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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istominskaya,_Syamzhensky_District,_Vologda_Oblast | Istominskaya, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast | ["1 Geography","2 References"] | Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaIstominskaya
ИстоминскаяVillageIstominskayaShow map of Vologda OblastIstominskayaShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 60°05′N 40°47′E / 60.083°N 40.783°E / 60.083; 40.783CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictSyamzhensky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Istominskaya (Russian: Истоминская) is a rural locality (a village) in Ustretskoye Rural Settlement, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 141 as of 2002. There are 4 streets.
Geography
Istominskaya is located 27 km northwest of Syamzha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rechkovskaya is the nearest rural locality.
References
^ Истоминская деревня на карте
^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
^ Истоминская деревня на карте
^ Расстояние от Истоминской до Сямжи
vteRural localities in Syamzhensky District
Alexeyevskaya
Alferovskaya
Anikovskaya
Arganovo
Artyomovskaya
Averinskaya
Babino
Baranikha
Borisovskaya
Borok-1
Borok-2
Burdukovo
Burnikha
Chaglotovo
Chertikha
Chirkovskaya
Chizhovo
Davydkovo
Davydovskaya
Demidovskaya
Druzhba
Fedosikha
Frolikha
Georgiyevskaya
Gerasimikha
Goluzino
Gremyachy
Gridino
Ignashevskaya
Ikonnikovo
Istominskaya
Ivanovskaya
Kharitonovskaya
Kladovitsa
Klepikovskaya
Klimushino
Klokovo
Kocherzhikha
Kolbinskaya
Koltyrikha
Kononovskaya
Kopylovo
Korostelevo
Kubinskaya
Kuryanovskaya
Kuzminskaya
Lelekovskaya
Levinskaya
Lukinskaya
Lyubovitsa
Malinnik
Markovo
Markovskaya
Martyanikha
Maryinskaya
Mininskaya
Mirny
Mokrovo
Monastyrskaya
Myakotikha
Nesterikha
Nikolskoye
Nikulinskaya
Noginskaya
Novaya Sluda
Olekhovskaya
Orlovskaya
Peshkovskaya
Pestino
Pigilinskaya
Piligino
Pirogovo
Podlesnaya
Pogorelets
Pogrebnoye
Poluyanikha
Ponomarikha
Prozhektor
Puronga
Putkovo
Ramenye
Rassokhino
Rechkovskaya
Rogovitsynskaya
Rubtsovo
Samsonovskaya
Savinskaya
Semenikha
Shestakovskaya
Shirega
Shishakovo
Shoksha
Shubachevo
Sidorovo
Sobolikha
Srednyaya Sluda
Staraya
Syamzha
Trubakovo
Trusikha
Ushakovskaya
Ust-Reka
Uzmitsa
Vakhrushevskaya
Veliky Dvor
Volkhovskaya
Voronovo
Vydrikha
Vysokovo
Yakovlevskaya
Yarygino
Yermakovskaya
Yeskino
Yevsyutino
Yezdunya
Yukovskaya
Zakharovskaya
Zakostimye
Zalesye
Zaytsevo
Zhar
Zhityovo
This Syamzhensky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Syamzhensky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syamzhensky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Istominskaya (Russian: Истоминская) is a rural locality (a village) in Ustretskoye Rural Settlement, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 141 as of 2002.[2] There are 4 streets.[3]","title":"Istominskaya, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syamzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syamzha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Istominskaya is located 27 km northwest of Syamzha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rechkovskaya is the nearest rural locality.[4]","title":"Geography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Istominskaya,_Syamzhensky_District,_Vologda_Oblast¶ms=60_05_N_40_47_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"60°05′N 40°47′E / 60.083°N 40.783°E / 60.083; 40.783"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/syamzhenskiy-rayon/istominskaya-derevnya/","external_links_name":"Истоминская деревня на карте"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/syamzhenskiy-rayon/istominskaya-derevnya/","external_links_name":"Истоминская деревня на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_istominskaja-35_sjamzha","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Истоминской до Сямжи"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istominskaya,_Syamzhensky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cook_(Medal_of_Honor,_1847) | John Cook (Medal of Honor, 1847) | ["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References"] | John CookUnion Army bugler John CookBorn(1847-08-10)August 10, 1847Cincinnati, OhioDiedAugust 3, 1915 (age 67)Washington, D.C.Place of burialArlington National Cemetery, Arlington County, VirginiaAllegianceUnited States of AmericaUnionService/branchUnited States ArmyUnion ArmyRankBuglerUnitBattery Battery B, 4th Regiment U.S. ArtilleryBattles/warsAmerican Civil War • Battle of Antietam • Battle of GettysburgAwardsMedal of Honor
John Cook (August 10, 1847 – August 3, 1915) was a bugler in the Union Army during the American Civil War. At age 15, he earned the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Antietam.
Biography
Grave at Arlington National Cemetery
Cook enlisted in the Union Army at age 14 in Cincinnati, Ohio, and served as a bugler in Battery B of the 4th U.S. Artillery Regiment. During the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, his unit supported General John Gibbon's attack down the Hagerstown Turnpike. Immediately after unlimbering their guns, the battery came under fire from Confederate infantrymen in the West Woods. Cook helped a wounded officer to the rear and, upon returning to his unit, found that most of the cannoneers had been killed. Seeing a dead artilleryman with a full pouch of ammunition, Cook took the pouch and began servicing the cannons. He continued to work as a cannoneer throughout the attack, despite intense fire from Confederate soldiers who came within 15 feet of the guns.
The next year, Cook participated in the Battle of Gettysburg, where he carried messages across a half-mile of fire-swept terrain. During that battle, he helped destroy a damaged caisson to prevent it from falling into the hands of approaching Confederates.
For his actions at Antietam, Cook was awarded the Medal of Honor several decades later, on June 30, 1894. His official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Volunteered at the age of 15 years to act as a cannoneer, and as such volunteer served a gun under a terrific fire of the enemy.
Cook died at age 67 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington County, Virginia.
See also
Biography portalAmerican Civil War portal
List of Medal of Honor recipients
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.
^ a b c d Beyer, Walter F.; Oscar F. Keydel (1901). Deeds of Valor: How America's Heroes Won the Medal of Honor. Vol. 1. Detroit: The Perrien-Keydel Company. pp. 75–76.
^ a b c d "Civil War Medal of Honor recipients (A–L)". Medal of Honor citations. United States Army Center of Military History. July 16, 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
^ Arlington National Cemetery | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bugler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugler"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"}],"text":"John Cook (August 10, 1847 – August 3, 1915) was a bugler in the Union Army during the American Civil War. 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Cook helped a wounded officer to the rear and, upon returning to his unit, found that most of the cannoneers had been killed. Seeing a dead artilleryman with a full pouch of ammunition, Cook took the pouch and began servicing the cannons. He continued to work as a cannoneer throughout the attack, despite intense fire from Confederate soldiers who came within 15 feet of the guns.[1]The next year, Cook participated in the Battle of Gettysburg, where he carried messages across a half-mile of fire-swept terrain. During that battle, he helped destroy a damaged caisson to prevent it from falling into the hands of approaching Confederates.[1]For his actions at Antietam, Cook was awarded the Medal of Honor several decades later, on June 30, 1894.[2] His official Medal of Honor citation reads:Volunteered at the age of 15 years to act as a cannoneer, and as such volunteer served a gun under a terrific fire of the enemy.[2]Cook died at age 67 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington County, Virginia.[3]","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Grave at Arlington National Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/John_Cook_gravestone_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpg/310px-John_Cook_gravestone_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of Medal of Honor recipients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients"}] | [{"reference":"Beyer, Walter F.; Oscar F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Stogumber | St Mary's Church, Stogumber | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Church in Somerset, England
Church of St MaryLocation within SomersetGeneral informationTown or cityStogumberCountryEnglandCoordinates51°07′40″N 3°17′25″W / 51.1278°N 3.2903°W / 51.1278; -3.2903Completedlate 13th century
The Church of St Mary in Stogumber, Somerset, England dates from the late 13th century. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.
The church was founded as a Saxon minster with a chapelry at Bicknoller and other dues payable from property in Monksilver, Clatworthy and Elworthy.
The oldest portions of the church are the tower and south porch. The tower can be dated from a will bequeathing money for its construction in 1401. The north aisle is traditionally held to have been built by Cardinal Beaufort as a penance for his behaviour at his hunting lodge Halsway Manor. The red sandstone church was restored in the 1870s to designs by John Dando Sedding. The interior includes a chandelier built around 1770. The font is from the 15th century. The church has a stone pulpit.
The churchyard contains the war graves of two Gunners of World War I.
The Old Vicarage, which is now a private dwelling, was built in the 15th century. The old brewhouse behind the vicarage is medieval in origin.
The parish is part of the Quantock Towers benefice within the Quantock deanery.
See also
Grade I listed buildings in West Somerset
List of Somerset towers
List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells
References
^ "Church of St Mary". historicengland.org.uk. English Heritage. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
^ Bush, Robin (1994). Somerset: The Complete Guide. Dovecote Press. pp. 193–194. ISBN 1-874336-26-1.
^ Dunning, Robert (2007). Somerset Churches and Chapels: Building Repair and Restoration. Halsgrove. p. 41. ISBN 978-1841145921.
^ "Stogumber". Quantock Online. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
^ a b "The Blessed Virgin Mary, Stogumber". Church of England. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
^ "St Mary's church". Stogumber. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
^ CWGC Cemetery Record, details from casualty record.
^ "The Old Vicarage". historicengland.org.uk. English Heritage. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
^ "The Brewhouse, about 10 metres South of The Old Vicarage". historicengland.org.uk. English Heritage. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
External links
Stogumber Church website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stogumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stogumber"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minster_(church)"},{"link_name":"chapelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelry"},{"link_name":"Bicknoller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicknoller"},{"link_name":"Monksilver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monksilver"},{"link_name":"Clatworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clatworthy"},{"link_name":"Elworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elworthy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bush-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"Halsway Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsway_Manor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"restored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_restoration"},{"link_name":"John Dando Sedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dando_Sedding"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-5"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"war graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"Gunners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"benefice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arch-5"}],"text":"The Church of St Mary in Stogumber, Somerset, England dates from the late 13th century. 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The church has a stone pulpit.[6]The churchyard contains the war graves of two Gunners of World War I.[7]The Old Vicarage, which is now a private dwelling, was built in the 15th century.[8] The old brewhouse behind the vicarage is medieval in origin.[9]The parish is part of the Quantock Towers benefice within the Quantock deanery.[5]","title":"St Mary's Church, Stogumber"}] | [] | [{"title":"Grade I listed buildings in West Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_West_Somerset"},{"title":"List of Somerset towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Somerset_towers"},{"title":"List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecclesiastical_parishes_in_the_Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells"}] | [{"reference":"\"Church of St Mary\". historicengland.org.uk. English Heritage. 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ISBN 978-1841145921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841145921","url_text":"978-1841145921"}]},{"reference":"\"Stogumber\". Quantock Online. Retrieved 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quantockonline.co.uk/quantocks/villages/stogumber/stogumber01.html","url_text":"\"Stogumber\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Blessed Virgin Mary, Stogumber\". Church of England. Retrieved 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.achurchnearyou.com/stogumber-the-blessed-virgin-mary/","url_text":"\"The Blessed Virgin Mary, Stogumber\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Mary's church\". Stogumber. Retrieved 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stogumber.org.uk/church.php","url_text":"\"St Mary's church\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Old Vicarage\". historicengland.org.uk. English Heritage. 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Retrieved 6 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1057502","url_text":"\"The Brewhouse, about 10 metres South of The Old Vicarage\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Mary%27s_Church,_Stogumber¶ms=51.1278_N_3.2903_W_type:landmark_region:GB-ENG","external_links_name":"51°07′40″N 3°17′25″W / 51.1278°N 3.2903°W / 51.1278; -3.2903"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1057500","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Mary\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/somersetcomplete0000bush/page/193","external_links_name":"Somerset: The Complete Guide"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/somersetcomplete0000bush/page/193","external_links_name":"193–194"},{"Link":"http://www.quantockonline.co.uk/quantocks/villages/stogumber/stogumber01.html","external_links_name":"\"Stogumber\""},{"Link":"http://www.achurchnearyou.com/stogumber-the-blessed-virgin-mary/","external_links_name":"\"The Blessed Virgin Mary, Stogumber\""},{"Link":"http://www.stogumber.org.uk/church.php","external_links_name":"\"St Mary's church\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/43700/STOGUMBER%20(ST.%20MARY)%20CHURCHYARD","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1057501","external_links_name":"\"The Old Vicarage\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1057502","external_links_name":"\"The Brewhouse, about 10 metres South of The Old Vicarage\""},{"Link":"https://www.achurchnearyou.com/church/11345/","external_links_name":"Stogumber Church website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83gura,_Bac%C4%83u | Măgura, Bacău | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 46°34′N 26°51′E / 46.567°N 26.850°E / 46.567; 26.850Commune in Bacău, RomaniaMăguraCommuneLocation in Bacău CountyMăguraLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°34′N 26°51′E / 46.567°N 26.850°E / 46.567; 26.850CountryRomaniaCountyBacăuPopulation (2021-12-01)5,647Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.BC
Măgura is a commune in Bacău County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Crihan, Dealu Mare, Măgura and Sohodol.
vteBacău County, RomaniaCities
Bacău (county seat)
Moinești
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Towns
Buhuși
Comănești
Dărmănești
Slănic-Moldova
Târgu Ocna
Communes
Agăș
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Balcani
Bârsănești
Berești-Bistrița
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Bogdănești
Brusturoasa
Buciumi
Buhoci
Căiuți
Cașin
Cleja
Colonești
Corbasca
Coțofănești
Dămienești
Dealu Morii
Dofteana
Faraoani
Filipeni
Filipești
Găiceana
Gârleni
Ghimeș-Făget
Gioseni
Glăvănești
Gura Văii
Helegiu
Hemeiuș
Horgești
Huruiești
Itești
Izvoru Berheciului
Letea Veche
Lipova
Livezi
Luizi-Călugăra
Măgirești
Măgura
Mănăstirea Cașin
Mărgineni
Motoșeni
Negri
Nicolae Bălcescu
Odobești
Oituz
Oncești
Orbeni
Palanca
Pâncești
Parava
Pârgărești
Parincea
Pârjol
Plopana
Poduri
Podu Turcului
Prăjești
Răcăciuni
Răchitoasa
Racova
Roșiori
Sănduleni
Sărata
Sascut
Săucești
Scorțeni
Secuieni
Solonț
Stănișești
Ștefan cel Mare
Strugari
Tamași
Târgu Trotuș
Tătărăști
Traian
Ungureni
Urechești
Valea Seacă
Vultureni
Zemeș
References
^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
This Bacău County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Bacău County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bac%C4%83u_County"},{"link_name":"Western Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bac%C4%83u_County"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bac%C4%83u_County"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bac%C4%83u_County"},{"link_name":"Bacău County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bac%C4%83u_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipiu"},{"link_name":"Bacău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Moinești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moine%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Onești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%C8%99ti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stema_judetului_Bacau.svg"},{"link_name":"Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Buhuși","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhu%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Comănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Dărmănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%83rm%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Slănic-Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%83nic-Moldova"},{"link_name":"Târgu Ocna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Ocna"},{"link_name":"Communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Agăș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C4%83%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Ardeoani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeoani"},{"link_name":"Asău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Balcani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcani"},{"link_name":"Bârsănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2rs%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Berești-Bistrița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere%C8%99ti-Bistri%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Berești-Tazlău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere%C8%99ti-Tazl%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Berzunți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berzun%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Blăgești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C4%83ge%C8%99ti,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Bogdănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogd%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Brusturoasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusturoasa"},{"link_name":"Buciumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buciumi,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Buhoci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhoci"},{"link_name":"Căiuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83iu%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Cașin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C8%99in"},{"link_name":"Cleja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleja"},{"link_name":"Colonești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colone%C8%99ti,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Corbasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbasca"},{"link_name":"Coțofănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C8%9Bof%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Dămienești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%83miene%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Dealu Morii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealu_Morii"},{"link_name":"Dofteana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dofteana"},{"link_name":"Faraoani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraoani"},{"link_name":"Filipeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipeni,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Filipești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipe%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Găiceana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83iceana"},{"link_name":"Gârleni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2rleni"},{"link_name":"Ghimeș-Făget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghime%C8%99-F%C4%83get"},{"link_name":"Gioseni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioseni"},{"link_name":"Glăvănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C4%83v%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Gura Văii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gura_V%C4%83ii,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Helegiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helegiu"},{"link_name":"Hemeiuș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemeiu%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Horgești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horge%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Huruiești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruie%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Itești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ite%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Izvoru Berheciului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvoru_Berheciului"},{"link_name":"Letea Veche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letea_Veche"},{"link_name":"Lipova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipova,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Livezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livezi,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Luizi-Călugăra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luizi-C%C4%83lug%C4%83ra"},{"link_name":"Măgirești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83gire%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Măgura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mănăstirea Cașin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Ca%C8%99in"},{"link_name":"Mărgineni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83rgineni,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Motoșeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto%C8%99eni"},{"link_name":"Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negri,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Bălcescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Odobești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odobe%C8%99ti,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Oituz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oituz"},{"link_name":"Oncești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once%C8%99ti,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Orbeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbeni"},{"link_name":"Palanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanca,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Pâncești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2nce%C8%99ti,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Parava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parava,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Pârgărești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2rg%C4%83re%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Parincea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parincea"},{"link_name":"Pârjol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2rjol"},{"link_name":"Plopana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plopana"},{"link_name":"Poduri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poduri"},{"link_name":"Podu Turcului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podu_Turcului"},{"link_name":"Prăjești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%83je%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Răcăciuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83c%C4%83ciuni"},{"link_name":"Răchitoasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83chitoasa"},{"link_name":"Racova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racova"},{"link_name":"Roșiori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C8%99iori,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Sănduleni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83nduleni"},{"link_name":"Sărata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83rata,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Sascut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascut"},{"link_name":"Săucești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83uce%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Scorțeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scor%C8%9Beni,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Secuieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuieni,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Solonț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Stănișești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%83ni%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Ștefan cel Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_cel_Mare,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Strugari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strugari,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Tamași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tama%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Târgu Trotuș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Trotu%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Tătărăști","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83t%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Traian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traian,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Ungureni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungureni,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Urechești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureche%C8%99ti,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Valea Seacă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valea_Seac%C4%83,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Vultureni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultureni,_Bac%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Zemeș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeme%C8%99"}],"text":"Commune in Bacău, RomaniaMăgura is a commune in Bacău County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Crihan, Dealu Mare, Măgura and Sohodol.vteBacău County, RomaniaCities\nBacău (county seat)\nMoinești\nOnești\nTowns\nBuhuși\nComănești\nDărmănești\nSlănic-Moldova\nTârgu Ocna\nCommunes\nAgăș\nArdeoani\nAsău\nBalcani\nBârsănești\nBerești-Bistrița\nBerești-Tazlău\nBerzunți\nBlăgești\nBogdănești\nBrusturoasa\nBuciumi\nBuhoci\nCăiuți\nCașin\nCleja\nColonești\nCorbasca\nCoțofănești\nDămienești\nDealu Morii\nDofteana\nFaraoani\nFilipeni\nFilipești\nGăiceana\nGârleni\nGhimeș-Făget\nGioseni\nGlăvănești\nGura Văii\nHelegiu\nHemeiuș\nHorgești\nHuruiești\nItești\nIzvoru Berheciului\nLetea Veche\nLipova\nLivezi\nLuizi-Călugăra\nMăgirești\nMăgura\nMănăstirea Cașin\nMărgineni\nMotoșeni\nNegri\nNicolae Bălcescu\nOdobești\nOituz\nOncești\nOrbeni\nPalanca\nPâncești\nParava\nPârgărești\nParincea\nPârjol\nPlopana\nPoduri\nPodu Turcului\nPrăjești\nRăcăciuni\nRăchitoasa\nRacova\nRoșiori\nSănduleni\nSărata\nSascut\nSăucești\nScorțeni\nSecuieni\nSolonț\nStănișești\nȘtefan cel Mare\nStrugari\nTamași\nTârgu Trotuș\nTătărăști\nTraian\nUngureni\nUrechești\nValea Seacă\nVultureni\nZemeș","title":"Măgura, Bacău"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M%C4%83gura,_Bac%C4%83u¶ms=46_34_N_26_51_E_type:city_source:kolossus-itwiki_region:RO_dim:100000","external_links_name":"46°34′N 26°51′E / 46.567°N 26.850°E / 46.567; 26.850"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M%C4%83gura,_Bac%C4%83u¶ms=46_34_N_26_51_E_type:city_source:kolossus-itwiki_region:RO_dim:100000","external_links_name":"46°34′N 26°51′E / 46.567°N 26.850°E / 46.567; 26.850"},{"Link":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","external_links_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C4%83gura,_Bac%C4%83u&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laski,_Jarocin_County | Laski, Jarocin County | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 52°3′57″N 17°31′41″E / 52.06583°N 17.52806°E / 52.06583; 17.52806For other places with the same name, see Laski.
Settlement in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandLaskiSettlementLaskiCoordinates: 52°3′57″N 17°31′41″E / 52.06583°N 17.52806°E / 52.06583; 17.52806Country PolandVoivodeshipGreater PolandCountyJarocinGminaŻerków
Laski (Polish pronunciation: ) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Żerków, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Żerków, 12 km (7 mi) north of Jarocin, and 56 km (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
References
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
vteGmina ŻerkówTown and seat
Żerków
Villages
Antonin
Bieździadów
Brzóstków
Chrzan
Chwałów
Dobieszczyzna
Gąsiorów
Gęczew
Kamień
Komorze Przybysławskie
Kretków
Laski
Lgów
Lisew
Lubinia Mała
Ludwinów
Miniszew
Paruchów
Parzewnia
Pawłowice
Podlesie
Pogorzelica
Prusinów
Przybysław
Raszewy
Rogaszyce
Rozmarynów
Siekierzyn
Sierszew
Śmiełów
Stęgosz
Sucha
Szczonów
Żerniki
Żółków
This Jarocin County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laski_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈlaskʲi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_settlement"},{"link_name":"Gmina Żerków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_%C5%BBerk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Jarocin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarocin_County"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Żerków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBerk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Jarocin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarocin"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Laski.Settlement in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandLaski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈlaskʲi]) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Żerków, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.[1] It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Żerków, 12 km (7 mi) north of Jarocin, and 56 km (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.","title":"Laski, Jarocin County"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laski,_Jarocin_County¶ms=52_3_57_N_17_31_41_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"52°3′57″N 17°31′41″E / 52.06583°N 17.52806°E / 52.06583; 17.52806"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laski,_Jarocin_County¶ms=52_3_57_N_17_31_41_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"52°3′57″N 17°31′41″E / 52.06583°N 17.52806°E / 52.06583; 17.52806"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laski,_Jarocin_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_Railway | Tatra Electric Railway | ["1 History","2 Rolling stock","3 Network map","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Narrow gauge railway line in Slovakia
Tatra Electric RailwayTEŽ train near Poprad-Tatry, with High Tatras in the background.OverviewOwnerŽeleznice Slovenskej republiky (ŽSR)LocaleSlovakiaServiceOperator(s)Železničná spoločnosť Slovensko (ZSSK)TechnicalLine length35 km (22 mi)Track gauge1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gaugeElectrification1,500 V DCHighest elevation1,350 m (4,430 ft)
Route map
The Tatra Electric Railway (Slovak: Tatranská elektrická železnica), colloquially Tatra Railway, is an electrified (1500 V DC) single track 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) narrow gauge railway in the Slovak part of the Tatra mountains. It consists of two connected lines:
Poprad – Starý Smokovec – Štrbské Pleso (29,1 km)
Starý Smokovec – Tatranská Lomnica (5,9 km)
At Štrbské Pleso, the railway connects to the Štrbské Pleso–Štrba rack railway.
At Starý Smokovec, the railway connects to the Starý Smokovec–Hrebienok funicular.
History
After the completion of the Košice-Bohumín Railway in 1871 and of Poprad - Kežmarok in 1892, the High Tatras were easier to access, and tourism expanded, which required accessibility. In 1896, a rack railway from Štrbské Pleso to Štrba was built.
Finally, it was decided to build an electrified, narrow gauge railway from Poprad to Starý Smokovec. Construction started in 1906 and the track was opened in 1908. The branch line from Starý Smokovec to Tatranská Lomnica was opened in 1911 and the final extension from Starý Smokovec to Štrbské Pleso was opened in 1912. At that time, the railway was used for passenger, as well as for cargo transport.
In 1948, the railway was nationalised. From 1950 to 1992, it was managed by the Czechoslovak State Railways and since 1993 by the Railways of the Slovak Republic.
In the second half of the 1960s, the railway underwent major reconstruction during preparations for the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in 1970. Since 1970, the railway provides only passenger service.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the old ČSD Class EMU 89.0 trains built by ČKD in the 1960s were replaced by new Stadler GTW ZSSK Class 425.95 railcars.
Rolling stock
Photo
Class
Trains in service
Number built
Notes
ZSSK Class 495.95
5
5
ZSSK Class 425.95
15
15
ŽSR Class 420.95
1 (as Heritage railway)
18
Class 420.95 is an EMU consisting of three sections. #EMU 89.0009 is preserved as a historic vehicle. #420.953-2 is undergoing restoration.
Ganz
1 (as Heritage railway)
Historic train consisting of powered car #22, trailer #12 and trailer #16.
Network map
Gallery
Tatra railway in Poprad
Railway Station in Starý Smokovec, with old set of trains (ČSD Class EMU 89.0)
Railway Halt in Tatranské Zruby
Railway Station in Štrbské Pleso, transfer point between the Tatra electric railway and the Štrbské Pleso - Štrba rack railway
Station at Tatranská Lomnica
Station at Starý Smokovec
See also
Trains portalSlovakia portal
High Tatras
List of highest railways in Europe
References
Catchpole, Paul (1998). Steam and Rail in Slovakia. Kings Norton, Birmingham, England: Locomotives International. ISBN 1-900340-08-9.
"Reportáže - História: Po stopách Tatranských elektrických železníc - I. časť" . Railpage.net (in Slovak). Retrieved 30 September 2010.
"Slovensko: Po stopách Tatranských elektrických železníc - II. časť" . Railpage.net (in Slovak). Retrieved 30 September 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tatra Electric Railways.
Map of the network
About the Tatra railway (in Slovak) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Tatra mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_mountains"},{"link_name":"Poprad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poprad-Tatry_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Starý Smokovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%BD_Smokovec_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Štrbské Pleso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trbsk%C3%A9_Pleso_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Starý Smokovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%BD_Smokovec_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tatranská Lomnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatransk%C3%A1_Lomnica_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Štrbské Pleso–Štrba rack railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trbsk%C3%A9_Pleso%E2%80%93%C5%A0trba_rack_railway"},{"link_name":"Starý Smokovec–Hrebienok funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%BD_Smokovec%E2%80%93Hrebienok_funicular"}],"text":"The Tatra Electric Railway (Slovak: Tatranská elektrická železnica), colloquially Tatra Railway, is an electrified (1500 V DC) single track 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) narrow gauge railway in the Slovak part of the Tatra mountains. It consists of two connected lines:Poprad – Starý Smokovec – Štrbské Pleso (29,1 km)\nStarý Smokovec – Tatranská Lomnica (5,9 km)At Štrbské Pleso, the railway connects to the Štrbské Pleso–Štrba rack railway.At Starý Smokovec, the railway connects to the Starý Smokovec–Hrebienok funicular.","title":"Tatra Electric Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Košice-Bohumín Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice-Bohum%C3%ADn_Railway"},{"link_name":"High Tatras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Tatras"},{"link_name":"rack railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trbsk%C3%A9_Pleso_-_%C5%A0trba_rack_railway"},{"link_name":"Štrba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trba"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak State Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_State_Railways"},{"link_name":"Railways of the Slovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_of_Slovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships"},{"link_name":"ČSD Class EMU 89.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8CSD_Class_EMU_89.0"},{"link_name":"ČKD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8CKD"},{"link_name":"Stadler GTW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadler_GTW"},{"link_name":"ZSSK Class 425.95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZSSK_Class_425.95"}],"text":"After the completion of the Košice-Bohumín Railway in 1871 and of Poprad - Kežmarok in 1892, the High Tatras were easier to access, and tourism expanded, which required accessibility. In 1896, a rack railway from Štrbské Pleso to Štrba was built.Finally, it was decided to build an electrified, narrow gauge railway from Poprad to Starý Smokovec. Construction started in 1906 and the track was opened in 1908. The branch line from Starý Smokovec to Tatranská Lomnica was opened in 1911 and the final extension from Starý Smokovec to Štrbské Pleso was opened in 1912. At that time, the railway was used for passenger, as well as for cargo transport.In 1948, the railway was nationalised. From 1950 to 1992, it was managed by the Czechoslovak State Railways and since 1993 by the Railways of the Slovak Republic.In the second half of the 1960s, the railway underwent major reconstruction during preparations for the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in 1970. Since 1970, the railway provides only passenger service.At the beginning of the 21st century, the old ČSD Class EMU 89.0 trains built by ČKD in the 1960s were replaced by new Stadler GTW ZSSK Class 425.95 railcars.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railways_in_High_Tatras_map_en.svg"}],"title":"Network map"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tatra%27s_electrical_Railways,_Poprad_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stary_smokovec_train_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"ČSD Class EMU 89.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8CSD_Class_EMU_89.0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tatranske_Zruby_station_Tatry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tatranské Zruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatransk%C3%A9_Zruby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strbske_pleso_trainstation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Štrbské Pleso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trbsk%C3%A9_Pleso"},{"link_name":"Štrbské Pleso - Štrba rack railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trbsk%C3%A9_Pleso_-_%C5%A0trba_rack_railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tatra-railway004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Station at Tatranská Lomnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatransk%C3%A1_Lomnica_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tatra-railway005.jpg"}],"text":"Tatra railway in Poprad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRailway Station in Starý Smokovec, with old set of trains (ČSD Class EMU 89.0)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRailway Halt in Tatranské Zruby\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRailway Station in Štrbské Pleso, transfer point between the Tatra electric railway and the Štrbské Pleso - Štrba rack railway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStation at Tatranská Lomnica\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStation at Starý Smokovec","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_train.svg"},{"title":"Trains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Trains"},{"title":"Slovakia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Slovakia"},{"title":"High Tatras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Tatras"},{"title":"List of highest railways in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_railways_in_Europe"}] | [{"reference":"Catchpole, Paul (1998). Steam and Rail in Slovakia. Kings Norton, Birmingham, England: Locomotives International. ISBN 1-900340-08-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900340-08-9","url_text":"1-900340-08-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Reportáže - História: Po stopách Tatranských elektrických železníc - I. časť\" [Reports - History: In the Footsteps of the Tatra electric railways - part I]. Railpage.net (in Slovak). Retrieved 30 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railpage.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1561","url_text":"\"Reportáže - História: Po stopách Tatranských elektrických železníc - I. časť\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slovensko: Po stopách Tatranských elektrických železníc - II. časť\" [Slovakia: In the Footsteps of the Tatra electric railways - part II]. Railpage.net (in Slovak). Retrieved 30 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railpage.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2170","url_text":"\"Slovensko: Po stopách Tatranských elektrických železníc - II. časť\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.railpage.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1561","external_links_name":"\"Reportáže - História: Po stopách Tatranských elektrických železníc - I. časť\""},{"Link":"http://www.railpage.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2170","external_links_name":"\"Slovensko: Po stopách Tatranských elektrických železníc - II. časť\""},{"Link":"http://rail.sk/arp/slovakia/history/map/tatrmap.gif","external_links_name":"Map of the network"},{"Link":"http://www.mestskadoprava.net/index.php?mod=staticpages_view&page_id=84","external_links_name":"About the Tatra railway"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Kalayanamitr | Wat Kanlayanamit | ["1 Gallery","2 References"] | Coordinates: 13°44′24″N 100°29′29″E / 13.74000°N 100.49139°E / 13.74000; 100.49139Buddhist temple in Bangkok, Thailand
Wat KalayanamitrReligionAffiliationBuddhismLocationCountryThailandShown within BangkokGeographic coordinates13°44′24″N 100°29′28″E / 13.739939°N 100.491226°E / 13.739939; 100.491226ArchitectureFounderChaophraya NikonbodinCompleted1825
Wat Kalayanamitr Varamahavihara (Thai: วัดกัลยาณมิตรวรมหาวิหาร, RTGS: Wat Kanlayanamit Woramahawihan, IPA: ) is a Buddhist temple (wat) in Bangkok, Thailand. The temple is located in Wat Kanlaya sub-district, on the Thonburi bank of the Chao Phraya River. The temple was established in 1825 by Chaophraya Nikonbodin (born To, Thai: เจ้าพระยานิกรบดินทร์ (โต)), a wealthy Thai Chinese trader, who donated the temple to Rama III. Chaophraya Nikonbodin was an ancestor of the Kalayanamitr family, whose descendants include Saprang Kalayanamitr. A poem inscribed in the temple reads:
Thai
Transcription
English
วัดกัลยาณมิตรคนสนิทกษัตริย์สร้าง งามสล้างรุ่งเรืองดั่งเมืองสรวง เป็นที่เคารพสักการะคนทั้งปวง เพราะในหลวงจักรีวงศ์ทรงอุ้มชูฯ
Wat Kalayanamitr khon sanit kasat sangNgam salang rung rueang dang mueang suangPen thi khaorop sakkara khon thang puangPhro nailuang chakkriwong song umchu
True friend temple was built by a close friend of the KingAs glorious, beautiful, and prominent as the city of heavenIt is respected and worshiped by all peopleBecause it is cherished by the Chakri Dynasty King
Wat Kalayanamitr Varamahavihara is one of three family temples of the Kalayanamitr family, along with Wat Rakhang and Wat Chakkrawatdirachawat Woramahawihan. The family name Kalayanamitr derives from a poem inscribed in the temple.
The ordination hall, stands out on the riverbank. It houses a huge Buddha image, Phra Buddha Trai Rattananayok (พระพุทธไตรรัตนนายก), or Luang Pho To (หลวงพ่อโต, Big Buddha) in Thai, known among the ethnic Chinese as Sampokong (ซำปอกง; Chinese: 三寶公). It is the largest Buddha image in Bangkok, in the same style as the Big Buddha at Wat Phanan Choeng in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya. Therefore making the ordination hall of this temple very large and clearly visible from the river. Both Buddha images are regarded as representatives of both Buddha and Zheng He. Thais and Thais of Chinese descent hold fast to the belief that paying respect to the image brings prosperity and fortune, as well as safe journeys throughout the year.
Gallery
Phra Buddha Trai Rattananayok, also called Sampokong according to Teochew dialect
View of the ordination hall from the Phra Nakhon side
The ordination hall
References
^ Bangkok begins
^ a b Nation Blog, เบื้องลึก ตระกูลกัลยาณมิตร ของ พล.อ.สพรั่ง, 1 February 2007
^ Num lukthung (5 January 2010). "ไหว้ซำปอกง เสริมมงคลรับปีใหม่" . ASTV Manager (in Thai).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wat Kanlayanamit.
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13°44′24″N 100°29′29″E / 13.74000°N 100.49139°E / 13.74000; 100.49139
This article about a Buddhist place of worship is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Thai building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to the city of Bangkok, Thailand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"[wát kanlajaːnamít wɔːráʔmahǎːwíʔhǎːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"wat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thonburi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonburi"},{"link_name":"Chao Phraya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River"},{"link_name":"Chaophraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaophraya"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Thai Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rama III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_III"},{"link_name":"Saprang Kalayanamitr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprang_Kalayanamitr"},{"link_name":"Wat Rakhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Rakhang"},{"link_name":"Wat Chakkrawatdirachawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Chakkrawatdirachawat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThaiProfile-2"},{"link_name":"ordination hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubosot"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Wat Phanan Choeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phanan_Choeng"},{"link_name":"Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_(city)"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"link_name":"Zheng He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Buddhist temple in Bangkok, ThailandWat Kalayanamitr Varamahavihara (Thai: วัดกัลยาณมิตรวรมหาวิหาร, RTGS: Wat Kanlayanamit Woramahawihan, IPA: [wát kanlajaːnamít wɔːráʔmahǎːwíʔhǎːn]) is a Buddhist temple (wat) in Bangkok, Thailand. The temple is located in Wat Kanlaya sub-district, on the Thonburi bank of the Chao Phraya River. The temple was established in 1825 by Chaophraya Nikonbodin (born To, Thai: เจ้าพระยานิกรบดินทร์ (โต)), a wealthy Thai Chinese trader,[1] who donated the temple to Rama III. Chaophraya Nikonbodin was an ancestor of the Kalayanamitr family, whose descendants include Saprang Kalayanamitr. A poem inscribed in the temple reads:Wat Kalayanamitr Varamahavihara is one of three family temples of the Kalayanamitr family, along with Wat Rakhang and Wat Chakkrawatdirachawat Woramahawihan. The family name Kalayanamitr derives from a poem inscribed in the temple.[2]The ordination hall, stands out on the riverbank. It houses a huge Buddha image, Phra Buddha Trai Rattananayok (พระพุทธไตรรัตนนายก), or Luang Pho To (หลวงพ่อโต, Big Buddha) in Thai, known among the ethnic Chinese as Sampokong (ซำปอกง; Chinese: 三寶公). It is the largest Buddha image in Bangkok, in the same style as the Big Buddha at Wat Phanan Choeng in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya. Therefore making the ordination hall of this temple very large and clearly visible from the river. Both Buddha images are regarded as representatives of both Buddha and Zheng He. Thais and Thais of Chinese descent hold fast to the belief that paying respect to the image brings prosperity and fortune, as well as safe journeys throughout the year.[3]","title":"Wat Kanlayanamit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangkok_wat_kanlayanimitr_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Teochew dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_dialect"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangkok_wat_kanlayanimitr_001.jpg"}],"text":"Phra Buddha Trai Rattananayok, also called Sampokong according to Teochew dialect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of the ordination hall from the Phra Nakhon side\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ordination hall","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Num lukthung (5 January 2010). \"ไหว้ซำปอกง เสริมมงคลรับปีใหม่\" [Pay homage Sampokong for the New Year's fortune]. ASTV Manager (in Thai).","urls":[{"url":"https://mgronline.com/travel/detail/9530000000917","url_text":"\"ไหว้ซำปอกง เสริมมงคลรับปีใหม่\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTV_Manager","url_text":"ASTV Manager"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wat_Kanlayanamit¶ms=13_44_24_N_100_29_29_E_type:landmark_region:TH","external_links_name":"13°44′24″N 100°29′29″E / 13.74000°N 100.49139°E / 13.74000; 100.49139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wat_Kanlayanamit¶ms=13.739939_N_100.491226_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"13°44′24″N 100°29′28″E / 13.739939°N 100.491226°E / 13.739939; 100.491226"},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/travel/around-the-globe/430418/","external_links_name":"Bangkok begins"},{"Link":"http://www.oknation.net/blog/nity/2007/02/01/entry-1/comment","external_links_name":"เบื้องลึก ตระกูลกัลยาณมิตร ของ พล.อ.สพรั่ง"},{"Link":"https://mgronline.com/travel/detail/9530000000917","external_links_name":"\"ไหว้ซำปอกง เสริมมงคลรับปีใหม่\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wat_Kanlayanamit¶ms=13_44_24_N_100_29_29_E_type:landmark_region:TH","external_links_name":"13°44′24″N 100°29′29″E / 13.74000°N 100.49139°E / 13.74000; 100.49139"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Kanlayanamit&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Kanlayanamit&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Kanlayanamit&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinney_County | Kinney County, Texas | ["1 History","1.1 Native Americans","1.2 Early explorations","1.3 County established","1.4 Black Seminoles","1.5 County organization and growth","1.6 Undocumented migrants","2 Geography","2.1 Major highways","2.2 Adjacent counties and municipios","3 Demographics","4 Communities","4.1 Cities","4.2 Census-designated place","5 Politics","6 Education","7 See also","8 Notes","9 Further reading","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 29°21′N 100°25′W / 29.35°N 100.42°W / 29.35; -100.42County in Texas, United States
For people named Kinney, see Kinney (disambiguation).
County in TexasKinney CountyCountyThe Kinney County Courthouse was built in 1910 and is an example of Beaux Arts Classicism architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.Location within the U.S. state of TexasTexas's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 29°21′N 100°25′W / 29.35°N 100.42°W / 29.35; -100.42Country United StatesState TexasFounded1874Named forHenry Lawrence KinneySeatBrackettvilleLargest cityBrackettvilleArea • Total1,365 sq mi (3,540 km2) • Land1,360 sq mi (3,500 km2) • Water5.1 sq mi (13 km2) 0.4%Population (2020) • Total3,129 • Density2.6/sq mi (1.0/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)Congressional district23rdWebsitewww.co.kinney.tx.us
Kinney County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 3,129. Its county seat is Brackettville. The county was created in 1850 and later organized in 1874. It is named for Henry Lawrence Kinney, an early settler.
Kinney County's self-proclaimed biggest issue since the 2010s is undocumented immigration from Mexico through the county. The county claims it does not have the resources to deal with the large number of migrants, and in 2021 proclaimed a state of emergency.
History
Native Americans
The first inhabitants were 6,000–10,000 years ago and later came to include Lipan Apache, Mescalero Apache, Coahuiltecan, Jumanos, Tamaulipans, Tonkawa, and Comanches. These tribes settled in rock shelters in the river and creek valleys, leaving behind artifacts and caches of seeds, implements, burial sites, and petroglyphs.
Most of the Indians that raided the county after the civil war were the Kickapoo, Seminole, and Lipan Apache. These Indians sometimes worked with Mexicans to raid the area.
By the mid 1870s to early 1880s, Indian raids mostly stopped throughout the area and other counties like Val Verde County, Texas, Edwards County, Texas, and Real County, Texas.
Early explorations
Saltillo Alcalde Fernando de Azcué passed through the southeast corner of the county in 1665 on an expedition, becoming the first European to cross the Rio Grande. Franciscan Brother Manuel de la Cruz explored the county in 1674. In 1675, Fernando del Bosque traversed the area on an expedition up the Rio Grande from the city of Nuestra Sra. de Guadalupe. He was accompanied by Franciscan friars Juan Larios and Dionisio de San Buenaventura. Alonso De León in 1688 discovered French explorer and La Salle expedition deserter Jean Henri in a somewhat confused state of mind, among the Coahuiltecan Indians near the site of present Brackettville, generally believed to be at Anacacho Mountain. During the late 18th century, several Franciscans established a settlement on Las Moras Creek near the center of the county. In 1834, while the area was still under Mexican control, English land speculators John Charles Beales and James Grant attempted to establish an English-speaking colony called Dolores at the site. Streets were laid off and 59 colonists were brought in, but the project was abandoned.
County established
The state legislature formed Kinney County from Bexar County in 1850, five years after Texas statehood, and named it for Henry Lawrence Kinney. The United States Army established Fort Clark in June 1852 on Las Moras Creek, and named it after John B. Clark, who had died in the Mexican War. Brackettville was founded in 1852 originally as the town of Brackett and named for Oscar B. Brackett, who came to set up a stage stop and opened the town's first dry-goods store. Brackett became a stop on a stage line from San Antonio to El Paso, but the settlement grew very slowly because of continuous Indian attacks. The town received its first post office in 1875. On February 18, 1861, on orders from United States Army General David E. Twiggs, Fort Clark was surrendered to the Texas Commission. Twiggs was dismissed by the United States for the act, and subsequently joined the Confederacy. The fort was evacuated by federal troops on March 19 and occupied by Confederate troops under the command of Confederate Colonel John R. Baylor. It remained in the hands of the Confederates until the end of the war, but was not garrisoned. In December 1866, it was reestablished as a federal fort.
Black Seminoles
In early 1872, a number of Black Seminoles living along the border were organized into a company of scouts and brought to Fort Clark. Others joined them, and by the mid-1870s, they numbered some 400 to 500. For the next quarter century, they lived on a reservation along Las Moras Creek. In 1914, the Black Seminoles were removed from the Fort Clark reservation, but some of their descendants still live in the county. The Seminole Indian Scouts cemetery was founded on Fort Clark in 1872.
County organization and growth
The county was organized in 1874. County government followed in 1875. In 1876, Brackettville was designated county seat after the final boundaries of the county were set by the legislature. In 1870, the county had 14,846 cattle, and large numbers of cattle were driven north during the great drives of the mid-1870s. By 1880, sheep outnumbered cattle 55,597 to 7,966, and Kinney County became an important source of wool. The construction of the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway (later part of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and today part of the Union Pacific Railroad) through Spofford in 1883 gave the wool and mohair industry access to markets. At the same time, it also helped to bring in numerous new settlers. In 1925, a branch line of the Texas and New Orleans Railroad was built from near Spofford to connect with the Mexican National Railroad at the Rio Grande. A large Civilian Conservation Corps camp constructed adjacent to Fort Clark helped to employ some people during the Great Depression. With the onset of World War II, wool and mohair were in demand for the defense industries. Fort Clark was closed in 1946.
James T. “Happy” Shahan constructed Alamo Village on his ranch near Brackettville during the late 1950s, for filming of the 1960 John Wayne epic The Alamo. Preserved as a tourist attraction, Alamo Village continued to serve as a set for hundreds of movies and documentaries. In 1969, Happy Shahan hired 18-year-old Johnny Rodriguez to sing at Alamo Village, an opportunity that rocketed Rodriguez to stardom. Kickapoo Cavern State Park, 6,400 acres (26 km2) in both Edwards and Kinney Counties, opened to the public in 1991. It was formerly a private ranch. The Kinney County Groundwater Conservation District was approved by the voters in 2002.
Undocumented migrants
See also: Brooks County, Texas
Kinney County's southwest border is for 13 miles (21 km) the Rio Grande and the border of Mexico. It is on the route for undocumented border crossers heading for San Antonio, the closest city. According to the Kinney County official Web page, "Our county is being bombarded by hundreds of illegal aliens on a daily basis. Our local law enforcement is overwhelmed with illegal alien smuggling activity". In April 2021, Kinney County Sheriff Brad Coe, County Judge Tully Shahan, and Kinney County Attorney Brent Smith jointly issued a declaration of a state of disaster in the county. The State of Texas, under Governor Greg Abbott, has been moving state police and the Texas State Guard into Kinney and adjacent Val Verde County. As they cannot enforce federal immigration laws, they arrest migrants for trespassing on private property (ranches).
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,365 sq mi (3,540 km2), of which 5.1 square miles (13 km2) (0.4%) are covered by water. The county is separated from Mexico by the Rio Grande, and drained by numerous small tributaries of that river.
Major highways
U.S. Highway 90
U.S. Highway 277
State Highway 131
Adjacent counties and municipios
Edwards County (north)
Uvalde County (east)
Maverick County (south)
Val Verde County (west)
Jiménez, Coahuila, Mexico (south)
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
186061—18701,2041,873.8%18804,487272.7%18903,781−15.7%19002,447−35.3%19103,40139.0%19203,74610.1%19303,9806.2%19404,53313.9%19502,668−41.1%19602,452−8.1%19702,006−18.2%19802,27913.6%19903,11936.9%20003,3798.3%20103,5986.5%20203,129−13.0%U.S. Decennial Census1850–2010 2010–2014
Kinney County racial/ethnic composition (NH = Non-Hispanic)
Race
Pop 2010
Pop 2020
% 2010
% 2020
White (NH)
1,496
1,489
41.58%
47.59%
Black or African American (NH)
39
36
1.08%
1.15%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)
19
21
0.53%
0.67%
Asian (NH)
10
10
0.28%
0.32%
Pacific Islander (NH)
0
2
0.0%
0.06%
Some other race (NH)
6
15
0.17%
0.48%
Mixed/multiracial (NH)
24
86
0.67%
2.75%
Hispanic or Latino
2,004
1,470
55.7%
46.98%
Total
3,598
3,129
As of the 2020 United States census, 3,129 people, 1,475 households, and 782 families were residing in the county.
As of the census of 2000, 3,379 people, 1,314 households, and 940 families resided in the county. The population density was 2 people per square mile (0.77 people/km2). The 1,907 housing units averaged 2 units per square mile (0.77/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 75.8% White, 1.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 18.6% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. About 50.5% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Of the 1,314 households, 27.2% had children under 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were not families. About 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.55, and the average family size was 3.10.
In the county, the age distribution was 25.7% under 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 21.5% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 24.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 99.0 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $28,320, and for a family was $32,045. Males had a median income of $26,422 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,350. About 19.2% of families and 24.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.0% of those under 18 and 16.1% of those 65 or over.
Communities
Cities
Brackettville (county seat)
Spofford
Census-designated place
Fort Clark Springs
Politics
United States presidential election results for Kinney County, Texas
Year
Republican
Democratic
Third party
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
2020
1,144
71.37%
446
27.82%
13
0.81%
2016
936
65.45%
458
32.03%
36
2.52%
2012
880
61.75%
522
36.63%
23
1.61%
2008
907
58.48%
633
40.81%
11
0.71%
2004
1,051
65.69%
542
33.88%
7
0.44%
2000
932
64.54%
486
33.66%
26
1.80%
1996
650
51.75%
503
40.05%
103
8.20%
1992
634
41.20%
598
38.86%
307
19.95%
1988
771
53.17%
669
46.14%
10
0.69%
1984
774
61.28%
486
38.48%
3
0.24%
1980
543
51.91%
472
45.12%
31
2.96%
1976
318
37.72%
516
61.21%
9
1.07%
1972
425
64.39%
234
35.45%
1
0.15%
1968
198
33.06%
333
55.59%
68
11.35%
1964
155
26.09%
439
73.91%
0
0.00%
1960
211
37.08%
358
62.92%
0
0.00%
1956
368
55.76%
289
43.79%
3
0.45%
1952
384
55.65%
306
44.35%
0
0.00%
1948
175
30.43%
370
64.35%
30
5.22%
1944
200
33.22%
401
66.61%
1
0.17%
1940
156
27.04%
418
72.44%
3
0.52%
1936
175
32.89%
357
67.11%
0
0.00%
1932
89
11.59%
678
88.28%
1
0.13%
1928
182
47.64%
200
52.36%
0
0.00%
1924
158
50.16%
144
45.71%
13
4.13%
1920
137
55.47%
98
39.68%
12
4.86%
1916
201
45.48%
233
52.71%
8
1.81%
1912
97
34.77%
76
27.24%
106
37.99%
Education
All of Kinney County is in the Brackett Independent School District.
The designated community college is Southwest Texas Junior College.
See also
Texas portal
Brooks County, Texas
List of museums in South Texas
Missing in Brooks County
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kinney County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Kinney County
Maverick County, Texas#Further reading
Notes
^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
Further reading
Hernández, Arelis R. (May 10, 2023). "Texas uses aggressive tactics to arrest migrants as Title 42 ends". Washington Post.
References
^ "QuickFacts: Kinney County, Texas". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ "Texas: Individual County Chronologies". Texas Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2008. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
^ a b Croix, Vanessa (April 21, 2021). "Kinney Co. officials issue disaster declaration, calling on state leaders for help. County leaders said criminal activity is surging as a result of the influx of migrants crossing into the U.S." KENS-TV.
^ Chases rampant at southern border, plaguing communities
^ "Mescalero Apache History and Culture". Mescalero Apache Telecom, Inc. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ a b c d Long, Christopher. "Kinney County, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Chipman, Donald E. "Fernando de Azcue". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Chipman, Donald E. "Fernando del Bosque". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Chipman, Donald E. "Alonso De León". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^ "Las Moras Creek". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Riser, Carl Coke. "Beale's Rio Grande Community". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Hudnall, Ken and Sharon (2005). Spirits of the Border V: The History and Mystery of the Lone Star State. Omega Press. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-0-9626087-9-7.
^ a b "Brackettville, Texas". Texas Escapes. Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Eckhardt, C F. "Lt. John Lapham Bullis and the Seminole Negro Scouts". Texas Escapes. Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Harvey, Bill (2003). Texas Cemeteries: The Resting Places of Famous, Infamous, and Just Plain Interesting Texans. University of Texas Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-292-73466-1.
^ Orsi, Richard J (2005). Sunset Limited: The Southern Pacific Railroad and the Development of the American West, 1850–1930. University of California Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-520-20019-7.
^ "Spofford, Texas". Texas Escapes. Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Haenn, Bill and William F (2002). "Filming The Alamo and Creation of Alamo Village". Fort Clark and Brackettville: Land of Heroes. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 115–129. ISBN 978-0-7385-2063-6.
^ "Kickapoo Cavern State Park". Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Schreiber, Colleen (March 2, 2004). "Kinney County Another Field Of Battle In Texas Water War". Livestock Weekly.
^ Kinney County, Texas (2021). "Defend Our Borders". Retrieved December 12, 2021.
^ Goodman, J. David (December 11, 2021). "Helicopters and High-Speed Chases: Inside Texas' Push to Arrest Migrants. Texas is using state law enforcement in an unusual way in an attempt to stem illegal border crossings. The tactic is raising constitutional concerns and transforming life in one small town". The New York Times.
^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
^ Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Kinney" . The American Cyclopædia.
^ "Decennial Census by Decade". US Census Bureau.
^ "Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010" (PDF). Texas Almanac. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
^ https://www.census.gov/
^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Kinney County, TX" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022. - Text list
^ Texas Education Code: Sec. 130.200. SOUTHWEST TEXAS JUNIOR COLLEGE DISTRICT SERVICE AREA.
External links
Kinney County government's website
Kinney County from the Handbook of Texas Online
Kinney County Public Library
Kinney County Profile from the Texas Association of Counties
Places adjacent to Kinney County, Texas
Edwards County
Val Verde County
Kinney County, Texas
Uvalde County
Jiménez Municipality, Coahuila
Maverick County
vteMunicipalities and communities of Kinney County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: BrackettvilleCities
Brackettville
Spofford
Kinney County mapCDP
Fort Clark Springs
Texas portal
United States portal
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29°21′N 100°25′W / 29.35°N 100.42°W / 29.35; -100.42 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinney (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinney_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Brackettville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackettville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Henry Lawrence Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_Kinney"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croix-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"County in Texas, United StatesFor people named Kinney, see Kinney (disambiguation).County in TexasKinney County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 3,129.[1] Its county seat is Brackettville.[2] The county was created in 1850 and later organized in 1874.[3] It is named for Henry Lawrence Kinney, an early settler.Kinney County's self-proclaimed biggest issue since the 2010s is undocumented immigration from Mexico through the county. The county claims it does not have the resources to deal with the large number of migrants, and in 2021 proclaimed a state of emergency.[4][5]","title":"Kinney County, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lipan Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people"},{"link_name":"Mescalero Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero"},{"link_name":"Coahuiltecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuiltecan"},{"link_name":"Jumanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suma-Jumano"},{"link_name":"Tonkawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkawa"},{"link_name":"Comanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanches"},{"link_name":"petroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinney_County,_Texas-7"},{"link_name":"Val Verde County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Verde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Edwards County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Real County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Native Americans","text":"The first inhabitants were 6,000–10,000 years ago and later came to include Lipan Apache, Mescalero Apache, Coahuiltecan, Jumanos, Tamaulipans, Tonkawa, and Comanches. These tribes settled in rock shelters in the river and creek valleys, leaving behind artifacts and caches of seeds, implements, burial sites, and petroglyphs.[6][7]Most of the Indians that raided the county after the civil war were the Kickapoo, Seminole, and Lipan Apache. These Indians sometimes worked with Mexicans to raid the area.By the mid 1870s to early 1880s, Indian raids mostly stopped throughout the area and other counties like Val Verde County, Texas, Edwards County, Texas, and Real County, Texas.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saltillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltillo"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Fernando del Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_del_Bosque&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nuestra Sra. de Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monclova"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alonso De León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_De_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"La Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle"},{"link_name":"Jean Henri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gery"},{"link_name":"Brackettville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackettville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Early explorations","text":"Saltillo Alcalde Fernando de Azcué passed through the southeast corner of the county in 1665 on an expedition, becoming the first European to cross the Rio Grande.[8] Franciscan Brother Manuel de la Cruz explored the county in 1674. In 1675, Fernando del Bosque traversed the area on an expedition up the Rio Grande from the city of Nuestra Sra. de Guadalupe. He was accompanied by Franciscan friars Juan Larios and Dionisio de San Buenaventura.[9] Alonso De León in 1688 discovered French explorer and La Salle expedition deserter Jean Henri in a somewhat confused state of mind, among the Coahuiltecan Indians near the site of present Brackettville, generally believed to be at Anacacho Mountain.[10] During the late 18th century, several Franciscans established a settlement on Las Moras Creek near the center of the county.[11] In 1834, while the area was still under Mexican control, English land speculators John Charles Beales and James Grant attempted to establish an English-speaking colony called Dolores at the site. Streets were laid off and 59 colonists were brought in, but the project was abandoned.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bexar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Henry Lawrence Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_Kinney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinney_County,_Texas-7"},{"link_name":"Fort Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Clark,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brackettville,_Texas-14"},{"link_name":"United States Army General David E. Twiggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Twiggs"},{"link_name":"John R. Baylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Baylor"}],"sub_title":"County established","text":"The state legislature formed Kinney County from Bexar County in 1850, five years after Texas statehood, and named it for Henry Lawrence Kinney.[7] The United States Army established Fort Clark in June 1852 on Las Moras Creek, and named it after John B. Clark, who had died in the Mexican War.[13] Brackettville was founded in 1852 originally as the town of Brackett and named for Oscar B. Brackett, who came to set up a stage stop and opened the town's first dry-goods store. Brackett became a stop on a stage line from San Antonio to El Paso, but the settlement grew very slowly because of continuous Indian attacks. The town received its first post office in 1875.[14] On February 18, 1861, on orders from United States Army General David E. Twiggs, Fort Clark was surrendered to the Texas Commission. Twiggs was dismissed by the United States for the act, and subsequently joined the Confederacy. The fort was evacuated by federal troops on March 19 and occupied by Confederate troops under the command of Confederate Colonel John R. Baylor. It remained in the hands of the Confederates until the end of the war, but was not garrisoned. In December 1866, it was reestablished as a federal fort.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Seminoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seminoles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Black Seminoles","text":"In early 1872, a number of Black Seminoles living along the border were organized into a company of scouts and brought to Fort Clark. Others joined them, and by the mid-1870s, they numbered some 400 to 500. For the next quarter century, they lived on a reservation along Las Moras Creek. In 1914, the Black Seminoles were removed from the Fort Clark reservation, but some of their descendants still live in the county. The Seminole Indian Scouts cemetery was founded on Fort Clark in 1872.[15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brackettville,_Texas-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinney_County,_Texas-7"},{"link_name":"Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Harrisburg_and_San_Antonio_Railway"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Spofford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spofford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas and New Orleans Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_and_New_Orleans_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Mexican National Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railroad_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Civilian Conservation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinney_County,_Texas-7"},{"link_name":"Alamo Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Village"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"The Alamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alamo_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"County organization and growth","text":"The county was organized in 1874. County government followed in 1875. In 1876, Brackettville was designated county seat after the final boundaries of the county were set by the legislature.[14] In 1870, the county had 14,846 cattle, and large numbers of cattle were driven north during the great drives of the mid-1870s. By 1880, sheep outnumbered cattle 55,597 to 7,966, and Kinney County became an important source of wool.[7] The construction of the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway (later part of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and today part of the Union Pacific Railroad)[17] through Spofford in 1883 gave the wool and mohair industry access to markets. At the same time, it also helped to bring in numerous new settlers. In 1925, a branch line of the Texas and New Orleans Railroad was built from near Spofford to connect with the Mexican National Railroad at the Rio Grande.[18] A large Civilian Conservation Corps camp constructed adjacent to Fort Clark helped to employ some people during the Great Depression. With the onset of World War II, wool and mohair were in demand for the defense industries. Fort Clark was closed in 1946.[7]James T. “Happy” Shahan constructed Alamo Village on his ranch near Brackettville during the late 1950s, for filming of the 1960 John Wayne epic The Alamo. Preserved as a tourist attraction, Alamo Village continued to serve as a set for hundreds of movies and documentaries. In 1969, Happy Shahan hired 18-year-old Johnny Rodriguez to sing at Alamo Village, an opportunity that rocketed Rodriguez to stardom.[19] Kickapoo Cavern State Park, 6,400 acres (26 km2) in both Edwards and Kinney Counties, opened to the public in 1991. It was formerly a private ranch.[20] The Kinney County Groundwater Conservation District was approved by the voters in 2002.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooks County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croix-4"},{"link_name":"Greg Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Texas State Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Guard"},{"link_name":"Val Verde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Verde_County"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Undocumented migrants","text":"See also: Brooks County, TexasKinney County's southwest border is for 13 miles (21 km) the Rio Grande and the border of Mexico. It is on the route for undocumented border crossers heading for San Antonio, the closest city. According to the Kinney County official Web page, \"Our county is being bombarded by hundreds of illegal aliens on a daily basis. Our local law enforcement is overwhelmed with illegal alien smuggling activity\".[22] In April 2021, Kinney County Sheriff Brad Coe, County Judge Tully Shahan, and Kinney County Attorney Brent Smith jointly issued a declaration of a state of disaster in the county.[4] The State of Texas, under Governor Greg Abbott, has been moving state police and the Texas State Guard into Kinney and adjacent Val Verde County. As they cannot enforce federal immigration laws, they arrest migrants for trespassing on private property (ranches).[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,365 sq mi (3,540 km2), of which 5.1 square miles (13 km2) (0.4%) are covered by water.[24] The county is separated from Mexico by the Rio Grande, and drained by numerous small tributaries of that river.[25]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_90.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_(Texas)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_277.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_(Texas)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_134.svg"},{"link_name":"State Highway 131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_131"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"U.S. Highway 90\n U.S. Highway 277\n State Highway 131","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwards County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Maverick County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Val Verde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Verde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jiménez, Coahuila, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_(municipality_of_Coahuila)"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties and municipios","text":"Edwards County (north)\nUvalde County (east)\nMaverick County (south)\nVal Verde County (west)\nJiménez, Coahuila, Mexico (south)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR8-34"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the 2020 United States census, 3,129 people, 1,475 households, and 782 families were residing in the county.As of the census[33] of 2000, 3,379 people, 1,314 households, and 940 families resided in the county. The population density was 2 people per square mile (0.77 people/km2). The 1,907 housing units averaged 2 units per square mile (0.77/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 75.8% White, 1.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 18.6% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. About 50.5% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.Of the 1,314 households, 27.2% had children under 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were not families. About 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.55, and the average family size was 3.10.In the county, the age distribution was 25.7% under 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 21.5% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 24.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 99.0 males.The median income for a household in the county was $28,320, and for a family was $32,045. Males had a median income of $26,422 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,350. About 19.2% of families and 24.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.0% of those under 18 and 16.1% of those 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brackettville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackettville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spofford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spofford,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Cities","text":"Brackettville (county seat)\nSpofford","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Clark Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Clark_Springs,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Census-designated place","text":"Fort Clark Springs","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brackett Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackett_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Southwest Texas Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Texas_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"All of Kinney County is in the Brackett Independent School District.[35]The designated community college is Southwest Texas Junior College.[36]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[31][32]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Texas uses aggressive tactics to arrest migrants as Title 42 ends\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2023/texas-title-42-end/?itid=hp_only-from-the-post_p002_f001"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"}],"text":"Hernández, Arelis R. (May 10, 2023). \"Texas uses aggressive tactics to arrest migrants as Title 42 ends\". Washington Post.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Kinney County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Kinney_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Kinney_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"title":"Brooks County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas"},{"title":"List of museums in South Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_South_Texas"},{"title":"Missing in Brooks County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Kinney County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kinney_County,_Texas"},{"title":"Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Kinney County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmarks_(Hunt-Martin)#Kinney_County"},{"title":"Maverick County, Texas#Further reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_County,_Texas#Further_reading"}] | [{"reference":"Hernández, Arelis R. (May 10, 2023). \"Texas uses aggressive tactics to arrest migrants as Title 42 ends\". Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2023/texas-title-42-end/?itid=hp_only-from-the-post_p002_f001","url_text":"\"Texas uses aggressive tactics to arrest migrants as Title 42 ends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"QuickFacts: Kinney County, Texas\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/kinneycountytexas/PST045221","url_text":"\"QuickFacts: Kinney County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas: Individual County Chronologies\". Texas Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2008. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150513024355/http://publications.newberry.org/ahcbp/documents/TX_Individual_County_Chronologies.htm","url_text":"\"Texas: Individual County Chronologies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberry_Library","url_text":"The Newberry Library"},{"url":"http://publications.newberry.org/ahcbp/documents/TX_Individual_County_Chronologies.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Croix, Vanessa (April 21, 2021). \"Kinney Co. officials issue disaster declaration, calling on state leaders for help. County leaders said criminal activity is surging as a result of the influx of migrants crossing into the U.S.\" KENS-TV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kens5.com/article/news/special-reports/at-the-border/kinney-co-officials-issue-disaster-declaration-calling-on-state-leaders-for-help/273-1ac31fd5-c37d-4221-8675-d201ab40f6d3","url_text":"\"Kinney Co. officials issue disaster declaration, calling on state leaders for help. County leaders said criminal activity is surging as a result of the influx of migrants crossing into the U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KENS-TV","url_text":"KENS-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Mescalero Apache History and Culture\". Mescalero Apache Telecom, Inc. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714074552/http://www.mescaleroapache.com/area/history_and_cul.htm","url_text":"\"Mescalero Apache History and Culture\""},{"url":"http://www.mescaleroapache.com/area/history_and_cul.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Long, Christopher. \"Kinney County, Texas\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hck09","url_text":"\"Kinney County, Texas\""}]},{"reference":"Chipman, Donald E. \"Fernando de Azcue\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/faz01","url_text":"\"Fernando de Azcue\""}]},{"reference":"Chipman, Donald E. \"Fernando del Bosque\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. 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John Lapham Bullis and the Seminole Negro Scouts\""}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Bill (2003). Texas Cemeteries: The Resting Places of Famous, Infamous, and Just Plain Interesting Texans. University of Texas Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-292-73466-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/texascemeteriesr00harv","url_text":"Texas Cemeteries: The Resting Places of Famous, Infamous, and Just Plain Interesting Texans"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/texascemeteriesr00harv/page/n81","url_text":"72"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73466-1","url_text":"978-0-292-73466-1"}]},{"reference":"Orsi, Richard J (2005). Sunset Limited: The Southern Pacific Railroad and the Development of the American West, 1850–1930. University of California Press. p. 22. 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The tactic is raising constitutional concerns and transforming life in one small town\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_48.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). \"Kinney\" . The American Cyclopædia.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Kinney","url_text":"\"Kinney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia","url_text":"The American Cyclopædia"}]},{"reference":"\"Decennial Census by Decade\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swirling_Eddies | The Swirling Eddies | ["1 Career","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Special and limited editions","3 Videography","4 References","5 External links"] | American rock band
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The Swirling EddiesOriginCalifornia, United StatesGenresRockYears active1988–presentLabelsFrontline, StuntMembersTerry Scott TaylorTim ChandlerJudy IsmDerri DaughertyGreg FleschRob WatsonJerry ChamberlainDavid RavenGene Eugene
The Swirling Eddies are an American rock band that began as an anonymous spinoff from the band Daniel Amos, along with new drummer David Raven.
Career
For each Swirling Eddies release, band members adopted pseudonyms for the liner notes; "Camarillo Eddy" (Terry Scott Taylor), "Berger Roy Al" (Tim Chandler), "Gene Pool" (Greg Flesch), "Arthur Fhardy" (Rob Watson), "Spot" (Jerry Chamberlain), and "Hort Elvison" (David Raven). These pseudonyms were dropped for their third album, "Zoom Daddy". Over the years new Eddies appeared on the band's albums including "Prickly Disco" (Gene Eugene), Picky Swelly, Newt York Newt York, Derry Air (Derri Daugherty), and Judy Ism. "Guest Eddies," a term used for musicians that contributed musically to one of the band's projects also made appearances on nearly every album. The list of "Guest Eddies" includes Buckeye Jazzbo, Miracle Babe, Mary Baker Eddy, Jeb McSwaggart (Ed McTaggart), Mike Roe, and Eddie DeGarmo. As early as 1991, Taylor saw the Eddies as an ever-evolving and ever-growing family of like-minded musicians. At that time, in an interview with Harvest Rock Syndicate, Taylor explained that the plan was to "(open) the Eddies up to even more artists, sort of make the Eddies this conglomerate of different people that I've always wanted to work with, and have a lot of song-writing teams involved and different lead singers. Just make it this mass of people, that sort of fluctuates and changes."
The band released its debut album on Alarma Records in 1988 entitled Let's Spin!. Outdoor Elvis, released in 1989, featured the band's first two radio singles, "Driving in England" and "Hide the Beer, the Pastor's Here!". The title track included lines such as: "It's said he croons when the moon's above, singing tenderly 'Hunk of Burning Love.'" The band's humorous "documentary" video, Spittle and Phlegm, was released the following year.
In 2004, the band began to work on their first album of original, new material in ten years entitled The midget, the speck and the molecule. The recording sessions ended in May 2007 and the album was released on July 23, 2007.
Tim Chandler died on October 8, 2018.
Discography
Albums
Let's Spin!, 1988 album
Outdoor Elvis, 1989 album
Zoom Daddy, 1994 album
The Berry Vest of The Swirling Eddies, Best of album featured a bonus track on the tape version reversing the usual convention of the time of only putting bonus tracks on the CD, 1995 Compilation
Sacred Cows, 1996 album
The midget, the speck and the molecule, 2007 album
Special and limited editions
Swirling Mellow, Released numerous times between 1988 and 2008
Videography
Spittle & Phlegm, 1990 VHS documentary
Spittle and Phlegm, 2002 DVD documentary (Reissue)
References
^ "Terry Scott Taylor : The HRS Interview Part Three". DanielAmos.com. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
^ a b Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 908–10. ISBN 1-56563-679-1.
^ "The Midget, The Speck and the Molecule - The Swirling Eddies : Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
^ "The Swirling Eddies : the midget, the speck and the molecule". Danielamos.com. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
^ "In Memoriam: Bassist Tim Chandler (1960-2018)". MusicTap.com. October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
External links
The Swirling Eddies at www.DanielAmos.com
The Swirling Eddies Discography
The Swirling Eddies at Myspace.com
vteThe Swirling Eddies
Camarillo Eddy
Berger Roy Al
Picky Swelly
Judy Ism
Newt York Newt York
Derry Air
Spot
Occasional members
Prickly Disco
Gene Pool
Arthur Fhardy
Hort Elvison
Guest Eddies
Mike Roe
Miracle Babe
Buckeye Jazzbo
Jeb McSwaggart
Eddie DeGarmo
Production & art direction
Gene Eugene
Ojo Taylor
The Green Room
Neverland Studios
Discography
Let's Spin!
