make everything feel fresh, and Smite doesn't stop there". Wes Fenlon from PCGamer rated the game 86/100, criticizing the low entry barriers for ranked games and emphasizes Smite's moderate willingness to provide new players with an easy entry into the MOBA genre. Keith Milburn from NZGamer reports some IA issues on the PlayStation 4 version that made the game less fluid. He praises the mixture of elements in Smite with PvE to create a pleasant chaos, which scores with MMO-like elements. Paulmichael Contreras from PlayStation Life Style describes the free-to-play model from Smite as a fair system without falling into the area of "pay-to-win". Champions that can be bought extra fit well into the game balance without being clearly better than others, especially since paying for game content is just an additional option. Implementation on the various platforms is also highlighted. GamesRadar+ listed in their top "Free PS4 games: The best titles you can download without paying a thing", saying "With a current line-up of 93 playable hero deities covering ranged and melee archetypes (with separate magical and physical combat types), spread over five distinct classes, there's a huge amount of tactical team play to get stuck into. The free-to-play model is pretty damn pleasant, too". Digital Trends listed Smite in their top "The best free-to-play games for 2020", indicating that "Smite has been a mainstay in the MOBA genre since 2014. It stands out for its third-person presentation, differentiating itself from League, Heroes of the Storm, and Dota 2". CulturedVultures ranked Smite fourth in their list of the top "20 Best Free Games On Steam". TheGamer listed the game 7th in their top 10 "Free-to-Play Switch Games Actually Worth the Grind". Hindu Controversy In June 2012, some Hindu leaders were upset by the inclusion of several Hindu gods in Smite and the fact that they are player-controlled. The deities that were in question were Kali, Agni and Vamana (the only playable Hindu deities at the time) and there was particular opposition to how Kali was dressed. Rajan Zed, the president of Universal Society of Hinduism, released a statement urging Hi-Rez to remove these gods from the game, claiming that since players controlling the gods was offensive. In response, Hi-Rez CEO Todd Harris said: Smite includes deities inspired from a diverse and ever expanding set of pantheons including Greek, Chinese, Egyptian, and Norse. Hinduism, being one of the world's oldest, largest and most diverse traditions, also provides inspiration toward deities in our game. In fact, given Hinduism's concept of a single truth with multiple physical manifestations one could validly interpret ALL the gods within Smite to be Hindu. And all gods outside of Smite as well. Ponder that for a minute. Anyway, going forward Smite will include even more deities, not fewer. Despite the response from Hi-Rez, Rajan Zed was joined by Rabbi Elizabeth Beyer and Buddhist Jikai Phil Bryan in condemning the game's content as offensive. These leaders have labelled the old Kali model as being depicted in a "pornographic style," which appeared to be their main concern. The Kali character went under a major art and gameplay overhaul in December 2013, which included more concealing armour. Despite the protests, Hi-Rez has continued to expand the Hindu Pantheon roster, with its most recent addition being Shiva. Accolades Year Award Category Result Ref. 2016 BAFTA AMD eSports Audience Award Won Global Game Awards Best MOBA Nominated 2017 Golden Joystick Awards eSports Game of the Year Nominated 2018 Global Game Awards Best MOBA Third 2019 Game Industry Awards Best Social Game Nominated Global Game Awards Best MOBA Nominated Sequel A sequel, Smite 2, was announced in January 2024 at the Smite World Championship. It will be developed by Titan Forge Games in Unreal Engine 5. Additionally, Titan Forge Games have announced they plan to continue developing Smite alongside Smite 2. References ^ Petitte, Omri (March 25, 2014). 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Retrieved December 12, 2020. ^ "2019 Winners". TIGA. Archived from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2020. ^ "Smite Global Game Awards Nominee 2019". www.game-debate.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2020. ^ a b Wolens, Joshua (January 12, 2024). "After 10 years, Titan Forge unveils Smite 2, bringing the god-battling MOBA to UE5 and offering goodies to old-timers". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 12, 2024. ^ Rothery, Jen (January 12, 2024). "Smite 2 Announced, Alpha Playtest Coming Spring 2024". IGN. Archived from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 12, 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smite (video game). Official website vteProfessional Smite competitionTournaments and leagues Smite World Championship 2016 Major League Gaming eGames Notable teamsNorth America Luminosity Gaming Splyce Team SoloMid Europe Dignitas SK Gaming Asia OMG Disbanded Cloud9 COGnitive Gaming Complexity Gaming Denial Esports Epsilon Fnatic NME NRG Esports Titan Notable players Nate "Ataraxia" Mark vteHi-Rez StudiosGames Global Agenda Tribes: Ascend Smite Paladins Realm Royale Rogue Company vteEsports and competitive video gaming Games Leagues and tournaments Players Cheating Fighting Capcom Cup CEO Evolution Championship Series Killer Instinct World Cup Super Smash Bros. 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Feed. Kill. Repeat. Extended plays Adderall Singles "Wait and Bleed" "Spit It Out" "Left Behind" "My Plague" "Duality" "Vermilion" "The Nameless" "Before I Forget" "All Hope Is Gone" "Psychosocial" "Dead Memories" "Sulfur" "Snuff" "The Negative One" "The Devil in I" "Custer" "Killpop" "Goodbye" "All Out Life" "Unsainted" "Solway Firth" "Birth of the Cruel" "Nero Forte" "The Chapeltown Rag" "The Dying Song (Time to Sing)" "Yen" Promotional singles "The Heretic Anthem" "Vermilion Pt. 2" "XIX" "Sarcastrophe" "AOV" "Custer" "Skeptic" Other songs "Purity" Video albums Welcome to Our Neighborhood Disasterpieces Voliminal: Inside the Nine (sic)nesses Day of the Gusano: Live in Mexico Tours Livin la Vida Loco World Domination Tour Tattoo the Earth Iowa World Tour The Subliminal Verses World Tour All Hope Is Gone World Tour Memorial World Tour Knotfest Related articles Discography Awards Songs Behind the Mask Behind the Player: Paul Gray Infected List of Slipknot tribute albums Nic Diederichs Technical High School slashing Outside the Nine Up to Our Necks Dirty Little Rabbits Junk Beer Kidnap Band Murderdolls Stone Sour To My Surprise Big Orange Clown Great Big Mouth CMFT Look Outside Your Window Smite Vended Category vteStranger ThingsAwards and nominationsEpisodes Season 1 "Chapter One: The Vanishing of Will Byers" 2 3 4 "Chapter One: The Hellfire Club" "Chapter Four: Dear Billy" 5 Characters Joyce Byers Will Byers Eleven Steve Harrington Jim Hopper Mike Wheeler Nancy Wheeler Vecna MusicSoundtracks Stranger Things 2 3 4 Compilations Music from the Netflix Original Series Halloween Sounds from the Upside Down Season 3 Season 4 Other media Stranger Things 3: The Game (video game) Lego Stranger Things (sets) The First Shadow (stage) Related Stranger Songs "Missing You" Treehouse of Horror XXX The Vanishing (Far Cry) Category vteTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video gamesKonami Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (NES) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (arcade) Fall of the Foot Clan The Manhattan Project Turtles in Time Manhattan Missions Back from the Sewers The Hyperstone Heist Radical Rescue Tournament Fighters Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) GBA Battle Nexus Mutant Melee Mutant Nightmare The Cowabunga Collection Ubisoft TMNT GBA Turtles in Time: Re-Shelled Smash-Up Activision Out of the Shadows Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2013) Danger of the Ooze Mutants in Manhattan Other Legends Shredder's Revenge Mutants Unleashed Related Pinball (2020) Nickelodeon Super Brawl Nickelodeon Kart Racers 2: Grand Prix 3: Slime Speedway Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl 2 vteTransformers Hasbro Takara Tomy Toy lines Generation 1 Generation 2 Beast Wars Shattered Glass Prime Wars Trilogy Power of the Primes War for Cybertron Trilogy Predecessors Microman Diaclone Unicron Trilogy Armada Energon Cybertron Crossovers Built to Rule Attacktix Star Wars Transformers Kre-O Related GoBots Rock Lords Battle Beasts Media Comic series Void Rivals Animated series Books Audio releases Live-action film series Video gamesGeneration 1 The Transformers Battle to Save the Earth Mystery of Convoy G1: Awakening Devastation Other Beast Wars Beast Wars Transmetals Armada: Prelude to Energon Animated: The Game Prime – The Game Cybertron series War for Cybertron DS version Cybertron Adventures Fall of Cybertron Rise of the Dark Spark Crossovers DreamMix TV World Fighters Smite Angry Birds Transformers Fortnite CharactersAutobots Optimus Prime Bumblebee Arcee Cliffjumper Grimlock Jazz Jetfire Sideswipe Smokescreen Ultra Magnus Windblade Decepticons Megatron Starscream Soundwave Other Dinobot (Beast Wars) Unicron Fan engagement Auto Assembly BotCon HasCon Hall of Fame TFcon Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free-to-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-play"},{"link_name":"third-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_camera_system"},{"link_name":"multiplayer online battle arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena"},{"link_name":"Hi-Rez Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Rez_Studios"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"Amazon Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Luna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xbox-7"},{"link_name":"mythological figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological_figure"},{"link_name":"player versus player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_versus_player"},{"link_name":"esports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports"},{"link_name":"Smite World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smite_World_Championship"}],"text":"2014 video gameSmite is a 2014 free-to-play, third-person multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video game developed and published by Hi-Rez Studios for Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Amazon Luna.[7] In Smite, players control a god, goddess or other mythological figure and take part in team-based combat, using their abilities and tactics against other player-controlled gods and non-player-controlled minions.The game has multiple player versus player (PVP) modes, many playable characters, and has a successful esports scene with multiple tournaments, including the annual million-dollar Smite World Championship.","title":"Smite (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smitestuff-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smite_(video_game)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"pantheons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_religion"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_mythology"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mythology"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mythology"},{"link_name":"Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mythology"},{"link_name":"Mayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_mythology"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Voodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Cthulhu Mythos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characters-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characters-9"},{"link_name":"top-down perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-down_perspective"},{"link_name":"third-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_camera_system"},{"link_name":"area damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_effect"},{"link_name":"crowd control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_control_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"status effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_effect"},{"link_name":"levels up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_point"},{"link_name":"spawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawning_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-10"}],"text":"Smite features many different game modes with the largest being Conquest.[8] Players can choose between Training (vs AI), Custom, Co-Op (with clan/friends), Normal and Ranked play styles. From there, they can choose between a variety of standard game modes. Special event games with unique rules like unlimited gold are also often introduced.At the beginning of each match, players select a god or other mythological figure to play as. As of December 2023[update], players can choose between a large variety of characters from different pantheons including, but not limited to, Babylonian, Celtic, Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Hindu, Japanese, Norse, Polynesian, Roman, Mayan, Slavic, Voodoo, and Yoruba. The characters of King Arthur's legends (referred to as the Arthurian pantheon in-game) and the Cthulhu Mythos (referred to as the pantheon of the Great Old Ones) are also considered pantheons in this video game.[9]Each character is classified as one of the following classes: Assassin, Guardian, Hunter, Mage, or Warrior. Unless otherwise stated, two players on the same team cannot choose the same character (in competitive modes and those using a Draft pick method, each player must use a different character).[9] Successful team configurations typically feature a well-rounded team following standard RPG raid configurations (tank, healer, physical/magical damage) during god selection.While most MOBA games are played from a top-down perspective, in Smite, the player controls the god in a third-person perspective. Each god has a basic attack, a passive trait, and four abilities with varying effects (area damage, crowd control, status effects, etc.). These abilities are acquired and upgraded when the player's character levels up by gaining experience from being in range of minions when they are killed, taking down towers or phoenixes and defeating enemy characters. The maximum level is 20 and each successive level is more difficult to reach. Each player also accumulates gold through standard periodic income and by slaying enemies (player and NPC alike); gold is used to buy items for their god, as well as potions, wards and abilities.Each game mode has a specific map it is played on, which is separated into \"lanes\", where waves of computer-controlled minions march toward the enemy base, and the \"jungle\", where computer-controlled monsters periodically spawn at specific locations distributed symmetrically across the map. Killing monsters in said jungle grants experience points and gold; killing certain monsters causes a \"buff\" to drop on the ground which, when picked up by a player, grants temporary bonuses to stats such as damage dealt, movement speed, and attack speed. There are three special monsters who appear less frequently that grant the team which lands the killing blow a set amount of gold, as well as a temporary damage buff and speed boost when coming out of the base.[10]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warcraft III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warcraft_III"}],"sub_title":"Conquest","text":"Conquest is the default game mode and follows the standard gameplay of MOBA games, being played on a three-lane map based on Warcraft III's Defense of the Ancients map. Two teams of five players begin at opposite sides of the map, at their team's \"fountain,\" and are granted a set amount of gold to buy starting items. There are three continuous \"lanes\" running from one side of the map to the other, each defended by towers and a \"phoenix\", both of which deal damage to enemies that come too close.The game is won by killing the opposing team's titan, a giant warrior located in each team's base. To accomplish this, the players must first destroy the towers and phoenixes guarding the enemy base. The player teams are accompanied by \"minions\", small soldiers with a weak attack, who spawn at the phoenixes every thirty seconds and run along their lane towards the enemy base, attacking not only enemy players and other minions but also towers, phoenixes and the titan. Towers will prioritize targeting enemy minions over players, allowing players to attack a tower without receiving damage, unless the players attack an enemy player within the enemy tower's range.Teams can surrender games at any time after ten minutes, provided at least four players agree. If a player loses connection to the game, two players on either team can choose to pause the game for up to thirty seconds to allow the disconnected player to return. If a team has disconnected players, they can surrender within six minutes and with an adjusted majority requirement.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Slash","text":"Slash resembles Conquest, but is played on a map with only two lanes, and teams each have two towers, two phoenixes, and a titan. Each team also has their own jungle, while three contested jungles are located in the center (called \"left\", \"right\" and \"mid\"). Players start at level 3 and the middle jungle gets stronger as the match goes on, eventually spawning the boss Apophis. Additional jungle bosses around the map spawn more powerful minions called siege juggernauts when killed, which can destroy towers and kill players and minions. The name Slash is a portmanteau of the two discontinued game modes that it is based on - Siege and Clash; Slash replaced these modes in 2022.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Joust","text":"Joust features two teams of three players and is played on a map with only one lane (and a jungle on either side). Teams have one tower, one phoenix and a titan each. Players also start at level 3, due to the smaller map size and increased focus on combat. There is a jungle boss called Bull Demon King in the side lane that renders the opposing team's tower or phoenix unable to attack enemy minions or players. This boss also provides a team buff that gives both health and mana regeneration.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Assault","text":"Assault is similar to Joust, being played on a one-lane map, but players are unable to choose their god, instead being assigned a random one at the start of the match. It is played on a one-lane map with two teams of five; teams have two towers, one phoenix, and a titan each. There are no jungle camps and the only goal is to push the minion waves forwards and destroy all of the enemy structures, with the game ending at the death of a Titan. Additionally, once a player has left the fountain, they cannot buy items until they die, and they cannot return to their base to regenerate their health.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Arena","text":"Arena has two teams of five players face each other in an open arena without towers or Titans. Instead, each team has a portal they must defend and a stream of minions that march towards the enemy's portal. Each team starts with a stock of five hundred points, and the game is won by reducing enemy team's point total to zero. One point is deducted from the enemy team each time one of their minions die or when an enemy minion enters their portal, and five points are deducted per death of a god. Teams can also spawn minotaurs after collectively killing ten enemy gods, which deduct fifteen points from the enemy team upon reaching their portal. There are three jungle camps on each side of the map (left and right) that drop player buffs when slain. At the start of the match, a Rogue’s Stash will spawn near a random jungle camp that awards a set amount of gold and spawns a computer-controlled \"Cyclops Rogue\" monster.Passive gold income is greatly increased for this game mode and the spawn timers are greatly decreased. Each god starts at level three, has more starting gold than other game modes, and gains experience passively.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TrueSkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueSkill"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trueskill-11"},{"link_name":"Elo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Matchmaking","text":"The matchmaking system uses a modified version of the TrueSkill ranking system.[11] Originally, most modes operated on queues with three-minute matchmaking timers; every three minutes, matches would be made from the group of people in queue at that time. In late 2014, this system was replaced with a more common strategy that looks for an optimal match instead of just the best match-ups at the present time. In this system, if it takes five minutes or more to match a player, the game will gradually lower its requirements until a match is found. In 2018, the system was modified to have different time requirements for different modes. The system will prioritize the player's general performance over their account level.In Ranked Leagues, players are matched by a variation of Elo, a system that rates individual skill of each player based on wins and losses. While the Elo ranking is per-individual, the matchmaking system's goal is to create matches with each team having a similar total Elo ranking, potentially leading to individual disparity within or between teams. Ranked mode is available for Conquest and Joust.In addition to the matchmaking mechanics, Smite features a structured ranking system in its Ranked Leagues, with specific entry requirements and rules. Players must be Level 30, own a minimum of 20 gods at Mastery Level 2 or higher, and have played at least 30 Normal (PvP) Conquest matches. The ranks progress from Bronze to Grandmaster, each divided into five sub-tiers (I-V), denoted by Roman numerals. Ranked matches use a 10 ban draft pick system. Players earn Tribute Points (TP) from ranked wins, needing over 100 TP to advance through each sub-tier. Players new to Ranked start in Bronze 3 with 1500 MMR. Losing games at 0 TP may result in demotion.[12]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hi-Rez Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Rez_Studios"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Smite was made available on May 31 of 2012 with a closed beta and transitioned into open beta on January 24, 2013. The game was officially released on March 25, 2014, with approximately 3 million players, and reached 4 million players in June.[13] By 2015, more than 10 million players had played Smite.[14] In June 2016, Hi-Rez Studios announced that the game had attracted 20 million players.[15][16] In 2019, the game surpassed 30 million players and generated 300 million dollars.[17][18] In April 2020, Hi-Rez reported that the game had over 40 million players.[19][20][21]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tencent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-partner1-22"},{"link_name":"Level Up! Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_Up!_Games"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-partner2-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"International expansion","text":"On August 21, 2013, Hi-Rez Studios partnered with Tencent, an online media company that publishes video games in China.[22] On June 5, 2014, Hi-Rez Studios announced a partnership with Level Up! Games to bring the game to the Latin American region.[23] In October 2014, Oceanic servers were added[24] and in August 2016 southeast Asian servers were added.[25] In October 2017, the Chinese client was announced to be merged with the international client, with migration taking place late November.[26]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smite World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smite_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-self-pub-champ-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-self-pub-champ-27"},{"link_name":"esports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports"},{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_2014"},{"link_name":"Dota 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dota_2"},{"link_name":"The International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_(Dota_2)"},{"link_name":"League of Legends World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Esports","text":"In mid-2014, Hi-Rez Studios implemented a system by which players could join professional leagues in teams of 5. Players first played in online competitions, then progressed to offline competitions. Teams were ranked according to how well they did within these competitions, and the top teams were invited to compete in the Smite World Championship. Hi-Rez Studios hosted the first Smite World Championship on January 9, 2015.[27][28] Teams from North America, South America, Europe and China travelled to Atlanta for the tournament.[27] The $2.6 million prize pool for the tournament was at the time the third-highest in esports, behind the third and fourth iterations of Dota 2's The International and just slightly ahead of the League of Legends World Championships.[citation needed] One of the North American teams, COGnitive Prime, took home the first place prize of over $1.3 million.[29]In July 2015, Stew Chisam, president of Hi-Rez Studios, announced that after discussing the prizing structure of Smite esports with team owners, players and members of other esports communities, Hi-Rez would be placing a cap on the prize pool for the Smite World Championships at $1 million. This decision was based to pay out more money to more players throughout the year instead of paying the bulk of earned prize money at a single event.[30]In January 2016, the Smite World Championship was held, returning to Atlanta, with the total prize of $1 million awarded.[31]The Smite Pro League (SPL) transitioned to a franchise model, managed by Hi-Rez Studios, beginning with Season 8. This marked a departure from the league's prior format of third-party organization-represented teams. The new model involved direct ownership and operation of teams by Hi-Rez, leading to an increase in social media engagement and streamlined operations in areas like visa processing. This change allowed for closer player engagement and more effective long-term strategic planning, enhancing the stability and future prospects of the SPL.[32]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freemium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemium"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smite_(video_game)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Monstercat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstercat"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"RWBY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWBY"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"Bob Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ross"},{"link_name":"Stranger Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_Things"},{"link_name":"Avatar: the Last Airbender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar:_the_Last_Airbender"},{"link_name":"Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers"},{"link_name":"Slipknot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipknot_(band)"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Business model","text":"Smite is a freemium game that is free to play but has in-game purchases for player skins, boost and more. It has two in-game currencies – gems and favor. Each has a different value and can be used to purchase different in-game items.Gods in the free version are available on a monthly rotating basis, with only a dozen playable gods available at any given time. Players can pay to unlock gods, bonus skins, emotes, character taunts/dances, and access to Odyssey and Battle Pass quests.Many of these skins are limited editions and related to special events (for example, a skin given only to 2015 convention attendees).During its beta phase in 2013, the company sold lifetime passes for $29.99 to unlock all future gods. As of December 2023[update], there are 129 selectable gods[33] in five classes: Assassin, Warrior, Guardian, Mage and Hunter.Many skins represent brand partnerships including Monstercat,[34] RWBY, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Bob Ross, Stranger Things, Avatar: the Last Airbender, Transformers, Slipknot and Nickelodeon. As of 2019, the game generated $300 million in revenue for Hi-Rez Studios and created over 450 jobs.[35]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXONE-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS4-38"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruct-39"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-41"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar-40"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-42"},{"link_name":"Jeuxvideo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeuxvideo.com-44"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_Gamer-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SDCC_15_-_SDCC_2015_-_Neith_model_(19491045408).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cosplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosplay"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS4-38"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-42"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-36"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"PCGamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Life Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_LifeStyle"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Digital Trends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Trends"},{"link_name":"League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends"},{"link_name":"Heroes of the Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_of_the_Storm"},{"link_name":"Dota 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dota_2"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 83/100[36]XONE: 80/100[37]PS4: 79/100[38]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoidXONE: 7/10[39]GameSpot8/10[41]GamesRadar+XONE: [40]IGN8.5/10[42]Jeuxvideo.com17/20[44]Nintendo Life6.5/10[43]PC Gamer (US)86/100[45]Cosplay of Neith, an Egyptian goddess featured in the gameSmite received generally favorable reviews from critics.[36][38][41][42] The game currently holds a score of 83 out of 100 on Metacritic,[36] based on a dozen reviews by major video game critics.Leah B. Jackson of IGN rated the game 8/10 and wrote that she was delighted with the wide variety of different gods and the detailed models, indicating \"A new perspective on familiar game design can make everything feel fresh, and Smite doesn't stop there\". Wes Fenlon from PCGamer rated the game 86/100, criticizing the low entry barriers for ranked games and emphasizes Smite's moderate willingness to provide new players with an easy entry into the MOBA genre. Keith Milburn from NZGamer reports some IA issues on the PlayStation 4 version that made the game less fluid. He praises the mixture of elements in Smite with PvE to create a pleasant chaos, which scores with MMO-like elements.[46] Paulmichael Contreras from PlayStation Life Style describes the free-to-play model from Smite as a fair system without falling into the area of \"pay-to-win\". Champions that can be bought extra fit well into the game balance without being clearly better than others, especially since paying for game content is just an additional option. Implementation on the various platforms is also highlighted.[47] GamesRadar+ listed in their top \"Free PS4 games: The best titles you can download without paying a thing\", saying \"With a current line-up of 93 playable hero deities covering ranged and melee archetypes (with separate magical and physical combat types), spread over five distinct classes, there's a huge amount of tactical team play to get stuck into. The free-to-play model is pretty damn pleasant, too\".[48] Digital Trends listed Smite in their top \"The best free-to-play games for 2020\", indicating that \"Smite has been a mainstay in the MOBA genre since 2014. It stands out for its third-person presentation, differentiating itself from League, Heroes of the Storm, and Dota 2\".[49] CulturedVultures ranked Smite fourth in their list of the top \"20 Best Free Games On Steam\".[50] TheGamer listed the game 7th in their top 10 \"Free-to-Play Switch Games Actually Worth the Grind\".[51]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"Agni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni"},{"link_name":"Vamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conver1-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conver1-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conver2-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalip-54"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"}],"sub_title":"Hindu Controversy","text":"In June 2012, some Hindu leaders were upset by the inclusion of several Hindu gods in Smite and the fact that they are player-controlled. The deities that were in question were Kali, Agni and Vamana (the only playable Hindu deities at the time) and there was particular opposition to how Kali was dressed. Rajan Zed, the president of Universal Society of Hinduism, released a statement urging Hi-Rez to remove these gods from the game, claiming that since players controlling the gods was offensive.[52]In response, Hi-Rez CEO Todd Harris said:[52]Smite includes deities inspired from a diverse and ever expanding set of pantheons including Greek, Chinese, Egyptian, and Norse. Hinduism, being one of the world's oldest, largest and most diverse traditions, also provides inspiration toward deities in our game. In fact, given Hinduism's concept of a single truth with multiple physical manifestations one could validly interpret ALL the gods within Smite to be Hindu. And all gods outside of Smite as well. Ponder that for a minute. Anyway, going forward Smite will include even more deities, not fewer.Despite the response from Hi-Rez, Rajan Zed was joined by Rabbi Elizabeth Beyer and Buddhist Jikai Phil Bryan in condemning the game's content as offensive.[53] These leaders have labelled the old Kali model as being depicted in a \"pornographic style,\" which appeared to be their main concern.[54] The Kali character went under a major art and gameplay overhaul in December 2013, which included more concealing armour. Despite the protests, Hi-Rez has continued to expand the Hindu Pantheon roster, with its most recent addition being Shiva.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smite 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smite_2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Unreal Engine 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine_5"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"A sequel, Smite 2, was announced in January 2024 at the Smite World Championship. It will be developed by Titan Forge Games in Unreal Engine 5.[65] Additionally, Titan Forge Games have announced they plan to continue developing Smite alongside Smite 2.[65][66]","title":"Sequel"}]
[{"image_text":"Cosplay of Neith, an Egyptian goddess featured in the game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/SDCC_15_-_SDCC_2015_-_Neith_model_%2819491045408%29.jpg/260px-SDCC_15_-_SDCC_2015_-_Neith_model_%2819491045408%29.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corporation_(English_band)
The Corporation (English band)
["1 Career","2 Band members","2.1 Former members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
English pop group This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Corporation" English band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The CorporationOriginLondon, EnglandGenresPopYears active1988LabelsCorporation RecordsPast membersTony CraneClem CurtisMike PenderBrian PooleReg Presley The Corporation was an English pop group that was active in the 1980s and formed by musicians previously in popular, hit making, English bands of the 1960s. Career The group consisted of Tony Crane (of The Merseybeats), Clem Curtis (of The Foundations), Mike Pender (of The Searchers), Brian Poole (of The Tremeloes) and Reg Presley (of The Troggs). They released a single in 1988, a remake of The Showstoppers' old hit "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" on the Corporation Records label. They briefly named themselves The Travelling Wrinklies, which was a dig at the Anglo-American all-star group The Traveling Wilburys. Band members Former members Tony Crane (The Merseybeats) – lead guitar (1988) Clem Curtis (The Foundations) – drums (1988; died 2017) Mike Pender (The Searchers) – rhythm guitar (1988) Brian Poole (The Tremeloes) – bass (1988) Reg Presley (The Troggs) – lead vocals (1988; died 2013) Discography 7" single "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" / "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" (Instrumental) – Corporation Records – KORP 1 – 1988 12" single "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" (Extended Mix) / "Ain't Nothing But a House Party", "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" (Instrumental) – Corporation Records – 12 KORP 1 – 1988 References ^ Brian Poole And The Tremeloes, 45rpm website External links Brian Poole Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article on a United Kingdom band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_Public_Library
Euclid Public Library
["1 History","2 Library Directors","3 Services","4 References"]
Coordinates: 41°35′53″N 81°31′32″W / 41.597958°N 81.525631°W / 41.597958; -81.525631This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Euclid Public Library" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Euclid Public LibraryLocationEuclid, OhioEstablished1935Access and usePopulation served48,000(Euclid)Other informationDirectorKacie ArmstrongWebsitewww.euclidlibrary.org The Euclid Public Library is the public library serving Euclid, Ohio. It was originally created in 1935. In 1997 the library was expanded to a 48,000 sq ft (4,500 m2) complex. Since its 1997 expansion the library has consistently ranked highly on the Hennen's American Public Library Ratings (HAPLR) Index. History Euclid Public Library was created in 1935 from two branch libraries located in Euclid Central and Shore High Schools. A library Board was appointed. Post war years saw an expansion of Euclid's population, and as each new school was built, EPL established a branch in the school. By 1958 we had 12 branches which pointed out the need for a main library. The library Board was able to save enough money in a building fund to build a library on the present East 222nd Street site at a cost of nearly $300,000. That original building remains part of the library today. Avis Lane was the original library director and served from September 1940 to September 1966. As Euclid's population grew so did library usage, and by 1964 the need for a larger library was apparent. Expansion funds were approved by Euclid voters, and a new addition that tripled the size of the original building was completed in 1966. In 1985 the building was remodeled and updated once again to make better use of existing space. This enabled the addition of space for small discussion groups, preschool story hours, technological advancements, and accessibility for the disabled. Euclid Public Library became a CLEVNET member in 1984. In the next ten years library circulation doubled. Audiovisual collections grew from zero to more than 12,000 items. Meeting rooms were filled to capacity. Through a strategic planning process, the community expressed its desire for a technology center, more space for children's and young adult services, a designated area for an African-American collection, better accessibility for the disabled, and more meeting rooms. In 1995 the residents of Euclid recognized these needs by approving a bond issue for construction of an expanded facility to house these services. That facility is now a reality with 48,000 square feet on the original site. The library went through a total remodel of the interior to refocus the public space in 2013. Library Directors Avis Lane - September 1940 - May 1966. Joseph Bana - May 1966 to December 1985. Judith Coleman - January 1986 to March 1989. Dan Siebersma - September 1989 to May 1992. Donna Perdzock - May 1992 to December 2012. Kacie Armstrong - January 2013 to present. Services Euclid Public Library offers the following services to patrons: Databases, including special collections, ancestry databases, and educational resources for children Outreach - home delivery, deposit collections, special formats, and children's services Mobile Hotspots Passports - applications and renewals Computers, Scanning, and Faxing Circulation City of Euclid online resources Library Calendar Meeting Rooms NicheAcademy References ^ a b Euclid Public Library - Library History ^ Euclid Public Library - Services. Accessed 2019-3-10. ^ Euclid Public Library - Databases. Accessed 2019-3-10. ^ Euclid Public Library - Outreach. Accessed 2019-3-10. ^ Euclid Public Library - Passports. Accessed 2019-3-10 ^ Euclid Public Library - City of Euclid. Accessed 2019-3-10. 41°35′53″N 81°31′32″W / 41.597958°N 81.525631°W / 41.597958; -81.525631 Authority control databases ISNI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"Euclid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"ranked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library_ratings"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Euclid Public Library is the public library serving Euclid, Ohio. It was originally created in 1935.[1] In 1997 the library was expanded to a 48,000 sq ft (4,500 m2) complex.[1] Since its 1997 expansion the library has consistently ranked highly on the Hennen's American Public Library Ratings (HAPLR) Index.[citation needed]","title":"Euclid Public Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CLEVNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEVNET"}],"text":"Euclid Public Library was created in 1935 from two branch libraries located in Euclid Central and Shore High Schools. A library Board was appointed. Post war years saw an expansion of Euclid's population, and as each new school was built, EPL established a branch in the school. By 1958 we had 12 branches which pointed out the need for a main library. The library Board was able to save enough money in a building fund to build a library on the present East 222nd Street site at a cost of nearly $300,000. That original building remains part of the library today.\nAvis Lane was the original library director and served from September 1940 to September 1966.As Euclid's population grew so did library usage, and by 1964 the need for a larger library was apparent. Expansion funds were approved by Euclid voters, and a new addition that tripled the size of the original building was completed in 1966. In 1985 the building was remodeled and updated once again to make better use of existing space. This enabled the addition of space for small discussion groups, preschool story hours, technological advancements, and accessibility for the disabled.Euclid Public Library became a CLEVNET member in 1984. In the next ten years library circulation doubled. Audiovisual collections grew from zero to more than 12,000 items. Meeting rooms were filled to capacity. Through a strategic planning process, the community expressed its desire for a technology center, more space for children's and young adult services, a designated area for an African-American collection, better accessibility for the disabled, and more meeting rooms.In 1995 the residents of Euclid recognized these needs by approving a bond issue for construction of an expanded facility to house these services. That facility is now a reality with 48,000 square feet on the original site.The library went through a total remodel of the interior to refocus the public space in 2013.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Avis Lane - September 1940 - May 1966.\nJoseph Bana - May 1966 to December 1985.\nJudith Coleman - January 1986 to March 1989.\nDan Siebersma - September 1989 to May 1992.\nDonna Perdzock - May 1992 to December 2012.\nKacie Armstrong - January 2013 to present.","title":"Library Directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Euclid Public Library offers the following services to patrons:[2]Databases, including special collections, ancestry databases, and educational resources for children[3]\nOutreach - home delivery, deposit collections, special formats, and children's services [4]\nMobile Hotspots\nPassports - applications and renewals [5]\nComputers, Scanning, and Faxing\nCirculation\nCity of Euclid online resources [6]\nLibrary Calendar\nMeeting Rooms\nNicheAcademy","title":"Services"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJMF-FM
CJMF-FM
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°49′22″N 71°29′41″W / 46.82278°N 71.49472°W / 46.82278; -71.49472Radio station in Quebec City, Quebec CJMF-FMQuebec City, QuebecFrequency93.3 MHz (FM)BrandingFM 93ProgrammingFormattalk radio/mainstream rockOwnershipOwnerCogeco(Cogeco Diffusion Inc.)Sister stationsCFOM-FMHistoryFirst air dateSeptember 15, 1979Call sign meaningCJ MF = "Modulation de Fréquence", French for "frequency modulation" (FM)Technical informationClassC1ERP32,960 wattsHAAT445 meters (1,460 ft)LinksWebsitefm93.com CJMF-FM is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Quebec City, Quebec. Former logo as "Le 93,3". Owned and operated by Cogeco, it broadcasts on 93.3 MHz with an effective radiated power of 32,960 watts (class C1) using an omnidirectional antenna. The station's transmitter is located at Mount Bélair. The station has a hybrid talk and mainstream rock format and identifies itself as FM 93. Prior to September 2009, the station was known as Le 93,3 with a classic rock/talk format. The station's playlist, however, is heavy on classic rock still. CJMF-FM was the #1 station in the Quebec City market in the late 1980s, especially while it aired "Le Zoo" with Gilles Parent, Alain Dumas and Michel Morin, from 1984 to 1990. On January 5, 2012, Cogeco applied with the CRTC to amend its license conditions to increase its talk programming to 75% of the schedule, with music filling the remainder. If approved, CJMF-FM plans to carrying talk programming from Monday to Friday, with its mainstream rock format restricted to weekends. The CRTC approved the station's request on August 22, 2012, which allows the station to expand its spoken-word programming beyond the prior limits of 50%. In September 2012, it was announced that radio broadcasts of the Laval Rouge et Or and the Quebec Remparts will move to CJMF after the Remparts' owned-and-operated station, CHRC closed at the end of September. References ^ Canadian Radio News on Facebook, January 5, 2011. ^ Fagstein: "RNC wants to turn Planète Jazz into Radio X", January 13, 2012. ^ CRTC: "All Broadcasting Proceedings Open for Comment" ^ Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2012-453, August 232, 2012. ^ La station Québec 800 ferme ses portes. Radio-Canada. Retrieved September 17, 2012. (in French) ^ Fagstein: "Last AM radio station in Quebec City to shut down", September 14, 2012. External links FM 93 CJMF-FM at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the Canadian Communications Foundation CJMF-FM in the REC Canadian station database vteRadio stations in Quebec City and LévisBy FM frequency CKIA-FM 88.3 CKRL-FM 89.1 CJNG-FM 89.7 CION-FM 90.9 CJEC-FM 91.9 CJSQ-FM 92.7 CJMF-FM 93.3 CHYZ-FM 94.3 CBVX-FM 95.3 CBM-FM-2 96.1 CIHO-FM 96.3 CJMD-FM 96.9 CHOI-FM 98.1 CHIK-FM 98.9 CIHW-FM 100.3 CHXX-FM 100.9 CFEL-FM 102.1 CFOM-FM 102.9 CFOI-FM 104.1 CBVE-FM 104.7 CBV-FM 106.3 CKJF-FM 106.9 CITF-FM 107.5 Defunct CHRC 800 CJRP 1060 CKCV 1280 CFOM 1340 CIMI-FM 103.7 Quebec radio markets Abitibi-Témiscamingue Bas-Saint-Laurent Centre-du-Québec Chaudière-Appalaches Côte-Nord Gaspésie Gatineau Laurentides Mauricie Montreal Nord-du-Québec Quebec City Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean Sherbrooke/Estrie See also List of radio stations in Quebec vteCogecoCable televisionstations Cable 14 YourTV AM radio stations CKAC 730 Montreal FM radio stations Rythme FM CFGL 105.7 Montreal CFGE 93.7/98.1 Sherbrooke CILM 98.3 Saugenay CJEB 100.1 Trois-Rivières CFOM 102.9 Quebec City CIME FM CIME 103.9 Saint-Jérôme CHPR 102.1 Hawkesbury ON CJLA 104.9 Lachute Planète CFGT 104.5 Alma CKXO 93.5 Chibougamau CHVD 100.3 Dolbeau-Mistassini CHRL 99.5 Roberval Talk radio CHMP 98.5 Montreal CJMF 93.3 Quebec City CKOF 104.7 Gatineau CKOY 107.7 Sherbrooke CKOB 106.9 Trois-Rivières Other CKOI 96.9 Montreal CKBE 92.5 Montreal CKYK 95.7 Saguenay Other properties Breezeline Cable Axion DERYTelecom Defunct properties CKO Radio Network CKOI network CJTS 104.5 Sherbrooke Souvenirs Garantis 46°49′22″N 71°29′41″W / 46.82278°N 71.49472°W / 46.82278; -71.49472
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Infrared
Infrared
["1 Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum","2 Nature","3 Regions","3.1 Visible limit","3.2 Commonly used subdivision scheme","3.3 CIE division scheme","3.4 ISO 20473 scheme","3.5 Astronomy division scheme","3.6 Sensor response division scheme","3.7 Telecommunication bands","4 Heat","5 Applications","5.1 Night vision","5.2 Thermography","5.3 Hyperspectral imaging","5.4 Other imaging","5.5 Tracking","5.6 Heating","5.7 Cooling","5.8 Communications","5.9 Spectroscopy","5.10 Thin film metrology","5.11 Meteorology","5.12 Climatology","5.13 Astronomy","5.14 Cleaning","5.15 Art conservation and analysis","5.16 Biological systems","5.17 Photobiomodulation","5.18 Health hazards","6 Scientific history","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
Form of electromagnetic radiation For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation). A false-color image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) radiation. This pseudocolor infrared space telescope image has blue, green, and red corresponding to wavelengths of 3.4, 4.6, and 12 μm, respectively. Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves. The infrared spectral band begins with waves that are just longer than those of red light (the longest waves in the visible spectrum), so IR is invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to include wavelengths from around 750 nm (400 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz). IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR or near-IR, part of the solar spectrum. Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the terahertz radiation band. Almost all black-body radiation from objects near room temperature is in the IR band. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, IR carries energy and momentum, exerts radiation pressure, and has properties corresponding to both those of a wave and of a particle, the photon. It was long known that fires emit invisible heat; in 1681 the pioneering experimenter Edme Mariotte showed that glass, though transparent to sunlight, obstructed radiant heat. In 1800 the astronomer Sir William Herschel discovered that infrared radiation is a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a thermometer. Slightly more than half of the energy from the Sun was eventually found, through Herschel's studies, to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has an important effect on Earth's climate. Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range. Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, military, commercial, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space such as molecular clouds, to detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, to assist firefighting, and to detect the overheating of electrical components. Military and civilian applications include target acquisition, surveillance, night vision, homing, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm. Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of grow-ops, remote temperature sensing, short-range wireless communication, spectroscopy, and weather forecasting. Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum There is no universally accepted definition of the range of infrared radiation. Typically, it is taken to extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nm to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz. Beyond infrared is the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Increasingly, terahertz radiation is counted as part of the microwave band, not infrared, moving the band edge of infrared to 0.1 mm (3 THz). Light comparison Name Wavelength Frequency (Hz) Photon energy (eV) Gamma ray less than 10 pm more than 30 EHz more than 124 keV X-ray 10 pm – 10 nm 30 PHz – 30 EHz 124 keV – 124 eV Ultraviolet 10 nm – 400 nm 750 THz – 30 PHz 124 eV – 3.3 eV Visible 400 nm – 700 nm 430 THz – 750 THz 3.3 eV – 1.7 eV Infrared 700 nm – 1 mm 300 GHz – 430 THz 1.7 eV – 1.24 meV Microwave 1 mm – 1 meter 300 MHz – 300 GHz 1.24 meV – 1.24 μeV Radio 1 meter and more 300 MHz and below 1.24 μeV and below Nature Sunlight, at an effective temperature of 5,780 K (5,510 °C, 9,940 °F), is composed of near-thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half infrared. At zenith, sunlight provides an irradiance of just over 1 kW per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 W is infrared radiation, 445 W is visible light, and 32 W is ultraviolet radiation. Nearly all the infrared radiation in sunlight is near infrared, shorter than 4 μm. On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of the Sun, some thermal radiation consists of infrared in the mid-infrared region, much longer than in sunlight. Black-body, or thermal, radiation is continuous: it radiates at all wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation processes, only lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy. Regions In general, objects emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific bandwidth. Thermal infrared radiation also has a maximum emission wavelength, which is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of object, in accordance with Wien's displacement law. The infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections, although how the IR spectrum is thereby divided varies between different areas in which IR is employed. Visible limit Infrared radiation is generally considered to begin with wavelengths longer than visible by the human eye. There is no hard wavelength limit to what is visible, as the eye's sensitivity decreases rapidly but smoothly, for wavelengths exceeding about 700 nm. Therefore wavelengths just longer than that can be seen if they are sufficiently bright, though they may still be classified as infrared according to usual definitions. Light from a near-IR laser may thus appear dim red and can present a hazard since it may actually be quite bright. And even IR at wavelengths up to 1,050 nm from pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions. Commonly used subdivision scheme A commonly used subdivision scheme is: Division name Abbreviation Wavelength Frequency Photon energy Temperature Characteristics Near-infrared NIR, IR-A DIN 0.75–1.4 μm 214–400 THz 886–1,653 meV 3,864–2,070 K(3,591–1,797 °C) Goes up to the wavelength of the first water absorption band, and commonly used in fiber optic telecommunication because of low attenuation losses in the SiO2 glass (silica) medium. Image intensifiers are sensitive to this area of the spectrum; examples include night vision devices such as night vision goggles. Near-infrared spectroscopy is another common application. Short-wavelength infrared SWIR, IR-B DIN 1.4–3 μm 100–214 THz 413–886 meV 2,070–966 K(1,797–693 °C) Water absorption increases significantly at 1,450 nm. The 1,530 to 1,560 nm range is the dominant spectral region for long-distance telecommunications (see transmission windows). Mid-wavelength infrared MWIR, IR-C DIN; MidIR. Also called intermediate infrared (IIR) 3–8 μm 37–100 THz 155–413 meV 966–362 K(693–89 °C) In guided missile technology the 3–5 μm portion of this band is the atmospheric window in which the seekers of passive IR 'heat seeking' missiles are designed to work, homing on to the Infrared signature of the target aircraft, typically the jet engine exhaust plume. This region is also known as thermal infrared. Long-wavelength infrared LWIR, IR-C DIN 8–15 μm 20–37 THz 83–155 meV 362–193 K(89 – −80 °C) The "thermal imaging" region, in which sensors can obtain a completely passive image of objects only slightly higher in temperature than room temperature – for example, the human body – based on thermal emissions only and requiring no illumination such as the sun, moon, or infrared illuminator. This region is also called the "thermal infrared". Far-infrared FIR 15–1,000 μm 0.3–20 THz 1.2–83 meV 193–3 K(−80.15 – −270.15 °C) (see also far-infrared laser and far-infrared) A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque. NIR and SWIR together is sometimes called "reflected infrared", whereas MWIR and LWIR is sometimes referred to as "thermal infrared". CIE division scheme The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) recommended the division of infrared radiation into the following three bands: Abbreviation Wavelength Frequency IR-A 780 – 1,400 nm(0.78 – 1.4 μm) 215 – 430 THz IR-B 1,400 – 3,000 nm(1.4 – 3 μm) 100 – 215 THz IR-C 3,000 – 1 mm(3 – 1,000 μm) 300 – 100 THz ISO 20473 scheme ISO 20473 specifies the following scheme: Designation Abbreviation Wavelength Near-infrared NIR 0.78–3 μm Mid-infrared MIR 3–50 μm Far-infrared FIR 50–1,000 μm Astronomy division scheme Astronomers typically divide the infrared spectrum as follows: Designation Abbreviation Wavelength Near-infrared NIR 0.7 to 2.5 μm Mid-infrared MIR 3 to 25 μm Far-infrared FIR above 25 μm. These divisions are not precise and can vary depending on the publication. The three regions are used for observation of different temperature ranges, and hence different environments in space. The most common photometric system used in astronomy allocates capital letters to different spectral regions according to filters used; I, J, H, and K cover the near-infrared wavelengths; L, M, N, and Q refer to the mid-infrared region. These letters are commonly understood in reference to atmospheric windows and appear, for instance, in the titles of many papers. Sensor response division scheme Plot of atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared region A third scheme divides up the band based on the response of various detectors: Near-infrared: from 0.7 to 1.0 μm (from the approximate end of the response of the human eye to that of silicon). Short-wave infrared: 1.0 to 3 μm (from the cut-off of silicon to that of the MWIR atmospheric window). InGaAs covers to about 1.8 μm; the less sensitive lead salts cover this region. Cryogenically cooled MCT detectors can cover the region of 1.0–2.5 μm. Mid-wave infrared: 3 to 5 μm (defined by the atmospheric window and covered by indium antimonide, InSb and mercury cadmium telluride, HgCdTe, and partially by lead selenide, PbSe). Long-wave infrared: 8 to 12, or 7 to 14 μm (this is the atmospheric window covered by HgCdTe and microbolometers). Very-long wave infrared (VLWIR) (12 to about 30 μm, covered by doped silicon). Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye. mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while InGaAs's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). No international standards for these specifications are currently available. The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. Particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from lasers, LEDs or bright daylight with the visible light filtered out) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1,050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage. Telecommunication bands In optical communications, the part of the infrared spectrum that is used is divided into seven bands based on availability of light sources, transmitting/absorbing materials (fibers), and detectors: Band Descriptor Wavelength range O band Original 1,260–1,360 nm E band Extended 1,360–1,460 nm S band Short wavelength 1,460–1,530 nm C band Conventional 1,530–1,565 nm L band Long wavelength 1,565–1,625 nm U band Ultralong wavelength 1,625–1,675 nm The C-band is the dominant band for long-distance telecommunication networks. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed. Heat Main article: Thermal radiation Materials with higher emissivity appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide), while in fact, they have the same temperature. Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation", but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 μm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law). Heat is energy in transit that flows due to a temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that are associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiation is associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (e.g. the solar corona). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth. The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature may not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler (assuming, as is often the case, that the surrounding environment is cooler than the objects being viewed). When an object has less than perfect emissivity, it obtains properties of reflectivity and/or transparency, and so the temperature of the surrounding environment is partially reflected by and/or transmitted through the object. If the object were in a hotter environment, then a lower emissivity object at the same temperature would likely appear to be hotter than a more emissive one. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity and not accounting for environmental temperatures will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers. Applications This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Night vision Main article: Night vision Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the human eye. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor. Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source. The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with thermal imaging, which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation (heat) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment. Thermography Thermography helped to determine the temperature profile of the Space Shuttle thermal protection system during re-entry.Main article: Thermography Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to greatly reduced production costs. Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nm or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black-body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name). Hyperspectral imaging Main article: Hyperspectral imaging Hyperspectral thermal infrared emission measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature −15 °C, image produced with a Specim LWIR hyperspectral imager. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The infrared spectra of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object. Infrared light from the LED of a remote control as recorded by a digital camera A hyperspectral image is a "picture" containing continuous spectrum through a wide spectral range at each pixel. Hyperspectral imaging is gaining importance in the field of applied spectroscopy particularly with NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements. Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging can be similarly performed using a thermographic camera, with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum. Consequently, chemical identification of the object can be performed without a need for an external light source such as the Sun or the Moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and UAV applications. Other imaging In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can view intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Reflected light photograph in various infrared spectra to illustrate the appearance as the wavelength of light changes. Tracking Main article: Infrared homing Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers" since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background. Heating Main article: Infrared heating This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Infrared hair dryer for hair salons, c. 2010s Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used in infrared saunas to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing). Infrared radiation is used in cooking, known as broiling or grilling. One energy advantage is that the IR energy heats only opaque objects, such as food, rather than the air around them. Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of plastics, annealing, plastic welding, and print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating. Cooling Main article: Passive daytime radiative cooling A variety of technologies or proposed technologies take advantage of infrared emissions to cool buildings or other systems. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere's infrared window. This is how passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces are able to achieve sub-ambient cooling temperatures under direct solar intensity, enhancing terrestrial heat flow to outer space with zero energy consumption or pollution. PDRC surfaces minimize shortwave solar reflectance to lessen heat gain while maintaining strong longwave infrared (LWIR) thermal radiation heat transfer. When imagined on a worldwide scale, this cooling method has been proposed as a way to slow and even reverse global warming, with some estimates proposing a global surface area coverage of 1-2% to balance global heat fluxes. Communications Further information: Consumer IR IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that may be concentrated by a lens into a beam that the user aims at the detector. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, according to a code which the receiver interprets. Usually very near-IR is used (below 800 nm) for practical reasons. This wavelength is efficiently detected by inexpensive silicon photodiodes, which the receiver uses to convert the detected radiation to an electric current. That electrical signal is passed through a high-pass filter which retains the rapid pulsations due to the IR transmitter but filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared. Free space optical communication using infrared lasers can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage. "Since the eye cannot detect IR, blinking or closing the eyes to help prevent or reduce damage may not happen." Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers. IR data transmission of encoded audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually impaired people through the RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage) project. Transmitting IR data from one device to another is sometimes referred to as beaming. Spectroscopy Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from the mid-infrared, 4,000–400 cm−1. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1). The unit for expressing radiation in this application, cm−1, is the spectroscopic wavenumber. It is the frequency divided by the speed of light in vacuum. Thin film metrology In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures. Meteorology IR satellite picture of cumulonimbus clouds over the Great Plains of the United States. Weather satellites equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images, which can then enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3–12.5 μm (IR4 and IR5 channels). Clouds with high and cold tops, such as cyclones or cumulonimbus clouds, are often displayed as red or black, lower warmer clouds such as stratus or stratocumulus are displayed as blue or grey, with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces are shown as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog can have a temperature similar to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 μm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 μm), low cloud can be distinguished, producing a fog satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied. These infrared pictures can depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream, which are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea. Even El Niño phenomena can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray-shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information. The main water vapour channel at 6.40 to 7.08 μm can be imaged by some weather satellites and shows the amount of moisture in the atmosphere. Climatology The greenhouse effect with molecules of methane, water, and carbon dioxide re-radiating solar heat In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the Earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into global warming, together with solar radiation. A pyrgeometer is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements. This is a broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 μm and 50 μm. Astronomy Main articles: Infrared astronomy and far-infrared astronomy Beta Pictoris with its planet Beta Pictoris b, the light-blue dot off-center, as seen in infrared. It combines two images, the inner disc is at 3.6 μm. Astronomers observe objects in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum using optical components, including mirrors, lenses and solid state digital detectors. For this reason it is classified as part of optical astronomy. To form an image, the components of an infrared telescope need to be carefully shielded from heat sources, and the detectors are chilled using liquid helium. The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy. The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.) Infrared light is also useful for observing the cores of active galaxies, which are often cloaked in gas and dust. Distant galaxies with a high redshift will have the peak portion of their spectrum shifted toward longer wavelengths, so they are more readily observed in the infrared. Cleaning Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some motion picture film scanners, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting. Art conservation and analysis An infrared reflectogram of Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci Infrared reflectography can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a non-destructive manner, in particular the artist's underdrawing or outline drawn as a guide. Art conservators use the technique to examine how the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between (such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist). This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti, the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices. Reflectography often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Recent progress in the design of infrared-sensitive cameras makes it possible to discover and depict not only underpaintings and pentimenti, but entire paintings that were later overpainted by the artist. Notable examples are Picasso's Woman Ironing and Blue Room, where in both cases a portrait of a man has been made visible under the painting as it is known today. Similar uses of infrared are made by conservators and scientists on various types of objects, especially very old written documents such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Roman works in the Villa of the Papyri, and the Silk Road texts found in the Dunhuang Caves. Carbon black used in ink can show up extremely well. Biological systems Further information: Infrared sensing in snakes Thermographic image of a snake eating a mouse The pit viper has a pair of infrared sensory pits on its head. There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system. Other organisms that have thermoreceptive organs are pythons (family Pythonidae), some boas (family Boidae), the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), a variety of jewel beetles (Melanophila acuminata), darkly pigmented butterflies (Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamantus plateni), and possibly blood-sucking bugs (Triatoma infestans). By detecting the heat that their prey emits, crotaline and boid snakes identify and capture their prey using their IR-sensitive pit organs. Comparably, IR-sensitive pits on the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus) aid in the identification of blood-rich regions on its warm-blooded victim. The jewel beetle, Melanophila acuminata, locates forest fires via infrared pit organs, where on recently burnt trees, they deposit their eggs. Thermoreceptors on the wings and antennae of butterflies with dark pigmentation, such Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamantus plateni, shield them from heat damage as they sunbathe in the sun. Additionally, it's hypothesised that thermoreceptors let bloodsucking bugs (Triatoma infestans) locate their warm-blooded victims by sensing their body heat. Some fungi like Venturia inaequalis require near-infrared light for ejection. Although near-infrared vision (780–1,000 nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments, sensation of near-infrared light was reported in the common carp and in three cichlid species. Fish use NIR to capture prey and for phototactic swimming orientation. NIR sensation in fish may be relevant under poor lighting conditions during twilight and in turbid surface waters. Photobiomodulation Near-infrared light, or photobiomodulation, is used for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral ulceration as well as wound healing. There is some work relating to anti-herpes virus treatment. Research projects include work on central nervous system healing effects via cytochrome c oxidase upregulation and other possible mechanisms. Health hazards Strong infrared radiation in certain industry high-heat settings may be hazardous to the eyes, resulting in damage or blindness to the user. Since the radiation is invisible, special IR-proof goggles must be worn in such places. Scientific history The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term "infrared" did not appear until late 19th century. An earlier experiment in 1790 by Marc-Auguste Pictet demonstrated the reflection and focusing of radiant heat via mirrors in the absence of visible light. Other important dates include: Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel. 1830: Leopoldo Nobili made the first thermopile IR detector. 1840: John Herschel produces the first thermal image, called a thermogram. 1860: Gustav Kirchhoff formulated the blackbody theorem E = J ( T , n ) {\displaystyle E=J(T,n)} . 1873: Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of selenium. 1878: Samuel Pierpont Langley invents the first bolometer, a device which is able to measure small temperature fluctuations, and thus the power of far infrared sources. 1879: Stefan–Boltzmann law formulated empirically that the power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to T4. 1880s and 1890s: Lord Rayleigh and Wilhelm Wien solved part of the blackbody equation, but both solutions diverged in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This problem was called the "ultraviolet catastrophe and infrared catastrophe". 1892: Willem Henri Julius published infrared spectra of 20 organic compounds measured with a bolometer in units of angular displacement. 1901: Max Planck published the blackbody equation and theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable energy transitions. 1905: Albert Einstein developed the theory of the photoelectric effect. 1905–1908: William Coblentz published infrared spectra in units of wavelength (micrometers) for several chemical compounds in Investigations of Infra-Red Spectra. 1917: Theodore Case developed the thallous sulfide detector, which helped produce the first infrared search and track device able to detect aircraft at a range of one mile (1.6 km). 1935: Lead salts – early missile guidance in World War II. 1938: Yeou Ta predicted that the pyroelectric effect could be used to detect infrared radiation. 1945: The Zielgerät 1229 "Vampir" infrared weapon system was introduced as the first portable infrared device for military applications. 1952: Heinrich Welker grew synthetic InSb crystals. 1950s and 1960s: Nomenclature and radiometric units defined by Fred Nicodemenus, G. J. Zissis and R. Clark; Robert Clark Jones defined D*. 1958: W. D. Lawson (Royal Radar Establishment in Malvern) discovered IR detection properties of Mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe). 1958: Falcon and Sidewinder missiles were developed using infrared technology. 1960s: Paul Kruse and his colleagues at Honeywell Research Center demonstrate the use of HgCdTe as an effective compound for infrared detection. 1962: J. Cooper demonstrated pyroelectric detection. 1964: W. G. Evans discovered infrared thermoreceptors in a pyrophile beetle. 1965: First IR handbook; first commercial imagers (Barnes, Agema (now part of FLIR Systems Inc.)); Richard Hudson's landmark text; F4 TRAM FLIR by Hughes; phenomenology pioneered by Fred Simmons and A. T. Stair; U.S. Army's night vision lab formed (now Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD)), and Rachets develops detection, recognition and identification modeling there. 1970: Willard Boyle and George E. Smith proposed CCD at Bell Labs for picture phone. 1973: Common module program started by NVESD. 1978: Infrared imaging astronomy came of age, observatories planned, IRTF on Mauna Kea opened; 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 arrays produced using InSb, HgCdTe and other materials. 2013: On 14 February, researchers developed a neural implant that gives rats the ability to sense infrared light, which for the first time provides living creatures with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities. See also Black-body radiation Infrared non-destructive testing of materials Infrared solar cells Infrared thermometer People counter Index of infrared articles Notes ^ Temperatures of black bodies for which spectral peaks fall at the given wavelengths, according to the wavelength form of Wien's displacement law References ^ Vatansever, Fatma; Hamblin, Michael R. (2012-01-01). "Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications". Photonics & Lasers in Medicine. 1 (4): 255–266. doi:10.1515/plm-2012-0034. ISSN 2193-0643. PMC 3699878. PMID 23833705. ^ Morozhenko, Vasyl, ed. (2012-02-10). Infrared Radiation. InTech. doi:10.5772/2031. ISBN 978-953-51-0060-7. Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2023-11-15. ^ "IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2008-12-14. ^ Rogalski, Antoni (2019). Infrared and terahertz detectors (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 929. ISBN 9781315271330. ^ Calel, Raphael (19 February 2014). "The Founding Fathers v. The Climate Change Skeptics". The Public Domain Review. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ Fleming, James R. (17 March 2008). "Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: A Selection of Key Articles, 1824–1995, with Interpretive Essays". National Science Digital Library Project Archive PALE:ClassicArticles. 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External links Infrared at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity Infrared: A Historical Perspective Archived 2007-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (Omega Engineering) Infrared Data Association Archived 2008-05-22 at the Wayback Machine, a standards organization for infrared data interconnection SIRC Protocol Archived 2011-10-13 at the Wayback Machine How to build a USB infrared receiver to control PC's remotely Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Infrared Waves: detailed explanation of infrared light. (NASA) Herschel's original paper from 1800 announcing the discovery of infrared light The thermographic's library Archived 2013-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, collection of thermogram Infrared reflectography in analysis of paintings Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine at ColourLex Molly Faries, Techniques and Applications – Analytical Capabilities of Infrared Reflectography: An Art Historian s Perspective Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, in Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis, Sackler NAS Colloquium, 2005 vteElectromagnetic spectrum Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Microwave Radio← higher frequencies       longer wavelengths → Gamma rays Very-high-energy gamma ray Ultra-high-energy gamma ray X-rays Soft X-ray Hard X-ray Ultraviolet Extreme ultraviolet Vacuum ultraviolet Lyman-alpha FUV MUV NUV UVC UVB UVA Visible (optical) Violet Blue Cyan Green Yellow Orange Red Infrared NIR (Bands: J, K, H) SWIR MWIR (Bands: L, M, N) LWIR FIR Microwaves W band V band Q band Ka band K band Ku band X band C band S band L band Radio THF EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF Wavelength types Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave Authority control databases National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
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radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation"},{"link_name":"room temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum"},{"link_name":"radiation pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pressure"},{"link_name":"both","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality"},{"link_name":"wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave"},{"link_name":"particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle"},{"link_name":"photon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"Edme Mariotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edme_Mariotte"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"William Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel"},{"link_name":"thermometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule"},{"link_name":"vibrational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration"},{"link_name":"dipole moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dipole_moment"},{"link_name":"Infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Infrared astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_astronomy"},{"link_name":"telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"},{"link_name":"molecular clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"red-shifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-shift"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ir_astronomy-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"target acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_acquisition"},{"link_name":"surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance"},{"link_name":"night vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision"},{"link_name":"homing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homing_(missile_guidance)"},{"link_name":"thermal efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiency"},{"link_name":"grow-ops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grow-ops"},{"link_name":"wireless communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communication"},{"link_name":"spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"weather forecasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasting"}],"text":"For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation).A false-color image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) radiation.This pseudocolor infrared space telescope image has blue, green, and red corresponding to wavelengths of 3.4, 4.6, and 12 μm, respectively.Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves. The infrared spectral band begins with waves that are just longer than those of red light (the longest waves in the visible spectrum), so IR is invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to include wavelengths from around 750 nm (400 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz).[1][2] IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR or near-IR, part of the solar spectrum.[3] Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the terahertz radiation band.[4] Almost all black-body radiation from objects near room temperature is in the IR band. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, IR carries energy and momentum, exerts radiation pressure, and has properties corresponding to both those of a wave and of a particle, the photon.It was long known that fires emit invisible heat; in 1681 the pioneering experimenter Edme Mariotte showed that glass, though transparent to sunlight, obstructed radiant heat.[5][6] In 1800 the astronomer Sir William Herschel discovered that infrared radiation is a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a thermometer.[7] Slightly more than half of the energy from the Sun was eventually found, through Herschel's studies, to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has an important effect on Earth's climate.Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range.[8]Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, military, commercial, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space such as molecular clouds, to detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe.[9] Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, to assist firefighting, and to detect the overheating of electrical components.[10] Military and civilian applications include target acquisition, surveillance, night vision, homing, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm. Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of grow-ops, remote temperature sensing, short-range wireless communication, spectroscopy, and weather forecasting.","title":"Infrared"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_spectrum"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"}],"text":"There is no universally accepted definition of the range of infrared radiation. Typically, it is taken to extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nm to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz. Beyond infrared is the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Increasingly, terahertz radiation is counted as part of the microwave band, not infrared, moving the band edge of infrared to 0.1 mm (3 THz).","title":"Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"zenith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith"},{"link_name":"irradiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Sunlight, at an effective temperature of 5,780 K (5,510 °C, 9,940 °F), is composed of near-thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half infrared. At zenith, sunlight provides an irradiance of just over 1 kW per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 W is infrared radiation, 445 W is visible light, and 32 W is ultraviolet radiation.[12] Nearly all the infrared radiation in sunlight is near infrared, shorter than 4 μm.On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of the Sun, some thermal radiation consists of infrared in the mid-infrared region, much longer than in sunlight. Black-body, or thermal, radiation is continuous: it radiates at all wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation processes, only lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy.[13]","title":"Nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wien's displacement law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien%27s_displacement_law"}],"text":"In general, objects emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific bandwidth. Thermal infrared radiation also has a maximum emission wavelength, which is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of object, in accordance with Wien's displacement law. The infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections, although how the IR spectrum is thereby divided varies between different areas in which IR is employed.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sliney1976-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LynchLivingston2001-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saidman1933-16"}],"sub_title":"Visible limit","text":"Infrared radiation is generally considered to begin with wavelengths longer than visible by the human eye. There is no hard wavelength limit to what is visible, as the eye's sensitivity decreases rapidly but smoothly, for wavelengths exceeding about 700 nm. Therefore wavelengths just longer than that can be seen if they are sufficiently bright, though they may still be classified as infrared according to usual definitions. Light from a near-IR laser may thus appear dim red and can present a hazard since it may actually be quite bright. And even IR at wavelengths up to 1,050 nm from pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions.[14][15][16]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byrnes-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RP-photonics-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human-Infrared.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human-Visible.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Commonly used subdivision scheme","text":"A commonly used subdivision scheme is:[17][18]A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.NIR and SWIR together is sometimes called \"reflected infrared\", whereas MWIR and LWIR is sometimes referred to as \"thermal infrared\".","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Commission on Illumination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"CIE division scheme","text":"The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) recommended the division of infrared radiation into the following three bands:[21][22]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"ISO 20473 scheme","text":"ISO 20473 specifies the following scheme:[23]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"letters to different spectral regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhk"},{"link_name":"atmospheric windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_window"},{"link_name":"papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_paper"}],"sub_title":"Astronomy division scheme","text":"Astronomers typically divide the infrared spectrum as follows:[24]These divisions are not precise and can vary depending on the publication. The three regions are used for observation of different temperature ranges,[25] and hence different environments in space.The most common photometric system used in astronomy allocates capital letters to different spectral regions according to filters used; I, J, H, and K cover the near-infrared wavelengths; L, M, N, and Q refer to the mid-infrared region. These letters are commonly understood in reference to atmospheric windows and appear, for instance, in the titles of many papers.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-27"},{"link_name":"InGaAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InGaAs"},{"link_name":"MCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride"},{"link_name":"indium antimonide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_antimonide"},{"link_name":"mercury cadmium telluride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride"},{"link_name":"lead selenide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_selenide"},{"link_name":"microbolometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbolometer"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"InGaAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenide"},{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"Wood effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_effect"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Sensor response division scheme","text":"Plot of atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared regionA third scheme divides up the band based on the response of various detectors:[26]Near-infrared: from 0.7 to 1.0 μm (from the approximate end of the response of the human eye to that of silicon).\nShort-wave infrared: 1.0 to 3 μm (from the cut-off of silicon to that of the MWIR atmospheric window). InGaAs covers to about 1.8 μm; the less sensitive lead salts cover this region. Cryogenically cooled MCT detectors can cover the region of 1.0–2.5 μm.\nMid-wave infrared: 3 to 5 μm (defined by the atmospheric window and covered by indium antimonide, InSb and mercury cadmium telluride, HgCdTe, and partially by lead selenide, PbSe).\nLong-wave infrared: 8 to 12, or 7 to 14 μm (this is the atmospheric window covered by HgCdTe and microbolometers).\nVery-long wave infrared (VLWIR) (12 to about 30 μm, covered by doped silicon).Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye. mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while InGaAs's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). No international standards for these specifications are currently available.The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. Particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from lasers, LEDs or bright daylight with the visible light filtered out) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1,050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.[27]","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"optical communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communications"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"}],"sub_title":"Telecommunication bands","text":"In optical communications, the part of the infrared spectrum that is used is divided into seven bands based on availability of light sources, transmitting/absorbing materials (fibers), and detectors:[28]The C-band is the dominant band for long-distance telecommunication networks. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg"},{"link_name":"emissivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivity"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"emit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_emission"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation"},{"link_name":"black body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body"},{"link_name":"Wien's displacement law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien%27s_displacement_law"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"thermal conduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conduction"},{"link_name":"thermal convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_convection"},{"link_name":"vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum"},{"link_name":"solar corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_corona"},{"link_name":"emissivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivity"},{"link_name":"black body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body"}],"text":"Materials with higher emissivity appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide), while in fact, they have the same temperature.Infrared radiation is popularly known as \"heat radiation\",[29] but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49%[30] of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 μm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).[31]Heat is energy in transit that flows due to a temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that are associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiation is associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (e.g. the solar corona). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth.The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature may not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler (assuming, as is often the case, that the surrounding environment is cooler than the objects being viewed). When an object has less than perfect emissivity, it obtains properties of reflectivity and/or transparency, and so the temperature of the surrounding environment is partially reflected by and/or transmitted through the object. If the object were in a hotter environment, then a lower emissivity object at the same temperature would likely appear to be hotter than a more emissive one. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity and not accounting for environmental temperatures will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.","title":"Heat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg"},{"link_name":"human eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-how_night_vision_works-33"},{"link_name":"Night vision devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision_devices"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-how_night_vision_works-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-how_night_vision_works-33"},{"link_name":"thermal imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Night vision","text":"Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the human eye. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor.Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see.[32] Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light.[32] Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.[32]The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with thermal imaging, which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation (heat) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment.[33]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle thermal protection system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system"},{"link_name":"pyrometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrometry"},{"link_name":"Thermographic cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_cameras"}],"sub_title":"Thermography","text":"Thermography helped to determine the temperature profile of the Space Shuttle thermal protection system during re-entry.Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to greatly reduced production costs.Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nm or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black-body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to \"see\" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png"},{"link_name":"emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrum"},{"link_name":"Specim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specim"},{"link_name":"infrared spectra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holma-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_infrared_light.jpg"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"remote control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"thermographic camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camera"},{"link_name":"UAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost&Sullivan_Specim_Owl-36"}],"sub_title":"Hyperspectral imaging","text":"Hyperspectral thermal infrared emission measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature −15 °C, image produced with a Specim LWIR hyperspectral imager. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The infrared spectra of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object.[34]Infrared light from the LED of a remote control as recorded by a digital cameraA hyperspectral image is a \"picture\" containing continuous spectrum through a wide spectral range at each pixel. Hyperspectral imaging is gaining importance in the field of applied spectroscopy particularly with NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements.Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging can be similarly performed using a thermographic camera, with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum. Consequently, chemical identification of the object can be performed without a need for an external light source such as the Sun or the Moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and UAV applications.[35]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infrared photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_photography"},{"link_name":"infrared filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_filter"},{"link_name":"Digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"blockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(optics)"},{"link_name":"camera phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phones"},{"link_name":"T-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_radiation"},{"link_name":"far-infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-infrared"},{"link_name":"terahertz radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_radiation"},{"link_name":"terahertz time-domain spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_time-domain_spectroscopy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Other imaging","text":"In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can view intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.Reflected light photograph in various infrared spectra to illustrate the appearance as the wavelength of light changes.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passive missile guidance system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_homing"},{"link_name":"emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_emission"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Tracking","text":"Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as \"heat-seekers\" since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.[36]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg"},{"link_name":"hair dryer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_dryer"},{"link_name":"hair salons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_salon"},{"link_name":"infrared saunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sauna"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"grilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grilling"}],"sub_title":"Heating","text":"Infrared hair dryer for hair salons, c. 2010sInfrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used in infrared saunas to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing).[37] Infrared radiation is used in cooking, known as broiling or grilling. One energy advantage is that the IR energy heats only opaque objects, such as food, rather than the air around them.Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of plastics, annealing, plastic welding, and print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infrared window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_window"},{"link_name":"passive daytime radiative cooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling"},{"link_name":"heat flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_flow"},{"link_name":"energy consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-40"},{"link_name":"solar reflectance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_reflectance"},{"link_name":"thermal radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation"},{"link_name":"heat transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4422-42"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:032-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:442-44"}],"sub_title":"Cooling","text":"A variety of technologies or proposed technologies take advantage of infrared emissions to cool buildings or other systems. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere's infrared window. This is how passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces are able to achieve sub-ambient cooling temperatures under direct solar intensity, enhancing terrestrial heat flow to outer space with zero energy consumption or pollution.[38][39] PDRC surfaces minimize shortwave solar reflectance to lessen heat gain while maintaining strong longwave infrared (LWIR) thermal radiation heat transfer.[40][41] When imagined on a worldwide scale, this cooling method has been proposed as a way to slow and even reverse global warming, with some estimates proposing a global surface area coverage of 1-2% to balance global heat fluxes.[42][43]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consumer IR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_IR"},{"link_name":"personal digital assistants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant"},{"link_name":"IrDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association"},{"link_name":"light-emitting diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)"},{"link_name":"modulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"photodiodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiode"},{"link_name":"electric current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"high-pass filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filter"},{"link_name":"remote controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control"},{"link_name":"RC-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC-5"},{"link_name":"SIRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony_Infrared_Remote_Control&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Free space optical communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_space_optical_communication"},{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"optical fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)"},{"link_name":"silica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica"},{"link_name":"RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAS_(Remote_Infrared_Audible_Signage)"},{"link_name":"beaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaming"}],"sub_title":"Communications","text":"Further information: Consumer IRIR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that may be concentrated by a lens into a beam that the user aims at the detector. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, according to a code which the receiver interprets. Usually very near-IR is used (below 800 nm) for practical reasons. This wavelength is efficiently detected by inexpensive silicon photodiodes, which the receiver uses to convert the detected radiation to an electric current. That electrical signal is passed through a high-pass filter which retains the rapid pulsations due to the IR transmitter but filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances.\nInfrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared.Free space optical communication using infrared lasers can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage. \"Since the eye cannot detect IR, blinking or closing the eyes to help prevent or reduce damage may not happen.\"[44]Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers.IR data transmission of encoded audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually impaired people through the RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage) project.\nTransmitting IR data from one device to another is sometimes referred to as beaming.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infrared vibrational spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"near-infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"dipole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole"},{"link_name":"photon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"organic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"wavenumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavenumber"}],"sub_title":"Spectroscopy","text":"Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from the mid-infrared, 4,000–400 cm−1. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1). The unit for expressing radiation in this application, cm−1, is the spectroscopic wavenumber. It is the frequency divided by the speed of light in vacuum.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forouhi%E2%80%93Bloomer_model"}],"sub_title":"Thin film metrology","text":"In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_(43904870711).gif"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Weather satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_satellite"},{"link_name":"cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone"},{"link_name":"cumulonimbus clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud"},{"link_name":"stratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratus_cloud"},{"link_name":"stratocumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocumulus"},{"link_name":"fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog"},{"link_name":"El Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o"}],"sub_title":"Meteorology","text":"IR satellite picture of cumulonimbus clouds over the Great Plains of the United States.Weather satellites equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images, which can then enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3–12.5 μm (IR4 and IR5 channels).Clouds with high and cold tops, such as cyclones or cumulonimbus clouds, are often displayed as red or black, lower warmer clouds such as stratus or stratocumulus are displayed as blue or grey, with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces are shown as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog can have a temperature similar to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 μm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 μm), low cloud can be distinguished, producing a fog satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.These infrared pictures can depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream, which are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea. Even El Niño phenomena can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray-shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information.The main water vapour channel at 6.40 to 7.08 μm can be imaged by some weather satellites and shows the amount of moisture in the atmosphere.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg"},{"link_name":"greenhouse effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"solar radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation"},{"link_name":"pyrgeometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgeometer"}],"sub_title":"Climatology","text":"The greenhouse effect with molecules of methane, water, and carbon dioxide re-radiating solar heatIn the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the Earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into global warming, together with solar radiation.A pyrgeometer is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements. This is a broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 μm and 50 μm.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_(by).jpg"},{"link_name":"Beta Pictoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris"},{"link_name":"optical astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_astronomy"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"atmospheric windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_window"},{"link_name":"molecular clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud"},{"link_name":"protostars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostar"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"active galaxies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galaxy"},{"link_name":"redshift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ir_astronomy-9"}],"sub_title":"Astronomy","text":"Beta Pictoris with its planet Beta Pictoris b, the light-blue dot off-center, as seen in infrared. It combines two images, the inner disc is at 3.6 μm.Astronomers observe objects in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum using optical components, including mirrors, lenses and solid state digital detectors. For this reason it is classified as part of optical astronomy. To form an image, the components of an infrared telescope need to be carefully shielded from heat sources, and the detectors are chilled using liquid helium.The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy.The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)Infrared light is also useful for observing the cores of active galaxies, which are often cloaked in gas and dust. Distant galaxies with a high redshift will have the peak portion of their spectrum shifted toward longer wavelengths, so they are more readily observed in the infrared.[9]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infrared cleaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_cleaning"},{"link_name":"motion picture film scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_film_scanner"},{"link_name":"film scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_scanner"},{"link_name":"flatbed scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_scanner"},{"link_name":"scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanning"},{"link_name":"inpainting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpainting"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Cleaning","text":"Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some motion picture film scanners, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting.[45]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infrared_reflectography-en.svg"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"underdrawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdrawing"},{"link_name":"pentimenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentimento"},{"link_name":"prime version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_version"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"carbon black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_black"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso"},{"link_name":"Woman Ironing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Ironing"},{"link_name":"Blue Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Room_(Picasso)"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"},{"link_name":"Villa of the Papyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri"},{"link_name":"Dunhuang Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_Caves"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Art conservation and analysis","text":"An infrared reflectogram of Mona Lisa by Leonardo da VinciInfrared reflectography[46] can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a non-destructive manner, in particular the artist's underdrawing or outline drawn as a guide. Art conservators use the technique to examine how the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between (such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist). This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti, the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.[47] Reflectography often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting.Recent progress in the design of infrared-sensitive cameras makes it possible to discover and depict not only underpaintings and pentimenti, but entire paintings that were later overpainted by the artist.[48] Notable examples are Picasso's Woman Ironing and Blue Room, where in both cases a portrait of a man has been made visible under the painting as it is known today.Similar uses of infrared are made by conservators and scientists on various types of objects, especially very old written documents such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Roman works in the Villa of the Papyri, and the Silk Road texts found in the Dunhuang Caves.[49] Carbon black used in ink can show up extremely well.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infrared sensing in snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"pit viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalinae"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Pythonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythonidae"},{"link_name":"Boidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boidae"},{"link_name":"Common Vampire Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vampire_Bat"},{"link_name":"jewel beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_beetle"},{"link_name":"Melanophila acuminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanophila_acuminata"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-53"},{"link_name":"Pachliopta aristolochiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachliopta_aristolochiae"},{"link_name":"Troides rhadamantus plateni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troides_rhadamantus_plateni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triatoma infestans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatoma_infestans"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-54"},{"link_name":"crotaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_viper"},{"link_name":"boid snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booidea"},{"link_name":"IR-sensitive pit organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes"},{"link_name":"Common Vampire Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_vampire_bat"},{"link_name":"Melanophila acuminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanophila_acuminata"},{"link_name":"forest fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"Thermoreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoreceptor"},{"link_name":"Pachliopta aristolochiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachliopta_aristolochiae"},{"link_name":"Troides rhadamantus plateni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troides_rhadamantus_plateni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triatoma infestans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatoma_infestans"},{"link_name":"warm-blooded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-blooded"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-54"},{"link_name":"Venturia inaequalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturia_inaequalis"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shcherbakov_et_al.-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-56"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shcherbakov_et_al.-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-56"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shcherbakov_et_al.-60"}],"sub_title":"Biological systems","text":"Further information: Infrared sensing in snakesThermographic image of a snake eating a mouseThe pit viper has a pair of infrared sensory pits on its head. There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system.[50][51]Other organisms that have thermoreceptive organs are pythons (family Pythonidae), some boas (family Boidae), the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), a variety of jewel beetles (Melanophila acuminata),[52] darkly pigmented butterflies (Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamantus plateni), and possibly blood-sucking bugs (Triatoma infestans).[53] By detecting the heat that their prey emits, crotaline and boid snakes identify and capture their prey using their IR-sensitive pit organs. Comparably, IR-sensitive pits on the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus) aid in the identification of blood-rich regions on its warm-blooded victim. The jewel beetle, Melanophila acuminata, locates forest fires via infrared pit organs, where on recently burnt trees, they deposit their eggs. Thermoreceptors on the wings and antennae of butterflies with dark pigmentation, such Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamantus plateni, shield them from heat damage as they sunbathe in the sun. Additionally, it's hypothesised that thermoreceptors let bloodsucking bugs (Triatoma infestans) locate their warm-blooded victims by sensing their body heat.[53]Some fungi like Venturia inaequalis require near-infrared light for ejection.[54]Although near-infrared vision (780–1,000 nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments,[55] sensation of near-infrared light was reported in the common carp and in three cichlid species.[55][56][57][58][59] Fish use NIR to capture prey[55] and for phototactic swimming orientation.[59] NIR sensation in fish may be relevant under poor lighting conditions during twilight[55] and in turbid surface waters.[59]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"photobiomodulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobiomodulation"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Photobiomodulation","text":"Near-infrared light, or photobiomodulation, is used for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral ulceration as well as wound healing. There is some work relating to anti-herpes virus treatment.[60] Research projects include work on central nervous system healing effects via cytochrome c oxidase upregulation and other possible mechanisms.[61]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Health hazards","text":"Strong infrared radiation in certain industry high-heat settings may be hazardous to the eyes, resulting in damage or blindness to the user. Since the radiation is invisible, special IR-proof goggles must be worn in such places.[62]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel"},{"link_name":"astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism_(optics)"},{"link_name":"refract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refract"},{"link_name":"sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red"},{"link_name":"thermometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"earlier experiment in 1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictet%27s_experiment"},{"link_name":"Marc-Auguste Pictet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Auguste_Pictet"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Herschel01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Nobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Nobili"},{"link_name":"thermopile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermopile"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"John Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herschel"},{"link_name":"thermogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermogram"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Gustav Kirchhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff"},{"link_name":"blackbody theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_law_of_thermal_radiation"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Willoughby Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith"},{"link_name":"selenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pierpont Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley"},{"link_name":"bolometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometer"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Stefan–Boltzmann law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Lord Rayleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet catastrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_catastrophe"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Max Planck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck"},{"link_name":"blackbody equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_law"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"photoelectric effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"William Coblentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coblentz"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Theodore Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Case"},{"link_name":"thallous sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallous_sulfide"},{"link_name":"infrared search and track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_search_and_track"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Yeou Ta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeou_Ta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Zielgerät 1229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielger%C3%A4t_1229"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Welker"},{"link_name":"InSb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_antimonide"},{"link_name":"Fred Nicodemenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Nicodemenus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G. J. Zissis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._J._Zissis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"R. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Clark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Clark Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clark_Jones"},{"link_name":"W. D. Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._D._Lawson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Radar Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Mercury cadmium telluride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reine-82"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Sidewinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder"},{"link_name":"Paul Kruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kruse_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Honeywell Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reine-82"},{"link_name":"J. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-53"},{"link_name":"Barnes, Agema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnes,_Agema&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FLIR Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLIR_Systems"},{"link_name":"Richard Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hudson_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Fred Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Simmons_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A. T. Stair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._T._Stair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Vision_and_Electronic_Sensors_Directorate"},{"link_name":"Rachets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Willard Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Boyle"},{"link_name":"George E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Smith"},{"link_name":"Bell Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"picture phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_phone"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"IRTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Infrared_Telescope_Facility"},{"link_name":"neural implant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_implant"},{"link_name":"rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"living creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_creature"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them \"Calorific Rays\".[63][64] The term \"infrared\" did not appear until late 19th century.[65] An earlier experiment in 1790 by Marc-Auguste Pictet demonstrated the reflection and focusing of radiant heat via mirrors in the absence of visible light.[66]Other important dates include:[26]Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel.1830: Leopoldo Nobili made the first thermopile IR detector.[67]\n1840: John Herschel produces the first thermal image, called a thermogram.[68]\n1860: Gustav Kirchhoff formulated the blackbody theorem \n \n \n \n E\n =\n J\n (\n T\n ,\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E=J(T,n)}\n \n.[69]\n1873: Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of selenium.[70]\n1878: Samuel Pierpont Langley invents the first bolometer, a device which is able to measure small temperature fluctuations, and thus the power of far infrared sources.[71]\n1879: Stefan–Boltzmann law formulated empirically that the power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to T4.[72]\n1880s and 1890s: Lord Rayleigh and Wilhelm Wien solved part of the blackbody equation, but both solutions diverged in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This problem was called the \"ultraviolet catastrophe and infrared catastrophe\".[73]\n1892: Willem Henri Julius published infrared spectra of 20 organic compounds measured with a bolometer in units of angular displacement.[74]\n1901: Max Planck published the blackbody equation and theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable energy transitions.[75]\n1905: Albert Einstein developed the theory of the photoelectric effect.[76]\n1905–1908: William Coblentz published infrared spectra in units of wavelength (micrometers) for several chemical compounds in Investigations of Infra-Red Spectra.[77][78][79]\n1917: Theodore Case developed the thallous sulfide detector, which helped produce the first infrared search and track device able to detect aircraft at a range of one mile (1.6 km).\n1935: Lead salts – early missile guidance in World War II.\n1938: Yeou Ta predicted that the pyroelectric effect could be used to detect infrared radiation.[80]\n1945: The Zielgerät 1229 \"Vampir\" infrared weapon system was introduced as the first portable infrared device for military applications.\n1952: Heinrich Welker grew synthetic InSb crystals.\n1950s and 1960s: Nomenclature and radiometric units defined by Fred Nicodemenus, G. J. Zissis and R. Clark; Robert Clark Jones defined D*.\n1958: W. D. Lawson (Royal Radar Establishment in Malvern) discovered IR detection properties of Mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe).[81]\n1958: Falcon and Sidewinder missiles were developed using infrared technology.\n1960s: Paul Kruse and his colleagues at Honeywell Research Center demonstrate the use of HgCdTe as an effective compound for infrared detection.[81]\n1962: J. Cooper demonstrated pyroelectric detection.[82]\n1964: W. G. Evans discovered infrared thermoreceptors in a pyrophile beetle.[52]\n1965: First IR handbook; first commercial imagers (Barnes, Agema (now part of FLIR Systems Inc.)); Richard Hudson's landmark text; F4 TRAM FLIR by Hughes; phenomenology pioneered by Fred Simmons and A. T. Stair; U.S. Army's night vision lab formed (now Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD)), and Rachets develops detection, recognition and identification modeling there.\n1970: Willard Boyle and George E. Smith proposed CCD at Bell Labs for picture phone.\n1973: Common module program started by NVESD.[83]\n1978: Infrared imaging astronomy came of age, observatories planned, IRTF on Mauna Kea opened; 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 arrays produced using InSb, HgCdTe and other materials.\n2013: On 14 February, researchers developed a neural implant that gives rats the ability to sense infrared light, which for the first time provides living creatures with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.[84]","title":"Scientific history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%E2%80%A0_20-0"},{"link_name":"Wien's displacement law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien%27s_displacement_law"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"^ Temperatures of black bodies for which spectral peaks fall at the given wavelengths, according to the wavelength form of Wien's displacement law[19]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"A false-color image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) radiation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ir_girl.png/220px-Ir_girl.png"},{"image_text":"This pseudocolor infrared space telescope image has blue, green, and red corresponding to wavelengths of 3.4, 4.6, and 12 μm, respectively.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer_first-light_image.jpg/220px-Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer_first-light_image.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plot of atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg/220px-Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Materials with higher emissivity appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide), while in fact, they have the same temperature.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg/220px-Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg"},{"image_text":"Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the human eye. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg/220px-Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thermography helped to determine the temperature profile of the Space Shuttle thermal protection system during re-entry.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg/150px-STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hyperspectral thermal infrared emission measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature −15 °C, image produced with a Specim LWIR hyperspectral imager. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The infrared spectra of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object.[34]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png/220px-Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png"},{"image_text":"Infrared light from the LED of a remote control as recorded by a digital camera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blue_infrared_light.jpg/220px-Blue_infrared_light.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reflected light photograph in various infrared spectra to illustrate the appearance as the wavelength of light changes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg/220px-Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg"},{"image_text":"Infrared hair dryer for hair salons, c. 2010s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg/220px-Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg"},{"image_text":"IR satellite picture of cumulonimbus clouds over the Great Plains of the United States.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_%2843904870711%29.gif/220px-NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_%2843904870711%29.gif"},{"image_text":"The greenhouse effect with molecules of methane, water, and carbon dioxide re-radiating solar heat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg/340px-Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Beta Pictoris with its planet Beta Pictoris b, the light-blue dot off-center, as seen in infrared. It combines two images, the inner disc is at 3.6 μm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_%28by%29.jpg/220px-ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_%28by%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An infrared reflectogram of Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg/180px-Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Infrared_reflectography-en.svg/200px-Infrared_reflectography-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Thermographic image of a snake eating a mouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg/220px-Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/170px-William_Herschel01.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Black-body radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation"},{"title":"Infrared non-destructive testing of materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_non-destructive_testing_of_materials"},{"title":"Infrared solar cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell#Infrared_solar_cells"},{"title":"Infrared thermometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_thermometer"},{"title":"People counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_counter"},{"title":"Index of infrared articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_infrared_articles"}]