Outdoor Elvis
Zoom Daddy
The Berry Vest of The Swirling Eddies
Sacred Cows
The Midget, the Speck and the Molecule
Related Articles
Daniel Amos
Lost Dogs
Stunt Records
Dr. Edward Daniel Taylor
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Amos"}],"text":"The Swirling Eddies are an American rock band that began as an anonymous spinoff from the band Daniel Amos, along with new drummer David Raven.","title":"The Swirling Eddies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Terry Scott Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Scott_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Tim Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Greg Flesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Flesch"},{"link_name":"Rob Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Watson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Zoom Daddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_Daddy"},{"link_name":"Gene Eugene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Eugene"},{"link_name":"Derri Daugherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derri_Daugherty"},{"link_name":"Ed McTaggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_McTaggart"},{"link_name":"Mike Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Roe"},{"link_name":"Eddie DeGarmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_DeGarmo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alarma Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarma_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EofCCM-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EofCCM-2"},{"link_name":"The midget, the speck and the molecule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_midget,_the_speck_and_the_molecule"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tim Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Chandler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For each Swirling Eddies release, band members adopted pseudonyms for the liner notes; \"Camarillo Eddy\" (Terry Scott Taylor), \"Berger Roy Al\" (Tim Chandler), \"Gene Pool\" (Greg Flesch), \"Arthur Fhardy\" (Rob Watson), \"Spot\" (Jerry Chamberlain), and \"Hort Elvison\" (David Raven). These pseudonyms were dropped for their third album, \"Zoom Daddy\". Over the years new Eddies appeared on the band's albums including \"Prickly Disco\" (Gene Eugene), Picky Swelly, Newt York Newt York, Derry Air (Derri Daugherty), and Judy Ism. \"Guest Eddies,\" a term used for musicians that contributed musically to one of the band's projects also made appearances on nearly every album. The list of \"Guest Eddies\" includes Buckeye Jazzbo, Miracle Babe, Mary Baker Eddy, Jeb McSwaggart (Ed McTaggart), Mike Roe, and Eddie DeGarmo. As early as 1991, Taylor saw the Eddies as an ever-evolving and ever-growing family of like-minded musicians. At that time, in an interview with Harvest Rock Syndicate, Taylor explained that the plan was to \"(open) the Eddies up to even more artists, sort of make the Eddies this conglomerate of different people that I've always wanted to work with, and have a lot of song-writing teams involved and different lead singers. Just make it this mass of people, that sort of fluctuates and changes.\"[1]The band released its debut album on Alarma Records in 1988 entitled Let's Spin!.[2] Outdoor Elvis, released in 1989, featured the band's first two radio singles, \"Driving in England\" and \"Hide the Beer, the Pastor's Here!\".[2] The title track included lines such as: \"It's said he croons when the moon's above, singing tenderly 'Hunk of Burning Love.'\" The band's humorous \"documentary\" video, Spittle and Phlegm, was released the following year.In 2004, the band began to work on their first album of original, new material in ten years entitled The midget, the speck and the molecule. The recording sessions ended in May 2007 and the album was released on July 23, 2007.[3][4]Tim Chandler died on October 8, 2018.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Let's Spin!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Spin!"},{"link_name":"Outdoor Elvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_Elvis"},{"link_name":"Zoom Daddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_Daddy"},{"link_name":"The Berry Vest of The Swirling Eddies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Berry_Vest_of_The_Swirling_Eddies"},{"link_name":"Sacred Cows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Cows"},{"link_name":"The midget, the speck and the molecule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_midget,_the_speck_and_the_molecule"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Let's Spin!, 1988 album\nOutdoor Elvis, 1989 album\nZoom Daddy, 1994 album\nThe Berry Vest of The Swirling Eddies, Best of album featured a bonus track on the tape version reversing the usual convention of the time of only putting bonus tracks on the CD, 1995 Compilation\nSacred Cows, 1996 album\nThe midget, the speck and the molecule, 2007 album","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special and limited editions","text":"Swirling Mellow, Released numerous times between 1988 and 2008","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spittle and Phlegm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spittle_and_Phlegm&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Spittle & Phlegm, 1990 VHS documentary\nSpittle and Phlegm, 2002 DVD documentary (Reissue)","title":"Videography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Terry Scott Taylor : The HRS Interview Part Three\". DanielAmos.com. Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.danielamos.com/articles/terrytay3.html","url_text":"\"Terry Scott Taylor : The HRS Interview Part Three\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 908–10. ISBN 1-56563-679-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/908","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/908","url_text":"908–10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1","url_text":"1-56563-679-1"}]},{"reference":"\"The Midget, The Speck and the Molecule - The Swirling Eddies : Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-midget-the-speck-and-the-molecule-mw0001588528/credits","url_text":"\"The Midget, The Speck and the Molecule - The Swirling Eddies : Credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Swirling Eddies : the midget, the speck and the molecule\". Danielamos.com. Retrieved May 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.danielamos.com/swirly/themidget/","url_text":"\"The Swirling Eddies : the midget, the speck and the molecule\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam: Bassist Tim Chandler (1960-2018)\". MusicTap.com. October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musictap.com/2018/10/10/in-memoriam-bassist-tim-chandler-1960-2018/","url_text":"\"In Memoriam: Bassist Tim Chandler (1960-2018)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Swirling+Eddies%22","external_links_name":"\"The Swirling Eddies\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Swirling+Eddies%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Swirling+Eddies%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Swirling+Eddies%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Swirling+Eddies%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Swirling+Eddies%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.danielamos.com/articles/terrytay3.html","external_links_name":"\"Terry Scott Taylor : The HRS Interview Part Three\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/908","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/908","external_links_name":"908–10"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-midget-the-speck-and-the-molecule-mw0001588528/credits","external_links_name":"\"The Midget, The Speck and the Molecule - The Swirling Eddies : Credits\""},{"Link":"http://www.danielamos.com/swirly/themidget/","external_links_name":"\"The Swirling Eddies : the midget, the speck and the molecule\""},{"Link":"http://www.musictap.com/2018/10/10/in-memoriam-bassist-tim-chandler-1960-2018/","external_links_name":"\"In Memoriam: Bassist Tim Chandler (1960-2018)\""},{"Link":"http://www.danielamos.com/swirly.html","external_links_name":"The Swirling Eddies at www.DanielAmos.com"},{"Link":"http://www.danielamos.com/disco3.html","external_links_name":"The Swirling Eddies Discography"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/theswirlingeddies","external_links_name":"The Swirling Eddies at Myspace.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000086694453","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125625823","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91088559","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/24089276-caa8-4c70-97ae-75f887078b0d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inata | Inata | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 34°45′40″N 36°21′33″E / 34.76111°N 36.35917°E / 34.76111; 36.35917For the town of ancient Crete, see Inata (Crete).
Village in Homs, SyriaInata
عيناتاVillageInataLocation in SyriaCoordinates: 34°45′40″N 36°21′33″E / 34.76111°N 36.35917°E / 34.76111; 36.35917Country SyriaGovernorateHomsDistrictTalkalakhSubdistrictAl-HawashPopulation (2004) • Total780Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)+3City Qrya PcodeC2849
Inata (Arabic: عيناتا) is a village in Syria in the Talkalakh District, Homs Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Inata had a population of 780 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.
References
^ "General Census of Population 2004". Retrieved 2017-10-20.
^ "تشييع شهيدين من الشرطة استشهدا أمس برصاص مجموعة إرهابية مسلحة في حمص".
vte Homs GovernorateHoms DistrictHomsSubdistrict
Homs
Abil
Abu Dali
Ashrafiyah
al-Dar al-Kabirah
Fahilah
Fairouzeh
Hubub al-Rih
Halmuz
al-Hurriyah
Jawalik
Jawbar
Judaydat al-Assi
Judaydat al-Sharqiyah
Kafr Abed
Kafr Aya
Maskanah
al-Mubarakiyah
al-Mukhtariyah
al-Najmah
al-Naqirah
Qattinah
al-Rayyan
al-Riyadh
Sakrah
Teir Maalah
Tell Ahmar
Tell al-Naqa
Tell al-Shur
Tell Zubaydah
al-Thabitiyah
Zaidal
Zhuriyah
Ayn al-NiserSubdistrict
Ayn al-Niser
Ayn al-Dananir
Ayn Husayn Gharbi
Ayn Husayn Shamali
Baddu
Burzah
Humaydiyah
al-Jabiriyah
al-Mushrifah
Talamri
Waridah
FurqlusSubdistrict
Furqlus
Fatim al-Arnouk
al-Hazzah
Hulayah
Jabab Hamad
Jubb al-Shami
al-Nasriyah
al-Sabuniyah
al-Sayyid
HisyahSubdistrict
Hisyah
Bureij
Dibeh
Jandar
al-Kashaf
al-Ma'murah
Shamsin
Khirbet Tin NurSubdistrict
Khirbet Tin Nur
Aysun
Balqasah
Bataysah
al-Dahiyah al-Umaliyah
al-Faysiyah
Ghuzaylah
Khirbet Ghazi
Khirbet al-Hamam
Khirbet Hayek
Khirbet al-Sawda
Khirbet Tin Mahmoud
Kunaysah
Liftaya
Marj Bulad
Marj al-Qata
Mashahdah (Khirbet Sawda)
al-Mazraa
Nur
Nuwayha
Qazhal
Qebbi
al-Rabwah
Ram al-Anz
Ram Jabal
Sannun
Shalluh
Tarin
Tannunah
Umm al-'Adam
Umm al-Qasab
Umm Haratayn
Wujuh al-Hajar
al-Zurzuriyah
Zayti al-Bahra
Zawr Baqraya
MahinSubdistrict
Mahin
al-Ghunthir
Huwwarin
QabuSubdistrict
Al-Qabu
Autan
Fahil
al-Qanaqiyah
Rabah
Sharqliyya
al-Shinyah
QaryataynSubdistrict
Al-Qaryatayn
Tiyas
RiqamaSubdistrict
Al-Riqama
Alyat
Awar
al-Aziziyah
Dardaghan
al-Hamrat
Jabab al-Zayt
al-Madaba
al-Manzul
al-Nuzhah
al-Rawdah
Shayrat
SadadSubdistrict
Sadad
al-Hafar
ShinSubdistrict
Shin
Ayn Al-Fawwar
Bahhur
al-Diyabiyah
Hadiyah
Hasur
al-Jabbat
Jablaya
Juwaykat
al-Mahfurah
Muranah
Muta'arid
Sufr
Suwayri
Uyun al-Wadi
Zaafarinah Gharbi
TaldouSubdistrict
Taldou
Karad Dayasinah
Arqaya
Burj Qa'i
Ghawr Gharbiyah
Hadatha
Harqal
al-Hashmah
Haysah
al-Humaymah
Jurnaya
Kafr Laha
Kafr Ram
Mahnaya
Maryamin
Mujaydil
Rafin
Samalil
Sinsil
Tell Dahab
al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah
Zaybaq
Mukharram DistrictMukharramSubdistrict
Al-Mukharram al-Fawqani
Abu Hakfah al-Janubi
Abu Hakfah al-Shamali
Abu Khashabah
Bab al-Hawa
al-Batamah
Buwaydat Rihaniyah
Buwaydat Salamiyah
al-Haraki
Jubb Abbas
al-Junaynat
Khilfah
al-Mukharram al-Tahtani
Nawa
al-Sankari
Shawkatliyah
Tell al-Ghar
Tell Shinan
Tell al-Ward
Umm al-Amad
Umm Jabab
Umm al-Sarj al-Qibli
Umm al-Sarj al-Shamali
Umm Tuwaynah
al-Uthmaniyah
Jubb al-JarrahSubdistrict
Jubb al-Jarrah
Abu Qatur
Aliyat al-Alyan
Duwayr al-Gharbiyah
Duwayr al-Sharqiyah
Ghuzayliyah
Maksar al-Hisan
Masaadah
Masudiyah
Mughayzil
Muntar al-Abal
Mushayrifah al-Qibliyah
Rasm Humaydah
Shiha
Taladi
Tall al-Qata
Tarfawi
Tawil
Umm al-Rif (al-Rish)
Umm Tuwaynah al-Shamali
Usmud
Qusayr DistrictQusayrSubdistrict
Al-Qusayr
Abu Juri
al-Aqrabiyah
Arjoun
Akkum
Baluzah
Burhaniyah
al-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah
al-Dabaah
Dahiyat al-Majd
Daminah al-Sharqiyah
Daminah al-Gharbiyah
Dibbin
Diyabiyah
al-Fadeliyah
al-Ghassaniyah
al-Hamam
al-Hawik
Hawsh Murshid Sama'an
Hawsh al-Sayyid Ali
al-Houz
Husseiniya
Jubaniyah
Jusiyah al-Amar
Kafr Mousa
al-Masriyah
Mudan
al-Nahariyah
al-Naim
al-Nizariyah
al-Qurniyah
Rablah
al-Sakher
al-Sallumiyah
Samaqiyat al-Gharbiyah
Samaqiyat al-Sharqiyah
Saqrajah
al-Sawadiyah
al-Shayahat
al-Shumariyah
Shinshar
Tell al-Nabi Mando
Wadi Hanna
Zira'a
Zita al-Gharbiyah
Rastan DistrictRastanSubdistrict
Al-Rastan
Abu Hamamah
Asiliyah
Ballan
Dalfin
al-Ghasibiyah
Gharnatah
Izz al-Din
Hameis
Kafr Nan
Kissin
al-Manara
Murayj al-Durr
al-Qunaytrat
Sulaym
Tasnin
al-Waza'iyah
Zamaymer
TalbisehSubdistrict
Talbiseh
Deir Ful
al-Farhaniyah
al-Ghantu
al-Hashimiyah
al-Makramiyah
al-Qanniyah
Saan al-Aswad
al-Sabil
Tell Jayurin
al-Thawrah
Umm Sharshuh
al-Zaafaraniyah
Tadmur DistrictTadmurSubdistrict
Tadmur
Arak
al-Bayda
al-Bi'arat
Rasm al-Abid
SukhnahSubdistrict
Al-Sukhnah
Karim
al-Kawm
al-Kadir
al-Taybah
al-Tuwaynat
Talkalakh DistrictTalkalakhSubdistrict
Talkalakh
Akkari
al-Amariyah
Aridah
Ayn al-Sawda
Ayn al-Tineh al-Gharbiyah
al-Bahluniyah
Baruha
Bayt Qarin
Burj al-Arab
Burj al-Maksur
Dabousieh
Hajar Abyad
Halat
Hasrajiyah
Jaafariyat
Kafrish
Khirbet al-Jabab
Masyadah
Naarah
Qanuta
Qurayyat
Qumayrah
al-Shabaq
al-Shabruniyah
Shalluh
Shamsiyah
Sindiyana
Samikah
Tell Hawsh
Tell Sarrin
al-Zarah
Zanbiyah
HadidahSubdistrict
Hadidah
Ayn al-Tineh al-Sharqiyah
Barudiyah
Bayun
Baznaya
Dardariyah
Haratayn
al-Malikiyah
al-Mashrafah al-Sharqiyah
Khansaa
Khirbet al-Manqalah
Lawaybdah
Marasiyah
Na'isiyah
Na'urah
Qaz al-Khass
Rihaniyah
Tell al-Safa
Umm al-Dawali
Umm Jamah
HawashSubdistrict
Al-Hawash
Anaz
Ain al-Ajouz
Ain al-Ghara
Ballat
Bisas
Duwair al-Lin
al-Husn
Ish al-Shuhah
Inata
Juwaniyat
al-Mazraah
Mizyeneh
al-Muqaabarat
Muqlus
Qal al-Saqa
al-Shuwayhid
Tallah
NasirahSubdistrict
Al-Nasirah
Amar al-Husn
Ain al-Barda
Ain al-Raheb
Bahzina
Baydar Rafiah
Daghlah
Habnamrah
Jankamrah
Jiwar al-Afas
Kafra
Kimah
Marmarita
Mashta Azar
al-Mishtaya
Qalatiyah
Qurb Ali
Tannurin
Zweitina
This article about a location in Homs Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inata (Crete)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inata_(Crete)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Talkalakh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkalakh_District"},{"link_name":"Homs Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Syria Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alawites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the town of ancient Crete, see Inata (Crete).Village in Homs, SyriaInata (Arabic: عيناتا) is a village in Syria in the Talkalakh District, Homs Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Inata had a population of 780 in the 2004 census.[1] Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.[2]","title":"Inata"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"General Census of Population 2004\". Retrieved 2017-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","url_text":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"تشييع شهيدين من الشرطة استشهدا أمس برصاص مجموعة إرهابية مسلحة في حمص\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esyria.sy/2011/05/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5","url_text":"\"تشييع شهيدين من الشرطة استشهدا أمس برصاص مجموعة إرهابية مسلحة في حمص\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Inata¶ms=34_45_40_N_36_21_33_E_region:SY_type:city(780)","external_links_name":"34°45′40″N 36°21′33″E / 34.76111°N 36.35917°E / 34.76111; 36.35917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Inata¶ms=34_45_40_N_36_21_33_E_region:SY_type:city(780)","external_links_name":"34°45′40″N 36°21′33″E / 34.76111°N 36.35917°E / 34.76111; 36.35917"},{"Link":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","external_links_name":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.esyria.sy/2011/05/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5","external_links_name":"\"تشييع شهيدين من الشرطة استشهدا أمس برصاص مجموعة إرهابية مسلحة في حمص\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCsts%C3%A4tz | Rüstsatz | ["1 Variants","2 References","2.1 Citations","2.2 Bibliography","3 External links"] | Rüstsätze were field modification kits produced for the German Luftwaffe during the Second World War. They were packaged in kit form, usually direct from the aircraft manufacturer, and allowed for field modifications of various German aircraft used in World War II, predominantly fighter bombers and night fighters. Rüstsätze kits could be fitted in the field, as opposed to Umrüst-Bausätze kits, which were typically fitted in the factory. This was not a hard and fast rule, however; during production runs various Rüstsätze kits were often fitted by factories in order to meet Luftwaffe demands, and "/R" designations were also occasionally applied to more complex changes in an aircraft's airframe design that were much more suitably completed at production line facilities, as with a few of the "/R"-designated versions of the He 177A-5 heavy bomber.
Variants
Typical Rüstsätze kits would include extra cannon or machine gun armament, most often mounted in underwing gun pods, bomb and drop tank fittings, extra armor, fuel, and various electrical system upgrades. The kits were numbered R1, R2, R3 and so forth. Some of these upgrades would become almost standard on certain fighters.
Arming the underwing WGr 21/BR 21 rocket mortar
The nomenclature was often confusing, as each Luftwaffe aircraft type — always defined by their RLM 8-xxx airframe number — used their own unique series of /R-series (as well as the factory fitted, Umrüst-Bausatz /U-series) numbers: the "/R2" kit for a Messerschmitt Bf 109G was for the fitment of a pair of the powerful Werfer-Granate 21 (Wfr. Gr. 21 or BR 21) underwing mounted rocket launchers, while the Focke-Wulf 190 used the "/R6" designation for this exact fitment.
The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 was well known for its various Rüstsätze, which included:
Details of an Fw 190's underwing BR 21's launch-tube mount
R1: Standard radio equipment upgraded to the FuG 16ZE (as fitted to the Fw 190A-4 and A-5)
R1: Addition of a WB (Waffen-Behälter) 151/20 cannon pod under each wing (as fitted to the Fw 190A-6, A-7 or A-8)
R2: Addition of an MK 108 cannon pod mount under each wing (as fitted to the Fw 190A-6 and A-8)
R2: Outboard wing mounted MK 108 cannon (as fitted to the Fw 190A-7, A-8 and A-9)
R2: Addition of wing mounted MK 108 cannons and a fuselage center line mounted WGr (Werfer-Granate) 21 rocket (as fitted to the Fw 190A-8)
R3: Addition of wing mounted MK 103 cannons (as fitted to the Fw 190A-6 and A-8)
R4: Addition of fuselage fitted GM-1 nitrous boost system (as fitted to the Fw 190A-6 and A-8)
R5: Addition of fuselage fitted 115 liter fuel tank (as fitted to the Fw 190A-8)
R6: Addition of two wing mounted Werfer-Granate 21 (Wfr. Gr. 21 or BR 21) bomber destroyer rocket launchers (as fitted to the Fw 190A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7 and A-8)
R7: Addition of armor to the cockpit (as fitted to the Fw 190A-6, A-7 and A-8)
R8: Addition of wing mounted MK 108 cannons and cockpit armour (as fitted to the Fw 190A-8 and A-9)
R11: Addition of FuG 125 radio, PKS 12 radio direction finder, and window heaters (as fitted to the Fw 190A-8 and A-9) and D-series airframes (also used for the Ta 152).
R12: Addition of FuG 125 radio, PKS 12 radio direction finder, window heaters and wing mounted MK 108 cannons (as fitted to the Fw 190A-8)
R14: Addition of ETC 502 torpedo rack (as fitted to the Ta 152)
References
Citations
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Campbell & Greer 1975, p. 27.
Bibliography
Campbell, Jerry L. & Greer, Don (1975). Focke Wulf Fw 190 in Action. squadron/signal publications. ISBN 0-89747-018-4.
External links
The Luftwaffe Over Germany By Donald Caldwell, Richard Muller
Portal: Aviation | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rüstsatz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"gun pods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_pod"},{"link_name":"bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb"},{"link_name":"drop tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_tank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-674-7772-13A,_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190,_Bewaffnung.jpg"},{"link_name":"RLM 8-xxx airframe number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RLM_aircraft_designations"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"Werfer-Granate 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werfer-Granate_21"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf Fw 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FW190-Granatwerfer2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"WB (Waffen-Behälter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_pod"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"MK 108 cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_108_cannon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"MK 103 cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK_103_cannon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"GM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"Werfer-Granate 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGr_21_rocket_launcher"},{"link_name":"bomber destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber_destroyer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell&Greerp27-1"}],"text":"Typical Rüstsätze kits would include extra cannon or machine gun armament, most often mounted in underwing gun pods, bomb and drop tank fittings, extra armor, fuel, and various electrical system upgrades. The kits were numbered R1, R2, R3 and so forth. Some of these upgrades would become almost standard on certain fighters.Arming the underwing WGr 21/BR 21 rocket mortarThe nomenclature was often confusing, as each Luftwaffe aircraft type — always defined by their RLM 8-xxx airframe number — used their own unique series of /R-series (as well as the factory fitted, Umrüst-Bausatz /U-series) numbers: the \"/R2\" kit for a Messerschmitt Bf 109G was for the fitment of a pair of the powerful Werfer-Granate 21 (Wfr. Gr. 21 or BR 21) underwing mounted rocket launchers, while the Focke-Wulf 190 used the \"/R6\" designation for this exact fitment.The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 was well known for its various Rüstsätze, which included:Details of an Fw 190's underwing BR 21's launch-tube mountR1: Standard radio equipment upgraded to the FuG 16ZE (as fitted to the Fw 190A-4 and A-5)[1]\nR1: Addition of a WB (Waffen-Behälter) 151/20 cannon pod under each wing (as fitted to the Fw 190A-6, A-7 or A-8)[1]\nR2: Addition of an MK 108 cannon pod mount under each wing (as fitted to the Fw 190A-6 and A-8)[1]\nR2: Outboard wing mounted MK 108 cannon (as fitted to the Fw 190A-7, A-8 and A-9)[1]\nR2: Addition of wing mounted MK 108 cannons and a fuselage center line mounted WGr (Werfer-Granate) 21 rocket (as fitted to the Fw 190A-8)[1]\nR3: Addition of wing mounted MK 103 cannons (as fitted to the Fw 190A-6 and A-8)[1]\nR4: Addition of fuselage fitted GM-1 nitrous boost system (as fitted to the Fw 190A-6 and A-8)[1]\nR5: Addition of fuselage fitted 115 liter fuel tank (as fitted to the Fw 190A-8)[1]\nR6: Addition of two wing mounted Werfer-Granate 21 (Wfr. Gr. 21 or BR 21) bomber destroyer rocket launchers (as fitted to the Fw 190A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7 and A-8)[1]\nR7: Addition of armor to the cockpit (as fitted to the Fw 190A-6, A-7 and A-8)[1]\nR8: Addition of wing mounted MK 108 cannons and cockpit armour (as fitted to the Fw 190A-8 and A-9)[1]\nR11: Addition of FuG 125 radio, PKS 12 radio direction finder, and window heaters (as fitted to the Fw 190A-8 and A-9)[1] and D-series airframes (also used for the Ta 152).\nR12: Addition of FuG 125 radio, PKS 12 radio direction finder, window heaters and wing mounted MK 108 cannons (as fitted to the Fw 190A-8)[1]\nR14: Addition of ETC 502 torpedo rack (as fitted to the Ta 152)","title":"Variants"}] | [{"image_text":"Arming the underwing WGr 21/BR 21 rocket mortar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-674-7772-13A%2C_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190%2C_Bewaffnung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-674-7772-13A%2C_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190%2C_Bewaffnung.jpg"},{"image_text":"Details of an Fw 190's underwing BR 21's launch-tube mount","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/FW190-Granatwerfer2.jpg/220px-FW190-Granatwerfer2.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDLNaRbHD7gC&dq=%22JG+11%22+Jagdgeschwader&pg=PA80","external_links_name":"The Luftwaffe Over Germany By Donald Caldwell, Richard Muller"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Coe | Gideon Coe | ["1 Early career","2 Radio work","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"] | British radio presenter
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Gideon Coe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Gideon CoeCoe in 2005BornGideon Jon Quantrill Coe (1967-09-22) 22 September 1967 (age 56)Canterbury, Kent, EnglandNationalityBritishOther namesThe Guv'norAlma materLanchester PolytechnicOccupationradio presenterYears active1976–presentKnown forDJ presenter of BBC Radio 6 MusicParentTony Coe
Gideon Jon Quantrill Coe (born 22 September 1967 in Canterbury, Kent) is a radio DJ, presenter, sportscaster, voiceover artist and journalist.
Early career
He began his broadcasting career in 1976 as a child presenter on the BBC One TV programme Why Don't You?.
Coe graduated from Coventry's Lanchester Polytechnic (now Coventry University) in 1989, gaining a 2.1 in Communication Studies. During his time there he played rhythm guitar with pop/punk band Cradle Song (AKA The Vendetta Men), having previously played in The Strike It Out Gang (featuring Martin-Kid - Curtis, Michael Clarke, Big Chris Bryan and his brother Simon Coe) and A-Bomb, the latter featuring guitarist Mick Corney and drummer Dom Clark.
He began working in local government for Kent County Council, before starting as a sports broadcaster at BT ClubCall.
Radio work
Coe joined BBC GLR in 1994 as Breakfast show sports reporter, moving up to joint-presentation duties with Fi Glover. He won Sony Awards in 1995 and 1999 for the Sports show.
He has presented shows on BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio 4, where he became a regular guest on Loose Ends. He has also appeared in TV programmes and was presenter of Something for the Weekend on VH1 and The Live Six Show on Sky One. He also does voiceovers for Channel Five as well as contributing to The Guardian.
He joined BBC Radio 6 Music in 2002, presenting the 10 am – 1 pm weekday show from the station's launch until October 2007. He won his third Sony Award in 2003 for his work presenting the mid-morning show. On 22 October 2007 Coe's show was moved to 10 pm – 1 am, Mondays to Thursdays. This was followed by a move to 9 pm – midnight on Mondays to Thursdays in June 2008 - a slot he has maintained for more than 13 years. While the mid-morning show featured live sessions in the 6 Music Hub, the late show specialises in featuring varied sessions and gigs recorded for the archives of BBC Radio.
On 11 February 2024, Coe, sitting in for Cerys Matthews, hosted the last 6 Music programme from Wogan House after 18 years. The station has now moved back in to Broadcasting House.
Personal life
Coe is the son of jazz musician Tony Coe. He has three brothers, is married and has a son named Nathaniel. A pescatarian, he is a fan of Tottenham Hotspur and of The Clash.
References
^ "Coventry University". The Independent. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
^ "BBC Radio 6 Music - Gideon Coe - Gideon Coe". Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ a b Mahoney, Elizabeth (2010) "Gideon Coe", The Guardian, 7 January 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2016
^ "Press Releases: Lauren Laverne joins 6 Music". BBC. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
External links
Gideon Coe at IMDb
Riley & Coe (BBC Radio 6 Music)
Gideon performing with The Vendetta Men
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
This British biographical article related to radio is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"}],"text":"Gideon Jon Quantrill Coe (born 22 September 1967 in Canterbury, Kent) is a radio DJ, presenter, sportscaster, voiceover artist and journalist.","title":"Gideon Coe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Why Don't You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Don%27t_You%3F"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Lanchester Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"ClubCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClubCall"}],"text":"He began his broadcasting career in 1976 as a child presenter on the BBC One TV programme Why Don't You?.Coe graduated from Coventry's Lanchester Polytechnic (now Coventry University)[1] in 1989, gaining a 2.1 in Communication Studies. During his time there he played rhythm guitar with pop/punk band Cradle Song (AKA The Vendetta Men), having previously played in The Strike It Out Gang (featuring Martin-Kid - Curtis, Michael Clarke, Big Chris Bryan and his brother Simon Coe) and A-Bomb, the latter featuring guitarist Mick Corney and drummer Dom Clark.\nHe began working in local government for Kent County Council, before starting as a sports broadcaster at BT ClubCall.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC GLR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fi Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi_Glover"},{"link_name":"Sony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Radio_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 5 Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Loose Ends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Ends_(radio)"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_1"},{"link_name":"Channel Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 6 Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahoney-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahoney-3"},{"link_name":"Cerys Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerys_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Wogan House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wogan_House"},{"link_name":"Broadcasting House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_House"}],"text":"Coe joined BBC GLR in 1994[2] as Breakfast show sports reporter, moving up to joint-presentation duties with Fi Glover. He won Sony Awards in 1995 and 1999 for the Sports show.\nHe has presented shows on BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio 4, where he became a regular guest on Loose Ends. He has also appeared in TV programmes and was presenter of Something for the Weekend on VH1 and The Live Six Show on Sky One. He also does voiceovers for Channel Five as well as contributing to The Guardian.He joined BBC Radio 6 Music in 2002, presenting the 10 am – 1 pm weekday show from the station's launch until October 2007.[3] He won his third Sony Award in 2003 for his work presenting the mid-morning show. On 22 October 2007 Coe's show was moved to 10 pm – 1 am, Mondays to Thursdays. This was followed by a move to 9 pm – midnight on Mondays to Thursdays in June 2008 - a slot he has maintained for more than 13 years.[4][3] While the mid-morning show featured live sessions in the 6 Music Hub, the late show specialises in featuring varied sessions and gigs recorded for the archives of BBC Radio.On 11 February 2024, Coe, sitting in for Cerys Matthews, hosted the last 6 Music programme from Wogan House after 18 years. The station has now moved back in to Broadcasting House.","title":"Radio work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Coe"},{"link_name":"pescatarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescatarian"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Coe is the son of jazz musician Tony Coe. He has three brothers, is married and has a son named Nathaniel. A pescatarian, he is a fan of Tottenham Hotspur and of The Clash.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Coventry University\". The Independent. 6 August 2015. 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Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/05_may/20/6music.shtml","url_text":"\"Press Releases: Lauren Laverne joins 6 Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gideon+Coe%22","external_links_name":"\"Gideon Coe\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gideon+Coe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gideon+Coe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gideon+Coe%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gideon+Coe%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gideon+Coe%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/student/into-university/az-uni-colleges/coventry-university-458904.html","external_links_name":"\"Coventry University\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811014733/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/60RDgndwrhY8qXKPmXw5FTM/gideon-coe","external_links_name":"\"BBC Radio 6 Music - Gideon Coe - Gideon Coe\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/60RDgndwrhY8qXKPmXw5FTM/gideon-coe","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/jan/07/gideon-coe-6music-radio-review","external_links_name":"Gideon Coe"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/05_may/20/6music.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Press Releases: Lauren Laverne joins 6 Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3972409/","external_links_name":"Gideon Coe"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001mf2c","external_links_name":"Riley & Coe"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzfQeaOr0wg","external_links_name":"Gideon performing with The Vendetta Men"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0cc54705-9a7b-4a15-a928-c55883b37350","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gideon_Coe&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_Maiden | The Moon Maiden | ["1 Plot introduction","2 References"] | 1915 novel by Garrett P. Serviss
The Moon Maiden Cover of the first book publicationAuthorGarrett P. ServissLanguageEnglishGenreScience fiction novelPublisherWilliam L. Crawford without imprintPublication date1978Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Paperback)Pages97 pp
The Moon Maiden is a science fiction novel by Garrett P. Serviss. It was first published in book form in 1978 by William L. Crawford, without imprint, in an edition of 500 copies. The novel originally appeared in the magazine Argosy in 1915.
Plot introduction
The novel concerns a love tale and lunar beings who have been guiding the earth for millennia.
References
Chalker, Jack L.; Mark Owings (1998). The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998. Westminster, MD and Baltimore: Mirage Press, Ltd. p. 274.
Clute, John; Peter Nicholls (1995). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 1088. ISBN 0-312-13486-X.
Reginald, Robert (1992). Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature 1975-1991. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 879. ISBN 0-8103-1825-3.
This article about a 1910s science fiction novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Garrett P. Serviss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_P._Serviss"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_literature"},{"link_name":"William L. Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Publishing_Company,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Argosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)"}],"text":"The Moon Maiden is a science fiction novel by Garrett P. Serviss. It was first published in book form in 1978 by William L. Crawford, without imprint, in an edition of 500 copies. The novel originally appeared in the magazine Argosy in 1915.","title":"The Moon Maiden"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The novel concerns a love tale and lunar beings who have been guiding the earth for millennia.","title":"Plot introduction"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chalker, Jack L.; Mark Owings (1998). The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998. Westminster, MD and Baltimore: Mirage Press, Ltd. p. 274.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_L._Chalker","url_text":"Chalker, Jack L."}]},{"reference":"Clute, John; Peter Nicholls (1995). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 1088. ISBN 0-312-13486-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clute","url_text":"Clute, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)","url_text":"Peter Nicholls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Griffin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-13486-X","url_text":"0-312-13486-X"}]},{"reference":"Reginald, Robert (1992). Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature 1975-1991. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 879. ISBN 0-8103-1825-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa0000regi","url_text":"Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature 1975-1991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Research","url_text":"Gale Research"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa0000regi/page/879","url_text":"879"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-1825-3","url_text":"0-8103-1825-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa0000regi","external_links_name":"Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature 1975-1991"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa0000regi/page/879","external_links_name":"879"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Moon_Maiden&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_West | Exit West | ["1 Background","2 Plot","3 Reception","3.1 Reviews","3.2 Awards and honors","4 Analysis","5 Adaptations","6 References"] | 2017 novel by Pakistani author Mohsin Hamid
Exit West First edition (UK)AuthorMohsin HamidAudio read byMohsin HamidLanguageEnglishPublisherHamish Hamilton (UK)Riverhead Books (US)Publication dateMarch 2017Publication placeUnited StatesPages229AwardsLos Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction, Aspen Words Literary PrizeISBN978-0735212206OCLC1014146826
Exit West is a 2017 novel by Pakistani author Mohsin Hamid. It is Hamid's fourth novel. The main themes of the novel are emigration and refugee problems. The novel, which can be considered fantasy or speculative fiction, is about a young couple, Saeed and Nadia, who live in an unnamed city undergoing civil war and finally have to flee, using a system of magical doors that lead to different locations around the globe.
Hamid has recently emerged as a respected writer and writes Exit West during a time of much controversy over refugees and immigration. Scholars analyze Exit West for its suggestions about global politics, use of technology, and calls for better treatment of the environment.
Exit West won Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction (2017) and Aspen Words Literary Prize (2018) and was shortlisted for a number of other awards.
Background
Since 2010, Hamid has emerged as an author known for writing fiction that explores alternate ways of global living and emphasizes the disadvantages of being born in a third-world country. Hamid wrote Moth Smoke (2000), The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia (2013), and then Exit West in 2017. All four stories focus on the experiences and journeys of characters originally from Pakistan.
Written within the era of Trump and Brexit, Mohsin Hamid wrote Exit West as a way for readers to look at the refugee crisis from a different perspective. Hamid explains that borders for countries are extremely “unnatural” and the issue with migrants and refugees is that their movement is thought of as a problem that needs to be solved. Hamid believes that refugees and migrants, or anyone for that matter, should be able to travel freely throughout the world. Hamid also explains that reading can help people see things from a different perspective, which means that people can become more cognizant of others’ situations and see solutions they never thought possible before. Hamid wrote Exit West to broaden people’s thoughts about the refugee crisis. He wanted to give readers an alternative perspective on how the people could operate in one world instead of one nation. With the election of Donald Trump in 2016 and his strict border policies, Hamid is trying to show readers that a world without borders is not only possible, but desirable.
Plot
Nadia and Saeed meet when they are working students in an unnamed city. Saeed is more conservative and still lives at home, as custom generally requires, but the more independent Nadia has chosen to live alone and has been disowned by her parents for doing so. Saeed and Nadia meet and eventually fall in love. After Saeed's mother is killed by a stray bullet while searching for a lost earring in her car, Nadia moves in with Saeed and his father, despite not wanting to marry Saeed as propriety requires.
As the militants successfully wrest control of the city from the government and violence becomes an every day part of life, Nadia and Saeed begin chasing rumours that there are doors in the city that serve as portals to other locations. Although most of the doors are guarded by militants, they manage to bribe their way through a door, leaving behind Saeed's father who does not wish to be a burden to them and asks Nadia to promise him never to leave Saeed until they are settled.
The door they go through takes them to Mykonos, where they are among many refugees and settle in a tent city. They eventually obtain the compassion of a local Greek girl who has a rapport with Nadia and helps the two go through a recently discovered door which leads to a luxury home in London. Nadia and Saeed and other migrants settle in the home, claiming it from its owners.
As more migrants penetrate London, hostility between the migrants and the native-born increases, including attacks and mob rule. The migrants are eventually sectioned off in a ghetto with minimal food and electricity called "Dark London." After a raid to clear out migrants goes wrong, the natives decide to try to work together with the new migrants and put them to work clearing the land for Halo London, a city surrounding London-proper, with the promise that they will be given 40 meters and a pipe i.e. a small plot of land and access to utilities. Nadia and Saeed throw themselves into the work as they feel themselves growing apart from each other.
Although the couple are on a list that puts them among the first to obtain a secure home, Nadia asks Saeed to leave through another portal and they eventually take their chance arriving in Marin County, California. They find they are generally welcome there and Nadia finds work at a food co-op while Saeed becomes more and more religious. Eventually, realizing that they no longer have any feelings for one another, Nadia leaves Saeed and moves into a room at the co-op, forming a relationship with a cook who works there. Saeed, meanwhile, marries the native-born daughter of a preacher.
Fifty years later, Nadia returns to the country of her birth and meets up with Saeed, who offers to one day take her to see the stars in Chile.
Reception
Reviews
Exit West was generally well-received by critics.
Omar El Akkad in The Globe and Mail calls the novel "a masterpiece of humanity and restraint." Sarah Begley of Time magazine praised its relation to the ongoing Syrian refugee crisis and making a love story of refugees nevertheless feel universal. The Guardian defined it as a "magical vision of the refugee crisis." In December 2017, former U.S. President Barack Obama included Exit West in his list of the best books he read in 2017. Writing in The New Yorker, Jia Tolentino described how "the novel feels immediately canonical, so firm and unerring is Hamid’s understanding of our time and its most pressing questions."
Paste's Jeff Milo wrote that the hope of Saeed and Nadia "is kindled by rumors of mysterious doorways that transport people to undetermined locations. These doors have supernatural powers, but the way Hamid weaves his story, you’ll believe that they’re real." The Harvard Crimson's Caroline E. Tew wrote, "Although it’s a short, slim book, “Exit West” packs a punch. Hamid has carefully constructed a situation that poignantly accentuates the trials and tribulations of refugees." Leah Greenblatt, writing for Entertainment Weekly, stated, "Hamid’s spare parable took the sobering reality of a global refugee crisis to the most fantastical realm of fiction, and somehow made it all feel even more true."
In the article entitled "Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West: Co-Opting Refugees into Global Capitalism," Sercan Hamza Bağlama (2019) focuses on the depoliticisation of the refugee 'crisis' and analyses the social, cultural and economic interpellation of the refugee characters into the dominant system in a western country, saying justifies the binary paradigms of the orientalist mind-set as the dichotomy of 'them' and 'us' is constructed upon the artificial binary opposition between the Orient and the Occident, leading the West to take its 'historical' responsibility, export democracy, bring order and ironically help those in a desperate situation."
While Exit West received astonishing reviews, it does still have some critiques. Some scholars believe the idea of considering all humans on Earth as refugees is “wrong-headed.”
Awards and honors
Exit West was a New York Times best seller, and many outlets included the book in "best of" lists. Kirkus Reviews, Shelf Awareness, TIME, and Tor.com named it one of the top ten novels of 2017, whereas Entertainment Weekly, The Harvard Crimson, Literary Hub, and Paste included it in their lists of the best books of the decade.
Awards for Exit West
Year
Award
Result
Ref.
2017
Booker Prize
Shortlist
Booklist Editors' Choice: Adult Books
Selection
Brooklyn Public Library Literary Prize
Shortlist
Goodreads Choice Award for Fiction
Finalist
Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction
Winner
Kirkus Prize
Finalist
National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction
Finalist
St. Francis College Literary Prize
Shortlist
2018
ALA Notable Books: Fiction
Selection
Andrew Carnegie Medal for Fiction
Longlist
Aspen Words Literary Prize
Winner
BSFA Award for Best Novel
Shortlist
Dayton Literary Peace Prize for Fiction
Finalist
Rathbones Folio Prize
Shortlist
2019
International Dublin Literary Award
Shortlist
Analysis
Exit West attracted much attention from scholars and readers because the novel deals so closely with current events and problematic social norms. Scholars argue that Hamid is questioning the trending opinions of border security with Brexit and Trump, emphasizes the fake sense of connection to refugees through technology, and stresses the importance of preserving the global environment.
Hamid uses fiction to create a reality for readers to reconsider the “relationship between history and geography” with the use of “magical portals that allow instant access to destinations around the world”. In the story, it is clear that Hamid does not support the current ideology of going backwards in the direction of past policies and “greatness” (Trump's campaign). Moshin uses fictional novels to reach readers because he wants them to be creative and progressive in their ideas for solutions to current events. This will allow readers to consider the possibility of a “global migration” and “borderless world”, which essentially is the plot of Exit West. Hamid helps readers empathize to refugees through the unfair experiences of the characters Nadia and Saeed. Hamid wraps the novel up with a positive ending to help convey the idea that readers shouldn’t think of refugees as a problem, but more of an opportunity for an improved world.
Throughout Exit West, Hamid also examines the use of digital technology and how it provides people with a false sense of connectedness. Characters use tablets to remain connected to people and places throughout the world, thus failing to truly be present with the people physically around them and the places they’re in. However, the characters are also using technology to photograph, document, and share the injustice happening in the country they are from. Hamid shows readers how technology can be used to positively connect with people and places they would otherwise not be connected to while also depicting how technology can weaken relationships and make people disconnected from each other.
Similar to some of Hamid's previous novels, Exit West also hints at the importance of changing global habits and creating a cleaner environment around the world. Hamid does this by emphasizing natural beauties throughout the novel and showing readers how when people have a choice and appreciation for where they live, they treat the environment with more respect.
Adaptations
In August 2017, it was announced that the Russo brothers had purchased the rights to adapt the novel and will serve as producers, while Morten Tyldum hired as director. In March 2020, Michelle and Barack Obama came on board as producers, with Riz Ahmed playing Saeed and Yann Demange set to direct. The film was also set to be produced by Higher Ground Productions and distributed by Netflix. Joe Russo stated in an April interview that production on the film could begin soon at the time, but that depended on the COVID-19 pandemic and how film productions could commence during that time. In an August 2022 interview, the novel's author Mohsin Hamid stated the film was still in the development stage.
References
^ Sandhu, Sukhdev (12 March 2017). "Exit West by Mohsin Hamid – magical vision of the refugee crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
^ a b c d e f Sadaf, Shazia (2 September 2020). ""We are all migrants through time": History and geography in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West". Journal of Postcolonial Writing. 56 (5): 636–647. doi:10.1080/17449855.2020.1820667. ISSN 1744-9855. S2CID 224957974.
^ Gilbert, Sophie (8 March 2017). "Exit West and the Edge of Dystopia". The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
^ "Poetics of Migration Trauma in Mohsin Hamid's "Exit West"".
^ a b "L.A. Times Book Prize - Fiction". Awards Archive. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ a b Schaub, Michael (28 February 2022). "Finalists for Aspen Words Literary Prize Revealed". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^ a b Arias, Patricia de (18 April 2018). "Awards: Aspen Words Literary; Neukom Institute Literary Arts". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ a b Mączyńska, Magdalena (29 October 2020). ""People Are Monkeys Who Have Forgotten That They Are Monkeys": The Refugee as Eco-Cosmopolitan Allegory in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West". ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment. 28 (3): 1089–1106. doi:10.1093/isle/isaa082. ISSN 1076-0962.
^ a b Perfect, Michael (3 April 2019). "'Black holes in the fabric of the nation': refugees in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West". Journal for Cultural Research. 23 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1080/14797585.2019.1665896. ISSN 1479-7585. S2CID 204377805.
^ a b c Green, G (26 June 2017). "Moshin Hamid". New Internationalist. 46 – via Proquest.
^ a b "A Novel About Refugees That Feels Instantly Canonical". The New Yorker. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ "Book Marks reviews of Exit West by Mohsin Hamid". Book Marks. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
^ El Akkad, Omar (17 March 2017). "MHamid's Exit West, reviewed: A masterpiece of humility and restraint". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
^ Begley, Sarah (20 March 2017). "Love in the Time of Refugees". Time. p. 56.
^ Sandhu, Sukhdev (12 March 2017). "Exit West by Mohsin Hamid – magical vision of the refugee crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
^ Savransky, Rebecca (31 December 2017). "Obama puts out list of favorite books he read, songs he listened to in 2017". The Hill.
^ Obama, Barack (31 December 2017). "During my presidency, I started a tradition of sharing my reading lists and playlists..." Facebook.
^ a b Jackson, Frannie; Paste Books Staff (14 October 2019). "The 40 Best Novels of the 2010s". Paste. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
^ a b Tew, Caroline E. (3 January 2020). "10 Best Books of the Past Decade | Arts | The Harvard Crimson". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
^ a b EW Staff (25 November 2019). "Here are EW's top 10 fiction books of the decade". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
^ Bağlama, Sercan Hamza. "Mohsin Hamid's Exit West: Co-Opting Refugees into Global Capitalism". New Middle Eastern Studies. 9 (2). ISSN 2051-0861.
^ a b c "Exit West". Kirkus Reviews. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^ Block, Stefan Merrill (12 December 2017). "Our Best Adult Books of 2017". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ a b Begley, Sarah (21 November 2017). "The Top 10 Novels of 2017". Time. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^ Temple, Emily (23 December 2019). "The 20 Best Novels of the Decade". Literary Hub. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
^ Flood, Alison (13 September 2017). "Man Booker prize 2017: shortlist makes room for debuts alongside big names". the Guardian. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "Man Booker Prize: 2017". Booklist. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^ a b Barnett, Mac (13 September 2017). "Awards: Man Booker; NBA Young People's Lit; BPL Literary". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "Booklist Editors' Choice: Adult Books, 2017". Booklist. 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^ "Exit West". Goodreads. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^ Gabel, Aja (24 April 2018). "Awards: L.A. Times Book; Green Earth Book". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "2017". National Book Critics Circle. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ Kurt Andersen (21 August 2017). "Awards: St. Francis College Literary". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "2018 ALA Notable Books - Fiction Winner and Nominees". Awards Archive. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "Notable Books: 2018". Booklist. 1 April 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^ "2018 Winners". Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence. Reference & User Services Association (RUSA). 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "2018 BSFA - Novel Winner and Nominees". Awards Archive. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "2018". Dayton Literary Peace Prize. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "2018". The Rathbones Folio Prize. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ Bayard, Louis (5 April 2019). "Awards: Indies Choice/E.B. White; International Dublin Literary". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ a b c Naydan, Liliana M. (22 September 2019). "Digital Screens and National Divides in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West". Studies in the Novel. 51 (3): 433–453. doi:10.1353/sdn.2019.0048. S2CID 204480947.
^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (10 August 2017). "Russo Brothers In First Look With Morten Tyldum, Acquire 'Exit West' For Him To Direct". Retrieved 11 August 2017.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (6 March 2020). "Russo Brothers' AGBO Partners With Obamas' Higher Ground & Netflix On 'Exit West', Riz Ahmed Attached". Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^ Sneider, Jeff (23 April 2020). "Joe Russo on Working with Obamas, Riz Ahmed on Netflix Movie 'Exit West'". Collider. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
^ Rankin, Seija (2 August 2022). "Author Mohsin Hamid on His New Novel, Working With Riz Ahmed and the Value of a Limited Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 5 August 2022. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohsin Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsin_Hamid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"speculative fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_fiction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Book_Prize_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"Aspen Words Literary Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Words_Literary_Prize"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"}],"text":"Exit West is a 2017 novel by Pakistani author Mohsin Hamid. 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Scholars analyze Exit West for its suggestions about global politics, use of technology, and calls for better treatment of the environment.[4]Exit West won Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction (2017)[5] and Aspen Words Literary Prize (2018)[6][7] and was shortlisted for a number of other awards.","title":"Exit West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Moth Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth_Smoke"},{"link_name":"The Reluctant Fundamentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reluctant_Fundamentalist"},{"link_name":"How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Get_Filthy_Rich_in_Rising_Asia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"}],"text":"Since 2010, Hamid has emerged as an author known for writing fiction that explores alternate ways of global living and emphasizes the disadvantages of being born in a third-world country.[8] Hamid wrote Moth Smoke (2000), The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia (2013), and then Exit West in 2017. All four stories focus on the experiences and journeys of characters originally from Pakistan.[9]Written within the era of Trump and Brexit,[2] Mohsin Hamid wrote Exit West as a way for readers to look at the refugee crisis from a different perspective. Hamid explains that borders for countries are extremely “unnatural” and the issue with migrants and refugees is that their movement is thought of as a problem that needs to be solved.[10] Hamid believes that refugees and migrants, or anyone for that matter, should be able to travel freely throughout the world.[10] Hamid also explains that reading can help people see things from a different perspective, which means that people can become more cognizant of others’ situations and see solutions they never thought possible before.[10] Hamid wrote Exit West to broaden people’s thoughts about the refugee crisis. He wanted to give readers an alternative perspective on how the people could operate in one world instead of one nation. With the election of Donald Trump in 2016 and his strict border policies, Hamid is trying to show readers that a world without borders is not only possible, but desirable.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-11"},{"link_name":"Mykonos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykonos"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto"},{"link_name":"40 meters and a pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule"},{"link_name":"Marin County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"}],"text":"Nadia and Saeed meet when they are working students in an unnamed city. Saeed is more conservative and still lives at home, as custom generally requires, but the more independent Nadia has chosen to live alone and has been disowned by her parents for doing so. Saeed and Nadia meet and eventually fall in love.[11] After Saeed's mother is killed by a stray bullet while searching for a lost earring in her car, Nadia moves in with Saeed and his father, despite not wanting to marry Saeed as propriety requires.As the militants successfully wrest control of the city from the government and violence becomes an every day part of life, Nadia and Saeed begin chasing rumours that there are doors in the city that serve as portals to other locations. Although most of the doors are guarded by militants, they manage to bribe their way through a door, leaving behind Saeed's father who does not wish to be a burden to them and asks Nadia to promise him never to leave Saeed until they are settled.The door they go through takes them to Mykonos, where they are among many refugees and settle in a tent city. They eventually obtain the compassion of a local Greek girl who has a rapport with Nadia and helps the two go through a recently discovered door which leads to a luxury home in London. Nadia and Saeed and other migrants settle in the home, claiming it from its owners.As more migrants penetrate London, hostility between the migrants and the native-born increases, including attacks and mob rule. The migrants are eventually sectioned off in a ghetto with minimal food and electricity called \"Dark London.\" After a raid to clear out migrants goes wrong, the natives decide to try to work together with the new migrants and put them to work clearing the land for Halo London, a city surrounding London-proper, with the promise that they will be given 40 meters and a pipe i.e. a small plot of land and access to utilities. Nadia and Saeed throw themselves into the work as they feel themselves growing apart from each other.Although the couple are on a list that puts them among the first to obtain a secure home, Nadia asks Saeed to leave through another portal and they eventually take their chance arriving in Marin County, California. They find they are generally welcome there and Nadia finds work at a food co-op while Saeed becomes more and more religious. Eventually, realizing that they no longer have any feelings for one another, Nadia leaves Saeed and moves into a room at the co-op, forming a relationship with a cook who works there. Saeed, meanwhile, marries the native-born daughter of a preacher.Fifty years later, Nadia returns to the country of her birth and meets up with Saeed, who offers to one day take her to see the stars in Chile.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Omar El Akkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_El_Akkad"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Syrian refugee crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_refugee_crisis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Jia Tolentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Tolentino"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-11"},{"link_name":"Paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"sub_title":"Reviews","text":"Exit West was generally well-received by critics.[12]Omar El Akkad in The Globe and Mail calls the novel \"a masterpiece of humanity and restraint.\"[13] Sarah Begley of Time magazine praised its relation to the ongoing Syrian refugee crisis and making a love story of refugees nevertheless feel universal.[14] The Guardian defined it as a \"magical vision of the refugee crisis.\"[15] In December 2017, former U.S. President Barack Obama included Exit West in his list of the best books he read in 2017.[16][17] Writing in The New Yorker, Jia Tolentino described how \"the novel feels immediately canonical, so firm and unerring is Hamid’s understanding of our time and its most pressing questions.\"[11]Paste's Jeff Milo wrote that the hope of Saeed and Nadia \"is kindled by rumors of mysterious doorways that transport people to undetermined locations. These doors have supernatural powers, but the way Hamid weaves his story, you’ll believe that they’re real.\"[18] The Harvard Crimson's Caroline E. Tew wrote, \"Although it’s a short, slim book, “Exit West” packs a punch. [...] Hamid has carefully constructed a situation that poignantly accentuates the trials and tribulations of refugees.\"[19] Leah Greenblatt, writing for Entertainment Weekly, stated, \"Hamid’s spare parable [...] took the sobering reality of a global refugee crisis to the most fantastical realm of fiction, and somehow made it all feel even more true.\"[20]In the article entitled \"Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West: Co-Opting Refugees into Global Capitalism,\" Sercan Hamza Bağlama (2019) focuses on the depoliticisation of the refugee 'crisis' and analyses the social, cultural and economic interpellation of the refugee characters into the dominant system in a western country, saying [The depoliticisation of the refugee 'crisis'] justifies the binary paradigms of the orientalist mind-set as the dichotomy of 'them' and 'us' is constructed upon the artificial binary opposition between the Orient and the Occident, leading the West to take its 'historical' responsibility, export democracy, bring order and ironically help those in a desperate situation.\"[21]While Exit West received astonishing reviews, it does still have some critiques. Some scholars believe the idea of considering all humans on Earth as refugees is “wrong-headed.”[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Times best seller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_best_seller"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-22"},{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-22"},{"link_name":"Shelf Awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_Awareness"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"TIME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-24"},{"link_name":"Tor.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-20"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"Literary Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Hub"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"}],"sub_title":"Awards and honors","text":"Exit West was a New York Times best seller,[22] and many outlets included the book in \"best of\" lists. Kirkus Reviews,[22] Shelf Awareness,[23] TIME,[24] and Tor.com named it one of the top ten novels of 2017, whereas Entertainment Weekly,[20] The Harvard Crimson,[19] Literary Hub,[25] and Paste[18] included it in their lists of the best books of the decade.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-41"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Trump's campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-41"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Exit West attracted much attention from scholars and readers because the novel deals so closely with current events and problematic social norms.[41] Scholars argue that Hamid is questioning the trending opinions of border security with Brexit and Trump, emphasizes the fake sense of connection to refugees through technology, and stresses the importance of preserving the global environment.Hamid uses fiction to create a reality for readers to reconsider the “relationship between history and geography” with the use of “magical portals that allow instant access to destinations around the world”.[2] In the story, it is clear that Hamid does not support the current ideology of going backwards in the direction of past policies and “greatness” (Trump's campaign).[2] Moshin uses fictional novels to reach readers because he wants them to be creative and progressive in their ideas for solutions to current events. This will allow readers to consider the possibility of a “global migration” and “borderless world”, which essentially is the plot of Exit West.[2] Hamid helps readers empathize to refugees through the unfair experiences of the characters Nadia and Saeed.[2] Hamid wraps the novel up with a positive ending to help convey the idea that readers shouldn’t think of refugees as a problem, but more of an opportunity for an improved world.[41]Throughout Exit West, Hamid also examines the use of digital technology and how it provides people with a false sense of connectedness.[41] Characters use tablets to remain connected to people and places throughout the world, thus failing to truly be present with the people physically around them and the places they’re in. However, the characters are also using technology to photograph, document, and share the injustice happening in the country they are from. Hamid shows readers how technology can be used to positively connect with people and places they would otherwise not be connected to while also depicting how technology can weaken relationships and make people disconnected from each other.Similar to some of Hamid's previous novels, Exit West also hints at the importance of changing global habits and creating a cleaner environment around the world.[8] Hamid does this by emphasizing natural beauties throughout the novel and showing readers how when people have a choice and appreciation for where they live, they treat the environment with more respect.","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russo brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo_brothers"},{"link_name":"Morten Tyldum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_Tyldum"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Riz Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Yann Demange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Demange"},{"link_name":"Higher Ground Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Mohsin Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsin_Hamid"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"In August 2017, it was announced that the Russo brothers had purchased the rights to adapt the novel and will serve as producers, while Morten Tyldum hired as director.[42] In March 2020, Michelle and Barack Obama came on board as producers, with Riz Ahmed playing Saeed and Yann Demange set to direct. The film was also set to be produced by Higher Ground Productions and distributed by Netflix.[43] Joe Russo stated in an April interview that production on the film could begin soon at the time, but that depended on the COVID-19 pandemic and how film productions could commence during that time.[44] In an August 2022 interview, the novel's author Mohsin Hamid stated the film was still in the development stage.[45]","title":"Adaptations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Sandhu, Sukhdev (12 March 2017). \"Exit West by Mohsin Hamid – magical vision of the refugee crisis\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/12/exit-west-mohsin-hamid-review-refugee-crisis","url_text":"\"Exit West by Mohsin Hamid – magical vision of the refugee crisis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Sadaf, Shazia (2 September 2020). \"\"We are all migrants through time\": History and geography in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West\". Journal of Postcolonial Writing. 56 (5): 636–647. doi:10.1080/17449855.2020.1820667. ISSN 1744-9855. S2CID 224957974.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17449855.2020.1820667","url_text":"\"\"We are all migrants through time\": History and geography in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17449855.2020.1820667","url_text":"10.1080/17449855.2020.1820667"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9855","url_text":"1744-9855"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224957974","url_text":"224957974"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Sophie (8 March 2017). \"Exit West and the Edge of Dystopia\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/03/exit-west/518802/","url_text":"\"Exit West and the Edge of Dystopia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"\"Poetics of Migration Trauma in Mohsin Hamid's \"Exit West\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362010001","url_text":"\"Poetics of Migration Trauma in Mohsin Hamid's \"Exit West\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"L.A. Times Book Prize - Fiction\". Awards Archive. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awardsarchive.com/l-a-times-book-prize-fiction/","url_text":"\"L.A. Times Book Prize - Fiction\""}]},{"reference":"Schaub, Michael (28 February 2022). \"Finalists for Aspen Words Literary Prize Revealed\". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 1 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-aspen-words-literary-prize-revealed/","url_text":"\"Finalists for Aspen Words Literary Prize Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"Arias, Patricia de (18 April 2018). \"Awards: Aspen Words Literary; Neukom Institute Literary Arts\". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3230","url_text":"\"Awards: Aspen Words Literary; Neukom Institute Literary Arts\""}]},{"reference":"Mączyńska, Magdalena (29 October 2020). \"\"People Are Monkeys Who Have Forgotten That They Are Monkeys\": The Refugee as Eco-Cosmopolitan Allegory in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West\". ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment. 28 (3): 1089–1106. doi:10.1093/isle/isaa082. ISSN 1076-0962.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isle/isaa082","url_text":"\"\"People Are Monkeys Who Have Forgotten That They Are Monkeys\": The Refugee as Eco-Cosmopolitan Allegory in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisle%2Fisaa082","url_text":"10.1093/isle/isaa082"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1076-0962","url_text":"1076-0962"}]},{"reference":"Perfect, Michael (3 April 2019). \"'Black holes in the fabric of the nation': refugees in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West\". Journal for Cultural Research. 23 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1080/14797585.2019.1665896. ISSN 1479-7585. S2CID 204377805.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14797585.2019.1665896","url_text":"\"'Black holes in the fabric of the nation': refugees in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14797585.2019.1665896","url_text":"10.1080/14797585.2019.1665896"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1479-7585","url_text":"1479-7585"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204377805","url_text":"204377805"}]},{"reference":"Green, G (26 June 2017). \"Moshin Hamid\". New Internationalist. 46 – via Proquest.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A Novel About Refugees That Feels Instantly Canonical\". The New Yorker. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/culture/jia-tolentino/a-novel-about-refugees-that-feels-instantly-canonical","url_text":"\"A Novel About Refugees That Feels Instantly Canonical\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book Marks reviews of Exit West by Mohsin Hamid\". Book Marks. Retrieved 3 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bookmarks.reviews/reviews/exit-west//","url_text":"\"Book Marks reviews of Exit West by Mohsin Hamid\""}]},{"reference":"El Akkad, Omar (17 March 2017). \"MHamid's Exit West, reviewed: A masterpiece of humility and restraint\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 18 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/book-reviews/mohsin-hamids-exit-west-reviewed-a-masterpiece-of-humility-and-restraint/article34335946/","url_text":"\"MHamid's Exit West, reviewed: A masterpiece of humility and restraint\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"Begley, Sarah (20 March 2017). \"Love in the Time of Refugees\". Time. p. 56.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Sandhu, Sukhdev (12 March 2017). \"Exit West by Mohsin Hamid – magical vision of the refugee crisis\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/12/exit-west-mohsin-hamid-review-refugee-crisis","url_text":"\"Exit West by Mohsin Hamid – magical vision of the refugee crisis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Savransky, Rebecca (31 December 2017). \"Obama puts out list of favorite books he read, songs he listened to in 2017\". The Hill.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/homenews/news/366943-obama-puts-out-list-of-favorite-books-he-read-songs-he-listened-to-in-2017/","url_text":"\"Obama puts out list of favorite books he read, songs he listened to in 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Hill"}]},{"reference":"Obama, Barack (31 December 2017). \"During my presidency, I started a tradition of sharing my reading lists and playlists...\" Facebook.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/barackobama/posts/10155532677446749","url_text":"\"During my presidency, I started a tradition of sharing my reading lists and playlists...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Frannie; Paste Books Staff (14 October 2019). \"The 40 Best Novels of the 2010s\". Paste. Retrieved 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/books/best-of-the-decade/best-novels-of-the-decade-2010s-books-list/","url_text":"\"The 40 Best Novels of the 2010s\""}]},{"reference":"Tew, Caroline E. (3 January 2020). \"10 Best Books of the Past Decade | Arts | The Harvard Crimson\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/1/3/10-best-books-2010s/","url_text":"\"10 Best Books of the Past Decade | Arts | The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"EW Staff (25 November 2019). \"Here are EW's top 10 fiction books of the decade\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/books/2019/11/25/best-of-the-decade-top-10-fiction-books/","url_text":"\"Here are EW's top 10 fiction books of the decade\""}]},{"reference":"Bağlama, Sercan Hamza. \"Mohsin Hamid's Exit West: Co-Opting Refugees into Global Capitalism\". New Middle Eastern Studies. 9 (2). ISSN 2051-0861.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/44434672","url_text":"\"Mohsin Hamid's Exit West: Co-Opting Refugees into Global Capitalism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2051-0861","url_text":"2051-0861"}]},{"reference":"\"Exit West\". Kirkus Reviews. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/mohsin-hamid/exit-west/","url_text":"\"Exit West\""}]},{"reference":"Block, Stefan Merrill (12 December 2017). \"Our Best Adult Books of 2017\". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3146","url_text":"\"Our Best Adult Books of 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Begley, Sarah (21 November 2017). \"The Top 10 Novels of 2017\". Time. Retrieved 13 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/5028161/top-10-novels-2017/","url_text":"\"The Top 10 Novels of 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Temple, Emily (23 December 2019). \"The 20 Best Novels of the Decade\". Literary Hub. Retrieved 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lithub.com/the-20-best-novels-of-the-decade/","url_text":"\"The 20 Best Novels of the Decade\""}]},{"reference":"Flood, Alison (13 September 2017). \"Man Booker prize 2017: shortlist makes room for debuts alongside big names\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/13/man-booker-prize-2017-shortlist-debuts-big-names-saunders-mozley-fridlund-smith-auster","url_text":"\"Man Booker prize 2017: shortlist makes room for debuts alongside big names\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man Booker Prize: 2017\". Booklist. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booklistonline.com/Man-Booker-Prize/pid=9240955","url_text":"\"Man Booker Prize: 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Barnett, Mac (13 September 2017). \"Awards: Man Booker; NBA Young People's Lit; BPL Literary\". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3085","url_text":"\"Awards: Man Booker; NBA Young People's Lit; BPL Literary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Booklist Editors' Choice: Adult Books, 2017\". Booklist. 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booklistonline.com/Booklist-Editors-Choice/pid=9320420","url_text":"\"Booklist Editors' Choice: Adult Books, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exit West\". Goodreads. Retrieved 1 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/30688435-exit-west?from_search=true&from_srp=true&qid=dg6mB1ujGW&rank=1","url_text":"\"Exit West\""}]},{"reference":"Gabel, Aja (24 April 2018). \"Awards: L.A. Times Book; Green Earth Book\". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3234","url_text":"\"Awards: L.A. Times Book; Green Earth Book\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017\". National Book Critics Circle. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bookcritics.org/past-awards/2017/","url_text":"\"2017\""}]},{"reference":"Kurt Andersen (21 August 2017). \"Awards: St. Francis College Literary\". Shelf Awareness. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3069","url_text":"\"Awards: St. Francis College Literary\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 ALA Notable Books - Fiction Winner and Nominees\". Awards Archive. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awardsarchive.com/2018-ala-notable-books-fiction-winner-and-nominees/","url_text":"\"2018 ALA Notable Books - Fiction Winner and Nominees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notable Books: 2018\". Booklist. 1 April 2018. 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S2CID 204480947.","urls":[{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&issn=00393827&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA600918138&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs","url_text":"\"Digital Screens and National Divides in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsdn.2019.0048","url_text":"10.1353/sdn.2019.0048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204480947","url_text":"204480947"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (10 August 2017). \"Russo Brothers In First Look With Morten Tyldum, Acquire 'Exit West' For Him To Direct\". Retrieved 11 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/08/russo-brothers-morten-tyldum-exit-west-first-look-deal-passengers-the-avengers-infinity-war-1202146382/","url_text":"\"Russo Brothers In First Look With Morten Tyldum, Acquire 'Exit West' For Him To Direct\""}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (6 March 2020). \"Russo Brothers' AGBO Partners With Obamas' Higher Ground & Netflix On 'Exit West', Riz Ahmed Attached\". Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/03/russo-brothers-exit-west-riz-ahmed-barack-obama-netflix-movie-1202875760/","url_text":"\"Russo Brothers' AGBO Partners With Obamas' Higher Ground & Netflix On 'Exit West', Riz Ahmed Attached\""}]},{"reference":"Sneider, Jeff (23 April 2020). \"Joe Russo on Working with Obamas, Riz Ahmed on Netflix Movie 'Exit West'\". Collider. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/joe-russo-obamas-riz-ahmed-netflix-exit-west/","url_text":"\"Joe Russo on Working with Obamas, Riz Ahmed on Netflix Movie 'Exit West'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"Rankin, Seija (2 August 2022). \"Author Mohsin Hamid on His New Novel, Working With Riz Ahmed and the Value of a Limited Series\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 5 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/arts/mohsin-hamid-novel-last-white-man-interview-1235191143/","url_text":"\"Author Mohsin Hamid on His New Novel, Working With Riz Ahmed and the Value of a Limited Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1014146826","external_links_name":"1014146826"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/12/exit-west-mohsin-hamid-review-refugee-crisis","external_links_name":"\"Exit West by Mohsin Hamid – magical vision of the refugee crisis\""},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17449855.2020.1820667","external_links_name":"\"\"We are all migrants through time\": History and geography in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17449855.2020.1820667","external_links_name":"10.1080/17449855.2020.1820667"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9855","external_links_name":"1744-9855"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224957974","external_links_name":"224957974"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/03/exit-west/518802/","external_links_name":"\"Exit West and the Edge of Dystopia\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362010001","external_links_name":"\"Poetics of Migration Trauma in Mohsin Hamid's \"Exit West\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.awardsarchive.com/l-a-times-book-prize-fiction/","external_links_name":"\"L.A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Sch%C3%B6ngauer | Martin Schongauer | ["1 Biography","2 Engravings","3 Paintings","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | German artist (c. 1452–1491)
Possible portrait of Martin Schongauer, associated with Thoman Burgkmair and his son Hans Burgkmair the Elder
Martin Schongauer (c. 1450–53, Colmar – 2 February 1491, Breisach), also known as Martin Schön ("Martin beautiful") or Hübsch Martin ("pretty Martin") by his contemporaries, was an Alsatian engraver and painter. He was the most important printmaker north of the Alps before Albrecht Dürer, a younger artist who collected his work. Schongauer is the first German painter to be a significant engraver, although he seems to have had the family background and training in goldsmithing which was usual for early engravers.
The bulk of Schongauer's surviving production is 116 engravings, all with his monogram but none dated, which were well known not only in Germany, but also in Italy and even made their way to England and Spain. Vasari says that Michelangelo copied one of his engravings, in the Trial of Saint Anthony. His style shows no trace of Italian influence, but a very clear and organised Gothic, which draws from both German and Early Netherlandish painting.
Recent scholarship, building on the work of Max Lehrs, attributes 116 engravings to him, with many also being copied by other artists (including his monogram), as was common in the period. His prolific contemporary Israhel van Meckenem did close copies of 58 engravings, exactly half of Schongauer's output, and took motifs or figures from more, as well as apparently engraving some drawings that are now lost.
There are some fine drawings, including ones dated and signed with his monogram, and a surviving few paintings in oil and fresco.
Biography
The Holy Family, 10.25 x 6.75 inches. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Schongauer was born about 1450–53 in Colmar, Alsace, the third of four or five sons of Caspar Schongauer, a goldsmith and patrician from Augsburg who moved to Colmar about 1440; Caspar became a master of the goldsmith's guild in 1445, which probably required a residence of five years. He presumably taught his son the art of engraving, which is a distinct and difficult skill that goldsmiths had long used on metal vessels. Two of his brothers worked as goldsmiths in Colmar, while another also became a painter. Colmar is now in France but was then part of the Holy Roman Empire and German-speaking.
Most unusually for a Gothic or Renaissance artist, he was sent to university, presumably with the intention of turning him into a priest or lawyer, and matriculated at the University of Leipzig in 1465, but seems to have left after a year. At this time university students often began at the age of twelve or thirteen. He was traditionally thought to have been trained as an engraver by Master E. S., but scholars now doubt this, partly because Schongauer's prints took some time to develop the technical advances that a pupil of Master E. S. would have been taught.
He is thought to have trained as a painter with Colmar's main local master Caspar Isenmann (d. 1472), a neighbour of his parents, who was greatly influenced by the Early Netherlandish painting of Rogier van der Weyden and others, and had perhaps studied in the Netherlands, and Schongauer's few surviving pictures reflect this. This was probably around 1466 and 1469; he was recorded as back in Colmar in 1469. His older brother Ludwig Schongauer had probably preceded him in the workshop.
His earlier engravings also show clear influences from several Early Netherlandish painters, suggesting that he followed the traditional pattern of a wanderjahre travelling at the end of his training. One drawing, dated 1469, is a copy of the figure of Christ in Rogier van der Weyden's Beaune Altarpiece, presumably made in front of the painting. Various details of costume, and the exotic plants in the Rest on the Flight into Egypt, have suggested to some scholars that he also visited Spain, and possibly Portugal.
He returned to Colmar and had established a workshop by 1471, when payments were made for an altarpiece for the Dominican church there, which is now in the museum and regarded as a workshop production. His Madonna of the Rose Bower, long displayed in the church in Colmar it was made for, but moved to the Dominican church nearby in 1973, is dated 1473 (his only dated painting). Its style corresponds with the earliest of his engravings, which have been placed in a broadly agreed sequence based on their technique and style, both of which show considerable development. In some cases a terminus ante quem is provided by copies in various media that can be dated.
Madonna of the Rose Bower, dated 1473, in carved frame from c. 1900
The economics of fifteenth-century printmaking are unclear, and though his prints spread his fame widely across Europe, he may have relied more on the income from his "major vocation" of painting.
He died in Breisach in 1491, perhaps before reaching the age of forty. He had been engaged since 1488 in painting a large Last Judgment in the cathedral there, and was recorded as a citizen there in June 1489. This was the largest mural painting north of the Alps, and was incomplete at his death.
The following year Dürer, on his wanderjahre, travelled to Colmar to meet him, only to find he had died. Dürer was an admirer who collected his drawings and no doubt prints. His own print of the Flight into Egypt, in his Life of the Virgin series, includes the same two exotic trees as Schongauer's, as an hommage. In Germany Dürer, whose prints became known over the decade following, was seen as the next leader of the tradition Schongauer had dominated for twenty years.
His pupils included Hans Burgkmair the Elder, the Augsburg-based painter and designer of woodcuts (but not engravings), who was with him from 1488 to 1490. The painted portrait of Schongauer, with his coat of arms at top left, is unusual for a fifteenth-century artist, but the panel now in Munich appears to be made well after his death, and is perhaps a copy of a drawing or painting made at the date on the painting, 1483. It is attributed to Hans Burgkmair the Elder, and the lost original may have been by his father, Thoman Burgkmair, who very plausibly met Schongauer in Augsburg, where Schongauer is recorded as at least visiting.
Another of Schongauer's pupils, the painter Urbain Huter, has long been considered as the main author of the Buhl Altarpiece, a work very close in design and execution both to Schongauer's own engravings and to the production of Schongauer's painting workshop. Some engravers whose prints are often copies of Schongauer's, and whose original compositions are close to his style, are assumed to have been pupils of his. These include Master i.e, attributed with 55 prints by Lehrs, 31 copies of his master, Master BM, and Master A G, attributed with 34 prints, 13 copies of his master.
Engravings
One hundred and sixteen engravings are generally recognised as by his hand. Many of his pupils' plates as well as his own are signed, M†S, as are many copies probably by artists with no connection to him. He is thought to have begun signing engravings in the early 1470s. The rarest survives in three impressions, and unlike most other printmakers of the century, examples have probably survived of all the engravings he made.
The great majority of his subjects are religious, but there are a handful of comic scenes of ordinary life such as the early Peasant Family Going to Market or the Two Apprentices Fighting, which may reflect his background in a goldsmith's house. A print of an elephant is a unique venture into the popular "prodigy" genre; it turns out that an elephant was indeed being toured around Germany in 1483, before drowning in a canal near Muiden.
A Foolish Virgin, engraving
He also produced nine of the first ornament prints, initially intended to be used by craftsmen in various media, including woodcarvers and goldsmiths, as patterns for the elaborate and sophisticated designs. There are also two prints of metalwork objects, a censer and crosier.
From his family background and time at university he was no doubt familiar with the emerging bourgeoisie of trade and the professions who provided the core market for high quality engravings, but the subjects from classical mythology so popular in German prints of the next century, and already present in Italian ones, do not appear at all in his work.
The generally agreed sequence of his engravings shows an increasing sophistication of technique, but the most crowded and detailed, but highly organized, compositions are placed rather early, with "late-Gothic complexity" giving way to simpler compositions with more empty space and "an almost classical orderliness and decorum". But some of the busy early prints were his most popular and influential, as shown by the number of copies of them. These include The Temptation of St Anthony, the the Flight into Egypt, Death of the Virgin and Christ Carrying the Cross.
There are a number of series of engravings which show this development, from the twelve "crowded and turbulent" scenes in the Passion series, perhaps of about 1480, through the Twelve Apostles, and the circular coats of arms with wild men, to the late circular Evangelist's symbols and the Wise and Foolish Virgins, perhaps of around 1490. By the time of his pair showing the Annuciation with each figure occupying its own sheet, often thought to be his last prints, the background is only represented by a simple groundline.
He went beyond Master E. S. in the system of depicting volume by means of cross-hatching (lines in two directions) which was further developed by Dürer, and was the first engraver to curve parallel lines, probably by rotating the plate against a steady burin. He also developed a burin technique producing deeper lines on the plate, which meant that more impressions could be taken before the plate became worn.
According to Arthur Mayger Hind, Schongauer was one of the first German engravers to "rise above the Gothic limitations both of setting and type" and that he "actualises an idea of beauty which in its nearer approach to more absolute ideals appeals to a far more universal appreciation" than earlier engravers such as Master E. S.
With Master E.S., he was the first northern printmaker not only to have his prints very widely copied by other printmakers, but to have his designs taken by painters, sculptors and artists in all media. The demons in his The Temptation of St Anthony established the hybrids of fish, bird and insect types followed by Hieronymus Bosch and other artists throughout the next century.
Major print rooms possess good collections of Schongauer's prints, most of which are relatively common for fifteenth-century prints, although impressions vary in quality a good deal. The different watermarks found suggest that impressions were printed over considerable periods, with most made when the copper plates were showing signs of wear. The Rest on the Flight into Egypt survives in some sixty impressions, though only seven are "of the first quality". For the large Christ Carrying the Cross, the largest engraving yet made, the equivalent figures are about seventy and fifteen.
Engravings
Peasant Family Going to Market
The Temptation of St Anthony
the Flight into Egypt
Death of the Virgin
Christ Carrying the Cross, 28.8 x 43.3 cm
Saint John on Patmos
St. Martin
Ecce Homo, engraving from the Passion series
Crucifixion, from the Passion series
St. Michael
Madonna and Child in the Courtyard
Noli me Tangere
Griffin
Wild Woman Holding a Shield with a Lion's Head
The Ox of St. Luke
The Third Wise Virgin
The Second Wise Virgin
The First Foolish Virgin
The Fifth Foolish Virgin
Archangel of the Annunciation
The Censer
Ornament with Owl Mocked by Day Birds
Paintings
Only a few of his paintings survived, the most notable being the Madonna in the Rose Garden painted for St Martin's Church, Colmar and today displayed in the Dominican church nearby. This is a German subject, associated in particular with Cologne and Stephan Lochner, but Schongauer gives it a treatment very much in the Netherlandish style. It has been cut down at the top and sides to fit the elaborate later carved frame.
The Musée d´Unterlinden in Colmar possesses the largest collection. Two double-sided shutters (probably made to surround a sculpted central section) from the "Orlier Altarpiece", dated c. 1470–75, show the Annunciation on the outer faces and a Nativity and Saint Anthony with donor portrait within. These are regarded as largely the work of the master, while the twenty-four panels from the doors of an altarpiece for the Dominican church are regarded as mainly painted by the workshop, no doubt to his designs. A Nativity in Berlin is attributed to him.
The small Holy Family in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna is close in style to his engravings, and not much larger than some. Many everyday details, such as the grapes in the basket, the wheat carried by Joseph, and the flask of water in the niche in the wall, can be treated as allusions to the theology of the subject, in the tradition of Netherlandish painting.
A watercolour and gouache study of paeony leaves and flowers (now Getty Museum) surfaced in 1988; it relates to the flowers in the Madonna in the Rose Garden.
The Breisach frescos remain on the west and south walls of the cathedral, though "in ruinous condition".
Paintings and drawings
Madonna, Angel and Child, 17.5 x 11.5 cm, 1470–75
Adoration of the Shepherds, Berlin
Mary, detail, Orlier altarpiece
Orlier altarpiece
Portrait of a young woman, c. 1478
Drawing of a Bust of a Monk Assisting at Communion
Bust of a Man in a Hat Gazing Upward, drawing
Drawing of an old man with fur collar and hat, 1475
Notes
Statue of Martin Schongauer by Frédéric Bartholdi in front of the Unterlinden Museum, Colmar
^ This painting, in Munich, appears to be a 16th-century copy, possibly by Hans Burgkmair, of a lost original painting or drawing, presumably of 1483 (the date on the painting), perhaps by Thoman Burgkmair. See Hutchison, 6 note 2; Shestack, 87
^ "Der hübsche Martin... Martin Schongauer". smb.museum. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
^ "Martin Schongauer German engraver". britannica.com. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
^ Shestack, biography
^ Max Lehrs' count, followed by Shestack and Hutchison, though there is now doubt over one – see Bartrum, 20
^ Shestack, biography, #34
^ Ducay for Spain
^ Shestack, 119–205, 183–194
^ Hutchison, 6; Shestack, biography. Once thought to be around 1440 or even earlier, his birthdate has been moved later in recent scholarship, based on working backwards from the few known dates. Bartrum, 20 has "c. 1450".
^ Four per Hutchison, 6 – her note 3 explains that the 5th son, Caspar, is mentioned only by one source of the next century; five per Bartrum, 20
^ Hutchison, 6
^ Snyder, 280
^ Snyder, 230
^ Shestack, biography; Hutchison, 6
^ Shestack, biography; Hutchison, 6
^ Shestack, biography
^ Shestack, biography
^ Hutchison, 6
^ Shestack, biography; Bartrum, 20. The date was actually added decades later by Albrecht Dürer when he owned the drawing; Snyder, 280–281
^ Shestack, biography; Hutchison, 6 and note 6. The trees are a date palm and a dracaena draco or Canary Islands dragon tree, then very much a rare newcomer found in a few gardens in Iberia. One of the demons attacking Saint Anthony is said to based on an Iberian species of lizard.
^ Bartrum, 20
^ "Une chronologie mouvementée". Les Dominicains de Colmar. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ Shestack, biography, #34, 35, 36, 37; Hutchison, 6
^ For example, Shestack, #s 68–73, copied on the font of St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, datable to 1481.
^ Shestack, biography
^ Shestack, biography
^ Bartrum, 20
^ Hutchison, 6
^ Bartrum, 35; Snyder, 282
^ Bartrum, 21; Hutchison, 6
^ Bartrum, 130
^ See Hutchison, 6 note 2; Shestack, 87
^ Shestack, # 116-122
^ Shestack, biography
^ Hyatt Major, 130
^ Shestack, biography
^ Shestack, #79; Snyder, 284
^ Snyder, 285; Shestack, 87; Bartrum, 8 on prodigy prints
^ Shestack, biography, # 106–109; Snyder, 285
^ Shestack, # 110, 111
^ Bartrum, 8
^ Shestack, biography (quoted); Snyder, 285
^ Hutchison, 6–7; Shestack, # 37, 40, 41; Bartrum, 21; Snyder, 282–284
^ Shestack, #s 51–82
^ Shestack, #s 68–73
^ Shestack, #s 90–97
^ respectively, Shestack, #s 98–100 and #101–104
^ Snyder, 285–286
^ Hyatt Major, 130
^ Bartrum, 21
^ Hind, Arthur M. (30 October 2011). A History of Engraving & Etching From the 15th Century to the Year 1914. Dover Publications. pp. 28–29. ISBN 9780486209548. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
^ Shestack, Introduction; Hutchinson, 6
^ Hyatt Major, 133; Snyder, 282
^ Shestack, biography; Bartrum, 20
^ Hutchison, 6
^ Hutchison, 7
^ Bartrum, 20
^ Snyder, 231
^ "Orlier Altarpiece" at the Musée d´Unterlinden.
^ "Altarpiece of the Dominicans" at the Musée d´Unterlinden.
^ Snyder, 231–232
^ Bartrum, 20; image; Getty page
^ Shestack, biography
References
Bartrum, Giulia, German Renaissance Prints, 1490–1550; British Museum Press, 1995, ISBN 0-7141-2604-7
A. Hyatt Mayor, Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, ISBN 0-691-00326-2, fully available online
Hutchison, Jane Campbell, in KL Spangeberg (ed), Six Centuries of Master Prints, Cincinnati Art Museum, 1993, nos 6–8, ISBN 0931537150
Alan Shestack, Fifteenth Century Engravings of Northern Europe, 1967, National Gallery of Art (Catalogue), LOC 67-29080 (no page numbers; a biography is followed by numbered entries, 34–115)
Snyder, James. Northern Renaissance Art, 1985, Harry N. Abrams, ISBN 0136235964
Maria del Carmen Lacarra Ducay. 'Influencia de Martin Schongauer en los primitivos aragoneses', Boletin del Museo e Instituto 'Camon Aznar'’, vol. xvii (1984), pp. 15–39.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martin Schongauer.
www.kulturpool.at, complete(?) set of images of the engravings in Austrian collections, mostly the Albertina in Vienna.
Martin Schongauer exhibition catalogs
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Te Papa (New Zealand) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Burgkmair_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_Martin_Schongauer_(Kopie).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thoman Burgkmair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoman_Burgkmair"},{"link_name":"Hans Burgkmair the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Burgkmair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Colmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmar"},{"link_name":"Breisach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breisach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alsatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"engraver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraver"},{"link_name":"printmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaker"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"goldsmithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmithing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"monogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"one of his engravings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_(Schongauer)"},{"link_name":"Trial of Saint Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_(Michelangelo)"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art"},{"link_name":"Early Netherlandish painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting"},{"link_name":"Max Lehrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Lehrs"},{"link_name":"Israhel van Meckenem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israhel_van_Meckenem"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Possible portrait of Martin Schongauer, associated with Thoman Burgkmair and his son Hans Burgkmair the Elder[1]Martin Schongauer (c. 1450–53, Colmar – 2 February 1491, Breisach), also known as Martin Schön (\"Martin beautiful\") or Hübsch Martin (\"pretty Martin\") by his contemporaries,[2][3] was an Alsatian engraver and painter. He was the most important printmaker north of the Alps before Albrecht Dürer, a younger artist who collected his work. Schongauer is the first German painter to be a significant engraver, although he seems to have had the family background and training in goldsmithing which was usual for early engravers.[4]The bulk of Schongauer's surviving production is 116 engravings,[5] all with his monogram but none dated,[6] which were well known not only in Germany, but also in Italy and even made their way to England and Spain.[7] Vasari says that Michelangelo copied one of his engravings, in the Trial of Saint Anthony. His style shows no trace of Italian influence, but a very clear and organised Gothic, which draws from both German and Early Netherlandish painting.Recent scholarship, building on the work of Max Lehrs, attributes 116 engravings to him, with many also being copied by other artists (including his monogram), as was common in the period. His prolific contemporary Israhel van Meckenem did close copies of 58 engravings, exactly half of Schongauer's output, and took motifs or figures from more, as well as apparently engraving some drawings that are now lost.[8]There are some fine drawings, including ones dated and signed with his monogram, and a surviving few paintings in oil and fresco.","title":"Martin Schongauer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer_-_The_Holy_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Colmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"University of Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Master E. S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_E._S."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Caspar Isenmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Isenmann"},{"link_name":"Early Netherlandish painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting"},{"link_name":"Rogier van der Weyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Schongauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Schongauer"},{"link_name":"wanderjahre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderjahre"},{"link_name":"Rogier van der Weyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden"},{"link_name":"Beaune Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaune_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rest on the Flight into Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_on_the_Flight_into_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Madonna of the Rose Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Rose_Bower_(Schongauer)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"terminus ante quem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_ante_quem"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer_Madonna_in_Rose_Garden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madonna of the Rose Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Rose_Bower_(Schongauer)"},{"link_name":"printmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Breisach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breisach"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Hans Burgkmair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Burgkmair"},{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg"},{"link_name":"woodcuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Thoman Burgkmair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoman_Burgkmair"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Urbain Huter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urbain_Huter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buhl Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhl_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"The Holy Family, 10.25 x 6.75 inches. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.Schongauer was born about 1450–53 in Colmar,[9] Alsace, the third of four or five sons of Caspar Schongauer,[10] a goldsmith and patrician from Augsburg who moved to Colmar about 1440; Caspar became a master of the goldsmith's guild in 1445, which probably required a residence of five years.[11] He presumably taught his son the art of engraving, which is a distinct and difficult skill that goldsmiths had long used on metal vessels.[12] Two of his brothers worked as goldsmiths in Colmar, while another also became a painter.[13] Colmar is now in France but was then part of the Holy Roman Empire and German-speaking.Most unusually for a Gothic or Renaissance artist, he was sent to university, presumably with the intention of turning him into a priest or lawyer, and matriculated at the University of Leipzig in 1465,[14] but seems to have left after a year. At this time university students often began at the age of twelve or thirteen.[15] He was traditionally thought to have been trained as an engraver by Master E. S., but scholars now doubt this, partly because Schongauer's prints took some time to develop the technical advances that a pupil of Master E. S. would have been taught.[16]He is thought to have trained as a painter with Colmar's main local master Caspar Isenmann (d. 1472), a neighbour of his parents, who was greatly influenced by the Early Netherlandish painting of Rogier van der Weyden and others, and had perhaps studied in the Netherlands, and Schongauer's few surviving pictures reflect this. This was probably around 1466 and 1469;[17] he was recorded as back in Colmar in 1469.[18] His older brother Ludwig Schongauer had probably preceded him in the workshop.His earlier engravings also show clear influences from several Early Netherlandish painters, suggesting that he followed the traditional pattern of a wanderjahre travelling at the end of his training. One drawing, dated 1469, is a copy of the figure of Christ in Rogier van der Weyden's Beaune Altarpiece, presumably made in front of the painting.[19] Various details of costume, and the exotic plants in the Rest on the Flight into Egypt, have suggested to some scholars that he also visited Spain, and possibly Portugal.[20]He returned to Colmar and had established a workshop by 1471, when payments were made for an altarpiece for the Dominican church there, which is now in the museum and regarded as a workshop production.[21] His Madonna of the Rose Bower, long displayed in the church in Colmar it was made for, but moved to the Dominican church nearby in 1973,[22] is dated 1473 (his only dated painting). Its style corresponds with the earliest of his engravings, which have been placed in a broadly agreed sequence based on their technique and style, both of which show considerable development.[23] In some cases a terminus ante quem is provided by copies in various media that can be dated.[24]Madonna of the Rose Bower, dated 1473, in carved frame from c. 1900The economics of fifteenth-century printmaking are unclear, and though his prints spread his fame widely across Europe, he may have relied more on the income from his \"major vocation\" of painting.[25]He died in Breisach in 1491, perhaps before reaching the age of forty. He had been engaged since 1488 in painting a large Last Judgment in the cathedral there,[26] and was recorded as a citizen there in June 1489.[27] This was the largest mural painting north of the Alps, and was incomplete at his death.[28]The following year Dürer, on his wanderjahre, travelled to Colmar to meet him, only to find he had died. Dürer was an admirer who collected his drawings and no doubt prints. His own print of the Flight into Egypt, in his Life of the Virgin series, includes the same two exotic trees as Schongauer's, as an hommage.[29] In Germany Dürer, whose prints became known over the decade following, was seen as the next leader of the tradition Schongauer had dominated for twenty years.[30]His pupils included Hans Burgkmair the Elder, the Augsburg-based painter and designer of woodcuts (but not engravings), who was with him from 1488 to 1490.[31] The painted portrait of Schongauer, with his coat of arms at top left, is unusual for a fifteenth-century artist, but the panel now in Munich appears to be made well after his death, and is perhaps a copy of a drawing or painting made at the date on the painting, 1483. It is attributed to Hans Burgkmair the Elder, and the lost original may have been by his father, Thoman Burgkmair, who very plausibly met Schongauer in Augsburg, where Schongauer is recorded as at least visiting.[32]Another of Schongauer's pupils, the painter Urbain Huter, has long been considered as the main author of the Buhl Altarpiece, a work very close in design and execution both to Schongauer's own engravings and to the production of Schongauer's painting workshop. Some engravers whose prints are often copies of Schongauer's, and whose original compositions are close to his style, are assumed to have been pupils of his. These include Master i.e, attributed with 55 prints by Lehrs, 31 copies of his master, Master BM, and Master A G, attributed with 34 prints, 13 copies of his master.[33]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Muiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiden"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Foolish_Virgin_in_Half-Figure_MET_DP820007.jpg"},{"link_name":"ornament prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_print"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"censer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censer"},{"link_name":"crosier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosier"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"The Temptation of St Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_(Schongauer)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"wild men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_men"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Master E. S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_E._S."},{"link_name":"cross-hatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-hatching"},{"link_name":"Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"burin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burin_(engraving)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Arthur Mayger Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Mayger_Hind"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hind-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"The Temptation of St Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_(Schongauer)"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"print rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_room"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peasant_Family_Going_to_Market_MET_DP820023.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schongauer_Anthony.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Temptation of St Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_(Schongauer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Print,_The_Flight_into_Egypt,_1470%E2%80%9375_(CH_18428015).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Death_of_the_Virgin_MET_DP819968.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer_-_Christ_Bearing_His_Cross_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_John_on_Patmos_MET_DP819993.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Martin_MET_DP820015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Passion_-_Ecce_Homo_by_Martin_Schongauer,_German,_fl._1450-1491,_engraving_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08911.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6383bassenge2_schongauer.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Michael_MET_DP820011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Madonna_and_Child_in_the_Courtyard_MET_DP819972.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noli_me_Tangere_MET_MM6432.jpg"},{"link_name":"Noli me Tangere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noli_me_Tangere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Griffin_MET_DP820017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wild_Woman_Holding_a_Shield_with_a_Lion%27s_Head_MET_MM47655.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Ox_of_St._Luke_MET_DP820005.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Third_Wise_Virgin_MET_DP820013.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Second_Wise_Virgin_MET_DP820003.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer_-_The_First_Foolish_Virgin_-_WGA21027.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer_-_The_Fifth_Foolish_Virgin_-_WGA21028.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Angel_of_the_Annunciation_by_Martin_Schongauer.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Censer_MET_DT203411.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ornament_with_Owl_Mocked_by_Day_Birds_MET_DP820025.jpg"}],"text":"One hundred and sixteen engravings are generally recognised as by his hand. Many of his pupils' plates as well as his own are signed, M†S, as are many copies probably by artists with no connection to him. He is thought to have begun signing engravings in the early 1470s.[34] The rarest survives in three impressions,[35] and unlike most other printmakers of the century, examples have probably survived of all the engravings he made.[36]The great majority of his subjects are religious, but there are a handful of comic scenes of ordinary life such as the early Peasant Family Going to Market or the Two Apprentices Fighting, which may reflect his background in a goldsmith's house.[37] A print of an elephant is a unique venture into the popular \"prodigy\" genre; it turns out that an elephant was indeed being toured around Germany in 1483, before drowning in a canal near Muiden.[38]A Foolish Virgin, engravingHe also produced nine of the first ornament prints, initially intended to be used by craftsmen in various media, including woodcarvers and goldsmiths, as patterns for the elaborate and sophisticated designs.[39] There are also two prints of metalwork objects, a censer and crosier.[40]From his family background and time at university he was no doubt familiar with the emerging bourgeoisie of trade and the professions who provided the core market for high quality engravings,[41] but the subjects from classical mythology so popular in German prints of the next century, and already present in Italian ones, do not appear at all in his work.The generally agreed sequence of his engravings shows an increasing sophistication of technique, but the most crowded and detailed, but highly organized, compositions are placed rather early, with \"late-Gothic complexity\" giving way to simpler compositions with more empty space and \"an almost classical orderliness and decorum\".[42] But some of the busy early prints were his most popular and influential, as shown by the number of copies of them. These include The Temptation of St Anthony, the [Rest on] the Flight into Egypt, Death of the Virgin and Christ Carrying the Cross.[43]There are a number of series of engravings which show this development, from the twelve \"crowded and turbulent\" scenes in the Passion series, perhaps of about 1480,[44] through the Twelve Apostles,[45] and the circular coats of arms with wild men,[46] to the late circular Evangelist's symbols and the Wise and Foolish Virgins, perhaps of around 1490.[47] By the time of his pair showing the Annuciation with each figure occupying its own sheet, often thought to be his last prints, the background is only represented by a simple groundline.[48]He went beyond Master E. S. in the system of depicting volume by means of cross-hatching (lines in two directions) which was further developed by Dürer, and was the first engraver to curve parallel lines, probably by rotating the plate against a steady burin.[49] He also developed a burin technique producing deeper lines on the plate, which meant that more impressions could be taken before the plate became worn.[50]According to Arthur Mayger Hind, Schongauer was one of the first German engravers to \"rise above the Gothic limitations both of setting and type\" and that he \"actualises an idea of beauty which in its nearer approach to more absolute ideals appeals to a far more universal appreciation\" than earlier engravers such as Master E. S.[51]With Master E.S., he was the first northern printmaker not only to have his prints very widely copied by other printmakers, but to have his designs taken by painters, sculptors and artists in all media.[52] The demons in his The Temptation of St Anthony established the hybrids of fish, bird and insect types followed by Hieronymus Bosch and other artists throughout the next century.[53]Major print rooms possess good collections of Schongauer's prints, most of which are relatively common for fifteenth-century prints,[54] although impressions vary in quality a good deal. The different watermarks found suggest that impressions were printed over considerable periods, with most made when the copper plates were showing signs of wear. The Rest on the Flight into Egypt survives in some sixty impressions, though only seven are \"of the first quality\".[55] For the large Christ Carrying the Cross, the largest engraving yet made, the equivalent figures are about seventy and fifteen.[56]Engravings\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeasant Family Going to Market\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Temptation of St Anthony\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t[Rest on] the Flight into Egypt\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDeath of the Virgin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChrist Carrying the Cross, 28.8 x 43.3 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint John on Patmos\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Martin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEcce Homo, engraving from the Passion series\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrucifixion, from the Passion series\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Michael\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadonna and Child in the Courtyard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNoli me Tangere\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGriffin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWild Woman Holding a Shield with a Lion's Head\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Ox of St. Luke\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Third Wise Virgin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Second Wise Virgin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe First Foolish Virgin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Fifth Foolish Virgin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArchangel of the Annunciation\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Censer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrnament with Owl Mocked by Day Birds","title":"Engravings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madonna in the Rose Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Rose_Bower_(Schongauer)"},{"link_name":"St Martin's Church, Colmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Colmar"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Stephan Lochner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Lochner"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Musée d´Unterlinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%C2%B4Unterlinden"},{"link_name":"donor portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_portrait"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"watercolour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolour"},{"link_name":"gouache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouache"},{"link_name":"paeony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeony"},{"link_name":"Getty Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Museum"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer_-_Madonna_und_Kind_mit_Engeln_(Compton_Verney_Art_Gallery).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer_-_Nativity_-_WGA21041.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Shepherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(Martin_Schongauer,_Berlin)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer,_betende_Maria_vom_Orlier-Altar_aus_dem_Unterlinden-Museum_in_Colmar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schongauer,_Martin_-_Orlier_Altar,_Proclamation_Mariae_-_1472_(detail_left).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer_004.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer,_Bust_of_a_Monk_Assisting_at_Communion,_NGA_42028.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_a_Man_in_a_Hat_Gazing_Upward_MET_DP-13665-075.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer_-_Bust-length_image_of_an_old_man_with_fur_collar_and_hat_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"}],"text":"Only a few of his paintings survived, the most notable being the Madonna in the Rose Garden painted for St Martin's Church, Colmar and today displayed in the Dominican church nearby.[57] This is a German subject, associated in particular with Cologne and Stephan Lochner, but Schongauer gives it a treatment very much in the Netherlandish style. It has been cut down at the top and sides to fit the elaborate later carved frame.[58]The Musée d´Unterlinden in Colmar possesses the largest collection. Two double-sided shutters (probably made to surround a sculpted central section) from the \"Orlier Altarpiece\", dated c. 1470–75, show the Annunciation on the outer faces and a Nativity and Saint Anthony with donor portrait within. These are regarded as largely the work of the master,[59] while the twenty-four panels from the doors of an altarpiece for the Dominican church are regarded as mainly painted by the workshop, no doubt to his designs.[60] A Nativity in Berlin is attributed to him.The small Holy Family in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna is close in style to his engravings, and not much larger than some. Many everyday details, such as the grapes in the basket, the wheat carried by Joseph, and the flask of water in the niche in the wall, can be treated as allusions to the theology of the subject, in the tradition of Netherlandish painting.[61]A watercolour and gouache study of paeony leaves and flowers (now Getty Museum) surfaced in 1988; it relates to the flowers in the Madonna in the Rose Garden.[62]The Breisach frescos remain on the west and south walls of the cathedral, though \"in ruinous condition\".[63]Paintings and drawings\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadonna, Angel and Child, 17.5 x 11.5 cm, 1470–75\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdoration of the Shepherds, Berlin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMary, detail, Orlier altarpiece\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrlier altarpiece\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of a young woman, c. 1478\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDrawing of a Bust of a Monk Assisting at Communion\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBust of a Man in a Hat Gazing Upward, drawing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDrawing of an old man with fur collar and hat, 1475","title":"Paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer.JPG"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Bartholdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bartholdi"},{"link_name":"Unterlinden Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterlinden_Museum"},{"link_name":"Colmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmar"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Der hübsche Martin... Martin Schongauer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.smb.museum/ausstellungen/detail/der-huebsche-martin.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Martin Schongauer German engraver\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Schongauer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Max Lehrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Lehrs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"date palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm"},{"link_name":"dracaena draco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracaena_draco"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Une chronologie mouvementée\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190413061036/https://dominicains.colmar.fr/chronologie"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dominicains.colmar.fr/chronologie"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hind_51-0"},{"link_name":"A History of Engraving & Etching From the 15th Century to the Year 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bxFb8nN_wUQC&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780486209548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486209548"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"\"Orlier Altarpiece\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.musee-unterlinden.com/en/oeuvres/orlier-altarpiece-2/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"\"Altarpiece of the Dominicans\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.musee-unterlinden.com/en/oeuvres/altarpiece-of-the-dominicans/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer_-_Study_of_Peonies_-_WGA21034.jpg"},{"link_name":"Getty page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/392/martin-schongauer-studies-of-peonies-german-about-1472-1473/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"}],"text":"Statue of Martin Schongauer by Frédéric Bartholdi in front of the Unterlinden Museum, Colmar^ This painting, in Munich, appears to be a 16th-century copy, possibly by Hans Burgkmair, of a lost original painting or drawing, presumably of 1483 (the date on the painting), perhaps by Thoman Burgkmair. See Hutchison, 6 note 2; Shestack, 87\n\n^ \"Der hübsche Martin... Martin Schongauer\". smb.museum. Retrieved 2 January 2017.\n\n^ \"Martin Schongauer German engraver\". britannica.com. Retrieved 2 January 2017.\n\n^ Shestack, biography\n\n^ Max Lehrs' count, followed by Shestack and Hutchison, though there is now doubt over one – see Bartrum, 20\n\n^ Shestack, biography, #34\n\n^ Ducay for Spain\n\n^ Shestack, 119–205, 183–194\n\n^ Hutchison, 6; Shestack, biography. Once thought to be around 1440 or even earlier, his birthdate has been moved later in recent scholarship, based on working backwards from the few known dates. Bartrum, 20 has \"c. 1450\".\n\n^ Four per Hutchison, 6 – her note 3 explains that the 5th son, Caspar, is mentioned only by one source of the next century; five per Bartrum, 20\n\n^ Hutchison, 6\n\n^ Snyder, 280\n\n^ Snyder, 230\n\n^ Shestack, biography; Hutchison, 6\n\n^ Shestack, biography; Hutchison, 6\n\n^ Shestack, biography\n\n^ Shestack, biography\n\n^ Hutchison, 6\n\n^ Shestack, biography; Bartrum, 20. The date was actually added decades later by Albrecht Dürer when he owned the drawing; Snyder, 280–281\n\n^ Shestack, biography; Hutchison, 6 and note 6. The trees are a date palm and a dracaena draco or Canary Islands dragon tree, then very much a rare newcomer found in a few gardens in Iberia. One of the demons attacking Saint Anthony is said to based on an Iberian species of lizard.\n\n^ Bartrum, 20\n\n^ \"Une chronologie mouvementée\". Les Dominicains de Colmar. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.\n\n^ Shestack, biography, #34, 35, 36, 37; Hutchison, 6\n\n^ For example, Shestack, #s 68–73, copied on the font of St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, datable to 1481.\n\n^ Shestack, biography\n\n^ Shestack, biography\n\n^ Bartrum, 20\n\n^ Hutchison, 6\n\n^ Bartrum, 35; Snyder, 282\n\n^ Bartrum, 21; Hutchison, 6\n\n^ Bartrum, 130\n\n^ See Hutchison, 6 note 2; Shestack, 87\n\n^ Shestack, # 116-122\n\n^ Shestack, biography\n\n^ Hyatt Major, 130\n\n^ Shestack, biography\n\n^ Shestack, #79; Snyder, 284\n\n^ Snyder, 285; Shestack, 87; Bartrum, 8 on prodigy prints\n\n^ Shestack, biography, # 106–109; Snyder, 285\n\n^ Shestack, # 110, 111\n\n^ Bartrum, 8\n\n^ Shestack, biography (quoted); Snyder, 285\n\n^ Hutchison, 6–7; Shestack, # 37, 40, 41; Bartrum, 21; Snyder, 282–284\n\n^ Shestack, #s 51–82\n\n^ Shestack, #s 68–73\n\n^ Shestack, #s 90–97\n\n^ respectively, Shestack, #s 98–100 and #101–104\n\n^ Snyder, 285–286\n\n^ Hyatt Major, 130\n\n^ Bartrum, 21\n\n^ Hind, Arthur M. (30 October 2011). A History of Engraving & Etching From the 15th Century to the Year 1914. Dover Publications. pp. 28–29. ISBN 9780486209548. Retrieved 3 July 2014.\n\n^ Shestack, Introduction; Hutchinson, 6\n\n^ Hyatt Major, 133; Snyder, 282\n\n^ Shestack, biography; Bartrum, 20\n\n^ Hutchison, 6\n\n^ Hutchison, 7\n\n^ Bartrum, 20\n\n^ Snyder, 231\n\n^ \"Orlier Altarpiece\" at the Musée d´Unterlinden.\n\n^ \"Altarpiece of the Dominicans\" at the Musée d´Unterlinden.\n\n^ Snyder, 231–232\n\n^ Bartrum, 20; image; Getty page\n\n^ Shestack, biography","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Possible portrait of Martin Schongauer, associated with Thoman Burgkmair and his son Hans Burgkmair the Elder[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hans_Burgkmair_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_Martin_Schongauer_%28Kopie%29.jpg/220px-Hans_Burgkmair_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_Martin_Schongauer_%28Kopie%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Holy Family, 10.25 x 6.75 inches. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Martin_Schongauer_-_The_Holy_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Martin_Schongauer_-_The_Holy_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Madonna of the Rose Bower, dated 1473, in carved frame from c. 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Martin_Schongauer_Madonna_in_Rose_Garden.jpg/220px-Martin_Schongauer_Madonna_in_Rose_Garden.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Foolish Virgin, engraving","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_Foolish_Virgin_in_Half-Figure_MET_DP820007.jpg/220px-A_Foolish_Virgin_in_Half-Figure_MET_DP820007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Martin Schongauer by Frédéric Bartholdi in front of the Unterlinden Museum, Colmar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Martin_Schongauer.JPG/170px-Martin_Schongauer.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Der hübsche Martin... Martin Schongauer\". smb.museum. Retrieved 2 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smb.museum/ausstellungen/detail/der-huebsche-martin.html","url_text":"\"Der hübsche Martin... Martin Schongauer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Schongauer German engraver\". britannica.com. Retrieved 2 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Schongauer","url_text":"\"Martin Schongauer German engraver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Une chronologie mouvementée\". Les Dominicains de Colmar. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190413061036/https://dominicains.colmar.fr/chronologie","url_text":"\"Une chronologie mouvementée\""},{"url":"https://dominicains.colmar.fr/chronologie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hind, Arthur M. (30 October 2011). A History of Engraving & Etching From the 15th Century to the Year 1914. Dover Publications. pp. 28–29. ISBN 9780486209548. Retrieved 3 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bxFb8nN_wUQC&pg=PP1","url_text":"A History of Engraving & Etching From the 15th Century to the Year 1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486209548","url_text":"9780486209548"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.smb.museum/ausstellungen/detail/der-huebsche-martin.html","external_links_name":"\"Der hübsche Martin... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Lechasseur | Honoré Lechasseur | ["1 Overview","2 Biography","3 External links"] | The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Honoré Lechasseur" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Honoré Lechasseur" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Fictional character
Honoré LechasseurDoctor Who character Honoré Lechasseur on the cover of Echoes.First appearanceThe Cabinet of LightLast appearanceChild of TimeIn-universe informationSpeciesHumanAffiliationEmily BlandishHomeEarthHome era20th century
Honoré Lechasseur is one of two main characters in the Doctor Who spin-off Time Hunter series published by Telos Publishing Ltd. He is a time sensitive, which means that he possess the ability to see into people's pasts and futures when he is in their vicinity. He is also able to physically travel along people's timelines when he is working with a time channeller, such as his friend Emily Blandish. Honoré has appeared on some of the covers of the Time Hunter novellas.
Overview
The character was created by Daniel O'Mahony for the Telos Doctor Who novella The Cabinet of Light. Shortly after the novella was published it was announced that BBC Enterprises would not be renewing Telos's licence to produce Doctor Who novellas. Telos subsequently announced that they would begin producing a series of "Part mystery, part detective story, part dark fantasy, part science fiction" novellas that would continue the spirit of the Doctor Who novellas. This was the Time Hunter range, which continued the adventures of Honoré and Emily Blandish.
Honoré is portrayed as a moral character – he prides himself on never having swindled any of his customers – who develops from struggling to understand and live with his abilities, to embracing them through his platonic relationship with Emily Blandish. Through the novellas, he progresses from using alcohol on a regular basis as a "painkiller", to eventually becoming teetotal.
The character continued in the Time Hunter range for 11 novellas, before Telos announced that the range was to be closed due to poor sales.
Biography
Honoré Lechasseur in an American from New Orleans, Louisiana, who came to Europe whilst serving in the US Army in World War II. His platoon were moving through France when they became lost and ended up in Belgium, finding a farmhouse that had recently been abandoned by German soldiers. The group settled down to enjoy a stash of alcohol that had been left behind, and Honoré's Lieutenant began to play a piano: the piano had been booby trapped with explosives, and the Lieutenant was killed.
Honoré suffered physical injuries in the explosion and was advised by Army medics that he would never walk again. He also suffered psychological injuries from the trauma, made worse by the knowledge that of his entire platoon, Honoré was the only other person who could play the piano and so if it had not been his lieutenant who had been killed, it might well have been Honoré himself.
Honoré was moved to a hospital in England in 1943, where he began to recover the use of his legs. During this period, he also began to develop an ability to see people's pasts and futures that he later learnt was called time sensitivity.
Whilst in hospital, Honoré was treated by a small bearded Scots doctor (recalling the Seventh Doctor, although it is unclear whether the character is intended to actually be the Seventh Doctor in disguise) who helped him recover to a certain degree. Honoré then left the hospital and relocated to Shoreditch in London, where he began working as a black market spiv – although he preferred the term "fixer".
In 1949, Honoré was hired by a woman posing as Emily Blandish to find her "husband", the Doctor. During the course of his investigations, Honoré met a young amnesiac woman dubbed "the girl in the pink pyjamas" by the press, and together they help save the Cabinet of Light (in actuality, the TARDIS) from a Nazi cult desperate to possess it for their own ends. He also helped the girl to remember her real name: Emily Blandish.
Following this adventure, Emily and Honoré kept in touch and built a strong, platonic relationship. It was not until they both happened to spot the same man at the same time and wonder where he had come from, however, that they realised that Emily was a time sensitive. They both travelled forwards in time to an alternative 1984 (based on the novel by George Orwell), where they spent time trying to work out how to get back to their own time – which they ultimately did, whilst also ensuring that the future they had witnessed never came about.
Honoré and Emily eventually came to understand how they had travelled through time, and became so practised at it that they could soon travel at will to a chosen date and time. They faced various adventures together, during which they fought the Fendahl and gained the enmity of a mysterious time travelling cult.
At present, Honoré's ultimate destiny is unknown.
External links
Telos website
Outpost Gallifrey's "Cabinet of Light" section
Doctor Who Ratings Guide reviews | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Time Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Telos Publishing Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telos_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Emily Blandish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Blandish"},{"link_name":"novellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella"}],"text":"Fictional characterHonoré Lechasseur is one of two main characters in the Doctor Who spin-off Time Hunter series published by Telos Publishing Ltd. He is a time sensitive, which means that he possess the ability to see into people's pasts and futures when he is in their vicinity. He is also able to physically travel along people's timelines when he is working with a time channeller, such as his friend Emily Blandish. Honoré has appeared on some of the covers of the Time Hunter novellas.","title":"Honoré Lechasseur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel O'Mahony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_O%27Mahony"},{"link_name":"Telos Doctor Who novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telos_Doctor_Who_novellas"},{"link_name":"The Cabinet of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Light"},{"link_name":"BBC Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.telos.co.uk/"}],"text":"The character was created by Daniel O'Mahony for the Telos Doctor Who novella The Cabinet of Light. Shortly after the novella was published it was announced that BBC Enterprises would not be renewing Telos's licence to produce Doctor Who novellas. Telos subsequently announced that they would begin producing a series of \"Part mystery, part detective story, part dark fantasy, part science fiction\" [1] novellas that would continue the spirit of the Doctor Who novellas. This was the Time Hunter range, which continued the adventures of Honoré and Emily Blandish.Honoré is portrayed as a moral character – he prides himself on never having swindled any of his customers – who develops from struggling to understand and live with his abilities, to embracing them through his platonic relationship with Emily Blandish. Through the novellas, he progresses from using alcohol on a regular basis as a \"painkiller\", to eventually becoming teetotal.The character continued in the Time Hunter range for 11 novellas, before Telos announced that the range was to be closed due to poor sales.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"booby trapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby_trap"},{"link_name":"Seventh Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Shoreditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreditch"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market"},{"link_name":"spiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiv"},{"link_name":"the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"TARDIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"the Fendahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctor_Who_villains#Fendahl"}],"text":"Honoré Lechasseur in an American from New Orleans, Louisiana, who came to Europe whilst serving in the US Army in World War II. His platoon were moving through France when they became lost and ended up in Belgium, finding a farmhouse that had recently been abandoned by German soldiers. The group settled down to enjoy a stash of alcohol that had been left behind, and Honoré's Lieutenant began to play a piano: the piano had been booby trapped with explosives, and the Lieutenant was killed.Honoré suffered physical injuries in the explosion and was advised by Army medics that he would never walk again. He also suffered psychological injuries from the trauma, made worse by the knowledge that of his entire platoon, Honoré was the only other person who could play the piano and so if it had not been his lieutenant who had been killed, it might well have been Honoré himself.Honoré was moved to a hospital in England in 1943, where he began to recover the use of his legs. During this period, he also began to develop an ability to see people's pasts and futures that he later learnt was called time sensitivity.Whilst in hospital, Honoré was treated by a small bearded Scots doctor (recalling the Seventh Doctor, although it is unclear whether the character is intended to actually be the Seventh Doctor in disguise) who helped him recover to a certain degree. Honoré then left the hospital and relocated to Shoreditch in London, where he began working as a black market spiv – although he preferred the term \"fixer\".In 1949, Honoré was hired by a woman posing as Emily Blandish to find her \"husband\", the Doctor. During the course of his investigations, Honoré met a young amnesiac woman dubbed \"the girl in the pink pyjamas\" by the press, and together they help save the Cabinet of Light (in actuality, the TARDIS) from a Nazi cult desperate to possess it for their own ends. He also helped the girl to remember her real name: Emily Blandish.Following this adventure, Emily and Honoré kept in touch and built a strong, platonic relationship. It was not until they both happened to spot the same man at the same time and wonder where he had come from, however, that they realised that Emily was a time sensitive. They both travelled forwards in time to an alternative 1984 (based on the novel by George Orwell), where they spent time trying to work out how to get back to their own time – which they ultimately did, whilst also ensuring that the future they had witnessed never came about.Honoré and Emily eventually came to understand how they had travelled through time, and became so practised at it that they could soon travel at will to a chosen date and time. They faced various adventures together, during which they fought the Fendahl and gained the enmity of a mysterious time travelling cult.At present, Honoré's ultimate destiny is unknown.","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22","external_links_name":"\"Honoré Lechasseur\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22","external_links_name":"\"Honoré Lechasseur\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Honor%C3%A9+Lechasseur%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.telos.co.uk/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.telos.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Telos website"},{"Link":"http://www.gallifreyone.com/books.php?id=tel-9","external_links_name":"Outpost Gallifrey's \"Cabinet of Light\" section"},{"Link":"http://www.pagefillers.com/dwrg/frames.htm","external_links_name":"Doctor Who Ratings Guide reviews"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Road_(Bryan_Adams_song) | Open Road (Bryan Adams song) | ["1 Music video","2 Track listings","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 References"] | 2004 single by Bryan Adams
"Open Road"Single by Bryan Adamsfrom the album Room Service B-side"Blessing in Disguise""Friday Night in London"ReleasedSeptember 13, 2004 (2004-09-13)Length3:28LabelPolydorSongwriter(s)Bryan AdamsEliot KennedyProducer(s)Bryan AdamsBryan Adams singles chronology
"Here I Am" (2002)
"Open Road" (2004)
"Flying" (2004)
"Open Road" is the first single from Canadian singer Bryan Adams' 10th studio album, Room Service (2004). The single reached number one in Hungary, number 17 in Switzerland, and number 21 on the UK Singles Chart. The music video was set in a traffic jam in a car.
Music video
The music video was filmed in Toronto, Canada.
Track listings
UK CD single
"Open Road"
"Blessing in Disguise"
"Friday Night in London"
European CD single
"Open Road"
"Blessing In Disguise"
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2004)
Peakposition
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
35
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
49
Canada AC Top 30 (Radio & Records)
3
Canada Hot AC Top 30 (Radio & Records)
3
Germany (Official German Charts)
23
Greece (IFPI)
36
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
1
Ireland (IRMA)
50
Italy (FIMI)
32
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade)
3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
28
Romania (Romanian Top 100)
47
Scotland (OCC)
18
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
17
UK Singles (OCC)
21
Year-end charts
Chart (2004)
Position
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
43
Chart (2005)
Position
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
59
References
^ "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. September 11, 2004. p. 27.
^
^ Open Road (UK CD single liner notes). Bryan Adams. Polydor Records. 2004. 9868053.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Open Road (European CD single liner notes). Bryan Adams. Polydor Records. 2004. 9868046.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Bryan Adams – Open Road" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
^ "Bryan Adams – Open Road" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
^ "R&R Canada AC Top 30" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1585. December 10, 2004. p. 67. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
^ "R&R Canada Hot AC Top 30" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1576. October 8, 2004. p. 71. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
^ "Bryan Adams – Open Road" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts.
^ "Top 50 Singles Εβδομάδα 17–23/10" (in Greek). IFPI. Archived from the original on October 26, 2004. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Bryan Adams". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
^ "Bryan Adams – Open Road". Top Digital Download.
^ "Tipparade-lijst van week 44, 2004" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
^ "Bryan Adams – Open Road" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
^ "Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 44, saptamina 1.11 – 7.11, 2004" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on January 19, 2005. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
^ "Bryan Adams – Open Road". Swiss Singles Chart.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
^ "Rádiós Top 100 – hallgatottsági adatok alapján – 2004" (in Hungarian). Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
^ "Rádiós Top 100 – hallgatottsági adatok alapján – 2005" (in Hungarian). Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
vteBryan Adams
Discography
Videography
Awards and nominations
Backing band
Studio albums
Bryan Adams
You Want It You Got It
Cuts Like a Knife
Reckless
Into the Fire
Waking Up the Neighbours
18 til I Die
On a Day Like Today
Room Service
11
Tracks of My Years
Get Up
Shine a Light
Pretty Woman – The Musical
So Happy It Hurts
Classic
Live albums
Live! Live! Live!
Unplugged
Live at the Budokan
Bare Bones
Live at Sydney Opera House
Wembley 1996 Live
Soundtrack albums
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron
Colour Me Kubrick
Compilation albums
So Far So Good
The Best of Me
Anthology
Ultimate
Singles
"Let Me Take You Dancing"
"Straight from the Heart"
"Cuts Like a Knife"
"This Time"
"I'm Ready"
"Run to You"
"Somebody"
"Heaven"
"Summer of '69"
"One Night Love Affair"
"It's Only Love"
"Diana"
"Christmas Time"
"Heat of the Night"
"Hearts on Fire"
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You"
"Can't Stop This Thing We Started"
"There Will Never Be Another Tonight"
"Thought I'd Died and Gone to Heaven"
"Do I Have to Say the Words?"
"Please Forgive Me"
"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?"
"The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You"
"Let's Make a Night to Remember"
"Star"
"18 til I Die"
"I'll Always Be Right There"
"Back to You"
"I'm Ready"
"On a Day Like Today"
"When You're Gone"
"Cloud Number Nine"
"The Best of Me"
"Inside Out"
"Here I Am"
"Open Road"
"Flying"
"Room Service"
"This Side of Paradise"
"I Thought I'd Seen Everything"
"Tonight We Have the Stars"
"You've Been a Friend to Me"
"One World, One Flame"
"Joe and Mary"
"So Happy It Hurts"
"On the Road"
"Kick Ass"
"Never Gonna Rain"
Collaborations
"All for Love"
"Rock Steady"
"I Finally Found Someone"
"Don't Give Up"
"Bang the Drum"
"Feels Like Home"
Videography
Unplugged
Live at Slane Castle
Live at the Budokan
Live in Lisbon
Live at Sydney Opera House
Wembley 1996 Live
Tours
Ultimate Tour
Other topics
Pretty Woman: The Musical
Queen Elizabeth II domestic rate stamp (Canada)
"Young Lust"
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"Room Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_Service_(Bryan_Adams_album)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"traffic jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_jam"}],"text":"\"Open Road\" is the first single from Canadian singer Bryan Adams' 10th studio album, Room Service (2004). The single reached number one in Hungary, number 17 in Switzerland, and number 21 on the UK Singles Chart. The music video was set in a traffic jam in a car.","title":"Open Road (Bryan Adams song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The music video was filmed in Toronto, Canada.[2]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"UK CD single[3]\"Open Road\"\n\"Blessing in Disguise\"\n\"Friday Night in London\"European CD single[4]\"Open Road\"\n\"Blessing In Disguise\"","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Road_(Bryan_Adams_song)&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Bryan_Adams-5"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Bryan_Adams-6"},{"link_name":"Radio & Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Radio & Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Bryan_Adams-9"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_Bryan_Adams-11"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland3_Bryan_Adams-12"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_Bryan_Adams-13"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40 Tipparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Bryan_Adams-15"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-17"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Bryan_Adams-18"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-19"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Road_(Bryan_Adams_song)&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2004)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[5]\n\n35\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[6]\n\n49\n\n\nCanada AC Top 30 (Radio & Records)[7]\n\n3\n\n\nCanada Hot AC Top 30 (Radio & Records)[8]\n\n3\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[9]\n\n23\n\n\nGreece (IFPI)[10]\n\n36\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[11]\n\n1\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[12]\n\n50\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[13]\n\n32\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade)[14]\n\n3\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[15]\n\n28\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[16]\n\n47\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[17]\n\n18\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[18]\n\n17\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[19]\n\n21\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2004)\n\nPosition\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[20]\n\n43\n\n\n\nChart (2005)\n\nPosition\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[21]\n\n59","title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\". Music Week. September 11, 2004. p. 27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"Open Road (UK CD single liner notes). Bryan Adams. Polydor Records. 2004. 9868053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Adams","url_text":"Bryan Adams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records","url_text":"Polydor Records"}]},{"reference":"Open Road (European CD single liner notes). Bryan Adams. Polydor Records. 2004. 9868046.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"R&R Canada AC Top 30\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1585. December 10, 2004. p. 67. Retrieved May 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/2000s/2004/RR-2004-12-10.pdf","url_text":"\"R&R Canada AC Top 30\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"\"R&R Canada Hot AC Top 30\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1576. October 8, 2004. p. 71. Retrieved May 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/2000s/2004/RR-2004-10-08.pdf","url_text":"\"R&R Canada Hot AC Top 30\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Singles Εβδομάδα 17–23/10\" (in Greek). IFPI. Archived from the original on October 26, 2004. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041026020424/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm","url_text":"\"Top 50 Singles Εβδομάδα 17–23/10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece","url_text":"IFPI"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.gr/chart03.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tipparade-lijst van week 44, 2004\" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40.nl/tipparade/2004/week-44","url_text":"\"Tipparade-lijst van week 44, 2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40","url_text":"Dutch Top 40"}]},{"reference":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 44, saptamina 1.11 – 7.11, 2004\" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on January 19, 2005. Retrieved May 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050119145944/http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10143.html","url_text":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 44, saptamina 1.11 – 7.11, 2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100","url_text":"Romanian Top 100"},{"url":"http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10143.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rádiós Top 100 – hallgatottsági adatok alapján – 2004\" (in Hungarian). Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved May 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/radios/2004","url_text":"\"Rádiós Top 100 – hallgatottsági adatok alapján – 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rádiós Top 100 – hallgatottsági adatok alapján – 2005\" (in Hungarian). Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Luxembourg | Beatrice of Luxembourg | ["1 Life","2 References"] | For other uses, see Queen Beatrice of Hungary.
The native form of this personal name is Luxemburgi Beatrix. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Queen consort of Hungary
Beatrice of LuxembourgQueen consort of HungaryTenure1318–1319Born1305Died11 November 1319 (aged 13–14)Temesvár, HungaryBurialNagyvárad CathedralSpouseCharles I of HungaryHouseLuxembourgFatherHenry VII, Holy Roman EmperorMotherMargaret of Brabant
Beatrice of Luxembourg (Hungarian: Luxemburgi Beatrix; 1305 – 11 November 1319), was by birth member of the House of Luxembourg and by marriage Queen of Hungary.
She was the youngest child of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife, Margaret of Brabant. Her two siblings were John of Luxembourg and Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France.
Life
At the time of his death (1313), Emperor Henry VII initiated the negotiations for a marriage between Beatrice and Charles, Duke of Calabria, son and heir of King Robert of Naples, and also planned to marry again (his wife was already dead in 1311) with Catherine of Habsburg. Beatrice was called by her father to Italy, where she arrived with her paternal grandmother, Beatrice d'Avesnes. The marriage plans with the Duke of Calabria failed, and the Emperor began negotiations for a marriage with Prince Peter of Sicily, eldest son and heir of King Frederick III; however, the current political conflicts between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Sicily soon ended this planned betrothal too.
When King Charles I of Hungary (whose first wife Maria of Bytom, had died in 1317) decided to marry again, he sent to the Kingdom of Bohemia two representants, Thomas Szécsényi and Simon Kacsics, in addition to an interpreter, a bourgeois from Szoprońskim called Stephen, in order to find a bride. King John called his two sisters to his court; at that moment, Marie resided in St. Marienthal Abbey and Beatrice remained in Italy. Both princesses arrived to Prague on 20 June 1318, and three days later, the Hungarian envoys met both girls at the monastery of Zbraslav, where the Bohemian king gave them the opportunity to choose between them their future queen. After a calculated assessment of both personal and physical attitudes, they chose Beatrice. Soon after, the formal engagement took place, and the young bride parted with the Hungarian entourage to her new home. On the border of the Kingdom of Hungary she was officially welcomed by Charles I's messengers. Beatrice and Charles I married at the Octave of Saint Martin (between 12 and 17 November) and she was crowned Queen of Hungary in the ceremony.
Beatrice became pregnant in 1319. In November, she went into labour but died while giving birth. The child was stillborn. She was buried at Nagyvárad Cathedral.
References
Włodzimierz Dworzaczek: Genealogia, Warsaw 1959, tab. 46.
Jiří Spěváček: Jan Lucemburský a jeho doba 1296-1346, Prague 1994, p. 111, 176, 182, 266, 318.
Stanisław A. Sroka: Genealogia Andegawenów węgierskich, Kraków 1999, pp. 14–16.
Beatrice of Luxembourg House of LuxembourgBorn: 1305 Died: 11 November 1319
Royal titles
Preceded byMaria of Bytom
Queen consort of Hungary 1318–1319
Succeeded byElisabeth of Poland
vteQueens of Hungary
Gisela of Bavaria (1000–1038)
Anastasia of Kiev (1046–1060)
Richeza of Poland (1060–1063)
Judith of Swabia (1063–1074)
Synadene (1074–1077)
Adelaide of Rheinfelden (1077–1090)
Felicia of Sicily (1097–1102)
Euphemia of Kiev (1112–1113)
Helena of Serbia (1131–1141)
Euphrosyne of Kyiv (1146–1162)
Yaroslavna of Halych (1167–1168)
Agnes of Babenberg (1168–1172)
Maria Komnene (1163–1165)
Agnes of Antioch (1172–1184)
Margaret of France (1186–1196)
Constance of Aragon (1198–1204)
Gertrude of Merania (1205–1213)
Yolanda of Courtenay (1215–1233)
Beatrice d'Este (1234–1235)
Maria Laskarina (1235–1270)
Elizabeth the Cuman (1270–1272)
Elizabeth of Sicily (1272–1290)
Fenenna of Kuyavia (1290–1295)
Agnes of Habsburg (1296–1301)
Viola of Teschen (1305)
Maria of Bytom (1306–1317)
Beatrice of Luxembourg (1318–1319)
Elisabeth of Poland (1320–1342)
Margaret of Bohemia (1342–1349)
Elizabeth of Bosnia (1353–1382)
Margaret of Durazzo (1385–1386)
Barbara of Cilli (1405–1437)
Elizabeth of Luxembourg (1437–1442)
Catherine of Poděbrady (1461–1464)
Beatrice of Naples (1476–1490)
Barbara of Brandenburg (1490–1491)
Beatrice of Naples (1491–1500)
Anne of Foix-Candale (1502–1506)
Maria of Austria (1515–1526)
Isabella Jagiellon (1539–1540)
Anna Jagiellon (1526–1547)
Maria of Austria (1563–1576)
Anna of Tyrol (1608–1618)
Eleonora Gonzaga (1622–1625)
Maria Anna of Spain (1631–1646)
Maria Leopoldine of Austria (1648–1649)
Eleonora Gonzaga (1651–1657)
Margaret Theresa of Spain (1666–1673)
Claudia Felicitas of Austria (1673–1676)
Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg (1676–1705)
Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick (1699–1711)
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1711–1740)
Maria Luisa of Spain (1790–1792)
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (1792–1807)
Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este (1808–1816)
Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (1816–1830)
Maria Anna of Savoy (1831–1848)
Elisabeth of Bavaria (1854–1898)
Zita of Bourbon-Parma (1916–1918)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Beatrice of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Beatrice_of_Hungary_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"House of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Queen of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"John of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Luxembourg,_Queen_of_France"}],"text":"For other uses, see Queen Beatrice of Hungary.The native form of this personal name is Luxemburgi Beatrix. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Queen consort of HungaryBeatrice of Luxembourg (Hungarian: Luxemburgi Beatrix; 1305 – 11 November 1319), was by birth member of the House of Luxembourg and by marriage Queen of Hungary.She was the youngest child of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife, Margaret of Brabant. Her two siblings were John of Luxembourg and Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France.","title":"Beatrice of Luxembourg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles, Duke of Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Robert of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert,_King_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Beatrice d'Avesnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Avesnes"},{"link_name":"Prince Peter of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Maria of Bytom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Bytom"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Szécsényi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sz%C3%A9cs%C3%A9nyi"},{"link_name":"Simon Kacsics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kacsics,_Count_of_the_Sz%C3%A9kelys"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_S%C3%A1f%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"St. Marienthal Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Marienthal_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Zbraslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbraslav"},{"link_name":"Nagyvárad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyv%C3%A1rad"}],"text":"At the time of his death (1313), Emperor Henry VII initiated the negotiations for a marriage between Beatrice and Charles, Duke of Calabria, son and heir of King Robert of Naples, and also planned to marry again (his wife was already dead in 1311) with Catherine of Habsburg. Beatrice was called by her father to Italy, where she arrived with her paternal grandmother, Beatrice d'Avesnes. The marriage plans with the Duke of Calabria failed, and the Emperor began negotiations for a marriage with Prince Peter of Sicily, eldest son and heir of King Frederick III; however, the current political conflicts between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Sicily soon ended this planned betrothal too.When King Charles I of Hungary (whose first wife Maria of Bytom, had died in 1317) decided to marry again, he sent to the Kingdom of Bohemia two representants, Thomas Szécsényi and Simon Kacsics, in addition to an interpreter, a bourgeois from Szoprońskim called Stephen, in order to find a bride. King John called his two sisters to his court; at that moment, Marie resided in St. Marienthal Abbey and Beatrice remained in Italy. Both princesses arrived to Prague on 20 June 1318, and three days later, the Hungarian envoys met both girls at the monastery of Zbraslav, where the Bohemian king gave them the opportunity to choose between them their future queen. After a calculated assessment of both personal and physical attitudes, they chose Beatrice. Soon after, the formal engagement took place, and the young bride parted with the Hungarian entourage to her new home. On the border of the Kingdom of Hungary she was officially welcomed by Charles I's messengers. Beatrice and Charles I married at the Octave of Saint Martin (between 12 and 17 November) and she was crowned Queen of Hungary in the ceremony.Beatrice became pregnant in 1319. In November, she went into labour but died while giving birth. The child was stillborn. She was buried at Nagyvárad Cathedral.","title":"Life"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/81087421","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136803725","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136803725.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221B_Baker_Street | 221B Baker Street | ["1 Doyle's intentions","2 Real 221B Baker Street addresses","2.1 Abbey National","2.2 Sherlock Holmes Museum","2.3 Address controversy","3 In other media","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°31′24″N 0°09′30″W / 51.52333°N 0.15833°W / 51.52333; -0.15833Address of the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes
For other uses, see 221B Baker Street (disambiguation).
Blue plaque at Sherlock Holmes Museum on Baker Street, LondonBaker Street in 1890 and the present day. N.85 was the last number of Baker Street in 1890 (until 1930). N.215–229 is the current building including N.221. N.239 is the Sherlock Holmes Museum, with "221B" written above the door.
221B Baker Street is the London address of the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, created by author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In the United Kingdom, postal addresses with a number followed by a letter may indicate a separate address within a larger, often residential building. Baker Street in the late 19th century was a high-class residential district, and Holmes's apartment would probably have been part of a Georgian terrace.
The residence was introduced in the novel A Study in Scarlet (1887). At the time the Holmes stories were published, addresses in Baker Street did not go as high as 221. Baker Street was later extended, and in 1932 the Abbey National Building Society moved into premises at 219–229 Baker Street. For many years, Abbey National employed a full-time secretary to answer mail addressed to Sherlock Holmes. In 1990, a blue plaque signifying 221B Baker Street was installed at the Sherlock Holmes Museum, situated elsewhere on the same block, and there followed a 15-year dispute between Abbey National and the Holmes Museum for the right to receive mail addressed to 221B Baker Street. Since the closure of Abbey House in 2005, ownership of the address by the Holmes Museum has not been challenged, despite its location between 237 and 241 Baker Street. Its postal code is NW1 6XE.
Doyle's intentions
We met next day as he had arranged, and inspected the rooms at No. 221B, Baker Street, of which he had spoken at our meeting. They consisted of a couple of comfortable bed-rooms and a single large airy sitting-room, cheerfully furnished, and illuminated by two broad windows.— Arthur Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet, 1887
When the "Sherlock Holmes" stories were first published, street numbers in Baker Street did not go as high as 221.
The section north of Marylebone Road near Regent's Park – now including 221 Baker Street – was known in Doyle's lifetime as Upper Baker Street. In his first manuscript, Doyle put Holmes's house in Upper Baker Street. However, a British crime novelist named Nigel Morland claimed that, late in Doyle's life, he identified the junction of Baker Street and George Street, about 500 metres south of the Marylebone Road, as the location of 221B. Sherlockian experts have also held to alternative theories as to where the original 221B was located and have maintained that it was further down Baker Street.
While at medical school in Edinburgh from 1876 to 1880, Doyle resided at 23 George Square near the university. The residence next door is 23-B.
Real 221B Baker Street addresses
Abbey National
The plaque on the former Abbey House HQ
When street numbers were reallocated in the 1930s, the block of odd numbers from 215 to 229 was assigned to an Art Deco building known as Abbey House, constructed in 1932 for the Abbey Road Building Society, which the society and its successor (which subsequently became Abbey National plc) occupied until 2002.
Almost immediately, the building society started receiving correspondence from Sherlock Holmes fans all over the world, in such volumes that it appointed a permanent "secretary to Sherlock Holmes" to deal with it. A bronze plaque on the front of Abbey House carried a picture of Holmes and a quotation, but was removed from the building several years ago. Its present whereabouts are unknown. In 1999, Abbey National sponsored the creation of a bronze statue of Sherlock Holmes that now stands at the entrance to Baker Street Underground station.
Sherlock Holmes Museum
221B Baker Street, London
Main article: Sherlock Holmes Museum
221B Baker Street from inside
The Sherlock Holmes Museum is situated within an 1815 townhouse very similar to the 221B described in the stories and is located between 237 and 241 Baker Street. It displays exhibits in period rooms, wax figures and Holmes memorabilia, with the famous study overlooking Baker Street the highlight of the museum. The description of the house can be found throughout the stories, including the 17 steps leading from the ground-floor hallway to the first-floor study.
According to the published stories, "221B Baker Street" was a suite of rooms on the first floor of a lodging house above a flight of 17 steps. The main study overlooked Baker Street, and Holmes's bedroom was adjacent to this room at the rear of the house, with Dr. Watson's bedroom being on the floor above, overlooking a rear yard that had a plane tree in it.
Address controversy
The street number 221B was assigned to the Sherlock Holmes Museum on 27 March 1990 (replacing the logical address 239 Baker Street) when the Leader of Westminster City Council, Shirley Porter, unveiled a blue plaque signifying the address of 221B Baker Street. She was invited to renumber the museum's building to coincide with its official opening (and because the number 221B had not been included in the original planning consent for the museum granted in October 1989).
A long-running dispute over the number arose between the Sherlock Holmes Museum, the building society Abbey National (which had previously answered the mail addressed to Sherlock Holmes) and subsequently the local Westminster City Council. The main objection to the Museum's role in answering the letters was that the number 221B bestowed on the Museum by the Council was out of sequence with the other numbers in the street: an issue that has since vexed local bureaucrats, who have striven for years to keep street numbers in sequence. In 2005, Abbey National vacated their headquarters in Baker Street, which left the museum to battle with Westminster City Council to end the dispute over the number, which had created negative publicity. Eventually the museum was granted special permission by the City of Westminster to bear the address of 221B Baker Street.
In 2018 Quartz revealed that, according to court documents and the Panama Papers, the property was owned at least partially by relatives of Nursultan Nazarbayev, then Kazakhstani president.
In 2020, The Times confirmed that in addition to various other properties between 215 and 237 Baker Street totalling around £140 million, the current property is jointly owned by the daughter of the former Kazakhstani president, Dariga Nazarbayeva and her son Nurali Aliyev. Ownership was transferred from Nazarbayeva's ex-husband Rakhat Aliyev after his death in 2015.
In other media
The sitting room of 221B Baker Street displayed at The Sherlock Holmes public house
Shooting the "221B Baker Street" exterior in North Gower Street
The fictional address has been portrayed in the following pastiches of Sherlock Holmes:
In the animated film The Great Mouse Detective (1986), based on the Basil of Baker Street book series, Basil resides in 221½ Baker Street, a mouse-hole beneath 221B Baker Street.
Private detective Louie Knight moves into an office at 22/1B Stryd-y-Popty (which translates as Baker Street in Welsh) in Malcolm Pryce's Welsh Noir parody The Unbearable Lightness of Being in Aberystwyth.
The 1987 CBS movie The Return of Sherlock Holmes (not to be confused with the 1986 British television series of the same name) features Holmes, cryogenically frozen in 1899 and awakened in modern times, trying to adapt with the aid of Watson's granddaughter, Jane. He seeks out his old residence and finds the spot occupied by a McDonald's franchise.
Dr. Gregory House, the protagonist of House, M.D., lives at 221 Baker Street, Apartment B, Princeton, New Jersey.
Danger Mouse, in the cartoon show of the same name, lives in a pillar box near 221b Baker Street. However, Danger Mouse is a loose parody of Danger Man and James Bond, rather than Sherlock Holmes. The pillar box is a stone's throw away from 221B Baker Street and Dr. Watson throws stones at them in apparent jealousy that he only works for the world's greatest detective, not the world's greatest secret agent in the episode "Where There's a Well, There's a Way".