[{"reference":"Vatansever, Fatma; Hamblin, Michael R. (2012-01-01). \"Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications\". Photonics & Lasers in Medicine. 1 (4): 255–266. doi:10.1515/plm-2012-0034. ISSN 2193-0643. PMC 3699878. PMID 23833705.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3699878","url_text":"\"Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fplm-2012-0034","url_text":"10.1515/plm-2012-0034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2193-0643","url_text":"2193-0643"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3699878","url_text":"3699878"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23833705","url_text":"23833705"}]},{"reference":"Morozhenko, Vasyl, ed. (2012-02-10). Infrared Radiation. InTech. doi:10.5772/2031. ISBN 978-953-51-0060-7. Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2023-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intechopen.com/books/infrared-radiation","url_text":"Infrared Radiation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5772%2F2031","url_text":"10.5772/2031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-51-0060-7","url_text":"978-953-51-0060-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026014729/https://www.intechopen.com/books/infrared-radiation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2008-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181117121314/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_appendix.pdf","url_text":"\"IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary\""},{"url":"https://ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_appendix.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rogalski, Antoni (2019). Infrared and terahertz detectors (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 929. ISBN 9781315271330.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315271330","url_text":"9781315271330"}]},{"reference":"Calel, Raphael (19 February 2014). \"The Founding Fathers v. The Climate Change Skeptics\". The Public Domain Review. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdomainreview.org/2014/02/19/the-founding-fathers-v-the-climate-change-skeptics/","url_text":"\"The Founding Fathers v. The Climate Change Skeptics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191011112039/https://publicdomainreview.org/2014/02/19/the-founding-fathers-v-the-climate-change-skeptics/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, James R. (17 March 2008). \"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: A Selection of Key Articles, 1824–1995, with Interpretive Essays\". National Science Digital Library Project Archive PALE:ClassicArticles. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nsdl.library.cornell.edu/websites/wiki/index.php/PALE_ClassicArticles/GlobalWarming.html","url_text":"\"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: A Selection of Key Articles, 1824–1995, with Interpretive Essays\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929065732/http://nsdl.library.cornell.edu/websites/wiki/index.php/PALE_ClassicArticles/GlobalWarming.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reusch, William (1999). \"Infrared Spectroscopy\". Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2006-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071027110406/http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm","url_text":"\"Infrared Spectroscopy\""},{"url":"http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IR Astronomy: Overview\". NASA Infrared Astronomy and Processing Center. Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208151300/http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/importance.html","url_text":"\"IR Astronomy: Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/importance.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chilton, Alexander (2013-10-07). \"The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors\". AZoSensors. Archived from the original on 2020-07-11. Retrieved 2020-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azosensors.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=339","url_text":"\"The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200711215350/https://www.azosensors.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=339","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 10.233. 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EcoMat. 4. doi:10.1002/eom2.12153. S2CID 240331557. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global warming.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Feom2.12153","url_text":"\"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Feom2.12153","url_text":"10.1002/eom2.12153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240331557","url_text":"240331557"}]},{"reference":"Munday, Jeremy (2019). \"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling\". Joule. 3 (9): 2057–2060. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010. S2CID 201590290. By covering the Earth with a small fraction of thermally emitting materials, the heat flow away from the Earth can be increased, and the net radiative flux can be reduced to zero (or even made negative), thus stabilizing (or cooling) the Earth.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.07.010","url_text":"\"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.07.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201590290","url_text":"201590290"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Tong; Wu, Yi; Shi, Lan; Hu, Xinhua; Chen, Min; Wu, Limin (2021). \"A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling\". Nature Communications. 12 (365): 365. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7. PMC 7809060. PMID 33446648. Accordingly, designing and fabricating efficient PDRC with sufficiently high solar reflectance (𝜌¯solar) (λ ~ 0.3–2.5 μm) to minimize solar heat gain and simultaneously strong LWIR thermal emittance (ε¯LWIR) to maximize radiative heat loss is highly desirable. When the incoming radiative heat from the Sun is balanced by the outgoing radiative heat emission, the temperature of the Earth can reach its steady state.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7809060","url_text":"\"A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-20646-7","url_text":"10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7809060","url_text":"7809060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33446648","url_text":"33446648"}]},{"reference":"Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018). \"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach\". Energy. 152. 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If only 1%–2% of the Earth's surface were instead made to radiate at this rate rather than its current average value, the total heat fluxes into and away from the entire Earth would be balanced and warming would cease.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.07.010","url_text":"\"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.07.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201590290","url_text":"201590290"}]},{"reference":"Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018). \"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach\". Energy. 152. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-13 – via Elsevier Science Direct. 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Kruse on the Early History of HgCdTe (1980)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11664-015-3737-1","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95341284","external_links_name":"95341284"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200730140413/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962JScI...39..467C","external_links_name":"1962JScI...39..467C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0950-7671%2F39%2F9%2F308","external_links_name":"10.1088/0950-7671/39/9/308"},{"Link":"https://c5isr.ccdc.army.mil/inside_c5isr_center/nvesd/history/","external_links_name":"\"History of Army Night Vision\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-02/14/implant-gives-rats-sixth-sense-for-infrared-light","external_links_name":"\"Implant gives rats sixth sense for infrared light\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130217055046/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-02/14/implant-gives-rats-sixth-sense-for-infrared-light","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume1/historical1.html","external_links_name":"Infrared: A Historical Perspective"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070807034953/http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume1/historical1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.irda.org/","external_links_name":"Infrared Data Association"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080522132313/http://www.irda.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://yengal-marumugam.blogspot.com/2011/06/sirc-part-i-basics.html","external_links_name":"SIRC Protocol"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111013110621/http://yengal-marumugam.blogspot.com/2011/06/sirc-part-i-basics.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ocinside.de/html/modding/usb_ir_receiver/usb_ir_receiver.html","external_links_name":"How to build a USB infrared receiver to control PC's remotely"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719165527/http://www.ocinside.de/html/modding/usb_ir_receiver/usb_ir_receiver.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060114051647/http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/infrared.html","external_links_name":"Infrared Waves"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/philtrans08733349","external_links_name":"Herschel's original paper from 1800 announcing the discovery of infrared light"},{"Link":"http://www.thethermograpiclibrary.org/index.php/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Library","external_links_name":"The thermographic's library"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611022731/http://www.thethermograpiclibrary.org/index.php/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Library","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://colourlex.com/project/ir-reflectography/","external_links_name":"Infrared reflectography in analysis of paintings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133807/http://colourlex.com/project/ir-reflectography/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nap.edu/read/11413/chapter/8","external_links_name":"Techniques and Applications – Analytical Capabilities of Infrared Reflectography: An Art Historian s Perspective"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152730/http://www.nap.edu/read/11413/chapter/8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526729","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948695s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948695s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4161686-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550608105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85066322","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570566","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph456984&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12491","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harington_baronets
Harington baronets
["1 Harington baronets, of Ridlington (1611)","2 Footnotes","3 References","4 External links"]
Title in the Baronetage of England Not to be confused with Baron Harington. Coat of arms of Harington: Sable, a fret argent. The Harington Baronetcy, of Ridlington in the county of Rutland, is a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 29 June 1611 for James Harington. He was a descendant of John Harington, one of the Barons summoned to Parliament by Edward II. James's elder brother was John Harington, 1st Baron Harington of Exton. The second Baronet was a Royalist during the English Civil War. The third Baronet was a Major-General in the Parliamentarian Army and one of the judges appointed to try Charles I, although he refused to sit. He was nonetheless excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act and his title was forfeited for life in 1661. The ninth, eleventh, and twelfth Baronets were all judges. The family is one of two families to have produced three County Court judges. The Rev. Richard Harington, son of the eighth baronet, was Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford. Sir Charles Robert Harington (1897–1972), son of Reverend Charles Harington, second son of the eleventh Baronet, was Professor of Chemical Pathology at the University of London and Director of the National Institute for Medical Research. John Harington (1873–1943), fifth son of the eleventh Baronet, was a Brigadier-General in the British Army. David Gawen Champernowne (1912–2000), great-grandson of Arthur Champernowne (who assumed the surname of Champernowne in 1774), son of Reverend Richard Harington, second son of the sixth Baronet, was Professor of Statistics at the University of Oxford from 1948 to 1959 and Professor of Economics and Statistics at the University of Cambridge from 1970 to 1978. The second son of the current baronet is the actor Christopher "Kit" Harington, b. 1986. Harington baronets, of Ridlington (1611) Sir James Harrington, 1st Baronet (1542–1614) Sir Edward Harrington, 2nd Baronet (died 1653) Sir James Harington, 3rd Baronet (1607–1680) (baronetcy forfeited for life 1661) Sir Edmund Harington, 4th Baronet (c. 1635–1708) Sir Edward Harington, 5th Baronet (1639–1716), brother of the 4th Baronet Sir James Harington, 6th Baronet (died 1782), grandnephew of the 5th Baronet Sir James Harington, 7th Baronet (1726–1793) Sir John Edward Harington, 8th Baronet (1760–1831) Sir James Harington, 9th Baronet (1788–1835) Sir John Edward Harington, 10th Baronet (1821–1877) Sir Richard Harington, 11th Baronet (1835–1911), first cousin of the 10th Baronet Sir Richard Harington, 12th Baronet (1861–1931) Sir Richard Dundas Harington, 13th Baronet (1900–1981) Sir Nicholas John Harington, 14th Baronet (1942–2016), nephew of the 13th Baronet Sir David Richard Harington, 15th Baronet (born 1944) The heir apparent to the baronetcy is the present holder's elder son John "Jack" Catesby Harington (born 1984). Sir David Harington is also the father of the actor Kit Harington. Footnotes ^ John Tapin writes that in most existing 1600s contemporary records the spelling of the name was with a double 'r', however, the single 'r' is used in some instances, and this is the way the family spells their name today. ^ George Edward Cokayne Complete Baronetage 1900 ^ a b John Taplin References ^ Sir James HARRINGTON of Exton, Knight ^ a b James Harrington of Ridlington ^ a b c d e f g h i j Families covered: Harington (Harrington) of Exton, Harington of Ridlington ^ Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage, 2015 ed. ^ Cadaver Tombs: Church of St James the Great, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine (alternative site) ^ "Battle of Cropredy Bridge". Archived from the original on 22 July 2005. Retrieved 7 May 2006. ^ Kit Harington - Biography Series References Ian Grimble's The Harington Family published by Jonathan Cape, London 1957 John Taplin Shakespeare's Granddaughter and the Bagleys of Dudley published by the Black Country Society June 2005 (Originally published in 38/4, 39/1 and 39/2 of The Blackcountryman). Leigh Rayment's list of baronets Baronetage: Hacking to Harmsworth. This reference includes some of the dates and is the sole reference for Baronet 10 to 13. It is also the ref for 14, confirmed by The Official Roll of the Baronets. Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, External links Obituary of Sir Charles Harington Obituary of David Champernowne Baronetage of England Preceded byPope baronets Harington baronets 29 June 1611 Succeeded bySavile baronets
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baron Harington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Harington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SableAFretArgent.png"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Harington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Harington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ridlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridlington"},{"link_name":"Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland"},{"link_name":"Baronetage of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edward II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"John Harington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harington,_1st_Baron_Harington_of_Exton"},{"link_name":"Baron Harington of Exton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Harington_of_Exton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JT-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stirnet-6"},{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Major-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-General"},{"link_name":"Parliamentarian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Indemnity and Oblivion Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indemnity_and_Oblivion_Act"},{"link_name":"Richard Harington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harington"},{"link_name":"Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_of_Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Robert Harington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Harington"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Brigadier-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier-General"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"David Gawen Champernowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._G._Champernowne"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Christopher \"Kit\" Harington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Harington"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Baron Harington.Coat of arms of Harington: Sable, a fret argent.The Harington[1] Baronetcy, of Ridlington in the county of Rutland, is a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 29 June 1611 for James Harington.[2] He was a descendant of John Harington, one of the Barons summoned to Parliament by Edward II. James's elder brother was John Harington, 1st Baron Harington of Exton.[3][4][5][6] The second Baronet was a Royalist during the English Civil War. The third Baronet was a Major-General in the Parliamentarian Army and one of the judges appointed to try Charles I, although he refused to sit. He was nonetheless excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act and his title was forfeited for life in 1661. The ninth, eleventh, and twelfth Baronets were all judges. The family is one of two families to have produced three County Court judges.The Rev. Richard Harington, son of the eighth baronet, was Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford. Sir Charles Robert Harington (1897–1972), son of Reverend Charles Harington, second son of the eleventh Baronet, was Professor of Chemical Pathology at the University of London and Director of the National Institute for Medical Research. John Harington (1873–1943), fifth son of the eleventh Baronet, was a Brigadier-General in the British Army. David Gawen Champernowne (1912–2000), great-grandson of Arthur Champernowne (who assumed the surname of Champernowne in 1774), son of Reverend Richard Harington, second son of the sixth Baronet, was Professor of Statistics at the University of Oxford from 1948 to 1959 and Professor of Economics and Statistics at the University of Cambridge from 1970 to 1978. The second son of the current baronet is the actor Christopher \"Kit\" Harington, b. 1986.[7]","title":"Harington baronets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir James Harrington, 1st Baronet (1542–1614)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harington_(1542-1614)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH2-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Harington_of_Ridlington"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stirnet-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sir James Harington, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Harington,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JT-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stirnet-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sir Edmund Harington, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Edmund_Harington,_4th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stirnet-6"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Harington, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Edward_Harington,_5th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stirnet-6"},{"link_name":"Sir James Harington, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_James_Harington,_6th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stirnet-6"},{"link_name":"Sir James Harington, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_James_Harington,_7th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stirnet-6"},{"link_name":"Sir John Edward Harington, 8th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_John_Edward_Harington,_8th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stirnet-6"},{"link_name":"Sir James Harington, 9th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_James_Harington,_9th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stirnet-6"},{"link_name":"Sir John Edward Harington, 10th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_John_Edward_Harington,_10th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stirnet-6"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Harington, 11th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Harington,_11th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"first cousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cousin"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Harington, 12th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Harington,_12th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Dundas Harington, 13th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Richard_Dundas_Harington,_13th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Nicholas John Harington, 14th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Nicholas_John_Harington,_14th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir David Richard Harington, 15th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_David_Richard_Harington,_15th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"Kit Harington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Harington"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Sir James Harrington, 1st Baronet (1542–1614)[5]\nSir Edward Harrington, 2nd Baronet (died 1653)[6][8]\nSir James Harington, 3rd Baronet (1607–1680)[3][6][9] (baronetcy forfeited for life 1661)\nSir Edmund Harington, 4th Baronet (c. 1635–1708)[6]\nSir Edward Harington, 5th Baronet (1639–1716), brother of the 4th Baronet[6]\nSir James Harington, 6th Baronet (died 1782), grandnephew of the 5th Baronet[6]\nSir James Harington, 7th Baronet (1726–1793)[6]\nSir John Edward Harington, 8th Baronet (1760–1831)[6]\nSir James Harington, 9th Baronet (1788–1835)[6]\nSir John Edward Harington, 10th Baronet (1821–1877)[6]\nSir Richard Harington, 11th Baronet (1835–1911), first cousin of the 10th Baronet\nSir Richard Harington, 12th Baronet (1861–1931)\nSir Richard Dundas Harington, 13th Baronet (1900–1981)\nSir Nicholas John Harington, 14th Baronet (1942–2016), nephew of the 13th Baronet\nSir David Richard Harington, 15th Baronet (born 1944)The heir apparent to the baronetcy is the present holder's elder son John \"Jack\" Catesby Harington (born 1984). Sir David Harington is also the father of the actor Kit Harington.[10]","title":"Harington baronets, of Ridlington (1611)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"George Edward Cokayne Complete Baronetage 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924092524374#page/n75/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JT_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JT_3-1"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tefereneces"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JH_4-0"},{"link_name":"Sir James HARRINGTON of Exton, Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/JamesHarrington1.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JH2_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JH2_5-1"},{"link_name":"James Harrington of Ridlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/JamesHarrington2.htm#James%20HARRINGTON%20of%20Exton%20(Sir)1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stirnet_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stirnet_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stirnet_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stirnet_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stirnet_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stirnet_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stirnet_6-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stirnet_6-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stirnet_6-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stirnet_6-9"},{"link_name":"Families covered: Harington (Harrington) of Exton, Harington of Ridlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/hh4aa/harington2.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Cadaver Tombs: Church of St James the Great, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//homepage.ntlworld.com/peter.fairweather/docs/cadavertombs/chippingcampden_cadaver.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070311144644/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/peter.fairweather/docs/cadavertombs/chippingcampden_cadaver.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"alternative site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rootsweb.com/~engcots/ChipInscript.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Battle of Cropredy Bridge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050722074455/http://www.ecwsa.org/histbattleofcropredybridge.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ecwsa.org/histbattleofcropredybridge.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Kit Harington - Biography Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RWFeCAAAQBAJ&q=David+Harington"}],"text":"^ John Tapin writes that in most existing 1600s contemporary records the spelling of the name was with a double 'r', however, the single 'r' is used in some instances, and this is the way the family spells their name today.\n\n^ George Edward Cokayne Complete Baronetage 1900\n\n^ a b John Taplin References\n\n^ Sir James HARRINGTON of Exton, Knight\n\n^ a b James Harrington of Ridlington\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Families covered: Harington (Harrington) of Exton, Harington of Ridlington\n\n^ Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage, 2015 ed.\n\n^ Cadaver Tombs: Church of St James the Great, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine (alternative site)\n\n^ \"Battle of Cropredy Bridge\". Archived from the original on 22 July 2005. Retrieved 7 May 2006.\n\n^ Kit Harington - Biography Series","title":"Footnotes"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Battle of Cropredy Bridge\". Archived from the original on 22 July 2005. Retrieved 7 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050722074455/http://www.ecwsa.org/histbattleofcropredybridge.html","url_text":"\"Battle of Cropredy Bridge\""},{"url":"http://www.ecwsa.org/histbattleofcropredybridge.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092524374#page/n75/mode/2up","external_links_name":"George Edward Cokayne Complete Baronetage 1900"},{"Link":"http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/JamesHarrington1.htm","external_links_name":"Sir James HARRINGTON of Exton, Knight"},{"Link":"http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/JamesHarrington2.htm#James%20HARRINGTON%20of%20Exton%20(Sir)1","external_links_name":"James Harrington of Ridlington"},{"Link":"http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/hh4aa/harington2.htm","external_links_name":"Families covered: Harington (Harrington) of Exton, Harington of Ridlington"},{"Link":"http://homepage.ntlworld.com/peter.fairweather/docs/cadavertombs/chippingcampden_cadaver.htm","external_links_name":"Cadaver Tombs: Church of St James the Great, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311144644/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/peter.fairweather/docs/cadavertombs/chippingcampden_cadaver.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rootsweb.com/~engcots/ChipInscript.html","external_links_name":"alternative site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050722074455/http://www.ecwsa.org/histbattleofcropredybridge.html","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Cropredy Bridge\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecwsa.org/histbattleofcropredybridge.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RWFeCAAAQBAJ&q=David+Harington","external_links_name":"Kit Harington - Biography Series"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130329061747/http://www.blackcountrysociety.co.uk/articles/bagley.htm","external_links_name":"Shakespeare's Granddaughter and the Bagleys of Dudley"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/baronetage.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's list of baronets"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501225114/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage/baronetsH1.htm","external_links_name":"Baronetage: Hacking to Harmsworth"},{"Link":"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fcgi?artid=1174224&pageindex=2","external_links_name":"Obituary of Sir Charles Harington"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.unimaas.nl/ICGA/journal/contents/content23-4.htm#DAVID%20CHAMPERNOWNE","external_links_name":"Obituary of David Champernowne"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_(R._Stevie_Moore_album)
Verve (R. Stevie Moore album)
["1 Track listing","1.1 Side one","1.2 Side two","2 References","3 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Verve" R. Stevie Moore album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1985 studio album by R. Stevie MooreVerveStudio album by R. Stevie MooreReleasedSept 1985Recorded1976–1984GenrePsychedelic pop, punk rock, lo-fiLength50:35LabelHamster (UK)ProducerRSMR. Stevie Moore chronology What's The Point?!!(1984) Verve(1985) Glad Music(1986) Verve is the fifth 12" vinyl record album by DIY home recording pioneer and one-man band R. Stevie Moore. It was released by Terry Burrows' Hamster label in the UK late 1985. Never officially reissued on compact disc, the CD-R version (copied direct from the vinyl) is available by mail from the artist. Track listing Side one "I Want You in My Life" (2:21) "The Most Powerful Statement in History" (6:26) "Everything" (2:56) "Feisty Schoolmarm" (3:03) "Pledge Your Money" (2:56) "Splem Jeague 3" (1:20) "I'm Bored" (3:17) "There Is No God in America (part 1)" (3:08) Side two "There Is No God in America (part 2)" (1:40) "The Crystal Chandelier" (5:30) "Steve" (3:11) "Defeating the Purpose" (live) (1:41) "Just a Little Kid" (0:27) "Curiously Enough" (excerpt)/ "Kaleidoscopics" (excerpt) (4:37) "I See Star" (4:35) "Who Deserves It?" (3:25) References ^ "R. Stevie Moore". Trouser Press. Retrieved 2023-03-09. External links RSM's Verve webpage
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Morawetz_Sinclair
Sonja Morawetz Sinclair
["1 Personal life","2 World War II Codebreaker","3 Mikhail Baryshnikov defection","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
Czechoslovak-born Canadian journalist and author (1921–2024) Sonja Morawetz SinclairBorn(1921-12-03)December 3, 1921Úpice, CzechoslovakiaDiedMay 23, 2024(2024-05-23) (aged 102)Toronto, Ontario, CanadaNationalityCanadianOccupationsAuthorjournalistcryptographerSpouse Ric Sinclair ​ ​(m. 1945; died 2006)​Children3 Sonja Morawetz Sinclair (December 3, 1921 – May 23, 2024) was a Czechoslovak-born Canadian journalist, author, and cryptographer. From the 1950s to the 1990s she worked independently for major Canadian publications including Time, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Maclean's, Chatelaine, Canadian Business, Financial Post, authored four books and worked as director of communication for Price Waterhouse. In June 2017 she was honoured by the British government for her service as a World War II codebreaker for an Ottawa branch of Bletchley Park signals intelligence between 1943 and 1945. She kept her wartime intelligence service secret from her closest family and friends for over seven decades. Personal life Morawetz Sinclair was born in Úpice, Czechoslovakia, on December 3, 1921, to parents Frida Glaser Morawetz and industrialist Richard Morawetz. She grew up in Prague. In late 1938, she fled Czechoslovakia through Nazi Germany to Great Britain. She spent a year at Badminton School in Bristol before moving to Canada. As a student at Trinity College, University of Toronto, she served as editor-in-chief of the Trinity Review. Morawetz Sinclair's sister-in-law Cathleen Synge Morawetz was a distinguished mathematician at NYU. Her brother Herbert Morawetz was also a notable chemist at NYU. Her brother Oskar Morawetz was a notable classical music composer. Morawetz married Ric Sinclair in 1945; he died in 2006. They had two sons and a daughter. Sonja Sinclair died in Toronto on May 23, 2024, at the age of 102. World War II Codebreaker Between 1943 and 1945, Morawetz Sinclair worked as a World War II codebreaker for an Ottawa extension of Bletchley Park signals intelligence. She was sworn to secrecy and did not reveal her work to her or friends family for over 70 years. In 2017 she was awarded the Bletchley Park Commemorative Badge for her service. Mikhail Baryshnikov defection In 1974, Morawetz Sinclair's family helped Mikhail Baryshnikov defect from the USSR. Baryshnikov sprinted away after a performance in downtown Toronto to a waiting getaway car that took him to a farm near Markham, Ontario. He stayed there for a couple of days until journalists caught up to him, at which point he moved to a cottage on Lake Muskoka owned by Morawetz Sinclair's family. He remained there until he was assured the Canadian government would not extradite him. Baryshnikov settled in New York City quickly thereafter. Bibliography Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1969). I presume you can type: The mature woman's guide to second careers. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. OCLC 83269. Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1979). Cordial but not cosy: A history of the Office of the Auditor General. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 9780771081576. Ignatieff, George; Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1985). The making of a peacemonger: The memoirs of George Ignatieff. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802025562. Bata, Thomas J.; Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1990). Bata: Shoemaker to the world. Toronto, Ontario: Stoddart Publishing. ISBN 9780773724167. References ^ "Canadian Signals Intelligence veteran honoured for wartime service". Government Communications Headquarters. Government of the United Kingdom. January 1, 2017. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ Allemang, Liz. "Story Teller". Trinity Magazine. Trinity College. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ a b c "Sonja Morawetz Sinclair". The Globe and Mail. June 1, 2024. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024 – via Legacy.com. ^ Langan, Fred (June 5, 2024). "Code-breaker Sonja Sinclair kept her wartime work a secret for nearly 75 years". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 5, 2024. ^ Longwell, Karen (August 25, 2010). "From Baryshnikov to Bigwin, a piece of Muskoka history". Huntsville Forester. Muskoka Region. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ Lewis, Robert (July 11, 1994). "Present At the Defection". Maclean's. Vol. 107, no. 28. p. 2. Retrieved June 3, 2024. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Maclean's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s"},{"link_name":"Chatelaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatelaine_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Business"},{"link_name":"Financial Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Post"},{"link_name":"Price Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"World War II codebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography"},{"link_name":"Bletchley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park"},{"link_name":"signals intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCHQ2017-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trinity-2"}],"text":"Sonja Morawetz Sinclair (December 3, 1921 – May 23, 2024) was a Czechoslovak-born Canadian journalist, author, and cryptographer. From the 1950s to the 1990s she worked independently for major Canadian publications including Time, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Maclean's, Chatelaine, Canadian Business, Financial Post, authored four books and worked as director of communication for Price Waterhouse. In June 2017 she was honoured by the British government for her service as a World War II codebreaker for an Ottawa branch of Bletchley Park signals intelligence between 1943 and 1945.[1][2] She kept her wartime intelligence service secret from her closest family and friends for over seven decades.","title":"Sonja Morawetz Sinclair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Úpice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Apice"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Badminton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_School"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Cathleen Synge Morawetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz"},{"link_name":"NYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Herbert Morawetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Morawetz"},{"link_name":"Oskar Morawetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Morawetz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-3"}],"text":"Morawetz Sinclair was born in Úpice, Czechoslovakia, on December 3, 1921, to parents Frida Glaser Morawetz and industrialist Richard Morawetz. She grew up in Prague. In late 1938, she fled Czechoslovakia through Nazi Germany to Great Britain. She spent a year at Badminton School in Bristol before moving to Canada. As a student at Trinity College, University of Toronto, she served as editor-in-chief of the Trinity Review.Morawetz Sinclair's sister-in-law Cathleen Synge Morawetz was a distinguished mathematician at NYU. Her brother Herbert Morawetz was also a notable chemist at NYU. Her brother Oskar Morawetz was a notable classical music composer.Morawetz married Ric Sinclair in 1945; he died in 2006.[3] They had two sons and a daughter.[3] Sonja Sinclair died in Toronto on May 23, 2024, at the age of 102.[4][3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Between 1943 and 1945, Morawetz Sinclair worked as a World War II codebreaker for an Ottawa extension of Bletchley Park signals intelligence. She was sworn to secrecy and did not reveal her work to her or friends family for over 70 years. In 2017 she was awarded the Bletchley Park Commemorative Badge for her service.","title":"World War II Codebreaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikhail Baryshnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Markham, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Lake Muskoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Muskoka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MuskokaRegion2010-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans1994-6"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"In 1974, Morawetz Sinclair's family helped Mikhail Baryshnikov defect from the USSR. Baryshnikov sprinted away after a performance in downtown Toronto to a waiting getaway car that took him to a farm near Markham, Ontario. He stayed there for a couple of days until journalists caught up to him, at which point he moved to a cottage on Lake Muskoka owned by Morawetz Sinclair's family. He remained there until he was assured the Canadian government would not extradite him.[5][6] Baryshnikov settled in New York City quickly thereafter.","title":"Mikhail Baryshnikov defection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/83269"},{"link_name":"McClelland & Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClelland_%26_Stewart"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780771081576","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780771081576"},{"link_name":"Ignatieff, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ignatieff"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780802025562","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802025562"},{"link_name":"Bata, Thomas J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bata"},{"link_name":"Stoddart Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoddart_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780773724167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773724167"}],"text":"Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1969). I presume you can type: The mature woman's guide to second careers. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. OCLC 83269.\nMorawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1979). Cordial but not cosy: A history of the Office of the Auditor General. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 9780771081576.\nIgnatieff, George; Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1985). The making of a peacemonger: The memoirs of George Ignatieff. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802025562.\nBata, Thomas J.; Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1990). Bata: Shoemaker to the world. Toronto, Ontario: Stoddart Publishing. ISBN 9780773724167.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1969). I presume you can type: The mature woman's guide to second careers. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. OCLC 83269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/83269","url_text":"83269"}]},{"reference":"Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1979). Cordial but not cosy: A history of the Office of the Auditor General. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 9780771081576.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClelland_%26_Stewart","url_text":"McClelland & Stewart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780771081576","url_text":"9780771081576"}]},{"reference":"Ignatieff, George; Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1985). The making of a peacemonger: The memoirs of George Ignatieff. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802025562.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ignatieff","url_text":"Ignatieff, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802025562","url_text":"9780802025562"}]},{"reference":"Bata, Thomas J.; Morawetz Sinclair, Sonja (1990). Bata: Shoemaker to the world. Toronto, Ontario: Stoddart Publishing. ISBN 9780773724167.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bata","url_text":"Bata, Thomas J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoddart_Publishing","url_text":"Stoddart Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773724167","url_text":"9780773724167"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Signals Intelligence veteran honoured for wartime service\". Government Communications Headquarters. Government of the United Kingdom. January 1, 2017. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gchq.gov.uk/news-article/canadian-signals-intelligence-veteran-honoured-wartime-service","url_text":"\"Canadian Signals Intelligence veteran honoured for wartime service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters","url_text":"Government Communications Headquarters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom","url_text":"Government of the United Kingdom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240603092930/https://www.gchq.gov.uk/news/canadian-signals-intelligence-veteran-honoured-wartime-service","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Allemang, Liz. \"Story Teller\". Trinity Magazine. Trinity College. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://magazine.trinity.utoronto.ca/story-teller/","url_text":"\"Story Teller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Toronto","url_text":"Trinity College"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240603092417/https://magazine.trinity.utoronto.ca/story-teller/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonja Morawetz Sinclair\". The Globe and Mail. June 1, 2024. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024 – via Legacy.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/ca/obituaries/theglobeandmail/name/sonja-sinclair-obituary?id=55237851","url_text":"\"Sonja Morawetz Sinclair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240604091341/https://www.legacy.com/ca/obituaries/theglobeandmail/name/sonja-sinclair-obituary?id=55237851","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy.com","url_text":"Legacy.com"}]},{"reference":"Langan, Fred (June 5, 2024). \"Code-breaker Sonja Sinclair kept her wartime work a secret for nearly 75 years\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-code-breaker-sonja-sinclair-kept-her-wartime-work-a-secret-for-nearly/","url_text":"\"Code-breaker Sonja Sinclair kept her wartime work a secret for nearly 75 years\""}]},{"reference":"Longwell, Karen (August 25, 2010). \"From Baryshnikov to Bigwin, a piece of Muskoka history\". Huntsville Forester. Muskoka Region. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muskokaregion.com/news-story/3644358-from-baryshnikov-to-bigwin-a-piece-of-muskoka-history/","url_text":"\"From Baryshnikov to Bigwin, a piece of Muskoka history\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090247/https://www.muskokaregion.com/news/from-baryshnikov-to-bigwin-a-piece-of-muskoka-history/article_5604637a-97d4-55aa-a33c-ff007d31e052.html?","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Robert (July 11, 1994). \"Present At the Defection\". Maclean's. Vol. 107, no. 28. p. 2. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Macleans-Magazine-1994-07-11/page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Present At the Defection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s","url_text":"Maclean's"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Barlow
Pat Barlow
["1 References"]
Irish footballer Pat BarlowPersonal informationFull name Patrick Joseph BarlowDate of birth 17 May 1914Place of birth Athlone, IrelandDate of death 11 March 1986 (aged 71)Place of death Dublin, IrelandPosition(s) MidfielderYouth career Abbey Villa Wanderers Pioneers HiberniansSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls) Athlone Town 1935–1938 Newry Town 18 (2)1938–1939 Huddersfield Town 7 (1)1940 Sligo Rovers 1940–1945 Dundalk 67 (19)1945–1946 Limerick 1946–1947 Chelmsford City Wisbech Town *Club domestic league appearances and goals Patrick Joseph Barlow (17 May 1914 – 11 March 1986) was an Irish professional footballer, who played professionally for Newry Town, Huddersfield Town, Sligo Rovers, Dundalk and Limerick. He was born in Athlone, Ireland in 1914 and died in Dublin in 1986. References ^ Profile of Pat Barlow Ian Thomas, Owen Thomas, Alan Hodgson, John Ward (2007). 99 Years and Counting: Stats and Stories. Huddersfield Town A.F.C. ISBN 978-0955728105.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) This biographical article relating to Republic of Ireland association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newry Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Sligo Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Patrick Joseph Barlow (17 May 1914 – 11 March 1986) was an Irish professional footballer, who played professionally for Newry Town, Huddersfield Town, Sligo Rovers, Dundalk and Limerick. He was born in Athlone, Ireland in 1914 and died in Dublin in 1986.[1]","title":"Pat Barlow"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ian Thomas, Owen Thomas, Alan Hodgson, John Ward (2007). 99 Years and Counting: Stats and Stories. Huddersfield Town A.F.C. ISBN 978-0955728105.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955728105","url_text":"978-0955728105"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Robu
Mihai Robu
["1 Notes"]
Romanian cleric and bishop Mihai Robu Mihai Robu (10 April 1884 – 27 September 1944) was a Romanian cleric, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iași. Born in Săbăoani, Neamț County, He entered the Roman Catholic Theological Institute of Iași in 1894, being ordained deacon in 1906 and priest in 1907. For several years, starting before his priestly ordination, he was in charge of the Iași seminarians. During World War I, when the seminary was closed, he was a parish priest at Văleni, Faraoani and Bacău. In 1920, he returned to teach when the seminary reopened, and was named secretary to Bishop Alexandru Cisar. In 1922, he was named parish priest at Horlești and chaplain at an Iași monastery. In 1925, he was consecrated Bishop of Iași by Cisar. Among his activities were the building of numerous churches, special attention to the seminary and the opening of a new one at Luizi-Călugăra, support for the Catholic press and many visits to parishes in the diocese. In March 1944, due to the approach of the Eastern Front, he closed the seminary and withdrew with the students to Beiuș. Meeting with repression from the German and Hungarian armies, he went to the mountains at Finiș in mid-September. He caught double pneumonia and soon died. Buried in Beiuș, his remains were moved to the old Roman Catholic cathedral in Iași in 1964. Notes ^ a b (in Romanian) Iași: Comemorarea episcopului Mihai Robu at the Iași Roman Catholic Diocese site; accessed 11 May 2012 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Vatican
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[{"image_text":"Mihai Robu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mihai_Robu.jpg/220px-Mihai_Robu.jpg"}]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Saxton
Rob Saxton
["1 Career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction","2 References"]
This article is about the Oregon educational administrator. For the British Composer, see Robert Saxton. For the Oregon Republican politician, see Ron Saxton. This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Incomplete job history post-2015. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023) Rob Saxton is an educational administrator and former Interim Superintendent of Greater Albany Public Schools in Albany, Oregon from June 2021 to June 2022. He previously served from 2012 to 2015 as Oregon's first executive "Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction," the chief administrator of the Oregon Department of Education. Rob Saxton, Former Oregon Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction Career Early career Tigard High School in the Tigard-Tualatin School District Saxton started his career in education as a teacher and football coach in Big Spring, Texas. He returned to his home state after accepting a job teaching in Albany, Oregon. Rob's first administrative position was at West Albany High. He later held school administrative posts in nearby districts of McMinnville, Oregon and Sherwood, Oregon. Following this, he was hired as Superintendent of Tigard-Tualatin School District. He served as superintendent in Tigard-Tualatin for seven years. Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction From 1872 to 2012, the Oregon Department of Education was led by an elected constitutional officer titled the Oregon Superintendent of Public Instruction. However, in 2012, the Oregon legislature eliminated the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction and consolidated its functions with the office of governor. Under the new system, the Governor John Kitzhaber appointed Saxton as the first ever "Deputy Superintendent," a new position in charge of the day-to-day operation of the Oregon Department of Education. The Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction is a professional position, as opposed to an elected position. Saxton left the Deputy Superintendent position in 2015 to become Superintendent of Northwest Regional Education Service District. References ^ Tinsley, Karly (2021-07-26). "GAPS hires Rob Saxton as interim superintendent". KEZI 9 News. Retrieved 2024-03-05. ^ msteinhebel (2022-02-04). "Gardner named next GAPS superintendent / Sr. Gardner nombrado como el próximo Superintendente de GAPS". Oak Grove Elementary School. Retrieved 2024-03-05. ^ a b Hammond, Betsy (April 8, 2015) "Rob Saxton explains why he decided to quit as Oregon's state schools chief" The Oregonian. Retrieved Oct 12, 2015. ^ a b Hammond, Betsy (July 13, 2012). "Tigard-Tualatin Superintendent Rob Saxton chosen to lead Oregon public schools". The Oregonian. Retrieved July 29, 2012. ^ Kish, Matthew (July 12, 2012). "Kitzhaber taps Rob Saxton for top schools post". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved July 29, 2012. ^ Melton, Kimberly (April 6, 2011). "Despite some concerns, Oregon Senate passes bill that makes Oregon's governor the schools superintendent". The Oregonian. Retrieved June 24, 2011. ^ "State Schools Superintendent to also be the Governor". 1110 KBND. June 23, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011. ^ The Associated Press (July 13, 2012). "Rob Saxton appointed to key Ore. education post". KATU.com. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Saxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Saxton"},{"link_name":"Ron Saxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Saxton"},{"link_name":"Albany, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oregon Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esd-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rob_Saxton.jpg"}],"text":"This article is about the Oregon educational administrator. For the British Composer, see Robert Saxton. For the Oregon Republican politician, see Ron Saxton.Rob Saxton is an educational administrator and former Interim Superintendent of Greater Albany Public Schools in Albany, Oregon from June 2021 to June 2022. [1][2]He previously served from 2012 to 2015 as Oregon's first executive \"Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction,\" the chief administrator of the Oregon Department of Education.[3]Rob Saxton, Former Oregon Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction","title":"Rob Saxton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tigard_High_School.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tigard High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigard_High_School"},{"link_name":"Albany, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"McMinnville, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Sherwood, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(education)"},{"link_name":"Tigard-Tualatin School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigard-Tualatin_School_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chosen-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kitz-5"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Tigard High School in the Tigard-Tualatin School DistrictSaxton started his career in education as a teacher and football coach in Big Spring, Texas. He returned to his home state after accepting a job teaching in Albany, Oregon. Rob's first administrative position was at West Albany High. He later held school administrative posts in nearby districts of McMinnville, Oregon and Sherwood, Oregon. Following this, he was hired as Superintendent of Tigard-Tualatin School District.[4] He served as superintendent in Tigard-Tualatin for seven years.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"constitutional officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_officer"},{"link_name":"Oregon Superintendent of Public Instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction"},{"link_name":"Oregon legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Kitzhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kitzhaber"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chosen-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katu-8"},{"link_name":"Education Service District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_service_district_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esd-3"}],"sub_title":"Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction","text":"From 1872 to 2012, the Oregon Department of Education was led by an elected constitutional officer titled the Oregon Superintendent of Public Instruction. However, in 2012, the Oregon legislature eliminated the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction and consolidated its functions with the office of governor.[6][7] Under the new system, the Governor John Kitzhaber appointed Saxton as the first ever \"Deputy Superintendent,\" a new position in charge of the day-to-day operation of the Oregon Department of Education.[4][8] The Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction is a professional position, as opposed to an elected position.Saxton left the Deputy Superintendent position in 2015 to become Superintendent of Northwest Regional Education Service District.[3]","title":"Career"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Tinsley, Karly (2021-07-26). \"GAPS hires Rob Saxton as interim superintendent\". KEZI 9 News. Retrieved 2024-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kezi.com/news/gaps-hires-rob-saxton-as-interim-superintendent/article_bdb56b63-ac57-5682-b9e6-52442df48070.html","url_text":"\"GAPS hires Rob Saxton as interim superintendent\""}]},{"reference":"msteinhebel (2022-02-04). \"Gardner named next GAPS superintendent / Sr. Gardner nombrado como el próximo Superintendente de GAPS\". Oak Grove Elementary School. Retrieved 2024-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://oakgrove.albany.k12.or.us/2022/02/04/gardner-named-next-gaps-superintendent-sr-gardner-nombrado-como-el-proximo-superintendente-de-gaps/","url_text":"\"Gardner named next GAPS superintendent / Sr. Gardner nombrado como el próximo Superintendente de GAPS\""}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Betsy (July 13, 2012). \"Tigard-Tualatin Superintendent Rob Saxton chosen to lead Oregon public schools\". The Oregonian. Retrieved July 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/education/index.ssf/2012/07/tigard-tualatin_superintendent_1.html","url_text":"\"Tigard-Tualatin Superintendent Rob Saxton chosen to lead Oregon public schools\""}]},{"reference":"Kish, Matthew (July 12, 2012). \"Kitzhaber taps Rob Saxton for top schools post\". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved July 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2012/07/12/kitzhaber-rob-saxton-for-schools-post.html","url_text":"\"Kitzhaber taps Rob Saxton for top schools post\""}]},{"reference":"Melton, Kimberly (April 6, 2011). \"Despite some concerns, Oregon Senate passes bill that makes Oregon's governor the schools superintendent\". The Oregonian. Retrieved June 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/04/despite_some_concerns_oregon_s.html","url_text":"\"Despite some concerns, Oregon Senate passes bill that makes Oregon's governor the schools superintendent\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Schools Superintendent to also be the Governor\". 1110 KBND. June 23, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kbnd.com/page.php?page_id=60247&article_id=8636","url_text":"\"State Schools Superintendent to also be the Governor\""}]},{"reference":"The Associated Press (July 13, 2012). \"Rob Saxton appointed to key Ore. education post\". KATU.com. Retrieved July 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.katu.com/politics/Rob-Saxton-appointed-to-key-Ore-education-post-162447696.html","url_text":"\"Rob Saxton appointed to key Ore. education post\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_cake
List of cakes
["1 Cakes","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
List of types of dessert cakes The following is a list of types of dessert cakes by country of origin and distinctive ingredients. The majority of the cakes contain some kind of flour, egg, and sugar. Cake is often served as a celebratory dish on ceremonial occasions such as weddings, anniversaries, and birthdays. Cakes This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Name Picture Origin Distinctive ingredients and description Amandine Romania A chocolate layered cake filled with chocolate, caramel and fondant cream. Amygdalopita Greece An almond cake made with ground almonds, flour, butter, egg and pastry cream. Angel cake United Kingdom A type of layered sponge cake, often garnished with cream and food coloring. Angel food cake United States A type of sponge cake made with egg whites, sugar, flour, vanilla, and a whipping agent such as cream of tartar. Apple cake Germany A cake featuring apples, occasionally topped with caramel icing. Applesauce cake Early colonial times in the New England Colonies of the Northeastern United States A cake that is prepared using applesauce, flour, and sugar as primary ingredients. Aranygaluska Hungary A cake with yeasty dough and vanilla custard. Babka Poland and Ukraine A sweet braided cake which originated in Jewish communities. Babka Wielkanocna Poland An Easter cake with icing. Ballokume Albania A cake made with corn flour, butter, sugar, and vanilla. Banana bread United States A sweet bread made with bananas, sometimes with the addition of nuts or chocolate. Banana cake United States A cake featuring banana as a primary ingredient. Bánh bò Vietnam A spongey cake with honeycomb-like structures, typically made with coconut milk, rice flour, water and sugar. Bánh cáy Vietnam Vietnamese dessert made in the Thái Bình Province of northern Vietnam. It is made of sticky rice, sugar, gac or gardenia, sesame, carrots, mandarin orange peel, and lard. Bánh cốm Vietnam Vietnamese dessert made from flattened and chewy green rice and mung bean. Bánh gai Vietnam Vietnamese dessert made from sticky rice, ramie leaf and mung bean. Bara brith United Kingdom (Wales) A Welsh tea bread flavored with raisins, currants and candied peel. Basbousa Egypt A traditional Egyptian sweet cake that is made of cooked semolina or farina soaked in simple syrup. Coconut is a popular addition; the syrup may also contain orange flower water or rose water. Batik cake Malaysia A non-baked cake dessert made by mixing broken Marie biscuits with a chocolate sauce or runny custard. Battenberg cake United Kingdom A sponge cake held together by jam and covered in marzipan. Baumkuchen Germany A German variety of spit cake also popular in Japan. The characteristic rings, which resemble tree rings when sliced, give the cake its German name, which literally translates to "tree cake". Beer cake Ireland Any cake prepared with beer as a main ingredient; pictured is a chocolate bundt cake infused with stout beer. Berlingozzo Lamporecchio, Pistoia, Italy A simple ring-shaped yeast cake to celebrate Carnival. Better than sex cake United States A chocolate or yellow cake with a moist, filled center, covered with whipped cream. Bibikkan Sri Lanka A cake made of shredded coconut, jaggery and semolina and a mixture of spices; it is commonly prepared and consumed in celebration of festive and religious occasions. Bibingka Philippines A traditional rice cake from the Philippines made with ground glutinous rice and coconut milk. Bienenstich (Bee Sting) Germany A yeast cake with a topping of caramelized almonds and filled with cream. Birthday Cake Unknown (Possibly United States & Canada) A cake that has various ingredients, usually chocolate or sponge, and is often topped with icing and candles; the number of candles on top of the cake is often said to represent someone's age (for example, a birthday cake for a nine-year-old would have nine candles). Biscoff cake United States and Europe A cake that incorporates Lotus Biscoff cookies. Bizcocho Dominicano Dominican Republic A cake with a moist, airy texture and meringue frosting. Black Forest cake, often known as "Black Forest gâteau" or "Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte" Germany A cake featuring cherries, kirsch, and chocolate. Typically, there is one bottom layer of chocolate shortcrust and two layers of chocolate sponge cake; the cake is then filled with cherry jam and whipped cream. Blackout cake, sometimes known as "Brooklyn Blackout cake" Brooklyn, United States A chocolate cake filled with chocolate pudding and topped with chocolate cake crumbs. Bolo de mel Madeira Islands A sweet, heavy cake made with molasses or honey, often with walnuts and almonds. The name translates to "honey cake". Boston cream pie United States A yellow cake filled with custard and topped with some form of chocolate. Brazil nut cake Brazil A cake prepared using Brazil nuts as a primary ingredient; it is common in the Amazon region of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru Brazo de Mercedes Philippines A traditional Filipino meringue roll with a custard filling typically dusted with powdered sugar. Broyé poitevin Poitou, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France A simple butter cake. Bublanina Czech Republic A sweet kneaded bun with fruit embedded into the top of the pastry. Buccellato Sicily A circular cake containing nuts and candied fruit, traditionally associated with Christmas. Buche de Noel France A traditional Christmas cake made to resemble a log, commonly decorated with confections shaped as various woodland items such as mushrooms, snow and berries. Also known as a yule log. Budapestlängd Sweden A rolled meringue-hazelnut cake filled with whipped cream and pieces of canned peach, apricot, or mandarin orange. Buko pandan cake Philippines A sponge or chiffon cake flavored with extracts from boiled pandan leaves and frosted with cream and young coconut or macapuno strips Bundt cake United States A cake that is baked in a Bundt pan, shaping it into a distinctive ring shape. The shape is inspired by a traditional European fruit cake known as Gugelhupf. Bundt cakes are not generally associated with any single recipe, but they are often made with chocolate. Bustrengo San Marino A dense and moist cake containing cornmeal, bread crumbs or stale bread, figs, raisins, diced apples, lemon rind and orange rind. Butter cake United Kingdom A cake featuring butter as one of the main ingredients. Butterfly cake United Kingdom A variant of cupcake, also called "fairy cake" for its fairy-like "wings". They can be made from any flavor of cake. The top of the fairy cake is cut off or carved out with a spoon, and cut in half. Then, butter cream, whipped cream, or other sweet filling like jam is spread into the hole. Finally, the two cut halves are stuck into the butter cream to look like butterfly wings. The wings of the cake are often decorated using icing to form various patterns. Butterkuchen Germany A simple buttery and sweet German cake baked on a tray. Carrot cake United Kingdom A moist, dense, sweet cake made with carrots. Variations include Rüblitorte, a classic Swiss carrot cake made from a sponge cake with carrots and hazelnuts or almonds, glazed with a sugar glaze, and decorated with small marzipan carrots. Cassata Italy (Sicily) Cassata consists of round sponge cake moistened with fruit juices or liqueur and layered with ricotta, candied peel, and a chocolate or vanilla filling similar to cannoli cream. It is covered with a shell of marzipan, pink and green pastel colored icing, and decorative designs. The cassata is topped with candied fruit depicting cherries and slices of citrus fruit characteristic of Sicily. Cassatella di sant'Agata Sicily, Italy Cakes shaped like breasts to honor Saint Agatha of Sicily. Made of sponge, moistened with juice or liqueur, and stuffed with ricotta and chocolate. Decorated with marzipan, icing, and candied fruit. Cassava cake Philippines A traditional Filipino moist cake made from grated cassava, coconut milk, and condensed milk with a custard layer on top. Castagnaccio Italy A plain chestnut flour cake. Castella Japan A moist spongecake made with flour, sugar, eggs, and mizuame. Caterpillar cake United Kingdom A chocolate Swiss roll decorated to look like a caterpillar. Charlotte (cake) France A cake prepared firstly by lining a mold with bread, sponge cake, or biscuits; this base is then filled with fruit puree or custard. Cheesecake Ancient Greece United States A dessert with a thin base made from crushed biscuits and a thicker top layer of soft cheese, eggs and sugar. It can be baked or unbaked (in which case it is refrigerated.) The bottom layer can also be made of shortcrust, and in European countries the top layer is made from curd or a creamy kind of cottage cheese. Chestnut cake France A cake prepared using chestnuts or water chestnuts as a main ingredient. It is also dish in Chinese cuisine. Chhena poda India (Odisha) A cake made from milk solids and semolina. The milk solids, known as chhena, are the main ingredient; it is a specialty of the state of Odisha in India. Chiffon cake United States A light, airy cake made with vegetable oil, eggs, sugar, and flour. Chocolate cake Unknown (Possibly United States & Canada) A cake that features chocolate as a primary flavor. Chocotorta Argentina A cake made with chocolate cookies, dulce de leche, and cream cheese. Christmas cake United Kingdom A cake flavored with dried fruit such as sultanas or raisins, as well as ingredients such as cinnamon, treacle, cherries, and almond; it is often topped with decorative icing. Clementine cake Australia A cake prepared with clementine as a primary ingredient. Coconut cake United States A popular dessert in the Southern region of the United States. It is a cake frosted with a white frosting and covered in coconut flakes. Coffee cake Germany A single-layer cake flavored with cinnamon and topped with a crumb topping, meant to be eaten with coffee. Coffee and walnut cake United Kingdom A sponge cake made with coffee and walnuts. Cookie Cake United States Cookie batter baked in a cake pan, topped with frosting and served in the style of traditional cake. Cornbread United States Canada Mexico Central America Caribbean South America A cake containing wheat flour, cornmeal, sugar, and a fat such as lard or butter. Cozonac Bulgaria, Romania A traditional sweet leavened bread rich in eggs, milk, butter and sugar, with various fillings. Crema de fruta Philippines A traditional Filipino fruitcake made with layers of sponge cake, sweet custard or whipped cream, gelatin or gulaman, and various preserved or fresh fruits, including mangoes, pineapples, cherries, and strawberries. Also has a very popular no-bake variant, the mango float. Cremeschnitte SloveniaCroatiaGermany Austria A vanilla and custard cream cake dessert