In the Phryne Fisher series by Kerry Greenwood, the detective Hon. Phryne Fisher resides at 221 The Esplanade, St Kilda (Melbourne, Australia), which she renumbers to 221B in homage to Holmes.
In Star Trek: The Next Generation, Data tells another crew member that Geordi La Forge can be found at 221b Baker St, episode 29 "Elementary, Dear Data" (1988), and 221b Baker St. is again referenced in episode 137 "Ship in a Bottle" (1993).
In the 2013 Season 2, Episode 1 of Elementary, Sherlock Holmes and Joan Watson visit London and stay in a second floor residence numbered 221B. Sherlock indicates he had happily resided there before his move to New York City.
In the 2015 film Mr. Holmes, a long-retired Holmes (Ian McKellen) remarks that the Baker Street address is one of several fictitious details created by Watson, who wrote the cases up as sensationalist stories for publication. In a flashback, as curious onlookers gather outside 221B, Holmes watches from a window of his actual residence nearby and congratulates a client for finding the right address.
The BBC Television series Sherlock has used 187 North Gower Street to represent 221B Baker Street for shooting the exterior scenes of Sherlock Holmes's flat. The location is near Euston railway station, and roughly a mile away from the real Baker Street.
In the 2012–2015 Australian television series Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, the title character of The Honourable Phryne Fisher (Essie Davis) lives at 221B Baker Street in Melbourne, Victoria.
See also
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Sherlock Holmes
The Sherlock Holmes, a Victorian era themed public house in Northumberland Street, London, with another recreation of the 221B Baker Street interior
References
^ a b c Stamp, Jimmy (18 July 2012). "The Mystery of 221B Baker Street". Smithsonian. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
^ Holyroyd, James Edward (1994). Baker Street By-Ways. Otto Penzler Books. ISBN 978-1-883402-71-6.
^ "23 George Square, Edinburgh". 7 May 2015.
^ a b Doyle, Arthur Conan (1892), "A Scandal in Bohemia", The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, ISBN 978-0760715772
1661 at Project Gutenberg.
^ Doyle, Arthur Conan (1927), "The Problem of Thor Bridge", The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes, ISBN 978-0719530128.
^ "Sherlock Holmes 101", Washington Post, 11 January 2004
^ Haldevang, Max de (5 April 2018). "221b Baker Street and the president of Kazakhstan's daughter Dariga Nazarbayeva and grandson Nurali Aliyev". Quartz. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ Greenwood, George; Midolo, Emanuele; Leroux, Marcus; Baldwin, Leigh. "Strange case of Dariga Nazarbayeva, mystery owner of Sherlock Holmes's Baker Street address". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ Alan Barnes (2002). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. p. 55. ISBN 1-903111-04-8.
^ Alan Barnes (2002). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. pp. 119–121. ISBN 1-903111-04-8.
^ Paunescu, Della (7 May 2018). "25 Things You Didn't Know About House". Elle. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "How Danger Mouse became king of the TV ratings". BBC. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ Greenwood, Kerry (1990). Flying Too High. Australia: McPhee Gribble. ISBN 978-0869142158.
^ Alan Barnes (2002). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. pp. 201–202. ISBN 1-903111-04-8.
^ Grubbs, Jefferson (30 October 2013). "'Elementary' Season 2 Recap Will Help You Solve the Case of Your Missing Memories Before Season 3 Premieres". Bustle. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ Kermode, Mark (22 June 2015). "Mr Holmes review – the old sleuth on the trail of his younger self". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ Adams, Guy (2012). Sherlock: The Casebook. Titan Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84990-425-4.
^ Burt, Katyl (8 March 2017). "Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries: The Feminist Sherlock You Should Be Watching". Den of Geek. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 221B Baker Street.
The United Kingdom website
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"221B Baker Street (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/221B_Baker_Street_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sign_at_Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_in_Baker_St_221b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum"},{"link_name":"Baker Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baker_Street_1890-2010%27s.png"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Baker Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraced_house"},{"link_name":"A Study in Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Study_in_Scarlet"},{"link_name":"Abbey National Building Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_National"},{"link_name":"blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stamp-1"}],"text":"Address of the fictional detective Sherlock HolmesFor other uses, see 221B Baker Street (disambiguation).Blue plaque at Sherlock Holmes Museum on Baker Street, LondonBaker Street in 1890 and the present day. N.85 was the last number of Baker Street in 1890 (until 1930). N.215–229 is the current building including N.221. N.239 is the Sherlock Holmes Museum, with \"221B\" written above the door.221B Baker Street is the London address of the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, created by author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In the United Kingdom, postal addresses with a number followed by a letter may indicate a separate address within a larger, often residential building. Baker Street in the late 19th century was a high-class residential district, and Holmes's apartment would probably have been part of a Georgian terrace.The residence was introduced in the novel A Study in Scarlet (1887). At the time the Holmes stories were published, addresses in Baker Street did not go as high as 221. Baker Street was later extended, and in 1932 the Abbey National Building Society moved into premises at 219–229 Baker Street. For many years, Abbey National employed a full-time secretary to answer mail addressed to Sherlock Holmes. In 1990, a blue plaque signifying 221B Baker Street was installed at the Sherlock Holmes Museum, situated elsewhere on the same block, and there followed a 15-year dispute between Abbey National and the Holmes Museum for the right to receive mail addressed to 221B Baker Street.[1] Since the closure of Abbey House in 2005, ownership of the address by the Holmes Museum has not been challenged, despite its location between 237 and 241 Baker Street. 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It displays exhibits in period rooms, wax figures and Holmes memorabilia, with the famous study overlooking Baker Street the highlight of the museum. The description of the house can be found throughout the stories, including the 17 steps leading from the ground-floor hallway to the first-floor study.[4]According to the published stories, \"221B Baker Street\" was a suite of rooms on the first floor of a lodging house above a flight of 17 steps.[4] The main study overlooked Baker Street, and Holmes's bedroom was adjacent to this room at the rear of the house, with Dr. Watson's bedroom being on the floor above, overlooking a rear yard that had a plane tree in it.[5][6]","title":"Real 221B Baker Street addresses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shirley Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Porter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stamp-1"},{"link_name":"Quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(publication)"},{"link_name":"Panama Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers"},{"link_name":"Nursultan Nazarbayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Dariga Nazarbayeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariga_Nazarbayeva"},{"link_name":"Rakhat Aliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhat_Aliyev"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Address controversy","text":"The street number 221B was assigned to the Sherlock Holmes Museum on 27 March 1990 (replacing the logical address 239 Baker Street) when the Leader of Westminster City Council, Shirley Porter, unveiled a blue plaque signifying the address of 221B Baker Street. She was invited to renumber the museum's building to coincide with its official opening (and because the number 221B had not been included in the original planning consent for the museum granted in October 1989).A long-running dispute over the number arose between the Sherlock Holmes Museum, the building society Abbey National (which had previously answered the mail addressed to Sherlock Holmes) and subsequently the local Westminster City Council. The main objection to the Museum's role in answering the letters was that the number 221B bestowed on the Museum by the Council was out of sequence with the other numbers in the street: an issue that has since vexed local bureaucrats, who have striven for years to keep street numbers in sequence. In 2005, Abbey National vacated their headquarters in Baker Street, which left the museum to battle with Westminster City Council to end the dispute over the number, which had created negative publicity. Eventually the museum was granted special permission by the City of Westminster to bear the address of 221B Baker Street.[1]In 2018 Quartz revealed that, according to court documents and the Panama Papers, the property was owned at least partially by relatives of Nursultan Nazarbayev, then Kazakhstani president.[7]In 2020, The Times confirmed that in addition to various other properties between 215 and 237 Baker Street totalling around £140 million, the current property is jointly owned by the daughter of the former Kazakhstani president, Dariga Nazarbayeva and her son Nurali Aliyev. Ownership was transferred from Nazarbayeva's ex-husband Rakhat Aliyev after his death in 2015.[8]","title":"Real 221B Baker Street addresses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sherlock_Holmes_tableau_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sherlock_Holmes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shooting_Sherlock.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"The Great Mouse Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective"},{"link_name":"Basil of Baker Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Baker_Street"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Pryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Pryce"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"The Return of Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Sherlock_Holmes_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dr. Gregory House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_House"},{"link_name":"House, M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Danger Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_Mouse_(1981_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"pillar box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_box"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Danger Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_Man"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"pillar box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_box"},{"link_name":"Dr. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Watson"},{"link_name":"\"Where There's a Well, There's a Way\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0761673/quotes"},{"link_name":"Phryne Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phryne_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Kerry Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Geordi La Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordi_La_Forge"},{"link_name":"Elementary, Dear Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary,_Dear_Data"},{"link_name":"\"Ship in a Bottle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_in_a_Bottle_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mr. Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Holmes"},{"link_name":"Ian McKellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Sherlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"North Gower Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Gower_Street"},{"link_name":"Euston railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Fisher%27s_Murder_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"Phryne Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phryne_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Essie Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essie_Davis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The sitting room of 221B Baker Street displayed at The Sherlock Holmes public houseShooting the \"221B Baker Street\" exterior in North Gower StreetThe fictional address has been portrayed in the following pastiches of Sherlock Holmes:In the animated film The Great Mouse Detective (1986), based on the Basil of Baker Street book series, Basil resides in 221½ Baker Street, a mouse-hole beneath 221B Baker Street.[9]\nPrivate detective Louie Knight moves into an office at 22/1B Stryd-y-Popty (which translates as Baker Street in Welsh) in Malcolm Pryce's Welsh Noir parody The Unbearable Lightness of Being in Aberystwyth.\nThe 1987 CBS movie The Return of Sherlock Holmes (not to be confused with the 1986 British television series of the same name) features Holmes, cryogenically frozen in 1899 and awakened in modern times, trying to adapt with the aid of Watson's granddaughter, Jane. He seeks out his old residence and finds the spot occupied by a McDonald's franchise.[10]\nDr. Gregory House, the protagonist of House, M.D., lives at 221 Baker Street, Apartment B, Princeton, New Jersey.[11]\nDanger Mouse, in the cartoon show of the same name, lives in a pillar box near 221b Baker Street.[12] However, Danger Mouse is a loose parody of Danger Man and James Bond, rather than Sherlock Holmes. The pillar box is a stone's throw away from 221B Baker Street and Dr. Watson throws stones at them in apparent jealousy that he only works for the world's greatest detective, not the world's greatest secret agent in the episode \"Where There's a Well, There's a Way\".\nIn the Phryne Fisher series by Kerry Greenwood, the detective Hon. Phryne Fisher resides at 221 The Esplanade, St Kilda (Melbourne, Australia), which she renumbers to 221B in homage to Holmes.[13]\nIn Star Trek: The Next Generation, Data tells another crew member that Geordi La Forge can be found at 221b Baker St, episode 29 \"Elementary, Dear Data\" (1988), and 221b Baker St. is again referenced in episode 137 \"Ship in a Bottle\" (1993).[14]\nIn the 2013 Season 2, Episode 1 of Elementary, Sherlock Holmes and Joan Watson visit London and stay in a second floor residence numbered 221B. Sherlock indicates he had happily resided there before his move to New York City.[15]\nIn the 2015 film Mr. Holmes, a long-retired Holmes (Ian McKellen) remarks that the Baker Street address is one of several fictitious details created by Watson, who wrote the cases up as sensationalist stories for publication. In a flashback, as curious onlookers gather outside 221B, Holmes watches from a window of his actual residence nearby and congratulates a client for finding the right address.[16]\nThe BBC Television series Sherlock has used 187 North Gower Street to represent 221B Baker Street for shooting the exterior scenes of Sherlock Holmes's flat. The location is near Euston railway station, and roughly a mile away from the real Baker Street.[17]\nIn the 2012–2015 Australian television series Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, the title character of The Honourable Phryne Fisher (Essie Davis) lives at 221B Baker Street in Melbourne, Victoria.[18]","title":"In other media"}] | [{"image_text":"The plaque on the former Abbey House HQ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/221b_Baker_Street_Placa.jpg/220px-221b_Baker_Street_Placa.jpg"},{"image_text":"221B Baker Street, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/221B_Baker_Street%2C_London_-_Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg/220px-221B_Baker_Street%2C_London_-_Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"221B Baker Street from inside","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/221B_Baker_Street_from_inside.jpg/220px-221B_Baker_Street_from_inside.jpg"},{"image_text":"The sitting room of 221B Baker Street displayed at The Sherlock Holmes public house","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sherlock_Holmes_tableau_1.jpg/220px-Sherlock_Holmes_tableau_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shooting the \"221B Baker Street\" exterior in North Gower Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Shooting_Sherlock.JPG/220px-Shooting_Sherlock.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"title":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"title":"The Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sherlock_Holmes"}] | [{"reference":"Stamp, Jimmy (18 July 2012). \"The Mystery of 221B Baker Street\". Smithsonian. Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-mystery-of-221b-baker-street-3608784/","url_text":"\"The Mystery of 221B Baker Street\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)","url_text":"Smithsonian"}]},{"reference":"Holyroyd, James Edward (1994). Baker Street By-Ways. Otto Penzler Books. ISBN 978-1-883402-71-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781883402716","url_text":"Baker Street By-Ways"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Penzler","url_text":"Otto Penzler Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883402-71-6","url_text":"978-1-883402-71-6"}]},{"reference":"\"23 George Square, Edinburgh\". 7 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/fotos_by_findlay/32420231994","url_text":"\"23 George Square, Edinburgh\""}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Arthur Conan (1892), \"A Scandal in Bohemia\", The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, ISBN 978-0760715772","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle","url_text":"Doyle, Arthur Conan"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Scandal_in_Bohemia","url_text":"\"A Scandal in Bohemia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0760715772","url_text":"978-0760715772"}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Arthur Conan (1927), \"The Problem of Thor Bridge\", The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes, ISBN 978-0719530128","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle","url_text":"Doyle, Arthur Conan"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Problem_of_Thor_Bridge","url_text":"\"The Problem of Thor Bridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719530128","url_text":"978-0719530128"}]},{"reference":"\"Sherlock Holmes 101\", Washington Post, 11 January 2004","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2004/01/11/AR2005041501841.html","url_text":"\"Sherlock Holmes 101\""}]},{"reference":"Haldevang, Max de (5 April 2018). \"221b Baker Street and the president of Kazakhstan's daughter Dariga Nazarbayeva and grandson Nurali Aliyev\". Quartz. Retrieved 5 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://qz.com/1245110/the-unsolved-mystery-of-who-owns-sherlock-holmes-130-million-home/","url_text":"\"221b Baker Street and the president of Kazakhstan's daughter Dariga Nazarbayeva and grandson Nurali Aliyev\""}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, George; Midolo, Emanuele; Leroux, Marcus; Baldwin, Leigh. \"Strange case of Dariga Nazarbayeva, mystery owner of Sherlock Holmes's Baker Street address\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 24 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/strange-case-of-dariga-nazarbayeva-mystery-owner-of-sherlock-holmess-baker-street-address-23q7c2fpl","url_text":"\"Strange case of Dariga Nazarbayeva, mystery owner of Sherlock Holmes's Baker Street address\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"Alan Barnes (2002). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. p. 55. ISBN 1-903111-04-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Barnes_(writer)","url_text":"Alan Barnes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903111-04-8","url_text":"1-903111-04-8"}]},{"reference":"Alan Barnes (2002). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. pp. 119–121. ISBN 1-903111-04-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Barnes_(writer)","url_text":"Alan Barnes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903111-04-8","url_text":"1-903111-04-8"}]},{"reference":"Paunescu, Della (7 May 2018). \"25 Things You Didn't Know About House\". Elle. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/g20265405/house-tv-show-facts-trivia/","url_text":"\"25 Things You Didn't Know About House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)","url_text":"Elle"}]},{"reference":"\"How Danger Mouse became king of the TV ratings\". BBC. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24429892","url_text":"\"How Danger Mouse became king of the TV ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Kerry (1990). Flying Too High. Australia: McPhee Gribble. ISBN 978-0869142158.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PAdHCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Flying Too High"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0869142158","url_text":"978-0869142158"}]},{"reference":"Alan Barnes (2002). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. pp. 201–202. ISBN 1-903111-04-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Barnes_(writer)","url_text":"Alan Barnes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903111-04-8","url_text":"1-903111-04-8"}]},{"reference":"Grubbs, Jefferson (30 October 2013). \"'Elementary' Season 2 Recap Will Help You Solve the Case of Your Missing Memories Before Season 3 Premieres\". Bustle. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bustle.com/articles/46742-elementary-season-2-recap-will-help-you-solve-the-case-of-your-missing-memories-before-season","url_text":"\"'Elementary' Season 2 Recap Will Help You Solve the Case of Your Missing Memories Before Season 3 Premieres\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)","url_text":"Bustle"}]},{"reference":"Kermode, Mark (22 June 2015). \"Mr Holmes review – the old sleuth on the trail of his younger self\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jun/22/mr-holmes-review-mark-kermode","url_text":"\"Mr Holmes review – the old sleuth on the trail of his younger self\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Guy (2012). Sherlock: The Casebook. Titan Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84990-425-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Adams","url_text":"Adams, Guy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Books","url_text":"Titan Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84990-425-4","url_text":"978-1-84990-425-4"}]},{"reference":"Burt, Katyl (8 March 2017). \"Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries: The Feminist Sherlock You Should Be Watching\". Den of Geek. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/us/tv/miss-fishers-murder-mysteries/253424/miss-fishers-murder-mysteries-the-feminist-sherlock-you-should-be-watching","url_text":"\"Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries: The Feminist Sherlock You Should Be Watching\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek","url_text":"Den of Geek"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=221B_Baker_Street¶ms=51_31_24_N_0_09_30_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°31′24″N 0°09′30″W / 51.52333°N 0.15833°W / 51.52333; -0.15833"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0761673/quotes","external_links_name":"\"Where There's a Well, There's a Way\""},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-mystery-of-221b-baker-street-3608784/","external_links_name":"\"The Mystery of 221B Baker Street\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781883402716","external_links_name":"Baker Street By-Ways"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/fotos_by_findlay/32420231994","external_links_name":"\"23 George Square, Edinburgh\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Scandal_in_Bohemia","external_links_name":"\"A Scandal in Bohemia\""},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/1661","external_links_name":"1661"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Problem_of_Thor_Bridge","external_links_name":"\"The Problem of Thor Bridge\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2004/01/11/AR2005041501841.html","external_links_name":"\"Sherlock Holmes 101\""},{"Link":"https://qz.com/1245110/the-unsolved-mystery-of-who-owns-sherlock-holmes-130-million-home/","external_links_name":"\"221b Baker Street and the president of Kazakhstan's daughter Dariga Nazarbayeva and grandson Nurali Aliyev\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/strange-case-of-dariga-nazarbayeva-mystery-owner-of-sherlock-holmess-baker-street-address-23q7c2fpl","external_links_name":"\"Strange case of Dariga Nazarbayeva, mystery owner of Sherlock Holmes's Baker Street address\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","external_links_name":"0140-0460"},{"Link":"https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/g20265405/house-tv-show-facts-trivia/","external_links_name":"\"25 Things You Didn't Know About House\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24429892","external_links_name":"\"How Danger Mouse became king of the TV ratings\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PAdHCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Flying Too High"},{"Link":"https://www.bustle.com/articles/46742-elementary-season-2-recap-will-help-you-solve-the-case-of-your-missing-memories-before-season","external_links_name":"\"'Elementary' Season 2 Recap Will Help You Solve the Case of Your Missing Memories Before Season 3 Premieres\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jun/22/mr-holmes-review-mark-kermode","external_links_name":"\"Mr Holmes review – the old sleuth on the trail of his younger self\""},{"Link":"https://www.denofgeek.com/us/tv/miss-fishers-murder-mysteries/253424/miss-fishers-murder-mysteries-the-feminist-sherlock-you-should-be-watching","external_links_name":"\"Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries: The Feminist Sherlock You Should Be Watching\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170101004113/http://www.221b.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The United Kingdom website"},{"Link":"http://www.sherlock-holmes.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Sherlock Holmes Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.bakerstreetjournal.com/","external_links_name":"The Baker Street Journal"},{"Link":"http://www.stutler.cc/other/misc/baker_street.html","external_links_name":"221B Baker Street Floor Plan Illustration"},{"Link":"http://www.sherlock-holmes.co.uk/221b","external_links_name":"221b Blue Plaque"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170101004113/http://www.221b.co.uk/","external_links_name":"221b Baker Street, United Kingdom"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=221B_Baker_Street¶ms=51_31_24_N_0_09_30_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°31′24″N 0°09′30″W / 51.52333°N 0.15833°W / 51.52333; -0.15833"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/793699/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559181705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003006437","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Deane | Anthony Deane (shipwright) | ["1 Early life","2 Naval career","3 Politics","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | A 1690 portrait of Deane by Godfrey Kneller
Sir Anthony Deane, FRS (1633 – 1721) was an English shipwright and politician who sat in the English House of Commons and served as mayor of Harwich.
Early life
Deane was baptised at Stow-on-the-Wold, Gloucestershire, on 3 December 1633. He is described in his Grant of Arms in 1683, as "son of Anthony, of London, gent., deceased, son of Anthony, of county Gloucester". At an early age he was apprenticed to master shipwright Christopher Pett at Woolwich Dockyard, and was appointed as the Dockyard's assistant shipwright in 1660.
Naval career
"a very able man, and able to do the King's service ... will commend his work with skill and vie with others, especially the Petts"
— Samuel Pepys' Diary, 18 August 1662
In August 1662 Deane met Samuel Pepys, the Clerk of the Acts and member of the Navy Board. Pepys was impressed with Deane's ability and saw in him a potential rival for Christopher Pett, against whom Pepys held a political grudge. On Pepys' recommendation, the Navy Board reopened the derelict Harwich Dockyard in October 1664 and appointed Deane as its master shipwright, elevating him from being Pett's assistant to his nominal equal. For Deane, the promotion meant that he would have a free hand in designing and constructing naval vessels, albeit at a smaller dockyard than the great Navy establishments of Portsmouth, Plymouth or Deptford.
Deane was one of the earliest to apply scientific principles to the building of naval vessels, and between 1666 and 1675 he designed and built 25 vessels for the Royal Navy, including Rupert, Francis, Roebuck, Resolution, Swiftsure, and Harwich.
One of the first indications of the application to scientific principles to ship construction is found in Pepys' diary, which records that in 1666 "Mr. Deane . . . then fell to explain to me the manner of casting the draught of water which a ship will draw, beforehand, which is a secret the King and all admire in him; and he is the first that hath come to any certainty beforehand of foretelling the draught of water of a ship, before she is launched."
The method used by Mr. (afterwards Sir Anthony) Deane of calculating the displacement of ships is unknown; but it appears that about 1700 this was effected by dividing the body by equidistant sections, calculating the area of each and thence obtaining the displacement by some rough process of quadrature. There is, however, no record of such calculations, and it probable they were but rarely performed.
Harwich Dockyard was closed in 1668, following the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, and Deane was appointed Master Shipwright at Portsmouth Dockyard. In 1670 he became the first English shipwright to use iron as a substantial construction component in a Royal Navy vessel, with U-shaped iron bars to secure the planking of HMS Royal James relative to the internal beams within her hull. His patron Pepys strongly disapproved of this innovation and the matter was ultimately referred to the King, Charles II, who endorsed Deane's actions. However, the innovation was not repeated in other Royal Navy vessels until the adoption of the 1719 Establishment nearly fifty years later.
In 1672 Deane was promoted to become Commissioner at Portsmouth, thus becoming a member of the Navy Board. No longer responsible for shipbuilding at Portsmouth, he still was able to build several ships as a private contractor, mainly at Harwich but also at Rotherhithe.
Politics
In 1675 he was knighted and appointed Controller of the Victualling Accounts. In the previous year, as an alderman of Harwich, he funded the construction of a new gaol and guildhall in the town. He was also an alderman of the City of London. He became Mayor of Harwich for 1676, and he and his patron Samuel Pepys were the MPs for Harwich in Charles II's third parliament (which sat from 6 March 1678 and formed part of the Cavalier Parliament). They were returned for the 1679 Parliament despite both being accused of leaking naval intelligence to France, and being on 9 July 1679 brought before the King's Bench at Westminster on a charge of treason and imprisoned in the Tower of London, but bailed to appear for trial at a later date. The charges were not pressed, and on 14 February 1680, the pair were released from their bail. For the next few years, Deane continued his successful career as a private shipbuilder.
He and Pepys were also MPs for Harwich in James II's first parliament from 19 May 1685.
His written work includes a Doctrine for Naval Architecture, published in 1670, now seen as one of the most important texts in the history of naval architecture. He was also a mentor of Peter the Great during his Grand Embassy.
He married twice; firstly to Ann Prowse, a widow who bore him four sons and a daughter and secondly to Christian, the widow of Sir John Dawes, and mother of William Dawes, Archbishop of York, who bore him three sons and five daughters.
References
^ "DEANE, Sir Anthony (1633-1721), of Crutched Friars, London". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ Robinson, Charles J (1882). A register of the scholars admitted into Merchant Taylors' School : from A. D. 1562 to 1874. Lewes: Farncombe & Co. p. 176. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ Rylands, W Harry (1915). Grantees of arms named in docquets and patents to the end of the seventeenth century. Harleian Society. p. 72. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ a b "Deane, Sir Anthony (c.1638–1720?)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7386. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Berry, William John. "The Influence of Mathematics on the Development of Naval Architecture". In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Toronto, August 11–16. 1924. Vol. 2. pp. 719–736. (quote from p. 719)
^ Goodwin, Peter (1998). "The Influence of Iron in Ship Construction: 1660 to 1830". The Mariner's Mirror. 84 (1). Portsmouth, United Kingdom: Society for Nautical Research: 26–27. doi:10.1080/00253359.1998.10656674.
^ Daniell, F H Blackburne (1907). Calendar of state papers, of the reign of Charles II. His Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 197. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ The manuscripts of J. Eliot Hodgkin, esq., F.S.A., of Richmond, Surrey. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1897. p. 156. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ Coller, Duffield William (1861) The People's History of Essex. Google Books. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
^ Taylor, Silas (1730). The history and antiquities of Harwich and Dovercourt. pp. 222-223. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ Carr, Cecil Thomas (ed.) (1970) Select Charters of Trading Companies, A.D. 1530–1707. Google Books. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
^ Hoving, A.J. (1994) Nicolaes Witsens Scheeps-Bouw-Konst Open Gestelt, p. 28.
^ Bannerman, W. Bruce (1916). The Registers of St. Olave, Hart Street, London, 1563-1700. Harleian Society. pp. 84–87, 89, 229, 231. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Further reading
Lavery, Brian, ed. (1981). Deane's Doctrine of Naval Architecture, 1670. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-180-7.
External links
Media related to Anthony Deane (shipwright) at Wikimedia Commons
Dictionary of National Biography entry for Sir Anthony Deane
British History Online
British History Online
R. McCutcheon, "Pepys in the Newspapers of 1679–1680", American Historical Review, 1926, p61-64
Parliament of England
Preceded bySir Capel LuckynThomas King
Member of Parliament for Harwich 1679 With: Samuel Pepys
Succeeded bySir Thomas MiddletonSir Philip Parker, Bt
Preceded bySir Thomas MiddletonSir Philip Parker, Bt
Member of Parliament for Harwich 1685–1689 With: Samuel Pepys
Succeeded byJohn EldredSir Thomas Middleton
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Anthony_Deane_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller,_Bt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Kneller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"English House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Harwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich"}],"text":"A 1690 portrait of Deane by Godfrey KnellerSir Anthony Deane, FRS (1633 – 1721) was an English shipwright and politician who sat in the English House of Commons and served as mayor of Harwich.","title":"Anthony Deane (shipwright)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stow-on-the-Wold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stow-on-the-Wold"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Christopher Pett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Pett"},{"link_name":"Woolwich Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich_Dockyard"}],"text":"Deane was baptised at Stow-on-the-Wold, Gloucestershire, on 3 December 1633.[1][2] He is described in his Grant of Arms in 1683, as \"son of Anthony, of London, gent., deceased, son of Anthony, of county Gloucester\".[3] At an early age he was apprenticed to master shipwright Christopher Pett at Woolwich Dockyard, and was appointed as the Dockyard's assistant shipwright in 1660.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-4"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pepys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys"},{"link_name":"Navy Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Board"},{"link_name":"Harwich Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Rupert_(1666)"},{"link_name":"Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Francis_(1666)"},{"link_name":"Roebuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Roebuck_(1666)"},{"link_name":"Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1667)"},{"link_name":"Swiftsure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Swiftsure_(1673)"},{"link_name":"Harwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Harwich_(1674)"},{"link_name":"quadrature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Dutch War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"HMS Royal James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Royal_James_(1671)"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"1719 Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1719_Establishment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rotherhithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherhithe"}],"text":"[Deane is] \"a very able man, and able to do the King's service ... [I] will commend his work with skill and vie with others, especially the Petts\"\n\n\n— Samuel Pepys' Diary, 18 August 1662[4]In August 1662 Deane met Samuel Pepys, the Clerk of the Acts and member of the Navy Board. Pepys was impressed with Deane's ability and saw in him a potential rival for Christopher Pett, against whom Pepys held a political grudge. On Pepys' recommendation, the Navy Board reopened the derelict Harwich Dockyard in October 1664 and appointed Deane as its master shipwright, elevating him from being Pett's assistant to his nominal equal. For Deane, the promotion meant that he would have a free hand in designing and constructing naval vessels, albeit at a smaller dockyard than the great Navy establishments of Portsmouth, Plymouth or Deptford.[4]Deane was one of the earliest to apply scientific principles to the building of naval vessels, and between 1666 and 1675 he designed and built 25 vessels for the Royal Navy, including Rupert, Francis, Roebuck, Resolution, Swiftsure, and Harwich.One of the first indications of the application to scientific principles to ship construction is found in Pepys' diary, which records that in 1666 \"Mr. Deane . . . then fell to explain to me the manner of casting the draught of water which a ship will draw, beforehand, which is a secret the King and all admire in him; and he is the first that hath come to any certainty beforehand of foretelling the draught of water of a ship, before she is launched.\"\nThe method used by Mr. (afterwards Sir Anthony) Deane of calculating the displacement of ships is unknown; but it appears that about 1700 this was effected by dividing the body by equidistant sections, calculating the area of each and thence obtaining the displacement by some rough process of quadrature. There is, however, no record of such calculations, and it probable they were but rarely performed.[5]Harwich Dockyard was closed in 1668, following the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, and Deane was appointed Master Shipwright at Portsmouth Dockyard. In 1670 he became the first English shipwright to use iron as a substantial construction component in a Royal Navy vessel, with U-shaped iron bars to secure the planking of HMS Royal James relative to the internal beams within her hull. His patron Pepys strongly disapproved of this innovation and the matter was ultimately referred to the King, Charles II, who endorsed Deane's actions. However, the innovation was not repeated in other Royal Navy vessels until the adoption of the 1719 Establishment nearly fifty years later.[6]In 1672 Deane was promoted to become Commissioner at Portsmouth, thus becoming a member of the Navy Board. No longer responsible for shipbuilding at Portsmouth, he still was able to build several ships as a private contractor, mainly at Harwich but also at Rotherhithe.","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Victualling Accounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victualling_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pepys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys"},{"link_name":"MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Harwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Cavalier Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament"},{"link_name":"King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Grand Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Embassy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"William Dawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Dawes,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1675 he was knighted[7] and appointed Controller of the Victualling Accounts.[8] In the previous year, as an alderman of Harwich, he funded the construction of a new gaol and guildhall in the town.[9][10] He was also an alderman of the City of London.[11] He became Mayor of Harwich for 1676, and he and his patron Samuel Pepys were the MPs for Harwich in Charles II's third parliament (which sat from 6 March 1678 and formed part of the Cavalier Parliament). They were returned for the 1679 Parliament despite both being accused of leaking naval intelligence to France, and being on 9 July 1679 brought before the King's Bench at Westminster on a charge of treason and imprisoned in the Tower of London, but bailed to appear for trial at a later date. The charges were not pressed, and on 14 February 1680, the pair were released from their bail. For the next few years, Deane continued his successful career as a private shipbuilder.He and Pepys were also MPs for Harwich in James II's first parliament from 19 May 1685.His written work includes a Doctrine for Naval Architecture, published in 1670, now seen as one of the most important texts in the history of naval architecture. He was also a mentor of Peter the Great during his Grand Embassy.[12]He married twice; firstly to Ann Prowse, a widow who bore him four sons and a daughter and secondly to Christian, the widow of Sir John Dawes, and mother of William Dawes, Archbishop of York, who bore him three sons and five daughters.[13]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-180-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-180-7"}],"text":"Lavery, Brian, ed. (1981). Deane's Doctrine of Naval Architecture, 1670. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-180-7.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A 1690 portrait of Deane by Godfrey Kneller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sir_Anthony_Deane_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg/220px-Sir_Anthony_Deane_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"DEANE, Sir Anthony (1633-1721), of Crutched Friars, London\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/deane-sir-anthony-1633-1721","url_text":"\"DEANE, Sir Anthony (1633-1721), of Crutched Friars, London\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Charles J (1882). A register of the scholars admitted into Merchant Taylors' School : from A. D. 1562 to 1874. Lewes: Farncombe & Co. p. 176. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/aregisterschola01schogoog","url_text":"A register of the scholars admitted into Merchant Taylors' School : from A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basic_Training_of_Pavlo_Hummel | The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel | ["1 Productions","2 Cast","2.1 Off Broadway production","2.2 Broadway production","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"] | Play by David Rabe
The Basic Training of Pavlo HummelOriginal Broadway poster (1977). Due to popular demand, the limited run was extended to September 3.Written byDavid RabeDate premieredMay 19, 1971 (1971-05-19)Place premieredThe Public Theater, New York CityOriginal languageEnglishSeriesRabe's Vietnam trilogyGenreDramaThe Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel is a play by David Rabe.
Rabe's first play in his Vietnam War trilogy that continued with Sticks and Bones and Streamers, its story is bracketed by scenes depicting the death of the everyman-like title character, who mindlessly grabs at a live hand grenade tossed into the Saigon brothel he is visiting. A born loser who is drafted into the United States Army, Hummel immediately encounters difficulties with both his sergeants and fellow recruits, none of whom trust him. As he stumbles through basic training and comes ever closer to the battlefield, he is guided by Ardell, a mysteriously ambiguous character who seemingly is an officer but serves as Hummel's conscience and a Greek chorus–like figure as well. Although injured repeatedly, Hummel is so determined to be a soldier he passes up a chance to go home, a decision that ultimately proves fatal.
Productions
Under the auspices of the New York Shakespeare Festival, the play premiered Off-Broadway at The Public Theater on May 19, 1971. Directed by Jeff Bleckner, the cast included William Atherton as Hummel, Albert Hall as Ardell, and Joe Fields as Sgt. Tower
The play opened on Broadway at the Longacre Theatre on April 14, 1977 in previews, officially on April 24, 1977 and closed on September 3, 1977 after 117 performances. Directed by David Wheeler, the cast included Al Pacino as Hummel, Gustave Johnson as Ardell, and Joe Fields reprising his role as Sgt. Tower.
Cast
Off Broadway production
Actor
Role
William Atherton
Pavlo Hummel
Victoria Racimo
Yen / Second Viet Cong
Albert Hall
Ardell
Joe Fields
Sgt. Tower
Earl Hindman
Kress
Peter Cameron
Parker
Rovert Lehman
Pierce
Anthony R. Charnota
Cpl. Ferrara
Edward Herrmann
Hinkle
Frederick Coffin
Mickey
Sloane Shelton
Mrs. Hummel
Garrett Moris
Jones
Christal Kim
Mama-san
Lee Wallace
Sgt. Brisbey
John Benson
Sgt. Wall
Bob Delegall
Parham
Edward Cannan
Captain Saunders / Captain Miller / Lieutenant Smith
Steven Clarke
Burns
Edward Cannan
Captain Saunders
John Walter Davis
Ryan
D. Franklyn Lenthall
Hendrix
Hoshin Seki
First Viet Cong / Farmer
Broadway production
Cast
Role
Al Pacino
Pavlo Hummel
Tisa Chang
Yen / Second Viet Cong
Gustave Johnson
Ardell
Joe Fields
Sgt. Tower
Larry Bryggman
Kress
Max Wright
Parker
Lance Henriksen
Pierce
Jack Kehoe
Corporal Jackson
Paul Guilfoyle
Hinkle
Ron Hunter
Mickey
Andrea Masters
Mrs. Sorrentino
Rebecca Drake
Mrs. Hummel
Don Blakely
Jones
Anne Miyamoto
Mama-san / Farmer
Richard Lynch
Sgt. Brisbey
Sully Boyar
Sgt. Wall
Damien Leake
Parham
Cameron Mason
Various Vietnamese
Gary Bolling
Burns / Private Grennel
Brad Sullivan
Captain Saunders
Michael Dinelli
Ryan
John Aquino
Hendrix
Kevin Maung
Gomez / First Viet Cong / Vietnamese Boy
Awards and nominations
Source: Playbill Vault
Awards
1971 Drama Desk Award for Most Promising Director – Jeff Bleckner
1971 Drama Desk Award for Most Promising Playwright – David Rabe
1971 Obie Award for Distinguished Direction – Jeff Bleckner
1971 Theatre World Award – William Atherton
1977 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play – Al Pacino
1977 Theatre World Award - Joe Fields
1977 Tony Award for Best Actor in Play – Al Pacino
Nominations
1977 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play – Joe Fields
References
^ a b The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel, playbillvault.com, accessed May 15, 2015
External links
The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel at the Internet Broadway Database
The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
vteObie Award for Best New American Play
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Dark Disabled Stories (2024) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"David Rabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rabe"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy"},{"link_name":"Sticks and Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticks_and_Bones"},{"link_name":"Streamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamers_(play)"},{"link_name":"hand grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade"},{"link_name":"Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City"},{"link_name":"brothel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothel"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"sergeants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant"},{"link_name":"Greek chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_chorus"}],"text":"The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel is a play by David Rabe.Rabe's first play in his Vietnam War trilogy that continued with Sticks and Bones and Streamers, its story is bracketed by scenes depicting the death of the everyman-like title character, who mindlessly grabs at a live hand grenade tossed into the Saigon brothel he is visiting. A born loser who is drafted into the United States Army, Hummel immediately encounters difficulties with both his sergeants and fellow recruits, none of whom trust him. As he stumbles through basic training and comes ever closer to the battlefield, he is guided by Ardell, a mysteriously ambiguous character who seemingly is an officer but serves as Hummel's conscience and a Greek chorus–like figure as well. Although injured repeatedly, Hummel is so determined to be a soldier he passes up a chance to go home, a decision that ultimately proves fatal.","title":"The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"The Public Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_Theater"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bleckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bleckner"},{"link_name":"William Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Atherton"},{"link_name":"Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joe Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Fields"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Longacre Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longacre_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vault-1"}],"text":"Under the auspices of the New York Shakespeare Festival, the play premiered Off-Broadway at The Public Theater on May 19, 1971. Directed by Jeff Bleckner, the cast included William Atherton as Hummel, Albert Hall as Ardell, and Joe Fields as Sgt. TowerThe play opened on Broadway at the Longacre Theatre on April 14, 1977 in previews, officially on April 24, 1977 and closed on September 3, 1977 after 117 performances. Directed by David Wheeler, the cast included Al Pacino as Hummel, Gustave Johnson as Ardell, and Joe Fields reprising his role as Sgt. Tower.[1]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Off Broadway production","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Broadway production","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vault-1"}],"text":"Source: Playbill Vault[1]Awards1971 Drama Desk Award for Most Promising Director – Jeff Bleckner\n1971 Drama Desk Award for Most Promising Playwright – David Rabe\n1971 Obie Award for Distinguished Direction – Jeff Bleckner\n1971 Theatre World Award – William Atherton\n1977 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play – Al Pacino\n1977 Theatre World Award - Joe Fields\n1977 Tony Award for Best Actor in Play – Al PacinoNominations1977 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play – Joe Fields","title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/6890/The-Basic-Training-of-Pavlo-Hummel","external_links_name":"The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/1859","external_links_name":"The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel"},{"Link":"http://www.iobdb.com/Production/1386","external_links_name":"The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven_(disambiguation) | 7-Eleven (disambiguation) | ["1 See also"] | 7-Eleven is an international chain of convenience stores.
7-Eleven, 7/11 or 07-11 may also refer to:
July 11
Montgomery 7-11, an American sailing dinghy that has a length overall of 7' 11"
November 7
7-Eleven (cycling team), a professional road-racing team 1981–1996
"7/11" (song), a song by Beyoncé
"7-11", a song by the Ramones from Pleasant Dreams
"7-11", a song by Eskimo Disco featuring the characters from Pingu
"Seven Eleven", a song by GE & GM from A Bugged Out Mix
See also
711 (disambiguation)
11/7 (disambiguation)
117 (disambiguation)
Blackjack, featuring the 7-11-21 rule
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 7-Eleven.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_11"},{"link_name":"Montgomery 7-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_7-11"},{"link_name":"November 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_7"},{"link_name":"7-Eleven (cycling team)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"\"7/11\" (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7/11_(song)"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Pingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingu"},{"link_name":"A Bugged Out Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bugged_Out_Mix_(Miss_Kittin_album)"}],"text":"7-Eleven, 7/11 or 07-11 may also refer to:July 11\nMontgomery 7-11, an American sailing dinghy that has a length overall of 7' 11\"\nNovember 7\n7-Eleven (cycling team), a professional road-racing team 1981–1996\n\"7/11\" (song), a song by Beyoncé\n\"7-11\", a song by the Ramones from Pleasant Dreams\n\"7-11\", a song by Eskimo Disco featuring the characters from Pingu\n\"Seven Eleven\", a song by GE & GM from A Bugged Out Mix","title":"7-Eleven (disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"title":"711 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/711_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"11/7 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11/7_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"117 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/117_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Blackjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/7-Eleven_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/7-Eleven_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Versatile_Doom | Digital Versatile Doom | ["1 Track listing","2 DVD","2.1 Bonus features","3 Personnel","4 In media","5 Charts","6 References"] | 2008 live album by HIMDigital Versatile DoomLive album by HIMReleased29 April 2008Recorded14 and 15 November 2007VenueOrpheum Theater in Los AngelesLabelSire, Warner Bros.ProducerTim PalmerHIM chronology
Venus Doom(2007)
Digital Versatile Doom(2008)
Screamworks: Love in Theory and Practice(2010)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Digital Versatile Doom: Live at the Orpheum Theatre XXXVII A.S. is a live double album by Finnish rock band HIM. The DVD was directed by Meiert Avis in Los Angeles at the Orpheum Theater between 14 and 15 November 2007. The DVD features the live performance, as well as behind the scenes look at the show. Also featured on the DVD is the winner of HIM's biggest fans competition go to Seattle, Washington, to meet the band. A special edition was available for pre-order on 1 February 2008, which comes with a limited edition 6" X 4" hand-numbered flipbook limited to 3500 copies in North America and 500 in the UK. The imagery is from HIM's live performance of "Sleepwalking Past Hope" at that concert.
An unspecified delay occurred during the release of the product to the market, with the release date being changed from 31 March to 29 April, and further to 17 May for Australian listeners.
Track listing
All tracks by Ville Valo except where noted.
"Passion's Killing Floor" – 5:14
"(Rip Out) the Wings of a Butterfly" – 3:31
"Buried Alive by Love" – 4:52
"Wicked Game" – 4:28 *
"The Kiss of Dawn" – 4:35
"Vampire Heart" – 4:25
"Poison Girl" – 5:05
"Dead Lovers' Lane" – 4:17
"Join Me in Death" – 3:30
"It's All Tears" – 4:21 **
"Sleepwalking Past Hope" – 10:41
"Killing Loneliness" – 4:30
"Soul on Fire" – 4:23
"Your Sweet Six Six Six" – 4:03
"Bleed Well" – 4:22
"Right Here in My Arms" – 5:26 1
"The Funeral of Hearts" – 4:43
"V.D.O. (Venus Doom Outro)" – 4:06 1
Notes
1 iTunes version only
* Written by Chris Isaac
** Features sample of Monster Magnet's song "Wall of Fire"
DVD
"Intro (Blood Theme)"
"Passion's Killing Floor"
"Wings of a Butterfly"
"Buried Alive By Love"
"Wicked Game"
"The Kiss of Dawn"
"Vampire Heart"
"Poison Girl"
"Dead Lovers' Lane"
"Join Me in Death"
"It's All Tears (Drown in This Love)"
"Sleepwalking Past Hope"
"Killing Loneliness"
"Soul On Fire"
"Your Sweet 666"
"Bleed Well"
"Right Here in My Arms"
"The Funeral of Hearts"
"V.D.O. (Venus Doom Outro)"
Bonus features
"Ville Valo Interview" – 44:43
"Fan Videos"
"Fan Club Photo Gallery"
Personnel
Ville Hermanni Valo – lead vocals
Mikko Viljami "Linde" Lindström – lead guitar
Mikko Henrik Julius "Migé" Paananen – bass
Janne Johannes "Emerson Burton" Puurtinen – keyboards
Mika Kristian "Gas Lipstick" Karppinen – drums
In media
The intro, "Blood Theme", is used in the soundtrack and the closing credits for the television show Dexter.
Charts
Charts (2008)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (ARIA)
48
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
35
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
10
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
37
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
59
References
^ a b "Kerrang! HIM delay live CD/DVD package". .kerrang.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
^ Fulton, Katherine (26 February 2008). "AllMusic review". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
^ "Chart Log UK: A – Azzido Da Bass". Zobbel.de. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
^ "Australiancharts.com – HIM – Digital Versatile Doom Live At The Orpheum Theatre". Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ "Austriancharts.at – HIM – Digital Versatile Doom Live At The Orpheum Theatre" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ "HIM: Digital Versatile Doom – Live At The Orpheum Theatre" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – HIM – Digital Versatile Doom Live At The Orpheum Theatre" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – HIM – Digital Versatile Doom Live At The Orpheum Theatre". Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
vteHIM
Ville Valo
Mige
Linde
Gas Lipstick
Burton
Studio albums
Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666
Razorblade Romance
Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights
Love Metal
Dark Light
Venus Doom
Screamworks: Love in Theory and Practice
Tears on Tape
Live albums
Digital Versatile Doom
Compilation albums
And Love Said No: The Greatest Hits 1997–2004
Uneasy Listening Vol. 1 & 2
XX – Two Decades of Love Metal
Remix albums
SWRMXS
Extended plays
666 Ways to Love: Prologue
Box sets
Lashes to Ashes, Lust to Dust: A Vinyl Retrospective '96–'03
Singles
"Wicked Game"
"Join Me in Death"
"Pretending"
"The Funeral of Hearts"
"Buried Alive by Love"
"The Sacrament"
"Solitary Man"
"Wings of a Butterfly"
"Killing Loneliness"
"The Kiss of Dawn"
"Heartkiller"
"Strange World"
Video releases
The Video Collection: 1997–2003
Love Metal Archives Vol. I
Digital Versatile Doom
Related articles
Discography
Helldone
Bang and Whimper 2017 – The Farewell Tour
Daniel Lioneye
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_album"},{"link_name":"double album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_album"},{"link_name":"HIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIM_(Finnish_band)"},{"link_name":"Meiert Avis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiert_Avis"},{"link_name":"Orpheum Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www2.kerrang.com-1"}],"text":"2008 live album by HIMDigital Versatile Doom: Live at the Orpheum Theatre XXXVII A.S. is a live double album by Finnish rock band HIM. The DVD was directed by Meiert Avis in Los Angeles at the Orpheum Theater between 14 and 15 November 2007. The DVD features the live performance, as well as behind the scenes look at the show. 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(Venus Doom Outro)\" – 4:06 1Notes\n1 iTunes version only\n* Written by Chris Isaac\n** Features sample of Monster Magnet's song \"Wall of Fire\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wings of a Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_of_a_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"Buried Alive By Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buried_Alive_By_Love"},{"link_name":"Wicked Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_Game"},{"link_name":"The Kiss of Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kiss_of_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Vampire Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_Heart"},{"link_name":"Poison Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Girl"},{"link_name":"Join Me in Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_Me_in_Death"},{"link_name":"It's All Tears (Drown in This Love)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_All_Tears_(Drown_in_This_Love)"},{"link_name":"Killing Loneliness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Loneliness"},{"link_name":"Your Sweet 666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Sweet_Six_Six_Six"},{"link_name":"Bleed Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleed_Well"},{"link_name":"Right Here in My Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Here_in_My_Arms"},{"link_name":"The Funeral of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Funeral_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Venus Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Doom"}],"text":"\"Intro (Blood Theme)\"\n\"Passion's Killing Floor\"\n\"Wings of a Butterfly\"\n\"Buried Alive By Love\"\n\"Wicked Game\"\n\"The Kiss of Dawn\"\n\"Vampire Heart\"\n\"Poison Girl\"\n\"Dead Lovers' Lane\"\n\"Join Me in Death\"\n\"It's All Tears (Drown in This Love)\"\n\"Sleepwalking Past Hope\"\n\"Killing Loneliness\"\n\"Soul On Fire\"\n\"Your Sweet 666\"\n\"Bleed Well\"\n\"Right Here in My Arms\"\n\"The Funeral of Hearts\"\n\"V.D.O. (Venus Doom Outro)\"","title":"DVD"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bonus features","text":"\"Ville Valo Interview\" – 44:43\n\"Fan Videos\"\n\"Fan Club Photo Gallery\"","title":"DVD"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ville Hermanni Valo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_Valo"},{"link_name":"Mikko Viljami \"Linde\" Lindström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikko_Lindstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Mikko Henrik Julius \"Migé\" Paananen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikko_Paananen"},{"link_name":"Janne Johannes \"Emerson Burton\" Puurtinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janne_Puurtinen"},{"link_name":"Mika Kristian \"Gas Lipstick\" Karppinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Karppinen"}],"text":"Ville Hermanni Valo – lead vocals\nMikko Viljami \"Linde\" Lindström – lead guitar\nMikko Henrik Julius \"Migé\" Paananen – bass\nJanne Johannes \"Emerson Burton\" Puurtinen – keyboards\nMika Kristian \"Gas Lipstick\" Karppinen – drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The intro, \"Blood Theme\", is used in the soundtrack and the closing credits for the television show Dexter.[3]","title":"In media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kerrang! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilarie_Burton | Hilarie Burton | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Media personality","2.2 Acting and producing","2.3 Writing","3 Personal life","4 Discography","4.1 Soundtrack","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","5.3 Music video","5.4 Audiobook","5.5 Podcast","6 Awards and nominations","7 Bibliography","8 References","9 External links"] | American actress
Hilarie BurtonBurton in 2016BornHilarie Ross Burton (1982-07-01) July 1, 1982 (age 41)Sterling, Virginia, U.S.Other namesHilarie Burton MorganAlma materFordham UniversityOccupationsActresstelevision hostYears active1997–presentSpouse
Jeffrey Dean Morgan (m. 2019)Children2
Hilarie Ross Burton (born July 1, 1982), also known as Hilarie Burton Morgan, is an American actress. A former host of MTV's Total Request Live, she portrayed Peyton Sawyer on The WB/The CW drama One Tree Hill for six seasons (2003–2009). Post One Tree Hill, Burton starred in Our Very Own, Solstice, and The List. She has also had supporting or recurring roles in television series, including her role as Sara Ellis on White Collar (2010–2013), Dr. Lauren Boswell on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy (2013), Molly Dawes on the ABC drama series Forever (2014), and Karen Palmer on the Fox television series Lethal Weapon (2016). Burton is currently a co-host on the Drama Queens podcast along with her former One Tree Hill co-stars, Sophia Bush and Bethany Joy Lenz.
Early life
Hilarie Ross Burton was born on July 1, 1982 in Sterling, Virginia, United States. Her father, James William "Bill" Burton (b. 1947), is a veteran of the U.S. Army, and her mother, Lisa Kay (née Blankers; b. 1960), is a real estate agent originally from Minnesota. Burton's parents married in 1981. She is the eldest of four children, with three brothers. In 2000, Burton graduated from Park View High School, where she was student council treasurer her sophomore year, vice-president her junior year, and captain of the cheerleading squad, student council president, and homecoming queen her senior year. She attended New York University from Fordham University, graduating in 2004.
Career
Media personality
Burton's first big break came when working as a VJ for MTV's Total Request Live (TRL). She was supposed to be a guest commentator for one segment, but producers decided to offer her a permanent job. Burton went on to present at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards and MTV's Iced Out New Year's Eve. Burton went on to portray herself on The WB (now The CW)'s drama series Dawson's Creek in 2002, which marked her television debut.
In October 2017, when news of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases broke, Burton retweeted a 2003 video clip from TRL Uncensored in which Ben Affleck squeezed her breast on air. This was in response to a fan tweet that quipped, " also grabbed Hilarie Burton-Morgan's breasts on TRL once. Everyone forgot though." Burton replied, "I didn't forget ... I was a kid." Affleck, who'd just publicly criticized Weinstein, subsequently responded on Twitter to apologize to Burton. When asked about the incident a month later on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, Affleck said, "I don't remember it, but I absolutely apologize for it. I certainly don't think she's lying or making it up.'"
In 2021, Burton started a podcast with One Tree Hill co-stars Sophia Bush and Bethany Joy Lenz titled Drama Queens.
Acting and producing
Hilarie Burton in June 2008
Burton was cast in The WB drama series One Tree Hill as Peyton Sawyer, an independent visual and musical artist and cheerleader, in April 2003. The series premiered on September 23, 2003, and went on to be the network's top rated program of the year. The role was considered Burton's breakout role and is her best known to date. For her role in the series, Burton was featured on the cover of Maxim, American Cheerleader Magazine and People. Her performance received critical praise and she earned three Teen Choice Award nominations. In May 2009, The CW announced Burton would not be returning for the show's seventh season based on her own decision not to return, contrary to rumors she left owing to salary issues.
One Tree Hill heightened Burton's public profile. In May 2007 she was ranked #77 in Maxim's "Hot 100 List of 2007". She also appeared on the cover of the November 2006 edition of Maxim with One Tree Hill co-stars Sophia Bush and Danneel Harris. In previous years, Burton ranked #2 on Femme Fatales' "The 50 Sexiest Women of 2005", and #12 on Much Music's "20 Hottest Women of 2003".
While still a One Tree Hill cast member, Burton made her feature film debut opposite Allison Janney and Cheryl Hines in the 2005 well-reviewed drama Our Very Own which centered on five small-town teenagers who dream of a better life. Burton and her co-stars received the "Outstanding Ensemble Acting" award at the prestigious Sarasota Film Festival. Burton appeared in the 2007 Lifetime drama Normal Adolescent Behavior which followed a group of friends who are in a six-way polyfidelitous relationship. That same year, Burton co-starred in the supernatural horror film Solstice opposite Amanda Seyfried and Elisabeth Harnois. Burton also created her own production company, Southern Gothic Production (SoGoPro) in 2007, along with Nick Gray, Kelly Tenney, James Burton, and Meg Mortimer.
In 2008, Burton appeared in both the Fox Searchlight Pictures drama The Secret Life of Bees, as the deceased mother of Dakota Fanning's character, and the limited release thriller The List. Burton was next cast in the film Bloodworth opposite Hilary Duff and Val Kilmer, an adaptation of the novel Provinces of Night by William Gay. The film premiered after her exit from One Tree Hill, at the 2010 Santa Barbara International Film Festival, but made little money in limited release. Burton won a recurring arc in the USA Network crime drama series White Collar in 2010 as Sara Ellis, an insurance investigator in the second season. She was upgraded to a series regular in 2011 for the third season, but switched back to the recurring cast in the fourth season. 2012 saw Burton guest-starring on the ABC police comedy-drama Castle (season 4, episode 13) as a reality television star who is accused of murder. Next came a recurring role in the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy for the final three episodes of the 2013 ninth season, as Dr. Lauren Boswell. That fall, Burton had a recurring role on the short-lived CBS drama Hostages. Burton reunited with One Tree Hill co-star Tyler Hilton for a recurring role on CBS sci-fi drama Extant in 2015. Burton appeared as the DEA agent love interest of main character Martin Riggs on Lethal Weapon from the seventh episode of the first season in 2016 through the third episode of the second season in 2017.
In November 2017, Burton spoke out in light of charges that One Tree Hill creator Mark Schwahn had sexually harassed some of the female crew, alleging that she had also been sexually harassed by Schwahn.
Burton guest-starred in the tenth season of The Walking Dead as Negan's wife Lucille, appearing alongside her real-life husband Jeffrey Dean Morgan who plays Negan.
Since 2021, Burton has been a co-host on the Drama Queens podcast along with her former One Tree Hill co-stars, Sophia Bush and Bethany Joy Lenz.
Writing
On May 5, 2020, Burton published her first non-fiction book, The Rural Diaries: Love, Livestock, and Big Life Lessons Down on Mischief Farm.
She published her memoir, Grimoire Girl: A Memoir of Magic and Mischief, on April 25, 2023.
Personal life
Burton holding an M4 carbine during a USO visit
During her time on One Tree Hill, Burton resided in Wilmington, North Carolina, where the show was filmed.
Burton began dating Jeffrey Dean Morgan in 2009, after being introduced by Jensen and Danneel Ackles. Their first child, a son, was born in March 2010, and their second child, a daughter, was born in February 2018. Morgan and Burton married on October 5, 2019, in a ceremony officiated by Jensen Ackles.
She has been candid on social media about their struggle to conceive, stating that it took five years to successfully carry a second baby to term. Subsequently, she has spoken out publicly in support of abortion rights after the Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization that overturned Roe v. Wade, stating:This is my child. My beloved. My daughter. It is no secret I struggled with infertility. Losing multiple pregnancies before her was traumatic. But female bodies are all different and unpredictable. Having an abortion after my fetus died allowed for my uterus to heal in a way that made it healthy enough to carry future pregnancies. It doesn't matter if you use the term D&C. The official word on the hospital paperwork is abortion. That's what it was.
Even though the show One Tree Hill was filmed in Wilmington, North Carolina, Burton has family there as well. Throughout the years she has been an advocate for the Wilmington community and the most recent example of that is her work in promoting and raising money for the film Wilmington on Fire.
Discography
Soundtrack
The Road Mix: Music from the Television Series One Tree Hill, Volume 3 (2007)
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005
Our Very Own
Bobbie Chester
Film debut
2007
The List
Jo Johnston
2007
Normal Adolescent Behavior
Ryan
2008
Solstice
Alicia
2008
The Secret Life of Bees
Deborah Owens
2009
The True-Love Tale of Boyfriend & Girlfriend
Boyfriend
Short film; also producer, art director and costume designer
2010
Bloodworth
Hazel
2014
Black Eyed Dog
2017
Growing Up Smith
Nancy Brunner
2020
618 to Omaha
Mrs. Jenkins
Short film
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000–2008
Total Request Live
Herself
Co-host
2001
Becoming Presents: Wannabe
Herself
Correspondent, select episodes
2002
Dawson's Creek
VJ Hilarie
Episode: "100 Light Years from Home"
2003–2009
One Tree Hill
Peyton Sawyer
Main role; 130 episodes (Seasons 1–6)
2003
MTV's Iced Out New Year's Eve
Herself
Host
2003
MTV Does Miami
Herself
Co-host
2003
MTV Diary
Herself
Alongside One Tree Hill cast
2003
The Real World: Las Vegas
Herself
Reunion Host: 7 The Hard Way
2003
Pepsi Smash
Herself
Host
2005
Unscripted
Herself
Episode #1.5
2008
Little Britain USA
Lesbian College Student
Episode #1.6
2010–2013
White Collar
Sara Ellis
22 episodes; Main role (Season 3); Recurring role (Seasons 2 and 4)
2012
Castle
Kay Cappuccio
Episode: "An Embarrassment of Bitches"
2012
Naughty or Nice
Krissy Kringle
Television film
2013
Grey's Anatomy
Dr. Lauren Boswell
Recurring role; 3 episodes
2013
Hostages
Samantha
Recurring role; 4 episodes
2013
Christmas on the Bayou
Katherine "Kat"
Television film
2014–2015
Forever
Iona Payne / Molly Dawes
Guest role; 2 episodes
2015
Surprised by Love
Josie Mayfield
Television film
2015
Extant
Anna Schaefer
Recurring role; 6 episodes
2015
Last Chance for Christmas
Annie
Television film
2016
Togetherness
Kennedy
Episode: "Advanced Pretend"
2016
Summer Villa
Terry Russell
Television film
2016–2017
Lethal Weapon
Karen Palmer
Recurring role; 6 episodes
2018
The Christmas Contract
Jolie Guidry
Television film; also co-producer
2019
A Christmas Wish
Faith
Television film
2020
Friday Night in with the Morgans
Herself
Co-host, also executive producer; 7 episodes
2020
Council of Dads
Margot
Recurring role; 6 episodes
2020
Dear Christmas
Cameo
Television film
2021
The Walking Dead
Lucille
Episode: "Here's Negan"
2021–present
True Crime Story: It Couldn't Happen Here
Herself
Host; crime documentary series, 7 episodes; also executive producer
2022
Good Sam
Gretchen Taylor
Episode: "Keep Talking"
Music video
Year
Title
Artist
Role
2005
"The Mixed Tape"
Jack's Mannequin
Peyton Sawyer
Audiobook
Year
Title
Role
2020
The Rural Diaries: Love, Livestock, and Big Life Lessons Down on Mischief Farm
Narrator
2023
Grimoire Girl: A Memoir of Magic and Mischief
Narrator
Podcast
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2021–present
Drama Queens
Herself
Co-host; 37 episodes
2021
Bridgewater
Shelley Hoskins
3 episodes
Awards and nominations
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result
2004
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Breakout TV Star – Female
One Tree Hill
Nominated
Choice TV Actress: Drama/Action/Adventure
Nominated
2005
Choice TV Actress: Drama
Nominated
2006
Sarasota Film Festival
Outstanding Ensemble Acting
Our Very Own
Won
2008
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress: Drama
One Tree Hill
Nominated
Hollywood Film Awards
Ensemble Acting of the Year (Shared with cast)
The Secret Life of Bees
Won
Bibliography
The Rural Diaries: Love, Livestock, and Big Life Lessons Down on Mischief Farm (2020)
Grimoire Girl: A Memoir of Magic and Mischief (2023)
References
^ a b "Chad Michael Murray's Birthday Message to Hilarie Burton Will Delight One Tree Hill Fans". July 2, 2020.
^ DeHority, Sam (March 29, 2013). "Are You Man Enough for Hilarie Burton?". Men's Fitness. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
^ a b "Hilarie Burton: Biography". TV Guide. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
^ Ingram, Hunter (March 28, 2015). "Hilarie Burton, Stephen Colletti reminisce about 'One Tree Hill' during adorable Q&A". Starnewsonline.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
^ Marriage of Lisa Kay Blankers and James William Burton (Report). Fairfax, Virginia: Virginia Bureau of Vital Records and Health Statistics. July 18, 1981. Retrieved February 9, 2024 – via FamilySearch.
^ Vena, Jocelyn. "Hilarie Burton Says She Owes Career, From 'TRL' To 'One Tree Hill,' To 'Fairy Godfather' Carson Daly". MTV News.
^ Heritage: Park View High School Yearbook (1998)
^ Heritage: Park View High School Yearbook (1999)
^ Foster, Brooke Lea (August 1, 2004). "Almost Famous". Washingtonian. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
^ Scott, Erika (March 1, 2002). "THE STUDENT VOICE OF FORDHAM COLLEGE AT LINCOLN CENTER". The Fordham Observer. XX (10).
^ Gonzalez, Sandra (October 11, 2017). "Ben Affleck apologizes for groping Hilarie Burton on camera". CNN. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
^ Leight, Elias (November 17, 2017). "Stephen Colbert Confronts Ben Affleck on Sexual Misconduct Accusations". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ "Breaking: Two Stars Exit One Tree Hill". TVGuide.com. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
^ Hilarie Burton of 2007 Hot 100 Maxim Retrieved February 1, 2007.
^ "Hilarie Burton cast bio on The WB". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
^ "Southern Gothic Productions: Who is Southern Gothic Productions?". Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
^ "Southern Gothic Productions – Home Page". Sogopro.com. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
^ "Blogger". Southerngothicproductions.blogspot.com. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
^ "White Collar Promotes Hilarie Burton to Series Regular". TVGuide.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
^ Matt Webb Mitovich (November 23, 2011). "Castle scoop: Hilarie Burton excited to tackle a 'radically different' kind of role". TVLine.com. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
^ "Hostages/IMDB". IMDB. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
^ Holloway, Daniel (November 17, 2017). "'One Tree Hill' Cast, Crew Detail Assault, Harassment Claims Against Mark Schwahn (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
^ Davis, Brandon (November 3, 2020). "The Walking Dead: Hilarie Burton Cast As Negan's Wife Lucille (Exclusive)". Comicbook.com. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
^ "Hilarie Burton Talks One Tree Hill Horrors, Jeffrey Dean Morgan Romance and More in New Book". May 5, 2020.
^ "Hilarie Burton Morgan on Building a Better Life Through 'Magic and Mischief'". June 1, 2023.
^ "Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Hilarie Burton Talk Baby Son Gus, Parenthood: It's Been Spectacular".
^ "Hilarie Burton Morgan (@hilarieburton) on Instagram | Ghostarchive". ghostarchive.org. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
^ Hilarie Burton Says Her Wedding to Jeffrey Dean Morgan Was a "Big Thank You" to Loved Ones theknot.com
^ Mandell, Andrea. "Hilarie Burton, Jeffrey Dean Morgan welcome 'miracle baby' in honest post about fertility". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
^ Wang, Jessica (June 29, 2022). "Hilarie Burton shares powerful story of having abortion after pregnancy loss". EW.com. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
^ "'One Tree Hill's' Hilarie Burton Morgan committed to fighting for Wilmington community".
^ Cordero, Rosy (January 20, 2022). "'Good Sam' Reunites 'One Tree Hill' Stars Sophia Bush, Hilarie Burton, & Bethany Joy Lenz". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hilarie Burton.