popular in several central-European countries. There are many regional variations, but they all include puff pastry base and custard cream. Crystal cake China A traditional dessert in China, first invented during the Song Dynasty. Its name is derived from the shine of its filling and overall appearance. Cuatro leches cake Spain A cake made with four milks, similar to the tres leches cake. Cuca Brazil A dry, flat cake made of eggs, wheat and butter, with various toppings and fillings. Cucumber cake Goa A cake prepared with cucumber as a primary ingredient. It is a popular dish in Goan cuisine. Cupcake United States A small cake with various ingredients, usually topped with icing. Dacquoise France A cake typically made with almond and hazelnut meringue. Dadar gulung Indonesia A traditional coconut pancake filled with grated coconut and palm sugar. Date and walnut loaf United Kingdom A sweet bread made with dates, walnuts, treacle, and tea. Date square Canada (probably) A dessert formed from a layer of minced dates with oat crumble; it's also known as matrimonial cake. Depression cake United States A cake made without milk, sugar, butter, or eggs. Devil's food cake United States A dark, heavy chocolate layer cake. Doberge cake New Orleans, United States A layered cake with custard filling adapted by local baker Beulah Ledner from the Hungarian Dobos torte. Dobos cake Hungary A sponge cake layered with chocolate buttercream and topped with thin caramel slices. Dundee cake United Kingdom (Scotland) A fruit cake without glacé cherries topped with almonds. Dutch carnival cake Netherlands A traditional Dutch delicacy similar to gingerbread cake. Eccles cake United Kingdom A pastry filled with currants. Eierschecke Saxony and Thuringia (Germany) A sheet cake made of yeast dough topped with apple, quark curd, and poppy seeds; parts of it are covered with a glaze made of cream, whole egg, sugar, and flour. Erotic cake Unknown A cake made to resemble or decorated with the image of a human body (often nude or semi-nude), individual sex organs, or sexual activities, sometimes with a statement of a sexual nature written on it Esterházy torte HungaryAustria A Hungarian cake (torta) named after Prince Paul III Anton Esterházy de Galántha (1786–1866). It was invented by Budapest confectioners in the late 19th century. It consists of cognac or vanilla buttercream, sandwiched between layers of almond meringue (macaroon) dough. The torte is iced with a fondant glaze and decorated with a characteristic chocolate striped pattern. Falculelle Corsica A small cake of brocciu cheese baked on a chestnut leaf. Fanta cake (Fantakuchen) Germany A sponge cake made using Fanta or sparkling mineral water. Fat rascal United Kingdom A pastry made from dried fruit, candied peel, and oats. Faworki Poland A sweet crisp cake in the shape of a bow. Fig cake Egypt A cake prepared with fig as a primary ingredient. Financier France A small molded almond flour and beurre noisette cake. Flan cake Philippines A chiffon or sponge cake baked with a layer of leche flan (crème caramel) on top and drizzled with caramel syrup. Flourless chocolate cake United States A dense, gluten-free cake prepared with chocolate. Fondant Fancy United Kingdom A small sponge cake topped with fondant icing. Fragelité Denmark A cake made with meringue, almonds, butter, and coffee. Frankfurter Kranz (Frankfurt Crown Cake) Germany A sponge cake filled with buttercream icing and red jam (typically strawberry, blackcurrant or cherry); it is then topped with brittle nuts, toasted almond flakes and/or ground hazelnuts. Frog cake Australia A sponge cake decorated with cream and fondant so that it looks like a frog's head Fruitcake Ancient Rome A rich cake with candied fruit and spices; many versions of the cake contain currants, sultanas, and glacé cherries. Fudge cake A chocolate cake containing fudge. Funing big cake China (Funing County, Jiangsu province) A cake made with sticky rice, white sugar, and refined lard. Due to health concerns associated with lard consumption, sometimes vegetable oil is used instead of lard. Funnel cake United States A choux pastry with powdered sugar or other toppings, usually fruit. Garash cake Bulgaria A chocolate cake made with walnuts, egg whites, and powdered sugar. Gâteau magique France A cake with distinctive layers of custard, cream, and sponge that form while baking. Gâteau nantais Nantes France A pound cake with almonds and rum. Genoa cake Italy (Genoa, probably) A cake made with sultanas, raisins, and glacé cherries. Genoise (Genoese cake) Italy (Genoa, probably) A sponge cake made with a whole egg. German Chocolate Cake United States A chocolate cake with a coconut-pecan filling and chocolate frosting. Ghevar India A disc-shaped cake made from flour and ghee, soaked in sugar syrup, and topped with saffron, spices, and nuts. Gingerbread United Kingdom (probably) A cake typically flavored with spices such as ginger, cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Gooey butter cake United States A flat, dense cake made with butter and frequently topped with powdered sugar. Goose breast (Gåsebryst) Denmark A cream cake known as Gåsebryst in Denmark. It consists of a Danish pastry bottom that is topped with whipped cream, custard, and jam. These layers are then wrapped in marzipan. Halloween cake United States A cake prepared with Halloween-themed decorations Hash brownies NetherlandsBelgium Also known as "space cakes", these are bakery products made using one of the forms of cannabis, including hashish. Hedgehog Slice Germany A cake containing crushed biscuits or rice puffs. Hevva cake Cornwall, England A heavy cake containing raisins. Hot milk cake United States (probably) A butter sponge cake made with scalded milk. Hummingbird cake Jamaica A cake made with bananas, pineapples, pecans, vanilla, and various spices. Ice cream cake Unknown (Possibly United States) A cake with at least one layer of ice cream. Jaffa Cakes United Kingdom A biscuit-sized cake introduced by McVitie and Price in 1927 and named after Jaffa oranges. The most common forms of Jaffa Cakes are circular, 2.5 inches (64 mm) in diameter and have three layers: a Genoise sponge base, a layer of orange flavored jelly, and a coating of chocolate. Jajan pasar Java, Indonesia Traditional Javanese cakes sold in Javanese markets. Joffre cake Romania A chocolate buttermilk layer cake filled with chocolate ganache. Kabuni Albania A traditional Albanian dessert made from rice fried in butter, mutton broth, raisins, sugar, salt, and spices. Cardinal slice Austria A classic layered Viennese desert consisting of a sponge cake layer and meringue and filled with red currant jam. The colors of the layers, white and yellow, are meant to represent the colors of the Vatikan. Khanom bodin Thailand A dense cake made from wheat or Maida flour, fresh butter, and sweetened condensed milk. Khanom farang kudi chin Thailand A cake topped with raisins, dried sweet gourds, and white sugar. King cake FranceSpain A cake associated with Epiphany in many countries; its ingredients vary, but traditionally there is a fève hidden inside. Kladdkaka Sweden A dense Swedish chocolate cake lacking baking powder. Klepon Indonesia A dessert formed from traditional green-colored balls of rice cake filled with liquid palm sugar and coated in grated coconut. Kliņģeris Latvia A type of pretzel-shaped pastry. Kołacz Poland A ceremonial sweet bread that may have fillings such as cheese or dried plum. Kouign-amann France (Brittany) A sweet cake made with laminated dough. Kornigou Brittany, France A fruit cake in the shape of antlers. Kransekake DenmarkNorway A layered ring cake made from almonds, sugar, and egg whites. Krantz cake Israel (Ashkenazi) A yeasted cake with a chocolate or poppy seed filling. Kremówka Germany, Slovakia A Polish type of cream pie. It is made of two layers of puff pastry, filled with whipped cream, creamy buttercream, custard cream, or egg white cream; it is usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, but it also can be decorated with cream or covered with a layer of icing. Kue cubit Indonesia A small cake eaten as a snack. Kue lapis Indonesia A traditional cake of colorful layered soft rice flour pudding. Kue mangkok Indonesia A traditional steamed cupcake. The ingredients include flour, rice flour, tapioca, yeast, eggs, coconut milk, sugar and salt. Kutia PolandBelarusUkraineLithuaniaRussia A ceremonial grain dish that can include nuts and raisins. Kyiv cake Ukraine A cake composed of two airy layers of meringue filled with hazelnuts, chocolate glaze, and buttercream. Lady Baltimore cake Southern United States (its exact origins are disputed) A white layer cake filled with fruits and nuts and covered with a fluffy frosting. Lamington Australia A dessert made with squares of cake covered with chocolate sauce and desiccated coconut. Lane cake United States A bourbon-laced cake with a fruit and nut filling. Lardy cake England A traditional rich spiced form of bread made with freshly rendered lard, flour, sugar, spices, currants and raisins Layer cake Unknown (Possibly United States) A category of dessert that involves stacked layers of cake held together by some type of filling. Lekach Ancient Egypt, Rome and the Middle East, Germany Honey-sweetened cake made by Jews, especially for the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah. Lemon cake Unknown, but likely England A cake with a lemon flavor. Linzer Torte Austria A thick layer of cinnamon and clove spiced shortcrust topped with red currant jam and a lattice design of dough strips. Lolly cake New Zealand A log-shaped cake made from malt biscuits, butter, sweetened condensed milk and fruit puffs, usually rolled in coconut. Madeira cake United Kingdom A light butter cake usually flavored with lemon. Sometimes confused with Bolo de mel cakes, which are actually made in Madeira using a completely different recipe. Madeleine Lorraine, France A small shell-shaped sponge cake. Magdalena Spain A Spanish muffin or cupcake variation, typically flavored with lemon. Makowiec Poland A poppy seed cake normally decorated with icing and orange zest. Mané pelado Brazil A creamy cake made of yuca, coconut, and cheese. Mango cake Philippines A chiffon cake or roll topped with mango cream frosting and fresh Carabao mango slices. Mango float Philippines A dessert similar to tiramisu made with layers of broas or graham crackers, whipped cream, condensed milk, and ripe Carabao mangos (other fruits can also be used). It is a no-bake version of the crema de fruta. Mantecada Spain A square, spongy pastry. Marble cake Germany A vanilla, coffee, or chocolate butter cake wherein two differently colored batters are swirled together to show a marble-like pattern. Marjolaine France A long and rectangular variation on the dacquoise that combines almond and hazelnut meringue layers with chocolate buttercream. Mazurek Poland An Easter cake with a short pastry base and various toppings. Medivnyk Ukraine Ukrainian honey cake containing buckwheat honey, wheat flour and spices. Medovik Russia A layer cake popular in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union, often referred to as a Russian honey cake. The identifying ingredients are honey and smetana or condensed milk. Merveilleux Belgium Two light meringues welded and covered with whipped cream and dusted with chocolate shavings. Mille-feuille France A cake consisting of three layers of puff pastry alternating with two layers of pastry cream. The top is glazed in white (icing) and brown (chocolate) strips, and combed into a distinctive pattern. This cake is also known as a Napoleon. Mimosa cake Italy First created in Rieti in the 1950s, the name comes from the small pieces of sponge cake scattered on the surface, which resemble mimosa flowers in shape. Misérable cake Belgium A traditional Belgian almond sponge cake. Molten chocolate cake France/United States A popular dessert that combines the elements of a flourless chocolate cake and a soufflé. It is also known as a lava cake. Mooncake China A Chinese bakery product traditionally eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival. Moravian sugar cake Pennsylvania German Country /United States A sweet coffee cake that originated in the colonial Moravian Church. It is made with a sweet yeast dough enriched with mashed potatoes and topped with a mixture of melted butter, brown sugar, and cinnamon. Napoleonskake  NorwayDenmarkIcelandSwedenFinlandEstonia A cake that is similar to tompouce, with different flavors like caramel or carob. Napoleonshat  Denmark A marzipan based cake shaped like a Napoleon's Hat and dipped in dark chocolate. Nonnette France A small gingerbread cake with honey and orange marmalade. Onion cake East Asia, Central Asia & Southeast Asia A savory or sweet cake prepared with onion as a primary ingredient. Opera cake France A dessert with layers of ganache and sponge cake soaked in coffee syrup. Oponki or Pączki Poland A round, spongy yeast cake with a sweet topping. Orange and polenta cake Italy A cake made with oranges and polenta. Ostkaka Sweden A Swedish cheesecake typically eaten with a jam or cordial sauce. Othellolagkage Denmark A layer cake with sponge cake, cream, chocolate, raspberry, egg, vanilla, and marzipan. Pain d'épices Reims and Alsace, France A French quick bread containing rye flour, honey, and spices. Pain de Gênes Genoa, France A cake made primarily from almond paste, eggs, and melted butter. Pão de Ló Italy A sponge cake traditionally made by Italian Jewish families for Passover. Pancake United States, Canada A flat, round cake made with eggs, milk, and flour. Pandan cake Malaysia Indonesia A light, fluffy, green-colored sponge cake. The ingredients are flour, eggs, butter or margarine, sugar, and pandan leaf. Panettone Italy A sweet bread containing candied citrus and raisins. Panpepato Italy A round, sweet cake filled with nuts such as almonds, hazelnuts, and pine nuts. Paris–Brest France A dessert made of choux pastry and praline flavored cream. Parkin United Kingdom A gingerbread cake made with treacle and oats. Parrozzo Abruzzo, Italy A cake made with semolina and almond flour and then covered with dark chocolate. Pavlova AustraliaNew Zealand A cake named after Anna Pavlova and made with meringue. Petit Gâteau France A small chocolate cake that is usually served with ice cream. Petits fours France A French dessert made from sponge cake cut into small cubes and coated with fondant icing; the cake is sometimes filled with marzipan and/or jam. Pryanik Poland A type of gingerbread spiced with cinnamon, ginger, cloves and cardamom. Piñata Smash Cake Mexico A sponge cake with a candy and cream filling that is smashed open in a manner similar to a piñata. Pineapple cake Taiwan A Taiwanese sweet traditional pastry containing butter, flour, eggs, sugar, and pineapple jam or slices. Plum cake United Kingdom (England) The name plum cake has referred to fruitcake prepared with dried plum and spices in England since around 1700; today, it refers to a cake prepared with dried fruits (such as raisins) as the primary ingredients. Poffertjes NetherlandsBelgiumLuxembourgGermanySwitzerlandAustria A traditional batter treat made with yeast and buckwheat flour that resembles small, fluffy pancakes. Pound cake United Kingdom A cake traditionally made with a pound each of its four main ingredients (flour, butter, eggs, and sugar); today, ingredient proportions vary. Princess cake Sweden A cake with alternating layers of sponge cake and whipped cream followed a layer of fresh raspberries and a layer of custard; all these layers are topped with a layer of marzipan. Prinzregententorte Germany A torte consisting of at least six thin layers of sponge cake layered with chocolate buttercream and covered in dark chocolate glaze. Punschkrapfen Austria A dessert with a base of either cake crumbs or sponge cake that is then filled with nougat and jam and soaked with rum. It is covered with a thick rum sugar glaze and topped with chocolate and/or a cocktail cherry. Puto Philippines A dish consisting of steamed rice cakes, traditionally made from slightly fermented rice dough. They are eaten as is or as an accompaniment to a number of savory dishes. Putu Indonesia A traditional cylindrical-shaped and green-colored steamed cake. The cake is made of rice flour called suji and that is colored green with pandan extract, filled with palm sugar, steamed in bamboo tubes, and served with grated coconut. Queen cake United Kingdom A soft, muffin-sized cake that gained popularity around the early 18th century; it contains currants and is flavored with mace and orange or lemon water. Queen Elizabeth cake Canada A moist date cake with a coconut topping. Raisin cake Germany A cake prepared with raisins as a primary ingredient. Randalín Iceland A multi-layered cake made from almond or cardamom biscuit and plum jam. Red bean cake JapanChina A cake made with hardened red bean paste. Red velvet cake United States A soft chocolate cake that is colored red and topped with cream cheese icing. Rock cake United Kingdom A small, rough cake that typically includes flavorings such as currants and candied peel. Rum baba France, Italy A small yeast cake soaked with rum and sometimes filled with cream. Rum cake Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago A cake that traditionally contains dried fruit soaked in rum. Ruske kape BosniaSerbia A dessert consisting of alternating layers of vanilla and chocolate cake; this base is then topped with chocolate and decorated with coconut at the edges. Sachertorte Austria A sweet chocolate butter cake that is filled with apricot jam and frosted with chocolate fondant icing; it is traditionally served with whipped cream. Sachima China A pastry composed of strands of fried batter held together by sugar syrup. Šakotis / Sękacz LithuaniaPoland A traditional cake created by painting layers of dough onto a spit rotating over an open fire. Sans rival Philippines A cake composed of layers of buttercream, meringue, and chopped cashews. Santiago cake Spain (Galicia) An almond cake topped with a Santiago cross design in powdered sugar. Serabi Indonesia A traditional pancake that is made from rice flour with coconut milk or shredded coconut as an emulsifier and eaten with thick golden-brown coconut sugar syrup. Sernik Poland A Polish cheesecake made with twaróg. Sesame seed cake United States, Asia A cake made of sesame seeds, often with honey as a sweetener. Sfouf Lebanon An almond-semolina cake flavored with turmeric, sesame paste, anise, and pine nuts. Sheet cake United States A cake baked in a large, flat rectangular pan, such as a sheet or jelly roll pan. Simnel cake United Kingdom A layered fruitcake that includes marzipan. Smith Island Cake United States A dessert consisting of 8 to 15 thin layers of cake alternating with chocolate buttercream; condensed or evaporated milk is commonly used. Smörgåstårta SwedenEstoniaFinland Denmark Norway Iceland A Scandinavian "sandwich cake" with ingredients similar to a sandwich and a large enough amount of filling to make it resemble a layered cream cake. Snow skin mooncake Hong Kong A type of mooncake eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival that was developed by a bakery in Hong Kong as an alternative to traditional mooncakes, which are made with ingredients such as salted duck egg yolks and lotus seed paste that result in a high level of sugar and oil. Snowball cake United States A chocolate cake covered with marshmallow frosting and coconut flakes. Soufflé France Fluffy cakes that are traditionally served in the ramekins they were baked in and consist mostly of beaten eggs and sugar. Spekkoek Indonesia A multi-layered cake containing cinnamon, clove, mace, and anise. Spettekaka Scania and Halland, Sweden A Swedish variation on a spit cake made from potato flour. Spice cake North America A cake flavored with spices such as cinnamon, cloves, allspice, ginger, or mace. Spiku Indonesia A cake with similar ingredients to a spekkoek that only has three layers of vanilla and chocolate cake. Spit cake Ancient Greece A term that can refer to any number of hollow, cylindrical cakes prepared on a rotating spit in several European countries. Sponge cake United Kingdom A light cake made with egg whites, flour, and sugar. St. Honoré cake France A dessert consisting of a puff pastry base, a ring of pâte à choux, sugared profiteroles, and crème chiboust filling. Stack cake United States A stack of cakes made with molasses and layered with some form of apple filling. Strawberry cake United States Canada France A cake that uses strawberry as a primary ingredient. Streuselkuchen Germany A yeast cake topped with streusel. Suncake Taiwan A popular Taiwanese dessert originally from the city of Taichung. The typical fillings consist of condensed malt sugar, and the cakes are usually sold in special gift boxes as souvenirs for visitors. Swiss roll United Kingdom United States Canada A roll cake of varying colors filled with jam or some sort of cream; despite its name, the cake was not developed in Switzerland. Tarte Tatin France A dessert consisting of various fruits, such as apples or pears, that are caramelized in a pan and then topped with puff pastry and baked in the oven. Tea loaf United Kingdom A sweet bread containing currants and sultanas that are soaked in tea. Teacake United Kingdom A baked good meant to be eaten with tea. Tiramisu Italy A dessert consisting of several layers of ladyfingers dipped in espresso and occasionally alcohol such as Marsala wine and a cream made from mascarpone, eggs, and sugar. Traditionally sprinkled with cocoa powder and served chilled. Tompouce Netherlands A rectangular dessert made of two layers of puff pastry filled with yellow pastry cream and topped with smooth white icing. Torta Barozzi Italy A flourless chocolate cake flavored with rum, coffee, and almonds. Torta caprese Capri, Italy A chocolate cake made with almonds or hazelnuts. Torta alla Monferrina Monferrato, Italy An autumn cake made from pumpkin, apples and sugar and flavored with dried figs, amaretti, chocolate, and rum. Torta della nonna Italy Torta della nonna is a dessert typical of the region of Tuscany in Italy. It is a sweet pastry cake filled with vanilla-flavored custard and covered with pine nuts and confectioner's sugar. Torta delle rose Italy A Mantuan and Brescian cake that is made with leavened dough rich in butter and sugar. The dough is rolled up and placed in the baking tin so that it takes the cake's characteristic shape of a basket of rosebuds, hence the name. Torta setteveli Palermo, Sicily, Italy A seven-layer cake that includes chocolate and hazelnuts. Torta Tre Monti Italy (San Marino) A cake with alternating layers of thin wafers and chocolate or hazelnut cream. Træstammer Denmark A log-shaped cake made from cocoa powder, sugar, butter, rum, marzipan, and chocolate. Tres leches cake MexicoCosta RicaNicaraguaColombiaSpain A sponge cake soaked with evaporated milk, condensed milk, and heavy or sour cream. Tunis cake ScotlandNorthern Ireland A Madeira cake covered with a thick layer of chocolate and decorated with marzipan. Tuxedo cake Unknown A sheet or circular cake with layers of chocolate cake, chocolate mousse, whipping cream and sometimes a layer of vanilla sponge cake. The dark and light colours of the cake are meant to resemble a tuxedo. Twinkie United States . Ube cake Philippines A traditional Filipino chiffon cake or sponge cake made with ube halaya. Ul boov Mongolia A layered biscuit stamped with a unique design and served with aaruul. Upside-down cake United Kingdom A cake baked with its toppings (usually fruit such as pineapples) at the bottom of the pan. Before serving, the cake is flipped to be right-side up. Vestfirskar hveitikökur Iceland The Icelandic Westfjords wheatcakes are eaten both everyday and for festive occasions, but many consider them indispensable during Christmas. In the past, they were baked or fried on stoves like flat cakes, but today most people use a pan or a pancake pan and let them bake or toast in the dry pan. Victoria sponge cake United Kingdom A cake named after Queen Victoria, typically consisting of jam and whipped double cream or vanilla cream sandwiched between two sponge cakes; the top of the cake is decorated with a dusting of icing sugar. Wacky cake Unknown (Possibly the United Kingdom or the United States) A cake made without eggs, butter or milk. Wacky cake may have been created as the result of rationing during World War II, when milk and eggs were scarce. The eggless batter means that the structure of the cake is entirely supported by gluten, which is strengthened by the acidic vinegar and salt. Watergate cake United States A pistachio cake which shares its name with the Watergate scandal of the 1970s Wedding cake Unknown A cake that is traditionally served at weddings. In the UK, the wedding cake is served at a wedding breakfast, a shared meal held after the ceremony (not necessarily in the morning). In other Western cultures, the cake is usually on display and served to guests at the reception. Welsh cake United Kingdom (Wales) A sweet bread, usually made with currants, that is traditionally cooked on a bakestone. White cake A vanilla flavored cake made without egg yolks. Whoopie pies United States A dessert made of two round pieces of chocolate cake with a sweet, creamy frosting serving as the filling. Wine cake Colombia A cake made with wine. Wingko Indonesia A traditional pancake made mainly of coconut. Yema cake Philippines A chiffon cake with a custard filling known as yema. Zuger Kirschtorte Switzerland A cake made with layers of nut meringue, sponge cake and buttercream. It is flavored with kirschwasser. Zuppa Inglese Italy A layered dessert consisting of sponge cake soaked in Alchermes and custard. See also Food portalLists portal List of baked goods List of breads List of buns List of desserts List of pancakes List of pastries List of pies, tarts and flans Pop out cake Rice cake Fish cake References ^ Goldstein, D.; Mintz, S. (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. p. 739. ISBN 978-0-19-931362-4. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Ojakangas, B.A. (1987). Great Old-Fashioned American Desserts. University of Minnesota Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4529-0711-6. ^ Jacob, J.; Ashkenazi, M. (2014). The World Cookbook: The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe, 2nd Edition : The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe. ABC-CLIO. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-61069-469-8. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ "The Best Lotus Biscoff Cake with Cookie Butter Frosting". 2022-12-28. Retrieved 2022-12-30. ^ Edgren, John (April 3, 2017). "Budapestlängd går snabbt och enkelt". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Weiss, L. (2016). Classic German Baking: The Very Best Recipes for Traditional Favorites, from Gugelhupf to Streuselkuchen. Ten Speed Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-60774-825-0. Retrieved February 3, 2017. ^ Richardson, A.; Young, G. (2014). The Wisdom of the Chinese Kitchen: Classic Family Recipes for Celebration and Healing. Simon & Schuster. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-1-4391-4256-1. ^ "Tom's Cookbook Library: A fine new twist on Tres Leches cake". Kane County Chronicle. October 17, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Thompson, H.; Peacock, R.; Sharpe, P. (2009). Dallas Classic Desserts. Classic Recipes Series (in Italian). Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-58980-624-5. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ "Cuatro Leches Cake : Ingredients". Your Koseli. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ May, Gareth (May 26, 2017). "Look away, Mary Berry: I learned the art of erotic cake decorating". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ a b Turner, T. (2016). Aarhus Travel Guide 2017: Must-see attractions, wonderful hotels, excellent restaurants, valuable tips and so much more!. 2017 Travel Guides. T Turner. p. 67. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ "The Funing cake was traced from the workshop black and doping a variety of low-quality additives" (in Chinese). Chinese network news. February 1, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012. ^ a b c Jensen, B. (2011). Sweet on Denmark. Images Publishing Group. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-86470-350-4. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Ray, M.; Jonath, L.; Frankeny, F. (2011). Miette: Recipes from San Francisco's Most Charming Pastry Shop. Chronicle Books LLC. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4521-0735-6. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Asian Folklore Institute; Society for Asian Folklore; Nanzan Daigaku. Jinruigaku Kenkyūjo; Nanzan Shūkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo (1997). Asian Folklore Studies. Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology. p. 267. Retrieved February 2, 2021. ^ Davidson, A.; Jaine, T. (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions. OUP Oxford. p. 625. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ "Kardinalschnitte". www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at (in German (formal address)). Retrieved 2021-07-17. ^ a b Long, L.M. (2015). Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4422-2731-6. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Ode, Kim (April 9, 2014). "A babka's distinctive swirls make this chocolate bread a spectacular treat". The Buffalo News. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ "Recipe: Chocolate Cinnamon Babka". Star Tribune. February 13, 1990. Retrieved May 26, 2017. (subscription required) ^ "Lemon Cake". BAKERpedia. 23 March 2016. Retrieved 2020-12-22. ^ Chu, Louisa (May 23, 2017). "Portillo's bringing back lemon cake, thanks to man who offered $300 for it". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Longbotham, L.; Miksch, A. (2012). Luscious Lemon Desserts (in Italian). Chronicle Books LLC. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4521-2394-3. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ "Torta Mimosa, il fiore più dolce che c'è". La Cucina Italiana (in Italian). 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2022-04-26. ^ Madisson, R.J. (2016). Manic Mouths. Xlibris US. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-5144-5927-0. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ a b Jensen, B. (2011). Sweet on Denmark. Images Publishing Group. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-86470-350-4. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Griffith, L.; Griffith, F. (2002). Onions, Onions, Onions: Delicious Recipes for the World's Favorite Secret Ingredient. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-547-34638-0. ^ Prince, Rose (June 15, 2012). "Rose Prince's Baking Club: orange and polenta cake". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ a b Jensen, B. (2011). Sweet on Denmark. Images Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-86470-350-4. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ a b Simeti, M.T.; Grammatico, M. (2015). Bitter Almonds: Recollections and Recipes from a Sicilian Girlhood. Open Road Distribution. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-5040-2625-3. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Kaufman, Sheilah. "Sponge Cake - Pan Di Spagna". JW Magazine. Jewish Women International. Retrieved 6 December 2015. ^ a b Strybel, R.; Strybel, M. (2005). Polish Heritage Cookery. Hippocrene Books. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-7818-1124-8. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Selkirk, Diane. "The mysterious origins of the piñata". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2021-01-29. ^ "La torta delle rose". www.aifb.it. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2022-04-26. ^ "Træstammer gik som varmt brød i Hjordkær". jv.dk (in Danish). March 20, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ "Gamaldags hveitikökur - bæði hversdags og til hátíðarbrigða - Matland". 20 December 2022. ^ Bracken, Peg (1960). I Hate to Cook Book. Harcourt Brace. ASIN B001C4NMQW. ^ Corriher, Shirley (2008). Bakewise: The Hows and Whys of Successful Baking with over 200 Magnificent Recipes. ISBN 9781416560838. External links Media related to Cakes at Wikimedia Commons vteCakesList of cakesButter cakes Babka Banana bread Gâteau nantais Gooey butter cake Pound cake Cheesecakes Fiadone Japanese cheesecake Ostkaka Ube cheesecake Smoked salmon cheesecake Tu Nut cakes Brazil nut cake Castagnaccio Chestnut cake Falculelle Financier Neccio Pain de Gênes Chocolatecakes Amandine Batik cake Black Forest gateau Blackout cake Chocolate brownie Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Joffre cake Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Fruitcakes Apple cake Banana cake Bánh chuối Black bun Bolo-rei Cherry cake Clementine cake Crema de fruta Dundee cake Fig cake Genoa cake Jewish apple cake Kornigou Mango cake Mango float Panforte Panpepato Plum cake Queen Elizabeth cake Raisin cake Torta alla Monferrina Layer cakes Angel cake Bolo fiado Buckwheat gateau Cassata Chantilly cake Coconut cake Devil's food cake Doberge cake Dobos torte Esterházy torte Flan cake Gâteau magique Liver cake Maria Luisa cake Cremeschnitte Šampita Tompouce Princess cake Prinzregententorte Rainbow cake Sarawak cake Smith Island cake Spekkoek Torta setteveli Torta Tre Monti Torte Vínarterta Spit cakes Baumkuchen Kürtőskalács (Chimney cake) Šakotis Spettekaka Trdelník Spongecakes Bahulu Bánh bò Battenberg cake Boston cream pie Buko pandan cake Bundt cake Castella Charlotte Coffee and walnut cake Donauwelle Fanta cake Frankfurter Kranz French Fancy Frog cake Génoise Hot milk cake Lady Baltimore cake Ladyfinger Lamington Madeira cake Madeleine Mantecada Marry girl cake Misérable cake Opera cake Pandan cake Paper wrapped cake Pionono Red velvet cake Rum cake Shortcake Spice cake Swiss roll Tres leches cake Upside-down cake Foam cakesand meringue Angel food cake Brazo de Mercedes Chiffon cake Dacquoise Kyiv cake Mamón Mango cake Pavlova Sans rival Spanische Windtorte Ube cake Yema cake Zuger Kirschtorte Yeast cakes Banbury cake Berlingozzo Bienenstich Breudher Cacavellu Campanile Canestru Chorley cake Cozonac Date and walnut loaf Easter bread Flies' graveyard Gugelhupf Inuliata Portuguese sweet bread Pandoro Rum baba Streuselkuchen Specialoccasions Birthday cake Buccellato Christmas cake Bûche de Noël Pan de Pascua Groom's cake Halloween cake King cake Rosca de reyes Kransekake Lekach Love cake Marry girl cake Mooncake Pască Pop out cake Simnel cake Soul cake Stack cake Stollen Strenna Wedding cake Other Basbousa Beer cake Better than sex cake Bizcocho Bulla cake Cake balls Cake pop Carrot cake Coffee cake Cupcake Gingerbread house man Heavy cake Ice cream cake Ispanaklı kek Kue Kuih Lolly cake Louise cake Mané pelado Marble cake Nonnette Ontbijtkoek Pain d'épices Pancake Parkin Parrozzo Petit four Punschkrapfen Rice cake Ruske kape Soufflé Sugee cake Sweetheart cake Teacake Tiramisu Watergate cake Welsh cake Food portal Category vteDessertsList of dessertsTypes Cake Candies Cookies Custards Doughnuts Fruit preserves Frozen desserts 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Ancient Bacon substitutes Baozi Brand name snacks Breakfast Cereals Drinks Brunch Chifa Christmas Chutneys Coconut Coconut milk Coffee Comfort Hangover remedies Hors d'oeuvre Tapas Made from maple Mushroom Pastries Pies, tarts and flans Porridges Relishes Sandwiches Soul Spit-roasted Street Syrups Tortilla-based Traditional Food portal  Category: Lists of foods
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake"}],"text":"The following is a list of types of dessert cakes by country of origin and distinctive ingredients. The majority of the cakes contain some kind of flour, egg, and sugar. Cake is often served as a celebratory dish on ceremonial occasions such as weddings, anniversaries, and birthdays.","title":"List of cakes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_cakes"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.","title":"Cakes"}]
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[{"reference":"Goldstein, D.; Mintz, S. (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. p. 739. ISBN 978-0-19-931362-4. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XPNgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT739","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931362-4","url_text":"978-0-19-931362-4"}]},{"reference":"Ojakangas, B.A. (1987). Great Old-Fashioned American Desserts. University of Minnesota Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4529-0711-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Ojakangas","url_text":"Ojakangas, B.A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N71EjBL2hmMC&pg=PA239","url_text":"Great Old-Fashioned American Desserts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0711-6","url_text":"978-1-4529-0711-6"}]},{"reference":"Jacob, J.; Ashkenazi, M. (2014). The World Cookbook: The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe, 2nd Edition [4 Volumes]: The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe. ABC-CLIO. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-61069-469-8. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GmqEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10","url_text":"The World Cookbook: The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe, 2nd Edition [4 Volumes]: The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-469-8","url_text":"978-1-61069-469-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Best Lotus Biscoff Cake with Cookie Butter Frosting\". 2022-12-28. Retrieved 2022-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://jamilghar.com/biscoff-cake/","url_text":"\"The Best Lotus Biscoff Cake with Cookie Butter Frosting\""}]},{"reference":"Edgren, John (April 3, 2017). \"Budapestlängd går snabbt och enkelt\". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/matvin/article23764355.ab","url_text":"\"Budapestlängd går snabbt och enkelt\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, L. (2016). Classic German Baking: The Very Best Recipes for Traditional Favorites, from Gugelhupf to Streuselkuchen. Ten Speed Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-60774-825-0. Retrieved February 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3GYYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82","url_text":"Classic German Baking: The Very Best Recipes for Traditional Favorites, from Gugelhupf to Streuselkuchen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-825-0","url_text":"978-1-60774-825-0"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, A.; Young, G. (2014). The Wisdom of the Chinese Kitchen: Classic Family Recipes for Celebration and Healing. Simon & Schuster. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-1-4391-4256-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rb7BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134","url_text":"The Wisdom of the Chinese Kitchen: Classic Family Recipes for Celebration and Healing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4256-1","url_text":"978-1-4391-4256-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom's Cookbook Library: A fine new twist on Tres Leches cake\". Kane County Chronicle. October 17, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shawlocal.com/2016/10/17/toms-cookbook-library-a-fine-new-twist-on-tres-leches-cake/aggxuma/","url_text":"\"Tom's Cookbook Library: A fine new twist on Tres Leches cake\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, H.; Peacock, R.; Sharpe, P. (2009). Dallas Classic Desserts. Classic Recipes Series (in Italian). Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-58980-624-5. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EmTgxNbhvmQC","url_text":"Dallas Classic Desserts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58980-624-5","url_text":"978-1-58980-624-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuatro Leches Cake : Ingredients\". Your Koseli. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://yourkoseli.com/cuatro-leches-cake-ingredients/","url_text":"\"Cuatro Leches Cake : Ingredients\""}]},{"reference":"May, Gareth (May 26, 2017). \"Look away, Mary Berry: I learned the art of erotic cake decorating\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/features/look-away-mary-berry-i-learned-the-art-of-erotic-cake-decorating/","url_text":"\"Look away, Mary Berry: I learned the art of erotic cake decorating\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/food-and-drink/features/look-away-mary-berry-i-learned-the-art-of-erotic-cake-decorating/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Turner, T. (2016). Aarhus Travel Guide 2017: Must-see attractions, wonderful hotels, excellent restaurants, valuable tips and so much more!. 2017 Travel Guides. T Turner. p. 67. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CxQ9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT67","url_text":"Aarhus Travel Guide 2017: Must-see attractions, wonderful hotels, excellent restaurants, valuable tips and so much more!"}]},{"reference":"\"The Funing cake was traced from the workshop black and doping a variety of low-quality additives\" (in Chinese). Chinese network news. February 1, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.china.com.cn/local/2012-02/01/content_24525039.htm","url_text":"\"The Funing cake was traced from the workshop black and doping a variety of low-quality additives\""}]},{"reference":"Jensen, B. (2011). Sweet on Denmark. Images Publishing Group. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-86470-350-4. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hejiOa5gg3cC&pg=PA32","url_text":"Sweet on Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86470-350-4","url_text":"978-1-86470-350-4"}]},{"reference":"Ray, M.; Jonath, L.; Frankeny, F. (2011). Miette: Recipes from San Francisco's Most Charming Pastry Shop. Chronicle Books LLC. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4521-0735-6. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Paefqk3kgewC&pg=PA24","url_text":"Miette: Recipes from San Francisco's Most Charming Pastry Shop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-0735-6","url_text":"978-1-4521-0735-6"}]},{"reference":"Asian Folklore Institute; Society for Asian Folklore; Nanzan Daigaku. Jinruigaku Kenkyūjo; Nanzan Shūkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo (1997). Asian Folklore Studies. Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology. p. 267. Retrieved February 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IrXfAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Asian Folklore Studies"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, A.; Jaine, T. (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions. OUP Oxford. p. 625. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA625","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-104072-6","url_text":"978-0-19-104072-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Kardinalschnitte\". www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at (in German (formal address)). Retrieved 2021-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Kardinalschnitte","url_text":"\"Kardinalschnitte\""}]},{"reference":"Long, L.M. (2015). Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4422-2731-6. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA364","url_text":"Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2731-6","url_text":"978-1-4422-2731-6"}]},{"reference":"Ode, Kim (April 9, 2014). \"A babka's distinctive swirls make this chocolate bread a spectacular treat\". The Buffalo News. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://buffalonews.com/2014/04/09/a-babkas-distinctive-swirls-make-this-chocolate-bread-a-spectacular-treat/","url_text":"\"A babka's distinctive swirls make this chocolate bread a spectacular treat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recipe: Chocolate Cinnamon Babka\". Star Tribune. February 13, 1990. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/recipe-chocolate-cinnamon-babka/249913421/","url_text":"\"Recipe: Chocolate Cinnamon Babka\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lemon Cake\". BAKERpedia. 23 March 2016. Retrieved 2020-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://bakerpedia.com/processes/lemon-cake/","url_text":"\"Lemon Cake\""}]},{"reference":"Chu, Louisa (May 23, 2017). \"Portillo's bringing back lemon cake, thanks to man who offered $300 for it\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/ct-portillos-lemon-cake-back-reddit-fan-story.html","url_text":"\"Portillo's bringing back lemon cake, thanks to man who offered $300 for it\""}]},{"reference":"Longbotham, L.; Miksch, A. (2012). Luscious Lemon Desserts (in Italian). Chronicle Books LLC. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4521-2394-3. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b11CaUOneb8C&pg=PA19","url_text":"Luscious Lemon Desserts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-2394-3","url_text":"978-1-4521-2394-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Torta Mimosa, il fiore più dolce che c'è\". La Cucina Italiana (in Italian). 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2022-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lacucinaitaliana.it/news/cucina/come-preparare-la-torta-mimosa-ricetta/","url_text":"\"Torta Mimosa, il fiore più dolce che c'è\""}]},{"reference":"Madisson, R.J. (2016). Manic Mouths. Xlibris US. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-5144-5927-0. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jIeZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66","url_text":"Manic Mouths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5144-5927-0","url_text":"978-1-5144-5927-0"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, B. (2011). Sweet on Denmark. Images Publishing Group. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-86470-350-4. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hejiOa5gg3cC&pg=PA29","url_text":"Sweet on Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86470-350-4","url_text":"978-1-86470-350-4"}]},{"reference":"Griffith, L.; Griffith, F. (2002). Onions, Onions, Onions: Delicious Recipes for the World's Favorite Secret Ingredient. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-547-34638-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xPhL4amK-HoC&pg=PA122","url_text":"Onions, Onions, Onions: Delicious Recipes for the World's Favorite Secret Ingredient"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34638-0","url_text":"978-0-547-34638-0"}]},{"reference":"Prince, Rose (June 15, 2012). \"Rose Prince's Baking Club: orange and polenta cake\". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/9334373/Rose-Princes-Baking-Club-orange-and-polenta-cake.html","url_text":"\"Rose Prince's Baking Club: orange and polenta cake\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/9334373/Rose-Princes-Baking-Club-orange-and-polenta-cake.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, B. (2011). Sweet on Denmark. Images Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-86470-350-4. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hejiOa5gg3cC&pg=PA30","url_text":"Sweet on Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86470-350-4","url_text":"978-1-86470-350-4"}]},{"reference":"Simeti, M.T.; Grammatico, M. (2015). Bitter Almonds: Recollections and Recipes from a Sicilian Girlhood. Open Road Distribution. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-5040-2625-3. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vn7HCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT101","url_text":"Bitter Almonds: Recollections and Recipes from a Sicilian Girlhood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-2625-3","url_text":"978-1-5040-2625-3"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Sheilah. \"Sponge Cake - Pan Di Spagna\". JW Magazine. Jewish Women International. Retrieved 6 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jwi.org/page.aspx?pid=1901#sthash.MRjS1WLw.dpbs","url_text":"\"Sponge Cake - Pan Di Spagna\""}]},{"reference":"Strybel, R.; Strybel, M. (2005). Polish Heritage Cookery. Hippocrene Books. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-7818-1124-8. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UtA6-pyGJmMC&pg=PA654","url_text":"Polish Heritage Cookery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1124-8","url_text":"978-0-7818-1124-8"}]},{"reference":"Selkirk, Diane. \"The mysterious origins of the piñata\". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2021-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170331-the-mysterious-origins-of-the-piata","url_text":"\"The mysterious origins of the piñata\""}]},{"reference":"\"La torta delle rose\". www.aifb.it. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2022-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aifb.it/calendario-del-cibo/giornata-nazionale-della-torta-delle-rose/","url_text":"\"La torta delle rose\""}]},{"reference":"\"Træstammer gik som varmt brød i Hjordkær\". jv.dk (in Danish). March 20, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jv.dk/artikel/2489615","url_text":"\"Træstammer gik som varmt brød i Hjordkær\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gamaldags hveitikökur - bæði hversdags og til hátíðarbrigða - Matland\". 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://matland.is/matur/gamaldags-hveitikokur-eru-omissandi-um-jolin/","url_text":"\"Gamaldags hveitikökur - bæði hversdags og til hátíðarbrigða - Matland\""}]},{"reference":"Bracken, Peg (1960). I Hate to Cook Book. Harcourt Brace. ASIN B001C4NMQW.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Brace","url_text":"Harcourt Brace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001C4NMQW","url_text":"B001C4NMQW"}]},{"reference":"Corriher, Shirley (2008). Bakewise: The Hows and Whys of Successful Baking with over 200 Magnificent Recipes. ISBN 9781416560838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416560838","url_text":"9781416560838"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Division_(Yugoslav_Partisans)
13th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)
["1 Notes","2 References"]
13th Primorsko-Goranska DivisionFlag of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (used by the Partisans)Active1943–1945CountryDemocratic Federal YugoslaviaBranchYugoslav Partisan ArmyTypeInfantrySize1,986 (upon formation)Part of11th CorpsEngagementsWorld War II in YugoslaviaCommandersNotablecommandersVeljko KovačevićMilitary unit The 13th Primorsko-Goranska Assault Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Trinaesta primorsko-goranska udarna divizija) was a Yugoslav Partisan division formed in Brinje on 19 April 1943. On the day of its formation it consisted of 1,986 soldiers in two brigades: the 6th and 14th Primorsko-Goranska Brigades. Commander of the brigade was Veljko Kovačević while its political commissar was Josip Skočilić. The division mostly operated in the regions of Croatian Littoral and Gorski Kotar. In January 1944, the division became part of the 11th Corps. By the end of the war the division grew in size to around 5,600 soldiers. Notes ^ "Primorsko" part of the name refers to Croatian Littoral, while "Goranska" part refers to Gorski Kotar References ^ Vojni leksikon. Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački zavod. 1981. p. 1100. ^ Vojna Enciklopedija tom X. Belgrade. 1975. pp. 130–131.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) vteWorld War II in Yugoslavia1941 Invasion of Yugoslavia Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina May 1941 Sanski Most revolt June uprising in eastern Herzegovina Siege of Rogatica Olovo Uprising in Serbia Battle of Loznica Battle of Banja Koviljača Attack on Šabac Mačva operation Battle of Trešnjica Kruševac Kraljevo Operation Uzice Operation Mihailovic Novi Pazar Sjenica Uprising in Montenegro Battle of Pljevlja Uprising in Croatia Croatian Partisans Srb uprising Karadak-Gollak Uprising (1941–1951) 1942 Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren Operation Trio Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines Kozara Offensive Operation Alfa Operation Kopaonik 1943 Case White Case Black Siege of Turjak Operation Kugelblitz Battle of Višegrad 1944 Operations Kugelblitz and Schneesturm Operation Rösselsprung Operation Rübezahl Belgrade offensive Operation Draufgänger Battle of Jelova Gora Kosovo Operation Battle of Knin Battle of Tuzla Battle of Batina 1945 Syrmian Front Mostar operation Sarajevo Operation Battle of Lijevče Field Battle of Zelengora Battle of Poljana Battle of Odžak Croatia Zagreb in World War II Macedonia World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia Serbia Kosovo during World War II Slovenia World War II in the Slovene Lands Strategic bombing Belgrade 1941 1944 Podgorica Sarajevo Zadar Zagreb see also Factions in the Yugoslav Front People of the Yugoslav Front vteYugoslav Partisans military unitsArmies 1 2 3 4 Army Corps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 People's Defence Corps of Yugoslavia Divisions 1 (Proletarian) 2 (Proletarian) 3 (Assault) 4 (Krajina) 5 (Krajina) 6 (Lika) 7 (Banija) 8 (Kordun) 9 (Dalmatian) 10 (Krajina) 11 (Krajina) 12 (Slavonian) 13 (Primorje-Gorski Kotar) 14 (Slovenian) 15 (Slovenian) 16 (Vojvodina) 17 (East Bosnian) 18 (Slovenian) 19 (Dalmatian) 20 (Dalmatian) 21 (Serbian) 22 (Serbian) 23 (Serbian) 24 (Serbian) 25 (Serbian) 26 (Dalmatian) 27 (East Bosnian) 28 (Slavonian) 29 (Herzegovina) 30 (Slovenian) 31 (Slovenian) 32 (Zagorje) 33 (Croatian) 34 (Croatian) 35 (Lika) 36 (Vojvodina) 37 (Sandžak) 38 (East Bosnian) 39 (Krajina) 40 (Slavonian) 41 (Macedonian) 42 (Macedonian) 43 (Istrian) 45 (Serbian) 46 (Serbian) 47 (Serbian) 48 (Macedonian) 49 (Macedonian) 50 (Macedonian) 51 (Vojvodina) 52 (Kosovo-Metohija) 53 (Central Bosnian) Detachments 1st Sisak 1st Split Category This World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Vojni leksikon. Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački zavod. 1981. p. 1100.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vojna Enciklopedija tom X. Belgrade. 1975. pp. 130–131.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Zala_(sculptor)
György Zala (sculptor)
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 References","4 External links"]
Hungarian sculptor György Zala, 1887, photographed by Sándor Strelisky György Zala (1858 in Alsólendva, today Slovenija – 31 July 1937 in Budapest) (sometimes: Georg Zala) was a Hungarian sculptor. Along with Alajos Strobl and János Fadrusz, he is one of Hungary's leading public sculptors of the late 19th and early 20th century. Biography Ferenc Deák monument in Szeged Orphaned at the age of 8, Zala spent several years in schools in Városlőd and Pápa. He studied under Edmund Hellmer and Kaspar von Zumbusch at the Vienna Academy at the age of 21 and then under Josep Knábl, Max Wittman, Michael Wagmüller, and Eberle Siriusat at the Munich Academy. Along with Janos Fadrusz and Alajos Strobl, Zala studied at the Budapest Academy. Archangel Gabriel in Budapest His first work of renown upon his return to Hungary was a marble statue named "Mary and Magdalene" in 1884, winning the academy gold medal and the prize of the Hungarian Council of Fine Arts. His tombstone of József Csukássi won him a gold medal in Antwerp. While he began working on a statue of Adolf Huszár and didn't complete it; he did complete "The Martyrs of Arad" of the Liberty Monument in Arad in 1894 which included a statue of Mátyás Hunyadi. He was commissioned to produce numerous neo-baroque memorials including "Soldier" (1889–93), which is a cannon metal statue of a Honvéd (private soldier) on the Dísz Square in Budapest to commemorate the 'defenders of the homeland' who fought in the Hungarian War of Independence. He also created the equestrian statue of Gyula Andrássy with six other sculptors at the Millennium Memorial on Hősök Square in Budapest and a statue of the Archangel Gabriel at the same place which won a "Grand Prix" at the Paris exhibition of 1900. He also completed the statue "Queen Elizabeth" in Vienna in 1932, and in 1934, he collaborated with Antal Orbán to produce "Statue of István Tisza", a statue which no longer exists. Notable portraits include "Bust of Antal Ligeti" (1887), "Franz Josef I" (1905) in Kerepesi Cemetery, Budapest, the Ferenc Deák monument (1914) in Szeged, Jenő Zsigmondy, and Mór Jókai, and women such as Ilona Lukács (Béla Jármay's wife), Róza Laborfalvy and Lujza Blaha. Legacy György Zala plaque in Budapest Upon his death on 31 July 1937, Zala was given a state funeral and buried at Kerepesi Cemetery, with a tombstone made by Miklós Ligeti. The Hungarian National Gallery today is in possession of some 30 of Zala's works. A commemorative plaque to Zala is embedded in the pavement outside his former villa in Budapest. References ^ a b Simon, Andrew L. (1998). Made in Hungary: Hungarian contributions to universal culture. Simon Publications LLC. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-9665734-2-8. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ a b c d e "György Zala (Mayer)". Zalagyorgy.info. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ a b c "ZALA, György". Fine Arts in Hungary. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ a b Gerő, András; Patterson, James; Koncz, Enikő (28 December 1995). Modern Hungarian society in the making: the unfinished experience. Central European University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-85866-024-0. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ Kampis, Antal (1967). The history of art in Hungary. Wellingborough, Collets. p. 233. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ Phillips, Adrian; Scotchmer, Jo (15 August 2009). Hungary. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-84162-285-9. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ Wellner, István (1982). Budapest: a complete guide. Corvina Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-13-1489-2. Retrieved 14 February 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to György Zala. www.zalagyorgy.info Archived 2013-12-10 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Artists Musée d'Orsay RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zala_Gy%C3%B6rgy_Strelisky.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alsólendva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendava"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Alajos Strobl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alajos_Strobl"},{"link_name":"János Fadrusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Fadrusz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simon1998-1"}],"text":"György Zala, 1887, photographed by Sándor StreliskyGyörgy Zala (1858 in Alsólendva, today Slovenija – 31 July 1937 in Budapest) (sometimes: Georg Zala) was a Hungarian sculptor. Along with Alajos Strobl and János Fadrusz, he is one of Hungary's leading public sculptors of the late 19th and early 20th century.[1]","title":"György Zala (sculptor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szeged-deak_ferenc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Deák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Városlőd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1rosl%C5%91d"},{"link_name":"Pápa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZI-2"},{"link_name":"Edmund Hellmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hellmer"},{"link_name":"Kaspar von Zumbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspar_von_Zumbusch"},{"link_name":"Vienna Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Academy"},{"link_name":"Josep Knábl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josep_Kn%C3%A1bl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Max Wittman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Wittman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Wagmüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wagm%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Eberle Siriusat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eberle_Siriusat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Munich Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Academy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HA-3"},{"link_name":"Budapest Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budapest_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simon1998-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabor_arkangyal.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZI-2"},{"link_name":"József Csukássi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zsef_Csuk%C3%A1ssi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZI-2"},{"link_name":"Adolf Huszár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Husz%C3%A1r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad,_Romania"},{"link_name":"Mátyás Hunyadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_Hunyadi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ger%C5%91Patterson1995-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kampis1967-5"},{"link_name":"Honvéd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Landwehr"},{"link_name":"Dísz Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%ADsz_Square&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Hungarian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhillipsScotchmer2009-6"},{"link_name":"Gyula Andrássy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy"},{"link_name":"Millennium Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millennium_Memorial&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hősök Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%91s%C3%B6k_tere"},{"link_name":"Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wellner1982-7"},{"link_name":"Antal Orbán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antal_Orb%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HA-3"},{"link_name":"Antal Ligeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antal_Ligeti"},{"link_name":"Franz Josef I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_I"},{"link_name":"Kerepesi Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerepesi_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ger%C5%91Patterson1995-4"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Deák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Szeged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeged"},{"link_name":"Jenő Zsigmondy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Zsigmondy"},{"link_name":"Mór Jókai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3r_J%C3%B3kai"},{"link_name":"Ilona Lukács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilona_Luk%C3%A1cs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jármay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1rmay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Róza Laborfalvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B3za_Laborfalvy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lujza Blaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lujza_Blaha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZI-2"}],"text":"Ferenc Deák monument in SzegedOrphaned at the age of 8, Zala spent several years in schools in Városlőd and Pápa.[2] He studied under Edmund Hellmer and Kaspar von Zumbusch at the Vienna Academy at the age of 21 and then under Josep Knábl, Max Wittman, Michael Wagmüller, and Eberle Siriusat at the Munich Academy.[3] Along with Janos Fadrusz and Alajos Strobl, Zala studied at the Budapest Academy.[1]Archangel Gabriel in BudapestHis first work of renown upon his return to Hungary was a marble statue named \"Mary and Magdalene\" in 1884, winning the academy gold medal and the prize of the Hungarian Council of Fine Arts.[2] His tombstone of József Csukássi won him a gold medal in Antwerp.[2] While he began working on a statue of Adolf Huszár and didn't complete it; he did complete \"The Martyrs of Arad\" of the Liberty Monument in Arad in 1894 which included a statue of Mátyás Hunyadi.[4][5]He was commissioned to produce numerous neo-baroque memorials including \"Soldier\" (1889–93), which is a cannon metal statue of a Honvéd (private soldier) on the Dísz Square in Budapest to commemorate the 'defenders of the homeland' who fought in the Hungarian War of Independence.[6] He also created the equestrian statue of Gyula Andrássy with six other sculptors at the Millennium Memorial on Hősök Square in Budapest and a statue of the Archangel Gabriel at the same place which won a \"Grand Prix\" at the Paris exhibition of 1900.[7] He also completed the statue \"Queen Elizabeth\" in Vienna in 1932, and in 1934, he collaborated with Antal Orbán to produce \"Statue of István Tisza\", a statue which no longer exists.[3]Notable portraits include \"Bust of Antal Ligeti\" (1887), \"Franz Josef I\" (1905) in Kerepesi Cemetery, Budapest,[4] the Ferenc Deák monument (1914) in Szeged, Jenő Zsigmondy, and Mór Jókai, and women such as Ilona Lukács (Béla Jármay's wife), Róza Laborfalvy and Lujza Blaha.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gy%C3%B6rgy_Zala_plaque_Budapest14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miklós Ligeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Ligeti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZI-2"},{"link_name":"Hungarian National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HA-3"}],"text":"György Zala plaque in BudapestUpon his death on 31 July 1937, Zala was given a state funeral and buried at Kerepesi Cemetery, with a tombstone made by Miklós Ligeti.[2] The Hungarian National Gallery today is in possession of some 30 of Zala's works.[3] A commemorative plaque to Zala is embedded in the pavement outside his former villa in Budapest.","title":"Legacy"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funking_Conservatory
Funking Conservatory