Hilarie Burton at IMDb
Hilarie Burton at AllMovie
Hilarie Burton's page on CWTV.com
Hilarie Burton's SoGoPro Productions creating a stir – starnewsonline.com
SoGoPro
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
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BnF data
United States
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthday-1"},{"link_name":"Total Request Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Request_Live"},{"link_name":"Peyton Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"The WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WB"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"One Tree Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Tree_Hill_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Our Very Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Very_Own_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice_(film)"},{"link_name":"The List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_List_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Sara Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Ellis_(White_Collar)"},{"link_name":"White Collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Collar_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(U.S._TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Lethal Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_Weapon_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Drama Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Queens_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"Sophia Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Bush"},{"link_name":"Bethany Joy Lenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_Joy_Lenz"}],"text":"Hilarie Ross Burton (born July 1, 1982),[1] also known as Hilarie Burton Morgan, is an American actress. A former host of MTV's Total Request Live, she portrayed Peyton Sawyer on The WB/The CW drama One Tree Hill for six seasons (2003–2009). Post One Tree Hill, Burton starred in Our Very Own, Solstice, and The List. She has also had supporting or recurring roles in television series, including her role as Sara Ellis on White Collar (2010–2013), Dr. Lauren Boswell on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy (2013), Molly Dawes on the ABC drama series Forever (2014), and Karen Palmer on the Fox television series Lethal Weapon (2016). Burton is currently a co-host on the Drama Queens podcast along with her former One Tree Hill co-stars, Sophia Bush and Bethany Joy Lenz.","title":"Hilarie Burton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthday-1"},{"link_name":"Sterling, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVGuide.com-3"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Park View High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_View_High_School_(Loudoun_County,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Hilarie Ross Burton was born on July 1, 1982[1] in Sterling, Virginia, United States. Her father, James William \"Bill\" Burton (b. 1947), is a veteran of the U.S. Army,[2] and her mother, Lisa[3] Kay (née Blankers; b. 1960), is a real estate agent[4] originally from Minnesota. Burton's parents married in 1981.[5] She is the eldest of four children, with three brothers. In 2000, Burton graduated from Park View High School,[6] where she was student council treasurer her sophomore year,[7] vice-president her junior year,[8] and captain of the cheerleading squad, student council president,[9] and homecoming queen her senior year.[citation needed] She attended New York University from Fordham University, graduating in 2004.[10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VJ_(media_personality)"},{"link_name":"Total Request Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Request_Live"},{"link_name":"2000 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"Dawson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein_sexual_abuse_cases"},{"link_name":"retweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Ben Affleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Affleck"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez-11"},{"link_name":"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"One Tree Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Tree_Hill_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sophia Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Bush"},{"link_name":"Bethany Joy Lenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_Joy_Lenz"}],"sub_title":"Media personality","text":"Burton's first big break came when working as a VJ for MTV's Total Request Live (TRL). She was supposed to be a guest commentator for one segment, but producers decided to offer her a permanent job. Burton went on to present at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards and MTV's Iced Out New Year's Eve. Burton went on to portray herself on The WB (now The CW)'s drama series Dawson's Creek in 2002, which marked her television debut.In October 2017, when news of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases broke, Burton retweeted a 2003 video clip from TRL Uncensored in which Ben Affleck squeezed her breast on air. This was in response to a fan tweet that quipped, \"[Affleck] also grabbed Hilarie Burton-Morgan's breasts on TRL once. Everyone forgot though.\" Burton replied, \"I didn't forget [about it] ... I was a kid.\" Affleck, who'd just publicly criticized Weinstein, subsequently responded on Twitter to apologize to Burton.[11] When asked about the incident a month later on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, Affleck said, \"I don't remember it, but I absolutely apologize for it. I certainly don't think she's lying or making it up.'\"[12]In 2021, Burton started a podcast with One Tree Hill co-stars Sophia Bush and Bethany Joy Lenz titled Drama Queens.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hilarie_Burton_Gitmo.jpg"},{"link_name":"One Tree Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Tree_Hill_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Peyton Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"American Cheerleader Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cheerleader_Magazine"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Teen Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"The 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Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Normal Adolescent Behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_Adolescent_Behavior"},{"link_name":"Solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice_(film)"},{"link_name":"Amanda Seyfried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Harnois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Harnois"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sogopro.com-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Fox Searchlight Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Searchlight_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Secret Life of Bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Bees_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dakota Fanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Fanning"},{"link_name":"The List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_List_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Bloodworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodworth"},{"link_name":"Hilary Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Duff"},{"link_name":"Val Kilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Kilmer"},{"link_name":"William Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gay_(author)"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"White 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Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_Weapon_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Mark Schwahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Schwahn"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holloway-22"},{"link_name":"tenth season of The Walking Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(season_10)"},{"link_name":"Negan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negan"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Dean Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Dean_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sophia Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Bush"},{"link_name":"Bethany Joy Lenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_Joy_Lenz"}],"sub_title":"Acting and producing","text":"Hilarie Burton in June 2008Burton was cast in The WB drama series One Tree Hill as Peyton Sawyer, an independent visual and musical artist and cheerleader, in April 2003. The series premiered on September 23, 2003, and went on to be the network's top rated program of the year. The role was considered Burton's breakout role and is her best known to date. For her role in the series, Burton was featured on the cover of Maxim, American Cheerleader Magazine and People. Her performance received critical praise and she earned three Teen Choice Award nominations. In May 2009, The CW announced Burton would not be returning for the show's seventh season based on her own decision not to return, contrary to rumors she left owing to salary issues.[13]One Tree Hill heightened Burton's public profile. In May 2007 she was ranked #77 in Maxim's \"Hot 100 List of 2007\".[14] She also appeared on the cover of the November 2006 edition of Maxim with One Tree Hill co-stars Sophia Bush and Danneel Harris. In previous years, Burton ranked #2 on Femme Fatales' \"The 50 Sexiest Women of 2005\", and #12 on Much Music's \"20 Hottest Women of 2003\".While still a One Tree Hill cast member, Burton made her feature film debut opposite Allison Janney and Cheryl Hines in the 2005 well-reviewed drama Our Very Own which centered on five small-town teenagers who dream of a better life. Burton and her co-stars received the \"Outstanding Ensemble Acting\" award at the prestigious Sarasota Film Festival.[15] Burton appeared in the 2007 Lifetime drama Normal Adolescent Behavior which followed a group of friends who are in a six-way polyfidelitous relationship. That same year, Burton co-starred in the supernatural horror film Solstice opposite Amanda Seyfried and Elisabeth Harnois. Burton also created her own production company, Southern Gothic Production (SoGoPro) in 2007, along with Nick Gray, Kelly Tenney, James Burton, and Meg Mortimer.[16][17][18]In 2008, Burton appeared in both the Fox Searchlight Pictures drama The Secret Life of Bees, as the deceased mother of Dakota Fanning's character, and the limited release thriller The List. Burton was next cast in the film Bloodworth opposite Hilary Duff and Val Kilmer, an adaptation of the novel Provinces of Night by William Gay. The film premiered after her exit from One Tree Hill, at the 2010 Santa Barbara International Film Festival, but made little money in limited release. Burton won a recurring arc in the USA Network crime drama series White Collar in 2010 as Sara Ellis, an insurance investigator in the second season. She was upgraded to a series regular in 2011 for the third season, but switched back to the recurring cast in the fourth season.[19] 2012 saw Burton guest-starring on the ABC police comedy-drama Castle (season 4, episode 13) as a reality television star who is accused of murder.[20] Next came a recurring role in the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy for the final three episodes of the 2013 ninth season, as Dr. Lauren Boswell. That fall, Burton had a recurring role on the short-lived CBS drama Hostages.[21] Burton reunited with One Tree Hill co-star Tyler Hilton for a recurring role on CBS sci-fi drama Extant in 2015. Burton appeared as the DEA agent love interest of main character Martin Riggs on Lethal Weapon from the seventh episode of the first season in 2016 through the third episode of the second season in 2017.In November 2017, Burton spoke out in light of charges that One Tree Hill creator Mark Schwahn had sexually harassed some of the female crew, alleging that she had also been sexually harassed by Schwahn.[22]Burton guest-starred in the tenth season of The Walking Dead as Negan's wife Lucille, appearing alongside her real-life husband Jeffrey Dean Morgan who plays Negan.[23]Since 2021, Burton has been a co-host on the Drama Queens podcast along with her former One Tree Hill co-stars, Sophia Bush and Bethany Joy Lenz.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"On May 5, 2020, Burton published her first non-fiction book, The Rural Diaries: Love, Livestock, and Big Life Lessons Down on Mischief Farm.[24]She published her memoir, Grimoire Girl: A Memoir of Magic and Mischief, on April 25, 2023.[25]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_081206-N-3346C-012_Chief_Master-at-Arms_Michael_Minotto_explains_the_functions_of_the_M4_Battle_Rifle_to_actress_Hilarie_Burton.jpg"},{"link_name":"M4 carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_carbine"},{"link_name":"USO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Service_Organizations"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVGuide.com-3"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Dean Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Dean_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen_Ackles"},{"link_name":"Danneel Ackles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danneel_Ackles"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"abortion rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"Roe v. Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"D&C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Burton holding an M4 carbine during a USO visitDuring her time on One Tree Hill, Burton resided in Wilmington, North Carolina, where the show was filmed.[3]Burton began dating Jeffrey Dean Morgan in 2009, after being introduced by Jensen and Danneel Ackles. Their first child, a son, was born in March 2010,[26] and their second child, a daughter, was born in February 2018.[27] Morgan and Burton married on October 5, 2019, in a ceremony officiated by Jensen Ackles.[28]She has been candid on social media about their struggle to conceive, stating that it took five years to successfully carry a second baby to term.[29] Subsequently, she has spoken out publicly in support of abortion rights after the Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization that overturned Roe v. Wade, stating:[30]This is my child. My beloved. My daughter. It is no secret I struggled with infertility. Losing multiple pregnancies before her was traumatic. But female bodies are all different and unpredictable. Having an abortion after my fetus died allowed for my uterus to heal in a way that made it healthy enough to carry future pregnancies. It doesn't matter if you use the term D&C. The official word on the hospital paperwork is abortion. That's what it was.Even though the show One Tree Hill was filmed in Wilmington, North Carolina, Burton has family there as well. Throughout the years she has been an advocate for the Wilmington community and the most recent example of that is her work in promoting and raising money for the film Wilmington on Fire.[31]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Road Mix: Music from the Television Series One Tree Hill, Volume 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Tree_Hill_Soundtracks#The_Road_Mix"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"The Road Mix: Music from the Television Series One Tree Hill, Volume 3 (2007)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music video","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Audiobook","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Podcast","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Rural Diaries: Love, Livestock, and Big Life Lessons Down on Mischief Farm (2020)\nGrimoire Girl: A Memoir of Magic and Mischief (2023)","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Hilarie Burton in June 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hilarie_Burton_Gitmo.jpg/300px-Hilarie_Burton_Gitmo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burton holding an M4 carbine during a USO visit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/US_Navy_081206-N-3346C-012_Chief_Master-at-Arms_Michael_Minotto_explains_the_functions_of_the_M4_Battle_Rifle_to_actress_Hilarie_Burton.jpg/200px-US_Navy_081206-N-3346C-012_Chief_Master-at-Arms_Michael_Minotto_explains_the_functions_of_the_M4_Battle_Rifle_to_actress_Hilarie_Burton.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Chad Michael Murray's Birthday Message to Hilarie Burton Will Delight One Tree Hill Fans\". July 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/news/1167110/chad-michael-murray-s-birthday-message-to-hilarie-burton-will-delight-one-tree-hill-fans","url_text":"\"Chad Michael Murray's Birthday Message to Hilarie Burton Will Delight One Tree Hill Fans\""}]},{"reference":"DeHority, Sam (March 29, 2013). \"Are You Man Enough for Hilarie Burton?\". Men's Fitness. Retrieved August 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mensfitness.com/women/dating-advice/are-you-man-enough-for-hilarie-burton","url_text":"\"Are You Man Enough for Hilarie Burton?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_Fitness","url_text":"Men's Fitness"}]},{"reference":"\"Hilarie Burton: Biography\". TV Guide. Retrieved February 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/hilarie-burton/bio/3000382837/","url_text":"\"Hilarie Burton: Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Ingram, Hunter (March 28, 2015). \"Hilarie Burton, Stephen Colletti reminisce about 'One Tree Hill' during adorable Q&A\". Starnewsonline.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153917/http://wilmonfilm.blogs.starnewsonline.com/17065/hilarie-burton-stephen-colletti-reminisce-about-one-tree-hill-during-adorable-qa/?tc=ar","url_text":"\"Hilarie Burton, Stephen Colletti reminisce about 'One Tree Hill' during adorable Q&A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starnewsonline.com","url_text":"Starnewsonline.com"},{"url":"http://wilmonfilm.blogs.starnewsonline.com/17065/hilarie-burton-stephen-colletti-reminisce-about-one-tree-hill-during-adorable-qa/?tc=ar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marriage of Lisa Kay Blankers and James William Burton (Report). Fairfax, Virginia: Virginia Bureau of Vital Records and Health Statistics. July 18, 1981. Retrieved February 9, 2024 – via FamilySearch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9TT-JRQ","url_text":"Marriage of Lisa Kay Blankers and James William Burton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia","url_text":"Fairfax, Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Health","url_text":"Virginia Bureau of Vital Records and Health Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"}]},{"reference":"Vena, Jocelyn. \"Hilarie Burton Says She Owes Career, From 'TRL' To 'One Tree Hill,' To 'Fairy Godfather' Carson Daly\". MTV News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1599520/hilarie-burton-says-she-owes-career-from-trl-to-one-tree-hill-to-fairy-godfather-carson-daly/","url_text":"\"Hilarie Burton Says She Owes Career, From 'TRL' To 'One Tree Hill,' To 'Fairy Godfather' Carson Daly\""}]},{"reference":"Foster, Brooke Lea (August 1, 2004). \"Almost Famous\". Washingtonian. Retrieved February 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonian.com/2004/08/01/almost-famous/","url_text":"\"Almost Famous\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonian_(magazine)","url_text":"Washingtonian"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Erika (March 1, 2002). \"THE STUDENT VOICE OF FORDHAM COLLEGE AT LINCOLN CENTER\". The Fordham Observer. XX (10).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.library.fordham.edu/digital/item/collection/OBVR/id/4567","url_text":"\"THE STUDENT VOICE OF FORDHAM COLLEGE AT LINCOLN CENTER\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fordham_Observer","url_text":"The Fordham Observer"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Sandra (October 11, 2017). \"Ben Affleck apologizes for groping Hilarie Burton on camera\". CNN. Retrieved November 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/11/entertainment/ben-affleck-apology/index.html","url_text":"\"Ben Affleck apologizes for groping Hilarie Burton on camera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Leight, Elias (November 17, 2017). \"Stephen Colbert Confronts Ben Affleck on Sexual Misconduct Accusations\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/ben-affleck-talks-sexual-misconduct-accusations-on-colbert-w512097","url_text":"\"Stephen Colbert Confronts Ben Affleck on Sexual Misconduct Accusations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking: Two Stars Exit One Tree Hill\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved May 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Murray-Burton-exit-1006006.aspx","url_text":"\"Breaking: Two Stars Exit One Tree Hill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilarie Burton cast bio on The WB\". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012233729/http://www.cwtv.com/shows/one-tree-hill/cast/hilarie-burton","url_text":"\"Hilarie Burton cast bio on The WB\""},{"url":"http://www.cwtv.com/shows/one-tree-hill/cast/hilarie-burton","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Gothic Productions: Who is Southern Gothic Productions?\". Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090428112358/http://www.southerngothicprod.com/aboutus.htm","url_text":"\"Southern Gothic Productions: Who is Southern Gothic Productions?\""},{"url":"http://southerngothicprod.com/aboutus.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Gothic Productions – Home Page\". Sogopro.com. Retrieved January 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://sogopro.com/","url_text":"\"Southern Gothic Productions – Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blogger\". Southerngothicproductions.blogspot.com. Retrieved January 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://southerngothicproductions.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Blogger\""}]},{"reference":"\"White Collar Promotes Hilarie Burton to Series Regular\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/White-Collar-Burton-1029011.aspx","url_text":"\"White Collar Promotes Hilarie Burton to Series Regular\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Webb Mitovich (November 23, 2011). \"Castle scoop: Hilarie Burton excited to tackle a 'radically different' kind of role\". TVLine.com. Retrieved February 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvline.com/2011/11/23/hilarie-burton-castle-season-4-episode-13/","url_text":"\"Castle scoop: Hilarie Burton excited to tackle a 'radically different' kind of role\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hostages/IMDB\". IMDB. Retrieved March 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://pro-labs.imdb.com/title/tt3096660/","url_text":"\"Hostages/IMDB\""}]},{"reference":"Holloway, Daniel (November 17, 2017). \"'One Tree Hill' Cast, Crew Detail Assault, Harassment Claims Against Mark Schwahn (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved November 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/one-tree-hill-mark-schwahn-harassment-assault-1202617918/","url_text":"\"'One Tree Hill' Cast, Crew Detail Assault, Harassment Claims Against Mark Schwahn (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Brandon (November 3, 2020). \"The Walking Dead: Hilarie Burton Cast As Negan's Wife Lucille (Exclusive)\". Comicbook.com. Retrieved November 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/thewalkingdead/news/the-walking-dead-hilarie-burton-negan-lucille-cast/","url_text":"\"The Walking Dead: Hilarie Burton Cast As Negan's Wife Lucille (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilarie Burton Talks One Tree Hill Horrors, Jeffrey Dean Morgan Romance and More in New Book\". May 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/news/1148196/hilarie-burton-talks-one-tree-hill-horrors-jeffrey-dean-morgan-romance-and-more-in-new-book","url_text":"\"Hilarie Burton Talks One Tree Hill Horrors, Jeffrey Dean Morgan Romance and More in New Book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilarie Burton Morgan on Building a Better Life Through 'Magic and Mischief'\". June 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/hilarie-burton-morgan-s-new-book-on-magic-and-mischief-7507010","url_text":"\"Hilarie Burton Morgan on Building a Better Life Through 'Magic and Mischief'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Hilarie Burton Talk Baby Son Gus, Parenthood: It's Been Spectacular\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120715205633/http://uk.eonline.com/news/275265/jeffrey-dean-morgan-and-hilarie-burton-talk-baby-son-gus-parenthood-it-s-been-spectacular","url_text":"\"Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Hilarie Burton Talk Baby Son Gus, Parenthood: It's Been Spectacular\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilarie Burton Morgan (@hilarieburton) on Instagram | Ghostarchive\". ghostarchive.org. Retrieved May 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/hilarieburton/1729227337700321975","url_text":"\"Hilarie Burton Morgan (@hilarieburton) on Instagram | Ghostarchive\""}]},{"reference":"Mandell, Andrea. \"Hilarie Burton, Jeffrey Dean Morgan welcome 'miracle baby' in honest post about fertility\". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2018/03/06/hilarie-burton-jeffrey-dean-morgan-welcome-miracle-baby-honest-post-fertility/401730002/","url_text":"\"Hilarie Burton, Jeffrey Dean Morgan welcome 'miracle baby' in honest post about fertility\""}]},{"reference":"Wang, Jessica (June 29, 2022). \"Hilarie Burton shares powerful story of having abortion after pregnancy loss\". EW.com. Retrieved July 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/celebrity/hilarie-burton-abortion-experience-roe-v-wade-reversal/","url_text":"\"Hilarie Burton shares powerful story of having abortion after pregnancy loss\""}]},{"reference":"\"'One Tree Hill's' Hilarie Burton Morgan committed to fighting for Wilmington community\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/special/2020/06/26/rsquoone-tree-hillrsquosrsquo-hilarie-burton-morgan-committed-to-fighting-for-wilmington-community/42229813/","url_text":"\"'One Tree Hill's' Hilarie Burton Morgan committed to fighting for Wilmington community\""}]},{"reference":"Cordero, Rosy (January 20, 2022). \"'Good Sam' Reunites 'One Tree Hill' Stars Sophia Bush, Hilarie Burton, & Bethany Joy Lenz\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/01/sophia-bush-one-tree-hill-reunion-hilarie-burton-bethany-joy-lenz-good-sam-1234916632/","url_text":"\"'Good Sam' Reunites 'One Tree Hill' Stars Sophia Bush, Hilarie Burton, & Bethany Joy Lenz\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.eonline.com/news/1167110/chad-michael-murray-s-birthday-message-to-hilarie-burton-will-delight-one-tree-hill-fans","external_links_name":"\"Chad Michael Murray's Birthday Message to Hilarie Burton Will Delight One Tree Hill Fans\""},{"Link":"http://www.mensfitness.com/women/dating-advice/are-you-man-enough-for-hilarie-burton","external_links_name":"\"Are You Man Enough for Hilarie Burton?\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/hilarie-burton/bio/3000382837/","external_links_name":"\"Hilarie Burton: 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_to_Let | Cottage to Let | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"] | 1941 film by Anthony Asquith
Cottage to LetTheatrical release posterDirected byAnthony AsquithWritten byJ. O. C. OrtonAnatole de GrunwaldBased onplay Cottage to Let by Geoffrey KerrProduced byEdward BlackStarringLeslie BanksAlastair SimJohn MillsGeorge ColeCinematographyJack E. CoxEdited byR. E. DearingMusic byCharles WilliamsProductioncompanyGainsborough PicturesDistributed byGeneral Film Distributors (UK)Release date
6 September 1941 (1941-09-06) (UK)
Running time90 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
Cottage to Let is a 1941 British spy thriller film directed by Anthony Asquith starring Leslie Banks, Alastair Sim and John Mills. Filmed during the Second World War and set in Scotland during the war, its plot concerns Nazi spies trying to kidnap an inventor.
The film was shot at the Lime Grove Studios in London, with sets designed by the art director Alex Vetchinsky. The film includes the first appearance of George Cole, superbly confident as a cocky young evacuee.
Plot
John Barrington (Leslie Banks) is a talented inventor, currently working on a bombsight for the Royal Air Force who prefers to work in his own country house in the Highlands of Scotland near Loch Tay. His eccentric wife (Jeanne de Casalis) has agreed to take in child evacuees from London to be accommodated in a nearby cottage they own. But Charles Dimble (Alastair Sim) has been let the cottage by the letting agency. Mrs. Barrington had also agreed to allow it to be converted into a military hospital. She decides they can only take one evacuee, which turns out to be cocky teenager, Ronald (George Cole).
An injured pilot who has parachuted into the nearby loch is rescued and brought to the house, becoming the first patient for the cottage-turned-hospital. Mrs. Barrington moves Ronald to the main house, while Dimble and the pilot remain in the cottage. After his injuries are treated by Mrs. Barrington's daughter Helen (Carla Lehmann), the pilot identifies himself as Flight Lieutenant Perry, flying Spitfires from a nearby airfield. When he is given a telephone to call his base, however, he makes the call with the telephone wire disconnected from the socket.
The War Office discuss Barrington, concerned that someone is spying on his work, since his last invention, a self-sealing fuel tank, was copied by the Germans within a month of its mass production. They suspect his assistant Alan Trently (Michael Wilding), who was educated in Germany and still corresponds with people in Switzerland. The War Office have sent someone to the house to investigate.
Defying the house rule, Ronald goes into the laboratory. He overcomes Barrington's initial hostility with his practical know-how and the two become friendly. Trently becomes jealous when Helen starts spending time with Perry. However, Helen resists Perry's advances and eventually lets Trently know that she prefers him.
German agents make their move and kidnap Barrington. Ronald stows away in the car used to take the captive to an isolated water mill. When Perry shows up, Ronald attacks one of the spies to help in the "rescue", but is shocked when Perry is revealed to be the agents' ringleader and intends to take Barrington to Berlin on a seaplane which is due to arrive in the loch the next night.
It turns out that Dimble is the British counter-intelligence officer sent by the War Office. He manages to infiltrate the spy ring and learn where Barrington is being held. All but one of the spies are captured and the prisoners are freed. Perry initially escapes, but is eventually tracked down and killed in a shoot-out with Dimble.
Cast
Leslie Banks as John Barrington
Alastair Sim as Charles Dimble
John Mills as Flight Lieutenant Perry
Jeanne de Casalis as Mrs. Barrington
Carla Lehmann as Helen Barrington
George Cole as Ronald
Michael Wilding as Alan Trently
Frank Cellier as Ernest Forest
Muriel Aked as Miss Fernery
Wally Patch as Evans
Muriel George as Mrs. Trimm
Hay Petrie as Dr. Truscott
Catherine Lacey as Mrs. Stokes
Annie Esmond as Lady wrapping parcels for the bazaar (uncredited)
Peter Gawthorne as Senior RAF officer (uncredited)
Arthur Hambling as Scotland Yard Inspector (uncredited)
Roddy Hughes as German agent (uncredited)
Brefni O'Rorke as Scottish Police Inspector (uncredited)
Charles Rolfe as German agent (uncredited)
Ben Williams as Scottish fisherman (uncredited)
Bibliography
Ryall, Tom. Anthony Asquith. Manchester University Press, 2013.
References
^ Goble, Alan (8 September 2011). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110951943 – via Google Books.
^ "Cottage to Let". BFI. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016.
^ "Cottage to Let (1941) - Anthony Asquith | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie" – via www.allmovie.com.
^ "BFI Screenonline: Cottage To Let (1941) Credits". www.screenonline.org.uk.
^ "BFI Screenonline: Cottage To Let (1941)". www.screenonline.org.uk.
External links
Cottage to Let at IMDb
Cottage to Let at AllMovie
Cottage to Let at the TCM Movie Database
Cottage to Let at the BFI's Screenonline
vteFilms directed by Anthony AsquithFeature films
Shooting Stars (1927)
Underground (1928)
The Runaway Princess (1929)
A Cottage on Dartmoor (1929)
Tell England (1931)
Dance Pretty Lady (1931)
The Lucky Number (1933)
Unfinished Symphony (1934)
Moscow Nights (1935)
Pygmalion (1938)
French Without Tears (1940)
Freedom Radio (1941)
Quiet Wedding (1941)
Cottage to Let (1941)
Uncensored (1942)
We Dive at Dawn (1943)
The Demi-Paradise (1943)
Fanny by Gaslight (1944)
The Way to the Stars (1945)
While the Sun Shines (1947)
The Winslow Boy (1948)
The Woman in Question (1950)
The Browning Version (1951)
The Importance of Being Earnest (1952)
The Net (1953)
The Final Test (1953)
The Young Lovers (1954)
Carrington V.C. (1954)
Orders to Kill (1958)
The Doctor's Dilemma (1958)
Libel (1959)
The Millionairess (1960)
Two Living, One Dead (1961)
Guns of Darkness (1962)
The V.I.P.s (1963)
The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964)
Short films
The Story of Papworth (1935)
Channel Incident (1940)
Rush Hour (1941)
Two Fathers (1944)
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His eccentric wife (Jeanne de Casalis) has agreed to take in child evacuees from London to be accommodated in a nearby cottage they own. But Charles Dimble (Alastair Sim) has been let the cottage by the letting agency. Mrs. Barrington had also agreed to allow it to be converted into a military hospital. She decides they can only take one evacuee, which turns out to be cocky teenager, Ronald (George Cole).An injured pilot who has parachuted into the nearby loch is rescued and brought to the house, becoming the first patient for the cottage-turned-hospital. Mrs. Barrington moves Ronald to the main house, while Dimble and the pilot remain in the cottage. After his injuries are treated by Mrs. Barrington's daughter Helen (Carla Lehmann), the pilot identifies himself as Flight Lieutenant Perry, flying Spitfires from a nearby airfield. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Darlan | Thierry Darlan | ["1 Early career","2 Professional career","2.1 First experiences in the BAL (2022)","2.2 NBA G League Ignite (2023–2024)","2.3 Bangui Sporting Club (2024)","3 National team career","4 Player profile","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"] | Central African basketball player (born 2004)
Thierry DarlanNo. 45 – Bangui Sporting ClubPositionPoint guard / Shooting guardLeagueBasketball Africa LeaguePersonal informationBorn (2004-02-03) 3 February 2004 (age 20)Bangui, Central African RepublicListed height6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)Listed weight209 lb (95 kg)Career informationHigh schoolNBA Academy Africa(Saly, Senegal)Playing career2021–presentCareer history2022Petro de Luanda2023–2024NBA G League Ignite2024–presentBangui Sporting Club
Career highlights and awards
NBA G League Next Up Game (2024)
Thierry Serge Darlan (born 3 February 2004) is a Central African professional basketball player who last played for Bangui Sporting Club of the Basketball Africa League (BAL). He is a graduate of the NBA Academy Africa in Senegal. Darlan also plays for the Central African Republic national team.
Early career
Born in Bangui, Darlan joined the NBA Academy Africa in Senegal at age 16.
Darlan was invited to the Nike Hoop Summit in Portland in 2022, but was forced to miss the game due to an injury. In September 2022, he played at the Basketball Without Borders event in Cairo where was named the camp's MVP.
Professional career
First experiences in the BAL (2022)
Darlan made his professional debut in 2022 with Angolan club Petro de Luanda in the Basketball Africa League (BAL). Under the BAL Elevate program, he was assigned to Petro. He was on the roster that made it to the 2022 BAL Finals, where they lost to US Monastir. He averaged 4.3 points and 2 rebounds in the 2022 BAL season.
In the same year, in November 2022, Darlan and the NBA Academy played in the Road to BAL 2023 where they faced professional teams from across the continent. He averaged a team-high 23 points per game, as well as 5.7 assists per game, helping the academy win two out of three games.
NBA G League Ignite (2023–2024)
On 2 March 2023, Darlan committed to the NBA G League Ignite, choosing to become a professional player instead of playing in college. He had drawn offers from Arizona, Kansas and Santa Clara, among others. On 25 May, he officially signed with the Ignite. Dealing with an ankle injury for the majority of the season and facing heavy competition for playing time, Darlan averaged 4.7 points, 4.3 rebounds in 18.1 minutes of play in the 2023–24 season.
Bangui Sporting Club (2024)
On 4 April 2024, Bangui Sporting Club from the Central African Republic revealed Darlan was on the team's roster for the 2024 BAL season. Darlan scored 7 points on 3-11 shooting in his Bangui debut against Al-Ahly Ly. He had career-highs of 23 points and 14 rebounds in a loss against defending champions Al Ahly.
On 25 April 2024, Darlan declared for the 2024 NBA draft.
National team career
Darlan made his debut for the Central African Republic senior national team in 2022 during the 2023 World Cup qualifiers, in which he averaged 12.7 points in three games. He made his debut at age 18 in July 2022 during the third round of the qualifiers, scoring 12 points in the game against Guinea.
Player profile
Darlan is a 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) tall combo guard with a 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) wingspan and is known for his playmaking abilities and defensive versatility because of his large frame.
Personal life
Darlan is the grandson of Jean Pascal Darlan and the cousin of Bruno Darlan (b. 1961), who both were basketball players. Bruno was the head coach of the Central African Republic men's national basketball team when Thierry played with them.
Darlan is a fan of association football club FC Barcelona and Lionel Messi.
References
^ a b Imbo, William (16 November 2023). "Thierry Darlan exclusive: "I want to show the world that African guys can play the point guard position"". Olympics.com. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ Shaw, Jamie (22 December 2022). "Live Scouting: NBA Academy Africa breakout Thierry Darlan". On3.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Highly sought-after NBA Academy talents star at BWB Africa camp in Cairo". ESPN.com. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^ "NBA Academy and BAL give African teens an alternative to soccer". ESPN.com. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
^ Olgário, Marcos (21 April 2022). "É NOTÍCIA: Serge Darlan refere que estar na BAL pelo Petro foi um aprendizado". BolaEmCampo.com (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 4 July 2022.
^ "Thierry Darlan, Basketball Player". Proballers.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Thierry Serge DARLAN at the Africa Champions Clubs ROAD TO B.A.L. 2023 2022". FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^ a b "International prospect Darlan picks the Ignite". ESPN.com. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Top International Prospect Thierry Darlan Signs With Ignite". NBA.com. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
^ a b c "Thierry Darlan's BAL form has boosted his NBA Draft stock". ESPN.com. 26 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ "Thierry Darlan". NBA G League Stats. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ @bangui_sporting_club (4 April 2024). "Nous vous présentons officiellement notre équipe et le staff pour la conférence Nil qui débutera du 19 au 27 au Caire en Égypte" – via Instagram.
^ "Al Ahly Ly vs. Bangui SC". BAL GeniusSports.
^ "FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 African Qualifiers". FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "À 18 ans, Thierry Serge Darlan brille sur la plus grande scène internationale - NEWS BASKET BEAFRIKA". NEWS BASKET BEAFRIKA 🏀 (in French). Retrieved 4 July 2022.
^ "Thierry Darlan, NBA Academy Africa , Combo Guard". 247Sports.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Serge Darlan keeping up basketball tradition with uncle as CAF head coach". FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
^ "FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 African Qualifiers 2023 - Rosters" (PDF). FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
External links | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Bangui Sporting Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangui_Sporting_Club"},{"link_name":"Basketball Africa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Africa_League"},{"link_name":"NBA Academy Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Academy_Africa"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_men%27s_national_basketball_team"}],"text":"Thierry Serge Darlan (born 3 February 2004) is a Central African professional basketball player who last played for Bangui Sporting Club of the Basketball Africa League (BAL). He is a graduate of the NBA Academy Africa in Senegal. Darlan also plays for the Central African Republic national team.","title":"Thierry Darlan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangui"},{"link_name":"NBA Academy Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Academy_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Nike Hoop Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hoop_Summit"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Basketball Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Without_Borders"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born in Bangui, Darlan joined the NBA Academy Africa in Senegal at age 16.[1]Darlan was invited to the Nike Hoop Summit in Portland in 2022, but was forced to miss the game due to an injury. In September 2022, he played at the Basketball Without Borders event in Cairo where was named the camp's MVP.[2][3]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petro de Luanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_de_Luanda_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Basketball Africa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Africa_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2022 BAL Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_BAL_Finals"},{"link_name":"US Monastir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Monastir_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2022 BAL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_BAL_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Road to BAL 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_BAL_qualification"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"First experiences in the BAL (2022)","text":"Darlan made his professional debut in 2022 with Angolan club Petro de Luanda in the Basketball Africa League (BAL). Under the BAL Elevate program, he was assigned to Petro.[4] He was on the roster that made it to the 2022 BAL Finals, where they lost to US Monastir.[5] He averaged 4.3 points and 2 rebounds in the 2022 BAL season.[6]In the same year, in November 2022, Darlan and the NBA Academy played in the Road to BAL 2023 where they faced professional teams from across the continent. He averaged a team-high 23 points per game, as well as 5.7 assists per game, helping the academy win two out of three games.[7]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBA G League Ignite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_G_League_Ignite"},{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Broncos_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"NBA G League Ignite (2023–2024)","text":"On 2 March 2023, Darlan committed to the NBA G League Ignite, choosing to become a professional player instead of playing in college. He had drawn offers from Arizona, Kansas and Santa Clara, among others.[8] On 25 May, he officially signed with the Ignite.[9] Dealing with an ankle injury for the majority of the season and facing heavy competition for playing time,[10] Darlan averaged 4.7 points, 4.3 rebounds in 18.1 minutes of play in the 2023–24 season.[11]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangui Sporting Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangui_Sporting_Club"},{"link_name":"2024 BAL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_BAL_season"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Al-Ahly Ly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahly_Ly_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-13"},{"link_name":"Al Ahly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ahly_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"2024 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"}],"sub_title":"Bangui Sporting Club (2024)","text":"On 4 April 2024, Bangui Sporting Club from the Central African Republic revealed Darlan was on the team's roster for the 2024 BAL season.[12] Darlan scored 7 points on 3-11 shooting in his Bangui debut against Al-Ahly Ly.[13] He had career-highs of 23 points and 14 rebounds in a loss against defending champions Al Ahly.[10]On 25 April 2024, Darlan declared for the 2024 NBA draft.[10]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central African Republic senior national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2023 World Cup qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup_qualification_(Africa)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Darlan made his debut for the Central African Republic senior national team in 2022 during the 2023 World Cup qualifiers, in which he averaged 12.7 points in three games.[14] He made his debut at age 18 in July 2022 during the third round of the qualifiers, scoring 12 points in the game against Guinea.[15]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"combo guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combo_guard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Darlan is a 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) tall combo guard with a 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) wingspan and is known for his playmaking abilities and defensive versatility because of his large frame.[8][16]","title":"Player profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic men's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Darlan is the grandson of Jean Pascal Darlan and the cousin of Bruno Darlan (b. 1961), who both were basketball players.[17] Bruno was the head coach of the Central African Republic men's national basketball team when Thierry played with them.[18]Darlan is a fan of association football club FC Barcelona and Lionel Messi.[1]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Imbo, William (16 November 2023). \"Thierry Darlan exclusive: \"I want to show the world that African guys can play the point guard position\"\". Olympics.com. Retrieved 26 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/news/thierry-darlan-exclusive-i-want-to-show-that-africans-can-play-point-guard","url_text":"\"Thierry Darlan exclusive: \"I want to show the world that African guys can play the point guard position\"\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Jamie (22 December 2022). \"Live Scouting: NBA Academy Africa breakout Thierry Darlan\". On3.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.on3.com/news/thierry-darlan-live-scouting-nba-academy-africa-breakout/","url_text":"\"Live Scouting: NBA Academy Africa breakout Thierry Darlan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highly sought-after NBA Academy talents star at BWB Africa camp in Cairo\". ESPN.com. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/34500005/highly-sought-nba-academy-talents-star-bwb-africa-camp-cairo","url_text":"\"Highly sought-after NBA Academy talents star at BWB Africa camp in Cairo\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBA Academy and BAL give African teens an alternative to soccer\". ESPN.com. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/33824774/nba-academy-bal-give-african-teens-alternative-soccer","url_text":"\"NBA Academy and BAL give African teens an alternative to soccer\""}]},{"reference":"Olgário, Marcos (21 April 2022). \"É NOTÍCIA: Serge Darlan refere que estar na BAL pelo Petro foi um aprendizado\". BolaEmCampo.com (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 4 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bolaemcampo.ao/2022/04/21/e-noticia-serge-darlan-refere-que-estar-na-bal-pelo-petro-foi-um-aprendizado/","url_text":"\"É NOTÍCIA: Serge Darlan refere que estar na BAL pelo Petro foi um aprendizado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thierry Darlan, Basketball Player\". Proballers.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/252925/thierry-darlan","url_text":"\"Thierry Darlan, Basketball Player\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thierry Serge DARLAN at the Africa Champions Clubs ROAD TO B.A.L. 2023 2022\". FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2023/qualifiers/player/Thierry-Serge-Darlan","url_text":"\"Thierry Serge DARLAN at the Africa Champions Clubs ROAD TO B.A.L. 2023 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"International prospect Darlan picks the Ignite\". ESPN.com. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/35769054/international-prospect-thierry-darlan-commits-g-league-ignite","url_text":"\"International prospect Darlan picks the Ignite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top International Prospect Thierry Darlan Signs With Ignite\". NBA.com. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ignite.gleague.nba.com/news/top-international-prospect-thierry-darlan-signs-with-ignite","url_text":"\"Top International Prospect Thierry Darlan Signs With Ignite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thierry Darlan's BAL form has boosted his NBA Draft stock\". ESPN.com. 26 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/40028219/thierry-darlan-bal-form-boosted-nba-draft-stock","url_text":"\"Thierry Darlan's BAL form has boosted his NBA Draft stock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thierry Darlan\". NBA G League Stats. Retrieved 26 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.gleague.nba.com/player/1641823/career/","url_text":"\"Thierry Darlan\""}]},{"reference":"@bangui_sporting_club (4 April 2024). \"Nous vous présentons officiellement notre équipe et le staff pour la conférence Nil qui débutera du 19 au 27 au Caire en Égypte\" – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/C5VyA9mIxyC/","url_text":"\"Nous vous présentons officiellement notre équipe et le staff pour la conférence Nil qui débutera du 19 au 27 au Caire en Égypte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Ahly Ly vs. Bangui SC\". BAL GeniusSports.","urls":[{"url":"https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/BAL/2410678/bs.html","url_text":"\"Al Ahly Ly vs. Bangui SC\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 African Qualifiers\". FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/african-qualifiers/player/Thierry-Serge-Darlan","url_text":"\"FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 African Qualifiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"À 18 ans, Thierry Serge Darlan brille sur la plus grande scène internationale - NEWS BASKET BEAFRIKA\". NEWS BASKET BEAFRIKA 🏀 (in French). Retrieved 4 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsbasket-beafrika.com/2022/07/a-18-ans-thierry-serge-darlan-brille-sur-la-plus-grande-scene-internationale.html","url_text":"\"À 18 ans, Thierry Serge Darlan brille sur la plus grande scène internationale - NEWS BASKET BEAFRIKA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thierry Darlan, NBA Academy Africa , Combo Guard\". 247Sports.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/Player/Thierry-Darlan-46135340/","url_text":"\"Thierry Darlan, NBA Academy Africa , Combo Guard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serge Darlan keeping up basketball tradition with uncle as CAF head coach\". FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 4 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/african-qualifiers/news/serge-darlan-keeping-up-basketball-tradition-with-uncle-as-caf-head-coach","url_text":"\"Serge Darlan keeping up basketball tradition with uncle as CAF head coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 African Qualifiers 2023 - Rosters\" (PDF). FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2023/FIBA%20Basketball%20World%20Cup%202023%20African%20Qualifiers/Window%203/rosters.pdf","url_text":"\"FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 African Qualifiers 2023 - Rosters\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/news/thierry-darlan-exclusive-i-want-to-show-that-africans-can-play-point-guard","external_links_name":"\"Thierry Darlan exclusive: \"I want to show the world that African guys can play the point guard position\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.on3.com/news/thierry-darlan-live-scouting-nba-academy-africa-breakout/","external_links_name":"\"Live Scouting: NBA Academy Africa breakout Thierry Darlan\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/34500005/highly-sought-nba-academy-talents-star-bwb-africa-camp-cairo","external_links_name":"\"Highly sought-after NBA Academy talents star at BWB Africa camp in Cairo\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/33824774/nba-academy-bal-give-african-teens-alternative-soccer","external_links_name":"\"NBA Academy and BAL give African teens an alternative to soccer\""},{"Link":"https://bolaemcampo.ao/2022/04/21/e-noticia-serge-darlan-refere-que-estar-na-bal-pelo-petro-foi-um-aprendizado/","external_links_name":"\"É NOTÍCIA: Serge Darlan refere que estar na BAL pelo Petro foi um aprendizado\""},{"Link":"https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/252925/thierry-darlan","external_links_name":"\"Thierry Darlan, Basketball Player\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2023/qualifiers/player/Thierry-Serge-Darlan","external_links_name":"\"Thierry Serge DARLAN at the Africa Champions Clubs ROAD TO B.A.L. 2023 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/35769054/international-prospect-thierry-darlan-commits-g-league-ignite","external_links_name":"\"International prospect Darlan picks the Ignite\""},{"Link":"https://ignite.gleague.nba.com/news/top-international-prospect-thierry-darlan-signs-with-ignite","external_links_name":"\"Top International Prospect Thierry Darlan Signs With Ignite\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/40028219/thierry-darlan-bal-form-boosted-nba-draft-stock","external_links_name":"\"Thierry Darlan's BAL form has boosted his NBA Draft stock\""},{"Link":"https://stats.gleague.nba.com/player/1641823/career/","external_links_name":"\"Thierry Darlan\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/C5VyA9mIxyC/","external_links_name":"\"Nous vous présentons officiellement notre équipe et le staff pour la conférence Nil qui débutera du 19 au 27 au Caire en Égypte\""},{"Link":"https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/BAL/2410678/bs.html","external_links_name":"\"Al Ahly Ly vs. Bangui SC\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/african-qualifiers/player/Thierry-Serge-Darlan","external_links_name":"\"FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 African Qualifiers\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsbasket-beafrika.com/2022/07/a-18-ans-thierry-serge-darlan-brille-sur-la-plus-grande-scene-internationale.html","external_links_name":"\"À 18 ans, Thierry Serge Darlan brille sur la plus grande scène internationale - NEWS BASKET BEAFRIKA\""},{"Link":"https://247sports.com/Player/Thierry-Darlan-46135340/","external_links_name":"\"Thierry Darlan, NBA Academy Africa , Combo Guard\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/african-qualifiers/news/serge-darlan-keeping-up-basketball-tradition-with-uncle-as-caf-head-coach","external_links_name":"\"Serge Darlan keeping up basketball tradition with uncle as CAF head coach\""},{"Link":"https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2023/FIBA%20Basketball%20World%20Cup%202023%20African%20Qualifiers/Window%203/rosters.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 African Qualifiers 2023 - Rosters\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Llandow | RAF Llandow | ["1 History","2 Units","3 Current Use","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography"] | Coordinates: 51°26′0″N 03°29′45″W / 51.43333°N 3.49583°W / 51.43333; -3.49583Former Royal Air Force station in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
RAF Llandow Llandow, Vale of Glamorgan in WalesRAF LlandowShown within Vale of GlamorganShow map of Vale of GlamorganRAF LlandowRAF Llandow (the United Kingdom)Show map of the United KingdomCoordinates51°26′0″N 03°29′45″W / 51.43333°N 3.49583°W / 51.43333; -3.49583TypeRoyal Air Force stationSite informationOwnerAir MinistryOperatorRoyal Air ForceControlled byRAF Fighter Command 1941-43* No. 81 (OTU) Group RAFRAF Maintenance Command 1943-Site historyBuilt1937 (1937)In use1937-1957 (1957)Battles/warsEuropean theatre of World War IICold WarAirfield informationElevation88 metres (289 ft) AMSL
Runways
Direction
Length and surface
28/10
1,600 yards (1,463 m) Asphalt concrete
24/06
1,100 yards (1,006 m) Asphalt concrete
33/15
1,100 yards (1,006 m) Asphalt concrete
RAF Llandow Watch Office with Met section, in 2019
Royal Air Force Llandow, or more simply RAF Llandow, is a former Royal Air Force station situated near the village of Llandow, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales, 15 miles (24 km) west of Cardiff.
It opened in 1940 and closed in 1957. It was while training at this airfield in 1941 that John Gillespie Magee, Jr. wrote his famous poem, "High Flight."
History
From 1937 the site was initially a grass strip airfield supported by a small number of wooden buildings. A single L-type hangar was later constructed and then the runways were completed, in late 1941. This work was followed by eleven Super Robin hangars and seven more L-type hangars. The type 518/40 pattern control tower was added, along with some Pickett-Hamilton forts for airfield defence. More storage was added with two K-type hangars and two T2 hangars, these were complimented with a single J-type hangar, an A1 hangar and twelve blister hangars. The airfield had a concrete perimeter track which also included five loop dispersal points and forty frying pan dispersals.
The major RAF unit based at Llandow throughout its existence was No. 38 Maintenance Unit RAF (38 MU) which was tasked with the reception, storage and despatch of RAF aircraft. 38 MU opened on 1 April 1940 and closed on 15 March 1957.
Other wartime RAF units were based at Llandow between June 1941 and July 1944. The first was No. 53 Operational Training Unit RAF B Flight equipped with Supermarine Spitfires which arrived on 24 June 1941. A satellite station at RAF Rhoose (now Cardiff International Airport) was used by this unit. Three small transport flights were formed here during April 1944 with No. 1312 Flight RAF remaining based until 21 July 1944 with six Avro Anson I's for transporting urgent personnel to and from the Normandy landings area.
No. 614 (County of Glamorgan) Squadron had been formed at RAF Pengam Moors in June 1937 before moving away at the outbreak of Second World War. Post war equipment required a larger airfield as base and Llandow was chosen. The Squadron officially reformed here on 10 May 1946 and the first Spitfire Mk 16's were received in November, being replaced by Mk 22's in August 1948. Jet Equipment in the form of de Havilland Vampire fighters arrived in July 1950 and continued in use until disbandment of the squadron on 10 March 1957, with all Royal Auxiliary Air Force units.
Another long-resident post-war flying unit based at Llandow was No. 663 Squadron RAFs No. 1952 AOP Flight, equipped with Auster AOP.6 aircraft for spotting for local Territorial Army artillery units. This flight was based here from 1 July 1949 until disbandment in March 1957.
The RAF's Burmese Conversion Squadron was based here for a period from 1953 to familiarise Burmese pilots with their newly acquired ex-RAF Supermarine Spitfire fighters.
No. 4 Civilian Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit was based at RAF Llandow between 1 August 1951 and 1 July 1954 equipped with de Havilland Mosquito and Spitfire aircraft to tow targets and act as targets for army units in South Wales and nearby areas.
The Llandow air disaster occurred on 12 March 1950 when an Avro Tudor V airliner G-AKBY of Airflight crashed on final approach to runway 28 at RAF Llandow. The aircraft was returning from Dublin Airport with five crew and 80 rugby supporters, all except three passengers being killed.
Units
The following units were also here at some point:
No. 3 Overseas Aircraft Preparation Unit RAF between July 1943 and July 1944 became No. 3 Aircraft Preparation Unit RAF between July 1944 and August 1945
No. 5 Squadron RAF
No. 91 (Forward) Staging Post during September 1944
No. 93 (Forward) Staging Post between September and November 1944 became No. 93 Staging Post between November and December 1944
No. 1310 (Transport) Flight RAF between April and May 1944
No. 1311 (Transport) Flight RAF between April and May 1944
No. 1577 Flight RAF between August and September 1943
No. 2847 Squadron RAF Regiment
Transport Command Night Vision Training School RAF between April 1944 and February 1945 became Transport Command Night Vision Instructors Training School RAF between February and July 1945
Current Use
The airfield is now in use as Llandow Kart Club, Llandow Tuning Center and Llandow Circuit, with the main runways of the former RAF base being used as Hangar Straight and Spitfire Straight in the kart circuit. The names of the corners and straights of the kart circuit reference Llandow's history as an airfield, with names such as Hangar Straight, Bomber Straight, Lancaster Curve and Spitfire Straight.
References
Citations
^ Falconer 2012, p. 132.
^ "Llandow Airfield, near Llantwit Major (307839)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
^ a b Phillips 2012, p. 48.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 208.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 42.
^ a b Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 257.
^ a b Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 118.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 127.
^ "Llandow". Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 283.
^ "Llandow Kart Club". llandowkartclub.co.uk.
^ "Llandow Tuning Center". tuning.wales.
^ "Home". Llandow Circuit.
^ "Llandow Kart Club - History". llandowkartclub.co.uk.
Bibliography
Falconer, J. (2012). RAF Airfields of World War 2. UK: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85780-349-5.
Phillips, Alan (2012). Welsh Military Airfields Through Time. Stroud, Gloucestershire UK: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-0993-5.
Sturtivant, R.; Hamlin, J. (2007). Royal Air Force flying training and support units since 1912. UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0851-3036-59.
vteRoyal Air ForceMinistry of Defenceformationsand unitsunits
Commands
Groups
Wings
Squadrons
Flights
Conversion units
Operational Training units
Schools / Training units
Ferry units
Glider units
Misc units
stations
Active
Former
Satellite Landing Grounds
Regiment
Wings
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commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watch_Office_with_Met_section_at_RAF_Llandow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Llandow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandow"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"John Gillespie Magee, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gillespie_Magee,_Jr."}],"text":"Former Royal Air Force station in the Vale of Glamorgan, WalesRAF Llandow Watch Office with Met section, in 2019Royal Air Force Llandow, or more simply RAF Llandow, is a former Royal Air Force station situated near the village of Llandow, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales, 15 miles (24 km) west of Cardiff.It opened in 1940 and closed in 1957. It was while training at this airfield in 1941 that John Gillespie Magee, Jr. wrote his famous poem, \"High Flight.\"","title":"RAF Llandow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"control tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control#Airport_traffic_control_tower"},{"link_name":"Pickett-Hamilton forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett-Hamilton_fort"},{"link_name":"blister hangars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister_hangar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMRW_-_Llandow-2"},{"link_name":"perimeter track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxiway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips201248-3"},{"link_name":"No. 38 Maintenance Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._38_Maintenance_Unit_RAF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips201248-3"},{"link_name":"No. 53 Operational Training Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._53_OTU"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"RAF Rhoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Rhoose"},{"link_name":"Cardiff International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"No. 1312 Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1312_Flight_RAF"},{"link_name":"Avro Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Anson"},{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"No. 614 (County of Glamorgan) Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._614_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Pengam Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Pengam_Moors"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire"},{"link_name":"Royal Auxiliary Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Auxiliary_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 663 Squadron RAFs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._663_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Auster AOP.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auster_AOP.6"},{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"Llandow air disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandow_air_disaster"},{"link_name":"Avro Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Tudor"},{"link_name":"Airflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airflight"},{"link_name":"Dublin Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Airport"}],"text":"From 1937 the site was initially a grass strip airfield supported by a small number of wooden buildings. A single L-type hangar was later constructed and then the runways were completed, in late 1941. This work was followed by eleven Super Robin hangars and seven more L-type hangars. The type 518/40 pattern control tower was added, along with some Pickett-Hamilton forts for airfield defence. More storage was added with two K-type hangars and two T2 hangars, these were complimented with a single J-type hangar, an A1 hangar and twelve blister hangars.[2] The airfield had a concrete perimeter track which also included five loop dispersal points and forty frying pan dispersals.[3]The major RAF unit based at Llandow throughout its existence was No. 38 Maintenance Unit RAF (38 MU) which was tasked with the reception, storage and despatch of RAF aircraft. 38 MU opened on 1 April 1940 and closed on 15 March 1957.[3]Other wartime RAF units were based at Llandow between June 1941 and July 1944. The first was No. 53 Operational Training Unit RAF B Flight equipped with Supermarine Spitfires which arrived on 24 June 1941. A satellite station at RAF Rhoose (now Cardiff International Airport) was used by this unit. Three small transport flights were formed here during April 1944 with No. 1312 Flight RAF remaining based until 21 July 1944 with six Avro Anson I's for transporting urgent personnel to and from the Normandy landings area.No. 614 (County of Glamorgan) Squadron had been formed at RAF Pengam Moors in June 1937 before moving away at the outbreak of Second World War. Post war equipment required a larger airfield as base and Llandow was chosen. The Squadron officially reformed here on 10 May 1946 and the first Spitfire Mk 16's were received in November, being replaced by Mk 22's in August 1948. Jet Equipment in the form of de Havilland Vampire fighters arrived in July 1950 and continued in use until disbandment of the squadron on 10 March 1957, with all Royal Auxiliary Air Force units.Another long-resident post-war flying unit based at Llandow was No. 663 Squadron RAFs No. 1952 AOP Flight, equipped with Auster AOP.6 aircraft for spotting for local Territorial Army artillery units. This flight was based here from 1 July 1949 until disbandment in March 1957.The RAF's Burmese Conversion Squadron was based here for a period from 1953 to familiarise Burmese pilots with their newly acquired ex-RAF Supermarine Spitfire fighters.No. 4 Civilian Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit was based at RAF Llandow between 1 August 1951 and 1 July 1954 equipped with de Havilland Mosquito and Spitfire aircraft to tow targets and act as targets for army units in South Wales and nearby areas.The Llandow air disaster occurred on 12 March 1950 when an Avro Tudor V airliner G-AKBY of Airflight crashed on final approach to runway 28 at RAF Llandow. The aircraft was returning from Dublin Airport with five crew and 80 rugby supporters, all except three passengers being killed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"No. 3 Overseas Aircraft Preparation Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._3_Overseas_Aircraft_Preparation_Unit_RAF"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007208-4"},{"link_name":"No. 3 Aircraft Preparation Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._3_Aircraft_Preparation_Unit_RAF"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin200742-5"},{"link_name":"No. 5 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._5_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007257-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007257-6"},{"link_name":"No. 1310 (Transport) Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1310_(Transport)_Flight_RAF"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007118-7"},{"link_name":"No. 1311 (Transport) Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1311_(Transport)_Flight_RAF"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007118-7"},{"link_name":"No. 1577 Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._1577_Flight_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007127-8"},{"link_name":"No. 2847 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2847_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlin2007283-10"}],"text":"The following units were also here at some point:No. 3 Overseas Aircraft Preparation Unit RAF between July 1943 and July 1944[4] became No. 3 Aircraft Preparation Unit RAF between July 1944 and August 1945[5]\nNo. 5 Squadron RAF\nNo. 91 (Forward) Staging Post during September 1944[6]\nNo. 93 (Forward) Staging Post between September and November 1944 became No. 93 Staging Post between November and December 1944[6]\nNo. 1310 (Transport) Flight RAF between April and May 1944[7]\nNo. 1311 (Transport) Flight RAF between April and May 1944[7]\nNo. 1577 Flight RAF between August and September 1943[8]\nNo. 2847 Squadron RAF Regiment[9]\nTransport Command Night Vision Training School RAF between April 1944 and February 1945 became Transport Command Night Vision Instructors Training School RAF between February and July 1945[10]","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The airfield is now in use as Llandow Kart Club,[11] Llandow Tuning Center[12] and Llandow Circuit,[13] with the main runways of the former RAF base being used as Hangar Straight and Spitfire Straight in the kart circuit. The names of the corners and straights of the kart circuit reference Llandow's history as an airfield, with names such as Hangar Straight, Bomber Straight, Lancaster Curve and Spitfire Straight.[14]","title":"Current Use"}] | [{"image_text":"RAF Llandow Watch Office with Met section, in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Watch_Office_with_Met_section_at_RAF_Llandow.jpg/220px-Watch_Office_with_Met_section_at_RAF_Llandow.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Llandow Airfield, near Llantwit Major (307839)\". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/307839/","url_text":"\"Llandow Airfield, near Llantwit Major (307839)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales","url_text":"RCAHMW"}]},{"reference":"\"Llandow\". Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. Retrieved 7 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/llandow/","url_text":"\"Llandow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfields_of_Britain_Conservation_Trust","url_text":"Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust"}]},{"reference":"\"Llandow Kart Club\". llandowkartclub.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.llandowkartclub.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Llandow Kart Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Llandow Tuning Center\". tuning.wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuning.wales/","url_text":"\"Llandow Tuning Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Llandow Circuit.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.llandow.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Llandow Kart Club - History\". llandowkartclub.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.llandowkartclub.co.uk/history.html","url_text":"\"Llandow Kart Club - History\""}]},{"reference":"Falconer, J. (2012). RAF Airfields of World War 2. UK: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85780-349-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-349-5","url_text":"978-1-85780-349-5"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Alan (2012). Welsh Military Airfields Through Time. Stroud, Gloucestershire UK: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-0993-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroud","url_text":"Stroud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire","url_text":"Gloucestershire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-0993-5","url_text":"978-1-4456-0993-5"}]},{"reference":"Sturtivant, R.; Hamlin, J. (2007). Royal Air Force flying training and support units since 1912. UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0851-3036-59.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851-3036-59","url_text":"978-0851-3036-59"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAF_Llandow¶ms=51_26_0_N_03_29_45_W_","external_links_name":"51°26′0″N 03°29′45″W / 51.43333°N 3.49583°W / 51.43333; -3.49583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAF_Llandow¶ms=51_26_0_N_03_29_45_W_","external_links_name":"51°26′0″N 03°29′45″W / 51.43333°N 3.49583°W / 51.43333; -3.49583"},{"Link":"https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/307839/","external_links_name":"\"Llandow Airfield, near Llantwit Major (307839)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/llandow/","external_links_name":"\"Llandow\""},{"Link":"https://www.llandowkartclub.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Llandow Kart Club\""},{"Link":"https://www.tuning.wales/","external_links_name":"\"Llandow Tuning Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.llandow.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.llandowkartclub.co.uk/history.html","external_links_name":"\"Llandow Kart Club - History\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Tramway_Line_3 | Île-de-France tramway lines 3a and 3b | ["1 T3a","2 T3b","3 History","3.1 Timeline","3.2 Little Ring Line","4 Rolling stock","5 Gallery","6 References"] | Tram lines in Paris
Map of tramway Lines 3a (shown in orange) and 3b (shown in green)
Île-de-France tramway lines 3a and 3b
All stops are accessible
Legend
Porte Dauphine
Anna de Noailles
Porte Maillot
Anny Flore
Thérèse Pierre
Porte de Champerret
Square Sainte-Odile
Marguerite Long
Porte de Clichy
Honoré de Balzac
Épinettes—Pouchet
Porte de Saint-Ouen
Angélique Compoint
Porte de Clignancourt
Diane Arbus
Porte de la Chapelle
Colette Besson
Porte d'Aubervilliers
Rosa Parks
Canal Saint-Denis
Canal Saint-Denis
Porte de la Villette
Ella Fitzgerald
Canal de l'Ourcq
Delphine Seyrig
Shops
Porte de Pantin
Butte du Chapeau Rouge
Hôpital Robert Debré
Porte des Lilas
Adrienne Bolland
Séverine
Porte de Bagnolet
Marie de Miribel
Porte de Montreuil
▲ T3b▼ T3a Porte de Vincennes
Alexandra David-Néel
Montempoivre
Porte Dorée
Porte de Charenton
Baron Le Roy
Seine
Avenue de France
Maryse Bastié
Porte d'Ivry
Porte de Choisy
Porte d'Italie
Poterne des Peupliers
Stade Charléty
Cité Universitaire
Montsouris
Porte d'Orléans
Jean Moulin
Didot
Porte de Vanves
Brancion
Georges Brassens
Porte de Versailles
Desnouettes
Balard
Lucotte Shops
Pont du Garigliano
This diagram: viewtalkedit
Île-de-France tramway lines 3a and 3b (French: Lignes 3a et 3b du tramway d'Île-de-France) are the first modern tramway in Paris proper since the 1937 closure of the previous comparable system. They are operated by the RATP (Régie autonome des transports parisiens) and divided into two sections called T3a and T3b. The line is also known as the Tramway des Maréchaux because it follows the Boulevards of the Marshals, a series of boulevards that encircle Paris along the route of the former Thiers Wall (built from 1841 to 1844). The boulevards are, with three exceptions, named for Napoleon's First Empire marshals (maréchaux); they were transformed by redevelopment works carried out during the two and a half year construction of the line, which opened on 16 December 2006 under the designation T3.
The line initially ran in its own section of these boulevards' roadway between the 15th and 13th arrondissements, allowing it to connect the Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry in an average of 26 minutes. It carried 25 million passengers in its first year of operation, averaging 100,000 on weekdays and 70,000 on weekends; numbers have steadily increased ever since. In 2009, further work began to extend the line to the northeast, with the extension fully opening on 15 December 2012. Two separate lines were constructed to ensure the service's reliability: the existing line was extended to Porte de Vincennes and renamed T3a; a second line (T3b) initially connected Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle. An extension of the latter to Porte d'Asnières near the border with Levallois-Perret opened on 24 November 2018.
The lines have been operated by the RATP Group since opening, under the authority of Île-de-France Mobilités. Future operation of lines will become subject to a competitive bidding process in November 2029.
T3a
Île-de-France tramway Line T3a Île-de-France tramway Line T3a near Porte de Versailles stationOverviewOwnerÎle-de-France MobilitésTerminiPorte de VincennesPont du GariglianoStations25ServiceTypeTramSystemTramways in Île-de-FranceOperator(s)RATP GroupRolling stock63 Alstom Citadis 402 (shared with T3b)HistoryOpened16 December 2006 (2006-12-16)Last extension15 December 2012TechnicalLine length12.4 km (7.7 mi)Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Route map
T3a connects Pont du Garigliano–Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou station in the western part of the 15th arrondissement with Porte de Vincennes station in the 12th arrondissement. The line carries 112,000 people per day.
The first section, between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry, opened as T3 on 16 December 2006. Work began in early 2009 on a 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) extension from Porte d'Ivry to Porte de la Chapelle, via Porte de Charenton. The extension project was then split into a smaller extension to Porte de Vincennes and a separate tramway line for the remainder of the route, which became T3a. The opening of the extension and renaming to T3a occurred on 15 December 2012.
T3b
Île-de-France tramway Line T3b Île-de-France tramway Line T3b crosses the canal de l'OurcqOverviewOwnerÎle-de-France MobilitésTerminiPorte DauphinePorte de VincennesStations33ServiceTypeTramSystemTramways in Île-de-FranceOperator(s)RATP GroupRolling stock63 Alstom Citadis 402 (shared with T3a)HistoryOpened15 December 2012 (2012-12-15)Last extension5 April 2024TechnicalLine length17.5 km (10.9 mi)Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Route map
T3b initially connected Porte de Vincennes with Porte de la Chapelle in the 18th arrondissement. It opened concurrently with the extension of T3a to Porte de Vincennes on 15 December 2012. The line was extended to Porte d'Asnières—Marguerite Long in the 17th arrondissement on 24 November 2018.
A further extension with seven stops towards Porte Dauphine in the 16th arrondissement just east of the Bois de Boulogne started service on 5 April 2024. It connects with Métro Line 3 at Porte de Champerret, Métro Line 1, RER A and RER E at Porte Maillot, and Métro Line 2 at its new terminus.
History
Timeline
16 December 2006: enters service between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry under the designation T3.
18 June 2008: speed increased from 16 km/h to 18 km/h.
15 December 2012: extension from Porte d'Ivry to Porte de Vincennes enters service as Line 3a.
15 December 2012: Line 3b starts operation on the extension from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle.
24 November 2018: extension of Line 3b from Porte de la Chapelle to Marguerite Long enters service.
5 April 2024: extension of Line 3b from Marguerite Long to Porte Dauphine enters service.
Little Ring Line
The Little Ring Line (Ligne de la Petite Ceinture) was constructed in order to link the major rail supply routes within the Thiers Fortifications that surrounded Paris. The line was opened in sections between 1852 and 1869, reaching a total length of 32 km (20 mi) and encircling Paris within the boulevards des Maréchaux.
Initially, the line was for the exclusive use of freight traffic, before subsequently opening to passenger traffic. The Ligne d'Auteuil, in contrast, opened to passengers only immediately in 1854, and only opened to freight in 1867. The railway saw a rapid growth in passenger numbers towards the end of the 19th century, especially during the Universal Expositions. However, the inappropriateness of the equipment, consisting of steam locomotives that made the cars hot and uncomfortable, made the line less and less attractive, and it was unable to resist competition from the Métro.
After 1900, passenger numbers saw a constant and relentless fall until, in April 1934, despite several failed attempts to improve the situation, the line permanently closed to passengers, except the Ligne d'Auteuil, which remained open until January 1985. Some months later, in July 1934, the PC Bus Line was created, and was an immediate success.
Freight traffic also disappeared at the start of the 1990s, and most of the line has since been abandoned and split by modern development. The section of the Ligne d'Auteuil between Pereire-Levallois and Avenue Henri-Martin, however, was integrated with RER C of the commuter rail network (Réseau Express Régional).
Rolling stock
The design selected for Line 3 was the Alstom Citadis 402.
The trains were ordered in December 2003 and manufactured in factories at Le Creusot (bogies), Tarbes (electrical and electronic traction), Villeurbanne (electronics), Ornans (motors), with final assembly performed at Aytré, near La Rochelle.
Their design aesthetic was the subject of extensive research by several designers: Régine Charvet-Pello (and designers of his company RCP Design Global) for the general concept, the colorist for Vonnik Hertig upholstery and indoor environment, Emmanuel Fedon and Luc Maillet for exterior trains. The livery of trains is personalised, combining the RATP's traditional jade green with various visual symbols of the city.
Gallery
Porte des Lilas on Line 3b
T3 rolling stock at a stop
Inside the T3 Citadis
T3b tracks
Green track at Porte de Chaumont
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paris Tramway Line 3.
^ a b Paris : le tramway jusqu'à porte d'Asnières, c'est parti !, Le Parisien (in French), 23 November 2018
^ "The essence of our Group". RATP Group. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^ Ligne 5 du tramway, bientôt sur les rails Archived 19 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
^ Projet : Tram ligne 3 b Prolongement Porte d'Asnières > Porte Dauphine, Île-de-France Mobilités (in French), 5 april 2024
^ Sensolab drives interior experimentation. Railway Gazette, 08/2007.
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Transilien
in Paris
List of tram stops | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tramway_IleDeFrance_Ligne3-en.svg"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"RATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATP_Group"},{"link_name":"Boulevards of the Marshals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevards_of_the_Marshals"},{"link_name":"Thiers Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiers_Wall"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"First Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"marshals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marshals_of_France"},{"link_name":"15th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"13th arrondissements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Pont du Garigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Garigliano"},{"link_name":"Porte d'Ivry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_d%27Ivry_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Porte de Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_Vincennes_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Porte de Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_Vincennes_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Porte de la Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_la_Chapelle_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Levallois-Perret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levallois-Perret"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parisien-1"},{"link_name":"RATP Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATP_Group"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France Mobilités","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_Mobilit%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Map of tramway Lines 3a (shown in orange) and 3b (shown in green)Île-de-France tramway lines 3a and 3b (French: Lignes 3a et 3b du tramway d'Île-de-France) are the first modern tramway in Paris proper since the 1937 closure of the previous comparable system. They are operated by the RATP (Régie autonome des transports parisiens) and divided into two sections called T3a and T3b. The line is also known as the Tramway des Maréchaux because it follows the Boulevards of the Marshals, a series of boulevards that encircle Paris along the route of the former Thiers Wall (built from 1841 to 1844). The boulevards are, with three exceptions, named for Napoleon's First Empire marshals (maréchaux); they were transformed by redevelopment works carried out during the two and a half year construction of the line, which opened on 16 December 2006 under the designation T3.The line initially ran in its own section of these boulevards' roadway between the 15th and 13th arrondissements, allowing it to connect the Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry in an average of 26 minutes. It carried 25 million passengers in its first year of operation, averaging 100,000 on weekdays and 70,000 on weekends; numbers have steadily increased ever since. In 2009, further work began to extend the line to the northeast, with the extension fully opening on 15 December 2012. Two separate lines were constructed to ensure the service's reliability: the existing line was extended to Porte de Vincennes and renamed T3a; a second line (T3b) initially connected Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle. An extension of the latter to Porte d'Asnières near the border with Levallois-Perret opened on 24 November 2018.[1]The lines have been operated by the RATP Group since opening, under the authority of Île-de-France Mobilités. Future operation of lines will become subject to a competitive bidding process in November 2029.[2]","title":"Île-de-France tramway lines 3a and 3b"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pont du Garigliano–Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Garigliano%E2%80%93H%C3%B4pital_europ%C3%A9en_Georges-Pompidou_station"},{"link_name":"15th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Porte de Vincennes station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_Vincennes_station"},{"link_name":"12th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Porte d'Ivry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_d%27Ivry_(Paris_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Porte de la Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_la_Chapelle_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Porte de Charenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_Charenton_(Paris_Metro)"}],"text":"T3a connects Pont du Garigliano–Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou station in the western part of the 15th arrondissement with Porte de Vincennes station in the 12th arrondissement. The line carries 112,000 people per day.[3]The first section, between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry, opened as T3 on 16 December 2006. Work began in early 2009 on a 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) extension from Porte d'Ivry to Porte de la Chapelle, via Porte de Charenton. The extension project was then split into a smaller extension to Porte de Vincennes and a separate tramway line for the remainder of the route, which became T3a. The opening of the extension and renaming to T3a occurred on 15 December 2012.","title":"T3a"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porte de Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_Vincennes_(Paris_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Porte de la Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_la_Chapelle_(Paris_Metro)"},{"link_name":"18th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"17th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parisien-1"},{"link_name":"Porte Dauphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_Dauphine_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"16th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Bois de Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Métro Line 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_3"},{"link_name":"Porte de Champerret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_Champerret_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Métro Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_1"},{"link_name":"RER A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RER_A"},{"link_name":"RER E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RER_E"},{"link_name":"Porte Maillot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_Maillot_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Métro Line 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"T3b initially connected Porte de Vincennes with Porte de la Chapelle in the 18th arrondissement. It opened concurrently with the extension of T3a to Porte de Vincennes on 15 December 2012. The line was extended to Porte d'Asnières—Marguerite Long in the 17th arrondissement on 24 November 2018.[1]A further extension with seven stops towards Porte Dauphine in the 16th arrondissement just east of the Bois de Boulogne started service on 5 April 2024. It connects with Métro Line 3 at Porte de Champerret, Métro Line 1, RER A and RER E at Porte Maillot, and Métro Line 2 at its new terminus.[4]","title":"T3b"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"16 December 2006: enters service between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry under the designation T3.\n18 June 2008: speed increased from 16 km/h to 18 km/h.\n15 December 2012: extension from Porte d'Ivry to Porte de Vincennes enters service as Line 3a.15 December 2012: Line 3b starts operation on the extension from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle.24 November 2018: extension of Line 3b from Porte de la Chapelle to Marguerite Long enters service.5 April 2024: extension of Line 3b from Marguerite Long to Porte Dauphine enters service.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ligne de la Petite Ceinture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin_de_fer_de_Petite_Ceinture"},{"link_name":"RER C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RER_C"}],"sub_title":"Little Ring Line","text":"The Little Ring Line (Ligne de la Petite Ceinture) was constructed in order to link the major rail supply routes within the Thiers Fortifications that surrounded Paris. The line was opened in sections between 1852 and 1869, reaching a total length of 32 km (20 mi) and encircling Paris within the boulevards des Maréchaux.Initially, the line was for the exclusive use of freight traffic, before subsequently opening to passenger traffic. The Ligne d'Auteuil, in contrast, opened to passengers only immediately in 1854, and only opened to freight in 1867. The railway saw a rapid growth in passenger numbers towards the end of the 19th century, especially during the Universal Expositions. However, the inappropriateness of the equipment, consisting of steam locomotives that made the cars hot and uncomfortable, made the line less and less attractive, and it was unable to resist competition from the Métro.After 1900, passenger numbers saw a constant and relentless fall until, in April 1934, despite several failed attempts to improve the situation, the line permanently closed to passengers, except the Ligne d'Auteuil, which remained open until January 1985. Some months later, in July 1934, the PC Bus Line was created, and was an immediate success.Freight traffic also disappeared at the start of the 1990s, and most of the line has since been abandoned and split by modern development. The section of the Ligne d'Auteuil between Pereire-Levallois and Avenue Henri-Martin, however, was integrated with RER C of the commuter rail network (Réseau Express Régional).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alstom Citadis 402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom_Citadis"},{"link_name":"Le Creusot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Creusot"},{"link_name":"bogies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie"},{"link_name":"Tarbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbes"},{"link_name":"Villeurbanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeurbanne"},{"link_name":"Ornans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornans"},{"link_name":"Aytré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design"},{"link_name":"designers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer"},{"link_name":"RCP Design Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCP_Design_Global"},{"link_name":"livery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The design selected for Line 3 was the Alstom Citadis 402.The trains were ordered in December 2003 and manufactured in factories at Le Creusot (bogies), Tarbes (electrical and electronic traction), Villeurbanne (electronics), Ornans (motors), with final assembly performed at Aytré, near La Rochelle.Their design aesthetic was the subject of extensive research by several designers: Régine Charvet-Pello (and designers of his company RCP Design Global) for the general concept, the colorist for Vonnik Hertig upholstery and indoor environment, Emmanuel Fedon and Luc Maillet for exterior trains. The livery of trains is personalised, combining the RATP's traditional jade green with various visual symbols of the city.[5]","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porte_des_Lilas_-_Arr%C3%AAt_de_tramway_-_2017-04-14.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rame-tramway-paris-T3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interieur-rame-Tramway-Pari.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tram_tracks_@_Paris_(33546006940).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tramway-line-T3B-in-Paris-near-porte-de-Chaumont--DSC_0125.jpg"},{"link_name":"Green track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_track"}],"text":"Porte des Lilas on Line 3b\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tT3 rolling stock at a stop\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside the T3 Citadis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tT3b tracks\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGreen track at Porte de Chaumont","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of tramway Lines 3a (shown in orange) and 3b (shown in green)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tramway_IleDeFrance_Ligne3-en.svg/400px-Tramway_IleDeFrance_Ligne3-en.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The essence of our Group\". RATP Group. Retrieved 31 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ratp.fr/en/groupe-ratp/group-presentation/essence-our-group","url_text":"\"The essence of our Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATP_Group","url_text":"RATP Group"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.leparisien.fr/info-paris-ile-de-france-oise/transports/paris-le-tramway-jusqu-a-porte-d-asnieres-c-est-parti-23-11-2018-7951791.php","external_links_name":"Paris : le tramway jusqu'à porte d'Asnières, c'est parti !"},{"Link":"https://www.ratp.fr/en/groupe-ratp/group-presentation/essence-our-group","external_links_name":"\"The essence of our Group\""},{"Link":"http://www.stif.info/IMG/pdf/TramwayT5-3.pdf","external_links_name":"Ligne 5 du tramway, bientôt sur les rails"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121119091553/http://www.stif.info/IMG/pdf/TramwayT5-3.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.iledefrance-mobilites.fr/le-reseau/projets/tram-3b-prolongement-porte-d-asnieres-porte-dauphine#calendrier-previsionnel","external_links_name":"Projet : Tram ligne 3 b Prolongement Porte d'Asnières > Porte Dauphine"},{"Link":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/sensolab-drives-interior-experimentation.html","external_links_name":"Sensolab drives interior experimentation"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maso_di_Banco | Maso di Banco | ["1 Selected works","2 Notes","3 External links"] | Italian painter
Pope Sylvester I turning away a dragon and reviving its victims, by Maso di Banco
Maso di Banco (working c 1335–1350) was an Italian painter of the 14th century, who worked in Florence, Italy. He and Taddeo Gaddi were the most prominent Florentine pupils of Giotto di Bondone, exploring the three-dimensional dramatic realism inaugurated by Giotto.