["1 School","2 !Bang! TV","3 Championships","3.1 Current","3.2 Retired, defunct, and inactive championships","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Professional wrestling school Funking ConservatoryFounded1991StyleAmerican professional wrestlingHeadquartersOcala, FloridaFounder(s)Dory Funk Jr.Owner(s)Dory Funk Jr.Sister!Bang! Funkin' Dojo The Funking Conservatory is a professional wrestling school owned by Dory Funk Jr. and established in 1991. It started as a six-day camp, but it later expanded to a three-week program. In 2001, it began running a professional wrestling promotion called "!Bang!" Members of the school and promotion had a chance to appear on its television show !Bang! TV. School In 1999, while he was in semi-retirement, Dory Funk Jr. decided to open a professional wrestling camp to train professional wrestlers. It had a branch affiliated with the World Wrestling Federation called the "Funkin' Dojo." The Funking Conservatory began as a six-day camp, and it teaches wrestlers how to perform promos, conditioning, and weight training. They also train professional wrestling referees. The school accepts students starting at 14 years old. It also trains wrestlers in hardcore wrestling—focusing on safety—and includes a hardcore match in every show. It later expanded to a three-week program. In 2001, it began running a professional wrestling promotion called !Bang!. Members of the school and promotion had a chance to appear on its television show, !Bang! TV. Funk's wife Marti is a producer on the show in addition to acting as the photographer, videographer, and social media director for the school. In 2004, the school moved to the Dory Funk Arena in Ocala, Florida. It consists of a ring, sound stage, and locker rooms. !Bang! TV The promotion's !BANG! TV television tapings are held in the Dory Funk Arena on Saturday nights. Billed as "the most exciting pro-wrestling show on the air" and hosted by Dory Funk Jr., !Bang! TV transmitted weekly on WOGX TV-51, and also My65. A special one-off edition of !BANG! TV was shown on The Wrestling Channel to viewers in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The show also transmits online via their website. Championships Current Funking Conservatory World Heavyweight Championship Funking Conservatory Tag Team Championship Funking Conservatory United States Championship Funking Conservatory Florida Heavyweight Championship Funking Conservatory Television Championship Funking Conservatory Hardcore Championship Funking Conservatory Light Heavyweight Championship Funking Conservatory Women's Championship Retired, defunct, and inactive championships Funking Conservatory International Championship Funking Conservatory European Championship Funking Conservatory Premium Championship Funking Conservatory Queen of Hardcore Championship See also List of independent wrestling promotions in the United States References ^ a b c d e Molinaro, John (1999-09-21). "Funk Conservatory Dory's latest triumph". Slam Wrestling. Retrieved 2014-09-11. ^ a b c d e Mooneyham, Mike (2012-07-29). "Past meets future at wrestling's Funking Conservatory". The Post and Courier. Retrieved 2014-09-12. ^ a b Robinson, Jon (2003-10-31). "Dory Funk, Jr. Interview". IGN. Retrieved 2014-09-12. ^ Burton, Richard (2008-03-10). "Ex-champ Dory Funk leaves ring". Ocala Star Banner. Retrieved 2014-09-12. External links !Bang! website vte Professional wrestling in the United StatesActive promotionsNational promotions All Elite Wrestling Major League Wrestling National Wrestling Alliance Ring of Honor Total Nonstop Action Wrestling WWE Women's: Women of Wrestling Independent promotions AAW Wrestling All Pro Wrestling Beyond Wrestling Championship Wrestling Chaotic Wrestling Combat Zone Wrestling Deadlock Pro-Wrestling DEFY Wrestling East Coast Wrestling Association Empire Wrestling Federation Full Impact Pro Game Changer Wrestling Hoodslam House of Glory Independent Wrestling Federation Innovate Pro Wrestling Juggalo Championship Wrestling Kaiju Big Battel Keystone State Wrestling Alliance Main Event Championship Wrestling MCW Pro Wrestling Northeast Wrestling Ohio Valley Wrestling PCW Ultra Pro Wrestling Guerrilla Premiere Wrestling Xperience Reality of Wrestling Southern States Wrestling Ultra Championship Wrestling-Zero Warrior Wrestling World League Wrestling World Xtreme Wrestling Xtreme Pro Wrestling Women's: Shine Wrestling Sukeban Women Superstars United Women's Wrestling Army Puerto Rican promotions IWA Puerto Rico La Liga Wrestling World Wrestling Council Governing bodies and interpromotional alliances United Wrestling Network WWNLive Notable TV programs AEW Collision AEW Dynamite AEW Rampage TNA Impact! WWE NXT WWE Raw WWE SmackDown Notable streaming programs NWA Powerrr Ring of Honor Wrestling TNA Xplosion WWE Main Event WWE NXT Level Up WWE Speed Defunct promotionsNational promotions American Wrestling Association Extreme Championship Wrestling Jim Crockett Promotions Universal Wrestling Federation (Bill Watts) Universal Wrestling Federation (Herb Abrams) World Championship Wrestling Independent promotions and regional territories 50th State Big Time Wrestling American Wrestling Federation Assault Championship Wrestling Big Time Wrestling (Boston) Big Time Wrestling (Detroit) Big Time Wrestling (San Francisco) Capitol Wrestling Corporation Century Wrestling Alliance Championship Wrestling from Florida Chikara Continental Championship Wrestling Continental Wrestling Association CWF Mid-Atlantic Deep South Wrestling Dragon Gate USA Extreme Rising Evolve Family Wrestling Entertainment Florida Championship Wrestling Fred Kohler Enterprises Front Row Wrestling Future of Wrestling Georgia Championship Wrestling Global Force Wrestling Global Wrestling Federation Hardcore Homecoming Heart of America Sports Attractions Heartland Wrestling Association House of Hardcore Houston Wrestling Incredibly Strange Wrestling Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance International Championship Wrestling International World Class Championship Wrestling IWA Mid-South IWF Promotions Jersey All Pro Wrestling Mason-Dixon Wrestling Memphis Wrestling Memphis Championship Wrestling Metro Pro Wrestling Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation Millennium Wrestling Federation National Wrestling Conference National Wrestling Federation New England Championship Wrestling NOVA Pro Wrestling NWA Mid-America NWA San Francisco NWA Wildside OMEGA Championship Wrestling Pacific Northwest Wrestling Phoenix Championship Wrestling Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling Pro Wrestling America Resistance Pro Wrestling Ring Warriors Smoky Mountain Wrestling South Atlantic Pro Wrestling Southern Championship Wrestling (Georgia) Southwest Championship Wrestling St. Louis Wrestling Club Steel City Wrestling Texas All-Star Wrestling Texas Wrestling Academy Top Rope Promotions Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling Ultimate Pro Wrestling United States Wrestling Association Warriors 4 Christ Wrestling West Coast Wrestling Connection Western States Sports Windy City Pro Wrestling World Class Championship Wrestling World Wide Wrestling Alliance World Wrestling Alliance World Wrestling Association Worldwide Wrestling Associates World Wrestling Network Xcitement Wrestling Federation Women's: ChickFight Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling Ladies Major League Wrestling Ladies Professional Wrestling Association Naked Women's Wrestling League Professional Girl Wrestling Association Powerful Women of Wrestling Rise Wrestling Shimmer Women Athletes World Women's Wrestling Wrestlicious Governing bodies and interpromotional alliances American Wrestling Affiliates Global Professional Wrestling Alliance National Wrestling Association Pro Wrestling USA Wrestling Superstars Live Notable programs AEW Dark AEW Dark: Elevation AWA All-Star Wrestling AWA Championship Wrestling Before the Impact ECW Hardcore TV ECW on TNN ECW on Syfy Lucha Libre USA: Masked Warriors Lucha Underground MLW Fusion MLW Underground Wrestling NWA USA Superstars of Wrestling UWF Fury Hour WCW Monday Nitro WCW Thunder WCW Saturday Night WCW WorldWide Wrestling at the Chase Wrestling Society X WWE 205 Live WWE Heat WWE NXT UK WWE Superstars WWE Velocity Attendance records Hall of Fame History
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_school"},{"link_name":"Dory Funk Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dory_Funk_Jr."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triumph-1"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"}],"text":"The Funking Conservatory is a professional wrestling school owned by Dory Funk Jr. and established in 1991.[1] It started as a six-day camp, but it later expanded to a three-week program. In 2001, it began running a professional wrestling promotion called \"!Bang!\" Members of the school and promotion had a chance to appear on its television show !Bang! TV.","title":"Funking Conservatory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dory Funk Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dory_Funk_Jr."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triumph-1"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triumph-1"},{"link_name":"promos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promo_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"weight training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triumph-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-3"},{"link_name":"hardcore wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-3"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocala-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandc-2"},{"link_name":"Ocala, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandc-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandc-2"}],"text":"In 1999, while he was in semi-retirement, Dory Funk Jr. decided to open a professional wrestling camp to train professional wrestlers.[1] It had a branch affiliated with the World Wrestling Federation called the \"Funkin' Dojo.\"[1]The Funking Conservatory began as a six-day camp, and it teaches wrestlers how to perform promos, conditioning, and weight training.[1] They also train professional wrestling referees.[2] The school accepts students starting at 14 years old.[3] It also trains wrestlers in hardcore wrestling—focusing on safety—and includes a hardcore match in every show.It later expanded to a three-week program.[3] In 2001, it began running a professional wrestling promotion called !Bang!. Members of the school and promotion had a chance to appear on its television show, !Bang! TV. Funk's wife Marti is a producer on the show in addition to acting as the photographer, videographer, and social media director for the school.[4][2]In 2004, the school moved to the Dory Funk Arena in Ocala, Florida.[2] It consists of a ring, sound stage, and locker rooms.[2]","title":"School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandc-2"},{"link_name":"WOGX TV-51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOFL-TV"},{"link_name":"My65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRBW"},{"link_name":"The Wrestling Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrestling_Channel"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"}],"text":"The promotion's !BANG! TV television tapings are held in the Dory Funk Arena on Saturday nights.[2] Billed as \"the most exciting pro-wrestling show on the air\" and hosted by Dory Funk Jr., !Bang! TV transmitted weekly on WOGX TV-51, and also My65. A special one-off edition of !BANG! TV was shown on The Wrestling Channel to viewers in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The show also transmits online via their website.","title":"!Bang! TV"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Funking Conservatory World Heavyweight Championship\nFunking Conservatory Tag Team Championship\nFunking Conservatory United States Championship\nFunking Conservatory Florida Heavyweight Championship\nFunking Conservatory Television Championship\nFunking Conservatory Hardcore Championship\nFunking Conservatory Light Heavyweight Championship\nFunking Conservatory Women's Championship","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Retired, defunct, and inactive championships","text":"Funking Conservatory International Championship\nFunking Conservatory European Championship\nFunking Conservatory Premium Championship\nFunking Conservatory Queen of Hardcore Championship","title":"Championships"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of independent wrestling promotions in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_independent_wrestling_promotions_in_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"Molinaro, John (1999-09-21). \"Funk Conservatory Dory's latest triumph\". Slam Wrestling. Retrieved 2014-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/1999/09/21/funk-conservatory-dorys-latest-triumph/","url_text":"\"Funk Conservatory Dory's latest triumph\""}]},{"reference":"Mooneyham, Mike (2012-07-29). \"Past meets future at wrestling's Funking Conservatory\". The Post and Courier. Retrieved 2014-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20120729/PC20/120729225","url_text":"\"Past meets future at wrestling's Funking Conservatory\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Jon (2003-10-31). \"Dory Funk, Jr. Interview\". IGN. Retrieved 2014-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/11/01/dory-funk-jr-interview","url_text":"\"Dory Funk, Jr. Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Burton, Richard (2008-03-10). \"Ex-champ Dory Funk leaves ring\". Ocala Star Banner. Retrieved 2014-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ocala.com/article/20080310/SPORTS/803100325","url_text":"\"Ex-champ Dory Funk leaves ring\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/1999/09/21/funk-conservatory-dorys-latest-triumph/","external_links_name":"\"Funk Conservatory Dory's latest triumph\""},{"Link":"http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20120729/PC20/120729225","external_links_name":"\"Past meets future at wrestling's Funking Conservatory\""},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/11/01/dory-funk-jr-interview","external_links_name":"\"Dory Funk, Jr. Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.ocala.com/article/20080310/SPORTS/803100325","external_links_name":"\"Ex-champ Dory Funk leaves ring\""},{"Link":"http://www.dory-funk.com/","external_links_name":"!Bang! website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Blues_Company
Istanbul Blues Company
["1 History","2 Personnel","2.1 Founders","2.2 Collective","3 See also","4 References"]
Turkish blues band The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Istanbul Blues Company" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Istanbul Blues CompanyGenresBluesYears active1993 (1993)–2000 (2000)Musical artist Istanbul Blues Company (İstanbul Blues Kumpanyası in Turkish; referred as IBC hereafter) was a blues band from Turkey. They are often referred as The Original Turkish Blues Band and bring the blues sound to their national melodies, harvesting both to put together a unique and plausible sound. Despite being short-lived, the band was influential on both the Turkish blues scene and other bands. History IBC was founded in October 1993 by Sarp Keskiner and Salih Nazım Peker as Constantinople Blues Company. They were inspired by blues collectives such as John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers and Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated. Their first album, the thirteen-track Kökler, was released on tape in a batch of 3,000 in October 1996 and on CD in 1997. Keskiner directed, produced, composed, authored, and arranged this album before leaving in 1997. IBC released their second and final album, Sair Zamanlar, in 1999 before embarking on their last tour. The band dissolved in 2000. In 2022, Bone Union Records released a 1997 recording of IRB playing at the Efes Pilsen Blues Festival. Personnel Founders Sarp Keskiner - vocals, guitar, harmonica, mandolin, washtub bass, banjo, foamboard, shaker, spoons, cans, clay bird flutes, tambourine, sticks Salih Nazım Peker - vocals, mandolin, banjo, baglama, darbouka Collective Tuğrul Aray - harmonica, tenor saxophone, saxoflute, pipes, kaval İlhan Babaoglu - alto saxophone, bass vocals Orçun Baştürk - drums, bells, piano, conga, timbals, vocals, gongs Oya Erkaya - bass Erke Erokay - electric guitar, acoustic guitar Murat Ertel - FX guitar Burak Guven - bass Vefa Karatay - bass Suna Suner - vocals Ertan Tekin - zurna, mey, cura mey Erdem Tonguc - Farfisa organ, piano See also Music of Turkey List of Turkish musicians References ^ a b c d Mittendorp, Jan (2022-03-13). "NEW RELEASE BONE UNION RECORDS". Black and Tan Records. Retrieved 2022-04-11. ^ "Istanbul Blues Kumpanyasi". National Geographic. n.d. Archived from the original on September 18, 2006. Retrieved 2022-04-11. ^ a b c Galasi, Gian Paolo (2011-09-01). "Re:konstruKt: New Music Online From Istanbul". All About Jazz. Retrieved 2022-04-11. ^ a b c BEŞER, MURAT (2022-04-10). "İstanbul Blues Kumpanyası "Kökler"" (in Turkish). sOL. Retrieved 2022-04-11. ^ a b c d e f g Mittendorp, Jan (2022-03-16). "review from Turkey" (in Turkish). Black and Tan Records. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-union-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-union-1"}],"text":"Musical artistIstanbul Blues Company (İstanbul Blues Kumpanyası in Turkish; referred as IBC hereafter) was a blues band from Turkey.[1][2] They are often referred as The Original Turkish Blues Band and bring the blues sound to their national melodies, harvesting both to put together a unique and plausible sound.[citation needed] Despite being short-lived, the band was influential on both the Turkish blues scene and other bands.[1]","title":"Istanbul Blues Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarp Keskiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarp_Keskiner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salih Nazım Peker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salih_Naz%C4%B1m_Peker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-union-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazz-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sol-4"},{"link_name":"John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayall_%26_the_Bluesbreakers"},{"link_name":"Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Korner%27s_Blues_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sol-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazz-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sol-4"},{"link_name":"Bone Union Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_Union_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Efes Pilsen Blues Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efes_Pilsen_Blues_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-union-1"}],"text":"IBC was founded in October 1993 by Sarp Keskiner and Salih Nazım Peker as Constantinople Blues Company.[1][3][4] They were inspired by blues collectives such as John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers and Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated.[5] Their first album, the thirteen-track Kökler, was released on tape in a batch of 3,000 in October 1996 and on CD in 1997.[4][5] Keskiner directed, produced, composed, authored, and arranged this album[citation needed] before leaving in 1997.[3] IBC released their second and final album, Sair Zamanlar, in 1999[5] before embarking on their last tour.[citation needed] The band dissolved in 2000.[4]In 2022, Bone Union Records released a 1997 recording of IRB playing at the Efes Pilsen Blues Festival.[5][1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazz-3"},{"link_name":"foamboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamboard"},{"link_name":"spoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"clay bird flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_bird_flute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"baglama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baglama"},{"link_name":"darbouka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbouka"}],"sub_title":"Founders","text":"Sarp Keskiner[3] - vocals, guitar, harmonica, mandolin, washtub bass, banjo, foamboard, shaker, spoons, cans, clay bird flutes, tambourine, sticks\nSalih Nazım Peker - vocals, mandolin, banjo, baglama, darbouka","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-5"},{"link_name":"saxoflute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saxoflute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaval"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-5"},{"link_name":"conga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conga"},{"link_name":"timbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timbals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burak Guven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burak_Guven"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-5"},{"link_name":"zurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurna"},{"link_name":"mey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mey_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"cura mey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cura_mey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Farfisa organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farfisa_organ"}],"sub_title":"Collective","text":"Tuğrul Aray[5] - harmonica, tenor saxophone, saxoflute, pipes, kaval\nİlhan Babaoglu - alto saxophone, bass vocals\nOrçun Baştürk[5] - drums, bells, piano, conga, timbals, vocals, gongs\nOya Erkaya - bass\nErke Erokay - electric guitar, acoustic guitar\nMurat Ertel - FX guitar\nBurak Guven - bass\nVefa Karatay[5] - bass\nSuna Suner - vocals\nErtan Tekin - zurna, mey, cura mey\nErdem Tonguc - Farfisa organ, piano","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
[{"title":"Music of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Turkey"},{"title":"List of Turkish musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_musicians"}]
[{"reference":"Mittendorp, Jan (2022-03-13). \"NEW RELEASE BONE UNION RECORDS\". Black and Tan Records. Retrieved 2022-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackandtanrecords.nl/new-release/new-release-bone-union-records-4/","url_text":"\"NEW RELEASE BONE UNION RECORDS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Istanbul Blues Kumpanyasi\". National Geographic. n.d. Archived from the original on September 18, 2006. Retrieved 2022-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060918170616/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/istanbul_blues_kumpanyasi_16816","url_text":"\"Istanbul Blues Kumpanyasi\""},{"url":"http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/istanbul_blues_kumpanyasi_16816","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Galasi, Gian Paolo (2011-09-01). \"Re:konstruKt: New Music Online From Istanbul\". All About Jazz. Retrieved 2022-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutjazz.com/rekonstrukt-new-music-online-from-istanbul-by-gian-paolo-galasi","url_text":"\"Re:konstruKt: New Music Online From Istanbul\""}]},{"reference":"BEŞER, MURAT (2022-04-10). \"İstanbul Blues Kumpanyası \"Kökler\"\" (in Turkish). sOL. Retrieved 2022-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://haber.sol.org.tr/yazar/istanbul-blues-kumpanyasi-kokler-332081","url_text":"\"İstanbul Blues Kumpanyası \"Kökler\"\""}]},{"reference":"Mittendorp, Jan (2022-03-16). \"review from Turkey\" (in Turkish). Black and Tan Records. Retrieved 2022-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackandtanrecords.nl/tag/istanbul-blues-kumpanyasi/","url_text":"\"review from Turkey\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_oysters
Ostreidae
["1 Genera and species","2 References"]
Family of molluscs Ostreidae Pacific oyster, Magallana gigas Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Ostreida Superfamily: Ostreoidea Family: OstreidaeRafinesque, 1815 Genera 12-15, See text. The Ostreidae, the true oysters, include most species of molluscs commonly consumed as oysters. Pearl oysters are not true oysters, and belong to the order Pteriida. Like scallops, true oysters have a central adductor muscle, which means the shell has a characteristic central scar marking its point of attachment. The shell tends to be irregular as a result of attaching to a substrate. Both oviparous (egg-bearing) and larviparous (larvae-bearing) species are known within Ostreidae. Both types are hermaphrodites. However, the larviparous species show a pattern of alternating sex within each individual, whereas the oviparous species are simultaneous hermaphrodites, producing either female or male gametes according to circumstances. Members of genus Ostrea generally live continually immersed and are quite flat, with roundish shells. They differ from most bivalves by having shells completely made up of calcite, but with internal muscle scars of aragonitic composition. They fare best in somewhat oligotrophic water. They brood their fertilized eggs for various proportions of the period from fertilization to hatching. Members of genera Saccostrea, Magallana, and Crassostrea generally live in the intertidal zone, broadcast sperm and eggs into the sea, and can thrive in eutrophic water. One of the most commonly cultivated oysters is the Pacific oyster, which is ideally suited for cultivation in seawater ponds. Genera and species Crassostrea rhizophorae Alectryonella Agerostrea Vialov 1936 Anomiostrea Booneostrea Crassostrea Sacco 1897 (27 species) Magallana Salvi & Mariottini 2016 Magallana angulata (Lamarck, 1819) M. ariakensis (Fujita, 1913) M. belcheri (G. B. Sowerby II, 1871) M. bilineata (Röding, 1798) M. dactylena (Iredale, 1939) M. gigas (Thunberg, 1793) M. hongkongensis (Lam & Morton, 2003) M. nippona (Seki, 1934) M. revularis (Gould, 1861) M. sikamea (Amemiya, 1928) Cryptostrea Harry 1985 (synonymous with Ostrea) C. permollis G.B.Sowerby II 1871 - sponge oyster Dendostrea Swainson 1835 (12 species) D. frons L. 1758 - frond oyster D. sandvicensis (G.B.Sowerby II) 1871 - Hawaiian oyster Lopha Röding 1798 L. cristagalli L. - cockscomb oyster L. frons L. 1758 Nanostrea Nicaisolopha Vyalov 1936 Ostrea L. 1758 (approx. 120 species) Planostrea Pretostrea Pustulostrea Saccostrea (11 species) Striostrea S. margariacea Lamarck 1819 - sand oyster S. denticulata Born 1778 S. prismatica Gray 1825 Teskeyostrea Harry 1985 T. weberi Olsson 1951 - threaded oyster, Weber oyster References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ostreidae. Wikispecies has information related to Ostreidae. ^ Salvi, Daniele; Mariottini, Paolo (4 July 2016). "Molecular taxonomy in 2D: a novel ITS2 rRNA sequence-structure approach guides the description of the oysters' subfamily Saccostreinae and the genus Magallana (Bivalvia: Ostreidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 179 (2): 263–276. doi:10.1111/zoj.12455. ISSN 0024-4082. OCLC 7145306501. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bouchet, P.; Marshall, B. (2016). Magallana Salvi & Mariottini, 2016. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=836032 on 2017-12-22 ^ Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2017). Cryptostrea Harry, 1985. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415253 on 2017-12-21 ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Dendostrea Swainson, 1835". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-10-01. Taxon identifiersOstreidae Wikidata: Q21154 Wikispecies: Ostreidae ADW: Ostreidae AFD: Ostreidae BOLD: 438 CoL: 7NK82 EoL: 46467106 EPPO: 1OSTRF GBIF: 6871 iNaturalist: 47582 IRMNG: 115829 ITIS: 79866 NBN: NHMSYS0021055112 NCBI: 6563 NZOR: 4f5c4bd2-2cce-48ce-9e3c-38b6b3562947 Open Tree of Life: 975317 Paleobiology Database: 61529 uBio: 510643 WoRMS: 215 Authority control databases: National Germany Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"Pearl oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinctada"},{"link_name":"Pteriida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteriida"},{"link_name":"scallops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallop"},{"link_name":"adductor muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_muscles_(bivalve)"},{"link_name":"oviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparity"},{"link_name":"larviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparity"},{"link_name":"hermaphrodites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"hermaphrodites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"Ostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrea"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"aragonitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite"},{"link_name":"oligotrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligotroph"},{"link_name":"fertilized eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygote"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation"},{"link_name":"Saccostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccostrea"},{"link_name":"Magallana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallana"},{"link_name":"Crassostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassostrea"},{"link_name":"intertidal zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone"},{"link_name":"eutrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_state_index#Eutrophic"},{"link_name":"Pacific oyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_oyster"},{"link_name":"cultivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"seawater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater"}],"text":"The Ostreidae, the true oysters, include most species of molluscs commonly consumed as oysters. Pearl oysters are not true oysters, and belong to the order Pteriida.Like scallops, true oysters have a central adductor muscle, which means the shell has a characteristic central scar marking its point of attachment. The shell tends to be irregular as a result of attaching to a substrate.Both oviparous (egg-bearing) and larviparous (larvae-bearing) species are known within Ostreidae. Both types are hermaphrodites. However, the larviparous species show a pattern of alternating sex within each individual, whereas the oviparous species are simultaneous hermaphrodites, producing either female or male gametes according to circumstances.Members of genus Ostrea generally live continually immersed and are quite flat, with roundish shells. They differ from most bivalves by having shells completely made up of calcite, but with internal muscle scars of aragonitic composition. They fare best in somewhat oligotrophic water. They brood their fertilized eggs for various proportions of the period from fertilization to hatching.Members of genera Saccostrea, Magallana, and Crassostrea generally live in the intertidal zone, broadcast sperm and eggs into the sea, and can thrive in eutrophic water. One of the most commonly cultivated oysters is the Pacific oyster, which is ideally suited for cultivation in seawater ponds.","title":"Ostreidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crassostrea_rhizophorae_000.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crassostrea rhizophorae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassostrea_rhizophorae"},{"link_name":"Alectryonella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alectryonella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agerostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerostrea"},{"link_name":"Anomiostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anomiostrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Booneostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Booneostrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crassostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassostrea"},{"link_name":"Sacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Sacco"},{"link_name":"Magallana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallana"},{"link_name":"Salvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniele_Salvi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mariottini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Mariottini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salvi-1"},{"link_name":"Magallana angulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magallana_angulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lamarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magallana-2"},{"link_name":"M. ariakensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallana_ariakensis"},{"link_name":"Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._Fujita_(malacologist,_fl._1913)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magallana-2"},{"link_name":"M. belcheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magallana_belcheri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G. B. Sowerby II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brettingham_Sowerby_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magallana-2"},{"link_name":"M. bilineata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallana_bilineata"},{"link_name":"Röding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Friedrich_R%C3%B6ding"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magallana-2"},{"link_name":"M. dactylena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magallana_dactylena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iredale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Iredale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magallana-2"},{"link_name":"M. gigas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallana_gigas"},{"link_name":"Thunberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magallana-2"},{"link_name":"M. hongkongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallana_hongkongensis"},{"link_name":"Lam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Lam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Morton_(malacologist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magallana-2"},{"link_name":"M. nippona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallana_nippona"},{"link_name":"Seki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._Seki_(malacologist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magallana-2"},{"link_name":"M. revularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magallana_revularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Addison_Gould"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magallana-2"},{"link_name":"M. sikamea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallana_sikamea"},{"link_name":"Amemiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I._Amemiya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magallana-2"},{"link_name":"Cryptostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryptostrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_W._Harry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"synonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Ostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cryptostrea-3"},{"link_name":"C. permollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptostrea_permollis"},{"link_name":"G.B.Sowerby II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brettingham_Sowerby_II"},{"link_name":"Dendostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dendostrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swainson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Swainson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"D. frons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendostrea_frons"},{"link_name":"L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"D. sandvicensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._sandvicensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(G.B.Sowerby II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brettingham_Sowerby_II"},{"link_name":"Lopha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopha"},{"link_name":"Röding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Friedrich_R%C3%B6ding"},{"link_name":"L. cristagalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopha_cristagalli"},{"link_name":"L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"L. frons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lopha_frons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Nanostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanostrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicaisolopha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaisolopha"},{"link_name":"Ostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrea"},{"link_name":"L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Planostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planostrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pretostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretostrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pustulostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pustulostrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saccostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccostrea"},{"link_name":"Striostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striostrea"},{"link_name":"S. margariacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Striostrea_margariacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lamarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck"},{"link_name":"S. denticulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Striostrea_denticulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_von_Born"},{"link_name":"S. prismatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Striostrea_prismatica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Gray"},{"link_name":"Teskeyostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teskeyostrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_W._Harry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T. weberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teskeyostrea_weberi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._A._Olsson&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Crassostrea rhizophoraeAlectryonella\nAgerostrea Vialov 1936\nAnomiostrea\nBooneostrea\nCrassostrea Sacco 1897 (27 species)\nMagallana Salvi & Mariottini 2016[1]\nMagallana angulata (Lamarck, 1819)[2]\nM. ariakensis (Fujita, 1913)[2]\nM. belcheri (G. B. Sowerby II, 1871)[2]\nM. bilineata (Röding, 1798)[2]\nM. dactylena (Iredale, 1939)[2]\nM. gigas (Thunberg, 1793)[2]\nM. hongkongensis (Lam & Morton, 2003)[2]\nM. nippona (Seki, 1934)[2]\nM. revularis (Gould, 1861)[2]\nM. sikamea (Amemiya, 1928)[2]\nCryptostrea Harry 1985 (synonymous with Ostrea[3])\nC. permollis G.B.Sowerby II 1871 - sponge oyster\nDendostrea Swainson 1835 (12 species)[4]\nD. frons L. 1758 - frond oyster\nD. sandvicensis (G.B.Sowerby II) 1871 - Hawaiian oyster\nLopha Röding 1798\nL. cristagalli L. - cockscomb oyster\nL. frons L. 1758\nNanostrea\nNicaisolopha Vyalov 1936\nOstrea L. 1758 (approx. 120 species)\nPlanostrea\nPretostrea\nPustulostrea\nSaccostrea (11 species)\nStriostrea\nS. margariacea Lamarck 1819 - sand oyster\nS. denticulata Born 1778\nS. prismatica Gray 1825\nTeskeyostrea Harry 1985\nT. weberi Olsson 1951 - threaded oyster, Weber oyster","title":"Genera and species"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Salvi, Daniele; Mariottini, Paolo (4 July 2016). \"Molecular taxonomy in 2D: a novel ITS2 rRNA sequence-structure approach guides the description of the oysters' subfamily Saccostreinae and the genus Magallana (Bivalvia: Ostreidae)\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 179 (2): 263–276. doi:10.1111/zoj.12455. ISSN 0024-4082. OCLC 7145306501.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj.12455","url_text":"\"Molecular taxonomy in 2D: a novel ITS2 rRNA sequence-structure approach guides the description of the oysters' subfamily Saccostreinae and the genus Magallana (Bivalvia: Ostreidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj.12455","url_text":"10.1111/zoj.12455"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4082","url_text":"0024-4082"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7145306501","url_text":"7145306501"}]},{"reference":"\"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Dendostrea Swainson, 1835\". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415280","url_text":"\"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Dendostrea Swainson, 1835\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_Sand_Dunes
Mainz Sand Dunes
["1 The development of the sand dunes","2 References"]
Coordinates: 50°00′55″N 8°12′25″E / 50.01528°N 8.20694°E / 50.01528; 8.20694The Mainz Sand Dunes (German: Großer Sand) are a small geological and botanical supra-region and important nature preserve in Mainz, Germany. Within this protected area rare plants and animals can be found. Some of the species represented here, such as the Purple Golden-drop, (Onosma arenaria) grow only here and in small numbers. Spring Pheasant's-Eye The sand dunes developed after the last ice age (Würm glaciation) and the first resettlement of grassland plants occurred approximately 12,000 years ago. The dry sandy soils are poor of nutrients but relict flora from the glaciation grasslands grow favorably. These plants are found otherwise only in southeast-European, inner-Asiatic (Pontic Steppe) areas and in the Mediterranean respectively. The effective surface of the protected landscape is rather small at 1.27 square kilometers. Explanation sign The Sand Dunes can be found between the suburbs Gonsenheim and Mombach and stretches up to the floodplains beginning in Mombach. Bordering the dunes is the Lennebergwald, with an area of 7 km² and therefore the biggest contiguous forest in Rheinhessen. The Lenneberg forest is also protected and shows to some extent the same flora and fauna. The development of the sand dunes In the late Pleistocene, just before the end of the last ice age and during the short summers, sand-drifts were blown from the Rhine Valley into the area of the present dunes, forming this unique geology. The soil consists almost solely of high lime component with fine white sand, which barely retains water and nutritive but is easily warmed by sunlight. References ^ The Mainz Sand Dunes Nature Reserve Archived 2009-09-15 at the Wayback Machine by Ralf Eichberger 50°00′55″N 8°12′25″E / 50.01528°N 8.20694°E / 50.01528; 8.20694
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"Onosma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onosma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adonis_vernalis_gonsenheim.jpg"},{"link_name":"ice age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age"},{"link_name":"Würm glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation#_W%C3%BCrm_glaciation,_in_the_Alps"},{"link_name":"grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pontic Steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Steppe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mainz_Sand_Dunes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gonsenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonsenheim"},{"link_name":"Mombach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombach"},{"link_name":"floodplains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"Lennebergwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennebergwald"},{"link_name":"Rheinhessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinhessen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Mainz Sand Dunes (German: Großer Sand) are a small geological and botanical supra-region and important nature preserve in Mainz, Germany. Within this protected area rare plants and animals can be found. Some of the species represented here, such as the Purple Golden-drop, (Onosma arenaria) grow only here and in small numbers.Spring Pheasant's-EyeThe sand dunes developed after the last ice age (Würm glaciation) and the first resettlement of grassland plants occurred approximately 12,000 years ago.[citation needed] The dry sandy soils are poor of nutrients but relict flora from the glaciation grasslands grow favorably. These plants are found otherwise only in southeast-European, inner-Asiatic (Pontic Steppe) areas and in the Mediterranean respectively. The effective surface of the protected landscape is rather small at 1.27 square kilometers.Explanation signThe Sand Dunes can be found between the suburbs Gonsenheim and Mombach and stretches up to the floodplains beginning in Mombach. Bordering the dunes is the Lennebergwald, with an area of 7 km² and therefore the biggest contiguous forest in Rheinhessen. The Lenneberg forest is also protected and shows to some extent the same flora and fauna.[1]","title":"Mainz Sand Dunes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"}],"text":"In the late Pleistocene, just before the end of the last ice age and during the short summers, sand-drifts were blown from the Rhine Valley into the area of the present dunes, forming this unique geology. The soil consists almost solely of high lime component with fine white sand, which barely retains water and nutritive but is easily warmed by sunlight.","title":"The development of the sand dunes"}]
[{"image_text":"Spring Pheasant's-Eye","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Adonis_vernalis_gonsenheim.jpg/200px-Adonis_vernalis_gonsenheim.jpg"},{"image_text":"Explanation sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mainz_Sand_Dunes.jpg/200px-Mainz_Sand_Dunes.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mainz_Sand_Dunes&params=50_00_55_N_8_12_25_E_region:DE-RP_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°00′55″N 8°12′25″E / 50.01528°N 8.20694°E / 50.01528; 8.20694"},{"Link":"http://www.eichberger.net/sand/mainz_sand_dunes.php","external_links_name":"The Mainz Sand Dunes Nature Reserve"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090915180348/http://www.eichberger.net/sand/mainz_sand_dunes.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mainz_Sand_Dunes&params=50_00_55_N_8_12_25_E_region:DE-RP_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°00′55″N 8°12′25″E / 50.01528°N 8.20694°E / 50.01528; 8.20694"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Retaliators_(film)
The Retaliators (film)
["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Music","5 Release","6 Reception","7 References","8 External links"]
2022 horror film The RetaliatorsTheatrical release posterDirected by Samuel Gonzalez Jr. Bridget Smith Screenplay by Darren Geare Jeff Allen Geare Produced by Allen Kovac Michael Lombardi Michael Walsh Starring Michael Lombardi Marc Menchaca Joseph Gatt Katie Kelly Jacoby Shaddix Ivan Moody Zoltan Bathory CinematographyJoseph HenniganEdited byRandy BrickerMusic by Kyle Dixon Michael Stein ProductioncompanyBetter Noise FilmsRelease dates August 30, 2021 (2021-08-30) (FrightFest) September 14, 2022 (2022-09-14) (United States) Running time110 minutesCountryUnited StatesBox office$7,286 The Retaliators is a 2021 American horror film starring Michael Lombardi, Marc Menchaca, and Joseph Gatt. The film also features appearances by musicians Tommy Lee, Jacoby Shaddix, Ivan Moody, Zoltan Bathory, and The HU. The Retaliators premiered at the London FrightFest film festival on August 30, 2021, later released in theaters on September 14, 2022, in the United States, and on video-on-demand on October 21. Premise The film follows John Bishop (Michael Lombardi) whose daughter is brutally murdered and he proceeds to seek vengeance for her death. Cast Michael Lombardi as Bishop Marc Menchaca as Jed Joseph Gatt as Ram Kady Jacoby Shaddix as Quinn Brady Sarah Nicklin as Emily Katie Kelly as Sarah Abbey Hafer as Rebecca Bishop Ivan Moody as Vic Zoltan Bathory as Fang Chris Kael as Decker Robert John Burke as Captain Briggs Brian O'Halloran as Intimidating Man Craig Mabbitt as Mutant Spencer Charnas as Max Additionally, American rock band From Ashes to New, makes a cameo appearance as "Church Band" in Bishop's church. Tommy Lee has an uncredited role. Production With director, Bridget Smith of 'Sno Babies' and Samuel Gonzalez Jr., the film began shooting in March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The finished post production with Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein to score the sound track. Music The theme song for the film "The Retaliators (21 Bullets)" was written by Nikki Sixx and James Michael and was released on August 5, 2022 as a lead track of the movie with the track featuring Mötley Crüe, Asking Alexandria, Ice Nine Kills and From Ashes to New ahead of the soundtrack release on September 16, 2022. Jacoby Shaddix of Papa Roach, who stars as Quinn Brady in the film, announced to Allison Haggendorf of Spotify that their song 'The Ending' will feature in the soundtrack. "When I heard about this film last year, I spoke to the creative team and I felt I had a vehicle to see if I could expand my range as an artist. Truly, I couldn't have imagined how much I enjoyed this experience and can't wait to find another film in the future" Release The Retaliators had its world premiere on August 30, 2021 at the FrightFest film festival in London, England, UK. The film made its American debut with a small screening due to COVID on October 12, 2021 at Screamfest film festival held in Los Angeles, California and the film release was moved to 2022. The film was released in theaters on September 14, 2022, in the United States and on video on demand on October 21, 2022. Reception On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 88% of 43 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's consensus reads: "It may not offer much they haven't seen before, but strong-stomached exploitation enthusiasts will savor The Retaliators." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 48 out of 100, based on six critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. References ^ "The Retaliators (18)". British Board of Film Classification. August 26, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2023. ^ "The Retaliators (2021)". www.boxofficemojo.com. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 14 October 2022. ^ "The Retaliators (2022)". www.the-numbers.com. The Numbers. Retrieved 14 October 2022. ^ "Motley Crue Manager Allen Kovac Launches Better Noise Films". Variety. ^ "Tommy Lee, Papa Roach, Five Finger Death Punch, and More Star in Horror Film The Retaliators". COS. ^ "The Retaliators movie released worldwide on 14 September". MetalTalk. ^ a b Spencer Kaufman (December 29, 2020). "Tommy Lee, Members of Papa Roach, Five Finger Death Punch, and More Star in Horror Film The Retaliators: Watch Trailer". Consequence of Sound. ^ a b c d e f g "Tommy Lee and Papa Roach's Jacoby Shaddix to appear in new horror film 'The Retaliators'". NME. ^ "'Sno Babies' Review: A Teens-on-Heroin Drama Is Like 'Requiem for a Dream' as a YA Soap Opera". Variety. ^ Rifkin, Jesse (September 16, 2022). "Hard Rock Horror: Interview with Vengeance Thriller THE RETALIATORS Producers Michael Lombardi and Allen Kovac". Box Office Pro. Retrieved July 25, 2023. ^ Jazz Tangcay (Apr 6, 2021). "Emmy Winning Composers Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein to Score 'The Retaliators'". Variety. ^ Irwin, Corey (5 August 2022). "Hear Motley Crue on 'The Retaliators' Theme Song '21 Bullets'". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 2022-08-24. ^ "Hear Motley Crue on 'The Retaliators' Theme Song '21 Bullets'". ultimateclassicrock. ^ "PAPA ROACH Announce "Greatest Hits Vol. 2: In Conversation" Livestream Event, Hosted By ALLISON HAGENDORF". Brave Words. ^ John Higgins (September 9, 2022). "London Frightfest 2021 - The Retaliators". filmandtvnow.com. Retrieved September 14, 2022. ^ "Arrow Video FrightFest 2021, London 2021". Screamfest. ^ "SCREAMFEST LA 2021". Screamfest. ^ Dick, Jeremy (July 3, 2022). "The Retaliators, Horror Film Featuring Mötley Crue and Papa Roach, Sets Fall Release Date". MovieWeb. Retrieved July 25, 2023. ^ Detwiler, Grace (October 19, 2022). "Better Noise Film's "The Retaliators" Comes to VOD on October 21". Rue Morgue. Retrieved July 25, 2023. ^ "The Retaliators". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved October 3, 2023. ^ "The Retaliators". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved October 3, 2023. External links Official website The Retaliators at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Michael Lombardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lombardi_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Marc Menchaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Menchaca"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gatt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety2020-4"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee"},{"link_name":"Jacoby Shaddix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacoby_Shaddix"},{"link_name":"Ivan Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Moody"},{"link_name":"Zoltan Bathory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoltan_Bathory"},{"link_name":"The HU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_HU"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COS-5"},{"link_name":"London FrightFest film festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_FrightFest_Film_Festival"}],"text":"The Retaliators is a 2021 American horror film starring Michael Lombardi, Marc Menchaca, and Joseph Gatt.[4] The film also features appearances by musicians Tommy Lee, Jacoby Shaddix, Ivan Moody, Zoltan Bathory, and The HU.[5]The Retaliators premiered at the London FrightFest film festival on August 30, 2021, later released in theaters on September 14, 2022, in the United States, and on video-on-demand on October 21.","title":"The Retaliators (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Lombardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lombardi_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetalTalk-6"}],"text":"The film follows John Bishop (Michael Lombardi) whose daughter is brutally murdered and he proceeds to seek vengeance for her death.[6]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Lombardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lombardi_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Marc Menchaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Menchaca"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gatt"},{"link_name":"Jacoby Shaddix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacoby_Shaddix"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consequence_of_Sound-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-8"},{"link_name":"Sarah Nicklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Nicklin"},{"link_name":"Ivan Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Moody"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-8"},{"link_name":"Zoltan Bathory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoltan_Bathory"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-8"},{"link_name":"Chris Kael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Finger_Death_Punch#Members"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-8"},{"link_name":"Robert John Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_Burke"},{"link_name":"Brian O'Halloran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O%27Halloran"},{"link_name":"Craig Mabbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mabbitt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-8"},{"link_name":"Spencer Charnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Charnas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-8"},{"link_name":"From Ashes to New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Ashes_to_New"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consequence_of_Sound-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-8"}],"text":"Michael Lombardi as Bishop\nMarc Menchaca as Jed\nJoseph Gatt as Ram Kady\nJacoby Shaddix as Quinn Brady[7][8]\nSarah Nicklin as Emily\nKatie Kelly as Sarah\nAbbey Hafer as Rebecca Bishop\nIvan Moody as Vic[8]\nZoltan Bathory as Fang[8]\nChris Kael as Decker[8]\nRobert John Burke as Captain Briggs\nBrian O'Halloran as Intimidating Man\nCraig Mabbitt as Mutant [8]\nSpencer Charnas as Max[8]Additionally, American rock band From Ashes to New, makes a cameo appearance as \"Church Band\" in Bishop's church. Tommy Lee has an uncredited role.[7][8]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-9"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kyle Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survive_(band)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety_Film_News-11"}],"text":"With director, Bridget Smith of 'Sno Babies'[9] and Samuel Gonzalez Jr., the film began shooting in March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.[10]The finished post production with Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein to score the sound track.[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikki Sixx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Sixx"},{"link_name":"James Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Michael"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mötley Crüe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe"},{"link_name":"Asking Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asking_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Ice Nine Kills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Nine_Kills"},{"link_name":"From Ashes to New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Ashes_to_New"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimateclassicrock-13"},{"link_name":"Jacoby Shaddix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacoby_Shaddix"},{"link_name":"Papa Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Roach"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brave_Words-14"}],"text":"The theme song for the film \"The Retaliators (21 Bullets)\" was written by Nikki Sixx and James Michael[12] and was released on August 5, 2022 as a lead track of the movie with the track featuring Mötley Crüe, Asking Alexandria, Ice Nine Kills and From Ashes to New ahead of the soundtrack release on September 16, 2022.[13]Jacoby Shaddix of Papa Roach, who stars as Quinn Brady in the film, announced to Allison Haggendorf of Spotify that their song 'The Ending' will feature in the soundtrack. \"When I heard about this film last year, I spoke to the creative team and I felt I had a vehicle to see if I could expand my range as an artist. Truly, I couldn't have imagined how much I enjoyed this experience and can't wait to find another film in the future\"[14]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FrightFest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FrightFest_(film_festival)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCREAMFEST_LA_2021-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Retaliators had its world premiere on August 30, 2021 at the FrightFest film festival in London, England, UK.[15][16] The film made its American debut with a small screening due to COVID on October 12, 2021 at Screamfest film festival held in Los Angeles, California and the film release was moved to 2022.[17] The film was released in theaters on September 14, 2022, in the United States[18] and on video on demand on October 21, 2022.[19]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotten_Tomatoes-20"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-21"}],"text":"On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 88% of 43 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's consensus reads: \"It may not offer much they haven't seen before, but strong-stomached exploitation enthusiasts will savor The Retaliators.\"[20] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 48 out of 100, based on six critics, indicating \"mixed or average\" reviews.[21]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Retaliators (18)\". British Board of Film Classification. August 26, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-retaliators-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda2nde5","url_text":"\"The Retaliators (18)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"The Retaliators (2021)\". www.boxofficemojo.com. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 14 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt11261830/?ref_=bo_tt_tab#tabs","url_text":"\"The Retaliators (2021)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Retaliators (2022)\". www.the-numbers.com. The Numbers. Retrieved 14 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Retaliators-The-(2022)#tab=summary","url_text":"\"The Retaliators (2022)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Motley Crue Manager Allen Kovac Launches Better Noise Films\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/film/news/motley-crue-manager-allen-kovac-better-noise-films-1234582564/","url_text":"\"Motley Crue Manager Allen Kovac Launches Better Noise Films\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tommy Lee, Papa Roach, Five Finger Death Punch, and More Star in Horror Film The Retaliators\". COS.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2020/12/tommy-lee-papa-roach-five-finger-death-punch-horror-film-the-retaliators/","url_text":"\"Tommy Lee, Papa Roach, Five Finger Death Punch, and More Star in Horror Film The Retaliators\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Retaliators movie released worldwide on 14 September\". MetalTalk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metaltalk.net/the-retaliators-movie-released-worldwide-on-14-september.php","url_text":"\"The Retaliators movie released worldwide on 14 September\""}]},{"reference":"Spencer Kaufman (December 29, 2020). \"Tommy Lee, Members of Papa Roach, Five Finger Death Punch, and More Star in Horror Film The Retaliators: Watch Trailer\". Consequence of Sound.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2020/12/tommy-lee-papa-roach-five-finger-death-punch-horror-film-the-retaliators/","url_text":"\"Tommy Lee, Members of Papa Roach, Five Finger Death Punch, and More Star in Horror Film The Retaliators: Watch Trailer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound","url_text":"Consequence of Sound"}]},{"reference":"\"Tommy Lee and Papa Roach's Jacoby Shaddix to appear in new horror film 'The Retaliators'\". NME.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/film/tommy-lee-and-papa-roachs-jacoby-shaddix-to-appear-in-new-horror-film-the-retaliators-2846791","url_text":"\"Tommy Lee and Papa Roach's Jacoby Shaddix to appear in new horror film 'The Retaliators'\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Sno Babies' Review: A Teens-on-Heroin Drama Is Like 'Requiem for a Dream' as a YA Soap Opera\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/sno-babies-review-katie-kelly-1234789977/","url_text":"\"'Sno Babies' Review: A Teens-on-Heroin Drama Is Like 'Requiem for a Dream' as a YA Soap Opera\""}]},{"reference":"Rifkin, Jesse (September 16, 2022). \"Hard Rock Horror: Interview with Vengeance Thriller THE RETALIATORS Producers Michael Lombardi and Allen Kovac\". Box Office Pro. Retrieved July 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficepro.com/retaliators-interview-michael-lombardi-allen-kovac/","url_text":"\"Hard Rock Horror: Interview with Vengeance Thriller THE RETALIATORS Producers Michael Lombardi and Allen Kovac\""}]},{"reference":"Jazz Tangcay (Apr 6, 2021). \"Emmy Winning Composers Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein to Score 'The Retaliators'\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/film/news/film-news-in-brief-april-6-1234945186/","url_text":"\"Emmy Winning Composers Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein to Score 'The Retaliators'\""}]},{"reference":"Irwin, Corey (5 August 2022). \"Hear Motley Crue on 'The Retaliators' Theme Song '21 Bullets'\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 2022-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/motley-crue-retaliators-21-bullets/","url_text":"\"Hear Motley Crue on 'The Retaliators' Theme Song '21 Bullets'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hear Motley Crue on 'The Retaliators' Theme Song '21 Bullets'\". ultimateclassicrock.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/motley-crue-retaliators-21-bullets/","url_text":"\"Hear Motley Crue on 'The Retaliators' Theme Song '21 Bullets'\""}]},{"reference":"\"PAPA ROACH Announce \"Greatest Hits Vol. 2: In Conversation\" Livestream Event, Hosted By ALLISON HAGENDORF\". Brave Words.","urls":[{"url":"https://bravewords.com/news/papa-roach-announce-greatest-hits-vol-2-in-conversation-livestream-event-hosted-by-allison-hagendorf","url_text":"\"PAPA ROACH Announce \"Greatest Hits Vol. 2: In Conversation\" Livestream Event, Hosted By ALLISON HAGENDORF\""}]},{"reference":"John Higgins (September 9, 2022). \"London Frightfest 2021 - The Retaliators\". filmandtvnow.com. Retrieved September 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmandtvnow.com/frightfest-2021-review-the-retaliators/","url_text":"\"London Frightfest 2021 - The Retaliators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arrow Video FrightFest 2021, London 2021\". Screamfest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retaliatorsmovie.com/festivals","url_text":"\"Arrow Video FrightFest 2021, London 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"SCREAMFEST LA 2021\". Screamfest.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenanarchy.com/2021/09/screamfest-2021-retaliators-opens-la-genre-fest.html","url_text":"\"SCREAMFEST LA 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Dick, Jeremy (July 3, 2022). \"The Retaliators, Horror Film Featuring Mötley Crue and Papa Roach, Sets Fall Release Date\". MovieWeb. Retrieved July 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://movieweb.com/the-retaliators-release-date/","url_text":"\"The Retaliators, Horror Film Featuring Mötley Crue and Papa Roach, Sets Fall Release Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MovieWeb","url_text":"MovieWeb"}]},{"reference":"Detwiler, Grace (October 19, 2022). \"Better Noise Film's \"The Retaliators\" Comes to VOD on October 21\". Rue Morgue. Retrieved July 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rue-morgue.com/better-noise-films-the-retaliators-comes-to-vod-on-october-21/","url_text":"\"Better Noise Film's \"The Retaliators\" Comes to VOD on October 21\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Retaliators\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved October 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_retaliators","url_text":"\"The Retaliators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"\"The Retaliators\". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved October 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-retaliators","url_text":"\"The Retaliators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom,_Inc.","url_text":"Fandom, Inc."}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-retaliators-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda2nde5","external_links_name":"\"The Retaliators (18)\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt11261830/?ref_=bo_tt_tab#tabs","external_links_name":"\"The Retaliators (2021)\""},{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Retaliators-The-(2022)#tab=summary","external_links_name":"\"The Retaliators (2022)\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/film/news/motley-crue-manager-allen-kovac-better-noise-films-1234582564/","external_links_name":"\"Motley Crue Manager Allen Kovac Launches Better Noise Films\""},{"Link":"https://consequence.net/2020/12/tommy-lee-papa-roach-five-finger-death-punch-horror-film-the-retaliators/","external_links_name":"\"Tommy Lee, Papa Roach, Five Finger Death Punch, and More Star in Horror Film The Retaliators\""},{"Link":"https://www.metaltalk.net/the-retaliators-movie-released-worldwide-on-14-september.php","external_links_name":"\"The Retaliators movie released worldwide on 14 September\""},{"Link":"https://consequence.net/2020/12/tommy-lee-papa-roach-five-finger-death-punch-horror-film-the-retaliators/","external_links_name":"\"Tommy Lee, Members of Papa Roach, Five Finger Death Punch, and More Star in Horror Film The Retaliators: Watch Trailer\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/film/tommy-lee-and-papa-roachs-jacoby-shaddix-to-appear-in-new-horror-film-the-retaliators-2846791","external_links_name":"\"Tommy Lee and Papa Roach's Jacoby Shaddix to appear in new horror film 'The Retaliators'\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/sno-babies-review-katie-kelly-1234789977/","external_links_name":"\"'Sno Babies' Review: A Teens-on-Heroin Drama Is Like 'Requiem for a Dream' as a YA Soap Opera\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficepro.com/retaliators-interview-michael-lombardi-allen-kovac/","external_links_name":"\"Hard Rock Horror: Interview with Vengeance Thriller THE RETALIATORS Producers Michael Lombardi and Allen Kovac\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/news/film-news-in-brief-april-6-1234945186/","external_links_name":"\"Emmy Winning Composers Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein to Score 'The Retaliators'\""},{"Link":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/motley-crue-retaliators-21-bullets/","external_links_name":"\"Hear Motley Crue on 'The Retaliators' Theme Song '21 Bullets'\""},{"Link":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/motley-crue-retaliators-21-bullets/","external_links_name":"\"Hear Motley Crue on 'The Retaliators' Theme Song '21 Bullets'\""},{"Link":"https://bravewords.com/news/papa-roach-announce-greatest-hits-vol-2-in-conversation-livestream-event-hosted-by-allison-hagendorf","external_links_name":"\"PAPA ROACH Announce \"Greatest Hits Vol. 2: In Conversation\" Livestream Event, Hosted By ALLISON HAGENDORF\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmandtvnow.com/frightfest-2021-review-the-retaliators/","external_links_name":"\"London Frightfest 2021 - The Retaliators\""},{"Link":"https://www.retaliatorsmovie.com/festivals","external_links_name":"\"Arrow Video FrightFest 2021, London 2021\""},{"Link":"https://screenanarchy.com/2021/09/screamfest-2021-retaliators-opens-la-genre-fest.html","external_links_name":"\"SCREAMFEST LA 2021\""},{"Link":"https://movieweb.com/the-retaliators-release-date/","external_links_name":"\"The Retaliators, Horror Film Featuring Mötley Crue and Papa Roach, Sets Fall Release Date\""},{"Link":"https://rue-morgue.com/better-noise-films-the-retaliators-comes-to-vod-on-october-21/","external_links_name":"\"Better Noise Film's \"The Retaliators\" Comes to VOD on October 21\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_retaliators","external_links_name":"\"The Retaliators\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-retaliators","external_links_name":"\"The Retaliators\""},{"Link":"http://www.retaliatorsmovie.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11261830/","external_links_name":"The Retaliators"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pawl_il-Ba%C4%A7ar
St. Paul's Bay
["1 History","2 Crime","3 Sports","4 Twin towns – sister cities","5 References"]