Maso's name and work are known to us from Lorenzo Ghiberti's autobiographical I Commentari, which identifies frescoes in the chapel of the Holy Confessors at Santa Croce, Florence as his chief work. The frescoes, not signed or dated but probably c 1340, represent scenes from the Life of St. Sylvester (Pope Sylvester I), the Last Judgment, and The Entombment.
His fresco of a particular judgment is in the Bardi banking family chapel of Santa Croce. It features Gualtiero de' Bardi pleading on behalf of his soul before Jesus Christ.
Nanni di Banco, a sculptor of the early 15th century, is not related to Maso.
Selected works
Triptych, Detroit Institute of Art
Portable altarpiece depicting Madonna and Christ Child with Saints and Scenes From The Life of Christ at Brooklyn Museum
Panel depicting The Coronation of the Virgin at the Budapest Museum of Fine Art
Notes
^ A World History of Art: Gothic Art.
^ Giorgio Vasari confused Maso with Maso di Stephano, called "Giottino".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maso di Banco.
External links
Gallery of Art Online
Italian Paintings: Florentine School, a collection catalog containing information about di Banco and his works (see pages: 20–22).
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Italian People
Deutsche Biographie
This article about an Italian painter born in the 14th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Popesylvesterdragon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Sylvester I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Italian painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_painter"},{"link_name":"Florence, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Taddeo Gaddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taddeo_Gaddi"},{"link_name":"Giotto di Bondone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Ghiberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti"},{"link_name":"Santa Croce, Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Croce,_Florence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Sylvester I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"particular judgment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particular_judgment"},{"link_name":"Bardi banking family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardi_family"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Nanni di Banco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanni_di_Banco"}],"text":"Pope Sylvester I turning away a dragon and reviving its victims, by Maso di BancoMaso di Banco (working c 1335–1350) was an Italian painter of the 14th century, who worked in Florence, Italy. He and Taddeo Gaddi were the most prominent Florentine pupils of Giotto di Bondone, exploring the three-dimensional dramatic realism inaugurated by Giotto.[1]Maso's name and work are known to us from Lorenzo Ghiberti's autobiographical I Commentari, which identifies frescoes in the chapel of the Holy Confessors at Santa Croce, Florence as his chief work.[2] The frescoes, not signed or dated but probably c 1340, represent scenes from the Life of St. Sylvester (Pope Sylvester I), the Last Judgment, and The Entombment.His fresco of a particular judgment is in the Bardi banking family chapel of Santa Croce. It features Gualtiero de' Bardi pleading on behalf of his soul before Jesus Christ.Nanni di Banco, a sculptor of the early 15th century, is not related to Maso.","title":"Maso di Banco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptych"},{"link_name":"Detroit Institute of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum"},{"link_name":"Budapest Museum of Fine Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Budapest)"}],"text":"Triptych, Detroit Institute of Art\nPortable altarpiece depicting Madonna and Christ Child with Saints and Scenes From The Life of Christ at Brooklyn Museum\nPanel depicting The Coronation of the Virgin at the Budapest Museum of Fine Art","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"A World History of Art: Gothic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.all-art.org/history194-16.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Vasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari"},{"link_name":"Maso di Stephano, called \"Giottino\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giottino"},{"link_name":"Maso di Banco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maso_di_Banco"}],"text":"^ A World History of Art: Gothic Art.\n\n^ Giorgio Vasari confused Maso with Maso di Stephano, called \"Giottino\".Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maso di Banco.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Pope Sylvester I turning away a dragon and reviving its victims, by Maso di Banco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Popesylvesterdragon.jpg/220px-Popesylvesterdragon.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.all-art.org/history194-16.html","external_links_name":"A World History of Art: Gothic Art"},{"Link":"http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/html/m/maso/","external_links_name":"Gallery of Art Online"},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/187505/rec/4","external_links_name":"Italian Paintings: Florentine School"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1833309/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000079927845","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/42684673","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95733296","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjqV63BhDh34JvGYxvd333","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/121059669","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85016738","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osd2010555738&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/31838","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500008558","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/maso-di-banco_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121059669.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maso_di_Banco&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_Love_(Karl_Wolf_song) | Ghetto Love (Karl Wolf song) | ["1 Track list","2 Music video","3 Charts","4 References"] | 2011 single by Karl Wolf featuring Kardinal Offishall"Ghetto Love"Single by Karl Wolf featuring Kardinal Offishallfrom the album Finally Free ReleasedMay 17, 2011Recorded2011 at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga, OntarioGenrePop rapLabelUniversal RepublicSongwriter(s)Karl Wolf, Kardinal Offishall (rap) Peter Cetera, David Foster Diane Nini (refrain sample)Producer(s)Karl Wolf, UnderGround Procedures (UGP)Karl Wolf singles chronology
"80's Baby" (2010)
"Ghetto Love" (2011)
"Mash It Up / Fuck Shit Up" (2011)
Kardinal Offishall singles chronology
"So Much"(2010)
"Ghetto Love"(2011)
Music video"Ghetto Love" on YouTube
"Ghetto Love" is a 2011 single by Canadian artist Karl Wolf from his 2012 album Finally Free. The single released in May 2011 features Canadian artist Kardinal Offishall with downloads made available on May 17, 2011.
The song co-produced with UnderGround Procedures (UGP) also mentioned in the introductory part of the song, samples in its refrain on the Peter Cetera song "Glory of Love". However "Ghetto Love" is a separate song rather than a cover version of "Glory of Love" because of its added rap lyrics. Most notably Karl Wolf changes the original "we did it all for the glory of love" to "we did it all for this ghetto ghetto love" and in addition, "I am a man" is replaced by "I am the man." A French version also exists, but retains the English-language chorus.
Track list
Ghetto Love (feat. Kardinal Offishall) (3:04)
Ghetto Love (No Rap version) (3:05)
Music video
The music video for the release was by Director X and it was filmed in Jamaica.
Charts
Chart (2011)
PeakPosition
Canadian Hot 100
20
References
^ Music Remedy: Karl Wolf – Ghetto Love ft Kardinal Offishall
^ "Envy magazine: Ghetto Love – Karl Wolf ft. Kardinal Offishall". Archived from the original on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
^ "Ghetto Love" page on iTune
vteKardinal OffishallStudio albums
Eye & I
Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1
Fire and Glory
Not 4 Sale
Kardi Gras, Vol. 1: The Clash
Collaborative albums
A.M.T.R.I.M. (with Nottz)
Extended plays
Husslin'
Singles
"Naughty Dread"
"On wit da Show"
"Husslin'"
"BaKardi Slang"
"Ol' Time Killin'"
"Belly Dancer"
"Bang Bang"
"Everyday (Rudebwoy)"
"Feel Alright"
"Dangerous"
"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)"
"Clear!"
"Body Bounce"
Featured singles
"Northern Touch"
"Money Jane"
"Back for More"
"Carnival Girl"
"Beautiful"
"Freak"
"Wavin' Flag (Haiti Mix)"
"So Much"
"Ghetto Love"
"Stylechanger"
Related articles
Discography
Production discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Finally Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finally_Free"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicremedy-1"},{"link_name":"Kardinal Offishall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal_Offishall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Cetera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cetera"},{"link_name":"Glory of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_of_Love"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"}],"text":"\"Ghetto Love\" is a 2011 single by Canadian artist Karl Wolf from his 2012 album Finally Free. The single released in May 2011[1] features Canadian artist Kardinal Offishall with downloads made available on May 17, 2011.[2]The song co-produced with UnderGround Procedures (UGP) also mentioned in the introductory part of the song, samples in its refrain on the Peter Cetera song \"Glory of Love\". However \"Ghetto Love\" is a separate song rather than a cover version of \"Glory of Love\" because of its added rap lyrics. Most notably Karl Wolf changes the original \"we did it all for the glory of love\" to \"we did it all for this ghetto ghetto love\" and in addition, \"I am a man\" is replaced by \"I am the man.\" A French version also exists, but retains the English-language chorus.","title":"Ghetto Love (Karl Wolf song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ghetto Love (feat. Kardinal Offishall) (3:04)\nGhetto Love (No Rap version) (3:05)[3]","title":"Track list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Director X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_X"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"}],"text":"The music video for the release was by Director X and it was filmed in Jamaica.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Envy magazine: Ghetto Love – Karl Wolf ft. Kardinal Offishall\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2011-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110815181956/http://envymagazine.ca/karlwolfghettolove","url_text":"\"Envy magazine: Ghetto Love – Karl Wolf ft. Kardinal Offishall\""},{"url":"http://envymagazine.ca/karlwolfghettolove","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjbUC66Bt6Y","external_links_name":"\"Ghetto Love\""},{"Link":"http://musicremedy.com/k/karl-wolf/songs/ghetto-love-ft-kardinal-offishall-53979.html","external_links_name":"Music Remedy: Karl Wolf – Ghetto Love ft Kardinal Offishall"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110815181956/http://envymagazine.ca/karlwolfghettolove","external_links_name":"\"Envy magazine: Ghetto Love – Karl Wolf ft. Kardinal Offishall\""},{"Link":"http://envymagazine.ca/karlwolfghettolove","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/ghetto-love-single/id436513454","external_links_name":"\"Ghetto Love\" page on iTune"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/c5115f49-7c86-4024-914d-b18d644018c5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradina_Koreni%C4%8Dka | Gradina Korenička | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 44°44′03″N 15°43′34″E / 44.73417°N 15.72611°E / 44.73417; 15.72611You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Serbian. (January 2016) Click for important translation instructions.
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Village in CroatiaGradina KoreničkaVillageCountry CroatiaCounty Lika-SenjMunicipalityPlitvička JezeraArea • Total3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total67 • Density19/km2 (50/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Gradina Korenička (Serbian Cyrillic: Градина Кореничка) is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D1 highway.
References
^ Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia. Wikidata Q119585703.
^ "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements" (xlsx). Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
44°44′03″N 15°43′34″E / 44.73417°N 15.72611°E / 44.73417; 15.72611
This Lika-Senj County geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"D1 highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1_(Croatia)"}],"text":"Village in CroatiaGradina Korenička (Serbian Cyrillic: Градина Кореничка) is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D1 highway.","title":"Gradina Korenička"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia. Wikidata Q119585703.","urls":[{"url":"https://dgu.gov.hr/registar-prostornih-jedinica-172/172","url_text":"Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119585703","url_text":"Q119585703"}]},{"reference":"\"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements\" (xlsx). Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://podaci.dzs.hr/media/rqybclnx/popis_2021-stanovnistvo_po_naseljima.xlsx","url_text":"\"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Croatian Bureau of Statistics"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gradina_Koreni%C4%8Dka¶ms=44_44_03_N_15_43_34_E_source:kolossus-srwiki","external_links_name":"44°44′03″N 15°43′34″E / 44.73417°N 15.72611°E / 44.73417; 15.72611"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0&sl=sr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://dgu.gov.hr/registar-prostornih-jedinica-172/172","external_links_name":"Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia"},{"Link":"https://podaci.dzs.hr/media/rqybclnx/popis_2021-stanovnistvo_po_naseljima.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gradina_Koreni%C4%8Dka¶ms=44_44_03_N_15_43_34_E_source:kolossus-srwiki","external_links_name":"44°44′03″N 15°43′34″E / 44.73417°N 15.72611°E / 44.73417; 15.72611"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gradina_Koreni%C4%8Dka&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Township_Technical_High_School | Camden County Technical Schools Gloucester Township Campus | ["1 Athletics","2 Administration","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°45′51″N 74°58′32″W / 39.7643°N 74.9756°W / 39.7643; -74.9756High school in Camden County, New Jersey, United States
Camden County Technical Schools Gloucester Township CampusAddress343 Berlin-Cross Keys RoadSicklerville, Camden County, New Jersey 08081United StatesCoordinates39°45′51″N 74°58′32″W / 39.7643°N 74.9756°W / 39.7643; -74.9756InformationTypePublic, Voc-tech high schoolEstablished1969School districtCamden County Technical SchoolsNCES School ID340267001414PrincipalChantell GreenFaculty124.4 FTEsGrades9-12Enrollment1,394 (as of 2022–23)Student to teacher ratio11.2:1Color(s) Gold White and Royal BlueAthletics conferenceOlympic ConferenceTeam nameWarriorsWebsitewww.gloucester.ccts.org
Camden County Technical Schools Gloucester Township Campus, also called Camden County Tech, is a vocational-technical public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades located in Gloucester Township, in the U.S. state of New Jersey (however it uses a Sicklerville mailing address), that operates as part of the Camden County Technical Schools. The school serves students from all of Camden County, and was opened in 1969 as the district's second high school, with the goal of expanding access in the eastern, more rural portion of Camden County.
As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,394 students and 124.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.2:1. There were 398 students (28.6% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 106 (7.6% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
Athletics
The Camden County Tech Warriors compete in the Olympic Conference, an athletic conference comprising public and private high schools located in Burlington, Camden and Gloucester counties, and operates under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 1,003 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. Sister school and archrival, Pennsauken Technical High School Tornadoes also compete in the Olympic Conference.
Administration
The school's principal is Chantell Green. Her administration team includes four assistant principals
References
^ a b c d e School data for Camden County Technical School-GTC, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed February 1, 2024.
^ a b c Camden County Technical School at Sicklerville, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed October 20, 2020.
^ Hand, Christopher. "Seeking racial balance on campus",The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 15, 1989. Accessed March 4, 2022, via Newspapers.com. "The Pennsauken campus is about the size of a typical, urban high school, occupying a space the size of a large city block. It was built in 1928, when most of Camden County's population was centered on the largest city in South Jersey: Camden. Back then, mostly farms existed east of Camden. The Gloucester Township campus was constructed in 1969, when development started to stretch out to the far eastern portion of the county, according to Superintendent of Schools R. Sanders Haldeman."
^ League & Conference Officers/Affiliated Schools 2020-2021, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed October 20, 2020.
^ NJSIAA General Public School Classifications 2019–2020, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed November 20, 2020.
^ Staff, Camden County Technical Schools Gloucester Township Campus. Accessed January 4, 2024.
External links
School webpage
Camden County Technical Schools website
School Performance Report for Camden County Technical Schools Gloucester Township Campus, New Jersey Department of Education
Gloucester Township Technical High School, National Center for Education Statistics
vtePublic and private high schools of Camden County, New JerseyPublic
Audubon
Brimm Medical Arts
Camden
Camden Academy
Camden Big Picture
Cherry Hill Alternative
Cherry Hill East
Cherry Hill West
Collingswood
Creative Arts
Eastern
Eastside
Gloucester City
Gloucester Township Tech
Haddon Heights
Haddon Township
Haddonfield
Highland Regional
LEAP Academy
Lindenwold
Overbrook
Pennsauken
Pennsauken Tech
Sterling
Timber Creek
Triton
Winslow Township
Private
Bishop Eustace Prep
Camden Catholic
Gloucester Catholic
King's Christian
Paul VI
by county
Atlantic
Bergen
Burlington
Camden
Cape May
Cumberland
Essex
Gloucester
Hudson
Hunterdon
Mercer
Middlesex
Monmouth
Morris
Ocean
Passaic
Salem
Somerset
Sussex
Union
Warren
vteOlympic Conference (NJSIAA)American Division
Cherokee
Cherry Hill East
Eastern
Lenape
Pennsauken
National Division
Bishop Eustace
Camden
Camden Catholic
Camden County Tech
Paul VI
Pennsauken Tech
Seneca
Woodrow Wilson
Patriot Division
Cherry Hill West
Timber Creek
Shawnee
Winslow
Authority control databases: Geographic
NCES | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vocational-technical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational-technical_school"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"ninth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_grade"},{"link_name":"twelfth grades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_grade"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Sicklerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicklerville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Camden County Technical Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_County_Technical_Schools"},{"link_name":"Camden County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"student–teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"free lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCES-1"}],"text":"High school in Camden County, New Jersey, United StatesCamden County Technical Schools Gloucester Township Campus, also called Camden County Tech, is a vocational-technical public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades located in Gloucester Township, in the U.S. state of New Jersey (however it uses a Sicklerville mailing address), that operates as part of the Camden County Technical Schools. The school serves students from all of Camden County, and was opened in 1969 as the district's second high school, with the goal of expanding access in the eastern, more rural portion of Camden County.[3]As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,394 students and 124.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.2:1. There were 398 students (28.6% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 106 (7.6% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.[1]","title":"Camden County Technical Schools Gloucester Township Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSIAAprofile-2"},{"link_name":"Olympic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Conference_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pennsauken Technical High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsauken_Technical_High_School"}],"text":"The Camden County Tech Warriors[2] compete in the Olympic Conference, an athletic conference comprising public and private high schools located in Burlington, Camden and Gloucester counties, and operates under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).[4] With 1,003 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range.[5] Sister school and archrival, Pennsauken Technical High School Tornadoes also compete in the Olympic Conference.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The school's principal is Chantell Green. Her administration team includes four assistant principals[6]","title":"Administration"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Camden_County_Technical_Schools_Gloucester_Township_Campus¶ms=39.7643_N_74.9756_W_region:US-NJ_type:edu","external_links_name":"39°45′51″N 74°58′32″W / 39.7643°N 74.9756°W / 39.7643; -74.9756"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Camden_County_Technical_Schools_Gloucester_Township_Campus¶ms=39.7643_N_74.9756_W_region:US-NJ_type:edu","external_links_name":"39°45′51″N 74°58′32″W / 39.7643°N 74.9756°W / 39.7643; -74.9756"},{"Link":"https://www.gloucester.ccts.org/","external_links_name":"www.gloucester.ccts.org"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3402670&ID=340267001414","external_links_name":"School data for Camden County Technical School-GTC"},{"Link":"https://www.njsiaa.org/schools/camden-county-technical-school-sicklerville","external_links_name":"Camden County Technical School at Sicklerville"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/176517201/","external_links_name":"\"Seeking racial balance on campus\""},{"Link":"https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-10/2020-2021-lc-officers-schools.pdf","external_links_name":"League & Conference Officers/Affiliated Schools 2020-2021"},{"Link":"https://www.njsiaa.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-11/general-classifications-2018-2020.pdf","external_links_name":"NJSIAA General Public School Classifications 2019–2020"},{"Link":"https://www.gloucester.ccts.org/apps/staff/","external_links_name":"Staff"},{"Link":"https://www.gloucester.ccts.org/","external_links_name":"School webpage"},{"Link":"https://www.ccts.org/","external_links_name":"Camden County Technical Schools website"},{"Link":"https://rc.doe.state.nj.us/selectreport/2022-2023/07/0700/040","external_links_name":"School Performance Report for Camden County Technical Schools Gloucester Township Campus"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3402670&ID=340267001414","external_links_name":"Gloucester Township Technical High School"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=340267001414","external_links_name":"NCES"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena-Ampugnano_Airport | Siena–Ampugnano Airport | ["1 History","2 Facilities","3 References","4 External links"] | AirportSiena–Ampugnano AirportAeroporto di Siena-AmpugnanoIATA: SAYICAO: LIQSSummaryAirport typeMilitary / PublicServesSiena, Tuscany, ItalyElevation AMSL634 ft / 193 mCoordinates43°15′23″N 011°15′18″E / 43.25639°N 11.25500°E / 43.25639; 11.25500Websitehttps://www.skyservices.it/article/welcome-to-siena-airportMapSAYLocation of airport in ItalyRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
m
ft
18/36
1,393
4,570
Asphalt
Statistics (2012)Passengers3745Passenger change 11–12 -23.0%Aircraft movements2492Movements change 11–12 -20.8%Source: Italian AIP at EUROCONTROLStatistics from Assaeroporti
Siena–Ampugnano Airport (Italian: Aeroporto di Siena-Ampugnano) (IATA: SAY, ICAO: LIQS) was a small military airfield in Ampugnano, near Siena, in Tuscany, Italy. All employment has been terminated in 2014.
2008 the site has been proposed for a new international airport capable of handling 4 million passengers a year by 2020. Since 2003 the project has met widespread local opposition. Upon request about current status and future of the airport in November 2016 the Siena Comune confirmed by eMail: ″the airport of Siena is not operating″. As of January 2017, the field is mentioned as being operated by Sky Services. There are however indications of rather high rates, opposed to limited levels of service.
History
During World War II, the facility was known as Malignano Airfield. It was a major United States Air Force Twelfth Air Force base of operations during the Italian Campaign.
Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of 634 feet (193 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 1,393 by 30 metres (4,570 ft × 98 ft).
References
^ EAD Basic
^ Associazione Italiana Gestori Aeroportuali
^ "LIQS/Siena-Ampugnano General Airport Information". acukwik.com. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
^ All employments terminated. Information by the Siena Comune
^ Peter Popham (19 January 2008). "Plans for a new airport bringing cheap flights to Tuscany provoke furious opposition". The Independent.
^ Committee against Expansion of Ampugnano Airport-Siena
^ "Siena". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
^ "Trips & Airports - Siena / Sienna LIQS any recent experiences ?".
^ Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. ISBN 0-89201-092-4, and Air Force Historical Research Agency
External links
Official website: English, Italian
Accident history for SAY at Aviation Safety Network
vte USAAF Twelfth Air Force in World War IIStationsMorocco
Berguent
Casablanca
Guercif
Louis Gentil
Marnia
Médiouna
Nouasser
Port Lyautey
Oujda
Rabat Sale
Ras el Ma
Algeria
Ain M'lila
Berteaux
Biskra
Canrobert
Chateau-dun-du-Rhumel
Constantine
Es Sénia (Oran)
Maison Blanche (Algiers)
Matemore
Montesquieu
Nouvion
Orleansville
Philippeville
Relizane
Rerhaia
Saint-Donat
Saint-Leu
Sedrata
Sainte-Barbe du Tlélat
Tafaraoui (Oran)
Tébessa
Telergma
Thiersville
Youks-les-Bains
Tunisia
Bizerte
Dar el Koudia
Depienne
Djedeida
Djilma
Ebba Ksour
El Djem
El Bathan
Enfidaville
Goubrine
Grombalia
Hergla
Kairouan
Korba
La Marsa
La Sebala
Le Sers
Massicault
Mateur
Menzel Temime
Monastir
Oudna
Pont du Fahs
Protville
Sainte Marie du Zit
Souk-el-Arba
Souk-el-Khemis
Soliman
Sousse
Thelepte
Italy
Agrigento (Sicily)
Bagnoli
Barcelona LG (Sicily)
Bari
Boccadifalco (Sicily)
Borizzo (Sicily)
Capodichino (Naples)
Castel Volturno
Castelvetrano (Sicily)
Cassibile (Sicily)
Cattolica
Catania (Sicily)
Cercola
Comiso (Sicily)
Ciampino (Rome)
Cesenatico
Decimomannu (Sardinia)
Elmas (Sardinia)
Falconara
Fano
Florence
Foggia
Follonica
Gaudo
Gerbini (Sicily)
Gioia
Grosseto
Grottaglie
Iesi
Le Banca
Lecce
Licata (Sicily)
Manduria
Marcianise
Malignano
Mazzara (Sicily)
Milazzo (Sicily)
Messina (Sicily)
Montalto Di Castro
Nettuno
Montecorvino
Ombrene
Orbetello
Paestum
Pisa
Pantelleria
Pignataro Maggiore
Piombino
Pomigliano
Ponte Galeria
Pontedera
Pompeii
Ponte Olivo (Sicily)
Reggio Calabria
Rocca Bernardo
Rosia
San Pancrazio
Santa Maria
Scordia (Sicily)
Sele
Serretella
Tarquinia
Termini (Sicily)
Tortorella
Torrente Comunelli
Tre Cancello
Voltone
Vesuvius
France
Aghione (Corsica)
Amberieu (Y-5)
Amiens (B-48)
Clastres (A-71)
Dijon (Y-9)
Dôle-Tavaux (Y-7)
Ghisonaccia (Corsica)
Gisonochia (Corsica)
Istres (Y-17)
La Vallon (Y-18)
Le Luc
Luneville (Y-2)
Loyettes (Y-25)
Poretta (Corsica)
Saint-Dizier (A-64)
Salon de Provence (Y-16)
Serragia (Corsica)
Solonzara (Corsica)
Tantonville (Y-1)
Toul-Ochey (A-96)
UnitsCommands
XII Bomber
XII Tactical Air
XXII Tactical Air
XII Troop Carrier (Provisional)
Wings
5th Bombardment
42d Bombardment
47th Bombardment (7th Fighter)
51st Troop Carrier
52d Troop Carrier
57th Bombardment
62d Fighter
63d Fighter
64th Fighter
87th Fighter
90th Photographic
GroupsBombardment
2d Bombardment
12th Bombardment
17th Bombardment
47th Bombardment
97th Bombardment
98th Bombardment
99th Bombardment
301st Bombardment
310th Bombardment
319th Bombardment
320th Bombardment
321st Bombardment
340th Bombardment
376th Bombardment
Fighter
1st Fighter
14th Fighter
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31st Fighter
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52d Fighter
57th Fighter
79th Fighter
81st Fighter
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324th Fighter
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332d Fighter
350th Fighter
Reconnaissance
3d Reconnaissance
5th Reconnaissance
68th Reconnaissance
Troop carrier
60th Troop Carrier
61st Troop Carrier
62d Troop Carrier
64th Troop Carrier
313th Troop Carrier
314th Troop Carrier
316th Troop Carrier
Squadrons
15th Bombardment
414th Night Fighter
415th Night Fighter
416th Night Fighter
417th Night Fighter
427th Night Fighter
United States Army Air Forces
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
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Twelfth
Thirteenth
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Fifteenth
Twentieth | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ampugnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampugnano"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sky Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sky_Services&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Siena–Ampugnano Airport (Italian: Aeroporto di Siena-Ampugnano) (IATA: SAY, ICAO: LIQS)[3] was a small military airfield in Ampugnano, near Siena, in Tuscany, Italy. All employment has been terminated in 2014.[4]2008 the site has been proposed for a new international airport capable of handling 4 million passengers a year by 2020. Since 2003 the project has met widespread local opposition.[5][6] Upon request about current status and future of the airport in November 2016 the Siena Comune confirmed by eMail: ″the airport of Siena is not operating″[citation needed]. As of January 2017, the field is mentioned as being operated by Sky Services.[7] There are however indications of rather high rates, opposed to limited levels of service.[8]","title":"Siena–Ampugnano Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Italian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"During World War II, the facility was known as Malignano Airfield. It was a major United States Air Force Twelfth Air Force base of operations during the Italian Campaign.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"}],"text":"The airport resides at an elevation of 634 feet (193 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 1,393 by 30 metres (4,570 ft × 98 ft).","title":"Facilities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"LIQS/Siena-Ampugnano General Airport Information\". acukwik.com. Retrieved 2022-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://acukwik.com/Airport-Info/LIQS","url_text":"\"LIQS/Siena-Ampugnano General Airport Information\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Popham (19 January 2008). \"Plans for a new airport bringing cheap flights to Tuscany provoke furious opposition\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/plans-for-a-new-airport-bringing-cheap-flights-to-tuscany-provoke-furious-opposition-771251.html","url_text":"\"Plans for a new airport bringing cheap flights to Tuscany provoke furious opposition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Siena\". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121556/https://www.skyservices.it/article/siena","url_text":"\"Siena\""},{"url":"https://www.skyservices.it/article/siena","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trips & Airports - Siena / Sienna LIQS any recent experiences ?\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euroga.org/forums/trips-airports/7298-siena-liqs-any-recent-experiences","url_text":"\"Trips & Airports - Siena / Sienna LIQS any recent experiences ?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siena%E2%80%93Ampugnano_Airport¶ms=43_15_23_N_011_15_18_E_region:IT_type:airport","external_links_name":"43°15′23″N 011°15′18″E / 43.25639°N 11.25500°E / 43.25639; 11.25500"},{"Link":"https://www.skyservices.it/article/welcome-to-siena-airport","external_links_name":"https://www.skyservices.it/article/welcome-to-siena-airport"},{"Link":"http://www.ead.eurocontrol.int/publicuser/protect/pu/main.jsp","external_links_name":"EAD Basic"},{"Link":"http://www.assaeroporti.it/ViewTotaliProg.asp?mese=12&anno=2012&lingua=it","external_links_name":"Associazione Italiana Gestori Aeroportuali"},{"Link":"https://acukwik.com/Airport-Info/LIQS","external_links_name":"\"LIQS/Siena-Ampugnano General Airport Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.comune.siena.it/Il-Comune/Servizi/Servizi-Finanziari/Societa-ed-Enti-partecipati/Societa-Partecipate/Aeroporto-di-Siena-S.p.A","external_links_name":"All employments terminated. Information by the Siena Comune"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/europe/plans-for-a-new-airport-bringing-cheap-flights-to-tuscany-provoke-furious-opposition-771251.html","external_links_name":"\"Plans for a new airport bringing cheap flights to Tuscany provoke furious opposition\""},{"Link":"http://ospiti.comune.siena.it/filoerba/aeroporto/index02_eng.html","external_links_name":"Committee against Expansion of Ampugnano Airport-Siena"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121556/https://www.skyservices.it/article/siena","external_links_name":"\"Siena\""},{"Link":"https://www.skyservices.it/article/siena","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.euroga.org/forums/trips-airports/7298-siena-liqs-any-recent-experiences","external_links_name":"\"Trips & Airports - Siena / Sienna LIQS any recent experiences ?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020930032153/http://www.siena-airport.it/","external_links_name":"English"},{"Link":"http://www.aeroportosiena.it/","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=SAY","external_links_name":"Accident history for SAY"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxtolgay | Hoxtolgay | ["1 Transportation","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967Township in Xinjiang, ChinaHoxtolgay
和什托洛盖镇قوشتولغاي بازىرىTownshipHoxtolgayLocation in XinjiangCoordinates: 46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967CountryChinaProvinceXinjiangPrefectureTacheng PrefectureCountyHoboksar Mongol Autonomous CountyArea • Total6,684 km2 (2,581 sq mi)Population • Total22,000
Hoxtolgay or Heshituoluogai (Oirat: χoʃ tolɣæ 'twin peaks', Chinese: 和什托洛盖镇 Héshítuōluògài Zhèn, Uyghur: Хоштолгай) is a town in Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PR China. It is located at 46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967, about 200 miles north of Ürümqi in the Dzungaria Basin. Hoxtolgay is an oasis town with an area of 6684 km² and a population of 22,000.
According to the local government, the town's population consists of 8,426 urban residents (i.e., domiciled in the town proper), 4,914 rural residents (i.e., in the rural areas under the town's administration), 4,950 members of the military, and 3,650 floating population (i.e., temporary residents, officially domiciled elsewhere).
Situated in Gurbantünggüt Desert, 30 miles WNW of a point listed as the farthest point from the sea (at 46°16.8′N 86°40.2′E / 46.2800°N 86.6700°E / 46.2800; 86.6700) by the Guinness Book of World Records, Hoxtolgay may qualify as the town most remote from any (sea) coastline, roughly 2646 kilometres from the Arctic Ocean and a similar distance from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. (See Continental Pole of Inaccessibility for other candidates).
The area is rich in mineral resources. Besides oil and coal, salt, limestone, quartz sand, and bentonite are also found here.
Proven coal reserves are estimated at 30 billion metric tons.
Transportation
Hoxtolgay is served by China National Highway 217 and by Hoxtolgay Station on the Kuytun–Beitun Railway. The Ürümqi West - Beitun City passenger train stops here daily.
References
^ a b c d Hoxtolgay Town People's Government: Basic Situation (Chinese) Archived 2012-11-27 at archive.today
^ Potential coal reserves at the Hoxtolgay deposit in China's Xinjiang region may exceed 100 billion mt.
^ 和什托洛盖列车时刻表 Hoxtolgay train schedule. (in Chinese)
External links
traveler blog concerning yardang around Hoxtolgay | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirat_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-1"},{"link_name":"Uyghur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language"},{"link_name":"Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboksar_Mongol_Autonomous_County"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"PR China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_China"},{"link_name":"46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hoxtolgay¶ms=46_34_N_85_58_E_"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi"},{"link_name":"Dzungaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-1"},{"link_name":"domiciled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukou_system"},{"link_name":"floating population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_population"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-1"},{"link_name":"Gurbantünggüt Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert"},{"link_name":"46°16.8′N 86°40.2′E / 46.2800°N 86.6700°E / 46.2800; 86.6700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hoxtolgay¶ms=46_16.8_N_86_40.2_E_"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Continental Pole of Inaccessibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility#Continental_poles_of_inaccessibility"},{"link_name":"bentonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentonite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Township in Xinjiang, ChinaHoxtolgay or Heshituoluogai (Oirat: χoʃ tolɣæ 'twin peaks',[1] Chinese: 和什托洛盖镇 Héshítuōluògài Zhèn, Uyghur: Хоштолгай) is a town in Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PR China. It is located at 46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967, about 200 miles north of Ürümqi in the Dzungaria Basin. Hoxtolgay is an oasis town with an area of 6684 km² and a population of 22,000.[1]According to the local government, the town's population consists of 8,426 urban residents (i.e., domiciled in the town proper), 4,914 rural residents (i.e., in the rural areas under the town's administration), 4,950 members of the military, and 3,650 floating population (i.e., temporary residents, officially domiciled elsewhere).[1]Situated in Gurbantünggüt Desert, 30 miles WNW of a point listed as the farthest point from the sea (at 46°16.8′N 86°40.2′E / 46.2800°N 86.6700°E / 46.2800; 86.6700) by the Guinness Book of World Records, Hoxtolgay may qualify as the town most remote from any (sea) coastline, roughly 2646 kilometres from the Arctic Ocean and a similar distance from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. (See Continental Pole of Inaccessibility for other candidates).The area is rich in mineral resources. Besides oil and coal, salt, limestone, quartz sand, and bentonite are also found here.[1]\nProven coal reserves are estimated at 30 billion metric tons.[2]","title":"Hoxtolgay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China National Highway 217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_217"},{"link_name":"Kuytun–Beitun Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuytun%E2%80%93Beitun_Railway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hoxtolgay is served by China National Highway 217 and by Hoxtolgay Station on the Kuytun–Beitun Railway. The Ürümqi West - Beitun City passenger train stops here daily.[3]","title":"Transportation"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hoxtolgay¶ms=46_34_N_85_58_E_region:CN_type:city(22000)","external_links_name":"46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hoxtolgay¶ms=46_34_N_85_58_E_region:CN_type:city(22000)","external_links_name":"46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hoxtolgay¶ms=46_34_N_85_58_E_","external_links_name":"46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hoxtolgay¶ms=46_16.8_N_86_40.2_E_","external_links_name":"46°16.8′N 86°40.2′E / 46.2800°N 86.6700°E / 46.2800; 86.6700"},{"Link":"http://www.xjhbk.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.aspx?ArticleID=35662","external_links_name":"Hoxtolgay Town People's Government: Basic Situation (Chinese)"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121127055403/http://www.xjhbk.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.aspx?ArticleID=35662","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.steelorbis.com/steel-news/latest-news/potential-coal-reserves-at-hoxtolgay-deposit-in-xinjiang-may-exceed-100-billion-mt-667600.htm","external_links_name":"Potential coal reserves at the Hoxtolgay deposit in China's Xinjiang region may exceed 100 billion mt."},{"Link":"http://qq.ip138.com/train/xinjiang/heshituoluo.htm","external_links_name":"和什托洛盖列车时刻表"},{"Link":"http://www.travelpost.com/AS/China/Xinjiang/Hoxtolgay/entry/193769*","external_links_name":"[1]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotyping | Karyotype | ["1 Observations on karyotypes","1.1 Staining","1.2 Observations","2 Human karyogram","2.1 Human chromosome groups","2.2 Copy number","3 Diversity and evolution of karyotypes","3.1 Changes during development","3.2 Number of chromosomes in a set","3.3 Fundamental number","3.4 Ploidy","3.5 Aneuploidy","3.6 Chromosomal polymorphism","3.7 Species trees","3.8 Chromosome banding","4 Depiction of karyotypes","4.1 Types of banding","4.2 Classic karyotype cytogenetics","4.3 Multicolor FISH (mFISH) and spectral karyotype (SKY technique)","4.4 Digital karyotyping","5 Chromosome abnormalities","5.1 In humans","6 History of karyotype studies","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Photographic display of total chromosome complement in a cell
"Idiogram" redirects here. Not to be confused with ideogram.
A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes. Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is discerned by determining the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.
Micrographic karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining
Schematic karyogram demonstrating the basic knowledge needed to read a karyotype
A karyogram or idiogram is a graphical depiction of a karyotype, wherein chromosomes are generally organized in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size. Karyotyping generally combines light microscopy and photography in the metaphase of the cell cycle, and results in a photomicrographic (or simply micrographic) karyogram. In contrast, a schematic karyogram is a designed graphic representation of a karyotype. In schematic karyograms, just one of the sister chromatids of each chromosome is generally shown for brevity, and in reality they are generally so close together that they look as one on photomicrographs as well unless the resolution is high enough to distinguish them. The study of whole sets of chromosomes is sometimes known as karyology.
Karyotypes describe the chromosome count of an organism and what these chromosomes look like under a light microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics. The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics.
The basic number of chromosomes in the somatic cells of an individual or a species is called the somatic number and is designated 2n. In the germ-line (the sex cells) the chromosome number is n (humans: n = 23).p28 Thus, in humans 2n = 46.
So, in normal diploid organisms, autosomal chromosomes are present in two copies. There may, or may not, be sex chromosomes. Polyploid cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and haploid cells have single copies.
Karyotypes can be used for many purposes; such as to study chromosomal aberrations, cellular function, taxonomic relationships, medicine and to gather information about past evolutionary events (karyosystematics).
Observations on karyotypes
Chromosomes at various stages of mitosis. Karyograms are generally made by chromosomes in prometaphase or metaphase. During these phases, the two copies of each chromosome (connected at the centromere) will look as one unless the image resolution is high enough to distinguish the two.
Micrograph of human chromosomes before further processing. Staining with Giemsa confers a purple color to chromosomes, but micrographs are often converted to grayscale to facilitate data presentation and make comparisons of results from different laboratories.
Staining
The study of karyotypes is made possible by staining. Usually, a suitable dye, such as Giemsa, is applied after cells have been arrested during cell division by a solution of colchicine usually in metaphase or prometaphase when most condensed. In order for the Giemsa stain to adhere correctly, all chromosomal proteins must be digested and removed. For humans, white blood cells are used most frequently because they are easily induced to divide and grow in tissue culture. Sometimes observations may be made on non-dividing (interphase) cells. The sex of an unborn fetus can be predicted by observation of interphase cells (see amniotic centesis and Barr body).
Observations
Six different characteristics of karyotypes are usually observed and compared:
Differences in absolute sizes of chromosomes. Chromosomes can vary in absolute size by as much as twenty-fold between genera of the same family. For example, the legumes Lotus tenuis and Vicia faba each have six pairs of chromosomes, yet V. faba chromosomes are many times larger. These differences probably reflect different amounts of DNA duplication.
Differences in the position of centromeres. These differences probably came about through translocations.
Differences in relative size of chromosomes. These differences probably arose from segmental interchange of unequal lengths.
Differences in basic number of chromosomes. These differences could have resulted from successive unequal translocations which removed all the essential genetic material from a chromosome, permitting its loss without penalty to the organism (the dislocation hypothesis) or through fusion. Humans have one pair fewer chromosomes than the great apes. Human chromosome 2 appears to have resulted from the fusion of two ancestral chromosomes, and many of the genes of those two original chromosomes have been translocated to other chromosomes.
Differences in number and position of satellites. Satellites are small bodies attached to a chromosome by a thin thread.
Differences in degree and distribution of GC content (Guanine-Cytosine pairs versus Adenine-Thymine). In metaphase where the karyotype is typically studied, all DNA is condensed, but most of the time, DNA with a high GC content is usually less condensed, that is, it tends to appear as euchromatin rather than heterochromatin. GC rich DNA tends to contain more coding DNA and be more transcriptionally active. GC rich DNA is lighter on Giemsa staining. Euchromatin regions contain larger amounts of Guanine-Cytosine pairs (that is, it has a higher GC content). The staining technique using Giemsa staining is called G banding and therefore produces the typical "G-Bands".
A full account of a karyotype may therefore include the number, type, shape and banding of the chromosomes, as well as other cytogenetic information.
Variation is often found:
between the sexes,
between the germ-line and soma (between gametes and the rest of the body),
between members of a population (chromosome polymorphism),
in geographic specialization, and
in mosaics or otherwise abnormal individuals.
Human karyogram
Micrographic karyogram of a human male. See section text for details.
Schematic karyogram of a human. Even at low magnification, it gives an overview of the human genome, with numbered chromosome pairs, its main changes during the cell cycle (top center), and the mitochondrial genome to scale (at bottom left). See section text for more details.
Both the micrographic and schematic karyograms shown in this section have a standard chromosome layout, and display darker and lighter regions as seen on G banding, which is the appearance of the chromosomes after treatment with trypsin (to partially digest the chromosomes) and staining with Giemsa stain. Compared to darker regions, the lighter regions are generally more transcriptionally active, with a greater ratio of coding DNA versus non-coding DNA, and a higher GC content.
Both the micrographic and schematic karyograms show the normal human diploid karyotype, which is the typical composition of the genome within a normal cell of the human body, and which contains 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (allosomes). A major exception to diploidy in humans is gametes (sperm and egg cells) which are haploid with 23 unpaired chromosomes, and this ploidy is not shown in these karyograms. The micrographic karyogram is converted to grayscale, whereas the schematic karyogram shows the purple hue as typically seen on Giemsa stain (and is a result of its azure B component, which stains DNA purple).
The schematic karyogram in this section is a graphical representation of the idealized karyotype. For each chromosome pair, the scale to the left shows the length in terms of million base pairs, and the scale to the right shows the designations of the bands and sub-bands. Such bands and sub-bands are used by the International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature to describe locations of chromosome abnormalities. Each row of chromosomes is vertically aligned at centromere level.
Human chromosome groups
Based on the karyogram characteristics of size, position of the centromere and sometimes the presence of a chromosomal satellite (a segment distal to a secondary constriction), the human chromosomes are classified into the following groups:
Group
Chromosomes
Features
A
1-3
Large, metacentric or submetacentric
B
4-5
Large, submetacentric
C
6-12, X
Medium-sized, submetacentric
D
13-15
Medium-sized, acrocentric, with satellite
E
16-18
Small, metacentric or submetacentric
F
19-20
Very small, metacentric
G
21-22, Y
Very small, acrocentric (and 21, 22 with satellite)
Alternatively, the human genome can be classified as follows, based on pairing, sex differences, as well as location within the cell nucleus versus inside mitochondria:
22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs (chromosomes 1 to 22). Homologous means that they have the same genes in the same loci, and autosomal means that they are not sex chromomes.
Two sex chromosome (in green rectangle at bottom right in the schematic karyogram, with adjacent silhouettes of typical representative phenotypes): The most common karyotypes for females contain two X chromosomes and are denoted 46,XX; males usually have both an X and a Y chromosome denoted 46,XY. However, approximately 0.018% percent of humans are intersex, sometimes due to variations in sex chromosomes.
The human mitochondrial genome (shown at bottom left in the schematic karyogram, to scale compared to the nuclear DNA in terms of base pairs), although this is not included in micrographic karyograms in clinical practice. Its genome is relatively tiny compared to the rest.
Copy number
The cell cycle
Schematic karyograms generally display a DNA copy number corresponding to the G0 phase of the cellular state (outside of the replicative cell cycle) which is the most common state of cells. The schematic karyogram in this section also shows this state. In this state (as well as during the G1 phase of the cell cycle), each cell has 2 autosomal chromosomes of each kind (designated 2n), where each chromosome has one copy of each locus, making a total copy number of 2 for each locus (2c). At top center in the schematic karyogram, it also shows the chromosome 3 pair after having undergone DNA synthesis, occurring in the S phase (annotated as S) of the cell cycle. This interval includes the G2 phase and metaphase (annotated as "Meta."). During this interval, there is still 2n, but each chromosome will have 2 copies of each locus, wherein each sister chromatid (chromosome arm) is connected at the centromere, for a total of 4c. The chromosomes on micrographic karyograms are in this state as well, because they are generally micrographed in metaphase, but during this phase the two copies of each chromosome are so close to each other that they appear as one unless the image resolution is high enough to distinguish them. In reality, during the G0 and G1 phases, nuclear DNA is dispersed as chromatin and does not show visually distinguishable chromosomes even on micrography.
The copy number of the human mitochondrial genome per human cell varies from 0 (erythrocytes) up to 1,500,000 (oocytes), mainly depending on the number of mitochondria per cell.
Diversity and evolution of karyotypes
Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes, the same cannot be said for their karyotypes, which are highly variable. There is variation between species in chromosome number, and in detailed organization, despite their construction from the same macromolecules. This variation provides the basis for a range of studies in evolutionary cytology.
In some cases there is even significant variation within species. In a review, Godfrey and Masters conclude:
In our view, it is unlikely that one process or the other can independently account for the wide range of karyotype structures that are observed ... But, used in conjunction with other phylogenetic data, karyotypic fissioning may help to explain dramatic differences in diploid numbers between closely related species, which were previously inexplicable.
Although much is known about karyotypes at the descriptive level, and it is clear that changes in karyotype organization has had effects on the evolutionary course of many species, it is quite unclear what the general significance might be.
We have a very poor understanding of the causes of karyotype evolution, despite many careful investigations ... the general significance of karyotype evolution is obscure.— Maynard Smith
Changes during development
Instead of the usual gene repression, some organisms go in for large-scale elimination of heterochromatin, or other kinds of visible adjustment to the karyotype.
Chromosome elimination. In some species, as in many sciarid flies, entire chromosomes are eliminated during development.
Chromatin diminution (founding father: Theodor Boveri). In this process, found in some copepods and roundworms such as Ascaris suum, portions of the chromosomes are cast away in particular cells. This process is a carefully organised genome rearrangement where new telomeres are constructed and certain heterochromatin regions are lost. In A. suum, all the somatic cell precursors undergo chromatin diminution.
X-inactivation. The inactivation of one X chromosome takes place during the early development of mammals (see Barr body and dosage compensation). In placental mammals, the inactivation is random as between the two Xs; thus the mammalian female is a mosaic in respect of her X chromosomes. In marsupials it is always the paternal X which is inactivated. In human females some 15% of somatic cells escape inactivation, and the number of genes affected on the inactivated X chromosome varies between cells: in fibroblast cells up about 25% of genes on the Barr body escape inactivation.
Number of chromosomes in a set
A spectacular example of variability between closely related species is the muntjac, which was investigated by Kurt Benirschke and Doris Wurster. The diploid number of the Chinese muntjac, Muntiacus reevesi, was found to be 46, all telocentric. When they looked at the karyotype of the closely related Indian muntjac, Muntiacus muntjak, they were astonished to find it had female = 6, male = 7 chromosomes.
They simply could not believe what they saw ... They kept quiet for two or three years because they thought something was wrong with their tissue culture ... But when they obtained a couple more specimens they confirmed .— Hsu p. 73-4
The number of chromosomes in the karyotype between (relatively) unrelated species is hugely variable. The low record is held by the nematode Parascaris univalens, where the haploid n = 1; and an ant: Myrmecia pilosula. The high record would be somewhere amongst the ferns, with the adder's tongue fern Ophioglossum ahead with an average of 1262 chromosomes. Top score for animals might be the shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum at 372 chromosomes. The existence of supernumerary or B chromosomes means that chromosome number can vary even within one interbreeding population; and aneuploids are another example, though in this case they would not be regarded as normal members of the population.
Fundamental number
The fundamental number, FN, of a karyotype is the number of visible major chromosomal arms per set of chromosomes. Thus, FN ≤ 2 x 2n, the difference depending on the number of chromosomes considered single-armed (acrocentric or telocentric) present. Humans have FN = 82, due to the presence of five acrocentric chromosome pairs: 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 (the human Y chromosome is also acrocentric). The fundamental autosomal number or autosomal fundamental number, FNa or AN, of a karyotype is the number of visible major chromosomal arms per set of autosomes (non-sex-linked chromosomes).
Ploidy
Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell.
Polyploidy, where there are more than two sets of homologous chromosomes in the cells, occurs mainly in plants. It has been of major significance in plant evolution according to Stebbins. The proportion of flowering plants which are polyploid was estimated by Stebbins to be 30–35%, but in grasses the average is much higher, about 70%. Polyploidy in lower plants (ferns, horsetails and psilotales) is also common, and some species of ferns have reached levels of polyploidy far in excess of the highest levels known in flowering plants. Polyploidy in animals is much less common, but it has been significant in some groups.
Polyploid series in related species which consist entirely of multiples of a single basic number are known as euploid.
Haplo-diploidy, where one sex is diploid, and the other haploid. It is a common arrangement in the Hymenoptera, and in some other groups.
Endopolyploidy occurs when in adult differentiated tissues the cells have ceased to divide by mitosis, but the nuclei contain more than the original somatic number of chromosomes. In the endocycle (endomitosis or endoreduplication) chromosomes in a 'resting' nucleus undergo reduplication, the daughter chromosomes separating from each other inside an intact nuclear membrane. In many instances, endopolyploid nuclei contain tens of thousands of chromosomes (which cannot be exactly counted). The cells do not always contain exact multiples (powers of two), which is why the simple definition 'an increase in the number of chromosome sets caused by replication without cell division' is not quite accurate.This process (especially studied in insects and some higher plants such as maize) may be a developmental strategy for increasing the productivity of tissues which are highly active in biosynthesis. The phenomenon occurs sporadically throughout the eukaryote kingdom from protozoa to humans; it is diverse and complex, and serves differentiation and morphogenesis in many ways.
See palaeopolyploidy for the investigation of ancient karyotype duplications.
Aneuploidy
Aneuploidy is the condition in which the chromosome number in the cells is not the typical number for the species. This would give rise to a chromosome abnormality such as an extra chromosome or one or more chromosomes lost. Abnormalities in chromosome number usually cause a defect in development. Down syndrome and Turner syndrome are examples of this.
Aneuploidy may also occur within a group of closely related species. Classic examples in plants are the genus Crepis, where the gametic (= haploid) numbers form the series x = 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7; and Crocus, where every number from x = 3 to x = 15 is represented by at least one species. Evidence of various kinds shows that trends of evolution have gone in different directions in different groups. In primates, the great apes have 24x2 chromosomes whereas humans have 23x2. Human chromosome 2 was formed by a merger of ancestral chromosomes, reducing the number.
Chromosomal polymorphism
Some species are polymorphic for different chromosome structural forms. The structural variation may be associated with different numbers of chromosomes in different individuals, which occurs in the ladybird beetle Chilocorus stigma, some mantids of the genus Ameles, the European shrew Sorex araneus. There is some evidence from the case of the mollusc Thais lapillus (the dog whelk) on the Brittany coast, that the two chromosome morphs are adapted to different habitats.
Species trees
The detailed study of chromosome banding in insects with polytene chromosomes can reveal relationships between closely related species: the classic example is the study of chromosome banding in Hawaiian drosophilids by Hampton L. Carson.
In about 6,500 sq mi (17,000 km2), the Hawaiian Islands have the most diverse collection of drosophilid flies in the world, living from rainforests to subalpine meadows. These roughly 800 Hawaiian drosophilid species are usually assigned to two genera, Drosophila and Scaptomyza, in the family Drosophilidae.
The polytene banding of the 'picture wing' group, the best-studied group of Hawaiian drosophilids, enabled Carson to work out the evolutionary tree long before genome analysis was practicable. In a sense, gene arrangements are visible in the banding patterns of each chromosome. Chromosome rearrangements, especially inversions, make it possible to see which species are closely related.
The results are clear. The inversions, when plotted in tree form (and independent of all other information), show a clear "flow" of species from older to newer islands. There are also cases of colonization back to older islands, and skipping of islands, but these are much less frequent. Using K-Ar dating, the present islands date from 0.4 million years ago (mya) (Mauna Kea) to 10mya (Necker). The oldest member of the Hawaiian archipelago still above the sea is Kure Atoll, which can be dated to 30 mya. The archipelago itself (produced by the Pacific plate moving over a hot spot) has existed for far longer, at least into the Cretaceous. Previous islands now beneath the sea (guyots) form the Emperor Seamount Chain.
All of the native Drosophila and Scaptomyza species in Hawaiʻi have apparently descended from a single ancestral species that colonized the islands, probably 20 million years ago. The subsequent adaptive radiation was spurred by a lack of competition and a wide variety of niches. Although it would be possible for a single gravid female to colonise an island, it is more likely to have been a group from the same species.
There are other animals and plants on the Hawaiian archipelago which have undergone similar, if less spectacular, adaptive radiations.
Chromosome banding
Chromosomes display a banded pattern when treated with some stains. Bands are alternating light and dark stripes that appear along the lengths of chromosomes. Unique banding patterns are used to identify chromosomes and to diagnose chromosomal aberrations, including chromosome breakage, loss, duplication, translocation or inverted segments. A range of different chromosome treatments produce a range of banding patterns: G-bands, R-bands, C-bands, Q-bands, T-bands and NOR-bands.
Depiction of karyotypes
Types of banding
Cytogenetics employs several techniques to visualize different aspects of chromosomes:
G-banding is obtained with Giemsa stain following digestion of chromosomes with trypsin. It yields a series of lightly and darkly stained bands — the dark regions tend to be heterochromatic, late-replicating and AT rich. The light regions tend to be euchromatic, early-replicating and GC rich. This method will normally produce 300–400 bands in a normal, human genome. It is the most common chromosome banding method.
R-banding is the reverse of G-banding (the R stands for "reverse"). The dark regions are euchromatic (guanine-cytosine rich regions) and the bright regions are heterochromatic (thymine-adenine rich regions).
C-banding: Giemsa binds to constitutive heterochromatin, so it stains centromeres. The name is derived from centromeric or constitutive heterochromatin. The preparations undergo alkaline denaturation prior to staining leading to an almost complete depurination of the DNA. After washing the probe the remaining DNA is renatured again and stained with Giemsa solution consisting of methylene azure, methylene violet, methylene blue, and eosin. Heterochromatin binds a lot of the dye, while the rest of the chromosomes absorb only little of it. The C-bonding proved to be especially well-suited for the characterization of plant chromosomes.
Q-banding is a fluorescent pattern obtained using quinacrine for staining. The pattern of bands is very similar to that seen in G-banding. They can be recognized by a yellow fluorescence of differing intensity. Most part of the stained DNA is heterochromatin. Quinacrin (atebrin) binds both regions rich in AT and in GC, but only the AT-quinacrin-complex fluoresces. Since regions rich in AT are more common in heterochromatin than in euchromatin, these regions are labelled preferentially. The different intensities of the single bands mirror the different contents of AT. Other fluorochromes like DAPI or Hoechst 33258 lead also to characteristic, reproducible patterns. Each of them produces its specific pattern. In other words: the properties of the bonds and the specificity of the fluorochromes are not exclusively based on their affinity to regions rich in AT. Rather, the distribution of AT and the association of AT with other molecules like histones, for example, influences the binding properties of the fluorochromes.
T-banding: visualize telomeres.
Silver staining: Silver nitrate stains the nucleolar organization region-associated protein. This yields a dark region where the silver is deposited, denoting the activity of rRNA genes within the NOR.
Classic karyotype cytogenetics
Karyogram from a human female lymphocyte probed for the Alu sequence using FISH
In the "classic" (depicted) karyotype, a dye, often Giemsa (G-banding), less frequently mepacrine (quinacrine), is used to stain bands on the chromosomes. Giemsa is specific for the phosphate groups of DNA. Quinacrine binds to the adenine-thymine-rich regions. Each chromosome has a characteristic banding pattern that helps to identify them; both chromosomes in a pair will have the same banding pattern.
Karyotypes are arranged with the short arm of the chromosome on top, and the long arm on the bottom. Some karyotypes call the short and long arms p and q, respectively. In addition, the differently stained regions and sub-regions are given numerical designations from proximal to distal on the chromosome arms. For example, Cri du chat syndrome involves a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5. It is written as 46,XX,5p-. The critical region for this syndrome is deletion of p15.2 (the locus on the chromosome), which is written as 46,XX,del(5)(p15.2).
Multicolor FISH (mFISH) and spectral karyotype (SKY technique)
Spectral karyogram of a human female
Multicolor FISH and the older spectral karyotyping are molecular cytogenetic techniques used to simultaneously visualize all the pairs of chromosomes in an organism in different colors. Fluorescently labeled probes for each chromosome are made by labeling chromosome-specific DNA with different fluorophores. Because there are a limited number of spectrally distinct fluorophores, a combinatorial labeling method is used to generate many different colors. Fluorophore combinations are captured and analyzed by a fluorescence microscope using up to 7 narrow-banded fluorescence filters or, in the case of spectral karyotyping, by using an interferometer attached to a fluorescence microscope. In the case of an mFISH image, every combination of fluorochromes from the resulting original images is replaced by a pseudo color in a dedicated image analysis software. Thus, chromosomes or chromosome sections can be visualized and identified, allowing for the analysis of chromosomal rearrangements.
In the case of spectral karyotyping, image processing software assigns a pseudo color to each spectrally different combination, allowing the visualization of the individually colored chromosomes.
Spectral human karyotype
Multicolor FISH is used to identify structural chromosome aberrations in cancer cells and other disease conditions when Giemsa banding or other techniques are not accurate enough.
Digital karyotyping
Digital karyotyping is a technique used to quantify the DNA copy number on a genomic scale. Short sequences of DNA from specific loci all over the genome are isolated and enumerated. This method is also known as virtual karyotyping. Using this technique, it is possible to detect small alterations in the human genome, that cannot be detected through methods employing metaphase chromosomes. Some loci deletions are known to be related to the development of cancer. Such deletions are found through digital karyotyping using the loci associated with cancer development.
Chromosome abnormalities
Main article: Chromosome abnormalities
Chromosome abnormalities can be numerical, as in the presence of extra or missing chromosomes, or structural, as in derivative chromosome, translocations, inversions, large-scale deletions or duplications. Numerical abnormalities, also known as aneuploidy, often occur as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis in the formation of a gamete; trisomies, in which three copies of a chromosome are present instead of the usual two, are common numerical abnormalities. Structural abnormalities often arise from errors in homologous recombination. Both types of abnormalities can occur in gametes and therefore will be present in all cells of an affected person's body, or they can occur during mitosis and give rise to a genetic mosaic individual who has some normal and some abnormal cells.
In humans
Chromosomal abnormalities that lead to disease in humans include
Turner syndrome results from a single X chromosome (45,X or 45,X0).
Klinefelter syndrome, the most common male chromosomal disease, otherwise known as 47,XXY, is caused by an extra X chromosome.
Edwards syndrome is caused by trisomy (three copies) of chromosome 18.
Down syndrome, a common chromosomal disease, is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21.
Patau syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 13.
Trisomy 9, believed to be the 4th most common trisomy, has many long lived affected individuals but only in a form other than a full trisomy, such as trisomy 9p syndrome or mosaic trisomy 9. They often function quite well, but tend to have trouble with speech.
Also documented are trisomy 8 and trisomy 16, although they generally do not survive to birth.
Some disorders arise from loss of just a piece of one chromosome, including
Cri du chat (cry of the cat), from a truncated short arm on chromosome 5. The name comes from the babies' distinctive cry, caused by abnormal formation of the larynx.
1p36 Deletion syndrome, from the loss of part of the short arm of chromosome 1.
Angelman syndrome – 50% of cases have a segment of the long arm of chromosome 15 missing; a deletion of the maternal genes, example of imprinting disorder.
Prader-Willi syndrome – 50% of cases have a segment of the long arm of chromosome 15 missing; a deletion of the paternal genes, example of imprinting disorder.
Chromosomal abnormalities can also occur in cancerous cells of an otherwise genetically normal individual; one well-documented example is the Philadelphia chromosome, a translocation mutation commonly associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia and less often with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
History of karyotype studies
Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli in 1842. Their behavior in animal (salamander) cells was described by Walther Flemming, the discoverer of mitosis, in 1882. The name was coined by another German anatomist, Heinrich von Waldeyer in 1888. It is Neo-Latin from Ancient Greek κάρυον karyon, "kernel", "seed", or "nucleus", and τύπος typos, "general form")
The next stage took place after the development of genetics in the early 20th century, when it was appreciated that chromosomes (that can be observed by karyotype) were the carrier of genes. The term karyotype as defined by the phenotypic appearance of the somatic chromosomes, in contrast to their genic contents was introduced by Grigory Levitsky who worked with Lev Delaunay, Sergei Navashin, and Nikolai Vavilov. The subsequent history of the concept can be followed in the works of C. D. Darlington and Michael JD White.
Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle the most basic question: how many chromosomes does a normal diploid human cell contain? In 1912, Hans von Winiwarter reported 47 chromosomes in spermatogonia and 48 in oogonia, concluding an XX/XO sex determination mechanism. Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid of humans was 46 or 48, at first favoring 46, but revised his opinion from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system. Considering the techniques of the time, these results were remarkable.
Fusion of ancestral chromosomes left distinctive remnants of telomeres, and a vestigial centromere
Joe Hin Tjio working in Albert Levan's lab found the chromosome count to be 46 using new techniques available at the time:
Using cells in tissue culture
Pretreating cells in a hypotonic solution, which swells them and spreads the chromosomes
Arresting mitosis in metaphase by a solution of colchicine
Squashing the preparation on the slide forcing the chromosomes into a single plane
Cutting up a photomicrograph and arranging the result into an indisputable karyogram.
The work took place in 1955, and was published in 1956. The karyotype of humans includes only 46 chromosomes. The other great apes have 48 chromosomes. Human chromosome 2 is now known to be a result of an end-to-end fusion of two ancestral ape chromosomes.
See also
Cytogenetic notation – Symbols and abbreviations used in cytogenetics
Genome screen – Laboratory processPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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^ Carson HL (March 1983). "Chromosomal sequences and interisland colonizations in Hawaiian Drosophila". Genetics. 103 (3): 465–82. doi:10.1093/genetics/103.3.465. PMC 1202034. PMID 17246115.
^ Carson H.L. (1992). "Inversions in Hawaiian Drosophila". In Krimbas, C.B.; Powell, J.R. (eds.). Drosophila inversion polymorphism. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press. pp. 407–439. ISBN 978-0849365478.
^ Kaneshiro, K.Y.; Gillespie, R.G.; Carson, H.L. (1995). "Chromosomes and male genitalia of Hawaiian Drosophila: tools for interpreting phylogeny and geography". In Wagner, W.L.; Funk, E. (eds.). Hawaiian biogeography: evolution on a hot spot archipelago. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 57–71.
^ Craddock E.M. (2000). "Speciation Processes in the Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Plants and Animals". In Hecht, Max K.; MacIntyre, Ross J.; Clegg, Michael T. (eds.). Evolutionary Biology. Vol. 31. pp. 1–43. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4185-1_1. ISBN 978-1-4613-6877-9.
^ Ziegler, Alan C. (2002). Hawaiian natural history, ecology, and evolution. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2190-6.
^ Maloy, Stanley R.; Hughes, Kelly (2013). Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-096156-9. OCLC 836404630.
^ Lisa G. Shaffer; Niels Tommerup, eds. (2005). ISCN 2005: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Switzerland: S. Karger AG. ISBN 978-3-8055-8019-9.
^ Liehr T, Starke H, Weise A, Lehrer H, Claussen U (January 2004). "Multicolour FISH probe sets and their applications". Histol. Histopathol. 19 (1): 229–237. PMID 14702191.
^ Schröck E, du Manoir S, Veldman T, et al. (July 1996). "Multicolor spectral karyotyping of human chromosomes". Science. 273 (5274): 494–7. Bibcode:1996Sci...273..494S. doi:10.1126/science.273.5274.494. PMID 8662537. S2CID 22654725.
^ Wang TL, Maierhofer C, Speicher MR, et al. (December 2002). "Digital karyotyping". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (25): 16156–61. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916156W. doi:10.1073/pnas.202610899. PMC 138581. PMID 12461184.
^ Leary, Rebecca J; Cummins, Jordan; Wang, Tian-Li; Velculescu, Victor E (August 2007). "Digital karyotyping". Nature Protocols. 2 (8): 1973–1986. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.276. ISSN 1754-2189. PMID 17703209. S2CID 33337972.
^ Zelenin, A. V.; Rodionov, A. V.; Bolsheva, N. L.; Badaeva, E. D.; Muravenko, O. V. (2016). "Genome: Origins and evolution of the term". Molecular Biology. 50 (4): 542–550. doi:10.1134/S0026893316040178. ISSN 0026-8933. PMID 27668601. S2CID 9373640.
^ Vermeesch, Joris Robert; Rauch, Anita (2006). "Reply to Hochstenbach et al". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (10): 1063–1064. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201663. ISSN 1018-4813. PMID 16736034. S2CID 46363277.
^ Delaunay L. N. Comparative karyological study of species Muscari Mill. and Bellevalia Lapeyr. Bulletin of the Tiflis Botanical Garden. 1922, v. 2, n. 1, p. 1-32
^ Battaglia, Emilio (1994). "Nucleosome and nucleotype: a terminological criticism". Caryologia. 47 (3–4): 193–197. doi:10.1080/00087114.1994.10797297.
^ Darlington C.D. 1939. Evolution of genetic systems. Cambridge University Press. 2nd ed, revised and enlarged, 1958. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.
^ MJ, Kottler (1974). "From 48 to 46: cytological technique, preconception, and the counting of human chromosomes". Bull Hist Med. 48 (4): 465–502. PMID 4618149.
^ von Winiwarter H. (1912). "Études sur la spermatogenèse humaine". Archives de Biologie. 27 (93): 147–9.
^ Painter T.S. (1922). "The spermatogenesis of man". Anat. Res. 23: 129.
^ Painter T.S. (1923). "Studies in mammalian spermatogenesis II". J. Exp. Zoology. 37 (3): 291–336. doi:10.1002/jez.1400370303.
^ Wright, Pearce (11 December 2001). "Joe Hin Tjio The man who cracked the chromosome count". The Guardian.
^ Tjio J.H.; Levan A. (1956). "The chromosome number of man". Hereditas. 42 (1–2): 1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1956.tb03010.x. PMID 345813.
^ Human chromosome 2 is a fusion of two ancestral. chromosomes Alec MacAndrew; accessed 18 May 2006.
^ Evidence of common ancestry: human chromosome 2 (video) 2007
External links
Media related to Karyotypes at Wikimedia Commons
Making a karyotype, an online activity from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center.
Karyotyping activity with case histories from the University of Arizona's Biology Project.
Printable karyotype project from Biology Corner, a resource site for biology and science teachers.
Chromosome Staining and Banding Techniques
Bjorn Biosystems for Karyotyping and FISH Archived 12 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
vteCytogenetics: chromosomesBasicconcepts
Karyotype
Ploidy
Genetic material/Genome
Chromatin
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin
Chromosome
Chromatid
Nucleosome
Nuclear organization
Types
Autosome/Sex chromosome (or allosome or heterosome)
Macrochromosome/Microchromosome
Circular chromosome/Linear chromosome
Extra chromosome (or accessory chromosome)
Supernumerary chromosome
A chromosome/B chromosome
Lampbrush chromosome
Polytene chromosome
Dinoflagellate chromosomes
Homologous chromosome
Isochromosome
Satellite chromosome
Centromere position
Metacentric
Submetacentric
Telocentric
Acrocentric
Holocentric
Centromere number
Acentric
Monocentric
Dicentric
Polycentric
Processesand evolution
Mitosis
Meiosis
Structural alterations
Chromosomal inversion
Chromosomal translocation
Numerical alterations
Aneuploidy
Euploidy
Polyploidy
Paleopolyploidy
Polyploidization
Structures
Telomere: Telomere-binding protein (TINF2)
Protamine
Histone
H1
H2A
H2B
H3
H4
Centromere
A
B
C1
C2
E
F
H
I
J
K
M
N
O
P
Q
T
See also
Extrachromosomal DNA
Plasmid
List of organisms by chromosome count
List of sequenced genomes
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ideogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideogram"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomes"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judd-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png"},{"link_name":"Micrographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrograph"},{"link_name":"Giemsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:How_to_read_a_Karyotype.png"},{"link_name":"Schematic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schematic"},{"link_name":"light microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_microscopy"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"metaphase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphase"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"photomicrographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomicrograph"},{"link_name":"schematic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schematic"},{"link_name":"chromatids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatid"},{"link_name":"chromosome count of an organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count"},{"link_name":"microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope"},{"link_name":"centromeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere"},{"link_name":"sex chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cytogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogenetics"},{"link_name":"somatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_(biology)"},{"link_name":"germ-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ-line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid"},{"link_name":"autosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal"},{"link_name":"sex chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomes"},{"link_name":"Polyploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy"},{"link_name":"haploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy"},{"link_name":"chromosomal aberrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_aberration"},{"link_name":"cellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary"},{"link_name":"karyosystematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"Idiogram\" redirects here. Not to be confused with ideogram.A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes.[1][2] Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is discerned by determining the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.Micrographic karyogram of human male using Giemsa stainingSchematic karyogram demonstrating the basic knowledge needed to read a karyotypeA karyogram or idiogram is a graphical depiction of a karyotype, wherein chromosomes are generally organized in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size. Karyotyping generally combines light microscopy and photography in the metaphase of the cell cycle, and results in a photomicrographic (or simply micrographic) karyogram. In contrast, a schematic karyogram is a designed graphic representation of a karyotype. In schematic karyograms, just one of the sister chromatids of each chromosome is generally shown for brevity, and in reality they are generally so close together that they look as one on photomicrographs as well unless the resolution is high enough to distinguish them. The study of whole sets of chromosomes is sometimes known as karyology.Karyotypes describe the chromosome count of an organism and what these chromosomes look like under a light microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics.[3] The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics.The basic number of chromosomes in the somatic cells of an individual or a species is called the somatic number and is designated 2n. In the germ-line (the sex cells) the chromosome number is n (humans: n = 23).[4][5]p28 Thus, in humans 2n = 46.So, in normal diploid organisms, autosomal chromosomes are present in two copies. There may, or may not, be sex chromosomes. Polyploid cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and haploid cells have single copies.Karyotypes can be used for many purposes; such as to study chromosomal aberrations, cellular function, taxonomic relationships, medicine and to gather information about past evolutionary events (karyosystematics).[6]","title":"Karyotype"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condensation_and_resolution_of_human_sister_chromatids_in_early_mitosis.svg"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"centromere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_Chromosomes_(crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"grayscale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Chromosomes at various stages of mitosis. Karyograms are generally made by chromosomes in prometaphase or metaphase. During these phases, the two copies of each chromosome (connected at the centromere) will look as one unless the image resolution is high enough to distinguish the two.Micrograph of human chromosomes before further processing. Staining with Giemsa confers a purple color to chromosomes, but micrographs are often converted to grayscale to facilitate data presentation and make comparisons of results from different laboratories.[7]","title":"Observations on karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"staining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining"},{"link_name":"dye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye"},{"link_name":"Giemsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cell division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division"},{"link_name":"colchicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine"},{"link_name":"metaphase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphase"},{"link_name":"prometaphase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometaphase"},{"link_name":"Giemsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa"},{"link_name":"white blood cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cells"},{"link_name":"tissue culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_culture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gustashaw_K.M_1991-9"},{"link_name":"interphase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphase"},{"link_name":"fetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus"},{"link_name":"amniotic centesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis"},{"link_name":"Barr body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr_body"}],"sub_title":"Staining","text":"The study of karyotypes is made possible by staining. Usually, a suitable dye, such as Giemsa,[8] is applied after cells have been arrested during cell division by a solution of colchicine usually in metaphase or prometaphase when most condensed. In order for the Giemsa stain to adhere correctly, all chromosomal proteins must be digested and removed. For humans, white blood cells are used most frequently because they are easily induced to divide and grow in tissue culture.[9] Sometimes observations may be made on non-dividing (interphase) cells. The sex of an unborn fetus can be predicted by observation of interphase cells (see amniotic centesis and Barr body).","title":"Observations on karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lotus tenuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_tenuis"},{"link_name":"Vicia faba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_faba"},{"link_name":"centromeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromeres"},{"link_name":"translocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translocations"},{"link_name":"Satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_chromosome"},{"link_name":"GC content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC_content"},{"link_name":"Guanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine"},{"link_name":"Cytosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine"},{"link_name":"Adenine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine"},{"link_name":"Thymine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine"},{"link_name":"euchromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchromatin"},{"link_name":"heterochromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatin"},{"link_name":"coding DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_DNA"},{"link_name":"transcriptionally active","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(DNA)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romiguier2017-11"},{"link_name":"Giemsa staining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa_staining"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"},{"link_name":"Guanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine"},{"link_name":"Cytosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine"},{"link_name":"GC content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC_content"},{"link_name":"Giemsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa"},{"link_name":"G banding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_banding"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"},{"link_name":"germ-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ-line"},{"link_name":"soma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_(biology)"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametes"},{"link_name":"chromosome polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"geographic specialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopatric_speciation"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White1-13"}],"sub_title":"Observations","text":"Six different characteristics of karyotypes are usually observed and compared:[10]Differences in absolute sizes of chromosomes. Chromosomes can vary in absolute size by as much as twenty-fold between genera of the same family. For example, the legumes Lotus tenuis and Vicia faba each have six pairs of chromosomes, yet V. faba chromosomes are many times larger. These differences probably reflect different amounts of DNA duplication.\nDifferences in the position of centromeres. These differences probably came about through translocations.\nDifferences in relative size of chromosomes. These differences probably arose from segmental interchange of unequal lengths.\nDifferences in basic number of chromosomes. These differences could have resulted from successive unequal translocations which removed all the essential genetic material from a chromosome, permitting its loss without penalty to the organism (the dislocation hypothesis) or through fusion. Humans have one pair fewer chromosomes than the great apes. Human chromosome 2 appears to have resulted from the fusion of two ancestral chromosomes, and many of the genes of those two original chromosomes have been translocated to other chromosomes.\nDifferences in number and position of satellites. Satellites are small bodies attached to a chromosome by a thin thread.\nDifferences in degree and distribution of GC content (Guanine-Cytosine pairs versus Adenine-Thymine). In metaphase where the karyotype is typically studied, all DNA is condensed, but most of the time, DNA with a high GC content is usually less condensed, that is, it tends to appear as euchromatin rather than heterochromatin. GC rich DNA tends to contain more coding DNA and be more transcriptionally active.[11] GC rich DNA is lighter on Giemsa staining.[12] Euchromatin regions contain larger amounts of Guanine-Cytosine pairs (that is, it has a higher GC content). The staining technique using Giemsa staining is called G banding and therefore produces the typical \"G-Bands\".[12]A full account of a karyotype may therefore include the number, type, shape and banding of the chromosomes, as well as other cytogenetic information.Variation is often found:between the sexes,\nbetween the germ-line and soma (between gametes and the rest of the body),\nbetween members of a population (chromosome polymorphism),\nin geographic specialization, and\nin mosaics or otherwise abnormal individuals.[13]","title":"Observations on karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_human_male_chromosomes.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png"},{"link_name":"human genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics"},{"link_name":"G banding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_banding"},{"link_name":"trypsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsin"},{"link_name":"staining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Giemsa stain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa_stain"},{"link_name":"transcriptionally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)"},{"link_name":"coding DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_DNA"},{"link_name":"non-coding DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_DNA"},{"link_name":"GC content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC_content"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romiguier2017-11"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"autosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome"},{"link_name":"sex chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosomes"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"ploidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy"},{"link_name":"grayscale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"base pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pairs"},{"link_name":"bands and sub-bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_for_Human_Cytogenomic_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"chromosome abnormalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Chromosome_abnormalities"},{"link_name":"centromere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere"}],"text":"Micrographic karyogram of a human male. See section text for details.Schematic karyogram of a human. Even at low magnification, it gives an overview of the human genome, with numbered chromosome pairs, its main changes during the cell cycle (top center), and the mitochondrial genome to scale (at bottom left). See section text for more details.Both the micrographic and schematic karyograms shown in this section have a standard chromosome layout, and display darker and lighter regions as seen on G banding, which is the appearance of the chromosomes after treatment with trypsin (to partially digest the chromosomes) and staining with Giemsa stain. Compared to darker regions, the lighter regions are generally more transcriptionally active, with a greater ratio of coding DNA versus non-coding DNA, and a higher GC content.[11]Both the micrographic and schematic karyograms show the normal human diploid karyotype, which is the typical composition of the genome within a normal cell of the human body, and which contains 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (allosomes). A major exception to diploidy in humans is gametes (sperm and egg cells) which are haploid with 23 unpaired chromosomes, and this ploidy is not shown in these karyograms. The micrographic karyogram is converted to grayscale, whereas the schematic karyogram shows the purple hue as typically seen on Giemsa stain (and is a result of its azure B component, which stains DNA purple).[14]The schematic karyogram in this section is a graphical representation of the idealized karyotype. For each chromosome pair, the scale to the left shows the length in terms of million base pairs, and the scale to the right shows the designations of the bands and sub-bands. Such bands and sub-bands are used by the International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature to describe locations of chromosome abnormalities. Each row of chromosomes is vertically aligned at centromere level.","title":"Human karyogram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centromere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere"},{"link_name":"chromosomal satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_satellite"},{"link_name":"secondary constriction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_constriction"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"cell nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"homologous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_chromosome"},{"link_name":"autosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal"},{"link_name":"sex chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosome"},{"link_name":"phenotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"females","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Females"},{"link_name":"X chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome"},{"link_name":"males","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Males"},{"link_name":"Y chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome"},{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"human mitochondrial genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics"},{"link_name":"base pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"}],"sub_title":"Human chromosome groups","text":"Based on the karyogram characteristics of size, position of the centromere and sometimes the presence of a chromosomal satellite (a segment distal to a secondary constriction), the human chromosomes are classified into the following groups:[15]Alternatively, the human genome can be classified as follows, based on pairing, sex differences, as well as location within the cell nucleus versus inside mitochondria:22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs (chromosomes 1 to 22). Homologous means that they have the same genes in the same loci, and autosomal means that they are not sex chromomes.\nTwo sex chromosome (in green rectangle at bottom right in the schematic karyogram, with adjacent silhouettes of typical representative phenotypes): The most common karyotypes for females contain two X chromosomes and are denoted 46,XX; males usually have both an X and a Y chromosome denoted 46,XY. However, approximately 0.018% percent of humans are intersex, sometimes due to variations in sex chromosomes.[16]\nThe human mitochondrial genome (shown at bottom left in the schematic karyogram, to scale compared to the nuclear DNA in terms of base pairs), although this is not included in micrographic karyograms in clinical practice. Its genome is relatively tiny compared to the rest.","title":"Human karyogram"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_cell_cycle-en.svg"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"G0 phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G0_phase"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"locus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"DNA synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_synthesis"},{"link_name":"S phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_phase"},{"link_name":"G2 phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_phase"},{"link_name":"metaphase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphase"},{"link_name":"sister chromatid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_chromatid"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid30202427-17"},{"link_name":"chromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin"},{"link_name":"human mitochondrial genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid3178814-18"},{"link_name":"oocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_cell"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid28721182-19"}],"sub_title":"Copy number","text":"The cell cycleSchematic karyograms generally display a DNA copy number corresponding to the G0 phase of the cellular state (outside of the replicative cell cycle) which is the most common state of cells. The schematic karyogram in this section also shows this state. In this state (as well as during the G1 phase of the cell cycle), each cell has 2 autosomal chromosomes of each kind (designated 2n), where each chromosome has one copy of each locus, making a total copy number of 2 for each locus (2c). At top center in the schematic karyogram, it also shows the chromosome 3 pair after having undergone DNA synthesis, occurring in the S phase (annotated as S) of the cell cycle. This interval includes the G2 phase and metaphase (annotated as \"Meta.\"). During this interval, there is still 2n, but each chromosome will have 2 copies of each locus, wherein each sister chromatid (chromosome arm) is connected at the centromere, for a total of 4c.[17] The chromosomes on micrographic karyograms are in this state as well, because they are generally micrographed in metaphase, but during this phase the two copies of each chromosome are so close to each other that they appear as one unless the image resolution is high enough to distinguish them. In reality, during the G0 and G1 phases, nuclear DNA is dispersed as chromatin and does not show visually distinguishable chromosomes even on micrography.The copy number of the human mitochondrial genome per human cell varies from 0 (erythrocytes)[18] up to 1,500,000 (oocytes), mainly depending on the number of mitochondria per cell.[19]","title":"Human karyogram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotes"},{"link_name":"macromolecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin"},{"link_name":"cytology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes, the same cannot be said for their karyotypes, which are highly variable. There is variation between species in chromosome number, and in detailed organization, despite their construction from the same macromolecules. This variation provides the basis for a range of studies in evolutionary cytology.In some cases there is even significant variation within species. In a review, Godfrey and Masters conclude:In our view, it is unlikely that one process or the other can independently account for the wide range of karyotype structures that are observed ... But, used in conjunction with other phylogenetic data, karyotypic fissioning may help to explain dramatic differences in diploid numbers between closely related species, which were previously inexplicable.[20]Although much is known about karyotypes at the descriptive level, and it is clear that changes in karyotype organization has had effects on the evolutionary course of many species, it is quite unclear what the general significance might be.We have a very poor understanding of the causes of karyotype evolution, despite many careful investigations ... the general significance of karyotype evolution is obscure.— Maynard Smith[21]","title":"Diversity and evolution of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heterochromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatin"},{"link_name":"sciarid flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciaridae"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Theodor Boveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Boveri"},{"link_name":"copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepods"},{"link_name":"roundworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundworms"},{"link_name":"Ascaris suum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaris_suum"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"X-inactivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-inactivation"},{"link_name":"Barr body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr_body"},{"link_name":"dosage compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosage_compensation"},{"link_name":"placental mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_mammals"},{"link_name":"marsupials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupials"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"fibroblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Changes during development","text":"Instead of the usual gene repression, some organisms go in for large-scale elimination of heterochromatin, or other kinds of visible adjustment to the karyotype.Chromosome elimination. In some species, as in many sciarid flies, entire chromosomes are eliminated during development.[22]\nChromatin diminution (founding father: Theodor Boveri). In this process, found in some copepods and roundworms such as Ascaris suum, portions of the chromosomes are cast away in particular cells. This process is a carefully organised genome rearrangement where new telomeres are constructed and certain heterochromatin regions are lost.[23][24] In A. suum, all the somatic cell precursors undergo chromatin diminution.[25]\nX-inactivation. The inactivation of one X chromosome takes place during the early development of mammals (see Barr body and dosage compensation). In placental mammals, the inactivation is random as between the two Xs; thus the mammalian female is a mosaic in respect of her X chromosomes. In marsupials it is always the paternal X which is inactivated. In human females some 15% of somatic cells escape inactivation,[26] and the number of genes affected on the inactivated X chromosome varies between cells: in fibroblast cells up about 25% of genes on the Barr body escape inactivation.[27]","title":"Diversity and evolution of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"muntjac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntjac"},{"link_name":"Kurt Benirschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Benirschke"},{"link_name":"Doris Wurster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doris_Wurster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muntiacus reevesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntiacus_reevesi"},{"link_name":"telocentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telocentric"},{"link_name":"Muntiacus muntjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntiacus_muntjak"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsu-29"},{"link_name":"nematode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"Parascaris univalens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parascaris_univalens"},{"link_name":"haploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid"},{"link_name":"Myrmecia pilosula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecia_pilosula"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"Ophioglossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophioglossum"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"shortnose sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortnose_sturgeon"},{"link_name":"Acipenser brevirostrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipenser_brevirostrum"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim2005-32"},{"link_name":"B chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_chromosomes"},{"link_name":"aneuploids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploid"}],"sub_title":"Number of chromosomes in a set","text":"A spectacular example of variability between closely related species is the muntjac, which was investigated by Kurt Benirschke and Doris Wurster. The diploid number of the Chinese muntjac, Muntiacus reevesi, was found to be 46, all telocentric. When they looked at the karyotype of the closely related Indian muntjac, Muntiacus muntjak, they were astonished to find it had female = 6, male = 7 chromosomes.[28]They simply could not believe what they saw ... They kept quiet for two or three years because they thought something was wrong with their tissue culture ... But when they obtained a couple more specimens they confirmed [their findings].— Hsu p. 73-4[29]The number of chromosomes in the karyotype between (relatively) unrelated species is hugely variable. The low record is held by the nematode Parascaris univalens, where the haploid n = 1; and an ant: Myrmecia pilosula.[30] The high record would be somewhere amongst the ferns, with the adder's tongue fern Ophioglossum ahead with an average of 1262 chromosomes.[31] Top score for animals might be the shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum at 372 chromosomes.[32] The existence of supernumerary or B chromosomes means that chromosome number can vary even within one interbreeding population; and aneuploids are another example, though in this case they would not be regarded as normal members of the population.","title":"Diversity and evolution of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matthey-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliveira-34"},{"link_name":"acrocentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere#Acrocentric"},{"link_name":"telocentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere#Telocentric"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pellicciari-35"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_13_(human)"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_14_(human)"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_15_(human)"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_21_(human)"},{"link_name":"22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_22_(human)"},{"link_name":"Y chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Souza-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weksler-37"},{"link_name":"autosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome"},{"link_name":"sex-linked chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosome"}],"sub_title":"Fundamental number","text":"The fundamental number, FN, of a karyotype is the number of visible major chromosomal arms per set of chromosomes.[33][34] Thus, FN ≤ 2 x 2n, the difference depending on the number of chromosomes considered single-armed (acrocentric or telocentric) present. Humans have FN = 82,[35] due to the presence of five acrocentric chromosome pairs: 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 (the human Y chromosome is also acrocentric). The fundamental autosomal number or autosomal fundamental number, FNa[36] or AN,[37] of a karyotype is the number of visible major chromosomal arms per set of autosomes (non-sex-linked chromosomes).","title":"Diversity and evolution of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ploidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy"},{"link_name":"Polyploidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy"},{"link_name":"Stebbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"horsetails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsetails"},{"link_name":"psilotales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilotales"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"euploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euploid"},{"link_name":"Haplo-diploidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplo-diploid_sex-determination_system"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid"},{"link_name":"haploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid"},{"link_name":"Hymenoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera"},{"link_name":"Endopolyploidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endopolyploidy"},{"link_name":"differentiated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"somatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cell"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomes"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"endomitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomitosis"},{"link_name":"endoreduplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoreduplication"},{"link_name":"reduplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplication"},{"link_name":"nuclear membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_membrane"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lilly-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"eukaryote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"protozoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa"},{"link_name":"differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_(cellular)"},{"link_name":"morphogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphogenesis"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"palaeopolyploidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleopolyploidy"}],"sub_title":"Ploidy","text":"Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell.Polyploidy, where there are more than two sets of homologous chromosomes in the cells, occurs mainly in plants. It has been of major significance in plant evolution according to Stebbins.[38][39][40][41] The proportion of flowering plants which are polyploid was estimated by Stebbins to be 30–35%, but in grasses the average is much higher, about 70%.[42] Polyploidy in lower plants (ferns, horsetails and psilotales) is also common, and some species of ferns have reached levels of polyploidy far in excess of the highest levels known in flowering plants. Polyploidy in animals is much less common, but it has been significant in some groups.[43]Polyploid series in related species which consist entirely of multiples of a single basic number are known as euploid.Haplo-diploidy, where one sex is diploid, and the other haploid. It is a common arrangement in the Hymenoptera, and in some other groups.\nEndopolyploidy occurs when in adult differentiated tissues the cells have ceased to divide by mitosis, but the nuclei contain more than the original somatic number of chromosomes.[44] In the endocycle (endomitosis or endoreduplication) chromosomes in a 'resting' nucleus undergo reduplication, the daughter chromosomes separating from each other inside an intact nuclear membrane.[45] In many instances, endopolyploid nuclei contain tens of thousands of chromosomes (which cannot be exactly counted). The cells do not always contain exact multiples (powers of two), which is why the simple definition 'an increase in the number of chromosome sets caused by replication without cell division' is not quite accurate.This process (especially studied in insects and some higher plants such as maize) may be a developmental strategy for increasing the productivity of tissues which are highly active in biosynthesis.[46] The phenomenon occurs sporadically throughout the eukaryote kingdom from protozoa to humans; it is diverse and complex, and serves differentiation and morphogenesis in many ways.[47]\nSee palaeopolyploidy for the investigation of ancient karyotype duplications.","title":"Diversity and evolution of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aneuploidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy"},{"link_name":"chromosome abnormality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality"},{"link_name":"Down syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Turner syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Crepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepis"},{"link_name":"Crocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"great apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_apes"},{"link_name":"Human chromosome 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chromosome_2"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Aneuploidy","text":"Aneuploidy is the condition in which the chromosome number in the cells is not the typical number for the species. This would give rise to a chromosome abnormality such as an extra chromosome or one or more chromosomes lost. Abnormalities in chromosome number usually cause a defect in development. Down syndrome and Turner syndrome are examples of this.Aneuploidy may also occur within a group of closely related species. Classic examples in plants are the genus Crepis, where the gametic (= haploid) numbers form the series x = 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7; and Crocus, where every number from x = 3 to x = 15 is represented by at least one species. Evidence of various kinds shows that trends of evolution have gone in different directions in different groups.[48] In primates, the great apes have 24x2 chromosomes whereas humans have 23x2. Human chromosome 2 was formed by a merger of ancestral chromosomes, reducing the number.[49]","title":"Diversity and evolution of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polymorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Chilocorus stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilocorus_stigma"},{"link_name":"mantids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantids"},{"link_name":"Ameles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameles"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Sorex araneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorex_araneus"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"mollusc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"Thais lapillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thais_lapillus"},{"link_name":"dog whelk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_whelk"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"adapted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Chromosomal polymorphism","text":"Some species are polymorphic for different chromosome structural forms.[50] The structural variation may be associated with different numbers of chromosomes in different individuals, which occurs in the ladybird beetle Chilocorus stigma, some mantids of the genus Ameles,[51] the European shrew Sorex araneus.[52] There is some evidence from the case of the mollusc Thais lapillus (the dog whelk) on the Brittany coast, that the two chromosome morphs are adapted to different habitats.[53]","title":"Diversity and evolution of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polytene chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytene_chromosome"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian drosophilids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Drosophilidae"},{"link_name":"Hampton L. Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_L._Carson_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_tropical_rainforests"},{"link_name":"subalpine meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_tropical_high_shrublands"},{"link_name":"Drosophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila"},{"link_name":"Scaptomyza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila"},{"link_name":"Drosophilidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophilidae"},{"link_name":"inversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_inversions"},{"link_name":"K-Ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating"},{"link_name":"Mauna Kea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Kea"},{"link_name":"Necker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necker_Island_(Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands)"},{"link_name":"Kure Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Pacific plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_plate"},{"link_name":"hot spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spot_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"guyots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyot"},{"link_name":"Emperor Seamount Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian-Emperor_seamount_chain"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"adaptive radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiation"},{"link_name":"competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)"},{"link_name":"niches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacant_niche"},{"link_name":"gravid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravid"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Species trees","text":"The detailed study of chromosome banding in insects with polytene chromosomes can reveal relationships between closely related species: the classic example is the study of chromosome banding in Hawaiian drosophilids by Hampton L. Carson.In about 6,500 sq mi (17,000 km2), the Hawaiian Islands have the most diverse collection of drosophilid flies in the world, living from rainforests to subalpine meadows. These roughly 800 Hawaiian drosophilid species are usually assigned to two genera, Drosophila and Scaptomyza, in the family Drosophilidae.The polytene banding of the 'picture wing' group, the best-studied group of Hawaiian drosophilids, enabled Carson to work out the evolutionary tree long before genome analysis was practicable. In a sense, gene arrangements are visible in the banding patterns of each chromosome. Chromosome rearrangements, especially inversions, make it possible to see which species are closely related.The results are clear. The inversions, when plotted in tree form (and independent of all other information), show a clear \"flow\" of species from older to newer islands. There are also cases of colonization back to older islands, and skipping of islands, but these are much less frequent. Using K-Ar dating, the present islands date from 0.4 million years ago (mya) (Mauna Kea) to 10mya (Necker). The oldest member of the Hawaiian archipelago still above the sea is Kure Atoll, which can be dated to 30 mya. The archipelago itself (produced by the Pacific plate moving over a hot spot) has existed for far longer, at least into the Cretaceous. Previous islands now beneath the sea (guyots) form the Emperor Seamount Chain.[54]All of the native Drosophila and Scaptomyza species in Hawaiʻi have apparently descended from a single ancestral species that colonized the islands, probably 20 million years ago. The subsequent adaptive radiation was spurred by a lack of competition and a wide variety of niches. Although it would be possible for a single gravid female to colonise an island, it is more likely to have been a group from the same species.[55][56][57][58]There are other animals and plants on the Hawaiian archipelago which have undergone similar, if less spectacular, adaptive radiations.[59][60]","title":"Diversity and evolution of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chromosome banding","text":"Chromosomes display a banded pattern when treated with some stains. Bands are alternating light and dark stripes that appear along the lengths of chromosomes. Unique banding patterns are used to identify chromosomes and to diagnose chromosomal aberrations, including chromosome breakage, loss, duplication, translocation or inverted segments. A range of different chromosome treatments produce a range of banding patterns: G-bands, R-bands, C-bands, Q-bands, T-bands and NOR-bands.","title":"Diversity and evolution of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Depiction of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cytogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogenetics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gustashaw_K.M_1991-9"},{"link_name":"G-banding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-banding"},{"link_name":"Giemsa stain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa_stain"},{"link_name":"trypsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsin"},{"link_name":"human genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"constitutive heterochromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_heterochromatin"},{"link_name":"centromeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere"},{"link_name":"fluorescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent"},{"link_name":"quinacrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinacrine"},{"link_name":"telomeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere"},{"link_name":"Silver nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nitrate"},{"link_name":"nucleolar organization region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolar_organization_region"}],"sub_title":"Types of banding","text":"Cytogenetics employs several techniques to visualize different aspects of chromosomes:[9]G-banding is obtained with Giemsa stain following digestion of chromosomes with trypsin. It yields a series of lightly and darkly stained bands — the dark regions tend to be heterochromatic, late-replicating and AT rich. The light regions tend to be euchromatic, early-replicating and GC rich. This method will normally produce 300–400 bands in a normal, human genome. It is the most common chromosome banding method.[61]\nR-banding is the reverse of G-banding (the R stands for \"reverse\"). The dark regions are euchromatic (guanine-cytosine rich regions) and the bright regions are heterochromatic (thymine-adenine rich regions).\nC-banding: Giemsa binds to constitutive heterochromatin, so it stains centromeres. The name is derived from centromeric or constitutive heterochromatin. The preparations undergo alkaline denaturation prior to staining leading to an almost complete depurination of the DNA. After washing the probe the remaining DNA is renatured again and stained with Giemsa solution consisting of methylene azure, methylene violet, methylene blue, and eosin. Heterochromatin binds a lot of the dye, while the rest of the chromosomes absorb only little of it. The C-bonding proved to be especially well-suited for the characterization of plant chromosomes.\nQ-banding is a fluorescent pattern obtained using quinacrine for staining. The pattern of bands is very similar to that seen in G-banding. They can be recognized by a yellow fluorescence of differing intensity. Most part of the stained DNA is heterochromatin. Quinacrin (atebrin) binds both regions rich in AT and in GC, but only the AT-quinacrin-complex fluoresces. Since regions rich in AT are more common in heterochromatin than in euchromatin, these regions are labelled preferentially. The different intensities of the single bands mirror the different contents of AT. Other fluorochromes like DAPI or Hoechst 33258 lead also to characteristic, reproducible patterns. Each of them produces its specific pattern. In other words: the properties of the bonds and the specificity of the fluorochromes are not exclusively based on their affinity to regions rich in AT. Rather, the distribution of AT and the association of AT with other molecules like histones, for example, influences the binding properties of the fluorochromes.\nT-banding: visualize telomeres.\nSilver staining: Silver nitrate stains the nucleolar organization region-associated protein. This yields a dark region where the silver is deposited, denoting the activity of rRNA genes within the NOR.","title":"Depiction of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg"},{"link_name":"lymphocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte"},{"link_name":"Alu sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alu_sequence"},{"link_name":"FISH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_in_situ_hybridization"},{"link_name":"dye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye"},{"link_name":"Giemsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giemsa"},{"link_name":"mepacrine (quinacrine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepacrine"},{"link_name":"phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"adenine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine"},{"link_name":"thymine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine"},{"link_name":"proximal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal"},{"link_name":"Cri du chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri_du_chat"},{"link_name":"locus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Classic karyotype cytogenetics","text":"Karyogram from a human female lymphocyte probed for the Alu sequence using FISHIn the \"classic\" (depicted) karyotype, a dye, often Giemsa (G-banding), less frequently mepacrine (quinacrine), is used to stain bands on the chromosomes. Giemsa is specific for the phosphate groups of DNA. Quinacrine binds to the adenine-thymine-rich regions. Each chromosome has a characteristic banding pattern that helps to identify them; both chromosomes in a pair will have the same banding pattern.Karyotypes are arranged with the short arm of the chromosome on top, and the long arm on the bottom. Some karyotypes call the short and long arms p and q, respectively. In addition, the differently stained regions and sub-regions are given numerical designations from proximal to distal on the chromosome arms. For example, Cri du chat syndrome involves a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5. It is written as 46,XX,5p-. The critical region for this syndrome is deletion of p15.2 (the locus on the chromosome), which is written as 46,XX,del(5)(p15.2).[62]","title":"Depiction of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_spectral_karyotype.png"},{"link_name":"FISH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization"},{"link_name":"cytogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogenetic"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"Fluorescently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent"},{"link_name":"fluorophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorophore"},{"link_name":"interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometer"},{"link_name":"pseudo color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_color"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"pseudo color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_color"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spectralkaryotype98-300.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Multicolor FISH (mFISH) and spectral karyotype (SKY technique)","text":"Spectral karyogram of a human femaleMulticolor FISH and the older spectral karyotyping are molecular cytogenetic techniques used to simultaneously visualize all the pairs of chromosomes in an organism in different colors. Fluorescently labeled probes for each chromosome are made by labeling chromosome-specific DNA with different fluorophores. Because there are a limited number of spectrally distinct fluorophores, a combinatorial labeling method is used to generate many different colors. Fluorophore combinations are captured and analyzed by a fluorescence microscope using up to 7 narrow-banded fluorescence filters or, in the case of spectral karyotyping, by using an interferometer attached to a fluorescence microscope. In the case of an mFISH image, every combination of fluorochromes from the resulting original images is replaced by a pseudo color in a dedicated image analysis software. Thus, chromosomes or chromosome sections can be visualized and identified, allowing for the analysis of chromosomal rearrangements.[63]\nIn the case of spectral karyotyping, image processing software assigns a pseudo color to each spectrally different combination, allowing the visualization of the individually colored chromosomes.[64]Spectral human karyotypeMulticolor FISH is used to identify structural chromosome aberrations in cancer cells and other disease conditions when Giemsa banding or other techniques are not accurate enough.","title":"Depiction of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"virtual karyotyping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Karyotype"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Digital karyotyping","text":"Digital karyotyping is a technique used to quantify the DNA copy number on a genomic scale. Short sequences of DNA from specific loci all over the genome are isolated and enumerated.[65] This method is also known as virtual karyotyping. Using this technique, it is possible to detect small alterations in the human genome, that cannot be detected through methods employing metaphase chromosomes. Some loci deletions are known to be related to the development of cancer. Such deletions are found through digital karyotyping using the loci associated with cancer development.[66]","title":"Depiction of karyotypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"derivative chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_chromosome"},{"link_name":"translocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation"},{"link_name":"inversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_inversion"},{"link_name":"aneuploidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy"},{"link_name":"nondisjunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondisjunction"},{"link_name":"meiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis"},{"link_name":"gamete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"trisomies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisomy"},{"link_name":"homologous recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_recombination"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"genetic mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mosaic"}],"text":"Chromosome abnormalities can be numerical, as in the presence of extra or missing chromosomes, or structural, as in derivative chromosome, translocations, inversions, large-scale deletions or duplications. Numerical abnormalities, also known as aneuploidy, often occur as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis in the formation of a gamete; trisomies, in which three copies of a chromosome are present instead of the usual two, are common numerical abnormalities. Structural abnormalities often arise from errors in homologous recombination. Both types of abnormalities can occur in gametes and therefore will be present in all cells of an affected person's body, or they can occur during mitosis and give rise to a genetic mosaic individual who has some normal and some abnormal cells.","title":"Chromosome abnormalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turner syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Klinefelter syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Edwards syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_syndrome"},{"link_name":"trisomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisomy"},{"link_name":"Down syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Patau syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patau_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Trisomy 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisomy_9"},{"link_name":"Cri du chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri_du_chat"},{"link_name":"1p36 Deletion syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1p36_deletion_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Angelman syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelman_syndrome"},{"link_name":"imprinting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting"},{"link_name":"Prader-Willi syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome"},{"link_name":"cancerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_chromosome"},{"link_name":"chronic myelogenous leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia"},{"link_name":"acute lymphoblastic leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia"}],"sub_title":"In humans","text":"Chromosomal abnormalities that lead to disease in humans includeTurner syndrome results from a single X chromosome (45,X or 45,X0).\nKlinefelter syndrome, the most common male chromosomal disease, otherwise known as 47,XXY, is caused by an extra X chromosome.\nEdwards syndrome is caused by trisomy (three copies) of chromosome 18.\nDown syndrome, a common chromosomal disease, is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21.\nPatau syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 13.\nTrisomy 9, believed to be the 4th most common trisomy, has many long lived affected individuals but only in a form other than a full trisomy, such as trisomy 9p syndrome or mosaic trisomy 9. They often function quite well, but tend to have trouble with speech.\nAlso documented are trisomy 8 and trisomy 16, although they generally do not survive to birth.Some disorders arise from loss of just a piece of one chromosome, includingCri du chat (cry of the cat), from a truncated short arm on chromosome 5. The name comes from the babies' distinctive cry, caused by abnormal formation of the larynx.\n1p36 Deletion syndrome, from the loss of part of the short arm of chromosome 1.\nAngelman syndrome – 50% of cases have a segment of the long arm of chromosome 15 missing; a deletion of the maternal genes, example of imprinting disorder.\nPrader-Willi syndrome – 50% of cases have a segment of the long arm of chromosome 15 missing; a deletion of the paternal genes, example of imprinting disorder.\nChromosomal abnormalities can also occur in cancerous cells of an otherwise genetically normal individual; one well-documented example is the Philadelphia chromosome, a translocation mutation commonly associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia and less often with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.","title":"Chromosome abnormalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_von_N%C3%A4geli"},{"link_name":"salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander"},{"link_name":"Walther Flemming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Flemming"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"Heinrich von Waldeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Gottfried_von_Waldeyer-Hartz"},{"link_name":"Neo-Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Latin"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"phenotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic"},{"link_name":"somatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_(biology)"},{"link_name":"genic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"Grigory Levitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Levitsky"},{"link_name":"Sergei Navashin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Navashin"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Vavilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"C. D. Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Darlington"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Michael JD White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_JD_White"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White2-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White1-13"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Hans von Winiwarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_von_Winiwarter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"spermatogonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogonia"},{"link_name":"oogonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogonia"},{"link_name":"XX/XO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XO_sex-determination_system"},{"link_name":"sex determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-determination_system"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Painter"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"XX/XY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosome2_merge.png"},{"link_name":"Joe Hin Tjio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hin_Tjio"},{"link_name":"Albert Levan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Levan"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"tissue culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_culture"},{"link_name":"hypotonic solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity#Hypotonicity"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"metaphase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphase"},{"link_name":"colchicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsu-29"},{"link_name":"great apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_apes"},{"link_name":"Human chromosome 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chromosome_2"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fusion-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli in 1842. Their behavior in animal (salamander) cells was described by Walther Flemming, the discoverer of mitosis, in 1882. The name was coined by another German anatomist, Heinrich von Waldeyer in 1888. It is Neo-Latin from Ancient Greek κάρυον karyon, \"kernel\", \"seed\", or \"nucleus\", and τύπος typos, \"general form\")The next stage took place after the development of genetics in the early 20th century, when it was appreciated that chromosomes (that can be observed by karyotype) were the carrier of genes. The term karyotype as defined by the phenotypic appearance of the somatic chromosomes, in contrast to their genic contents was introduced by Grigory Levitsky who worked with Lev Delaunay, Sergei Navashin, and Nikolai Vavilov.[67][68][69][70] The subsequent history of the concept can be followed in the works of C. D. Darlington[71] and Michael JD White.[4][13]Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle the most basic question: how many chromosomes does a normal diploid human cell contain?[72] In 1912, Hans von Winiwarter reported 47 chromosomes in spermatogonia and 48 in oogonia, concluding an XX/XO sex determination mechanism.[73] Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid of humans was 46 or 48, at first favoring 46,[74] but revised his opinion from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system.[75] Considering the techniques of the time, these results were remarkable.Fusion of ancestral chromosomes left distinctive remnants of telomeres, and a vestigial centromereJoe Hin Tjio working in Albert Levan's lab[76] found the chromosome count to be 46 using new techniques available at the time:Using cells in tissue culture\nPretreating cells in a hypotonic solution, which swells them and spreads the chromosomes\nArresting mitosis in metaphase by a solution of colchicine\nSquashing the preparation on the slide forcing the chromosomes into a single plane\nCutting up a photomicrograph and arranging the result into an indisputable karyogram.The work took place in 1955, and was published in 1956. The karyotype of humans includes only 46 chromosomes.[77][29] The other great apes have 48 chromosomes. Human chromosome 2 is now known to be a result of an end-to-end fusion of two ancestral ape chromosomes.[78][79]","title":"History of karyotype studies"}] | [{"image_text":"Micrographic karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png/220px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png"},{"image_text":"Schematic karyogram demonstrating the basic knowledge needed to read a karyotype","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/How_to_read_a_Karyotype.png/220px-How_to_read_a_Karyotype.png"},{"image_text":"Chromosomes at various stages of mitosis. Karyograms are generally made by chromosomes in prometaphase or metaphase. During these phases, the two copies of each chromosome (connected at the centromere) will look as one unless the image resolution is high enough to distinguish the two.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Condensation_and_resolution_of_human_sister_chromatids_in_early_mitosis.svg/220px-Condensation_and_resolution_of_human_sister_chromatids_in_early_mitosis.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Micrograph of human chromosomes before further processing. Staining with Giemsa confers a purple color to chromosomes, but micrographs are often converted to grayscale to facilitate data presentation and make comparisons of results from different laboratories.[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Human_Chromosomes_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Human_Chromosomes_%28crop%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Micrographic karyogram of a human male. See section text for details.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/DNA_human_male_chromosomes.gif/220px-DNA_human_male_chromosomes.gif"},{"image_text":"Schematic karyogram of a human. Even at low magnification, it gives an overview of the human genome, with numbered chromosome pairs, its main changes during the cell cycle (top center), and the mitochondrial genome to scale (at bottom left). See section text for more details.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png/370px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png"},{"image_text":"The cell cycle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Animal_cell_cycle-en.svg/220px-Animal_cell_cycle-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Karyogram from a human female lymphocyte probed for the Alu sequence using FISH","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg/220px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spectral karyogram of a human female","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sky_spectral_karyotype.png/220px-Sky_spectral_karyotype.png"},{"image_text":"Spectral human karyotype","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Spectralkaryotype98-300.jpg/220px-Spectralkaryotype98-300.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fusion of ancestral chromosomes left distinctive remnants of telomeres, and a vestigial centromere","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chromosome2_merge.png/220px-Chromosome2_merge.png"}] | [{"title":"Cytogenetic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogenetic_notation"},{"title":"Genome screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_screen"}] | [{"reference":"\"Karyotype, definition\". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 23 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/karyotype","url_text":"\"Karyotype, definition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Collins English Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). Sunderland MA, US: Sinauer Associates Inc. p. 544. ISBN 0-87893-403-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-403-0","url_text":"0-87893-403-0"}]},{"reference":"King, R.C.; Stansfield, W.D.; Mulligan, P.K. (2006). A dictionary of genetics (7th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 242.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionarygeneti02king","url_text":"A dictionary of genetics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionarygeneti02king/page/n254","url_text":"242"}]},{"reference":"Stebbins, G.L. (1950). \"Chapter XII: The Karyotype\". Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231017336.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variationevoluti0000unse","url_text":"Variation and evolution in plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231017336","url_text":"9780231017336"}]},{"reference":"\"Karyosystematics\".","urls":[{"url":"http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Karyosystematics","url_text":"\"Karyosystematics\""}]},{"reference":"Lee M. Silver (1995). Mouse Genetics, Concepts and Applications. Chapter 5.2: KARYOTYPES, CHROMOSOMES, AND TRANSLOCATIONS. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Legislature | North Carolina General Assembly | ["1 History","1.1 Colonial period","1.2 Revolution and early statehood","1.3 Reconstruction Era","1.4 20th century","1.5 Recent history","2 Membership","3 Structure and process","4 Powers","5 Sessions","6 Administration and support agencies","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Works cited","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°46′59.53″N 78°38′20.24″W / 35.7832028°N 78.6389556°W / 35.7832028; -78.6389556Legislative branch of the state government of North Carolina
For the building, see North Carolina State Legislative Building.
North Carolina General AssemblySeal of the North Carolina General AssemblyTypeTypeBicameral HousesSenateHouse of RepresentativesHistoryFoundedNovember 17, 1775(248 years ago) (1775-11-17)LeadershipPresident of the Senate &Lieutenant GovernorMark Robinson (R) since January 9, 2021 President pro tempore of the SenatePhil Berger (R) since January 26, 2011 Speaker of the House of RepresentativesTim Moore (R) since January 15, 2015 StructureSeats170 voting members
50 senators
120 representatives
Senate political groups Republican (30) Democratic (20)House of Representatives political groups Republican (72) Democratic (48)ElectionsLast general electionNovember 8, 2022Next general electionNovember 5, 2024Meeting placeNorth Carolina Legislative BuildingRaleighWebsitewww.ncleg.gov
The North Carolina General Assembly is the bicameral legislature of the state government of North Carolina. The legislature consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The General Assembly meets in the North Carolina State Legislative Building in Raleigh.
The General Assembly drafts and legislates the state laws of North Carolina, also known as the General Statutes. The General Assembly is a bicameral legislature, consisting of the North Carolina House of Representatives (formerly called the North Carolina House of Commons until 1868) and the North Carolina Senate. Since 1868, the House has had 120 members, while the Senate has had 50 members. There are no term limits for either chamber.
Both chambers have two-year terms and are currently controlled by the Republican Party, by three-fifths majority necessary to override vetoes.
History
Colonial period
See also: Province of Carolina and Province of North Carolina
The North Carolina legislature traces its roots to the first assembly for the "County of Albemarle", which was convened in 1665 by Governor William Drummond. Albemarle County was the portion of the British colony of Carolina (under the control of the "Lords Proprietors" before becoming a royal province in 1729) that would eventually become North Carolina.
From approximately 1666 to 1697, the governor, his council, and representatives of various precincts and towns, elected by male freeholders, sat together as a unicameral legislature. By 1697, this evolved into a bicameral body, with the governor and his council as the upper house, and the House of Burgesses as the elected lower house. The House, sometimes known simply as "the Assembly", could only meet when called by the governor, but it was allowed to set its own rules and to elect its own Speaker. The House also controlled the salary of the governor and withheld that salary when the governor displeased a majority of the House. Naturally, conflicts between the governor and the legislature were frequent.
The Governor's Palace in New Bern is where the provincial era General Assembly met from 1770 until 1775.
According to one early compilation of the "Laws of North Carolina", the first "General Biennial Assembly" was held "at the House of Capt. Richard Sanderson, at Little-River begun on the 17th day of November, 1715 and continued by several Adjournments, until the 19th Day of January, 1715 ".
Revolution and early statehood
North Carolina State House 1794–1810
North Carolina State House 1811–1831
In 1774 and 1775, the people of the colony elected a provincial congress, independent of the royal governor, as the American Revolution began. Most of its members were also members of what would be the last House of Burgesses. There would be five provincial congresses. The fifth Congress approved the first constitution in 1776.
With the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence, the United States became an independent nation with different legislatures in each colony. Because of the history of distrust of the executive, the North Carolina constitution firmly established the General Assembly, as it was now called, as the most powerful branch of the state government. The bicameral legislature, whose members would all be elected by the people, would itself elect all the officers of the executive and judicial branches. As William S. Powell wrote in North Carolina: A History, "The legislative branch henceforth would have the upper hand. The governor would be the creature of the assembly, elected by it and removable by it. ... The governor could not take any important step without the advice and consent of the 'council of state,' and he had no voice in the appointment or removal of ."
This constitution was not submitted to a vote of the people. The Congress simply adopted it and elected Richard Caswell, the last president of the Congress, as acting governor until the new legislature was elected and seated. The constitution provided for more rights for freedmen and free men of color. The 9th Amendment on the 1776 constitution states, "That no freeman shall be convicted of any crime, but by the unanimous verdict of a jury of good lawful men, in open court, as heretofore used." Free men of color with sufficient property were allowed to vote.
The first North Carolina General Assembly was convened on April 7, 1777, in New Bern, North Carolina. It consisted of Senate with one member from each county of 38 existing counties and one district (Washington District which later became part of the Southwest Territory and then Tennessee) and a House of Commons with two members representing each of the existing 38 counties, plus one member from each of the large towns/districts (Edenton, Halifax, Hillsborough, New Bern, Salisbury, and Wilmington Districts). Districts continued to be represented in the Senate until 1835. Only land-owning (100 acres (0.4 km2) for the House of Commons and 300 acres (1.2 km2) for the Senate), Protestant men could serve.
The first 18 General Assemblies met in various locations, including New Bern, Hillsboro, Halifax, Smithfield, and Wake Court House, Fayetteville. It was not until 1794 that the General Assembly met in the new state capital, Raleigh where it has met ever since.
Following Nat Turner's slave rebellion of 1831, the state legislature restricted many of the rights the 1776 Constitution provided for black people, making it illegal to teach a slave how to read or write. They also narrowed rights of free people of color, rescinding their franchise and the right to bear arms, and forbidding them from attending school or learning to read and write, as well as forbidding them from preaching in public.
North Carolina Capitol, home to the General Assembly from 1840 until 1963
The Constitutional Convention of 1835 retained the 1776 Constitution, but made several amendments to it. Going forward, the governor would be elected by the people, but the legislature elected all other officials, including US Senators. Amendments set the number of senators at 50 and the number of commoners (representatives to the House) at 120. Senators were to be elected from districts representing approximately equal numbers of citizens, rather than by geographic counties. Members of the House were still elected by county, but more populous counties were entitled to more representatives.
The North Carolina General Assembly met from 1861 to 1865 as part of the Confederate States of America.
Reconstruction Era
In 1868, a new constitution was passed by the Reconstruction era legislature, a biracial body dominated by Republicans. It changed the name of the House of Commons to the House of Representatives. It established the office of lieutenant governor. Previously, the speaker of the Senate was the constitutional successor to the governor in case of death or resignation. Property qualifications for holding office were abolished in order to enlarge opportunity. Finally, the legislature made executive officers and judges subject to popular election rather than appointment by the legislature.
African-American men were first elected to the state legislature in 1868, including Henry Epps, Abraham H. Galloway, and John A. Hyman in the Senate and Parker D. Robbins, Wilson Cary Nicholas, B. W. Morris, A. W. Stevens, John S. Leary, Isham Sweat, Henry C. Cherry, John H. Williamson, A.A. Crawford, Cuffie Mayo, W. T. J. Hayes, Ivey Hutchings, John S. W. Eagles, George W. Price, Thomas A. Sykes, James H. Harris, William Cawthorn, and Richard Falkner in the House. Despite efforts by Red Shirts and other white Democratic paramilitary groups to disrupt Republican meetings and suppress black voting in order to ensure the Democratic takeover, some African Americans continued to be elected in the 19th century, especially to local offices. But shortly before the turn of the century, the Democrats regained control of the state legislature (after a biracial coalition between Republicans and Populists had briefly held power) and passed laws to create barriers to voter registration through poll taxes, literacy tests and other devices.
Applied subjectively by white administrators, these methods effectively disenfranchised most black people in the state. Black voters were eliminated by 1904. An estimated 75,000 black male citizens lost the vote. African Americans were closed out of politics in North Carolina for decades, with most not regaining the ability to vote until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and federal overview and enforcement.
20th century
Lillian Exum Clement became the first female member of the General Assembly in 1921.
As was the case in other states where rural legislators hung on to power despite changes in state demographics, North Carolina eventually had to redefine its method of electing house members and to reapportion congressional seats, which was supposed to be done after every decennial census. At a time of civil rights legislation to end segregation (Civil Rights Act of 1964) and enforce the constitutional right to vote for African Americans and other ethnic groups (Voting Rights Act of 1965), the US Supreme Court made rulings that resulted in corrections to state legislature representation and apportionment in several states.
In February 1963, the General Assembly began meeting in the North Carolina State Legislative Building.
Starting in 1966 (in the wake of Reynolds v. Sims, a US Supreme Court case establishing that the principle of one man, one vote) applied to state legislatures, members of the North Carolina State House were required to be elected from districts defined on the basis of roughly equal population, rather than on a geographic basis from the counties. The geographic system had resulted in a longstanding rural bias in the legislature. The new urban populations, including minorities and immigrants, were historically underrepresented in terms of legislative seats and funding, even as the state's population had become increasingly urbanized. The court's ruling required changes also in other states with similar practices. The changes allowed full representation for the first time from some urban and more densely settled areas. It also meant that counties with low populations were absorbed into larger constituencies rather than electing a resident member to the legislature.
Recent history
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2023)
In 2001, the North Carolina Supreme Court ruled that multi-member legislative districts were unconstitutional.
Membership
The General Assembly has 170 elected members, with 120 members of the North Carolina House of Representatives and 50 members of the North Carolina Senate. Each represents a district. Each house has the sole power to judge the election and qualification of its own respective members. Legislators' are elected biennially in even-numbered years. Their terms of office begin at the start of the January following the year of their election. All legislators swear a state constitutionally-prescribed oath of office. In the event of the vacancy of a seat, the governor is constitutionally obligated to appoint a person nominated by the previous incumbent's political party's respective district executive committee to fill the seat.
The assembly is styled after the citizen legislature model, with legislating considered a part-time job. Members receive a base salary of $13,951 per year, supplemented by per-diem payments and travel reimbursements. Increases in legislative pay adopted by the assembly cannot take effect until after a succeeding election.
Structure and process
Each house of the legislature has eight leadership roles. The Senate's leadership is made up of the president of the Senate, president pro tempore, majority leader, majority whip, majority caucus chair, minority leader, minority whip, and minority caucus chair. Per the constitution, the office of president of the Senate is held ex officio by the lieutenant governor. In this capacity they direct the debate on bills and maintain order in that house, but have little influence over its workflow. They cannot cast a vote in the Senate except to break ties. The president pro tempore is elected by the full Senate. They appoint the body's committees. All other leadership positions filled by the decision of party caucuses.
The leadership of House of Representatives is analogous to that in the Senate, except that in place of a president and president pro tempore, the body is led by a speaker and speaker pro tempore. The speaker is in charge of appointing the body's committees. Both officers are elected by the full house from among its members, with the rest determined by party caucuses. In the event of an even political divide in the House, co-speakers may be elected in lieu of a single speaker.
Standing committees in each house consider introduced legislation, hold hearings, and offer amendments. All bills are examined by a body's respective rules committee before being brought before a full house for a vote.
Powers
The constitution of North Carolina vests the state's legislative power in the General Assembly; the General Assembly writes state laws/statutes. Legislation in North Carolina can either be in the form of general laws or special/local laws. General laws apply to the entire state, while local laws apply only to specific counties or municipalities. The constitution requires that all effective laws be styled "The General Assembly of North Carolina enacts:", with only the words following that phrase being legally operative. The legally valid language of each passed bill is punctuated by the ratification certificate, consisting of the obligatory signatures of the presiding officers of each house. The assembly has the power to levy taxes and adopts the state budget. The constitution enumerates unique procedure for the passing of revenue legislation; all revenue bills must be read three times with each reading occurring on a different day, journal records of votes must include the name of each legislator and how they voted, and all revenue bills must appropriate money for a specific purpose. The legislative power of the assembly must be exercised by the whole body and not devolved upon a portion of the whole, and actions taken during one session of the assembly can be undone by a succeeding session. The governor signs bills passed by the General Assembly of which they approve into law and are empowered to veto bills of which they disapprove. A veto can be overridden by a three-fifths majority vote of the assembly. Local bills and congressional and legislative reapportionment decisions are not subject to gubernatorial veto. Aside from regular legislation, the two houses of the General Assembly can also issue joint resolutions which are not subject to veto.
The assembly wields oversight authority over the state's administrative bureaucracy. It can alter gubernatorial executive orders concerning the organization of state agencies by joint resolution. Its Joint Legislative Commission on Governmental Operations has the authority to seize state agency documents and inspect facilities of agencies and contractors with the state. All legislative committees are empowered to subpoena the testimony of witnesses and documents. The constitution allows for the General Assembly to provide for the filling of executive offices not already provided for in the constitution. The body is also empowered to resolve contested elections for state executive officers by joint ballot. Its advice and consent is required for the installation of some state agency heads. The assembly can also influence the bureaucracy through its power to create for dissolve agencies or countermand administrative rules by writing laws and by its decisions in appropriations. The constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach elected state officials by simple majority vote. In the event an official is impeached, the Senate holds a trial, and can convict an official by two-thirds majority vote and remove them from office. The General Assembly can also, by a two-thirds majority vote, determine the governor or a judge mentally or physically incapable of serving.
The General Assembly has the sole power to propose amendments to the state constitution. If a proposed amendment receives the support of three-fifths of the House and the Senate, it is scheduled for ratification by a statewide referendum. State constitutional amendments and state legislative votes on the ratification of federal constitutional amendments are not subject to gubernatorial veto.
Sessions
See also: List of North Carolina state legislatures
The General Assembly's sessions are convened according to standards prescribed by the state constitution and state statute. The General Assembly meets in regular session—or the "long session"—beginning in January of each odd-numbered year, and adjourns to reconvene the following even-numbered year for what is called the "short session". Though there is no limit on the length of any session, the "long session" typically lasts for 6 months, and the "short session" typically lasts for 6 weeks. The governor may call the General Assembly into extraordinary session after consulting the Council of State and is required to convene the assembly in specific circumstances to review vetoed legislation. A majority of the Council of State can call the legislature into session to consider the governor's mental capacity to serve.
A basic majority of the members of a house constitute a quorum to do business. When in session, both Houses of the legislature typically meet on Monday evenings and in the middle of the day on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. Legislative committees usually convene in the mornings and late afternoons. Both houses are empowered to temporarily adjourn for three days or less at their own discretion. The proceedings of each house are constitutionally-required to be reported in official journals and published at the end of each session. The records of individual lawmakers are not subject to the state's public records law.
Administration and support agencies
North Carolina Legislative Office Building in Raleigh
Administrative support of the General Assembly is overseen by the Legislative Services Commission, a panel comprising five members of each house. As of October 2023, the assembly relies on over 600 support staff who work in the Legislative Building and the Legislative Office Building. Every legislator is assigned at least one legislative assistant or clerk, who manage legislators' schedules, manage communications with constituents, and offer advice on policy issues. Some legislators employ additional staff. The General Assembly's members and facilities are guarded by the North Carolina General Assembly Police.
See also
North Carolina State Capitol
List of North Carolina state legislatures
North Carolina Council of State
Prepared Meals Tax in North Carolina
Notes
^ The selection of a speaker from among the House's members is not strictly constitutionally required, but thus far has been the case.
^ State jurisprudence is not exact on the delineation between and general and local legislation, though since 1987 state courts have judged whether a law affects "general public interests and concerns" to determine its status.
References
^ "State Capitol of NC". NC Department of Cultural Resources. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
^ a b c d e f "Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly". Official North Carolina General Assembly Website. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
^ "Marker: A-13, First Assembly in Albemarle County". Ncmarkers.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ Powell, William S., ed. (1958). Ye Countie of Albemarle in Carolina: A Collection of Documents, 1664-1675.
^ Baxley, Laura Young Baxley; Powell, William S. (2006). "Albemarle County". Retrieved November 19, 2019.
^ (Iredell 1791)
^ (Iredell 1791, p. 9). All marginal referenced to year of enactment of various chapters reference 1715, therefore the obvious error in the year maybe presumed to be the year of adjournment rather than the year the session convened.
^ William S. Powell (1988). North Carolina: A History. University of North Carolina Press.
^ a b c d "North Carolina Constitution of 1776". Yale Law School. 1776. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
^ "9th Amendment to the 1776 North Carolina Constitutions".
^ Connor, R.D.D. (1913). A Manual of North Carolina (PDF). Raleigh: North Carolina Historical Commission. p. 453–. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
^ "North Carolina legislation". Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
^ Kousser, J. Morgan (1974). The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale Historical Publications. p. 104.
^ "North Carolina History Project "Fusion Politics". northcarolinahistory.org.
^ "The North Carolina Collection, UNC Libraries, The North Carolina Election of 1898". lib.unc.edu. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
^ Lewis, J.D. "North Carolina House of Representatives, 1868". carolana.com. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ Lewis, J.D. "North Carolina State Senate, 1868". carolana.com. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ Shaw, Albert, ed. (July–December 1900). "The American Monthly Review of Reviews". Review of Reviews. XXII: 274.
^ Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", Constitutional Commentary, Vol. 17, 2000, pp. 12-13
^ "First Step". Our State. April 28, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ Norris, David A. (2006). "General Assembly". NCPedia. North Carolina Government & Heritage Library. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
^ Bitzer 2021, pp. 84–85.
^ Fain, Travis (January 27, 2023). "Bills filed, votes to come. Here's how your NC General Assembly works". WRAL-TV. Capitol Broadcasting Company. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
^ a b c d e Orth & Newby 2013, p. 104.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, pp. 96–97, 99.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, pp. 101, 165.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, p. 100.
^ Osborne, Molly (July 28, 2023). "Does North Carolina have a full-time legislature?". North Carolina Center for Public Policy Research. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ Vitaglione, Grace (September 20, 2023). "NC politics still a tough play for millennials and Gen Z". Carolina Public Press. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ Murphy, Brian (March 12, 2022). "NC lawmakers set record with long session. None like it, but what's the solution?". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ Norcross, Jack (May 18, 2022). "North Carolina legislators among lowest paid in the US". WCNC Charlotte. WCNC-TV. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ Vaughan, Dawn Baumgartner (February 14, 2023). "How do NC lawmakers compare to the rest of the state's population? What the data shows". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ a b Orth & Newby 2013, p. 103.
^ a b c Cooper & Knotts 2012, p. 163.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, p. 122.
^ North Carolina Manual 2011, p. 159.
^ "Lieutenant Governor". North Carolina General Assembly. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
^ "Lt. Gov. Dan Forest". WRAL. Capitol Broadcasting Company. January 9, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, pp. 99, 122.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, p. 102.
^ a b "Legislative Branch". NCPedia. North Carolina Government & Heritage Library. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
^ Vaughan, Dawn Baumgartner (January 20, 2023). "These are the most powerful people deciding what bills become law in North Carolina". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, pp. 95–96.
^ Lawrence, David M. (2007). "The County as a Body Politic and Corporate". NCPedia. North Carolina Government & Heritage Library. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, p. 111.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, pp. 106–107.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, p. 55.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, p. 118.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, pp. 104, 108–109.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, p. 96.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, pp. 101, 104–105.
^ Cooper & Knotts 2012, p. 142.
^ a b c d Orth & Newby 2013, p. 107.
^ a b Cooper & Knotts 2012, p. 170.
^ Fain, Travis (November 10, 2023). "State agencies' plan for legislature's new investigation powers: Ask a lawyer". WRAL-TV. Capitol Broadcasting Company. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
^ Fain, Travis (February 20, 2018). "General Assembly leaders hint at subpoena over pipeline fund". WRAL-TV. Capitol Broadcasting Company. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
^ Broughton, Melissa (February 24, 2017). "As senators subpoena Cooper cabinet pick, experts weigh legal options, potential outcomes". NC Newsline. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, pp. 117, 122.
^ Sáenz, Hunter (February 11, 2021). "VERIFY: Is there an impeachment process in North Carolina?". WCNC Charlotte. WCNC-TV. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
^ Doyle, Steve (August 9, 2023). "Could North Carolina voters change the process for adopting constitutional amendments? Check out the various practices". Fox 8 WGHP. Nexstar Media Group. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
^ Anderson, Bryan (March 16, 2023). "Cooper's Veto Predicament". The Assembly. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
^ a b "When is the General Assembly in Session?". North Carolina General Assembly. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, pp. 120–121.
^ Orth & Newby 2013, pp. 101, 125.
^ Vaughan, Dawn Baumgartner (October 16, 2023). "How 'a couple of very powerful individuals' gave themselves more power in NC budget". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
^ Vaughan, Dawn Baumgartner; Raynor, David (October 27, 2023). "How much do NC General Assembly employees make? What raises did they get? See the data". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ Lu, Jazper (July 27, 2023). "Are NC legislators allowed to date staff members? Here's what their rules say". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ McDonald, Thomasi (September 12, 2017). "Why is there a special police car parked each day in front of the General Assembly?". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
Works cited
Iredell, James (1791), Laws of the State of North Carolina, Edenton: Hodge & Wills
Bitzer, J. Michael (2021). Redistricting and Gerrymandering in North Carolina: Battlelines in the Tar Heel State. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030807474.
Cheney, John L. Jr. (1974). North Carolina Government, 1585-1974.
Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs, eds. (2012). The New Politics of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-0658-3.
Congress (1776). Minutes of the Provincial Congress of North Carolina, North Carolina. Provincial Congress, November 12, 1776 - December 23. Vol. 10. pp. 913–1003.
Lewis, J. D. "Legislative Documents of the North Carolina General Assemblies, 1777-2018". carolana.com. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
North Carolina Manual (PDF). Raleigh: North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State. 2011. OCLC 2623953.
Orth, John V.; Newby, Paul M. (2013). The North Carolina State Constitution (second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-930065-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Carolina General Assembly.
Online archive Archived March 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine of the North Carolina Legislative Journals of the General Assembly, 1822 to the present, from the State Library of North Carolina.
Online archive Archived June 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine of the Public Documents of North Carolina containing executive and legislative documents produced for each year's General Assembly session, 1831 to 1919, from the State Library of North Carolina.
Online archive Archived August 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine of the Session Laws of North Carolina, which include all ratified bills and resolutions in a given session of the General Assembly, 1817 to 2011, from the State Library of North Carolina.
Guide to the Session Laws of North Carolina Archived December 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
vte North Carolina General Assemblies by year convened and orderList of North Carolina state legislaturesSenatePresident pro tempore of the Senate House of CommonsHouse of RepresentativesSpeakers of the House of Representatives (see Note)
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OtherExecutive Branch: Governor of North Carolina (List), Lieutenant Governor (since 1868), Cabinets, Council of State, Attorney GeneralConventionsHillsborough Convention of 1788, Fayetteville Convention of 1789Provincial Congresses and ConstitutionNorth Carolina Provincial Congress (1774–1776: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th), Constitution of North Carolina (1776, 1835 Convention, 1861 Convention, 1868 redraft, 1875 Convention, Constitution of 1971)Notes: Prior to the Constitution of 1868: the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the House of Commons and the leader of the Senate was called the Speaker of the Senate.