Coordinates: 35°56′54″N 14°24′6″E / 35.94833°N 14.40167°E / 35.94833; 14.40167Not to be confused with Baie-Saint-Paul. Local council in Northern Region, MaltaSaint Paul's Bay San Pawl il-BaħarLocal councilFrom top, left to right: skyline, Buġibba Temple, St. Paul's Shipwreck Church, Wignacourt Tower, Buġibba square, Malta National Aquarium FlagCoat of armsMotto(s): In Christo Renati Sumus(Born again in Christ)Coordinates: 35°56′54″N 14°24′6″E / 35.94833°N 14.40167°E / 35.94833; 14.40167Country MaltaRegionNorthern RegionDistrictNorthern DistrictBordersMellieħa, Mġarr, Mosta, NaxxarGovernment • MayorĊensu Galea (PN)Area • Total14.47 km2 (5.59 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total32,042 • Density2,200/km2 (5,700/sq mi) Population exceeds 60,000 in summerDemonym(s)Pawlin (m), Pawlina (f), Pawlini (pl)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal codeSPBDialing code356ISO 3166 codeMT-51Patron saintsOur Lady of SorrowsSacred Heart of MarySt. Francis of AssisiWebsiteOfficial website Saint Paul's Bay (Maltese: San Pawl il-Baħar) is a town located on the northeast coast of Malta in the Northern Region. It is a major residential and commercial area and a centre for shopping, bars, dining, and café life. It is also the most populated town on the island. Its name refers to the shipwreck of Saint Paul as documented in the Acts of the Apostles on St. Paul's Islands near St Paul's Bay, on his voyage from Caesarea to Rome, which laid the foundations of Christianity on the island. Burmarrad, Wardija, Qawra, Buġibba, Xemxija, and San Martin, as well as parts of Bidnija and Mistra, form part of St. Paul's Bay Local Council. The area of the locality is 14.47 km2 (6 sq mi). The population in 2021 was 32,042. This nearly doubles, going up to about 60,000, between June and September with Maltese residents and tourists lodging in hotels, especially in Buġibba and Qawra. Heading north is Mistra Bay, its headland and St Paul's Island. Going west and crossing the island towards Ġnejna Bay and Golden Bay is the scenic Wardija Ridge. History See also: List of monuments in St. Paul's Bay Archaeological remains have been found in the limits of St. Paul's Bay, which go back to around 4000 BC. Among the remains there are the megalithic temples of Buġibba and Xemxija. In addition, Cart Ruts were found on Wardija Ridge at Busewdien, while Punic tombs and other Bronze Age remains were also found. During the Roman period, St. Paul's Bay became an important harbour. Remains of a Roman road, baths and beehives, have been found at Xemxija, while Roman anchors have been found on the seabed. By the late Middle Ages, St. Paul's Bay was abandoned since the area was unsafe due to corsair raids. The local militia maintained several watch posts in the area. One of these, known as Ta' Tabibu farmhouse, still survives today and is considered to be the oldest building in St. Paul's Bay. A building of a church was also noted at the arrival of the Order of St John in 1530. A number of fortifications were built in the area during the rule of the Order of Saint John. The first of these was the Wignacourt Tower, built in 1610, which is now the oldest surviving watchtower in Malta. Qawra Tower was built by Grand Master Lascaris in 1638. In 1715, batteries were built around these two towers, while two batteries and a redoubt were built in other parts of the St. Paul's Bay coastline. Of these, only Arrias Battery survives today, since Dellia Battery and Perellos Redoubt were demolished in the 20th century. The bay was one of the landing places during the French invasion of Malta in June 1798. After the Maltese uprising against the French, St. Paul's Bay became the main harbour of Malta since the Grand Harbour and Marsamxett were still under French control. In the 19th century, several villas were built in St. Paul's Bay. These were requisitioned by the British military in World War II and the bay became a rest camp. After the Italian armistice of 1943, 76 ships of the Regia Marina were anchored at St. Paul's Bay after surrendering to the British. After the war, the area began to be further developed. Today, St. Paul's Bay, Qawra, Buġibba, Xemxija and Burmarrad form a large cluster of buildings. The area is a popular entertainment spot. Crime As of 2020, St. Paul's Bay has the largest number of reported thefts in Malta, amounting to 423 out of 4,037 thefts, and the largest amount of domestic violence incidents, amounting to 93 out of 1,409. Sports Sirens F.C. football club Sirens A.S.C. Waterpolo club Malta Young Sailors Club dinghy sailing club Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Malta Saint Paul's Bay is twinned with: Chaum, France Agios Pavlos, Greece Oroslavje, Croatia References Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Paul's Bay. ^ "Gazzetta tal-Gvern ta' Malta" (PDF) (in Maltese). 3 September 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2021. ^ a b "San Pawl il-Baħar". lc.gov.mt. Retrieved 25 May 2015. ^ S. Formosa; S. Scicluna; J. Azzopardi (January 2013). Saviour Formosa; Sandra Scicluna; Jacqueline Azzopardi (eds.). Realities of Crime, Society and Landuse in the Mediterranean: JANUS I (PDF). Msida: Department of Criminology, University of Malta. pp. 96–98. doi:10.13140/2.1.1230.4322. ISBN 978-99957-834-0-2. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. ^ Dillon, Paddy Walking in Malta Cicerone Press (1 October 2004) ISBN 978-1-85284-422-6 p.107 ^ "Development near oldest building in St Paul's Bay refused". Times of Malta. 23 October 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2015. ^ Leopardi, E. R. (1949). "The First Printed Description of Malta : Lyons 1536" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (2): 56, 58. ^ Spiteri, Stephen C. (May 2008). "Maltese 'siege' batteries of the blockade 1798-1800" (PDF). Arx - Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification (6): 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015. ^ "More police for St Paul's Bay – Graziella Galea". Times of Malta. Retrieved 7 May 2021. ^ "St Paul's Bay with highest number of domestic violence, theft reports in 2020 - The Malta Independent". www.independent.com.mt. Retrieved 7 May 2021. ^ "Twinning". localgovernment.gov.mt. Government of Malta. Retrieved 18 September 2019. vteLocal councils and administrative committees of Malta and GozoMaltaLocal councils Attard Balzan Birgu Birkirkara Birżebbuġa Cospicua Dingli Fgura Floriana Għargħur Għaxaq Gudja Gżira Ħamrun Iklin Kalkara Kirkop Lija Luqa Marsa Marsaskala Marsaxlokk Mdina Mellieħa Mġarr Mosta Mqabba Msida Mtarfa Naxxar Paola Pembroke Pietà Qormi Qrendi Rabat Safi San Ġwann Santa Luċija Santa Venera Senglea Siġġiewi Sliema St. Julian's St. Paul's Bay Swieqi Ta' Xbiex Tarxien Valletta Xgħajra Żabbar Żebbuġ Żejtun Żurrieq MaltaHamlets Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq Baħrija Bubaqra Burmarrad and Wardija Fleur-de-Lys Gwardamanġa Ħal Farruġ Kappara Madliena Paceville San Pietru Swatar Tal-Virtù GozoLocal councils Fontana Għajnsielem Għarb Għasri Kerċem Munxar Nadur Qala Rabat (Victoria) San Lawrenz Sannat Xagħra Xewkija Żebbuġ GozoHamlets Marsalforn Santa Luċija Xlendi Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baie-Saint-Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie-Saint-Paul"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Northern Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Region,_Malta"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Acts of the Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Burmarrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmarrad"},{"link_name":"Wardija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardija"},{"link_name":"Qawra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawra"},{"link_name":"Buġibba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%A1ibba"},{"link_name":"Xemxija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xemxija"},{"link_name":"San Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Martin,_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bidnija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidnija"},{"link_name":"Mistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mistra,_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist"},{"link_name":"hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Ġnejna Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0nejna_Bay"},{"link_name":"Wardija Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardija_Ridge"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Baie-Saint-Paul.Local council in Northern Region, MaltaSaint Paul's Bay (Maltese: San Pawl il-Baħar) is a town located on the northeast coast of Malta in the Northern Region. It is a major residential and commercial area and a centre for shopping, bars, dining, and café life. It is also the most populated town on the island.Its name refers to the shipwreck of Saint Paul as documented in the Acts of the Apostles on St. Paul's Islands near St Paul's Bay, on his voyage from Caesarea to Rome, which laid the foundations of Christianity on the island.Burmarrad, Wardija, Qawra, Buġibba, Xemxija, and San Martin, as well as parts of Bidnija and Mistra, form part of St. Paul's Bay Local Council.[3] The area of the locality is 14.47 km2 (6 sq mi).The population in 2021 was 32,042. This nearly doubles, going up to about 60,000, between June and September with Maltese residents and tourists lodging in hotels, especially in Buġibba and Qawra. Heading north is Mistra Bay, its headland and St Paul's Island. Going west and crossing the island towards Ġnejna Bay and Golden Bay is the scenic Wardija Ridge.","title":"St. Paul's Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of monuments in St. Paul's Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monuments_in_St._Paul%27s_Bay"},{"link_name":"megalithic temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Buġibba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%A1ibba_Temple"},{"link_name":"Cart Ruts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra%C4%A7_G%C4%A7ar_il-Kbir#Origin_of_the_tracks"},{"link_name":"Wardija Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardija_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Busewdien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busewdien"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Ta' Tabibu farmhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27_Tabibu_farmhouse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"rule of the Order of Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Malta_under_the_Order_of_Saint_John"},{"link_name":"Wignacourt Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wignacourt_Tower"},{"link_name":"Qawra Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawra_Tower"},{"link_name":"Arrias Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrias_Battery"},{"link_name":"Dellia Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dellia_Battery"},{"link_name":"Perellos Redoubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perellos_Redoubt"},{"link_name":"French invasion of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1798#Malta"},{"link_name":"Maltese uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)"},{"link_name":"Grand Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Marsamxett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsamxett_Harbour"},{"link_name":"still under French control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Italian armistice of 1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile"},{"link_name":"Regia Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spblc-2"}],"text":"See also: List of monuments in St. Paul's BayArchaeological remains have been found in the limits of St. Paul's Bay, which go back to around 4000 BC. Among the remains there are the megalithic temples of Buġibba and Xemxija. In addition, Cart Ruts were found on Wardija Ridge at Busewdien,[4] while Punic tombs and other Bronze Age remains were also found. During the Roman period, St. Paul's Bay became an important harbour. Remains of a Roman road, baths and beehives, have been found at Xemxija, while Roman anchors have been found on the seabed.By the late Middle Ages, St. Paul's Bay was abandoned since the area was unsafe due to corsair raids. The local militia maintained several watch posts in the area. One of these, known as Ta' Tabibu farmhouse, still survives today and is considered to be the oldest building in St. Paul's Bay.[5] A building of a church was also noted at the arrival of the Order of St John in 1530.[6]A number of fortifications were built in the area during the rule of the Order of Saint John. The first of these was the Wignacourt Tower, built in 1610, which is now the oldest surviving watchtower in Malta. Qawra Tower was built by Grand Master Lascaris in 1638. In 1715, batteries were built around these two towers, while two batteries and a redoubt were built in other parts of the St. Paul's Bay coastline. Of these, only Arrias Battery survives today, since Dellia Battery and Perellos Redoubt were demolished in the 20th century.The bay was one of the landing places during the French invasion of Malta in June 1798. After the Maltese uprising against the French, St. Paul's Bay became the main harbour of Malta since the Grand Harbour and Marsamxett were still under French control.[7]In the 19th century, several villas were built in St. Paul's Bay. These were requisitioned by the British military in World War II and the bay became a rest camp. After the Italian armistice of 1943, 76 ships of the Regia Marina were anchored at St. Paul's Bay after surrendering to the British.After the war, the area began to be further developed. Today, St. Paul's Bay, Qawra, Buġibba, Xemxija and Burmarrad form a large cluster of buildings. The area is a popular entertainment spot.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of 2020, St. Paul's Bay has the largest number of reported thefts in Malta, amounting to 423 out of 4,037 thefts, and the largest amount of domestic violence incidents, amounting to 93 out of 1,409.[8][9]","title":"Crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sirens F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirens_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sirens A.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirens_A.S.C."},{"link_name":"Malta Young Sailors Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malta_Young_Sailors_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Sirens F.C. football club\nSirens A.S.C. Waterpolo club\nMalta Young Sailors Club dinghy sailing club","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Malta"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Chaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Agios Pavlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Pavlos,_Thessaloniki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Oroslavje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroslavje"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in MaltaSaint Paul's Bay is twinned with:[10]Chaum, France\n Agios Pavlos, Greece\n Oroslavje, Croatia","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Gazzetta tal-Gvern ta' Malta\" (PDF) (in Maltese). 3 September 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/DOI/Government%20Gazette/PA%20GN/Documents/2019/Government%20Gazette%20-%203rd%20September.pdf","url_text":"\"Gazzetta tal-Gvern ta' Malta\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Pawl il-Baħar\". lc.gov.mt. Retrieved 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://lc.gov.mt/Page.aspx?catid=53&pid=184&lid=1","url_text":"\"San Pawl il-Baħar\""}]},{"reference":"S. Formosa; S. Scicluna; J. Azzopardi (January 2013). Saviour Formosa; Sandra Scicluna; Jacqueline Azzopardi (eds.). Realities of Crime, Society and Landuse in the Mediterranean: JANUS I (PDF). Msida: Department of Criminology, University of Malta. pp. 96–98. doi:10.13140/2.1.1230.4322. ISBN 978-99957-834-0-2. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174910/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saviour_Formosa/publication/263085433_Realities_of_Crime_Society_and_Landuse_in_the_Mediterranean_JANUS_I/links/00b7d539c39d1bd58a000000.pdf","url_text":"Realities of Crime, Society and Landuse in the Mediterranean: JANUS I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msida","url_text":"Msida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Malta","url_text":"University of Malta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13140%2F2.1.1230.4322","url_text":"10.13140/2.1.1230.4322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99957-834-0-2","url_text":"978-99957-834-0-2"},{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263085433","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Development near oldest building in St Paul's Bay refused\". Times of Malta. 23 October 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20101023/local/development-near-oldest-building-in-st-pauls-bay-refused.332711","url_text":"\"Development near oldest building in St Paul's Bay refused\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Malta","url_text":"Times of Malta"}]},{"reference":"Leopardi, E. R. (1949). \"The First Printed Description of Malta : Lyons 1536\" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (2): 56, 58.","urls":[{"url":"http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)2(Apr.-Jun.)/01.pdf","url_text":"\"The First Printed Description of Malta : Lyons 1536\""}]},{"reference":"Spiteri, Stephen C. (May 2008). \"Maltese 'siege' batteries of the blockade 1798-1800\" (PDF). Arx - Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification (6): 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161126232114/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/images/stories/Arx/arx6-2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Maltese 'siege' batteries of the blockade 1798-1800\""},{"url":"http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/images/stories/Arx/arx6-2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"More police for St Paul's Bay – Graziella Galea\". Times of Malta. Retrieved 7 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/more-police-for-st-pauls-bay-graziella-galea.869746","url_text":"\"More police for St Paul's Bay – Graziella Galea\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Paul's Bay with highest number of domestic violence, theft reports in 2020 - The Malta Independent\". www.independent.com.mt. Retrieved 7 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2021-03-15/local-news/St-Paul-s-Bay-with-highest-number-of-domestic-violence-theft-reports-in-2020-6736231833","url_text":"\"St Paul's Bay with highest number of domestic violence, theft reports in 2020 - The Malta Independent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twinning\". localgovernment.gov.mt. Government of Malta. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://localgovernment.gov.mt/en/lc/StPaulsBay/Pages/Services/Twinning.aspx","url_text":"\"Twinning\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Cattaro
Bay of Kotor
["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","1.2 Hydrology","2 History","2.1 Middle Ages","2.2 Venetian rule (1420–1797)","2.3 Modern history","3 Culture","4 Demographics","5 Notable people","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 Literature"]
Coordinates: 42°26′N 18°38′E / 42.433°N 18.633°E / 42.433; 18.633Geographic region of Montenegro Geographic region of Montenegro in DalmatiaBay of Kotor Boka kotorskaБока которскаGeographic region of MontenegroView over Bay of Kotor  Municipalities that form the Bay of Kotor region: Kotor, Herceg Novi and Tivat.  Budva Municipality, historically considered a part of the Bay of Kotor region.Country Montenegro CroatiaHistorical region DalmatiaMunicipalitiesKotor, Herceg Novi, TivatArea • Total616 km2 (238 sq mi)Population • Total67,496Demonym(s)Bokelj (masculine)Bokeljka (feminine) UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameNatural and Culturo-Historical Region of KotorCriteriaCultural: i, ii, iii, ivReference125Inscription1979 (3rd Session)Area14,600 haBuffer zone36,491 ha The Bay of Kotor (Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian: Boka kotorska / Бока которска, Italian: Bocche di Cattaro), also known as the Boka, is a winding bay of the Adriatic Sea in southwestern Montenegro and the region of Montenegro concentrated around the bay. It is also the southernmost part of the historical region of Dalmatia. At the entrance to the Bay there is Prevlaka, a small peninsula in southern Croatia. The bay has been inhabited since antiquity. Its well-preserved medieval towns of Kotor, Risan, Tivat, Perast, Prčanj and Herceg Novi, along with their natural surroundings, are major tourist attractions. The Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Its numerous Orthodox and Catholic churches and monasteries attract numerous religious pilgrims and other visitors. Geography Perast and Bay of Kotor from Saint Nicholas' Church Bay of Kotor. View over Bay of Kotor. The bay is about 28 kilometres (17 mi) long with a shoreline extending 107.3 kilometres (66.7 mi). It is surrounded by two massifs of the Dinaric Alps: the Orjen mountains to the west, and the Lovćen mountains to the east. The narrowest section of the bay, the 2,300-metre (7,500 ft) long Verige Strait, is only 340 metres (1,120 ft) wide at its narrowest point. The bay is a ria of the vanished Bokelj River, which used to flow from the high mountain plateaus of Mount Orjen. The bay is composed of several smaller broad bays, united by narrower channels. The bay inlet was formerly a river system. Tectonic and karstification processes led to the disintegration of this river. After heavy rains, the waterfall of Sopot spring at Risan appears, and Škurda, another well-known spring, runs through a canyon from Lovćen. The outermost part of the bay is the Bay of Tivat. On the seaward side is the Bay of Herceg Novi, at the main entrance to the Bay of Kotor. The inner bays are the Bay of Risan to the northwest and the Bay of Kotor to the southeast. The Verige Strait represents the bay's narrowest section and is located between Cape St. Nedjelja and Cape Opatovo; it separates the inner bay east of the strait from the Bay of Tivat. Climate The bay lies within the Mediterranean and northwards the humid subtropical climate zone, but its peculiar topography and high mountains make it one of the wettest places in Europe, with Europe's wettest inhabited areas (although certain Icelandic glaciers are wetter). The littoral Dinaric Alps and the Accursed Mountains receive the most precipitation, leading to small glaciers surviving well above the 0 °C (32 °F) mean annual isotherm. November thunderstorms sometimes drop large amounts of water. By contrast, in August the area is frequently completely dry, leading to forest fires. With a maximum discharge of 200 m3/s (7,100 cu ft/s), one of the biggest karst springs, the Sopot spring, reflects this seasonal variation. Most of the time it is inactive but after heavy rain a waterfall appears 20 metres (66 ft) above the Bay of Kotor. Station Height Type Character Precipitation Snow Veliki kabao 1894 D perhumid Mediterranean snowclimate c. 6250 ap. 140 days Crkvice 940 Cfsb (fs= without summerdryness), perhumid Mediterranean mountain climate 4926 70 days Risan 0 Cs’’a (s’’= double winter rain season), perhumid Mediterranean coast climate 3500 0.4 days *classification scheme after Köppen Two wind systems have ecological significance: Bora and Jugo. Strong cold downslope winds of the Bora type appear in winter and are most severe in the Bay of Risan. Gusts reach 250 km/h (160 mph) and can lead to a significant temperature decline over several hours with freezing events. Bora weather situations are frequent and sailors study the mountains as cap clouds indicate an imminent Bora event. Jugo is a warm humid wind and brings heavy rain. It appears throughout the year but is usually concentrated in autumn and spring. Monthly and yearly precipitation ranges: Station Period Height I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I-XII Herceg Novi 1961–1984 40 230 221 183 135 130 73 28 45 160 181 326 262 1974 Risan 1961–1984 40 405 342 340 235 153 101 66 123 188 295 423 434 3105 Grahovo 1961–1984 710 351 324 305 251 142 94 55 103 202 416 508 473 3224 Podvrsnik 1961–1984 630 407 398 367 305 151 101 77 132 238 465 593 586 3820 Vrbanj 1961–1984 1010 472 390 388 321 181 104 70 122 224 369 565 536 3742 Knežlaz 1961–1984 620 547 472 473 373 207 120 72 136 268 400 629 661 4358 Crkvice 1961–1984 940 610 499 503 398 198 135 82 155 295 502 714 683 4774 Ivanova Korita 1960–1984 1350 434 460 742 472 128 198 74 46 94 300 694 972 4614 Goli vrh 1893–1913 1311 271 286 307 226 188 148 75 70 215 473 415 327 3129 Jankov vrh 1890–1909 1017 424 386 389 346 212 124 55 58 202 484 579 501 3750 Hydrology Hydrologic system: karst hydrology ca. 4000 km2, Sopot, Škurda, submerged sources Water area: 87 km2 Max depth: 60 m Average depth: 27.3 m Water content:24,12306 km3 (ca. 2.4 mrd m3) Highest point: Orjen (1894 m) Lowest point: sea surface (0 m) Length: 28,13 km Widest point: 7 km Narrowest point: || 0.3 km History Middle Ages Churches in the Bay of Kotor: 1) from the 9th and 2) 10th and 11th century The Bay of Kotor within the Kingdom of Zeta in the 12th century The Sklavenoi, South Slavs, settled in the Balkans in the 6th century. The Serbs, mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals of the mid-9th century, controlled a great part of Dalmatia ("Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur"). Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos in De Administrando Imperio mentions that, from Croats who came to Dalmatia, one part was separated and took rule in Illyricum. The Slavic, Serbian tribes, consolidated under the Vlastimirović dynasty (610–960). The two principalities of Doclea and Travunia were roughly adjacent at Boka. As elsewhere in the Balkans, Slavs mixed with the Roman population of these Byzantine coastal cities. The Theme of Dalmatia was established in the 870s. According to De Administrando Imperio (ca. 960), Risan was part of Travunia, a Serbian principality ruled by the Belojević family. After the Great Schism of 1054, the coastal region was under both Churches. In 1171, Stefan Nemanja sided with the Republic of Venice in a dispute with the Byzantine Empire. The Venetians incited the Slavs of the eastern Adriatic littoral to rebel against Byzantine rule and Nemanja joined them, launching an offensive towards Kotor. The Bay was thenceforth under the rule of the Nemanjić dynasty. In 1195, Nemanja and his son Vukan constructed the Church of Saint Luka in Kotor. In 1219, Saint Sava founded the seat of the Eparchy of Zeta on Prevlaka, one of the eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Due to its protected location, Kotor became a major city for the salt trade. The area flourished during the 14th century under the rule of Emperor of the Serbs Dušan the Mighty who, notorious for his aggressive law enforcement, made the Bay of Kotor a particularly safe place for doing business. The city of Kotor was under Nemanjić rule until 1371. It was followed by a period of frequent political changes in the region. Local lords from the Vojinović and Balšić noble families fought over the influence in the region. Since 1377, northern parts of the Bay region came under the rule of Tvrtko I Kotromanić, who proclaimed himself King of the Serbs and Bosnia. For several years (1385–1391), the city of Kotor also recognized the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Bosnia. After 1391, it gained political independence, and functioned as a city-state until 1420. Its merchant fleet and importance gradually increased, but so was the interest of the powerful Republic of Venice for the city and the bay region. From 1405 to 1412, the First Scutari War was fought in the region. Venetian rule (1420–1797) In 1420, the city of Kotor recognized the Venetian rule, marking the beginning of an era that would last until 1797. Northern parts of the Bay region still remained under the Kingdom of Bosnia, while southern parts were controlled the Lordship of Zeta, followed by the Serbian Despotate. In the meanwhile, the Second Scutari War was fought in the region, resulting in the peace treaties of 1423 and 1426. By the middle of the 15th century, northern parts of the Bay region became incorporated into the Duchy of Saint Sava. In 1482, Ottomans took the city of Novi, establishing their rule in the northern parts of the Bay area. Under Ottoman rule, those regions were attached to the Sanjak of Herzegovina. The Ottoman possessions in the Bay region were retaken at the end of the 17th century and the whole area became part of the Venetian Republic, within the province of Venetian Albania. Until the 20th century, the difference between the two parts was visible because the former Ottoman part had an Orthodox majority, while the part that was under Venetian rule had a Catholic majority. The town of Perast had difficult moments in 1654 when the Ottomans attacked, retaliating against Bokeljs who had sunk an Ottoman ship. The Bokeljs' successful defence of Perast and the Bay received attention all over Europe. It attracted Petar Zrinski, a statesman in Europe who had fought dramatic battles with the Turks. During his three-day sojourn in Perast he presented his legendary sword to the town in recognition for their efforts to defend their homeland, and to stop the Ottoman Empire. In 1669, according to Andrija Zmajević, hajduks of the Bay wished to build a church, but were denied due to Zmajević's intervention on the providur of Kotor and the captain of Perast. Ottoman travel writer Evliya Çelebi visited the Bay of Kotor and mentioned Croats who lived in Herceg Novi. Modern history Historic map of the Bay of Kotor Bay of Kotor within the Kingdom of Dalmatia in Austria-Hungary By the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), the Bay region came under the Habsburg rule. By the Treaty of Pressburg (1805), the region was set to be transferred to the French rule, but that was effectively achieved only after the Treaties of Tilsit (1807). Under the French rule, the Bay region was included in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and later in the Illyrian Provinces, which were a part of the French Empire. The region was later conquered by Montenegro with Russian help by Prince-Bishop Petar I Petrović-Njegoš and, in 1813, a union of the bay area with Montenegro was declared. In 1815, the bay was annexed by the Austrian Empire and was included in the province of Dalmatia (part of Cisleithania since 1867). In 1848, when the numerous revolutions sparked in the Austrian Empire, an Assembly of the Bay of Kotor was held sponsored by Petar II Petrović-Njegoš of Montenegro, to decide on the proposition of the Bay's unification with Ban of Croatia Josip Jelačić in an attempt to unite Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia under the Habsburg crown. The Kingdom of Montenegro attempted to take the Bay during World War I. It was bombed from Lovćen, but, by 1916, Austria-Hungary had defeated Montenegro. During Austro-Hungarian rule, the majority of people participated in the Great Retreat with the Royal Serbian Army through Albania. On 7 November 1918, the Serbian army entered the Bay. Within a month, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was formed and was renamed as Yugoslavia in 1929. The Bay was a municipality of Dalmatia until it was re-organized into smaller districts (oblasts) in 1922. It was incorporated into the Oblast of Cetinje and, from 1939, into the Zeta Banovina. Both Ottoman and Austro Hungarian Hercegovina had a narrow exit to the sea, the so-called Sutorina stripe. In 1945 Montenegro was assigned the stripe. According to the 1910 census, the bay had 40,582 inhabitants, of whom 24,794 were Eastern Orthodox and 14,523 Catholic. The Bay region was occupied by the Royal Italian Army in April 1941, and was included in the Governorate of Dalmatia until September 1943. Since 1945, it was part of the People's Republic of Montenegro. Culture The Scuola Nautica in Kotor, 1908 Most of the region's inhabitants are Orthodox Christians, declaring themselves on census forms of either Montenegrins or Serbians, while a minority are Croatians. The Bay region is under the protection of UNESCO due to its rich cultural heritage. The Boka region has a long maritime tradition and harbored a strong fleet since the Middle Ages, which historically formed the backbone of the Bay's economy. Kotor was home to a notable naval academy, the Scuola Nautica. The fleet peaked at 300 ships in the 18th century, when Boka was a rival to Dubrovnik and Venice. During the Austro-Hungarian period, the Bay of Kotor produced the majority of sea captains of the Österreichischer Lloyd shipping company. Historically, inhabitants of both dominant faiths of the Boka region were referred to as Bocchesi (an Italian-language exonym). In 1806, about two-thirds of Bocchesi were adherents of Eastern Orthodoxy, the remaining third being Catholic. Catholicism was the dominant faith in Perast. During the 19th century, Orthodox Bocchesi were strongly in favor of a union with the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, while many Catholic inhabitants favored continued Austro-Hungarian rule. On the landward side, long walls run from the fortified old town of Kotor to the castle of Saint John, far above; the heights of the Krivošije, a group of barren plateaus in Mount Orjen, were crowned by small forts. The shores of the bay Herceg Novi house the Orthodox convent of St. Sava near (Savina monastery) standing amid surrounding gardens. It was founded in the 16th century and contains many specimens of 17th century silversmiths' work. 12.87 km east of Herceg Novi, there is a Benedictine monastery on a small island opposite Perast (Perasto). Perast itself was for a time an independent state in the 14th century. Demographics Kotor and Boka kotorska The Bokelj (Бокељ) people (pl. Бокељи, Bokelji) are the inhabitants of the Boka kotorska (hence the name) and adjacent regions (near the towns of Kotor, Tivat, Herceg Novi, Risan, Perast). They are an ethnic South Slavic community, many of whom nationally identify as Montenegrin, Serb or Croat. Most are Eastern Orthodox, while some are Roman Catholics. According to the 2011 Montenegro census, the total population of Boka was 67,456. When it comes to ethnic composition, in 2011 there were 26,435 (39.2%) Serbs, 26,108 (38.7%) Montenegrins, and 4,519 (6.7%) Croats. Herceg Novi – 30,864: Serbs – 15,090 (48.89%) Montenegrins – 10,395 (33.68%) Croats – 662 (2.14%) Regional affiliation – 367 (1.19%) Roma – 258 (0.84%) ethnic Muslims – 160 (0.52%) Yugoslavs – 157 (0.5%) Russians – 118 (0.38%) Serbs-Montenegrins – 98 (0,32%) Macedonians – 95 (0.3%) others – 556 (1.79%) undeclared – 2,908 (9.42%) Kotor – 22,601: Montenegrins – 11,047 (48.88%) Serbs – 6,910 (30.57%) Croats – 1,553 (6.87%) Regional affiliation – 178 (0.79%) Albanians – 102 (0.45%) Yugoslavs – 93 (0.41%) Romas – 74 (0.33%) Russians – 70 (0.3%) ethnic Muslims – 64 (0.28%) Egyptians – 63 (0.28%) others – 500 (2.21%) undeclared – 1,946 (8.61%) Tivat – 13,991: Montenegrins – 4,666 (33.25%) Serbs – 4,435 (31.61%) Croats – 2,304 (16.42%) ethnic Muslims – 114 (0.81%) Regional affiliation – 109 (0.78%) Albanians – 97 (0.69%) Bosniaks – 96 (0.68%) Yugoslavs – 61 (0.43%) Slovenes – 57 (0.41%) Russians – 56 (0.4%) others – 411 (2.94%) undeclared – 1,275 (9.09%) Notable people Matija Zmajević – shipbuilder Andrija Paltašić – typographer Nikola Modruški – bishop Krsto Čorko – naval captain Petar Želalić – naval captain Ivan Visin – sailor Stjepan Mitrov Ljubiša – politician Rambo Amadeus – singer Leopold Mandić (1866–1942) Osanna of Cattaro (1493–1565) Giovanni Bona de Boliris Gallery Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in Kotor. Saint-George and Our-Lady-of-the-Reef, two islands off Perast. Town of Perast, Kotor Municipality Bay of Kotor and Illyrian fortresses on the hills 1)Risan 2)Gosici 3)Kremalj (Mirac) Kotor bay from St John Castle. Stone lion and the Bay of Kotor. Perast, Montenegro. The ancient fortifications of Kotor Panorama of the Bay of Kotor Kotor Bay, as seen from the Lovćen mountain. Kotor around 1840 See also Albania Veneta Montenegrin Littoral References ^ "Welcome to Bay of Kotor". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ D Magaš. "Natural-Geographic Characteristics of the Boka Kotosdka Area As the Basis of Development". Geoadria Vol. 7 No. 1, Croatian Geographical Society and University of Zadar Department of Geography, Zadar, 2002, pp. 53. ^ "Late Holocene Glacial History of Sólheimajökull, Southern Iceland" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-20. ^ Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. ISBN 1-4039-6417-3 ^ Rastko.org, Arheologija 13047 ^ Serbian studies, Volumes 2–3, p. 29 ^ De originibus Slavicis, Volume 1 By Johann Christoph von Jordan, p. 155 ^ Lujo Margetić, Konstantin Porfirogenet i vrijeme dolaska Hrvata, Vol. 8, 1977. https://hrcak.srce.hr/83642 #page=8 ^ Popović 2002, p. 173. ^ Rick Steves Snapshot Dubrovnik by Rick Steves and Cameron Hewitt ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 92. ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 185. ^ Miloš Milošević (1988). Hajduci u Boki Kotorskoj 1648–1718. CANU. ISBN 9788672150148. ^ Marko Jačov (1992). Le Missioni cattoliche nei Balcani durante la Guerra di Candia (1645–1669). Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. pp. 709–. ISBN 978-88-210-0638-8. ^ "MONTENEGRINA - digitalna biblioteka crnogorske kulture i nasljedja". ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 187. ^ Territorial proposals for the settlement of war in Bosnia Hercegovina - boundary and territorial briefing volume 1 number 3 page 12 by Mladen Klemencic ^ Manuale del regno di Dalmazia . Battaro. 1872. p. 260. ^ Handbook to the Mediterranean, Part 1. London: John Murray. 1881. p. 303. ^ Bensman, Stephen (1962). The Russian Occupation of the Region of Kotor Bay, 1806-1807. University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 7. ^ " Simo Matavulj – Boka i Bokelji". rastko.org.rs. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015. ^ "Census 2011 data - Municipalities". monstat.org. Statistical Office of Montenegro. ^ "Slavni "Kapetani Boke kotorske"". Radio DUX. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2015. ^ Petar Želalić famous naval captain, from Boka Kotorska Archived April 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Literature Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) . The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472081497. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) . The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604. Popović, Svetlana (2002). "The Serbian Episcopal sees in the thirteenth century (Српска епископска седишта у XIII веку)". Старинар (51: 2001): 171–184. Boka kotorska: Etnički sastav u razdoblju austrijske uprave (1814.-1918. g.), Ivan Crkvenčić, Antun Schaller, Hrvatski geografski glasnik 68/1, 51–72 (2006) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bay of Kotor. 42°26′N 18°38′E / 42.433°N 18.633°E / 42.433; 18.633 vteRegions in MontenegroNorthern region Drobnjak (Uskoci, Jezera, Šaranci) Zatarje Pljevlja Piva Brda (Morača (Upper and Lower), Vasojevići) Polja Kolašin (Upper and Lower) Southern Sanjak Plav and Gusinje Bihor (Upper and Lower) Vraneš Polimlje Potarje Old Herzegovina Central region Nikšići (Župa, Trebješani, Golija, Rudine, Ozrinići) Banjani Grahovo Krivošije Brda (Piperi, Rovca, Bratonožići, Kuči, Bjelopavlići, Lijeva Rijeka) Zeta (Upper and Lower) Skenderija Malesija  (Hoti, Gruda, Triepshi) Old Montenegro (Pješivci, Čevo, Cuce, Bjelice, Njeguši, Cetinje field, Ceklin, Komani, Zagarač, Lješani, Rijeka) Coastal region Bay of Kotor (Prevlaka, Sutorina, Risan gulf, Tivat gulf, Luštica) Grbalj Budva riviera (Pobori, Brajići, Maine, Paštrovići) Spič Crmnica Bar Valdanos Mrkojevići Ulcinj riviera Skadarska Krajina Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Czech Republic Geographic Pleiades
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"historical region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_region"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Prevlaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevlaka"},{"link_name":"peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"Risan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risan"},{"link_name":"Tivat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivat"},{"link_name":"Perast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perast"},{"link_name":"Prčanj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%8Danj"},{"link_name":"Herceg Novi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herceg_Novi"},{"link_name":"Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_and_Culturo-Historical_Region_of_Kotor"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Montenegro"}],"text":"Geographic region of MontenegroGeographic region of Montenegro in DalmatiaThe Bay of Kotor (Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian: Boka kotorska / Бока которска, Italian: Bocche di Cattaro), also known as the Boka,[1] is a winding bay of the Adriatic Sea in southwestern Montenegro and the region of Montenegro concentrated around the bay. It is also the southernmost part of the historical region of Dalmatia. At the entrance to the Bay there is Prevlaka, a small peninsula in southern Croatia. The bay has been inhabited since antiquity. Its well-preserved medieval towns of Kotor, Risan, Tivat, Perast, Prčanj and Herceg Novi, along with their natural surroundings, are major tourist attractions. The Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Its numerous Orthodox and Catholic churches and monasteries attract numerous religious pilgrims and other visitors.","title":"Bay of Kotor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perast_and_Bay_of_Kotor_from_Saint_Nicholas%27_Church.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perast_12.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_perast_aerial_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"massifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif"},{"link_name":"Dinaric Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric_Alps"},{"link_name":"Orjen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjen"},{"link_name":"Lovćen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C4%87en"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria"},{"link_name":"Mount Orjen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Orjen"},{"link_name":"karstification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"Risan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risan"},{"link_name":"Tivat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivat"},{"link_name":"Herceg Novi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herceg_Novi"},{"link_name":"Risan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risan"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"}],"text":"Perast and Bay of Kotor from Saint Nicholas' ChurchBay of Kotor.View over Bay of Kotor.The bay is about 28 kilometres (17 mi) long with a shoreline extending 107.3 kilometres (66.7 mi). It is surrounded by two massifs of the Dinaric Alps: the Orjen mountains to the west, and the Lovćen mountains to the east. The narrowest section of the bay, the 2,300-metre (7,500 ft) long Verige Strait, is only 340 metres (1,120 ft) wide at its narrowest point.[2] The bay is a ria of the vanished Bokelj River, which used to flow from the high mountain plateaus of Mount Orjen.The bay is composed of several smaller broad bays, united by narrower channels. The bay inlet was formerly a river system. Tectonic and karstification processes led to the disintegration of this river. After heavy rains, the waterfall of Sopot spring at Risan appears, and Škurda, another well-known spring, runs through a canyon from Lovćen.The outermost part of the bay is the Bay of Tivat. On the seaward side is the Bay of Herceg Novi, at the main entrance to the Bay of Kotor. The inner bays are the Bay of Risan to the northwest and the Bay of Kotor to the southeast.The Verige Strait represents the bay's narrowest section and is located between Cape St. Nedjelja and Cape Opatovo; it separates the inner bay east of the strait from the Bay of Tivat.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Icelandic glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Accursed Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accursed_Mountains"},{"link_name":"isotherm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotherm_(contour_line)"},{"link_name":"forest fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_fire"},{"link_name":"karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen"},{"link_name":"wind systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological"},{"link_name":"Bora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_(wind)"},{"link_name":"Jugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirocco"},{"link_name":"downslope winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katabatic_wind"},{"link_name":"weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The bay lies within the Mediterranean and northwards the humid subtropical climate zone, but its peculiar topography and high mountains make it one of the wettest places in Europe, with Europe's wettest inhabited areas (although certain Icelandic glaciers are wetter[3]). The littoral Dinaric Alps and the Accursed Mountains receive the most precipitation, leading to small glaciers surviving well above the 0 °C (32 °F) mean annual isotherm. November thunderstorms sometimes drop large amounts of water. By contrast, in August the area is frequently completely dry, leading to forest fires. With a maximum discharge of 200 m3/s (7,100 cu ft/s), one of the biggest karst springs, the Sopot spring, reflects this seasonal variation. Most of the time it is inactive but after heavy rain a waterfall appears 20 metres (66 ft) above the Bay of Kotor.*classification scheme after KöppenTwo wind systems have ecological significance: Bora and Jugo. Strong cold downslope winds of the Bora type appear in winter and are most severe in the Bay of Risan. Gusts reach 250 km/h (160 mph) and can lead to a significant temperature decline over several hours with freezing events. Bora weather situations are frequent and sailors study the mountains as cap clouds indicate an imminent Bora event. Jugo is a warm humid wind and brings heavy rain. It appears throughout the year but is usually concentrated in autumn and spring.Monthly and yearly precipitation ranges:","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Orjen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjen"}],"sub_title":"Hydrology","text":"Hydrologic system: karst hydrology ca. 4000 km2, Sopot, Škurda, submerged sources[clarification needed]\nWater area: 87 km2\nMax depth: 60 m\nAverage depth: 27.3 m\nWater content:24,12306 km3 (ca. 2.4 mrd m3)\nHighest point: Orjen (1894 m)\nLowest point: sea surface (0 m)\nLength: 28,13 km\nWidest point: 7 km\nNarrowest point: || 0.3 km","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Churches_in_the_Bay_of_Kotor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duklja_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Zeta"},{"link_name":"Sklavenoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclaveni"},{"link_name":"South Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rastko13-5"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Royal Frankish Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Frankish_Annals"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VII"},{"link_name":"De Administrando Imperio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Vlastimirović dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlastimirovi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Doclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklja"},{"link_name":"Travunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travunija"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Theme of Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia_(theme)"},{"link_name":"Risan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risan"},{"link_name":"Belojević family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belojevi%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Great Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism"},{"link_name":"Stefan Nemanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"Nemanjić dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Vukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukan_Nemanji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Saint Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"Eparchy of Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eparchy_of_Zeta"},{"link_name":"Prevlaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevlaka"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopovi%C4%872002173-9"},{"link_name":"Serbian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Emperor of the Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Dušan the Mighty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vojinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojinovi%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"Balšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"Tvrtko I Kotromanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"King of the Serbs and Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Serbs_and_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"First Scutari War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Scutari_War"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"Churches in the Bay of Kotor: 1) from the 9th and 2) 10th and 11th centuryThe Bay of Kotor within the Kingdom of Zeta in the 12th centuryThe Sklavenoi, South Slavs, settled in the Balkans in the 6th century.[4][5] The Serbs, mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals of the mid-9th century, controlled a great part of Dalmatia (\"Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur\").[6][7] Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos in De Administrando Imperio mentions that, from Croats who came to Dalmatia, one part was separated and took rule in Illyricum.[8] The Slavic, Serbian tribes, consolidated under the Vlastimirović dynasty (610–960).[citation needed] The two principalities of Doclea and Travunia were roughly adjacent at Boka. As elsewhere in the Balkans, Slavs mixed with the Roman population of these Byzantine coastal cities. The Theme of Dalmatia was established in the 870s. According to De Administrando Imperio (ca. 960), Risan was part of Travunia, a Serbian principality ruled by the Belojević family.[citation needed]After the Great Schism of 1054, the coastal region was under both Churches. In 1171, Stefan Nemanja sided with the Republic of Venice in a dispute with the Byzantine Empire. The Venetians incited the Slavs of the eastern Adriatic littoral to rebel against Byzantine rule and Nemanja joined them, launching an offensive towards Kotor. The Bay was thenceforth under the rule of the Nemanjić dynasty. In 1195, Nemanja and his son Vukan constructed the Church of Saint Luka in Kotor. In 1219, Saint Sava founded the seat of the Eparchy of Zeta on Prevlaka,[9] one of the eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Due to its protected location, Kotor became a major city for the salt trade. The area flourished during the 14th century under the rule of Emperor of the Serbs Dušan the Mighty who, notorious for his aggressive law enforcement, made the Bay of Kotor a particularly safe place for doing business.[10]The city of Kotor was under Nemanjić rule until 1371. It was followed by a period of frequent political changes in the region. Local lords from the Vojinović and Balšić noble families fought over the influence in the region. Since 1377, northern parts of the Bay region came under the rule of Tvrtko I Kotromanić, who proclaimed himself King of the Serbs and Bosnia. For several years (1385–1391), the city of Kotor also recognized the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Bosnia. After 1391, it gained political independence, and functioned as a city-state until 1420. Its merchant fleet and importance gradually increased, but so was the interest of the powerful Republic of Venice for the city and the bay region. From 1405 to 1412, the First Scutari War was fought in the region.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%87200492-11"},{"link_name":"Lordship of Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Serbian Despotate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Despotate"},{"link_name":"Second Scutari War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Scutari_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Saint Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Novi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herceg_Novi"},{"link_name":"Sanjak of Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Venetian Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Albania"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%872004185-12"},{"link_name":"Perast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perast"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Petar Zrinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Zrinski"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Andrija Zmajević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrija_Zmajevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"hajduks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajduk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%871988-13"},{"link_name":"providur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provveditore"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ja%C4%8Dov1992-14"},{"link_name":"Evliya Çelebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Venetian rule (1420–1797)","text":"In 1420, the city of Kotor recognized the Venetian rule,[11] marking the beginning of an era that would last until 1797. Northern parts of the Bay region still remained under the Kingdom of Bosnia, while southern parts were controlled the Lordship of Zeta, followed by the Serbian Despotate. In the meanwhile, the Second Scutari War was fought in the region, resulting in the peace treaties of 1423 and 1426.[citation needed]By the middle of the 15th century, northern parts of the Bay region became incorporated into the Duchy of Saint Sava. In 1482, Ottomans took the city of Novi, establishing their rule in the northern parts of the Bay area. Under Ottoman rule, those regions were attached to the Sanjak of Herzegovina. The Ottoman possessions in the Bay region were retaken at the end of the 17th century and the whole area became part of the Venetian Republic, within the province of Venetian Albania. Until the 20th century, the difference between the two parts was visible because the former Ottoman part had an Orthodox majority, while the part that was under Venetian rule had a Catholic majority.[12]The town of Perast had difficult moments in 1654 when the Ottomans attacked, retaliating against Bokeljs who had sunk an Ottoman ship. The Bokeljs' successful defence of Perast and the Bay received attention all over Europe. It attracted Petar Zrinski, a statesman in Europe who had fought dramatic battles with the Turks. During his three-day sojourn in Perast he presented his legendary sword to the town in recognition for their efforts to defend their homeland, and to stop the Ottoman Empire.[citation needed]In 1669, according to Andrija Zmajević, hajduks of the Bay[13] wished to build a church, but were denied due to Zmajević's intervention on the providur of Kotor and the captain of Perast.[14] Ottoman travel writer Evliya Çelebi visited the Bay of Kotor and mentioned Croats who lived in Herceg Novi.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boka_oldmap.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austria-Hungary_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Campo Formio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Pressburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Treaties of Tilsit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)"},{"link_name":"Illyrian Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%872004187-16"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishop_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Petar I Petrović-Njegoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_I_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Cisleithania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisleithania"},{"link_name":"numerous revolutions sparked in the Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Petar II Petrović-Njegoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Ban of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Josip Jelačić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"attempt to unite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triune_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)"},{"link_name":"Slavonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Slavonia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Lovćen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C4%87en"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Great Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Serbian)"},{"link_name":"Royal Serbian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"oblasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia#Oblasts_(1922%E2%80%931929)"},{"link_name":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje"},{"link_name":"Zeta Banovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Banovina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sutorina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutorina"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Royal Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Governorate of Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Modern history","text":"Historic map of the Bay of KotorBay of Kotor within the Kingdom of Dalmatia in Austria-HungaryBy the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), the Bay region came under the Habsburg rule. By the Treaty of Pressburg (1805), the region was set to be transferred to the French rule, but that was effectively achieved only after the Treaties of Tilsit (1807). Under the French rule, the Bay region was included in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and later in the Illyrian Provinces,[16] which were a part of the French Empire. The region was later conquered by Montenegro with Russian help by Prince-Bishop Petar I Petrović-Njegoš and, in 1813, a union of the bay area with Montenegro was declared. In 1815, the bay was annexed by the Austrian Empire and was included in the province of Dalmatia (part of Cisleithania since 1867). In 1848, when the numerous revolutions sparked in the Austrian Empire, an Assembly of the Bay of Kotor was held sponsored by Petar II Petrović-Njegoš of Montenegro, to decide on the proposition of the Bay's unification with Ban of Croatia Josip Jelačić in an attempt to unite Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia under the Habsburg crown.[citation needed]The Kingdom of Montenegro attempted to take the Bay during World War I. It was bombed from Lovćen, but, by 1916, Austria-Hungary had defeated Montenegro. During Austro-Hungarian rule, the majority of people participated in the Great Retreat with the Royal Serbian Army through Albania. On 7 November 1918, the Serbian army entered the Bay. Within a month, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was formed and was renamed as Yugoslavia in 1929. The Bay was a municipality of Dalmatia until it was re-organized into smaller districts (oblasts) in 1922. It was incorporated into the Oblast of Cetinje and, from 1939, into the Zeta Banovina.[citation needed]\nBoth Ottoman and Austro Hungarian Hercegovina had a narrow exit to the sea, the so-called Sutorina stripe. In 1945 Montenegro was assigned the stripe.[17]\nAccording to the 1910 census, the bay had 40,582 inhabitants, of whom 24,794 were Eastern Orthodox and 14,523 Catholic.The Bay region was occupied by the Royal Italian Army in April 1941, and was included in the Governorate of Dalmatia until September 1943. Since 1945, it was part of the People's Republic of Montenegro.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scuola_Nautica.png"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Österreichischer Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichischer_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Scuola Nautica in Kotor, 1908Most of the region's inhabitants are Orthodox Christians, declaring themselves on census forms of either Montenegrins or Serbians, while a minority are Croatians. The Bay region is under the protection of UNESCO due to its rich cultural heritage.[citation needed]The Boka region has a long maritime tradition and harbored a strong fleet since the Middle Ages, which historically formed the backbone of the Bay's economy. Kotor was home to a notable naval academy, the Scuola Nautica.[18] The fleet peaked at 300 ships in the 18th century, when Boka was a rival to Dubrovnik and Venice. During the Austro-Hungarian period, the Bay of Kotor produced the majority of sea captains of the Österreichischer Lloyd shipping company.[19]Historically, inhabitants of both dominant faiths of the Boka region were referred to as Bocchesi (an Italian-language exonym). In 1806, about two-thirds of Bocchesi were adherents of Eastern Orthodoxy, the remaining third being Catholic. Catholicism was the dominant faith in Perast. During the 19th century, Orthodox Bocchesi were strongly in favor of a union with the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, while many Catholic inhabitants favored continued Austro-Hungarian rule.[20]On the landward side, long walls run from the fortified old town of Kotor to the castle of Saint John, far above; the heights of the Krivošije, a group of barren plateaus in Mount Orjen, were crowned by small forts.The shores of the bay Herceg Novi house the Orthodox convent of St. Sava near (Savina monastery) standing amid surrounding gardens. It was founded in the 16th century and contains many specimens of 17th century silversmiths' work. 12.87 km east of Herceg Novi, there is a Benedictine monastery on a small island opposite Perast (Perasto). Perast itself was for a time an independent state in the 14th century.[citation needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotor_and_Boka_kotorska_-_view_from_city_wall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"Tivat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivat"},{"link_name":"Herceg Novi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herceg_Novi"},{"link_name":"Risan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risan"},{"link_name":"Perast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perast"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Montenegrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Herceg Novi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herceg_Novi"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Montenegrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"ethnic Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims_(South-Slavic_ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"Montenegrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Romas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"ethnic Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims_(South-Slavic_ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Tivat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivat"},{"link_name":"Montenegrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"ethnic Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims_(South-Slavic_ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Bosniaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"}],"text":"Kotor and Boka kotorskaThe Bokelj (Бокељ) people (pl. Бокељи, Bokelji) are the inhabitants of the Boka kotorska (hence the name) and adjacent regions (near the towns of Kotor, Tivat, Herceg Novi, Risan, Perast).[21] They are an ethnic South Slavic community, many of whom nationally identify as Montenegrin, Serb or Croat. Most are Eastern Orthodox, while some are Roman Catholics.According to the 2011 Montenegro census, the total population of Boka was 67,456. When it comes to ethnic composition, in 2011 there were 26,435 (39.2%) Serbs, 26,108 (38.7%) Montenegrins, and 4,519 (6.7%) Croats. \n[22]Herceg Novi – 30,864:\nSerbs – 15,090 (48.89%)\nMontenegrins – 10,395 (33.68%)\nCroats – 662 (2.14%)\nRegional affiliation – 367 (1.19%)\nRoma – 258 (0.84%)\nethnic Muslims – 160 (0.52%)\nYugoslavs – 157 (0.5%)\nRussians – 118 (0.38%)\nSerbs-Montenegrins – 98 (0,32%)\nMacedonians – 95 (0.3%)\nothers – 556 (1.79%)\nundeclared – 2,908 (9.42%)\n\n\nKotor – 22,601:\nMontenegrins – 11,047 (48.88%)\nSerbs – 6,910 (30.57%)\nCroats – 1,553 (6.87%)\nRegional affiliation – 178 (0.79%)\nAlbanians – 102 (0.45%)\nYugoslavs – 93 (0.41%)\nRomas – 74 (0.33%)\nRussians – 70 (0.3%)\nethnic Muslims – 64 (0.28%)\nEgyptians – 63 (0.28%)\nothers – 500 (2.21%)\nundeclared – 1,946 (8.61%)\n\n\nTivat – 13,991:\nMontenegrins – 4,666 (33.25%)\nSerbs – 4,435 (31.61%)\nCroats – 2,304 (16.42%)\nethnic Muslims – 114 (0.81%)\nRegional affiliation – 109 (0.78%)\nAlbanians – 97 (0.69%)\nBosniaks – 96 (0.68%)\nYugoslavs – 61 (0.43%)\nSlovenes – 57 (0.41%)\nRussians – 56 (0.4%)\nothers – 411 (2.94%)\nundeclared – 1,275 (9.09%)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matija Zmajević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matija_Zmajevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Andrija Paltašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrija_Palta%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nikola Modruški","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Modru%C5%A1ki"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ivan Visin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Visin"},{"link_name":"Stjepan Mitrov Ljubiša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Mitrov_Ljubi%C5%A1a"},{"link_name":"Rambo Amadeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambo_Amadeus"},{"link_name":"Leopold Mandić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mandi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Osanna of Cattaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osanna_of_Cattaro"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Bona de Boliris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bona_de_Boliris"}],"text":"Matija Zmajević – shipbuilder\nAndrija Paltašić – typographer\nNikola Modruški – bishop\nKrsto Čorko[23] – naval captain\nPetar Želalić[24] – naval captain\nIvan Visin – sailor\nStjepan Mitrov Ljubiša – politician\nRambo Amadeus – singer\nLeopold Mandić (1866–1942)\nOsanna of Cattaro (1493–1565)\nGiovanni Bona de Boliris","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotor_Cathedral_church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Saint Tryphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Georges_ND-du-R%C3%A9cif.JPG"},{"link_name":"Our-Lady-of-the-Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Perast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Widok_na_Perast_z_zachodu_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Perast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perast"},{"link_name":"Kotor Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bay_of_Kotor_Illiryan_fortresses.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_de_Kotor,_Bah%C3%ADa_de_Kotor,_Montenegro,_2014-04-19,_DD_20.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamienny_lew_i_Zatoka_Kotorska_w_Pera%C5%9Bcie_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotor-Montenegro-Scurda.jpg"},{"link_name":"fortifications of Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_Kotor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotor,_Montenegro,_Boka_Kotorska.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovcen_view_Montenegro_june_2021_(9).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lovćen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C4%87en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotor_shooting_c1840.jpg"}],"text":"Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in Kotor.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint-George and Our-Lady-of-the-Reef, two islands off Perast.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTown of Perast, Kotor Municipality\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBay of Kotor and Illyrian fortresses on the hills 1)Risan 2)Gosici 3)Kremalj (Mirac)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKotor bay from St John Castle.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStone lion and the Bay of Kotor. Perast, Montenegro.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ancient fortifications of Kotor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPanorama of the Bay of Kotor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKotor Bay, as seen from the Lovćen mountain.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKotor around 1840","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ćirković, Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"The Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781405142915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915"},{"link_name":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0472081497","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472081497"},{"link_name":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0472082604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082604"},{"link_name":"\"The Serbian Episcopal sees in the thirteenth century (Српска епископска седишта у XIII веку)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yuAVAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Bay of Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bay_of_Kotor"},{"link_name":"42°26′N 18°38′E / 42.433°N 18.633°E / 42.433; 18.633","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bay_of_Kotor&params=42_26_N_18_38_E_"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Regions_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Regions in Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Northern region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Montenegro#Northern_Region"},{"link_name":"Drobnjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobnjak,_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Uskoci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uskoci_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jezera, Šaranci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDabljak_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Zatarje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Drina)"},{"link_name":"Pljevlja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pljevlja"},{"link_name":"Piva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piva_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Brda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brda_(Montenegro)"},{"link_name":"Morača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%C4%8Da_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Vasojevići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasojevi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Kolašin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola%C5%A1in"},{"link_name":"Southern Sanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak"},{"link_name":"Plav and Gusinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plav,_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Bihor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihor_(region)"},{"link_name":"Vraneš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma%C5%A1evo"},{"link_name":"Polimlje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim_(river)"},{"link_name":"Potarje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Drina)"},{"link_name":"Old Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Central region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Montenegro#Central_Region"},{"link_name":"Nikšići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87i_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Župa, Trebješani, Golija, Rudine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ozrinići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozrini%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Banjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjani"},{"link_name":"Grahovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahovo,_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Krivošije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krivo%C5%A1ije"},{"link_name":"Brda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brda_(Montenegro)"},{"link_name":"Piperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperi_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Rovca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rov%C4%8Dani"},{"link_name":"Bratonožići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratono%C5%BEi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Kuči","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%8Di"},{"link_name":"Bjelopavlići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelopavli%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Lijeva Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasojevi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_valley"},{"link_name":"Skenderija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Malesija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesia,_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"nn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesija_i_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Hoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoti_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Gruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruda_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Triepshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triepshi_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Old 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Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Prevlaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevlaka"},{"link_name":"Sutorina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutorina"},{"link_name":"Risan gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risan"},{"link_name":"Tivat gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivat_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Luštica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%A1tica"},{"link_name":"Grbalj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grbalj"},{"link_name":"Budva riviera (Pobori, Brajići, 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databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207468#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/235203550"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4382843-7"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138960&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pleiades.stoa.org/places/197472"}],"text":"Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.\nFine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472081497.\nFine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.\nPopović, Svetlana (2002). \"The Serbian Episcopal sees in the thirteenth century (Српска епископска седишта у XIII веку)\". Старинар (51: 2001): 171–184.\nBoka kotorska: Etnički sastav u razdoblju austrijske uprave (1814.-1918. g.), Ivan Crkvenčić, Antun Schaller, Hrvatski geografski glasnik 68/1, 51–72 (2006)Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bay of Kotor.42°26′N 18°38′E / 42.433°N 18.633°E / 42.433; 18.633vteRegions in MontenegroNorthern region\nDrobnjak (Uskoci, Jezera, Šaranci)\nZatarje\nPljevlja\nPiva\nBrda (Morača (Upper and Lower), Vasojevići)\nPolja\nKolašin (Upper and Lower)\nSouthern Sanjak\nPlav and Gusinje\nBihor (Upper and Lower)\nVraneš\nPolimlje\nPotarje\nOld Herzegovina\nCentral region\nNikšići (Župa, Trebješani, Golija, Rudine, Ozrinići)\nBanjani\nGrahovo\nKrivošije\nBrda (Piperi, Rovca, Bratonožići, Kuči, Bjelopavlići, Lijeva Rijeka)\nZeta (Upper and Lower)\nSkenderija\nMalesija [nn] (Hoti, Gruda, Triepshi)\nOld Montenegro (Pješivci, Čevo, Cuce, Bjelice, Njeguši, Cetinje field, Ceklin, Komani, Zagarač, Lješani, Rijeka)\nCoastal region\nBay of Kotor (Prevlaka, Sutorina, Risan gulf, Tivat gulf, Luštica)\nGrbalj\nBudva riviera (Pobori, Brajići, Maine, Paštrovići)\nSpič\nCrmnica\nBar\nValdanos\nMrkojevići\nUlcinj riviera\nSkadarska KrajinaAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nCzech Republic\nGeographic\nPleiades","title":"Literature"}]
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[{"title":"Albania Veneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_Veneta"},{"title":"Montenegrin Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Littoral"}]
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ISBN 978-88-210-0638-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JiMUAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA709","url_text":"Le Missioni cattoliche nei Balcani durante la Guerra di Candia (1645–1669)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-210-0638-8","url_text":"978-88-210-0638-8"}]},{"reference":"\"MONTENEGRINA - digitalna biblioteka crnogorske kulture i nasljedja\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/odcrnojevica_dopetrovica/kako_je_evlija_celebija_pisao_o_hn_m_bojanic.htm","url_text":"\"MONTENEGRINA - digitalna biblioteka crnogorske kulture i nasljedja\""}]},{"reference":"Manuale del regno di Dalmazia [Handbook of the Kingdom of Dalmatia]. Battaro. 1872. p. 260.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Handbook to the Mediterranean, Part 1. London: John Murray. 1881. p. 303.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bensman, Stephen (1962). The Russian Occupation of the Region of Kotor Bay, 1806-1807. University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"[Projekat Rastko – Boka] Simo Matavulj – Boka i Bokelji\". rastko.org.rs. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111640/http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-bo/zemlja/smatavulj-boka.html","url_text":"\"[Projekat Rastko – Boka] Simo Matavulj – Boka i Bokelji\""},{"url":"http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-bo/zemlja/smatavulj-boka.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2011 data - Municipalities\". monstat.org. Statistical Office of Montenegro.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=394&pageid=57","url_text":"\"Census 2011 data - Municipalities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slavni \"Kapetani Boke kotorske\"\". Radio DUX. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiodux.me/naslovnica/3379-slavni-kapetani-boke-kotorske","url_text":"\"Slavni \"Kapetani Boke kotorske\"\""}]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","url_text":"The Serbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915","url_text":"9781405142915"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_Dance_Company
Parsons Dance
["1 History","2 Notable people","3 References"]
American contemporary dance company PARSONS DANCEParsons DancersBackground informationOriginNew York, NYGenresDanceYears active1985 – presentWebsiteDance WebsiteMusical artist Parsons Dance is a contemporary dance company founded in 1985 by choreographer David Parsons and lighting designer Howell Binkley that tours nationally and internationally and includes an annual season in New York City, its base. History Parsons Dance was founded on July 17, 1985, by David Parsons and Howell Binkley. The company consists of nine full-time dancers. It maintains a repertory of more than 80 works, 20 featuring commissioned original scores by composers and musicians including Dave Matthews, Michael Gordon, Milton Nascimento, John Mackey and Phil Woods. Parsons Dance has collaborated with many other artists, including Julie Taymor, William Ivey Long, Annie Leibovitz, Donna Karan and Alex Katz. Since its founding, the company has performed in more than 445 cities, 30 countries, and 5 continents. In addition to performances, Parsons Dance also provides various education and outreach programs, workshops, post-show discussions, open rehearsals, studio showcases, and open company classes. In 2016, the company launched Autism-Friendly Programs, featuring sensory-friendly programs and relaxed performances. As of 2021, Parsons is Artistic Director and Choreographer. The company performs in the Joyce Theater.Dancer Abby Silva leads a master class at the Parsons Dance Company in May 2006. Notable people Robert Battle Roger Montoya Katarzyna Skarpetowska (1999-2006) References ^ a b c "Mission & History". Parsons Dance. Retrieved 2023-10-15. ^ Tobey, Cheryl (January 1, 2001). "Heading Into Battle: David Parsons and New Choreographers". PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art. 67: 93–98. ^ "The Soul of the American Actor". www.soulamericanactor.com. Retrieved 2023-10-17. ^ "Parsons Dance". Art Works Production. Retrieved 2023-10-17. ^ Miller, Valerie-Jean. "Review: PARSONS DANCE COMPANY'S POWERFUL REPERTOIRE AND PERFORMANCE PAYS OFF at Segerstrom Center For The Arts". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2023-02-19. ^ "Parsons Dance | The Joyce Theater". www.joyce.org. Retrieved 2023-10-17. vteDance Index Outline List of dances List of dancers Participation Solo Partner close embrace closed position open position slow dance circle contra line round square Social Ceremonial Competitive Concert Ecstatic Erotic Go go dance Grinding Hoochie coochie Lap dance Neo-Burlesque Pole dance Striptease Table dance Twerking Folk Novelty and fad Sacred Street War Styles Acro Ballet Ballroom formation waltz Belly Boogaloo Breaking Contemporary Country–western Flamenco Hip-hop Historical Jazz Latin Lyrical Modern Polka Postmodern Swing Tap Two-step Technique Ballet Choreography Connection Dance theory Graham Lead and follow Moves glossary Musicality Pointe Pole Sequence Spotting Turnout Turns Regional(nationaldances) Africa Albania Arab Armenia Assyrian Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bulgaria Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia Cameroon Canada China Croatia Cuba Denmark Europe Faroe Islands Georgia Greece Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kiribati Korea Kurdish Malaysia Mexico Middle East Nepal Netherlands Nicaragua Peru Philippines Poland Pontic Greek Romani Russia Serbia Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey Ukraine United States African-American Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna Zimbabwe Related Dance and disability Dance and health Dance awards Dance costume Dance etiquette Dance notation Dance in film Dance in mythology and religion Dance occupations Dance on television Dance research Dance science Dance technology Dance troupe Dancing mania History of dance Women in dance Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contemporary dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_dance"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_company"},{"link_name":"choreographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreography"},{"link_name":"Howell Binkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell_Binkley"}],"text":"Musical artistParsons Dance is a contemporary dance company founded in 1985 by choreographer David Parsons and lighting designer Howell Binkley that tours nationally and internationally and includes an annual season in New York City, its base.","title":"Parsons Dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Dave Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Michael Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gordon_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Milton Nascimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Nascimento"},{"link_name":"John Mackey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mackey_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Phil Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Woods"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tobey-2"},{"link_name":"Julie Taymor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Taymor"},{"link_name":"William Ivey Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ivey_Long"},{"link_name":"Annie Leibovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz"},{"link_name":"Donna Karan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Karan"},{"link_name":"Alex Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Katz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Joyce Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Theater"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parsons_Dance_Company_class.jpg"}],"text":"Parsons Dance was founded on July 17, 1985, by David Parsons and Howell Binkley.[1]The company consists of nine full-time dancers. It maintains a repertory of more than 80 works, 20 featuring commissioned original scores by composers and musicians including Dave Matthews, Michael Gordon, Milton Nascimento, John Mackey and Phil Woods.[2] Parsons Dance has collaborated with many other artists, including Julie Taymor, William Ivey Long, Annie Leibovitz, Donna Karan and Alex Katz.[3][4] Since its founding, the company has performed in more than 445 cities, 30 countries, and 5 continents.[1]In addition to performances, Parsons Dance also provides various education and outreach programs, workshops, post-show discussions, open rehearsals, studio showcases, and open company classes. In 2016, the company launched Autism-Friendly Programs, featuring sensory-friendly programs and relaxed performances.[1]As of 2021, Parsons is Artistic Director and Choreographer.[5] The company performs in the Joyce Theater.[6]Dancer Abby Silva leads a master class at the Parsons Dance Company in May 2006.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Battle"},{"link_name":"Roger Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Montoya"},{"link_name":"Katarzyna Skarpetowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzyna_Skarpetowska"}],"text":"Robert Battle\nRoger Montoya\nKatarzyna Skarpetowska (1999-2006)","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Dancer Abby Silva leads a master class at the Parsons Dance Company in May 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Parsons_Dance_Company_class.jpg/220px-Parsons_Dance_Company_class.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mission & History\". Parsons Dance. Retrieved 2023-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parsonsdance.org/our-mission","url_text":"\"Mission & History\""}]},{"reference":"Tobey, Cheryl (January 1, 2001). \"Heading Into Battle: David Parsons and New Choreographers\". PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art. 67: 93–98.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Soul of the American Actor\". www.soulamericanactor.com. Retrieved 2023-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soulamericanactor.com/dance04.shtml","url_text":"\"The Soul of the American Actor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parsons Dance\". Art Works Production. Retrieved 2023-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artwp.net/dance-companies/parsondance/","url_text":"\"Parsons Dance\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Valerie-Jean. \"Review: PARSONS DANCE COMPANY'S POWERFUL REPERTOIRE AND PERFORMANCE PAYS OFF at Segerstrom Center For The Arts\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2023-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwdance/article/BWW-Review-PARSONS-DANCE-COMPANYS-POWERFUL-REPERTOIRE-AND-PERFORMANCE-PAYS-OFF-at-Segerstrom-Center-For-The-Arts-20211204","url_text":"\"Review: PARSONS DANCE COMPANY'S POWERFUL REPERTOIRE AND PERFORMANCE PAYS OFF at Segerstrom Center For The Arts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parsons Dance | The Joyce Theater\". www.joyce.org. Retrieved 2023-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.joyce.org/performances/parsons-dance","url_text":"\"Parsons Dance | The Joyce Theater\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ossoli%C5%84ski
Ossoliński
["1 History","2 Coat of arms and motto","3 Members","4 Palaces","5 See also","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
The family coat of arms was Topór. The House of Ossoliński (plural: Ossolińscy) is the name of a Polish szlachta (nobility) family. Because Polish adjectives have different forms for the genders, Ossolińska is the form for a female family member. History The Ossolińskis were a magnate family. They appeared in the historical annals at the beginning of the 14th century. The family originated from Ossolin in Lesser Poland. The progenitor of the family was Jan of Ossolin, son of Great Marshal of the Crown and castellan of Kraków Nawoj of Tęczyn. Jan was the main heir of the property that Nawoj left after his death. Due to the tradition in medieval Poland, he started to use the surname derived from the main family seat. Grand Chancellor of the Crown Jerzy Ossoliński was granted a hereditary princely title by Pope Urban VIII in 1633. He also received a similar title, Reichsfürst, from the Emperor Ferdinand II in 1634. Another title was granted to Jerzy's cousin Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński by Louis XV, King of France, in 1736. Both titles became extinct in 1790. Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński's famous library assembled in Vienna was transferred to Lwów, where he had located the Ossoliński Institute in 1817. Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński Coat of arms and motto The Ossoliński family used the "Topór" arms. The descendants are represented in North Western England through Count Boris Ossolinski, whose Jackson heiress bride is remembered in England as Countess Mary Ossalinsky. Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński Princely House of Ossoliński (1633) Counts Ossoliński (1785) Coat of Arms of the Ossoliński family on the St. Antoni Padewski Church in Warsaw Members Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński (1555–1628), Podkomorzy, voivode Krzysztof Ossoliński (1587–1645) Podkomorzy, Podstoli, voivode Jerzy Ossoliński (1595–1650), Great Crown Chancellor Helena Tekla Ossolińska (?-1687), was married to Aleksander Michał Lubomirski Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński (1676–1756) Grand Chancellor Anna Teresa Ossolińska (?-1810), was married to Stanisław Potocki Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński (1748–1826), founder of the Ossoliński Institute Józef Kajetan Ossoliński (1758–1834), castellan, senator Palaces The Ossoliński Institute in Lwów The Ossoliński Institute in Lwów Castle in Ossolin, 1794 Castle in Krzyżtopór Palace of Jerzy Ossoliński in Warsaw (on the left) Ossoliński Palace in w Rudka Palace in Sterdyń Palace in Rejowiec The Hetman Tenement House in Kraków Relocated since 1947, the Ossolineum in Wrocław See also Ossolineum Ossolin Bibliography Andrzej Przybyszewski, Ossolińscy herbu Topór, Radomyśl Wielki, 2009, ISBN 978-83-927999-2-4 External links Ossolinski family web page Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"}],"text":"The House of Ossoliński (plural: Ossolińscy) is the name of a Polish szlachta (nobility) family. Because Polish adjectives have different forms for the genders, Ossolińska is the form for a female family member.","title":"Ossoliński"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"Ossolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossolin,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland"},{"link_name":"Jan of Ossolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_of_Ossolin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsza%C5%82ek"},{"link_name":"castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Nawoj of Tęczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nawoj_of_T%C4%99czyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Grand Chancellor of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Chancellor_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Ossoli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Maksymilian_Ossoli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Maksymilian_Ossoli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Ossoliński Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossolineum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franciszek_Maksymilian_Ossolinski_(1676-1756).jpg"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Maksymilian_Ossoli%C5%84ski"}],"text":"The Ossolińskis were a magnate family. They appeared in the historical annals at the beginning of the 14th century. The family originated from Ossolin in Lesser Poland. The progenitor of the family was Jan of Ossolin, son of Great Marshal of the Crown and castellan of Kraków Nawoj of Tęczyn. Jan was the main heir of the property that Nawoj left after his death. Due to the tradition in medieval Poland, he started to use the surname derived from the main family seat.\nGrand Chancellor of the Crown Jerzy Ossoliński was granted a hereditary princely title by Pope Urban VIII in 1633. He also received a similar title, Reichsfürst, from the Emperor Ferdinand II in 1634. Another title was granted to Jerzy's cousin Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński by Louis XV, King of France, in 1736. Both titles became extinct in 1790. Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński's famous library assembled in Vienna was transferred to Lwów, where he had located the Ossoliński Institute in 1817.Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topór","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top%C3%B3r_coat_of_arms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaszkowskiJan.PortretJozefaOssolinskiego.jpg"},{"link_name":"Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Maksymilian_Ossoli%C5%84ski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_COA_Ossoli%C5%84ski.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_COA_Ossoli%C5%84ski_hrabia.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ossoli%C5%84ski_family_Coat_of_Arms.PNG"},{"link_name":"Antoni Padewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoni_Padewski&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Ossoliński family used the \"Topór\" arms.The descendants are represented in North Western England through Count Boris Ossolinski, whose Jackson heiress bride is remembered in England as Countess Mary Ossalinsky.Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrincely House of Ossoliński (1633)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCounts Ossoliński (1785)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of Arms of the Ossoliński family on the St. Antoni Padewski Church in Warsaw","title":"Coat of arms and motto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zbigniew_Ossoli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Podkomorzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podkomorzy"},{"link_name":"voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Ossoli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Podstoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstoli"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Ossoli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Helena Tekla Ossolińska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Tekla_Ossoli%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Michał Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Micha%C5%82_Lubomirski_(d._1677)"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Maksymilian_Ossoli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Anna Teresa Ossolińska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Teresa_Ossoli%C5%84ska_(XVIII-1810)"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Potocki_(1734%E2%80%931802)"},{"link_name":"Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Maksymilian_Ossoli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Józef Kajetan Ossoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Kajetan_Ossoli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator"}],"text":"Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński (1555–1628), Podkomorzy, voivode\nKrzysztof Ossoliński (1587–1645) Podkomorzy, Podstoli, voivode\nJerzy Ossoliński (1595–1650), Great Crown Chancellor\nHelena Tekla Ossolińska (?-1687), was married to Aleksander Michał Lubomirski\nFranciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński (1676–1756) Grand Chancellor\nAnna Teresa Ossolińska (?-1810), was married to Stanisław Potocki\nJózef Maksymilian Ossoliński (1748–1826), founder of the Ossoliński Institute\nJózef Kajetan Ossoliński (1758–1834), castellan, senator","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Instytut_Ossolinskich_Lwow22.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lviv_-_Ossolineum.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zamek_w_Ossolinie_by_Vogel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ossolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossolin,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zamek_Krzy%C5%BCtop%C3%B3r.jpg"},{"link_name":"Krzyżtopór","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzy%C5%BCtop%C3%B3r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ossolinski_Kazanowski_Palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudka_palac_Ossolinskich.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rudka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudka,_Bielsk_County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poland_Sterdyn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sterdyń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterdy%C5%84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rejowiec_-_Pa%C5%82ac.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rejowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejowiec,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamienica_Hetma%C5%84ska_i_Amadejowska_Krakow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ossolineum,_Breslavia,_Polonia,_2017-12-20,_DD_20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ossolineum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossolineum"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"}],"text":"The Ossoliński Institute in Lwów\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Ossoliński Institute in Lwów\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle in Ossolin, 1794\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle in Krzyżtopór\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalace of Jerzy Ossoliński in Warsaw (on the left)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOssoliński Palace in w Rudka\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalace in Sterdyń\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalace in Rejowiec\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Hetman Tenement House in Kraków\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRelocated since 1947, the Ossolineum in Wrocław","title":"Palaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-927999-2-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-927999-2-4"}],"text":"Andrzej Przybyszewski, Ossolińscy herbu Topór, Radomyśl Wielki, 2009, ISBN 978-83-927999-2-4","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The family coat of arms was Topór.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Topor_arms.png/200px-Topor_arms.png"},{"image_text":"Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Franciszek_Maksymilian_Ossolinski_%281676-1756%29.jpg/200px-Franciszek_Maksymilian_Ossolinski_%281676-1756%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Ossolineum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossolineum"},{"title":"Ossolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossolin_(disambiguation)"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130218123415/http://www.ossolinski.info/index.php/en.html/","external_links_name":"Ossolinski family web page"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3583115","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/130530808","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TkdVaibhavJha22
User talk:TkdVaibhavJha22
["1 Welcome!","2 Speedy deletion nomination of User:TkdVaibhavJha22","3 Speedy deletion nomination of User:TkdVaibhavJha22/sandbox","4 Contested deletion","5 Contested deletion"]
Welcome! Hello, TkdVaibhavJha22, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of the pages you created, such as User:TkdVaibhavJha22, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's content policies and may not be retained. In short, the topic of an article must be notable and have already been the subject of publication by reliable and independent sources. Please review Your first article for an overview of the article creation process. The Article Wizard is available to help you create an article, where it will be reviewed and considered for publication. For information on how to request a new article that can be created by someone else, see Requested articles. If you are stuck, come to the Teahouse, where experienced Wikipedians can help you through the processes. New to Wikipedia? Please consider taking a look at our introductory tutorial or reviewing the contributing to Wikipedia page to learn the basics about editing. Below are a few other good pages about article creation. Article development Standard layout Lead section The perfect article Task Center – need some ideas of what kind of things need doing? Go here. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, ask me on my talk page. You can also type {{help me}} on this page, followed by your question, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Count Count (talk) 18:38, 19 January 2024 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of User:TkdVaibhavJha22 Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. A tag has been placed on User:TkdVaibhavJha22 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free web hosting service. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Count Count (talk) 18:38, 19 January 2024 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of User:TkdVaibhavJha22/sandbox If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles. A tag has been placed on User:TkdVaibhavJha22/sandbox, requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the criteria for speedy deletion, by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are: It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Please read the guidelines on spam and Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations for more information. It appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, and/or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free Web hosting service. (See section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Count Count (talk) 18:39, 19 January 2024 (UTC) Contested deletion This page should not be speedily deleted because it provides verifiable and relevant information about Tkd Vaibhav Jha, an Indian musical artist. The content adheres to Wikipedia's guidelines on biographies of living persons, presenting factual and neutral information with proper citations from reliable sources. Tkd Vaibhav Jha is an emerging artist with a growing presence in the music industry, and the page contributes valuable information about background, musical style, and notable works. The subject meets Wikipedia's notability criteria as outlined in the guidelines for musicians. I acknowledge that the page may require further improvement and expansion, and I am committed to working on enhancing the content to meet Wikipedia's standards. Deleting the page hastily would deprive Wikipedia readers of valuable information about a notable artist. I kindly request a more thorough review of the content and the opportunity to address any concerns through editing. --112.196.95.23 (talk) 18:41, 19 January 2024 (UTC) Contested deletion This page should not be speedily deleted because it provides verifiable and relevant information about Tkd Vaibhav Jha, an Indian musical artist. The content adheres to Wikipedia's guidelines on biographies of living persons, presenting factual and neutral information with proper citations from reliable sources. Tkd Vaibhav Jha is an emerging artist with a growing presence in the music industry, and the page contributes valuable information about background, musical style, and notable works. The subject meets Wikipedia's notability criteria as outlined in the guidelines for musicians. I acknowledge that the page may require further improvement and expansion, and I am committed to working on enhancing the content to meet Wikipedia's standards. Deleting the page hastily would deprive Wikipedia readers of valuable information about a notable artist. I kindly request a more thorough review of the content and the opportunity to address any concerns through editing. --TkdVaibhavJha22 (talk) 18:42, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
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Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Count_Count"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Count_Count"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:TkdVaibhavJha22&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"112.196.95.23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/112.196.95.23"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:112.196.95.23&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:TkdVaibhavJha22&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"TkdVaibhavJha22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:TkdVaibhavJha22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Welcome![edit]Hello, TkdVaibhavJha22, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of the pages you created, such as User:TkdVaibhavJha22, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's content policies and may not be retained. In short, the topic of an article must be notable and have already been the subject of publication by reliable and independent sources.Please review Your first article for an overview of the article creation process. The Article Wizard is available to help you create an article, where it will be reviewed and considered for publication. For information on how to request a new article that can be created by someone else, see Requested articles. If you are stuck, come to the Teahouse, where experienced Wikipedians can help you through the processes.New to Wikipedia? Please consider taking a look at our introductory tutorial or reviewing the contributing to Wikipedia page to learn the basics about editing. Below are a few other good pages about article creation.Article development\nStandard layout\nLead section\nThe perfect article\nTask Center – need some ideas of what kind of things need doing? Go here.I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, ask me on my talk page. You can also type {{help me}} on this page, followed by your question, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Count Count (talk) 18:38, 19 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of User:TkdVaibhavJha22[edit]Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. A tag has been placed on User:TkdVaibhavJha22 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free web hosting service. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Count Count (talk) 18:38, 19 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of User:TkdVaibhavJha22/sandbox[edit]If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.A tag has been placed on User:TkdVaibhavJha22/sandbox, requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the criteria for speedy deletion, by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Please read the guidelines on spam and Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations for more information.\nIt appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, and/or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free Web hosting service. (See section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion.)If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Count Count (talk) 18:39, 19 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Contested deletion[edit]This page should not be speedily deleted because it provides verifiable and relevant information about Tkd Vaibhav Jha, an Indian musical artist. The content adheres to Wikipedia's guidelines on biographies of living persons, presenting factual and neutral information with proper citations from reliable sources.Tkd Vaibhav Jha is an emerging artist with a growing presence in the music industry, and the page contributes valuable information about [his/her/their] background, musical style, and notable works. The subject meets Wikipedia's notability criteria as outlined in the guidelines for musicians.I acknowledge that the page may require further improvement and expansion, and I am committed to working on enhancing the content to meet Wikipedia's standards. Deleting the page hastily would deprive Wikipedia readers of valuable information about a notable artist. I kindly request a more thorough review of the content and the opportunity to address any concerns through editing. --112.196.95.23 (talk) 18:41, 19 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Contested deletion[edit]This page should not be speedily deleted because it provides verifiable and relevant information about Tkd Vaibhav Jha, an Indian musical artist. The content adheres to Wikipedia's guidelines on biographies of living persons, presenting factual and neutral information with proper citations from reliable sources.Tkd Vaibhav Jha is an emerging artist with a growing presence in the music industry, and the page contributes valuable information about [his/her/their] background, musical style, and notable works. The subject meets Wikipedia's notability criteria as outlined in the guidelines for musicians.I acknowledge that the page may require further improvement and expansion, and I am committed to working on enhancing the content to meet Wikipedia's standards. Deleting the page hastily would deprive Wikipedia readers of valuable information about a notable artist. I kindly request a more thorough review of the content and the opportunity to address any concerns through editing. --TkdVaibhavJha22 (talk) 18:42, 19 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:TkdVaibhavJha22"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Cotthem_family
Van Cotthem family
["1 History","2 Genealogy","2.1 Chronological list of van Cotthem admitted to the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels","3 See also","4 References"]
Van Cotthemnoble familyBlazon: Argent, three bends gules (or azure).Parent familyHouse of SweertsCountry Duchy of Brabant Holy Roman EmpirePlace of origin BrusselsFounded14th century The Van Cotthem family was an old patrician family of Brussels which exercised public functions in the capital of the Duchy of Brabant. Several of its members were aldermen of Brussels, and several were admitted to the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels. The family belonged to the House of Sweerts, the second of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels. History The family is said to stem from Jan van Cotthem, born around 1350. He was the father of Gozewijn van Cotthem. Gozewijn married Maria van Huldenberg. They had the following offspring: Gillis van Cotthem, alderman of Brussels from 1446 until 1465. He married Maria van Dyoen, who became a widow in 1479. The inheritance was finally divided in 1495. The sister of Gillis, Johanna van Cotthem, married Willem van Buyseghem. She lost her husband in 1406 and remarried to Frank van den Heede. Willem van Cotthem, the son of Gillis and Maria van Dyoen, was alderman of Brussels (having been admitted to the Sweerts). Wein van Cotthem, a member of the family, was a chronicler best known for writing book six and seven of the Brabantsche Yeesten. Later, he also became canon of St. Vincent's Church (Sint-Vincentiuskerk) in Zinnik. He was probably both canon and chaplain. It is possible that Wein secured the commission of the Brabantsche Yeesten from Petrus de Thimo thanks to his family that, like de Thimo's, was closely intertwined with Brussels administrative life. The family belonged to the second of the seven noble houses of Brussels, the Sweerts, and several members held the office of alderman of Brussels. Genealogy Jan van Cotthem(1350–?) Gozewijn van Cotthem;married to Maria van Huldenberg. Gillis van Cotthem, alderman of Brussels (1446-1465);Married to Maria van Dyoen. Willem van Cotthem, alderman of Brussels Johanna van Cotthem;Married to Willem van Buyseghem and Frank van den Heede. Chronological list of van Cotthem admitted to the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels van Cotthem, Jan belonged to the Sweerts family in 1480. van Cotthem, Willem, not mentioned in the Sweerts family in 1480. van Cotthem, Jan, gen. Van den Bergh, admitted in 1487 to the Sweerts family. van Cotthem, Jan, admitted on 13 June 1504 to the Sweerts family. van Cotthem, Willem, admitted in 1523 to the Sweerts family. van Cotthem, Antoon, admitted in 1615 to the Sweerts family. See also Seven Noble Houses of Brussels Bourgeois of Brussels References ^ Brabant (Belgium). Service de recherches historiques et folkloriques (1936). De Brabantse folklore Volume 16 (in Dutch). pp. 107–113. ^ Sleiderink, Remco (1995). '' (in Dutch). Spiegel der Letteren. pp. 65–68. ^ a b c d Houthuys, Astrid (2009). Middeleeuws kladwerk: de autograaf van de Brabantsche yeesten, boek VI (vijftiende eeuw) (in Dutch). Verloeren. pp. 47–50. ^ Van Cotthem, André; Van Cotthem, Jean (2003). 1000 jaar Van Cotthem uitgebreide genealogie van de familie van Cotthem 964 tot 2000 (in Dutch). pp. 101–290.
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[]
[{"title":"Seven Noble Houses of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Noble_Houses_of_Brussels"},{"title":"Bourgeois of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois_of_Brussels"}]
[{"reference":"Brabant (Belgium). Service de recherches historiques et folkloriques (1936). De Brabantse folklore Volume 16 (in Dutch). pp. 107–113.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fgcOAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"De Brabantse folklore Volume 16"}]},{"reference":"Sleiderink, Remco (1995). '[Recensie van Stein 1994]' (in Dutch). Spiegel der Letteren. pp. 65–68.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Houthuys, Astrid (2009). Middeleeuws kladwerk: de autograaf van de Brabantsche yeesten, boek VI (vijftiende eeuw) (in Dutch). Verloeren. pp. 47–50.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o9KE-311vL8C","url_text":"Middeleeuws kladwerk: de autograaf van de Brabantsche yeesten, boek VI (vijftiende eeuw)"}]},{"reference":"Van Cotthem, André; Van Cotthem, Jean (2003). 1000 jaar Van Cotthem uitgebreide genealogie van de familie van Cotthem 964 tot 2000 (in Dutch). pp. 101–290.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fgcOAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"De Brabantse folklore Volume 16"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o9KE-311vL8C","external_links_name":"Middeleeuws kladwerk: de autograaf van de Brabantsche yeesten, boek VI (vijftiende eeuw)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine
List of cities in Ukraine
["1 List of cities","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links","5.1 Historical data"]
Map of Ukraine showing its largest cities This is a complete list of cities in Ukraine. As of 1 January 2022, there are 461 cities (Ukrainian: місто, romanized: misto) in Ukraine. City status is granted by the Verkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian parliament. The city status is only partially related to the size of a populated place in Ukraine. Smaller settlements are towns (Ukrainian: селище, romanized: selyshche) and villages (Ukrainian: село, romanized: selo). Historically, there were systems of city rights, granted by the territorial lords, which defined the status of a place as a misto or selo. In the past, cities were self-governing and had several privileges. The list of cities is roughly ordered by population and the 2022 estimates are compared to the 2001 Ukrainian census, except for Chernobyl for which the population is an unofficial estimate. The cities with special status are shown in italic. List of cities Further information: Administrative divisions of Ukraine § Cities Jump to table of cities KyivKharkiv Odesa Dnipro Donetsk Lviv Zaporizhzhia Kryvyi Rih Mykolaiv Sevastopol Mariupol Luhansk Vinnytsia Makiivka Simferopol Chernihiv Kherson Poltava Khmelnytskyi Cherkasy Chernivtsi Zhytomyr Sumy Rivne Horlivka Ivano-Frankivsk Kamianske Ternopil Lutsk Bila Tserkva Kerch Melitopol Kramatorsk Uzhhorod Brovary Yevpatoria Berdiansk Nikopol Sloviansk Pavlohrad Konotop Uman Yalta Berdychiv Kolomyia Chornomorsk Pryluky Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Okhtyrka Izium Varash Netishyn Boyarka Obukhiv Hlukhiv Mohyliv-Podilskyi Chortkiv Khust Lebedyn Horodok Zhydachiv Pochaiv Sviatohirsk City name City name(in Ukrainian) Oblast Popu­lation(2022 esti­mates) Popu­lation(2001 census) Popu­lationchange Kyiv Київ none 2,952,301 2,611,327 +13.06% Kharkiv Харків Kharkiv 1,421,125 1,470,902 −3.38% Odesa Одеса Odesa 1,010,537 1,029,049 −1.80% Dnipro Дніпро Dnipro­petrovsk 968,502 1,080,846 −10.39% Donetsk Донецьк Donetsk 901,645 1,016,194 −11.27% Lviv Львів Lviv 717,273 732,818 −2.12% Zaporizhzhia Запоріжжя Zaporizhzhia 710,052 817,882 −13.18% Kryvyi Rih Кривий Ріг Dnipro­petrovsk 603,904 709,014 −14.82% Mykolaiv Миколаїв Mykolaiv 470,011 514,136 −8.58% Sevastopol Севастополь none 485,386 342,451 +41.74% Mariupol Маріуполь Donetsk 425,681 492,176 −13.51% Luhansk Луганськ Luhansk 397,677 463,097 −14.13% Vinnytsia Вінниця Vinnytsia 369,739 356,665 +3.67% Makiivka Макіївка Donetsk 338,968 389,589 −12.99% Simferopol Сімферополь Crimea 340,540 343,644 −0.90% Chernihiv Чернігів Chernihiv 282,747 304,994 −7.29% Kherson Херсон Kherson 279,131 328,360 −14.99% Poltava Полтава Poltava 279,593 317,998 −12.08% Khmelnytskyi Хмельницький Khmelnytskyi 274,452 253,994 +8.05% Cherkasy Черкаси Cherkasy 269,836 295,414 −8.66% Chernivtsi Чернівці Chernivtsi 264,298 240,621 +9.84% Zhytomyr Житомир Zhytomyr 261,624 284,236 −7.96% Sumy Суми Sumy 256,474 293,141 −12.51% Rivne Рівне Rivne 243,873 248,813 −1.99% Horlivka Горлівка Donetsk 239,828 292,250 −17.94% Ivano-Frankivsk Івано-Франківськ Ivano-Frankivsk 238,196 218,359 +9.08% Kamianske Кам'янське Dnipro­petrovsk 226,845 255,841 −11.33% Ternopil Тернопіль Ternopil 225,004 227,755 −1.21% Kropyvnytskyi Кропивницький Kirovohrad 219,676 254,103 −13.55% Kremenchuk Кременчук Poltava 215,271 234,073 −8.03% Lutsk Луцьк Volyn 215,986 208,816 +3.43% Bila Tserkva Біла Церква Kyiv 207,273 200,131 +3.57% Kerch Керч Crimea 154,621 157,007 −1.52% Melitopol Мелітополь Zaporizhzhia 148,851 160,657 −7.35% Kramatorsk Краматорськ Donetsk 147,145 181,025 −18.72% Uzhhorod Ужгород Zakarpattia 115,449 117,317 −1.59% Brovary Бровари Kyiv 109,806 86,839 +26.45% Yevpatoria Євпаторія Crimea 107,877 105,915 +1.85% Berdiansk Бердянськ Zaporizhzhia 106,311 121,692 −12.64% Nikopol Нікополь Dnipro­petrovsk 105,160 136,280 −22.84% Sloviansk Слов'янськ Donetsk 105,141 124,829 −15.77% Alchevsk Алчевськ Luhansk 106,062 119,193 −11.02% Pavlohrad Павлоград Dnipro­petrovsk 101,430 118,816 −14.63% Sievierodonetsk Сєвєродонецьк Luhansk 99,067 119,940 −17.40% Kamianets-Podilskyi Кам'янець-Подільський Khmelnytskyi 96,896 99,610 −2.72% Lysychansk Лисичанськ Luhansk 93,340 115,229 −19.00% Mukachevo Мукачево Zakarpattia 85,569 82,346 +3.91% Konotop Конотоп Sumy 83,543 92,657 −9.84% Uman Умань Cherkasy 81,525 88,735 −8.13% Krasnyi Luch Хрустальний (Khrustalnyi) Luhansk 79,533 94,875 −16.17% Yalta Ялта Crimea 74,652 81,654 −8.58% Oleksandriia Олександрія Kirovohrad 76,097 93,357 −18.49% Yenakiieve Єнакієве Donetsk 76,673 103,997 −26.27% Drohobych Дрогобич Lviv 73,682 79,119 −6.87% Berdychiv Бердичів Zhytomyr 73,046 87,575 −16.59% Stakhanov Кадіївка (Kadiivka) Luhansk 73,248 90,152 −18.75% Shostka Шостка Sumy 71,966 87,130 −17.40% Bakhmut Бахмут Donetsk 71,094 82,916 −14.26% Izmail Ізмаїл Odesa 69,932 84,815 −17.55% Novomoskovsk Новомосковськ Dnipro­petrovsk 69,855 72,439 −3.57% Kostiantynivka Костянтинівка Donetsk 67,350 95,111 −29.19% Kovel Ковель Volyn 67,575 66,401 +1.77% Feodosia Феодосія Crimea 66,293 74,669 −11.22% Nizhyn Ніжин Chernihiv 65,830 76,625 −14.09% Smila Сміла Cherkasy 65,675 69,681 −5.75% Kalush Калуш Ivano-Frankivsk 65,088 67,902 −4.14% Chervonohrad Червоноград Lviv 64,297 70,568 −8.89% Boryspil Бориспіль Kyiv 64,117 53,975 +18.79% Pervomaisk Первомайськ Mykolaiv 62,426 70,170 −11.04% Sverdlovsk Довжанськ (Dovzhansk) Luhansk 62,691 72,531 −13.57% Irpin Ірпінь Kyiv 65,167 40,593 +60.54% Korosten Коростень Zhytomyr 61,496 66,669 −7.76% Pokrovsk Покровськ Donetsk 60,127 69,154 −13.05% Kolomyia Коломия Ivano-Frankivsk 60,821 61,989 −1.88% Stryi Стрий Lviv 59,425 62,479 −4.89% Chornomorsk Чорноморськ Odesa 57,983 54,151 +7.08% Khartsyzk Харцизьк Donetsk 56,182 64,175 −12.46% Rubizhne Рубіжне Luhansk 55,247 65,322 −15.42% Zviahel Звягель Zhytomyr 55,086 56,259 −2.08% Druzhkivka Дружківка Donetsk 53,977 64,557 −16.39% Lozova Лозова Kharkiv 53,126 64,041 −17.04% Torez Чистякове (Chystiakove) Donetsk 53,462 72,346 −26.10% Enerhodar Енергодар Zaporizhzhia 52,237 56,242 −7.12% Pryluky Прилуки Chernihiv 51,637 64,861 −20.39% Antratsyt Антрацит Luhansk 52,150 63,698 −18.13% Novovolynsk Нововолинськ Volyn 49,772 53,838 −7.55% Horishni Plavni Горішні Плавні Poltava 49,854 51,740 −3.65% Shakhtarsk Шахтарськ Donetsk 48,208 59,589 −19.10% Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Білгород-Дністровський Odesa 47,727 51,890 −8.02% Okhtyrka Охтирка Sumy 46,660 50,399 −7.42% Myrnohrad Мирноград Donetsk 46,098 54,787 −15.86% Snizhne Сніжне Donetsk 45,767 58,496 −21.76% Izium Ізюм Kharkiv 44,979 56,114 −19.84% Marhanets Марганець Dnipro­petrovsk 44,980 49,592 −9.30% Rovenky Ровеньки Luhansk 45,514 53,725 −15.28% Nova Kakhovka Нова Каховка Kherson 44,427 52,611 −15.56% Brianka Брянка Luhansk 44,760 54,767 −18.27% Fastiv Фастів Kyiv 44,014 51,976 −15.32% Lubny Лубни Poltava 44,089 52,572 −16.14% Svitlovodsk Світловодськ Kirovohrad 43,130 50,094 −13.90% Zhovti Vody Жовті Води Dnipro­petrovsk 42,052 53,582 −21.52% Krasnodon Сорокине (Sorokyne) Luhansk 42,315 50,560 −16.31% Vyshneve Вишневе Kyiv 42,983 34,465 +24.71% Varash Вараш Rivne 41,711 38,830 +7.42% Shepetivka Шепетівка Khmelnytskyi 40,299 48,212 −16.41% Podilsk Подільськ Odesa 39,220 40,718 −3.68% Yuzhnoukrainsk Южноукраїнськ Mykolaiv 38,560 38,206 +0.93% Myrhorod Миргород Poltava 37,886 42,886 −11.66% Romny Ромни Sumy 37,765 50,448 −25.14% Pokrov Покров Dnipro­petrovsk 37,493 44,834 −16.37% Volodymyr Володимир Volyn 37,910 38,256 −0.90% Dzhankoi Джанкой Crimea 37,014 43,343 −14.60% Vasylkiv Васильків Kyiv 37,068 39,722 −6.68% Dubno Дубно Rivne 36,901 39,146 −5.73% Bucha Буча Kyiv 37,321 28,533 +30.80% Netishyn Нетішин Khmelnytskyi 36,492 34,358 +6.21% Pervomaisk Первомайськ Luhansk 36,091 43,082 −16.23% Kakhovka Каховка Kherson 34,749 38,238 −9.12% Boyarka Боярка Kyiv 34,394 35,968 −4.38% Slavuta Славута Khmelnytskyi 34,918 34,340 +1.68% Sambir Самбір Lviv 34,152 36,556 −6.58% Yasynuvata Ясинувата Donetsk 34,144 37,552 −9.08% Starokostiantyniv Староко­стянтинів Khmelnytskyi 33,921 35,206 −3.65% Zhmerynka Жмеринка Vinnytsia 33,754 37,349 −9.63% Voznesensk Вознесенськ Mykolaiv 33,442 42,634 −21.56% Obukhiv Обухів Kyiv 33,287 32,776 +1.56% Boryslav Борислав Lviv 32,473 38,122 −14.82% Yuzhne Южне Odesa 32,677 23,977 +36.28% Vyshhorod Вишгород Kyiv 33,109 22,933 +44.37% Hlukhiv Глухів Sumy 31,789 35,768 −11.12% Avdiivka Авдіївка Donetsk 31,392 37,210 −15.64% Chuhuiv Чугуїв Kharkiv 31,018 36,789 −15.69% Toretsk Торецьк Donetsk 30,914 43,371 −28.72% Novoiavorivsk Новояворівськ Lviv 31,366 26,483 +18.44% Kostopil Костопіль Rivne 30,838 30,467 +1.22% Alushta Алушта Crimea 31,364 31,440 −0.24% Mohyliv-Podilskyi Могилів-Подільський Vinnytsia 29,925 32,853 −8.91% Tokmak Токмак Zaporizhzhia 29,573 36,275 −18.48% Synelnykove Синельникове Dnipro­petrovsk 29,651 32,302 −8.21% Pervomaiskyi Первомайський Kharkiv 28,510 32,523 −12.34% Sarny Сарни Rivne 28,626 28,144 +1.71% Dobropillia Добропілля Donetsk 28,170 35,638 −20.96% Truskavets Трускавець Lviv 28,287 31,037 −8.86% Chortkiv Чортків Ternopil 28,279 29,057 −2.68% Khust Хуст Zakarpattia 28,039 29,080 −3.58% Novyi Rozdil Новий Розділ Lviv 27,841 28,227 −1.37% Pershotravensk Першотравенськ Dnipro­petrovsk 27,099 29,140 −7.00% Zolotonosha Золотоноша Cherkasy 27,206 28,793 −5.51% Kirovske Хрестівка (Khrestivka) Donetsk 27,370 30,910 −11.45% Ternivka Тернівка Dnipro­petrovsk 26,961 29,226 −7.75% Kupiansk Куп'янськ Kharkiv 26,627 32,449 −17.94% Khmilnyk Хмільник Vinnytsia 26,916 27,898 −3.52% Balakliia Балаклія Kharkiv 26,334 32,408 −18.74% Kirovsk Голубівка (Holubivka) Luhansk 26,654 35,199 −24.28% Pereiaslav Переяслав Kyiv 26,273 31,634 −16.95% Bakhchysarai Бахчисарай Crimea 28,609 27,549 +3.85% Haisyn Гайсин Vinnytsia 25,698 25,640 +0.23% Malyn Малин Zhytomyr 25,172 28,113 −10.46% Vynohradiv Виноградів Zakarpattia 25,317 25,760 −1.72% Perevalsk Перевальськ Luhansk 24,817 29,665 −16.34% Slavutych Славутич Kyiv 24,464 24,402 +0.25% Krasnoperekopsk Яни Капу (Yany Kapu) Crimea 25,569 31,023 −17.58% Zdolbuniv Здолбунів Rivne 24,501 24,612 −0.45% Korostyshiv Коростишів Zhytomyr 24,129 26,068 −7.44% Oleshky Олешки Kherson 24,124 24,123 0.00% Debaltseve Дебальцеве Donetsk 24,209 30,246 −19.96% Saky Саки Crimea 24,285 29,416 −17.44% Lebedyn Лебедин Sumy 23,892 28,948 −17.47% Zolochiv Золочів Lviv 23,912 23,481 +1.84% Kaniv Канів Cherkasy 23,172 26,657 −13.07% Berehove Берегове Zakarpattia 23,325 26,735 −12.75% Brody Броди Lviv 23,134 23,239 −0.45% Hadiach Гадяч Poltava 22,851 22,698 +0.67% Dokuchaievsk Докучаєвськ Donetsk 22,835 24,383 −6.35% Koziatyn Козятин Vinnytsia 22,241 26,635 −16.50% Ladyzhyn Ладижин Vinnytsia 22,459 22,219 +1.08% Nadvirna Надвірна Ivano-Frankivsk 22,504 20,932 +7.51% Molodohvardiisk Молодо­гвардійськ Luhansk 22,449 25,528 −12.06% Vilnohirsk Вільногірськ Dnipro­petrovsk 22,079 23,782 −7.16% Krolevets Кролевець Sumy 22,111 25,183 −12.20% Selydove Селидове Donetsk 21,521 26,793 −19.68% Znamianka Знам'янка Kirovohrad 21,221 29,412 −27.85% Volnovakha Волноваха Donetsk 21,166 24,647 −14.12% Merefa Мерефа Kharkiv 21,202 25,018 −15.25% Armiansk Армянськ Crimea 20,692 23,869 −13.31% Kremenets Кременець Ternopil 20,476 22,051 −7.14% Sokal Сокаль Lviv 20,373 21,693 −6.08% Dolyna Долина Ivano-Frankivsk 20,417 20,906 −2.34% Sukhodilsk Суходільськ Luhansk 20,390 23,642 −13.76% Polonne Полонне Khmelnytskyi 20,172 23,211 −13.09% Lyman Лиман Donetsk 20,066 28,172 −28.77% Stebnyk Стебник Lviv 20,200 20,863 −3.18% Liubotyn Люботин Kharkiv 20,001 24,173 −17.26% Krasnohrad Красноград Kharkiv 19,674 22,670 −13.22% Trostianets Тростянець Sumy 19,544 23,308 −16.15% Popasna Попасна Luhansk 19,199 25,951 −26.02% Yahotyn Яготин Kyiv 18,995 23,659 −19.71% Henichesk Генічеськ Kherson 18,889 21,793 −13.33% Kiliia Кілія Odesa 18,745 22,594 −17.04% Kalynivka Калинівка Vinnytsia 18,492 20,061 −7.82% Krasyliv Красилів Khmelnytskyi 18,356 20,580 −10.81% Kurakhove Курахове Donetsk 18,220 21,479 −15.17% Volochysk Волочиськ Khmelnytskyi 18,295 20,958 −12.71% Piatykhatky П'ятихатки Dnipro­petrovsk 18,140 20,563 −11.78% Kreminna Кремінна Luhansk 18,116 24,447 −25.90% Polohy Пологи Zaporizhzhia 18,111 22,206 −18.44% Balta Балта Odesa 17,854 19,962 −10.56% Amvrosiivka Амвросіївка Donetsk 17,998 22,130 −18.67% Dniprorudne Дніпрорудне Zaporizhzhia 17,736 21,054 −15.76% Reni Рені Odesa 17,736 20,481 −13.40% Vovchansk Вовчанськ Kharkiv 17,459 20,695 −15.64% Derhachi Дергачі Kharkiv 17,139 20,258 −15.40% Bakhmach Бахмач Chernihiv 16,862 23,417 −27.99% Starobilsk Старобільськ Luhansk 15,947 22,371 −28.72% Vatutine Ватутіне Cherkasy 15,763 20,156 −21.79% Zvenyhorodka Звенигородка Cherkasy 16,269 19,901 −18.25% Zuhres Зугрес Donetsk 17,871 19,859 −10.01% Skadovsk Скадовськ Kherson 16,969 19,641 −13.60% Svatove Сватове Luhansk 16,145 19,495 −17.18% Shpola Шпола Cherkasy 16,323 19,427 −15.98% Novoukrainka Новоукраїнка Kirovohrad 16,080 19,353 −16.91% Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi Корсунь-Шевченківський Cherkasy 17,216 19,311 −10.85% Lutuhyne Лутугине Luhansk 17,061 18,833 −9.41% Bilohirsk Білогірськ Crimea 17,445 18,790 −7.16% Dolynska Долинська Kirovohrad 18,225 18,768 −2.89% Iziaslav Ізяслав Khmelnytskyi 15,996 18,444 −13.27% Bilopillia Білопілля Sumy 15,600 18,384 −15.14% Bohodukhiv Богодухів Kharkiv 14,624 18,224 −19.75% Skvyra Сквира Kyiv 15,165 18,126 −16.34% Karlivka Карлівка Poltava 14,045 17,995 −21.95% Orikhiv Оріхів Zaporizhzhia 13,896 17,955 −22.61% Bilozerske Білозерське Donetsk 14,634 17,868 −18.10% Zolote Золоте Luhansk 13,007 17,836 −27.07% Yunokomunarivsk Бунге (Bunhe) Donetsk 13,495 17,813 −24.24% Pidhorodne Підгородне Dnipro­petrovsk 19,138 17,763 +7.74% Rozdilna Роздільна Odesa 17,441 17,754 −1.76% Horodok Городок Khmelnytskyi 15,633 17,746 −11.91% Chervono­partyzansk Вознесенівка (Voznesenivka) Luhansk 15,218 17,680 −13.93% Ilovaisk Іловайськ Donetsk 15,395 17,620 −12.63% Berezhany Бережани Ternopil 17,139 17,617 −2.71% Novohrodivka Новогродівка Donetsk 14,037 17,473 −19.66% Vuhledar Вугледар Donetsk 14,144 17,440 −18.90% Berezan Березань Kyiv 16,047 17,367 −7.60% Putyvl Путивль Sumy 14,886 17,354 −14.22% Bolhrad Болград Odesa 14,818 17,353 −14.61% Bar Бар Vinnytsia 15,337 17,284 −11.26% Svaliava Свалява Zakarpattia 17,068 17,145 −0.45% Bohuslav Богуслав Kyiv 15,789 17,135 −7.86% Huliaipole Гуляйполе Zaporizhzhia 12,786 17,077 −25.13% Zmiiv Зміїв Kharkiv 13,737 17,063 −19.49% Ovruch Овруч Zhytomyr 15,250 17,031 −10.46% Verkhnodniprovsk Верхньодніп­ровськ Dnipro­petrovsk 15,477 16,976 −8.83% Ochakiv Очаків Mykolaiv 13,663 16,929 −19.29% Krasnohorivka Красногорівка Donetsk 14,666 16,714 −12.25% Kivertsi Ківерці Volyn 13,798 16,678 −17.27% Pyriatyn Пирятин Poltava 14,988 16,664 −10.06% Mykolaivka Миколаївка Donetsk 14,210 16,620 −14.50% Chasiv Yar Часів Яр Donetsk 12,250 16,612 −26.26% Vilniansk Вільнянськ Zaporizhzhia 14,324 16,522 −13.30% Dunaivtsi Дунаївці Khmelnytskyi 15,707 16,448 −4.51% Apostolove Апостолове Dnipro­petrovsk 13,069 16,439 −20.50% Talne Тальне Cherkasy 12,839 16,388 −21.66% Artsyz Арциз Odesa 14,355 16,370 −12.31% Novyi Buh Новий Буг Mykolaiv 14,782 16,250 −9.03% Tulchyn Тульчин Vinnytsia 14,446 16,136 −10.47% Haivoron Гайворон Kirovohrad 14,010 16,126 −13.12% Horodok Городок Lviv 16,085 16,082 +0.02% Hola Prystan Гола Пристань Kherson 13,544 16,028 −15.50% Nosivka Носівка Chernihiv 12,908 15,966 −19.15% Zhashkiv Жашків Cherkasy 13,242 15,853 −16.47% Horodyshche Городище Cherkasy 13,062 15,645 −16.51% Vasylivka Василівка Zaporizhzhia 12,567 15,592 −19.40% Kamianka-Dniprovska Кам'янка-Дніпровська Zaporizhzhia 12,117 15,522 −21.94% Petrovske Петрово-Красносілля (Petrovo-Krasnosillia) Luhansk 12,642 15,478 −18.32% Beryslav Берислав Kherson 11,895 15,455 −23.03% Snihurivka Снігурівка Mykolaiv 12,045 15,447 −22.02% Radomyshl Радомишль Zhytomyr 13,685 15,326 −10.71% Burshtyn Бурштин Ivano-Frankivsk 14,737 15,298 −3.67% Rakhiv Рахів Zakarpattia 15,536 15,241 +1.94% Novhorod-Siverskyi Новгород-Сіверський Chernihiv 12,375 15,175 −18.45% Kamianka Кам'янка Cherkasy 10,945 15,109 −27.56% Tetiiv Тетіїв Kyiv 12,640 14,944 −15.42% Ostroh Острог Rivne 14,894 14,801 +0.63% Mykolaiv Миколаїв Lviv 14,498 14,801 −2.05% Zelenodolsk Зеленодольськ Dnipro­petrovsk 12,692 14,792 −14.20% Vakhrusheve Боково-Хрустальне (Bokovo-Khrustalne) Luhansk 11,421 14,773 −22.69% Khorol Хорол Poltava 12,540 14,753 −15.00% Storozhynets Сторожинець Chernivtsi 14,077 14,693 −4.19% Sudak Судак Crimea 17,834 14,495 +23.04% Siversk Сіверськ Donetsk 10,875 14,393 −24.44% Koriukivka Корюківка Chernihiv 12,202 14,318 −14.78% Biliaivka Біляївка Odesa 12,355 14,294 −13.57% Hirnyk Гірник Donetsk 10,357 14,207 −27.10% Ukrainka Українка Kyiv 16,081 14,163 +13.54% Nova Odesa Нова Одеса Mykolaiv 11,510 14,070 −18.19% Horodnia Городня Chernihiv 11,506 14,043 −18.07% Shchastia Щастя Luhansk 11,411 13,770 −17.13% Kaharlyk Кагарлик Kyiv 13,133 13,757 −4.54% Zhdanivka Жданівка Donetsk 11,867 13,688 −13.30% Berezne Березне Rivne 13,126 13,669 −3.97% Terebovlia Теребовля Ternopil 13,226 13,661 −3.18% Vynnyky Винники Lviv 19,037 13,654 +39.42% Rozhyshche Рожище Volyn 12,483 13,636 −8.46% Yavoriv Яворів Lviv 12,785 13,510 −5.37% Zhovkva Жовква Lviv 13,852 13,474 +2.81% Tarashcha Тараща Kyiv 9,689 13,452 −27.97% Myronivka Миронівка Kyiv 11,103 13,368 −16.94% Bershad Бершадь Vinnytsia 12,205 13,336 −8.48% Ukrainsk Українськ Donetsk 10,655 13,236 −19.50% Zbarazh Збараж Ternopil 13,346 13,228 +0.89% Novomyrhorod Новомиргород Kirovohrad 10,715 13,220 −18.95% Uzyn Узин Kyiv 11,921 13,217 −9.81% Svitlodarsk Світлодарськ Donetsk 11,127 13,184 −15.60% Soledar Соледар Donetsk 10,490 13,151 −20.23% Bashtanka Баштанка Mykolaiv 12,180 13,146 −7.35% Mala Vyska Мала Виска Kirovohrad 9,960 13,132 −24.15% Irmino Ірміно Luhansk 9,270 13,053 −28.98% Barvinkove Барвінкове Kharkiv 7,840 12,998 −39.68% Prymorsk Приморськ Zaporizhzhia 11,157 12,973 −14.00% Mena Мена Chernihiv 10,935 12,940 −15.49% Hlobyne Глобине Poltava 8,955 12,902 −30.59% Hnivan Гнівань Vinnytsia 12,191 12,832 −5.00% Komsomolske Кальміуське (Kalmiuske) Donetsk 11,422 12,813 −10.86% Ichnia Ічня Chernihiv 10,390 12,780 −18.70% Novoazovsk Новоазовськ Donetsk 11,051 12,702 −13.00% Baranivka Баранівка Zhytomyr 11,161 12,584 −11.31% Buchach Бучач Ternopil 12,171 12,549 −3.01% Lokhvytsia Лохвиця Poltava 11,014 12,389 −11.10% Snovsk Сновськ Chernihiv 10,620 12,315 −13.76% Bobrynets Бобринець Kirovohrad 10,396 12,300 −15.48% Nemyriv Немирів Vinnytsia 11,421 12,082 −5.47% Kobeliaky Кобеляки Poltava 9,465 12,076 −21.62% Rodynske Родинське Donetsk 9,850 11,996 −17.89% Chyhyryn Чигирин Cherkasy 8,539 11,960 −28.60% Bobrovytsia Бобровиця Chernihiv 10,541 11,916 −11.54% Sosnivka Соснівка Lviv 10,712 11,889 −9.90% Zhydachiv Жидачів Lviv 10,353 11,798 −12.25% Yampil Ямпіль Vinnytsia 10,679 11,787 −9.40% Mospyne Моспине Donetsk 10,471 11,736 −10.78% Borzna Борзна Chernihiv 9,454 11,707 −19.24% Shcholkine Щолкіне Crimea 10,131 11,699 −13.40% Buryn Буринь Sumy 8,197 11,678 −29.81% Kamianka-Buzka Кам'янка-Бузька Lviv 10,397 11,674 −10.94% Hrebinka Гребінка Poltava 10,541 11,662 −9.61% Khrystynivka Христинівка Cherkasy 9,879 11,650 −15.20% Hirske Гірське Luhansk 9,100 11,473 −20.68% Tavriisk Таврійськ Kherson 10,108 11,452 −11.74% Borshchiv Борщів Ternopil 10,632 11,382 −6.59% Illintsi Іллінці Vinnytsia 11,095 11,340 −2.16% Zymohiria Зимогір'я Luhansk 9,557 11,295 −15.39% Khotyn Хотин Chernivtsi 8,936 11,216 −20.33% Pomichna Помічна Kirovohrad 8,608 10,946 −21.36% Olevsk Олевськ Zhytomyr 10,032 10,896 −7.93% Kamin-Kashyrskyi Камінь-Каширський Volyn 12,477 10,818 +15.34% Tatarbunary Татарбунари Odesa 10,836 10,797 +0.36% Pohrebyshche Погребище Vinnytsia 9,209 10,754 −14.37% Marinka Мар'їнка Donetsk 9,089 10,722 −15.23% Bolekhiv Болехів Ivano-Frankivsk 10,259 10,633 −3.52% Inkerman Інкерман Sevastopol 13,858 10,628 +30.39% Zinkiv Зіньків Poltava 9,168 10,577 −13.32% Khodoriv Ходорів Lviv 8,954 10,565 −15.25% Sniatyn Снятин Ivano-Frankivsk 9,718 10,479 −7.26% Derazhnia Деражня Khmelnytskyi 9,772 10,446 −6.45% Liuboml Любомль Volyn 10,295 10,395 −0.96% Valky Валки Kharkiv 8,577 10,381 −17.38% Novodnistrovsk Новодністровськ Chernivtsi 10,463 10,342 +1.17% Radyvyliv Радивилів Rivne 10,427 10,311 +1.13% Vuhlehirsk Вуглегірськ Donetsk 7,294 10,309 −29.25% Sokyriany Сокиряни Chernivtsi 8,547 10,258 −16.68% Verkhivtseve Верхівцеве Dnipro­petrovsk 9,948 10,142 −1.91% Zalishchyky Заліщики Ternopil 8,928 10,125 −11.82% Staryi Krym Старий Крим Crimea 10,470 10,101 +3.65% Bilytske Білицьке Donetsk 7,764 10,093 −23.08% Pereshchepyne Перещепине Dnipro­petrovsk 9,639 10,041 −4.00% Andrushivka Андрушівка Zhytomyr 8,325 9,890 −15.82% Pustomyty Пустомити Lviv 9,372 9,798 −4.35% Horodenka Городенка Ivano-Frankivsk 8,812 9,794 −10.03% Tysmenytsia Тисмениця Ivano-Frankivsk 8,958 9,790 −8.50% Tiachiv Тячів Zakarpattia 8,887 9,786 −9.19% Semenivka Семенівка Chernihiv 7,792 9,656 −19.30% Dubrovytsia Дубровиця Rivne 9,343 9,644 −3.12% Kodyma Кодима Odesa 8,404 9,634 −12.77% Irshava Іршава Zakarpattia 9,163 9,515 −3.70% Berezivka Березівка Odesa 9,428 9,481 −0.56% Ananiv Ананьїв Odesa 7,626 9,476 −19.52% Monastyryshche Монастирище Cherkasy 8,338 9,463 −11.89% Reshetylivka Решетилівка Poltava 9,021 9,457 −4.61% Lypovets Липовець Vinnytsia 7,958 9,406 −15.39% Vylkove Вилкове Odesa 7,712 9,260 −16.72% Radekhiv Радехів Lviv 9,680 9,230 +4.88% Mostyska Мостиська Lviv 9,103 9,150 −0.51% Artemivsk Кипуче (Kypuche) Luhansk 7,162 9,097 −21.27% Novodruzhesk Новодружеськ Luhansk 6,705 9,025 −25.71% Zavodske Заводське Poltava 7,712 9,024 −14.54% Alupka Алупка Crimea 9,063 9,018 +0.50% Horokhiv Горохів Volyn 8,925 9,015 −1.00% Pryvillia Привілля Luhansk 6,520 9,004 −27.59% Chop Чоп Zakarpattia 8,626 8,919 −3.29% Zastavna Заставна Chernivtsi 7,750 8,866 −12.59% Zorynsk Зоринськ Luhansk 7,096 8,838 −19.71% Tlumach Тлумач Ivano-Frankivsk 8,689 8,831 −1.61% Teplodar Теплодар Odesa 9,958 8,830 +12.77% Lanivtsi Ланівці Ternopil 8,215 8,680 −5.36% Busk Буськ Lviv 8,662 8,673 −0.13% Korets Корець Rivne 6,914 8,649 −20.06% Rohatyn Рогатин Ivano-Frankivsk 7,521 8,607 −12.62% Pivdenne Південне Kharkiv 7,319 8,516 −14.06% Dubliany Дубляни Lviv 9,748 8,469 +15.10% Rzhyshchiv Ржищів Kyiv 7,175 8,447 −15.06% Novoselytsia Новоселиця Chernivtsi 7,399 8,400 −11.92% Vorozhba Ворожба Sumy 6,674 8,384 −20.40% Kosiv Косів Ivano-Frankivsk 8,351 8,301 +0.60% Pochaiv Почаїв Ternopil 7,633 8,240 −7.37% Rava-Ruska Рава-руська Lviv 8,494 8,070 +5.25% Molochansk Молочанськ Zaporizhzhia 6,099 7,964 −23.42% Yaremche Яремче Ivano-Frankivsk 7,907 7,850 +0.73% Turka Турка Lviv 6,925 7,681 −9.84% Kitsman Кіцмань Chernivtsi 6,049 7,608 −20.49% Peremyshliany Перемишляни Lviv 6,415 7,565 −15.20% Blahovishchenske Благовіщенське Kirovohrad 5,825 7,526 −22.60% Seredyna-Buda Середина-Буда Sumy 6,888 7,511 −8.29% Zboriv Зборів Ternopil 6,621 7,436 −10.96% Khorostkiv Хоростків Ternopil 6,652 7,306 −8.95% Oster Остер Chernihiv 5,564 7,194 −22.66% Sharhorod Шаргород Vinnytsia 6,982 7,161 −2.50% Perechyn Перечин Zakarpattia 6,477 7,083 −8.56% Oleksandrivsk Олександрівськ Luhansk 6,401 7,045 −9.14% Kopychyntsi Копичинці Ternopil 6,502 7,036 −7.59% Skole Сколе Lviv 6,054 6,742 −10.20% Zalizne Залізне Donetsk 4,928 6,725 −26.72% Sudova Vyshnia Судова Вишня Lviv 6,470 6,668 −2.97% Chudniv Чуднів Zhytomyr 5,357 6,558 −18.31% Halych Галич Ivano-Frankivsk 6,086 6,495 −6.30% Morshyn Моршин Lviv 5,562 6,482 −14.19% Monastyryska Монастириська Ternopil 5,380 6,344 −15.20% Miusynsk Міусинськ Luhansk 4,596 6,029 −23.77% Vashkivtsi Вашківці Chernivtsi 5,215 5,987 −12.89% Velyki Mosty Великі Мости Lviv 6,286 5,925 +6.09% Druzhba Дружба Sumy 4,504 5,726 −21.34% Staryi Sambir Старий Самбір Lviv 6,440 5,706 +12.86% Shumsk Шумськ Ternopil 5,300 5,161 +2.69% Sviatohirsk Святогірськ Donetsk 4,226 5,136 −17.72% Almazna Алмазна Luhansk 4,148 5,061 −18.04% Vyzhnytsia Вижниця Chernivtsi 3,803 5,021 −24.26% Dobromyl Добромиль Lviv 4,111 4,976 −17.38% Rudky Рудки Lviv 5,230 4,942 +5.83% Khyriv Хирів Lviv 4,104 4,590 −10.59% Skalat Скалат Ternopil 3,739 4,036 −7.36% Komarno Комарно Lviv 3,653 3,994 −8.54% Bibrka Бібрка Lviv 3,761 3,980 −5.50% Novyi Kalyniv Новий Калинів Lviv 4,243 3,582 +18.45% Hlyniany Глиняни Lviv 2,954 3,378 −12.55% Pidhaitsi Підгайці Ternopil 2,609 3,280 −20.46% Baturyn Батурин Chernihiv 2,406 3,078 −21.83% Belz Белз Lviv 2,191 2,478 −11.58% Ustyluh Устилуг Volyn 2,060 2,283 −9.77% Hertsa Герца Chernivtsi 2,097 2,068 +1.40% Berestechko Берестечко Volyn 1,630 1,904 −14.39% Chernobyl Чорнобиль Kyiv 1,054 — — Uhniv Угнів Lviv 939 974 −3.59% Pripyat Прип'ять Kyiv 0 0 NA See also Ukraine portal Geography of Ukraine ISO 3166-2:UA List of cities in Donetsk Oblast List of places named after people (Ukraine) Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic since the War in Donbas. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Controlled by Russia since the Russian occupation of Crimea. ^ a b c d e f g Controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic since the Russian invasion of Ukraine. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Controlled by the Luhansk People's Republic since the War in Donbas. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Controlled by Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Controlled by the Luhansk People's Republic since the Russian invasion of Ukraine. ^ a b c d e f 2021 census ^ 2019 estimate References ^ a b State Statistics Service of Ukraine. "Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022" (PDF). db.ukrcensus.gov.ua (in Ukrainian and English). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2024. ^ "Ukraine: Provinces and Major Cities". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ "Ukraine: Crimea". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ "Ukraine: Sevastopol". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. External links Historical data 2001 Ukrainian census, Population Structure (in Ukrainian) State Statistics Service of Ukraine. "Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2021" (PDF). db.ukrcensus.gov.ua (in Ukrainian and English). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2021. "Численность постоянного населения российской федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2021 года" (in Russian). Rosstat. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Regions of Ukraine and their composition (in Ukrainian) World Gazetteer: Cities of Ukraine at archive.today (archived 2012-12-10) vteCities in Ukraine City with special status City of regional significance City of district significance 1,000,000+ Kyiv Kharkiv Dnipro Odesa 500,000-1,000,000 Donetsk Zaporizhzhia Lviv Kryvyi Rih 200,000-500,000 Mykolaiv Mariupol Luhansk Makiivka Vinnytsia Simferopol Sevastopol Kherson Poltava Chernihiv Cherkasy Sumy Horlivka Zhytomyr Kamianske Kropyvnytskyi Khmelnytskyi Rivne Chernivtsi Kremenchuk Ternopil Ivano-Frankivsk Lutsk Bila Tserkva 100,000-200,000 Kramatorsk Melitopol Kerch Nikopol Sloviansk Berdiansk Sievierodonetsk Alchevsk Pavlohrad Uzhhorod Brovary Yevpatoria Cities located in Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine vteLists of cities in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Gibraltar vteUkraine articlesHistoryChronology Scythians Sarmatians Goths Early Slavs East Slavs Kuyaba Kievan Rus' Principality of Kiev Mongol invasion Galicia–Volhynia Grand Duchy of Lithuania Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Kiev Voivodeship Zaporozhian Cossacks Sich Hetmanate Pereiaslav Agreement Russian Empire Galicia Revolution and War of Independence Ukrainian People's Republic Ukrainian State West Ukrainian People's Republic Makhnovshchina Reichskommissariat Ukraine Ukrainian National Committee Ukrainian SSR Holodomor Eastern Front (World War II) Volhynia massacre Chernobyl disaster Independence Orange Revolution Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Russo-Ukrainian War Outline 2014 pro-Russian unrest Annexation of Crimea by Russia War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion By topic Christianity Economic Military Geography National parks Biosphere reserves Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine Nature reserves Populated places Cities Urban-type settlements Rivers Mountains Waterfalls Islands and sandbars World Heritage Sites Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Flag President Parliament Government Foreign relations Military Political parties Elections Judiciary Law Law enforcement Ukraine–European Union relations Ukraine–NATO relations Economy Hryvnia (currency) Banking Stock exchanges Energy Science and technology Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Education Corruption Gender inequality Health Abortion HIV/AIDS Swine flu pandemic (2009-10) COVID-19 pandemic and Deltacron hybrid variant (2020-22) Murder and suicide problems Human rights Freedom of the press LGBT Human trafficking Languages Minorities Prostitution Religion Culture Animation Architecture Kievan Rus' Baroque Arts Cinema Cuisine Wine Cultural icons Bandura Borscht Kazka Kobzar Pysanka Rushnyk Vyshyvanka Dance Folklore Holidays Intangible Cultural Heritage Literature Media Music Sport Demographics Ukrainian people Rus' people Ruthenians Diaspora Refugees Immigration to Ukraine Censuses Women Outline Category Portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png"},{"link_name":"cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Verkhovna Rada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKR_2022_estimates-1"},{"link_name":"populated place in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2001 Ukrainian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl"},{"link_name":"cities with special status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_with_special_status"}],"text":"Map of Ukraine showing its largest citiesThis is a complete list of cities in Ukraine. As of 1 January 2022, there are 461 cities (Ukrainian: місто, romanized: misto) in Ukraine. City status is granted by the Verkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian parliament.[1] The city status is only partially related to the size of a populated place in Ukraine.Smaller settlements are towns (Ukrainian: селище, romanized: selyshche) and villages (Ukrainian: село, romanized: selo).Historically, there were systems of city rights, granted by the territorial lords, which defined the status of a place as a misto or selo. In the past, cities were self-governing and had several privileges.[citation needed]The list of cities is roughly ordered by population and the 2022 estimates are compared to the 2001 Ukrainian census, except for Chernobyl for which the population is an unofficial estimate. The cities with special status are shown in italic.","title":"List of cities in Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Administrative divisions of Ukraine § Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine#Cities"},{"link_name":"Jump to table of 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information: Administrative divisions of Ukraine § CitiesJump to table of citiesKyivKharkivOdesaDniproDonetskLvivZaporizhzhiaKryvyi RihMykolaivSevastopolMariupolLuhanskVinnytsiaMakiivkaSimferopolChernihivKhersonPoltavaKhmelnytskyiCherkasyChernivtsiZhytomyrSumyRivneHorlivkaIvano-FrankivskKamianskeTernopilLutskBila TserkvaKerchMelitopolKramatorskUzhhorodBrovaryYevpatoriaBerdianskNikopolSlovianskPavlohradKonotopUmanYaltaBerdychivKolomyiaChornomorskPrylukyBilhorod-DnistrovskyiOkhtyrkaIziumVarashNetishynBoyarkaObukhivHlukhivMohyliv-PodilskyiChortkivKhustLebedynHorodokZhydachivPochaivSviatohirsk","title":"List of cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dpr_3-20"},{"link_name":"Donetsk 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invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lpr-ru_8-11"},{"link_name":"Luhansk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2021_census_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2021_census_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2021_census_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2021_census_11-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2021_census_11-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2021_census_11-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic since the War in Donbas.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Controlled by Russia since the Russian occupation of Crimea.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic since the Russian invasion of Ukraine.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Controlled by the Luhansk People's Republic since the War in Donbas.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Controlled by Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Controlled by the Luhansk People's Republic since the Russian invasion of Ukraine.\n\n^ a b c d e f 2021 census[3][4][better source needed]\n\n^ 2019 estimate[citation needed]","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"State Statistics Service of Ukraine. \"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022\" [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of 1 January 2022] (PDF). db.ukrcensus.gov.ua (in Ukrainian and English). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Statistics_Service_of_Ukraine","url_text":"State Statistics Service of Ukraine"},{"url":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","url_text":"\"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220912072600/db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine: Provinces and Major Cities\". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ukraine/cities/","url_text":"\"Ukraine: Provinces and Major Cities\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207192427/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ukraine/cities/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine: Crimea\". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ukraine/krym/","url_text":"\"Ukraine: Crimea\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207222117/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ukraine/krym/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine: Sevastopol\". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ukraine/msevastopol/","url_text":"\"Ukraine: Sevastopol\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240208014847/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ukraine/msevastopol/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"State Statistics Service of Ukraine. \"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2021\" [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of 1 January 2021] (PDF). db.ukrcensus.gov.ua (in Ukrainian and English). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Statistics_Service_of_Ukraine","url_text":"State Statistics Service of Ukraine"},{"url":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2021/zb_chuselnist%202021.pdf","url_text":"\"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210526125741/database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2021/zb_chuselnist%202021.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Численность постоянного населения российской федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2021 года\" [Resident population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2021] (in Russian). Rosstat. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210427153232/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/MZmdFJyI/chisl_%D0%9C%D0%9E_Site_01-01-2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Численность постоянного населения российской федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2021 года\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Rosstat"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War
Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war
["1 Croatian weapons","2 Timber Sycamore","3 Bandar bin Sultan","4 Support for rebel factions","4.1 Jaysh al-Islam","4.2 Free Syrian Army","4.3 Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement","4.4 Army of Conquest","5 November 2015 escalation","6 Silk Airlines weapons transfers","7 Syrian Democratic Forces","8 Groups known to have receive Saudi support","9 References"]
vteForeign involvement in the Syrian civil warForeign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic Russian involvement 2015 military intervention Iranian intervention 2017 missile strike Iran–Israel conflict 2012 Hezbollah involvement Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels Foreign rebel fighters Turkish involvement Turkey–Islamic State conflict Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation Euphrates Shield 2017 airstrikes Idlib Governorate operation Afrin operation 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria Israel's role U.S.-led intervention against ISIL U.S.-led Intervention Timeline List of attacks 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes Qatari involvement Jordanian intervention Operation Martyr Muath Lebanon's role Saudi involvement April 2018 missile strikes Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention Saudi Arabia's involvement in the Syrian Civil War involved the large-scale supply of weapons and ammunition to various rebel groups in Syria during the Syrian Civil War. Since the summer of 2013, Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels. Saudi Arabia has financed a large purchase of infantry weapons from Croatia via shipments shuttled through Jordan.The weapons began reaching rebels in December 2012 which allowed rebels' small tactical gains against the Syrian army. Saudi Arabia has backed Islamist rebel groups including the Army of Conquest. In August 2017, the Syrian opposition was informed by the Saudi foreign minister that the Kingdom was disengaging from them. Subsequently, Saudi Arabia has taken a more conciliatory stance towards the Syrian government. Croatian weapons M79 Osa anti-tank weapon purchased by Saudi Arabia from Croatia for use in the Syrian Civil War In December 2012, a new wave of weapons from foreign supporters were transferred to rebel forces via the Jordanian border in the country's south. The arms included M79 Osa anti-tank weapons and Yugoslav-made M-60 recoilless rifles purchased by Saudi Arabia from Croatia. Previously, most of the weapons were delivered via the Turkish border in the north. The goal for the change in routes was to strengthen moderate rebels and to support their push towards Damascus. This shipment was also said to be to counter shipments of weapons from Iran to aid the Syrian government. Timber Sycamore Saudi Arabia was involved in the CIA–led Timber Sycamore covert operation to train and arm Syrian rebels. A classified US State Department cable signed by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton reported that Saudi donors were a major support for Sunni militant forces globally, and some American officials worried that Syrian rebels being supported had ties to Al Qaeda. Bandar bin Sultan In August 2013 the Wall Street Journal reported that Saudi Prince Bandar bin Sultan had been appointed to lead Saudi Arabia's efforts to topple Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, and that the US Central Intelligence Agency considered this a sign of how serious Saudi Arabia was about this aim. Bandar was described as "jetting from covert command centers near the Syrian front lines to the Élysée Palace in Paris and the Kremlin in Moscow, seeking to undermine the Assad regime." After tensions with Qatar over supplying rebel groups, Saudi Arabia switched its efforts from Turkey to Jordan in 2012, using its financial leverage over Jordan to develop training facilities there, overseen by Bandar's half-brother Salman bin Sultan. In late 2012 Saudi intelligence also began efforts to convince the US that the Assad government was using chemical weapons. The Assyrian International News Agency reported that Saudi government also would be sending prisoners sentenced to death to fight in Syria. According to an opinion piece by journalist Patrick Cockburn, former head of MI6, Richard Dearlove revealed he was told Bandar's intentions, claiming the Prince had told him "The time is not far off in the Middle East, Richard, when it will be literally 'God help the Shia'. More than a billion Sunnis have simply had enough of them." Dearlove has expressed his view that "Saudi Arabia is involved in the ISIS-led Sunni rebellion". Support for rebel factions Jaysh al-Islam Jaysh al-Islam is an Islamist rebel alliance based in the eastern suburbs of Damascus, led by Zahran Alloush, the son of Saudi-based religious scholar Abdullah Mohammed Alloush. Its creation was said to have been negotiated and spearheaded by Saudi Arabia, who believed that al-Nusra Front was gaining too much strength. After the alliance was formed in September 2013, The Guardian reported that Saudi Arabia was preparing to give the group millions of dollars to "arm and train" its fighters, and use instructors from Pakistan to help train the group. Free Syrian Army The Southern Front, a large, moderate Free Syrian Army-affiliated rebel alliance based in southern Syria between early 2014 and mid-2018 has been reported to have Saudi backing. Another moderate FSA faction financially supported by Saudi Arabia was the Syrian Revolutionaries Front, active from late 2013. One unit reported to have Saudi backing was the Syrian Martyrs' Brigades. Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement The Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement is an Islamist rebel faction formed in late 2011 that has gone through many affiliations. It was part of the Saudi-backed Authenticity and Development Front in 2013–14, which was considered to be moderate by Charles Lister (from Middle East Institute) and the BBC. In January 2014, Nour al-Din al-Zenki was one of the founding factions in the anti-ISIL umbrella group Army of Mujahideen. In May 2014 it withdrew from the alliance and subsequently received increased financial support from Saudi Arabia, which had been reluctant to support the Army of Mujahideen due to its links with the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. On 9 May 2016, a plan was reportedly proposed by the US, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar to have the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement form a "Northern Army". However, the plan was delayed due to doubts from U.S. officials about the capabilities of the Syrian rebel forces that Turkey had recruited to fight with its military, the opposition from the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces, and the rift between Turkey and Russia that had only been mended in early August 2016. Army of Conquest In 2015, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Qatar received criticism from Western media for backing rebels associated with the Army of Conquest, which includes the al-Nusra front, an al-Qaeda affiliated group. November 2015 escalation Following the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War, Saudi Arabia heavily increased its support and supply of arms such as anti-tank weapons in order to assist rebels in countering major new government offensives backed by Russian air support. Silk Airlines weapons transfers In July 2017, an investigation by Dilyana Gaytandzhieva in Bulgarian daily newspaper Trud found that Azerbaijani state-owned Silk Way Airlines exploited a loophole in the international aviation and transport regulations to offer flights to arms manufacturers and private companies in 2016–17, with much of the cargo heading for Syria, and some ending up in the hands of ISIL and Kurdish fighters. The published documents included correspondence between the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Embassy of Azerbaijan to Bulgaria with attached documents for weapons deals and diplomatic clearance for overflight and/or landing in Bulgaria and other countries, including Saudi Arabia. The documents disclosed that American weapons manufacturers had shipped over $1 billion of weapons through Silk Way Airlines, corporate subcontractors included ″Purple Shovel LLC″ based in Sterling, Virginia, US Department of Defense subcontracting vehicle ″Culmen International LLC″ based in Alexandria, weapons and defense procurement firm ″Chemring Military Products″ based in Perry, Florida. When Silk Way Airlines did not have enough available planes, Azerbaijan's Air Force jets would transport the military shipments. In the investigation the reporter accused responsible authorities of many countries (Israel, Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Turkey, as well as to the militaries of Saudi Arabia, UAE, the military forces of Germany and Denmark in Afghanistan and of Sweden in Iraq, and the US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)) to "have turned a blind eye and allowed diplomatic flights for the transport of tons of weapons, carried out by civil aircrafts for military needs." Syrian Democratic Forces As of early 2018 after the election of US President Donald Trump and other opposition groups losing ground, Saudi Arabia began talks with Arab factions in the Syrian Democratic Forces. The Kingdom also coordinated with the United States in its support for SDF after US President Trump suggested an end to American military presence in Syria, to be replaced with an Arab force made up of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt. However Egypt rejected the idea, since reaching out to Arab affiliated SDF groups Saudi Arabia has set up recruitment centers offering new recruits the equivalent of $200, Saudi Arabia has also set up two communications checkpoints in Qamshili and Hasakah. Groups known to have receive Saudi support This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 13th Division (Syrian rebel group) Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement Authenticity and Development Front Jaysh al-Islam Conquest Brigade Southern Front Syrian Revolutionaries Front Syrian Martyrs' Brigades Revolutionary Commando Army Free Idlib Army Army of Conquest Syrian Democratic Forces Al-Sanadid Forces People's Protection Units References ^ Saudi edges Qatar to control Syrian rebel support retrieved 6 June 2013 ^ a b c Chivers, C. J.; Schmitt, Eric (26 February 2013). "In Shift, Saudis Are Said to Arm Rebels in Syria". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 May 2012. ^ "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (2018-11-07). "Syria and Saudi Arabia to potentially reconcile after UAE reopens Damascus embassy". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 2021-09-28. ^ Sly, Liz; DeYoung, Karen (23 February 2013). "In Syria, new influx of weapons to rebels tilts the battle against Assad". Washington Post. ^ Chivers, C. J.; Schmitt, Eric (25 February 2013). "Saudis Step Up Help for Rebels in Syria With Croatian Arms". The New York Times. ^ Mazzetti, Mark; Apuzzo, Matt (January 23, 2016). "U.S. Relies Heavily on Saudi Money to Support Syrian Rebels". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2020. ^ Adam Entous, Nour Malas and Margaret Coker, Wall Street Journal, 25 August 2013, A Veteran Saudi Power Player Works To Build Support to Topple Assad ^ Cooke, Shamus (21 January 2013). "Report: Saudis sent death-row inmates to fight Syria". USA Today. Retrieved 12 September 2013. ^ Iraq crisis: How Saudi Arabia helped ISIS take over the north of the country : A speech by an ex-MI6 boss hints at a plan going back over a decade. In some areas, being Shia is akin to being a Jew in Nazi Germany, The Independent, 14-07-15 ^ "Insight: Saudi Arabia boosts Salafist rivals to al Qaeda in Syria". Reuters. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ "Syria crisis: Saudi Arabia to spend millions to train new rebel force". The Guardian. 7 November 2013. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013. ^ "Saudi Arabia's Shadow War". Foreign Policy. 6 November 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013. ^ "Rebels push forward in southern Syria". AP NEWS. 2014-11-28. Retrieved 2021-04-29. ^ "The rise and ugly fall of a moderate Syrian rebel offers lessons for the West". Washington Post. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015. ^ Yehuda U. Blanga (Winter 2017). "Saudi Arabia's Motives in the Syrian Civil War" (PDF). Middle East Policy. XXIV (4). ^ "Syria's Secular and Islamist Rebels: Who Are the Saudis and the Qataris Arming?". Time Magazine. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2013. ^ Pierret, Thomas (9 August 2013). "External support and the Syrian insurgency". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 5 August 2016. ^ Charles Lister, Yes, there are 70,000 moderate opposition fighters in Syria. Here’s what we know about them, The Spectator, 27 November 2015 ^ Guide to the Syrian rebels, BBC, 13 December 2013 ^ "The Mujahedeen Army of Aleppo". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014. ^ "Rigged Cars and Barrel Bombs: Aleppo and the State of the Syrian War" (PDF). International Crisis Group. 9 September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014. ^ "Proposed 'Northern Army' in Syria alienates Kurds". The Arab Weekly. 22 May 2016. ^ "Putin mends broken relations with Turkey′s Erdoğan". BBC. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016. ^ Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria". The Independent. ^ Saudi support to rebels slows Assad attacks: pro-Damascus sources, Reuters, 06-11-15 ^ 350 diplomatic flights carry weapons for terrorists, Trud, 2. July 2017 ^ Harut Sassounian: The U.S. and Europe Must Investigate Azerbaijani Shipments of Weapons to Terrorists, The Armenian Weekly, 11 July 2017 ^ Report: Saudi, UAE weapons end up with armed groups, Al Jazeera, 27 August 2017 ^ "Why an Arab stabilisation force in Syria won't work". ^ "Saudi Arabia in talks with SDF to form new force in northern Syria". ^ "Saudi Arabia wants to build its own Arab army in Syria with U.S. Help, report says". Newsweek. 30 May 2018. vteSyrian civil warOverviewsMain overviews Syria Rojava Syrian civil war Timeline Background and causes Syrian peace process Syrian government reactions Belligerents Inter-rebel conflict Spillover Cities and towns Sectarianism and minorities Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present) Effects and ongoing concerns Casualties of the Syrian civil war Refugees of the Syrian civil war Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war Phases and processes Syrian revolution Early insurgency phase 2012–2013 escalation Ceasefires Syrian peace process World reaction International reactions to the Syrian civil war Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war Specific groups and countries Russian involvement Russian intervention Turkish involvement Turkish occupation of northern Syria Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria American intervention in the Syrian civil war 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria Kurdish Area in Syria Syrian Democratic Forces Rojava conflict U.S. task force Agreements and dialogues Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria TimelineBackground 1963 coup 1966 coup Corrective Movement Islamist uprising Latakia protests Damascus Spring Qamishli riots Syrian occupation of Lebanon Damascus Declaration Human rights in Syria 2010s in Syria political history 2011Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Syrian Revolution Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Siege of Daraa Siege of Baniyas May Talkalakh siege Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh June Jisr ash-Shughur operation Siege of Hama Siege of Homs Jabal al-Zawiya operation Siege of Latakia Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014) Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012) Battle of Zabadani Battle of Douma Daraa Governorate clashes Battle of Rastan Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush Idlib Governorate clashes December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 2012Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec January al-Midan bombing Battle of Rastan First Battle of Idlib Battle of al-Qusayr Idlib Governorate operation (Apr) Battle of Taftanaz May Battle of Rastan Houla massacre Battle of al-Haffah Al-Qubeir massacre Battle of Tremseh Battle of Damascus 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing Battle of Aleppo Battle of Anadan Siege of Base 46 Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013) Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct) Darayya massacre Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz Battle of Maarrat al-Numan First siege of Wadi Deif Battle of Harem Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013) Battle of Darayya Aqrab massacre Hama offensive Halfaya massacre Battle of Darayya Quneitra Governorate clashes Talbiseh bakery massacre 2013Jan–AprMay–Dec Battle of Safira Battle of Shadadeh Damascus offensive Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) Battle of Raqqa (Mar) Daraa offensive Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug) Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl Ghouta chemical attack Al-Qusayr offensive Battle of al-Qusayr Bayda and Baniyas massacres Hama offensive Hatla massacre Khan al-Assal chemical attack Khan al-Assal massacre Adra massacre Battle of Ras al-Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) Battle of al-Yaarubiyah Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan) 2014Jan–JulAug–Dec First Inter-rebel conflict Battle of Markada Deir ez-Zor offensive Battle of Morek Daraa offensive (Feb–May) Maan massacre Al-Otaiba ambush Idlib offensive Battle of Hosn Latakia Offensive Battle of Al-Malihah Kafr Zita chemical attack Second siege of Wadi Deif Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug) Battle of Arsal First Battle of the Shaer gas field Eastern Syria offensive Battle of Tabqa Airbase Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul) Hama Offensive Quneitra offensive Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov) Siege of Kobanî Homs school bombing Daraa offensive (Oct) Al-Safira offensive Idlib Raid Second Inter-Rebel Conflict Second Battle of the Shaer gas field Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec) 2015Jan–JulAug–Dec Air Force An-26 crash Daraa Offensive (Jan) Southern Syria Offensive Eastern al-Hasakah offensive Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Battle of Bosra Idlib Offensive Second Battle of Idlib Battle of Nasib Border Crossing Battle of Yarmouk Camp Western al-Hasakah offensive Palmyra offensive (May) Qamishli bombings Tell Abyad offensive Kobanî massacre Quneitra offensive (Jun) Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug) Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep) Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) Al-Hawl offensive Homs offensive (Nov-Dec) East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016) 2015–2016 Latakia offensive Tishrin Dam offensive Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 2016Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan) January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb) Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi offensive February Homs bombings February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Khanasir offensive Battle of Tel Abyad Battle of Maarrat al-Numan Battle of Qamishli (Apr) Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun) Palmyra offensive (Mar) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May) Northern Raqqa offensive (May) May Jableh & Tartous bombings Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun) Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct) Manbij offensive Tokhar massacre Southern Aleppo campaign Battle of al-Rai (Aug) Operation Euphrates Shield Aleppo summer campaign Western al-Bab offensive (Sep) 5 September bombings September Deir ez-Zor air raid September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct) Dabiq offensive Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov) Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov) Raqqa campaign Battle of al-Bab Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec) Palmyra offensive (Dec) 2017Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017) January Azaz bombing Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17) Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb) Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun) Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb) Qaboun offensive Palmyra offensive East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr) March Damascus bombings Al-Jinah airstrike Hama offensive (Mar–Apr) Battle of Tabqa Khan Shaykhun chemical attack Shayrat missile strike Aleppo bombing April Turkish airstrikes East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) Desert campaign (May–Jul) Maskanah Plains offensive East Hama offensive Battle of Raqqa Daraa offensive (Jun) Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun) Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug) Quneitra offensive (Jun) Idlib clashes (Jul) Central campaign Qalamoun (Jul–Aug) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18) Hama offensive (Sep) Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18) Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate Battle of Harasta Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec) Euphrates Crossing offensive Mayadin offensive Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov) Abu Kamal offensive Beit Jinn offensive 2018Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Operation Olive Branch Battle of Khasham Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr) Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb) Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict Southern Damascus offensive (Mar) Douma chemical attack Missile strikes (Apr) Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May) Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr) Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May) Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr) Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun) As-Suwayda offensive (Jun) Southern offensive As-Suwayda attacks As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov) Qamishli clashes (Sep) Missile strikes (Sep) Northern border clashes 2019Jan–AprMay–AugSep–Dec Idlib inter-rebel conflict Manbij bombing Battle of Baghuz Fawqani ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor Dêrik prison escape attempt Tell Rifaat clashes Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug) June bombings Hass refugee camp bombing Missile strikes (Aug) Turkish offensive into northeast Barisha raid November bombings Israeli missile strikes (Nov) Qah missile strike Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20) US airstrikes 2020Jan–Dec COVID-19 pandemic Afrin bombing Idlib Governorate clashes Kafr-Takharim airstrike Ayn Issa clashes Deir ez-Zor ambush 2021Jan–Dec Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah Missile strikes (Jan) US airstrike (Feb) Battle of Qamishli (Apr) US airstrike (Jun) Daraa clashes Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict 2022Jan–Dec Battle of al-Hasakah Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes Jabal al-Bishrī clashes Jarqli airstrikes Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct) Operation Claw-Sword Northwest clashes (Dec) 2023Jan-Dec Al-Sukhnah attack Damascus airstrike Hama attack Northern border clashes SpilloverIsrael and Golan Heights: March 2017 incident February 2018 incident May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents Iraq: Akashat ambush Operation al-Shabah April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike Jordanian border incidents April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike Lebanon: Lebanese border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut North Lebanon clashes Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017) Turkey: December 2011 Turkish border clash 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 2012 Turkish border clashes 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria Assassination of Andrei Karlov Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 2020 Balyun airstrikes Operation Spring Shield Elsewhere: Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran) BelligerentsSyriaPolitics of Syria Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party Military and militias Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP-GC al-Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army Foreign support Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russian involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Wagner Group Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces OppositionInterim government National Coalition Local Coordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group Opposition militias Syrian National Army Free Syrian Army National Front for Liberation Army of Glory Authenticity and Development Front Army of Free Tribes Revolutionary Commando Army Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Grey Wolves Foreign support American-led intervention Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey Autonomous Administrationof North and East SyriaDFNS Government Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties SDF militias People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al-Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries SDF military councils Syriac Military Council Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa Northern Democratic Brigade Support Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers' Party International Freedom Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units IslamistsIslamic State Military activity of ISIL Dokumacılar Khalid ibn al-Walid Army Liwa al-Aqsa Group of the One and Only Liwa Dawud al-Qaeda and allies Tahrir al-Sham Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Caucasus Emirate Ajnad al-Kavkaz Junud al-Makhdi Malhama Tactical Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan People Ammar Abdulhamid Ali al-Abdallah Adnan al-Aroor al-Assad family Bashar Maher Rifaat Rami Makhlouf Hafez Makhlouf Riad al-Asaad Anwar al-Bunni Fahd Jassem al-Freij Suheil al-Hassan Haitham al-Maleh Moaz al-Khatib Kamal al-Labwani Hamza al-Khateeb Tal al-Mallohi Fida al-Sayed Riad al-Turk Khaled Khoja Ammar al-Qurabi Suheir Atassi Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni Aref Dalila Farid Ghadry Burhan Ghalioun Razan Ghazzawi Ghassan Hitto Salim Idris Randa Kassis Abdul Halim Khaddam Michel Kilo Bassma Kodmani Ali Habib Mahmud Ali Mahmoud Othman Ibrahim Qashoush Dawoud Rajiha Yassin al-Haj Saleh Bouthaina Shaaban Abdulbaset Sieda Riad Seif Fadwa Souleimane Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid Yaser Tabbara Razan Zaitouneh Rami Jarrah Abdurrahman Mustafa Fadlallah al-Haji RelatedElections 2011 local elections 2012 parliamentary election 2014 presidential election 2015 Northern local elections 2016 parliamentary election 2017 Northern local elections 2017 Northern regional elections 2018 local elections 2020 parliamentary election 2021 presidential election Issues Casualties Cities and towns Chemical weapons Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International demonstrations and protests International reactions Massacres Refugees Sectarianism and minorities Status of the Golan Heights Spillover in Lebanon Syrian government reactions Peace process Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN supervision mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S.–Russia peace proposals 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II conference 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Idlib demilitarization (2018–present) First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Syrian Constitutional Committee War crimes trials Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany Related topics Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference International recognition of the Syrian National Council Syria Files Syrian detainee report Syrian media coverage 2015 European migrant crisis Syrian civil war in popular culture Category vte Iran–Saudi Arabia relations Diplomatic posts Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran Diplomacy Safari Club Conflicts Iranian Revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain First Libyan Civil War Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni Revolution Yemeni Civil War Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan Civil War Western Iran clashes Incidents 1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack Iranian relationswith GCC member states Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates Related Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iran–Israel proxy conflict Arab League–Iran relations Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran Warsaw Middle East conference Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Opposition to military action against Iran Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Gulf Cooperation Council People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran Iran International Shia–Sunni relations Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations vteIran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflictBackground Iranian Revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising Conflicts Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain First Libyan Civil War Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance War in Iraq (2013–2017) Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni Revolution Yemeni Civil War Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan Civil War Western Iran clashes Incidents 1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack Iranian relationswith GCC member states Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates Related topics Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iran–Israel proxy conflict Arab League–Iran relations Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran Warsaw Middle East conference Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Opposition to military action against Iran Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Gulf Cooperation Council People's Mujahedin of Iran Iran International Shia–Sunni relations Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
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strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr"},{"link_name":"Iran–Israel conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"2012 Hezbollah involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Foreign rebel fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Turkish involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Turkey–Islamic State conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah#Events_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Euphrates Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield"},{"link_name":"2017 airstrikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Idlib Governorate operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Afrin operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch"},{"link_name":"2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria"},{"link_name":"Israel's role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"U.S.-led Intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"List of attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_attacks_on_Syria_during_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"2014 rescue operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_American_rescue_mission_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"May 2015 raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2015_U.S._special_forces_raid_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"2017 missile strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike"},{"link_name":"Qatari involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Jordanian intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Operation Martyr Muath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Muath"},{"link_name":"Lebanon's role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Saudi involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"April 2018 missile strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria"},{"link_name":"Dutch involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"German intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"French intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal"},{"link_name":"Australian intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Okra"},{"link_name":"UK intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shader"},{"link_name":"weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon"},{"link_name":"ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTKSA-2"},{"link_name":"Army of Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Conquest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"vteForeign involvement in the Syrian civil warForeign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic\nRussian involvement\n2015 military intervention\nIranian intervention\n2017 missile strike\nIran–Israel conflict\n2012 Hezbollah involvement\nForeign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels\n\nForeign rebel fighters\nTurkish involvement\nTurkey–Islamic State conflict\nTomb of Suleyman Shah relocation\nEuphrates Shield\n2017 airstrikes\nIdlib Governorate operation\nAfrin operation\n2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria\nIsrael's role\nU.S.-led intervention against ISIL\n\nU.S.-led Intervention\nTimeline\nList of attacks\n2014 rescue operation\nMay 2015 raid\n2017 missile strikes\nQatari involvement\nJordanian intervention\nOperation Martyr Muath\nLebanon's role\nSaudi involvement\nApril 2018 missile strikes\nDutch involvement\nGerman intervention\nFrench intervention\nAustralian intervention\nUK interventionSaudi Arabia's involvement in the Syrian Civil War involved the large-scale supply of weapons and ammunition to various rebel groups in Syria during the Syrian Civil War.Since the summer of 2013, Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels.[1] Saudi Arabia has financed a large purchase of infantry weapons from Croatia via shipments shuttled through Jordan.The weapons began reaching rebels in December 2012 which allowed rebels' small tactical gains against the Syrian army.[2]Saudi Arabia has backed Islamist rebel groups including the Army of Conquest.In August 2017, the Syrian opposition was informed by the Saudi foreign minister that the Kingdom was disengaging from them.[3] Subsequently, Saudi Arabia has taken a more conciliatory stance towards the Syrian government.[4]","title":"Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M79-OSA.jpg"},{"link_name":"M79 Osa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M79_Osa"},{"link_name":"M79 Osa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M79_Osa"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"M-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_recoilless_gun"},{"link_name":"recoilless rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoilless_rifle"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTKSA-2"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTKSA-2"}],"text":"M79 Osa anti-tank weapon purchased by Saudi Arabia from Croatia for use in the Syrian Civil WarIn December 2012, a new wave of weapons from foreign supporters were transferred to rebel forces via the Jordanian border in the country's south. The arms included M79 Osa anti-tank weapons and Yugoslav-made M-60 recoilless rifles purchased by Saudi Arabia from Croatia. Previously, most of the weapons were delivered via the Turkish border in the north. The goal for the change in routes was to strengthen moderate rebels and to support their push towards Damascus.[5][6][2] This shipment was also said to be to counter shipments of weapons from Iran to aid the Syrian government.[2]","title":"Croatian weapons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Timber Sycamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Sycamore"},{"link_name":"US State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_State_Department"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Al Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Saudi Arabia was involved in the CIA–led Timber Sycamore covert operation to train and arm Syrian rebels. A classified US State Department cable signed by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton reported that Saudi donors were a major support for Sunni militant forces globally, and some American officials worried that Syrian rebels being supported had ties to Al Qaeda.[7]","title":"Timber Sycamore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Bandar bin Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_bin_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Bashar al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Élysée Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Salman bin Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_bin_Sultan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Assyrian International News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_International_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Patrick Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"MI6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6"},{"link_name":"Richard Dearlove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dearlove"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In August 2013 the Wall Street Journal reported that Saudi Prince Bandar bin Sultan had been appointed to lead Saudi Arabia's efforts to topple Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, and that the US Central Intelligence Agency considered this a sign of how serious Saudi Arabia was about this aim. Bandar was described as \"jetting from covert command centers near the Syrian front lines to the Élysée Palace in Paris and the Kremlin in Moscow, seeking to undermine the Assad regime.\" After tensions with Qatar over supplying rebel groups, Saudi Arabia switched its efforts from Turkey to Jordan in 2012, using its financial leverage over Jordan to develop training facilities there, overseen by Bandar's half-brother Salman bin Sultan. In late 2012 Saudi intelligence also began efforts to convince the US that the Assad government was using chemical weapons.[8] The Assyrian International News Agency reported that Saudi government also would be sending prisoners sentenced to death to fight in Syria.[9]According to an opinion piece by journalist Patrick Cockburn, former head of MI6, Richard Dearlove revealed he was told Bandar's intentions, claiming the Prince had told him \"The time is not far off in the Middle East, Richard, when it will be literally 'God help the Shia'. More than a billion Sunnis have simply had enough of them.\" Dearlove has expressed his view that \"Saudi Arabia is involved in the ISIS-led Sunni rebellion\".[10]","title":"Bandar bin Sultan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Support for rebel factions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaysh al-Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Zahran Alloush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahran_Alloush"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"al-Nusra Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters1oct-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian7Nov-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FP6Nov-13"}],"sub_title":"Jaysh al-Islam","text":"Jaysh al-Islam is an Islamist rebel alliance based in the eastern suburbs of Damascus, led by Zahran Alloush, the son of Saudi-based religious scholar Abdullah Mohammed Alloush. Its creation was said to have been negotiated and spearheaded by Saudi Arabia, who believed that al-Nusra Front was gaining too much strength.[11] After the alliance was formed in September 2013, The Guardian reported that Saudi Arabia was preparing to give the group millions of dollars to \"arm and train\" its fighters,[12] and use instructors from Pakistan to help train the group.[13]","title":"Support for rebel factions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_NEWS_2014-14"},{"link_name":"Syrian Revolutionaries Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Revolutionaries_Front"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srfwapo-15"},{"link_name":"Syrian Martyrs' Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Martyrs%27_Brigades"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blan-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Free Syrian Army","text":"The Southern Front, a large, moderate Free Syrian Army-affiliated rebel alliance based in southern Syria between early 2014 and mid-2018 has been reported to have Saudi backing.[14] Another moderate FSA faction financially supported by Saudi Arabia was the Syrian Revolutionaries Front, active from late 2013.[15] One unit reported to have Saudi backing was the Syrian Martyrs' Brigades.[16][17]","title":"Support for rebel factions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement"},{"link_name":"Authenticity and Development Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp-18"},{"link_name":"Middle East Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Institute"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lister1-19"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-20"},{"link_name":"ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Army of Mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CEIP8April-21"},{"link_name":"Syrian Muslim Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Muslim_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisis-22"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Syrian Democratic Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement","text":"The Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement is an Islamist rebel faction formed in late 2011 that has gone through many affiliations. It was part of the Saudi-backed Authenticity and Development Front in 2013–14,[18] which was considered to be moderate by Charles Lister (from Middle East Institute)[19] and the BBC.[20]In January 2014, Nour al-Din al-Zenki was one of the founding factions in the anti-ISIL umbrella group Army of Mujahideen.[21] In May 2014 it withdrew from the alliance and subsequently received increased financial support from Saudi Arabia, which had been reluctant to support the Army of Mujahideen due to its links with the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood.[22]On 9 May 2016, a plan was reportedly proposed by the US, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar to have the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement form a \"Northern Army\".[23] However, the plan was delayed due to doubts from U.S. officials about the capabilities of the Syrian rebel forces that Turkey had recruited to fight with its military, the opposition from the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces, and the rift between Turkey and Russia that had only been mended in early August 2016.[24]","title":"Support for rebel factions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army of Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Conquest"},{"link_name":"al-Nusra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-25"}],"sub_title":"Army of Conquest","text":"In 2015, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Qatar received criticism from Western media for backing rebels associated with the Army of Conquest, which includes the al-Nusra front, an al-Qaeda affiliated group.[25]","title":"Support for rebel factions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Following the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War, Saudi Arabia heavily increased its support and supply of arms such as anti-tank weapons in order to assist rebels in countering major new government offensives backed by Russian air support.[26]","title":"November 2015 escalation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dilyana Gaytandzhieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilyana_Gaytandzhieva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trud_(Bulgarian_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Silk Way Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Way_Airlines"},{"link_name":"loophole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loophole"},{"link_name":"ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sterling, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Perry, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry,_Florida"},{"link_name":"accused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_accusation"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"US Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trud2July-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In July 2017, an investigation by Dilyana Gaytandzhieva in Bulgarian daily newspaper Trud found that Azerbaijani state-owned Silk Way Airlines exploited a loophole in the international aviation and transport regulations to offer flights to arms manufacturers and private companies in 2016–17, with much of the cargo heading for Syria, and some ending up in the hands of ISIL and Kurdish fighters. The published documents included correspondence between the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Embassy of Azerbaijan to Bulgaria with attached documents for weapons deals and diplomatic clearance for overflight and/or landing in Bulgaria and other countries, including Saudi Arabia. The documents disclosed that American weapons manufacturers had shipped over $1 billion of weapons through Silk Way Airlines, corporate subcontractors included ″Purple Shovel LLC″ based in Sterling, Virginia, US Department of Defense subcontracting vehicle ″Culmen International LLC″ based in Alexandria, weapons and defense procurement firm ″Chemring Military Products″ based in Perry, Florida. When Silk Way Airlines did not have enough available planes, Azerbaijan's Air Force jets would transport the military shipments. In the investigation the reporter accused responsible authorities of many countries (Israel, Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Turkey, as well as to the militaries of Saudi Arabia, UAE, the military forces of Germany and Denmark in Afghanistan and of Sweden in Iraq, and the US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)) to \"have turned a blind eye and allowed diplomatic flights for the transport of tons of weapons, carried out by civil aircrafts [sic] for military needs.\"[27][28][29]","title":"Silk Airlines weapons transfers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Syrian Democratic Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"As of early 2018 after the election of US President Donald Trump and other opposition groups losing ground, Saudi Arabia began talks with Arab factions in the Syrian Democratic Forces. The Kingdom also coordinated with the United States in its support for SDF after US President Trump suggested an end to American military presence in Syria, to be replaced with an Arab force made up of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt. However Egypt rejected the idea,[30] since reaching out to Arab affiliated SDF groups Saudi Arabia has set up recruitment centers offering new recruits the equivalent of $200, Saudi Arabia has also set up two communications checkpoints in Qamshili and Hasakah.[31][32]","title":"Syrian Democratic Forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"13th Division (Syrian rebel group)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)"},{"link_name":"Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement"},{"link_name":"Authenticity and Development Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front"},{"link_name":"Jaysh al-Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam"},{"link_name":"Conquest Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Southern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)"},{"link_name":"Syrian Revolutionaries Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Revolutionaries_Front"},{"link_name":"Syrian Martyrs' Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Martyrs%27_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Commando Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army"},{"link_name":"Free Idlib Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Idlib_Army"},{"link_name":"Army of Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Syrian Democratic Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces"},{"link_name":"Al-Sanadid Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces"},{"link_name":"People's Protection Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units"}],"text":"13th Division (Syrian rebel group)\n Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement\n Authenticity and Development Front\n Jaysh al-Islam\n Conquest Brigade\n Southern Front\n Syrian Revolutionaries Front\n Syrian Martyrs' Brigades\n Revolutionary Commando Army\n Free Idlib Army\n Army of Conquest\n Syrian Democratic Forces\n Al-Sanadid Forces\n People's Protection Units","title":"Groups known to have receive Saudi support"}]
[{"image_text":"M79 Osa anti-tank weapon purchased by Saudi Arabia from Croatia for use in the Syrian Civil War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/M79-OSA.jpg/220px-M79-OSA.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Chivers, C. J.; Schmitt, Eric (26 February 2013). \"In Shift, Saudis Are Said to Arm Rebels in Syria\". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/26/world/middleeast/in-shift-saudis-are-said-to-arm-rebels-in-syria.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"In Shift, Saudis Are Said to Arm Rebels in Syria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria\". The Guardian. 31 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/31/victory-for-assad-looks-increasingly-likely-as-world-loses-interest-in-syria","url_text":"\"Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Aboufadel, Leith (2018-11-07). \"Syria and Saudi Arabia to potentially reconcile after UAE reopens Damascus embassy\". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 2021-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210928081042/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syria-and-saudi-arabia-to-potentially-reconcile-after-uae-reopens-damascus-embassy/","url_text":"\"Syria and Saudi Arabia to potentially reconcile after UAE reopens Damascus embassy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masdar_News","url_text":"Al-Masdar News"},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syria-and-saudi-arabia-to-potentially-reconcile-after-uae-reopens-damascus-embassy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sly, Liz; DeYoung, Karen (23 February 2013). \"In Syria, new influx of weapons to rebels tilts the battle against Assad\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varak%C4%BC%C4%81ni_Municipality
Varakļāni Municipality
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 56°36′N 26°45′E / 56.600°N 26.750°E / 56.600; 26.750Municipality of Latvia Municipality in LatviaVarakļāni Municipality Varakļānu novadsMunicipality Coat of armsCountry LatviaFormed2009CentreVarakļāniGovernment • Council ChairMāris Justs (LA)Area • Total277.95 km2 (107.32 sq mi) • Land272.09 km2 (105.05 sq mi) • Water5.86 km2 (2.26 sq mi)Population (2024) • Total2,890 • Density10/km2 (27/sq mi)Websitewww.varaklani.lv Varakļāni Municipality (Latvian: Varakļānu novads) is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Varakļāni town, Murmastiene Parish and Varakļāni Parish of the former Madona District. The administrative centre is Varakļāni. Parts of Teiči Nature Reserve are located in the Municipality. The population in 2020 was 2,990. Within the 2021 Latvian administrative reform it was initially planned to merge Varakļāni Municipality into Rēzekne Municipality. After protests from locals, parts of whom wanted to either preserve the status quo or preferred joining Madona Municipality, the municipal council submitted a case to the Constitutional Court of Latvia in June 2020. On 28 May 2021 the court declared the planned merge is unconstitutional. However, on May 31 the Saeima voted to proceed with the merge, which prompted the involvement of the President of Latvia Egils Levits to avoid triggering a constitutional crisis. Ultimately, a decision was made to postpone the decision on the future of the Varakļāni and Rēzekne municipalities until 2025. Due to this, the 2021 Latvian local elections for the new municipalities were also held in Varakļāni. Map of the municipality, 2021 Varakļāni Palace Teiči Nature Reserve Crucifix hut in Murmastiene Stirniene Saint Laurentius Catholic Church, Varakļāni Parish Varakļāni Station See also Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009) References ^ "Reģionu, novadu, pilsētu un pagastu kopējā un sauszemes platība gada sākumā". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Retrieved 18 January 2023. ^ "Iedzīvotāju skaits pēc tautības reģionos, pilsētās, novados, pagastos, apkaimēs un blīvi apdzīvotās teritorijās gada sākumā (pēc administratīvi teritoriālās reformas 2021. gadā)". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Retrieved 19 June 2024. ^ "ISG020. Population number and its change by statistical region, city, town, 21 development centres and counties". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. 2020-01-01. Retrieved 2021-02-12. ^ Auers, Dainis (June 2021). "CONTINUITY IN CHANGE? Latvia's Local Governments after Regional Reform and Local Government Elections" (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Baltikum - Perspective. ISBN 978-9934-8853-5-8. ^ "President of Latvia expects Varakļāni region status issue to be resolved according to Satversme | Valsts prezidenta kanceleja". www.president.lv. 2021-06-01. Retrieved 2022-02-02. ^ "Deputies elected in Varaklani: People's election was motivated by the future of the local area after the regional reform". Baltics News. 2021-09-12. Retrieved 2022-02-02. ^ Šteinfelde, Ilze (2021-09-13). "The election results confirm that combining Varakļāni and Rēzekne municipalities would be a mistake". Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze. Retrieved 2022-02-02. ^ "Administrative territorial reform comes to force in Latvia". Baltic News Network - News from Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia. 2021-07-01. Retrieved 2022-02-02. vteFirst-level administrative divisions of LatviaMunicipalities Ādaži Aizkraukle Alūksne Augšdaugava Balvi Bauska Cēsis Dobele Gulbene Jelgava Jēkabpils Ķekava Krāslava Kuldīga Limbaži Līvāni Ludza Madona Mārupe Ogre Olaine Preiļi Rēzekne Ropaži Salaspils Saldus Saulkrasti Sigulda Smiltene South Kurzeme Talsi Tukums Valka Valmiera Varakļāni Ventspils State cities Daugavpils Jelgava Jūrmala Liepāja Rēzekne Riga Ventspils Jēkabpils, Ogre and Valmiera are also state cities. However, they are also part of municipalities and serve as second-level administrative divisions. 56°36′N 26°45′E / 56.600°N 26.750°E / 56.600; 26.750 Authority control databases: National Latvia This Latgale location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia_(2009)"}]
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