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35°46′59.53″N 78°38′20.24″W / 35.7832028°N 78.6389556°W / 35.7832028; -78.6389556 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina State Legislative Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Legislative_Building"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"state government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"North Carolina State Legislative Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Legislative_Building"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capitol-1"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral"},{"link_name":"North Carolina House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncgastructure-2"},{"link_name":"term limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"vetoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States#In_state_government"}],"text":"Legislative branch of the state government of North CarolinaFor the building, see North Carolina State Legislative Building.The North Carolina General Assembly is the bicameral legislature of the state government of North Carolina. The legislature consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The General Assembly meets in the North Carolina State Legislative Building in Raleigh.[1]The General Assembly drafts and legislates the state laws of North Carolina, also known as the General Statutes. The General Assembly is a bicameral legislature, consisting of the North Carolina House of Representatives (formerly called the North Carolina House of Commons until 1868) and the North Carolina Senate. Since 1868, the House has had 120 members, while the Senate has had 50 members.[2] There are no term limits for either chamber.Both chambers have two-year terms and are currently controlled by the Republican Party, by three-fifths majority necessary to override vetoes.","title":"North Carolina General Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Province of Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Province of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"William Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drummond_(colonial_governor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Assembly-4"},{"link_name":"Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lords Proprietors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Proprietors"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albemarle-5"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"freeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_(real_property)"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tryon_Palace.JPG"},{"link_name":"Governor's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace,_New_Bern"},{"link_name":"New Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Colonial period","text":"See also: Province of Carolina and Province of North CarolinaThe North Carolina legislature traces its roots to the first assembly for the \"County of Albemarle\", which was convened in 1665 by Governor William Drummond.[3][4] Albemarle County was the portion of the British colony of Carolina (under the control of the \"Lords Proprietors\" before becoming a royal province in 1729) that would eventually become North Carolina.[5]From approximately 1666 to 1697, the governor, his council, and representatives of various precincts and towns, elected by male freeholders, sat together as a unicameral legislature. By 1697, this evolved into a bicameral body, with the governor and his council as the upper house, and the House of Burgesses as the elected lower house. The House, sometimes known simply as \"the Assembly\", could only meet when called by the governor, but it was allowed to set its own rules and to elect its own Speaker. The House also controlled the salary of the governor and withheld that salary when the governor displeased a majority of the House. Naturally, conflicts between the governor and the legislature were frequent.The Governor's Palace in New Bern is where the provincial era General Assembly met from 1770 until 1775.According to one early compilation of the \"Laws of North Carolina\",[6] the first \"General Biennial Assembly\" was held \"at the House of Capt. Richard Sanderson, at Little-River begun on the 17th day of November, 1715 and continued by several Adjournments, until the 19th Day of January, 1715 [sic]\".[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Carolina_State_House_watercolor_by_Glennie.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Carolina_State_House_-_William_Goodacre.jpg"},{"link_name":"provincial congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Provincial_Congress"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"fifth Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_North_Carolina_Provincial_Congress"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Carolina#Constitution_of_1776"},{"link_name":"United States Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Richard Caswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Caswell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitution1776-9"},{"link_name":"freedmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen"},{"link_name":"free men of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitution1776-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"North Carolina General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly_of_1777"},{"link_name":"Washington District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_District,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Southwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitution1776-9"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manual1913-11"},{"link_name":"Nat Turner's slave rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion"},{"link_name":"free people of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitution1776-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Carolina_State_Capitol,_Raleigh.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Convention of 1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Constitutional_Convention_of_1835"}],"sub_title":"Revolution and early statehood","text":"North Carolina State House 1794–1810North Carolina State House 1811–1831In 1774 and 1775, the people of the colony elected a provincial congress, independent of the royal governor, as the American Revolution began. Most of its members were also members of what would be the last House of Burgesses. There would be five provincial congresses. The fifth Congress approved the first constitution in 1776.With the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence, the United States became an independent nation with different legislatures in each colony. Because of the history of distrust of the executive, the North Carolina constitution firmly established the General Assembly, as it was now called, as the most powerful branch of the state government. The bicameral legislature, whose members would all be elected by the people, would itself elect all the officers of the executive and judicial branches. As William S. Powell wrote in North Carolina: A History, \"The legislative branch henceforth would have the upper hand. The governor would be the creature of the assembly, elected by it and removable by it. ... The governor could not take any important step without the advice and consent of the 'council of state,' and he had no voice in the appointment or removal of [council of state members].\"This constitution was not submitted to a vote of the people. The Congress simply adopted it and elected Richard Caswell, the last president of the Congress, as acting governor until the new legislature was elected and seated.[8][9] The constitution provided for more rights for freedmen and free men of color. The 9th Amendment on the 1776 constitution states, \"That no freeman shall be convicted of any crime, but by the unanimous verdict of a jury of good lawful men, in open court, as heretofore used.\"[9][10] Free men of color with sufficient property were allowed to vote.The first North Carolina General Assembly was convened on April 7, 1777, in New Bern, North Carolina. It consisted of Senate with one member from each county of 38 existing counties and one district (Washington District which later became part of the Southwest Territory and then Tennessee) and a House of Commons with two members representing each of the existing 38 counties, plus one member from each of the large towns/districts (Edenton, Halifax, Hillsborough, New Bern, Salisbury, and Wilmington Districts). Districts continued to be represented in the Senate until 1835. Only land-owning (100 acres (0.4 km2) for the House of Commons and 300 acres (1.2 km2) for the Senate), Protestant men could serve.[9]The first 18 General Assemblies met in various locations, including New Bern, Hillsboro, Halifax, Smithfield, and Wake Court House, Fayetteville. It was not until 1794 that the General Assembly met in the new state capital, Raleigh where it has met ever since.[11]Following Nat Turner's slave rebellion of 1831, the state legislature restricted many of the rights the 1776 Constitution provided for black people, making it illegal to teach a slave how to read or write. They also narrowed rights of free people of color, rescinding their franchise and the right to bear arms, and forbidding them from attending school or learning to read and write, as well as forbidding them from preaching in public.[12][9]North Carolina Capitol, home to the General Assembly from 1840 until 1963The Constitutional Convention of 1835 retained the 1776 Constitution, but made several amendments to it. Going forward, the governor would be elected by the people, but the legislature elected all other officials, including US Senators. Amendments set the number of senators at 50 and the number of commoners (representatives to the House) at 120. Senators were to be elected from districts representing approximately equal numbers of citizens, rather than by geographic counties. Members of the House were still elected by county, but more populous counties were entitled to more representatives.The North Carolina General Assembly met from 1861 to 1865 as part of the Confederate States of America.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Carolina#Constitution_of_1868"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"Henry Epps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Epps"},{"link_name":"Abraham H. Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Galloway"},{"link_name":"John A. Hyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Hyman"},{"link_name":"Parker D. Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_D._Robbins"},{"link_name":"Wilson Cary Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"John S. Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Leary"},{"link_name":"Isham Sweat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isham_Sweat"},{"link_name":"Cuffie Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuffie_Mayo"},{"link_name":"W. T. J. Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._T._J._Hayes"},{"link_name":"Ivey Hutchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivey_Hutchings"},{"link_name":"John S. W. Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._W._Eagles"},{"link_name":"George W. Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Price"},{"link_name":"Thomas A. Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Sykes"},{"link_name":"Red Shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shirts_(southern_United_States)"},{"link_name":"paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"poll taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax"},{"link_name":"literacy tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_test"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fusion-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-House-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senate-17"},{"link_name":"disenfranchised most black people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-19"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"}],"sub_title":"Reconstruction Era","text":"In 1868, a new constitution was passed by the Reconstruction era legislature, a biracial body dominated by Republicans. It changed the name of the House of Commons to the House of Representatives. It established the office of lieutenant governor. Previously, the speaker of the Senate was the constitutional successor to the governor in case of death or resignation. Property qualifications for holding office were abolished in order to enlarge opportunity. Finally, the legislature made executive officers and judges subject to popular election rather than appointment by the legislature.African-American men were first elected to the state legislature in 1868, including Henry Epps, Abraham H. Galloway, and John A. Hyman in the Senate and Parker D. Robbins, Wilson Cary Nicholas, B. W. Morris, A. W. Stevens, John S. Leary, Isham Sweat, Henry C. Cherry, John H. Williamson, A.A. Crawford, Cuffie Mayo, W. T. J. Hayes, Ivey Hutchings, John S. W. Eagles, George W. Price, Thomas A. Sykes, James H. Harris, William Cawthorn, and Richard Falkner in the House. Despite efforts by Red Shirts and other white Democratic paramilitary groups to disrupt Republican meetings and suppress black voting in order to ensure the Democratic takeover, some African Americans continued to be elected in the 19th century, especially to local offices. But shortly before the turn of the century, the Democrats regained control of the state legislature (after a biracial coalition between Republicans and Populists had briefly held power) and passed laws to create barriers to voter registration through poll taxes, literacy tests and other devices.[13][14][15][16][17]Applied subjectively by white administrators, these methods effectively disenfranchised most black people in the state. Black voters were eliminated by 1904. An estimated 75,000 black male citizens lost the vote.[18][19] African Americans were closed out of politics in North Carolina for decades, with most not regaining the ability to vote until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and federal overview and enforcement.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lillian Exum Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Exum_Clement"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"North Carolina State Legislative Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Legislative_Building"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norris-21"},{"link_name":"Reynolds v. Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims"},{"link_name":"one man, one vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_man,_one_vote"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"Lillian Exum Clement became the first female member of the General Assembly in 1921.[20]As was the case in other states where rural legislators hung on to power despite changes in state demographics, North Carolina eventually had to redefine its method of electing house members and to reapportion congressional seats, which was supposed to be done after every decennial census. At a time of civil rights legislation to end segregation (Civil Rights Act of 1964) and enforce the constitutional right to vote for African Americans and other ethnic groups (Voting Rights Act of 1965), the US Supreme Court made rulings that resulted in corrections to state legislature representation and apportionment in several states.In February 1963, the General Assembly began meeting in the North Carolina State Legislative Building.[21]Starting in 1966 (in the wake of Reynolds v. Sims, a US Supreme Court case establishing that the principle of one man, one vote) applied to state legislatures, members of the North Carolina State House were required to be elected from districts defined on the basis of roughly equal population, rather than on a geographic basis from the counties. The geographic system had resulted in a longstanding rural bias in the legislature. The new urban populations, including minorities and immigrants, were historically underrepresented in terms of legislative seats and funding, even as the state's population had become increasingly urbanized. The court's ruling required changes also in other states with similar practices. The changes allowed full representation for the first time from some urban and more densely settled areas. It also meant that counties with low populations were absorbed into larger constituencies rather than electing a resident member to the legislature.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitzer202184%E2%80%9385-22"}],"sub_title":"Recent history","text":"In 2001, the North Carolina Supreme Court ruled that multi-member legislative districts were unconstitutional.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fain1-23"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncgastructure-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013104-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby201396%E2%80%9397,_99-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013101,_165-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013100-27"},{"link_name":"citizen legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_legislature"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013103-33"}],"text":"The General Assembly has 170 elected members, with 120 members of the North Carolina House of Representatives and 50 members of the North Carolina Senate.[23] Each represents a district.[2] Each house has the sole power to judge the election and qualification of its own respective members.[24] Legislators' are elected biennially in even-numbered years. Their terms of office begin at the start of the January following the year of their election.[25] All legislators swear a state constitutionally-prescribed oath of office.[26] In the event of the vacancy of a seat, the governor is constitutionally obligated to appoint a person nominated by the previous incumbent's political party's respective district executive committee to fill the seat.[27]The assembly is styled after the citizen legislature model, with legislating considered a part-time job.[28][29][30] Members receive a base salary of $13,951 per year,[31] supplemented by per-diem payments and travel reimbursements.[32] Increases in legislative pay adopted by the assembly cannot take effect until after a succeeding election.[33]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"president pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Pro_Tempore_of_the_North_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperKnotts2012163-34"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013122-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_Carolina_Manual2011159-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby201399,_122-39"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperKnotts2012163-34"},{"link_name":"speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperKnotts2012163-34"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediabranch-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncpediabranch-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Each house of the legislature has eight leadership roles. The Senate's leadership is made up of the president of the Senate, president pro tempore, majority leader, majority whip, majority caucus chair, minority leader, minority whip, and minority caucus chair.[34] Per the constitution, the office of president of the Senate is held ex officio by the lieutenant governor.[35] In this capacity they direct the debate on bills and maintain order in that house,[36][37] but have little influence over its workflow.[38] They cannot cast a vote in the Senate except to break ties.[39] The president pro tempore is elected by the full Senate. They appoint the body's committees. All other leadership positions filled by the decision of party caucuses.[34]The leadership of House of Representatives is analogous to that in the Senate, except that in place of a president and president pro tempore, the body is led by a speaker and speaker pro tempore. The speaker is in charge of appointing the body's committees. Both officers are elected by the full house from among its members, with the rest determined by party caucuses.[34][a] In the event of an even political divide in the House, co-speakers may be elected in lieu of a single speaker.[41]Standing committees in each house consider introduced legislation, hold hearings, and offer amendments.[41] All bills are examined by a body's respective rules committee before being brought before a full house for a vote.[42]","title":"Structure and process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby201395%E2%80%9396-44"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013104-24"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncgastructure-2"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013104-24"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013106%E2%80%93107-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby201355-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013118-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013104,_108%E2%80%93109-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby201396-52"},{"link_name":"veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013101,_104%E2%80%93105-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperKnotts2012142-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013107-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperKnotts2012170-56"},{"link_name":"executive orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013107-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013117,_122-60"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013104-24"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperKnotts2012170-56"},{"link_name":"impeach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saenz-61"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013107-55"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anderson1-63"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013107-55"}],"text":"The constitution of North Carolina vests the state's legislative power in the General Assembly;[43] the General Assembly writes state laws/statutes.[24][2] Legislation in North Carolina can either be in the form of general laws or special/local laws. General laws apply to the entire state, while local laws apply only to specific counties or municipalities.[44][b] The constitution requires that all effective laws be styled \"The General Assembly of North Carolina enacts:\", with only the words following that phrase being legally operative.[24] The legally valid language of each passed bill is punctuated by the ratification certificate, consisting of the obligatory signatures of the presiding officers of each house.[46] The assembly has the power to levy taxes[47] and adopts the state budget.[48] The constitution enumerates unique procedure for the passing of revenue legislation; all revenue bills must be read three times with each reading occurring on a different day, journal records of votes must include the name of each legislator and how they voted, and all revenue bills must appropriate money for a specific purpose.[49] The legislative power of the assembly must be exercised by the whole body and not devolved upon a portion of the whole, and actions taken during one session of the assembly can be undone by a succeeding session.[50] The governor signs bills passed by the General Assembly of which they approve into law and are empowered to veto bills of which they disapprove.[51] A veto can be overridden by a three-fifths majority vote of the assembly.[52] Local bills and congressional and legislative reapportionment decisions are not subject to gubernatorial veto. Aside from regular legislation, the two houses of the General Assembly can also issue joint resolutions which are not subject to veto.[53]The assembly wields oversight authority over the state's administrative bureaucracy.[54] It can alter gubernatorial executive orders concerning the organization of state agencies by joint resolution.[53] Its Joint Legislative Commission on Governmental Operations has the authority to seize state agency documents and inspect facilities of agencies and contractors with the state.[55] All legislative committees are empowered to subpoena the testimony of witnesses and documents.[56][57] The constitution allows for the General Assembly to provide for the filling of executive offices not already provided for in the constitution.[58] The body is also empowered to resolve contested elections for state executive officers by joint ballot.[24] Its advice and consent is required for the installation of some state agency heads. The assembly can also influence the bureaucracy through its power to create for dissolve agencies or countermand administrative rules by writing laws and by its decisions in appropriations.[54] The constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach elected state officials by simple majority vote. In the event an official is impeached, the Senate holds a trial, and can convict an official by two-thirds majority vote and remove them from office.[59] The General Assembly can also, by a two-thirds majority vote, determine the governor or a judge mentally or physically incapable of serving.[53]The General Assembly has the sole power to propose amendments to the state constitution.[60] If a proposed amendment receives the support of three-fifths of the House and the Senate, it is scheduled for ratification by a statewide referendum. State constitutional amendments and state legislative votes on the ratification of federal constitutional amendments are not subject to gubernatorial veto.[61][53]","title":"Powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of North Carolina state legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_state_legislatures"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCGAsessions-64"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncgastructure-2"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013120%E2%80%93121-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013101,_125-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCGAsessions-64"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncgastructure-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013104-24"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013103-33"},{"link_name":"public records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_records"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"See also: List of North Carolina state legislaturesThe General Assembly's sessions are convened according to standards prescribed by the state constitution and state statute.[62] The General Assembly meets in regular session—or the \"long session\"—beginning in January of each odd-numbered year, and adjourns to reconvene the following even-numbered year for what is called the \"short session\". Though there is no limit on the length of any session, the \"long session\" typically lasts for 6 months, and the \"short session\" typically lasts for 6 weeks.[2] The governor may call the General Assembly into extraordinary session after consulting the Council of State and is required to convene the assembly in specific circumstances to review vetoed legislation.[63] A majority of the Council of State can call the legislature into session to consider the governor's mental capacity to serve.[64]A basic majority of the members of a house constitute a quorum to do business.[62] When in session, both Houses of the legislature typically meet on Monday evenings and in the middle of the day on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. Legislative committees usually convene in the mornings and late afternoons.[2] Both houses are empowered to temporarily adjourn for three days or less at their own discretion.[24] The proceedings of each house are constitutionally-required to be reported in official journals and published at the end of each session.[33] The records of individual lawmakers are not subject to the state's public records law.[65]","title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Carolina_Legislative_Office_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncgastructure-2"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"North Carolina General Assembly Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly_Police"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"North Carolina Legislative Office Building in RaleighAdministrative support of the General Assembly is overseen by the Legislative Services Commission, a panel comprising five members of each house.[2] As of October 2023, the assembly relies on over 600 support staff who work in the Legislative Building and the Legislative Office Building.[66] Every legislator is assigned at least one legislative assistant or clerk, who manage legislators' schedules, manage communications with constituents, and offer advice on policy issues. Some legislators employ additional staff.[67] The General Assembly's members and facilities are guarded by the North Carolina General Assembly Police.[68]","title":"Administration and support agencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013102-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthNewby2013111-46"}],"text":"^ The selection of a speaker from among the House's members is not strictly constitutionally required, but thus far has been the case.[40]\n\n^ State jurisprudence is not exact on the delineation between and general and local legislation, though since 1987 state courts have judged whether a law affects \"general public interests and concerns\" to determine its status.[45]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redistricting and Gerrymandering in North Carolina: Battlelines in the Tar Heel State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RQlDEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783030807474","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030807474"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Government, 1585-1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/northcarolinagov1975nort"},{"link_name":"The New Politics of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FaQKnGIU-TwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4696-0658-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-0658-3"},{"link_name":"Minutes of the Provincial Congress of North Carolina, North Carolina. Provincial Congress, November 12, 1776 - December 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr10-0442"},{"link_name":"\"Legislative Documents of the North Carolina General Assemblies, 1777-2018\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.carolana.com/NC/Legislators/Documents/"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sosnc.gov/static_forms/publications/nc_manual/2011_2012/Council_Of_State_Executive.pdf"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2623953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2623953"},{"link_name":"The North Carolina State Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oZlpAgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-930065-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-930065-5"}],"text":"Iredell, James (1791), Laws of the State of North Carolina, Edenton: Hodge & Wills\nBitzer, J. Michael (2021). Redistricting and Gerrymandering in North Carolina: Battlelines in the Tar Heel State. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030807474.\nCheney, John L. Jr. (1974). North Carolina Government, 1585-1974.\nCooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs, eds. (2012). The New Politics of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-0658-3.\nCongress (1776). Minutes of the Provincial Congress of North Carolina, North Carolina. Provincial Congress, November 12, 1776 - December 23. Vol. 10. pp. 913–1003.\nLewis, J. D. \"Legislative Documents of the North Carolina General Assemblies, 1777-2018\". carolana.com. Retrieved November 19, 2019.\nNorth Carolina Manual (PDF). Raleigh: North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State. 2011. OCLC 2623953.\nOrth, John V.; Newby, Paul M. (2013). The North Carolina State Constitution (second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-930065-5.","title":"Works cited"}] | [{"image_text":"The Governor's Palace in New Bern is where the provincial era General Assembly met from 1770 until 1775.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tryon_Palace.JPG/220px-Tryon_Palace.JPG"},{"image_text":"North Carolina State House 1794–1810","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/North_Carolina_State_House_watercolor_by_Glennie.jpg/220px-North_Carolina_State_House_watercolor_by_Glennie.jpg"},{"image_text":"North Carolina State House 1811–1831","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/North_Carolina_State_House_-_William_Goodacre.jpg/220px-North_Carolina_State_House_-_William_Goodacre.jpg"},{"image_text":"North Carolina Capitol, home to the General Assembly from 1840 until 1963","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/North_Carolina_State_Capitol%2C_Raleigh.jpg/220px-North_Carolina_State_Capitol%2C_Raleigh.jpg"},{"image_text":"North Carolina Legislative Office Building in Raleigh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/North_Carolina_Legislative_Office_Building.jpg/220px-North_Carolina_Legislative_Office_Building.jpg"}] | [{"title":"North Carolina State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Capitol"},{"title":"List of North Carolina state legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_state_legislatures"},{"title":"North Carolina Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Council_of_State"},{"title":"Prepared Meals Tax in North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepared_Meals_Tax_in_North_Carolina"}] | [{"reference":"\"State Capitol of NC\". NC Department of Cultural Resources. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080418222124/http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/capitol/stat_cap/default.htm","url_text":"\"State Capitol of NC\""},{"url":"http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/capitol/stat_cap/default.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly\". Official North Carolina General Assembly Website. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncleg.gov/Help/Topic/232","url_text":"\"Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marker: A-13, First Assembly in Albemarle County\". Ncmarkers.com. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?MarkerId=A-13","url_text":"\"Marker: A-13, First Assembly in Albemarle County\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, William S., ed. (1958). Ye Countie of Albemarle in Carolina: A Collection of Documents, 1664-1675.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baxley, Laura Young Baxley; Powell, William S. (2006). \"Albemarle County\". Retrieved November 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/albemarle-county","url_text":"\"Albemarle County\""}]},{"reference":"William S. Powell (1988). North Carolina: A History. University of North Carolina Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/northcarolinathr00wil_xza","url_text":"North Carolina: A History"}]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina Constitution of 1776\". Yale Law School. 1776. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/nc07.asp","url_text":"\"North Carolina Constitution of 1776\""}]},{"reference":"\"9th Amendment to the 1776 North Carolina Constitutions\".","urls":[{"url":"http://lonang.com/library/organic/1776-ncr/","url_text":"\"9th Amendment to the 1776 North Carolina Constitutions\""}]},{"reference":"Connor, R.D.D. (1913). A Manual of North Carolina (PDF). Raleigh: North Carolina Historical Commission. p. 453–. Retrieved April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carolana.com/NC/NC_Manuals/NC_Manual_1913.pdf","url_text":"A Manual of North Carolina"}]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina legislation\". Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026160134/http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newnation/5252","url_text":"\"North Carolina legislation\""},{"url":"http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newnation/5252","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kousser, J. Morgan (1974). The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale Historical Publications. p. 104.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina History Project \"Fusion Politics\". northcarolinahistory.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/58/entry","url_text":"\"North Carolina History Project \"Fusion Politics\""}]},{"reference":"\"The North Carolina Collection, UNC Libraries, The North Carolina Election of 1898\". lib.unc.edu. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090427010250/http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/1898/1898.html","url_text":"\"The North Carolina Collection, UNC Libraries, The North Carolina Election of 1898\""},{"url":"http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/1898/1898.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, J.D. \"North Carolina House of Representatives, 1868\". carolana.com. Retrieved November 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carolana.com/NC/1800s/nc_1800s_house_1868-1869.html","url_text":"\"North Carolina House of Representatives, 1868\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, J.D. \"North Carolina State Senate, 1868\". carolana.com. Retrieved November 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carolana.com/NC/1800s/nc_1800s_senate_1868-1869.html","url_text":"\"North Carolina State Senate, 1868\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Albert, ed. (July–December 1900). \"The American Monthly Review of Reviews\". Review of Reviews. XXII: 274.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011803528&view=1up&seq=286&size=125","url_text":"\"The American Monthly Review of Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Step\". Our State. April 28, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourstate.com/lillian-exum-clement/","url_text":"\"First Step\""}]},{"reference":"Norris, David A. (2006). \"General Assembly\". NCPedia. North Carolina Government & Heritage Library. Retrieved November 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/general-assembly","url_text":"\"General Assembly\""}]},{"reference":"Fain, Travis (January 27, 2023). \"Bills filed, votes to come. Here's how your NC General Assembly works\". WRAL-TV. Capitol Broadcasting Company. Retrieved November 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wral.com/story/bills-filed-votes-to-come-here-s-how-your-nc-general-assembly-works/20692413/","url_text":"\"Bills filed, votes to come. Here's how your NC General Assembly works\""}]},{"reference":"Osborne, Molly (July 28, 2023). \"Does North Carolina have a full-time legislature?\". North Carolina Center for Public Policy Research. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nccppr.org/north-carolina-full-time-legislature/","url_text":"\"Does North Carolina have a full-time legislature?\""}]},{"reference":"Vitaglione, Grace (September 20, 2023). \"NC politics still a tough play for millennials and Gen Z\". Carolina Public Press. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://carolinapublicpress.org/61623/nc-politics-still-a-tough-play-for-millennials-and-gen-z/","url_text":"\"NC politics still a tough play for millennials and Gen Z\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Brian (March 12, 2022). \"NC lawmakers set record with long session. None like it, but what's the solution?\". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article259275084.html","url_text":"\"NC lawmakers set record with long session. None like it, but what's the solution?\""}]},{"reference":"Norcross, Jack (May 18, 2022). \"North Carolina legislators among lowest paid in the US\". WCNC Charlotte. WCNC-TV. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcnc.com/article/news/local/connect-the-dots/north-carolina-general-assembly-salary-explainer-connect-the-dots-lawmakers-senate-house-of-representatives/275-626f4ece-6dcb-404b-987e-877ce4d97b79","url_text":"\"North Carolina legislators among lowest paid in the US\""}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, Dawn Baumgartner (February 14, 2023). \"How do NC lawmakers compare to the rest of the state's population? What the data shows\". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article271897427.html","url_text":"\"How do NC lawmakers compare to the rest of the state's population? What the data shows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lieutenant Governor\". North Carolina General Assembly. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncleg.gov/Help/Topic/73","url_text":"\"Lieutenant Governor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lt. Gov. Dan Forest\". WRAL. Capitol Broadcasting Company. January 9, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wral.com/lt-gov-dan-forest-/11958910/","url_text":"\"Lt. Gov. Dan Forest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legislative Branch\". NCPedia. North Carolina Government & Heritage Library. Retrieved November 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/government/state/legislative","url_text":"\"Legislative Branch\""}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, Dawn Baumgartner (January 20, 2023). \"These are the most powerful people deciding what bills become law in North Carolina\". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article270966782.html","url_text":"\"These are the most powerful people deciding what bills become law in North Carolina\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, David M. (2007). \"The County as a Body Politic and Corporate\". NCPedia. North Carolina Government & Heritage Library. Retrieved November 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ncpedia.org/government/local/body-politic","url_text":"\"The County as a Body Politic and Corporate\""}]},{"reference":"Fain, Travis (November 10, 2023). \"State agencies' plan for legislature's new investigation powers: Ask a lawyer\". WRAL-TV. Capitol Broadcasting Company. Retrieved November 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wral.com/story/state-agencies-plan-for-legislature-s-new-investigation-powers-ask-a-lawyer/21143080/","url_text":"\"State agencies' plan for legislature's new investigation powers: Ask a lawyer\""}]},{"reference":"Fain, Travis (February 20, 2018). \"General Assembly leaders hint at subpoena over pipeline fund\". WRAL-TV. Capitol Broadcasting Company. Retrieved November 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wral.com/story/general-assembly-leaders-hint-at-subpoena-over-pipeline-fund/17357183/","url_text":"\"General Assembly leaders hint at subpoena over pipeline fund\""}]},{"reference":"Broughton, Melissa (February 24, 2017). \"As senators subpoena Cooper cabinet pick, experts weigh legal options, potential outcomes\". NC Newsline. Retrieved November 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ncnewsline.com/2017/02/24/senators-subpoena-cooper-cabinet-pick-experts-weigh-legal-options-potential-outcomes/","url_text":"\"As senators subpoena Cooper cabinet pick, experts weigh legal options, potential outcomes\""}]},{"reference":"Sáenz, Hunter (February 11, 2021). \"VERIFY: Is there an impeachment process in North Carolina?\". WCNC Charlotte. WCNC-TV. Retrieved November 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcnc.com/article/news/verify/verify-is-there-an-impeachment-process-in-north-carolina/275-4bc30724-ded1-440d-a9e4-ce3f42f08ae6","url_text":"\"VERIFY: Is there an impeachment process in North Carolina?\""}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Steve (August 9, 2023). \"Could North Carolina voters change the process for adopting constitutional amendments? Check out the various practices\". Fox 8 WGHP. Nexstar Media Group. Retrieved November 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://myfox8.com/news/north-carolina/could-north-carolina-voters-change-the-process-for-adopting-constitutional-amendments-check-out-the-various-practices/","url_text":"\"Could North Carolina voters change the process for adopting constitutional amendments? Check out the various practices\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Bryan (March 16, 2023). \"Cooper's Veto Predicament\". The Assembly. Retrieved March 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theassemblync.com/politics/roy-cooper-veto-power/","url_text":"\"Cooper's Veto Predicament\""}]},{"reference":"\"When is the General Assembly in Session?\". North Carolina General Assembly. Retrieved November 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncleg.gov/Help/Topic/35","url_text":"\"When is the General Assembly in Session?\""}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, Dawn Baumgartner (October 16, 2023). \"How 'a couple of very powerful individuals' gave themselves more power in NC budget\". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article279843984.html","url_text":"\"How 'a couple of very powerful individuals' gave themselves more power in NC budget\""}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, Dawn Baumgartner; Raynor, David (October 27, 2023). \"How much do NC General Assembly employees make? What raises did they get? See the data\". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article280692825.html","url_text":"\"How much do NC General Assembly employees make? What raises did they get? See the data\""}]},{"reference":"Lu, Jazper (July 27, 2023). \"Are NC legislators allowed to date staff members? Here's what their rules say\". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article276703771.html","url_text":"\"Are NC legislators allowed to date staff members? Here's what their rules say\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Thomasi (September 12, 2017). \"Why is there a special police car parked each day in front of the General Assembly?\". The News & Observer. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/crime/article172833336.html","url_text":"\"Why is there a special police car parked each day in front of the General Assembly?\""}]},{"reference":"Iredell, James (1791), Laws of the State of North Carolina, Edenton: Hodge & Wills","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bitzer, J. Michael (2021). Redistricting and Gerrymandering in North Carolina: Battlelines in the Tar Heel State. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030807474.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RQlDEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Redistricting and Gerrymandering in North Carolina: Battlelines in the Tar Heel State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030807474","url_text":"9783030807474"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, John L. Jr. (1974). North Carolina Government, 1585-1974.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/northcarolinagov1975nort","url_text":"North Carolina Government, 1585-1974"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs, eds. (2012). The New Politics of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-0658-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FaQKnGIU-TwC","url_text":"The New Politics of North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-0658-3","url_text":"978-1-4696-0658-3"}]},{"reference":"Congress (1776). Minutes of the Provincial Congress of North Carolina, North Carolina. Provincial Congress, November 12, 1776 - December 23. Vol. 10. pp. 913–1003.","urls":[{"url":"https://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr10-0442","url_text":"Minutes of the Provincial Congress of North Carolina, North Carolina. Provincial Congress, November 12, 1776 - December 23"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, J. D. \"Legislative Documents of the North Carolina General Assemblies, 1777-2018\". carolana.com. Retrieved November 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carolana.com/NC/Legislators/Documents/","url_text":"\"Legislative Documents of the North Carolina General Assemblies, 1777-2018\""}]},{"reference":"North Carolina Manual (PDF). Raleigh: North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State. 2011. OCLC 2623953.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sosnc.gov/static_forms/publications/nc_manual/2011_2012/Council_Of_State_Executive.pdf","url_text":"North Carolina Manual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2623953","url_text":"2623953"}]},{"reference":"Orth, John V.; Newby, Paul M. (2013). The North Carolina State Constitution (second ed.). Oxford University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaecyparis_nootkatensis | Callitropsis nootkatensis | ["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Ecology","5 Uses","5.1 Construction","5.2 Landscaping","6 In Indigenous culture","7 Gallery","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Species of conifer
Callitropsis nootkatensis
Foliage and green cone, Mount Rainier National Park
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Apparently Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Gymnospermae
Division:
Pinophyta
Class:
Pinopsida
Order:
Cupressales
Family:
Cupressaceae
Genus:
CallitropsisOerst.
Species:
C. nootkatensis
Binomial name
Callitropsis nootkatensis(D.Don) Oerst.
Natural range of Callitropsis nootkatensis
Synonyms
Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Oerst. ex D.P.Little
Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Florin
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Sudw.
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D.Don) Spach
Chamaecyparis nutkaensis Lindl. & Gordon
Cupressus americana Trautv.
Cupressus nootkatensis D.Don
Cupressus nutkatensis Hook.
Thuja excelsa Bong.
Thujopsis borealis Carrière
Thujopsis cupressoides Carrière
Thujopsis tchugatskoyae Carrière
Xanthocyparis nootkatensis (D.Don) Farjon & D.K.Harder
Callitropsis nootkatensis, formerly known as Cupressus nootkatensis (syn. Xanthocyparis nootkatensis, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), is a species of tree in the cypress family native to the coastal regions of northwestern North America. This species goes by many common names including: Nootka cypress, yellow cypress, Alaska cypress, Nootka cedar, yellow cedar, Alaska cedar, and Alaska yellow cedar. The specific epithet nootkatensis is derived from the species being from the area of Nootka Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. Both locations are named for the older European name Nootka, given the Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation.
Description
Callitropsis nootkatensis is an evergreen conifer growing up to 40 meters (131 ft) tall, exceptionally 60 m (200 ft), with diameters up to 3.4 to 4 m (11 to 13 ft). The bark is thin, smooth and purplish when young, turning flaky and gray. The branches are commonly pendulous, with foliage in flat sprays and dark green scale-leaves measuring 3–5 millimeters (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) long. The cones, maturing biannually, have 4 (occasionally 6) scales, and resemble the cones of Cupressus lusitanica (another species which can show foliage in flat sprays), except being somewhat smaller, typically 8–14 mm (5⁄16–9⁄16 in) in diameter; each scale has a pointed triangular bract about 1.5–2 mm long, again similar to other Cupressus and unlike the crescent-shaped, non-pointed bract on the scales of Chamaecyparis cones. The winged seeds are small, thus dispersing at a close range; additionally, only a small percentage is viable.
The Caren Range on the west coast of British Columbia is home to the oldest Nootka cypress specimens in the world, with one specimen found to be 1,834 years old; some specimens may be over 3,000 years old.
Callitropsis nootkatensis is one of the parents of the hybrid Leyland cypress; the other parent, Monterey cypress (Hesperocyparis macrocarpa), was also considered to be in the genus Cupressus, but in the North American Hesperocyparis clade, which has generally been found to be phylogenetically closer to C. nootkatensis than the Old World clade Cupressus sensu stricto.
Taxonomy
First described in the genus Cupressus as Cupressus nootkatensis in 1824 based on a specimen collected "ad Sinum Nootka dictum", which translates to "said Bay of Nootka". It was transferred to Chamaecyparis in 1841 on the basis of its foliage being in flattened sprays, as in other Chamaecyparis, but unlike most (though not all) other Cupressus species. However, this placement does not fit with the morphology and phenology of the cones, which are far more like Cupressus, maturing in two years rather than one. Genetic evidence, published by Gadek et al., strongly supported its return to Cupressus and exclusion from Chamaecyparis.
Farjon et al. (2002) transferred it to a new genus Xanthocyparis, together with the newly discovered Vietnamese golden cypress (Xanthocyparis vietnamensis); this species is remarkably similar to Nootka cypress and the treatment has many arguments in its favour, as while they are not related to Chamaecyparis, neither do they fit fully in Cupressus despite the many similarities.
Little et al. confirmed this relationship with further evidence and pointed out that an earlier nomenclatural combination in the genus Callitropsis existed, as Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Oerst., published in 1864 but overlooked or ignored by other subsequent authors. Little et al. therefore synonymised Xanthocyparis with Callitropsis, the correct name for these species under the ICBN when treated in a distinct genus. The name Xanthocyparis has now been proposed for conservation, and the 2011 International Botanical Congress followed that recommendation.
In 2010, Mao et al. performed a more detailed molecular analysis and placed Nootka cypress back in Cupressus. This was disputed, as the tree would compose a monophyletic subgenus, but the Gymnosperm Database suggested that it could comprise a monotypic genus as Callitropsis nootkatensis.
In 2021, a molecular study by Stull et al. found the species to indeed belong to the distinct genus Callitropsis and recovered this as the sister genus to Hesperocyparis. The clade comprising both was found to be sister to Xanthocyparis (containing only the Vietnamese golden cypress), and the clade containing the three genera was found to be sister to a clade containing Juniperus and Cupressus sensu stricto.
Distribution and habitat
The species grows in moist areas of coastal mountains of the Pacific Northwest, including those of the Cascades, from the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska to the Klamath Mountains in northernmost California. It can be found at elevations higher than those reached by Thuja plicata (western redcedar), sometimes in a krummholz form, and even occupying very rocky sites (near the California-Oregon border). It can be found at elevations of 600 to 750 m (1,970 to 2,460 ft) in Southeast Alaska and between 750 and 2,000 m (2,460 and 6,560 ft) from coastal British Columbia into Oregon. Isolated groves near Nelson, British Columbia, and John Day, Oregon, may be the descendants of local populations dating to the Last Glacial Period.
Ecology
The tree benefits from annual precipitation exceeding 150 centimeters (59 in), particularly in deep snow though with temperatures not often dropping below −18 °C (0 °F). Snow tends not to break the flexible branches. It is shade tolerant, but less so than associated mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), and grows slowly. Anti-fungal chemicals within the tree aid in its longevity. It is also rarely afflicted by insects, although is susceptible to heart rot.
In Alaska, where the tree is primarily referred to as "yellow cedar," extensive research has been conducted into large-scale die-offs of yellow cedar stands. These studies have concluded that the tree has depended upon heavy coastal snowpacks to insulate its shallow roots from cold Arctic winters. The impacts of climate change have resulted in thinner, less-persistent snowpacks, in turn causing increased susceptibility to freeze damage. This mortality has been observed over 7% of the species range, covering approximately 10 degrees of latitude from northern southeast Alaska to southern British Columbia. Substantial future mortality is likely due to warming temperatures and decreasing snowpacks. The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service is reviewing whether to designate the species as threatened or endangered.
Uses
See also: Indigenous uses of yellow cedar
Cultivated specimens at Morton Arboretum
The Nootka cypress is used extensively by the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, along with another cypress, Thuja plicata (western redcedar). While the wood and inner bark of western redcedar was preferred for larger projects like houses and canoes, the stronger inner bark of Nootka cypress was used for smaller vessels and utensils, including canoe paddles and baskets, as well as thread for clothing and blankets.
This species has been considered to be one of the finest timber trees in the world and has been exported to China during the last century. The wood has been used for flooring, interior finish and shipbuilding.
The tree has extreme heartwood qualities that make it one of the most desired sources of firewood on the West Coast. It burns very hot and lasts a long time as embers. A tree can still be used for firewood up to 100 years after its death.
Construction
The various physical properties of the wood make it an attractive material for both general construction and boatbuilding. Due to its slow growth it is hard and, like other cypress woods, it is durable; it therefore offers good dimensional stability and is resistant to weather, insects, and contact with soil. It works easily with hand or machine tools, turning and carving quite well. It can be fastened with glues, screws, and nails. Nootka cypress's texture, uniform color, and straight grain will take a fine finish. It resists splintering and wears smoothly over time. When fresh cut it has a somewhat unpleasant bitter scent, but when seasoned it has barely any discernible odor, hence its traditional use in face masks.
Due to its expense, it is used mainly for finished carpentry. Typical uses include exterior siding, shingles, decking, exposed beams, glue-laminated beams, paneling, cabinetry, and millwork. In historic preservation it can be used as a substitute for Thuja plicata (western redcedar) and Taxodium distichum (bald cypress), due to current difficulties in obtaining quality timber of those species due to environmental concern and past over-exploitation, although this applies equally to Nootka cypress.
Other uses for Nootka cypress include saunas, and battery containers due to its resistance to acids. Traditionally, paddles, masks, dishes, and bows were made from the wood.
Landscaping
The drooping branchlets give the tree a graceful weeping appearance. It makes an attractive specimen tree in parks and open spaces. It can also be used as a tall hedge. It will grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 5-9, but can be difficult to grow. Best growth is in light or heavy soil, preferably well drained, and in climates with cool summers. It prefers semi-shade to full sun. It can also be used in bonsai.
Under the synonym Xanthocyparis nootkatensis the cultivar C. nootkatensis 'Pendula' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
In Indigenous culture
A legend amongst the Nootka peoples of the Hesquiaht First Nation tells of the origins of the Nootka cypress. In the legend, a raven encounters three young women drying salmon on the beach. He asks the women if they are afraid of being alone, or of bears, wolves, and other animals. Each woman responded "no". But when asked about owls, the women were indeed afraid of owls. Hearing this, the trickster raven hid in the forests, and made the calls of an owl. The terrified women ran up the mountains, but turned into Nootka cypress trees when they were out of breath. According to the Nootka, this is why Nootka cypress grows on the sides of mountains, and also why the bark is silky like a woman's hair, and the young trunk is smooth like a woman's body.
In Tlingit culture the story of Natsilane describes how a Nootka cypress was used to carve the world's first killer whale.
Gallery
Mature individual with foliage in flat sprays hanging from branches
Cone detail
Seeds
Bark
C. nootkatensis 'Glauca'
References
^ Farjon, A. 2013. Xanthocyparis nootkatensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44029A2991690. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T44029A2991690.en. Accessed on 11 April 2023.
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0".
^ The Plant List, Xanthocyparis nootkatensis
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) . Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 162–168. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
^ Gymnosperm Database
^ Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2014). "Xanthocyparis nootkatensis". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia . Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
^ Giblin, David, ed. (2015). "Callitropsis nootkatensis". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
^ "Callitropsis nootkatensis". Jepson eFlora: Taxon page. Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
^ a b Mao, K.; Hao, G.; Liu, J.; Adams, R.P.; Milne, R.I. (2010). "Diversification and biogeography of Juniperus (Cupressaceae): variable diversification rates and multiple intercontinental dispersals". New Phytologist. 188 (1): 254–272.
^ Garland, M. A.; Moore, G. (2012). "× Hesperotropsis, a new nothogenus for intergeneric crosses between Hesperocyparis and Callitropsis (Cupressaceae), and a review of the complicated nomenclatural history of the Leyland cypress". Taxon. 61 (3): 667–670. doi:10.1002/tax.613015.
^ Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. 2000. Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. American Journal of Botany 87: 1044–1057. Abstract Archived 2008-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ Little, D. P., Schwarzbach, A. E., Adams, R. P. & Hsieh, Chang-Fu. 2004. The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis and the newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupressaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (11): 1872–1881. Abstract Archived 2010-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Farjon, A., Hiep, N. T., Harder, D. K., Loc, P. K., & Averyanov, L. 2002. A new genus and species in the Cupressaceae (Coniferales) from northern Vietnam, Xanthocyparis vietnamensis. Novon 12: 179–189.
^ Mill, R. R. and Farjon, A. (2006). Proposal to conserve the name Xanthocyparis against Callitropsis Oerst. (Cupressaceeae). Taxon 55(1): 229-231.
^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Cupressus". The Gymnosperm Database.
^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Cupressus nootkatensis". The Gymnosperm Database.
^ Stull, G. W.; Qu, X.-J.; Parins-Fukuchi, C.; Yang, Y.-Y.; Yang, J.-B.; Yang, Z.-Y.; Hu, Y.; Ma, H.; Soltis, P.S.; Soltis, D.E.; Li, D.-Z. (2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 34282286. S2CID 236141481.
^ Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Cupressus nootkatensis". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Cupressus nootkatensis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
^ "Yellow-cedar are dying in Alaska; scientists now know why". Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. February 1, 2012.
^ Rosen, Yereth (November 26, 2016). "New mapping shows extent of yellow-cedar die-off in Alaska; analysis forecasts big losses in the future". Anchorage Daily News.
^ "Yellow cedar (Calliptropsis nootkatensis)". ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
^ Soley, Theresa (30 September 2016). "Endangered Alaska tree? Rapidly dying yellow cedar may be listed". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
^ La Ganga, Maria L. (10 April 2015). "Alaska yellow cedar closer to Endangered Species Act protection". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1934). Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, p. 30
^ "Xanthocyparis nootkatensis 'Pendula'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 108. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
^ Stewart, Hilary. (1984). Cedar: tree of life to the Northwest Coast Indians. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 0-88894-437-3.
Further reading
Zsolt Debreczy, Istvan Racz (2012). Kathy Musial (ed.). Conifers Around the World (1st ed.). DendroPress. p. 1089. ISBN 978-9632190617.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Cupressus nootkatensis (category)
Data related to Cupressus nootkatensis at Wikispecies
vteExtant Cupressaceae speciesSubfamily AthrotaxidoideaeAthrotaxis
A. cupressoides
A. selaginoides
A. laxifolia
Subfamily CallitroideaeActinostrobus
A. acuminatus
A. arenarius
A. pyramidalis
Austrocedrus
A. chilensis
Callitris
C. baileyi
C. canescens
C. columellaris
C. drummondii
C. endlicheri
C. macleayana
C. monticola
C. muelleri
C. neocaledonica
C. oblonga
C. preissii
C. rhomboidea
C. roei
C. sulcata
C. verrucosa
Diselma
D. archeri
Fitzroya
F. cupressoides
Libocedrus
L. austrocaledonicus
L. bidwillii
L. chevalieri
L. plumosa
L. yateensis
Neocallitropsis
N. pancheri
Papuacedrus
P. papuana
Pilgerodendron
P. uviferum
Widdringtonia
W. cedarbergensis
W. nodiflora
W. schwarzii
W. whytei
Subfamily CunninghamioideaeCunninghamia
C. konishii
C. lanceolata
Subfamily CupressoideaeCallitropsis
C. nootkatensis
Calocedrus
C. decurrens
C. formosana
C. macrolepis
C. rupestris
Chamaecyparis
C. formosensis
C. lawsoniana
C. obtusa
C. pisifera
C. taiwanensis
C. thyoides
Cupressus
C. atlantica
C. austrotibetica
C. cashmeriana
C. chengiana
C. duclouxiana
C. dupreziana
C. funebris
C. gigantea
C. sempervirens
C. tonkinensis
C. torulosa
C. vietnamensis
Hesperocyparis
H. abramsiana
H. arizonica
H. bakeri
H. benthamii
H. forbesii
H. glabra
H. goveniana
H. guadalupensis
H. lusitanica
H. macnabiana
H. macrocarpa
H. montana
H. nevadensis
H. pygmaea
H. revealiana
H. sargentii
H. stephensonii
Fokienia
F. hodginsii
JuniperusSection Juniperus
J. brevifolia
J. cedrus
J. communis
J. conferta
J. drupacea
J. formosana
J. lutchuensis
J. macrocarpa
J. oxycedrus
J. rigida
Section SabinaOld World Species:
J. chinensis
J. convallium
J. excelsa
J. foetidissima
J. indica
J. komarovii
J. phoenicea
J. pingii
J. procera
J. procumbens
J. pseudosabina
J. recurva
J. sabina
J. saltuaria
J. semiglobosa
J. squamata
J. thurifera
J. tibetica
J. wallichiana
New World Species:
J. angosturana
J. ashei
J. arizonica
J. barbadensis
J. bermudiana
J. blancoi
J. californica
J. coahuilensis
J. comitana
J. deppeana
J. durangensis
J. flaccida
J. gamboana
J. horizontalis
J. jaliscana
J. monosperma
J. monticola
J. occidentalis
J. osteosperma
J. pinchotii
J. saltillensis
J. scopulorum
J. standleyi
J. virginiana
J. zanoniiMicrobiota
M. decussata
Platycladus
P. orientalis
Tetraclinis
T. articulata
Thuja
T. koraiensis
T. occidentalis
T. plicata
T. standishii
T. sutchuenensis
Thujopsis
T. dolabrata
Xanthocyparis
X. vietnamensis
Subfamily SequoioideaeMetasequoia
M. glyptostroboides
Sequoia
S. sempervirens
Sequoiadendron
S. giganteum
Subfamily TaiwanioideaeTaiwania
T. cryptomerioides
Subfamily TaxodioideaeCryptomeria
C. japonica
Glyptostrobus
G. pensilis
Taxodium
T. ascendens
T. distichum
T. mucronatum
Taxon identifiersCallitropsis nootkatensis
Wikidata: Q23707222
Calflora: 10729
CoL: 68W2N
CNPS: 455
FEIS: calnoo
GBIF: 5284235
GRIN: 447594
IPNI: 60450448-2
ITIS: 822596
IUCN: 44029
NCBI: 85954
Open Tree of Life: 603160
PLANTS: CANO9
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60450448-2
Tropicos: 50301454
VASCAN: 4700
Cupressus nootkatensis
Wikidata: Q17275264
Wikispecies: Cupressus nootkatensis
Calflora: 10729
CoL: 32FXH
CNPS: 3316
Conifers.org: Cupressus_nootkatensis
GBIF: 2683903
GRIN: 12663
iNaturalist: 126792
IPNI: 261952-1
IRMNG: 11345322
ITIS: 183452
NZOR: d342d502-0d36-481b-9d11-92101e4f5d60
Plant List: kew-2748751
PLANTS: CUNO
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:261952-1
Tropicos: 9400007
uBio: 4963809
VASCAN: 14907
WFO: wfo-0000630759
Xanthocyparis nootkatensis
Wikidata: Q163811
CoL: 5C5GD
EoL: 323365
EPPO: CHCNO
GBIF: 2683894
GRIN: 426902
IPNI: 20006843-1
ISC: 117901
MoBotPF: 292540
NBN: NHMSYS0020110594
NZOR: eef7e1e2-2b71-41d3-bfbb-d26524045d32
Open Tree of Life: 603160
Plant List: kew-2468334
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20006843-1
Tropicos: 50218430
VASCAN: 14909
WFO: wfo-0000429034
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Wikidata: Q15043561
BioLib: 2415
CoL: 5XQ5R
CNPS: 2644
FNA: 233500342
GBIF: 2683900
GRIN: 10077
iNaturalist: 160384
IPNI: 676712-1
IRMNG: 11439208
ITIS: 183451
NatureServe: 2.159257
NZOR: 34f4b373-ef52-446a-b10c-fdc3a04d93b1
Open Tree of Life: 603160
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:261844-1
VASCAN: 14908
WFO: wfo-0000599466
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"syn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"cypress family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressaceae"},{"link_name":"northwestern North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Nootka Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootka_Sound"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nuu-chah-nulth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth"},{"link_name":"First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"}],"text":"Callitropsis nootkatensis, formerly known as Cupressus nootkatensis (syn. Xanthocyparis nootkatensis, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), is a species of tree in the cypress family native to the coastal regions of northwestern North America. This species goes by many common names including: Nootka cypress, yellow cypress, Alaska cypress, Nootka cedar, yellow cedar, Alaska cedar, and Alaska yellow cedar. The specific epithet nootkatensis is derived from the species being from the area of Nootka Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. Both locations are named for the older European name Nootka, given the Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation.","title":"Callitropsis nootkatensis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"conifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"Cupressus lusitanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_lusitanica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"Cupressus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus"},{"link_name":"Chamaecyparis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaecyparis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"Caren Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caren_Range"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klinkenberg2014-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTU_Herbarium2015-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jepson-8"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Leyland cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_cypress"},{"link_name":"Monterey cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_macrocarpa"},{"link_name":"Cupressus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus"},{"link_name":"Hesperocyparis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperocyparis"},{"link_name":"Old World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mao2010-9"}],"text":"Callitropsis nootkatensis is an evergreen conifer growing up to 40 meters (131 ft) tall, exceptionally 60 m (200 ft), with diameters up to 3.4 to 4 m (11 to 13 ft). The bark is thin, smooth and purplish when young, turning flaky and gray.[4] The branches are commonly pendulous, with foliage in flat sprays and dark green scale-leaves measuring 3–5 millimeters (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) long. The cones, maturing biannually, have 4 (occasionally 6) scales, and resemble the cones of Cupressus lusitanica (another species which can show foliage in flat sprays), except being somewhat smaller, typically 8–14 mm (5⁄16–9⁄16 in) in diameter;[4] each scale has a pointed triangular bract about 1.5–2 mm long, again similar to other Cupressus and unlike the crescent-shaped, non-pointed bract on the scales of Chamaecyparis cones. The winged seeds are small, thus dispersing at a close range; additionally, only a small percentage is viable.[4]The Caren Range on the west coast of British Columbia is home to the oldest Nootka cypress specimens in the world, with one specimen found to be 1,834 years old;[5] some specimens may be over 3,000 years old.[6][7][8]Callitropsis nootkatensis is one of the parents of the hybrid Leyland cypress; the other parent, Monterey cypress (Hesperocyparis macrocarpa), was also considered to be in the genus Cupressus, but in the North American Hesperocyparis clade, which has generally been found to be phylogenetically closer to C. nootkatensis than the Old World clade Cupressus sensu stricto.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Typeloc-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Xanthocyparis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthocyparis"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese golden cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthocyparis_vietnamensis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chiquito-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chiquito-13"},{"link_name":"Xanthocyparis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthocyparis"},{"link_name":"ICBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBN"},{"link_name":"International Botanical Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Botanical_Congress"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mao2010-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GymnospermDatabase-15"},{"link_name":"Gymnosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GymnospermNootka-16"},{"link_name":"Hesperocyparis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperocyparis"},{"link_name":"Juniperus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"First described in the genus Cupressus as Cupressus nootkatensis in 1824 based on a specimen collected \"ad Sinum Nootka dictum\", which translates to \"said Bay of Nootka\".[10] It was transferred to Chamaecyparis in 1841 on the basis of its foliage being in flattened sprays, as in other Chamaecyparis, but unlike most (though not all) other Cupressus species. However, this placement does not fit with the morphology and phenology of the cones, which are far more like Cupressus, maturing in two years rather than one. Genetic evidence, published by Gadek et al.,[11] strongly supported its return to Cupressus and exclusion from Chamaecyparis.Farjon et al. (2002) transferred it to a new genus Xanthocyparis, together with the newly discovered Vietnamese golden cypress (Xanthocyparis vietnamensis); this species is remarkably similar to Nootka cypress and the treatment has many arguments in its favour, as while they are not related to Chamaecyparis, neither do they fit fully in Cupressus despite the many similarities.\nLittle et al.[12][13] confirmed this relationship with further evidence and pointed out that an earlier nomenclatural combination in the genus Callitropsis existed, as Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Oerst., published in 1864 but overlooked or ignored by other subsequent authors. Little et al.[13] therefore synonymised Xanthocyparis with Callitropsis, the correct name for these species under the ICBN when treated in a distinct genus. The name Xanthocyparis has now been proposed for conservation, and the 2011 International Botanical Congress followed that recommendation.[14]In 2010, Mao et al. performed a more detailed molecular analysis and placed Nootka cypress back in Cupressus.[9][15] This was disputed, as the tree would compose a monophyletic subgenus, but the Gymnosperm Database suggested that it could comprise a monotypic genus as Callitropsis nootkatensis.[16]\nIn 2021, a molecular study by Stull et al. found the species to indeed belong to the distinct genus Callitropsis and recovered this as the sister genus to Hesperocyparis. The clade comprising both was found to be sister to Xanthocyparis (containing only the Vietnamese golden cypress), and the clade containing the three genera was found to be sister to a clade containing Juniperus and Cupressus sensu stricto.[17]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Range"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"Kenai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Klamath Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Mountains"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan2015-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLANTS-19"},{"link_name":"Thuja plicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuja_plicata"},{"link_name":"krummholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krummholz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"Nelson, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"John Day, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Day,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Last Glacial Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"}],"text":"The species grows in moist areas of coastal mountains of the Pacific Northwest, including those of the Cascades,[4] from the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska to the Klamath Mountains in northernmost California.[18][19] It can be found at elevations higher than those reached by Thuja plicata (western redcedar), sometimes in a krummholz form, and even occupying very rocky sites (near the California-Oregon border).[4] It can be found at elevations of 600 to 750 m (1,970 to 2,460 ft) in Southeast Alaska and between 750 and 2,000 m (2,460 and 6,560 ft) from coastal British Columbia into Oregon.[4] Isolated groves near Nelson, British Columbia, and John Day, Oregon, may be the descendants of local populations dating to the Last Glacial Period.[4]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"shade tolerant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_tolerant"},{"link_name":"mountain hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_hemlock"},{"link_name":"Pacific silver fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_silver_fir"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"heart rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"large-scale die-offs of yellow cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-cedar_decline"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNWRS-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fish_%26_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The tree benefits from annual precipitation exceeding 150 centimeters (59 in), particularly in deep snow though with temperatures not often dropping below −18 °C (0 °F). Snow tends not to break the flexible branches.[4] It is shade tolerant, but less so than associated mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), and grows slowly.[4] Anti-fungal chemicals within the tree aid in its longevity. It is also rarely afflicted by insects, although is susceptible to heart rot.[4]In Alaska, where the tree is primarily referred to as \"yellow cedar,\" extensive research has been conducted into large-scale die-offs of yellow cedar stands. These studies have concluded that the tree has depended upon heavy coastal snowpacks to insulate its shallow roots from cold Arctic winters. The impacts of climate change have resulted in thinner, less-persistent snowpacks, in turn causing increased susceptibility to freeze damage.[20] This mortality has been observed over 7% of the species range, covering approximately 10 degrees of latitude from northern southeast Alaska to southern British Columbia. Substantial future mortality is likely due to warming temperatures and decreasing snowpacks.[21] The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service is reviewing whether to designate the species as threatened or endangered.[22][23][24]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous uses of yellow cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_uses_of_yellow_cedar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chamaecyparis_Nootkatensis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Morton Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Arboretum"},{"link_name":"indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"firewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewood"}],"text":"See also: Indigenous uses of yellow cedarCultivated specimens at Morton ArboretumThe Nootka cypress is used extensively by the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, along with another cypress, Thuja plicata (western redcedar). While the wood and inner bark of western redcedar was preferred for larger projects like houses and canoes, the stronger inner bark of Nootka cypress was used for smaller vessels and utensils, including canoe paddles and baskets, as well as thread for clothing and blankets.[4]This species has been considered to be one of the finest timber trees in the world and has been exported to China during the last century. The wood has been used for flooring, interior finish and shipbuilding.[25]\nThe tree has extreme heartwood qualities that make it one of the most desired sources of firewood on the West Coast. It burns very hot and lasts a long time as embers. A tree can still be used for firewood up to 100 years after its death.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"millwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)"},{"link_name":"historic preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"link_name":"Taxodium distichum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxodium_distichum"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"The various physical properties of the wood make it an attractive material for both general construction and boatbuilding.[4] Due to its slow growth it is hard and, like other cypress woods, it is durable; it therefore offers good dimensional stability and is resistant to weather, insects, and contact with soil. It works easily with hand or machine tools, turning and carving quite well. It can be fastened with glues, screws, and nails. Nootka cypress's texture, uniform color, and straight grain will take a fine finish. It resists splintering and wears smoothly over time. When fresh cut it has a somewhat unpleasant bitter scent, but when seasoned it has barely any discernible odor, hence its traditional use in face masks.Due to its expense, it is used mainly for finished carpentry. Typical uses include exterior siding, shingles, decking, exposed beams, glue-laminated beams, paneling, cabinetry, and millwork. In historic preservation it can be used as a substitute for Thuja plicata (western redcedar) and Taxodium distichum (bald cypress), due to current difficulties in obtaining quality timber of those species due to environmental concern and past over-exploitation, although this applies equally to Nootka cypress.Other uses for Nootka cypress include saunas, and battery containers due to its resistance to acids. Traditionally, paddles, masks, dishes, and bows were made from the wood.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"hedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_(gardening)"},{"link_name":"USDA plant hardiness zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_plant_hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"bonsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonsai"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Landscaping","text":"The drooping branchlets give the tree a graceful weeping appearance.[4] It makes an attractive specimen tree in parks and open spaces. It can also be used as a tall hedge. It will grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 5-9, but can be difficult to grow. Best growth is in light or heavy soil, preferably well drained, and in climates with cool summers. It prefers semi-shade to full sun. It can also be used in bonsai.Under the synonym Xanthocyparis nootkatensis the cultivar C. nootkatensis 'Pendula' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[26][27]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hesquiaht First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesquiaht_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven"},{"link_name":"bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tlingit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit"},{"link_name":"Natsilane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsilane"},{"link_name":"killer whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale"}],"text":"A legend amongst the Nootka peoples of the Hesquiaht First Nation tells of the origins of the Nootka cypress. In the legend, a raven encounters three young women drying salmon on the beach. He asks the women if they are afraid of being alone, or of bears, wolves, and other animals. Each woman responded \"no\". But when asked about owls, the women were indeed afraid of owls. Hearing this, the trickster raven hid in the forests, and made the calls of an owl. The terrified women ran up the mountains, but turned into Nootka cypress trees when they were out of breath. According to the Nootka, this is why Nootka cypress grows on the sides of mountains, and also why the bark is silky like a woman's hair, and the young trunk is smooth like a woman's body.[28]In Tlingit culture the story of Natsilane describes how a Nootka cypress was used to carve the world's first killer whale.","title":"In Indigenous culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cupressus_nootkatensis_1334.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nootka_Cypress_cone.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Callitropsis-nootkatensis01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cupressus_nootkatensis_bark.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chamaecyparis_nootkatensis%E2%80%98Glauca%E2%80%99.jpg"}],"text":"Mature individual with foliage in flat sprays hanging from branches\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCone detail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeeds\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBark\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tC. nootkatensis 'Glauca'","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conifers Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//conifersaroundtheworld.com"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9632190617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9632190617"}],"text":"Zsolt Debreczy, Istvan Racz (2012). Kathy Musial (ed.). Conifers Around the World (1st ed.). DendroPress. p. 1089. ISBN 978-9632190617.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Cultivated specimens at Morton Arboretum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chamaecyparis_Nootkatensis.jpg/220px-Chamaecyparis_Nootkatensis.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0\".","urls":[{"url":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.159257/Chamaecyparis_nootkatensis","url_text":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0\""}]},{"reference":"Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 162–168. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qDD4DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineers_Books","url_text":"Mountaineers Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68051-329-5","url_text":"978-1-68051-329-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141235469","url_text":"1141235469"}]},{"reference":"Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2014). \"Xanthocyparis nootkatensis\". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Retrieved 2015-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Xanthocyparis%20nootkatensis","url_text":"\"Xanthocyparis nootkatensis\""}]},{"reference":"Giblin, David, ed. (2015). \"Callitropsis nootkatensis\". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Callitropsis&Species=nootkatensis","url_text":"\"Callitropsis nootkatensis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Callitropsis nootkatensis\". Jepson eFlora: Taxon page. Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Callitropsis%20nootkatensis","url_text":"\"Callitropsis nootkatensis\""}]},{"reference":"Mao, K.; Hao, G.; Liu, J.; Adams, R.P.; Milne, R.I. (2010). \"Diversification and biogeography of Juniperus (Cupressaceae): variable diversification rates and multiple intercontinental dispersals\". New Phytologist. 188 (1): 254–272.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Garland, M. A.; Moore, G. (2012). \"× Hesperotropsis, a new nothogenus for intergeneric crosses between Hesperocyparis and Callitropsis (Cupressaceae), and a review of the complicated nomenclatural history of the Leyland cypress\". Taxon. 61 (3): 667–670. doi:10.1002/tax.613015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.613015","url_text":"10.1002/tax.613015"}]},{"reference":"Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). \"Cupressus\". The Gymnosperm Database.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conifers.org/cu/Cupressus.php","url_text":"\"Cupressus\""}]},{"reference":"Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). \"Cupressus nootkatensis\". The Gymnosperm Database.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conifers.org/cu/Cupressus_nootkatensis.php","url_text":"\"Cupressus nootkatensis\""}]},{"reference":"Stull, G. W.; Qu, X.-J.; Parins-Fukuchi, C.; Yang, Y.-Y.; Yang, J.-B.; Yang, Z.-Y.; Hu, Y.; Ma, H.; Soltis, P.S.; Soltis, D.E.; Li, D.-Z. (2021). \"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms\". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 34282286. S2CID 236141481.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4","url_text":"\"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-021-00964-4","url_text":"10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2055-0278","url_text":"2055-0278"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34282286","url_text":"34282286"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236141481","url_text":"236141481"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). \"Cupressus nootkatensis\". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Cupressus+nootkatensis","url_text":"\"Cupressus nootkatensis\""}]},{"reference":"USDA, NRCS (n.d.). \"Cupressus nootkatensis\". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2015-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service","url_text":"USDA, NRCS"},{"url":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CUNO","url_text":"\"Cupressus nootkatensis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yellow-cedar are dying in Alaska; scientists now know why\". Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. February 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/news/2012/02/yellow-cedar.shtml","url_text":"\"Yellow-cedar are dying in Alaska; scientists now know why\""}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Yereth (November 26, 2016). \"New mapping shows extent of yellow-cedar die-off in Alaska; analysis forecasts big losses in the future\". Anchorage Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/environment/2016/11/26/new-mapping-shows-extent-of-yellow-cedar-die-off-analysis-forecasts-big-losses-in-the-future/","url_text":"\"New mapping shows extent of yellow-cedar die-off in Alaska; analysis forecasts big losses in the future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yellow cedar (Calliptropsis nootkatensis)\". ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 9 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?sId=9627","url_text":"\"Yellow cedar (Calliptropsis nootkatensis)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fish_%26_Wildlife_Service","url_text":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service"}]},{"reference":"Soley, Theresa (30 September 2016). \"Endangered Alaska tree? Rapidly dying yellow cedar may be listed\". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved 9 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adn.com/environment/article/endangered-alaska-tree-rapidly-dying-yellow-cedar-may-be-listed/2016/03/27/","url_text":"\"Endangered Alaska tree? Rapidly dying yellow cedar may be listed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Dispatch_News","url_text":"Alaska Dispatch News"}]},{"reference":"La Ganga, Maria L. (10 April 2015). \"Alaska yellow cedar closer to Endangered Species Act protection\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-alaska-yellow-cedar-20150410-story.html","url_text":"\"Alaska yellow cedar closer to Endangered Species Act protection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Xanthocyparis nootkatensis 'Pendula'\". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/196548/Xanthocyparis-nootkatensis-Pendula/Details","url_text":"\"Xanthocyparis nootkatensis 'Pendula'\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 108. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","url_text":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\""}]},{"reference":"Zsolt Debreczy, Istvan Racz (2012). Kathy Musial (ed.). Conifers Around the World (1st ed.). DendroPress. p. 1089. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paktika_Province | Paktika Province | ["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Recent history","3 Transportation","4 Demographics","4.1 Tribes","4.2 Districts","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°30′N 68°48′E / 32.5°N 68.8°E / 32.5; 68.8Province of Afghanistan
Not to be confused with Paktia Province or Loya Paktia.
Province in AfghanistanPaktika
پکتیکاProvinceThe Afghan national flag (2002-2021) overlooks a valley from an observation post at Paktika province in AfghanistanMap of Afghanistan with Paktika highlightedCoordinates (Capital): 32°30′N 68°48′E / 32.5°N 68.8°E / 32.5; 68.8Country AfghanistanCapitalSharanaLargest cityUrgunGovernment • GovernorAbdullah Mukhtar • Deputy GovernorMuhibullah HamasArea • Total19,515 km2 (7,535 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total789,079 • Density40/km2 (100/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Time)Postal code24xxISO 3166 codeAF-PKAMain languagesDari pashto
Paktika (Pashto/Dari: پکتیکا) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. Forming part of the larger Loya Paktia region, Paktika has a population of about 789,000, mostly ethnic Pashtuns. The town of Sharana serves as the provincial capital, while the most populous city is Urgun.
In 2021, the Taliban gained control of the province during the 2021 Taliban offensive.
Geography
Further information: Geography of Afghanistan
Paktika sits adjacent to the Durand Line border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is bordered by the Khost and Paktia provinces to the north. The western border is shared with the provinces of Ghazni and Zabul. The South Waziristan and North Waziristan agencies are to the east of Paktika, while Zhob District of the Balochistan province of Pakistan borders it the southeast. The Shinkay Hills run through the center of Paktika; Toba Kakar Range runs along the border with Pakistan. The Southern districts are intermittently irrigated and cultivated, the center and north are used primarily for rangeland. There are natural forests in Ziruk, Nika, Gayan, and Bermal districts
Paktika, like many other areas of Afghanistan, has been severely deforested. This has been a cause of devastating floods in recent years. The province is mainly hilly and interspersed with seasonal river valleys. In the north, the terrain gains elevation and becomes more rugged. In the west, the Rowd-e Lurah River originates in the mountainous Omna District and flows southwest to the Ghazni Province, forming a shallow river valley that dominates the topography in the Khairkot, Jani Khel, and Dila Districts. The terrain in Omna becomes more hilly further east in proximity to Pakistan. The sparsely populated southern districts are also hilly, with descending elevation towards the south and west.
The Gomal River, which has a varied flow depending on season, runs from its origin in the mountains of the Sar Hawza District and flows south, before turning southeast to the Pakistani border, forming the broad river valley that defines the topography of the Gomal District, before flowing east through Pakistan and eventually running to the powerful Indus River.
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Further information: History of Afghanistan, Pakthas, and Loya Paktia
Paktika is the southernmost part of a historical region known as Greater Paktia (Pashto: لویه پکتیا, Loya Paktia), that was once a unified province including Paktia, Khost and parts of Ghazni and Logar. The tribes that reside in this area were mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who called them the "Pactyans" as early as the 1st millennium BCE.
In the 1970s, the provincial capital of the largely undeveloped and remote province of Paktika was moved from the town of Urgun to Sharana due to its proximity with the main highway, connecting it to the larger cities and commercial centres of Kabul, Ghazni and Kandahar.
Paktika was the site of many battles during the Soviet occupation of the country and the lawless years that followed.
The Siege of Urgun took place between 1983 and 1984.
Recent history
As one of the most remote provinces in Afghanistan and an area that saw much devastation in previous years, Paktika suffers from a severe lack of critical infrastructure. Reconstruction in the province after the fall of the Taliban has been slow compared to that in nearby provinces such as Khost and Zabul. This is primarily due to the remoteness of the region and repeated attacks on aid workers and NATO forces.
In June 2004, members of the Utah and Iowa National Guard helped Army Reserve Civil Affairs Soldiers from Oregon establish a Provincial Reconstruction Team base in Sharana, the provincial capital, to lead the development effort. The first full contingent of eight Civil Affairs Soldiers from the U.S. Army Reserve's 450th Civil Affairs Battalion (Airborne), based in Riverdale Park, Maryland, arrived in September 2004.
The Shkin firebase was composed of special operations forces. In an article from Time, the U.S. base was described as:
"The U.S. firebase looks like a Wild West cavalry fort, ringed with coils of razor wire. A U.S. flag ripples above the 3-ft.-thick mud walls, and in the watchtower a guard scans the expanse of forested ridges, rising to 9,000 ft., that mark the border. When there's trouble, it usually comes from that direction."
While the province hasn't witnessed the outright fighting in the last few years that has affected provinces like Helmand, there is a constant low level of tribal violence, accompanied by criminal and Taliban activity. The last serious fighting in the province took place in 2004, amid reports that then-Governor Muhammad Ali Jalali was collaborating with Taliban forces, and that the Taliban had effectively annexed eastern portions of the province. Jalali and many of his allied officials, were replaced and U.S. Special Forces were dispatched to fight the Taliban while the Pakistani forces fought with the Taliban's allies in neighbouring South Waziristan.
A convoy with members of Task Force 2–28, 172nd Infantry Brigade and the Afghan National Army winds its way through a small valley on its way back to Forward Operating Base Orgun-E from Combat Outpost Zerok
On 1 November 2004, a civil affairs convoy was ambushed near Surobi, between the Shkin firebase and Orgun-E. U.S. Army Spc. James Kearney, a turret gunner, died of a head shot from a sniper, which initiated the ambush. Two vehicles were destroyed in the engagement and three other Soldiers were wounded. The Provincial Reconstruction Team base was named Camp Kearney on 21 November 2004 to honor the sacrifice of Spc. James Kearney.
Forward Operating Base Super FOB commander explaining the paving process for one of the streets of Camp Super FOB, which will be the largest training and operations base for the Afghan National Army when completed.
On Jun 18, 2008 in the Ziruk District Governor's compound, two members of the Provincial Reconstruction Team, HMN Mark Retmier and CM1 Ross Toles, were killed due to rocket attacks. The mess hall on Forward Operating Base Sharana was named after CM1 Toles and the hospital was named after HMN Retmier.
Kearney Base became the nucleus of what is now Forward Operating Base Sharana.
On July 4, 2009, combat outpost Zerok in East Paktika Province was attacked. The Haqqani network insurgents attacked the COP using mortars, accurate heavy machine gun fire, RPG fire, recoils rifles, and a 5000 lb Jingle Truck VBIED that destroyed the outpost's radio communication. The accurate enemy indirect fire from their mortars set the US mortar pit on fire, and killed two Able Company, 3rd Battalion 509th parachute Infantry regiment mortarmen, PFC Casillas and PFC Fairbairn. They were both returning fire on the 120 mm mortar. After the VBIED went off, multiple insurgents began maneuvering towards the outpost, some getting within 100 meters of the cop. Because the enemy was advancing so close to the outpost, the request for CAS was called in, but because of the DUSTWUN (large scale search) for PFC Bergdahl, (who went AWOL after abandoning his post only 100 km away from COP Zerok), air support was delayed. After intense fighting the US Paratroopers suppressed and killed most of the enemy, eventually gunships arrived and JDAMs were dropped on enemy targets.
In 2010 the 101st Rakkasan air assault took over COP Zerok. 60 minutes produced a TV special documenting the unit's takeover of the COP, entitled COP Zerok.
In late July 2011, foreign troops and Afghan special forces killed more than 50 insurgents during an operation in eastern Paktika to clear a training camp the Haqqani network used for foreign fighters, NATO said. Disenfranchised insurgents told security forces where the camp was located, the coalition said.
In November 2011, an estimated 60 to 70 Taliban insurgents were killed in an abortive attack on a joint Afghan-ISAF base in the Margha area of Barmal. No international troops were killed or injured in the incident. It is believed the insurgents crossed over from neighboring FATA and Balochistan of Pakistan. In a separate incident the governor of Sar Hawza district died in the same month after his vehicle struck a roadside bomb.
Afghan Local Police and ANSF moving up a mountain pass
In the spring of 2012 the 172nd Infantry Brigade opened the first Afghan National Army/ US Joint Artillery Fire Base in the Orgun District.
In early 2013 10th Mountain Division, 2–14th Infantry, Golden Dragons, took over FOB Zerok.
Eight civilians including a pregnant woman and a baby died when Polish soldiers shelled the village of Nangar Khel, where a wedding celebration was taking place. Seven Polish soldiers have been charged with war crimes for allegedly opening fire in revenge.
U.S. Army PFC Bowe Bergdahl turned himself in to the Taliban on July 4, 2009, somewhere between OP Mest, near the town of Yahya Khel, and FOB Sharana. He was freed in a prisoner trade on May 31, 2014.
Paktika was one of the provinces most affected by the 2022 Afghanistan earthquake on 22 June 2022. In Gayan District, approximately 1,800 homes, or 70 percent of the district's homes, were destroyed, and 238 people were killed, with 393 others injured. In Barmal District, at least 500 people died, with a thousand others injured. Many houses constructed primarily of mud and wood were razed to the ground. Heavy rain and the earthquake contributed to landslides that destroyed entire hamlets. The local clinic in Gayan, which had the capacity of only five patients, was also heavily damaged. Of the about 500 patients admitted to the clinic due to the earthquake, about 200 died. Three days later, an aftershock killed five persons and wounded 11 more in Gayan District.
Transportation
As of May 2014, Paktika Province had regularly scheduled passenger flights to Kabul from Sharana Airstrip. The province's development is considered "backwards" compared to the rest of the country but Engineer Hafizullah, head of provincial public works department claimed in 2013 that in the past few years, 154-kilometers roads had been constructed with 70 km having been constructed in 2013 alone.
Demographics
Further information: Demography of Afghanistan
As of 2021, the total population of the province is about 789,000, which is a multi-ethnic tribal society. According to the Naval Postgraduate School, the ethnic groups of the province are as follows: Pashtun, Tajik, Arab, Pashai, and other various minority groups. Other sources mention that ethnic Pashtuns make up around 96% of Paktika's population. Around 15,000 people (1.8%) are ethnic Uzbeks; and about 5,000 people speak some other languages. These are most probably Hazaras or Baloch. There is also a small Tajik community in Urgun.
Local Afghan children observe U.S. Army Special Forces and Afghan National Police as they patrol the area to improve security and increase stability in the village of Rabat.
Local Afghans leaving the village of Rabat, hauling firewood in their pickup
Ethnolinguistic groups of Afghanistan
The overwhelming majority of Paktika's population (around 99%) live in rural districts. The capital city, Sharana, has around 54,400 inhabitants. The majority of Pakikta's Districts have between 25,000 and 55,000 inhabitants. Only two districts, Nika and Turwo have less than 20,000 inhabitants, with a little more than 15,000 apiece. Two of the least mountainous districts, Urgun and neighboring Barmal have nearly 90,000 inhabitants each. There are around 115,000 households, with eight members apiece, in the Province.
Most of the Population is Sunni Muslim, and belongs to the Hanafi School.
Some tribes in Paktika may be pastoral.
Tribes
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In Afghanistan the Ghilji are scattered all over the country but mainly settled around the regions between Zabul and Kabul provinces. The Afghan province of Paktika is considered to be a heartland of the Ghilji tribe. Ghilji sub-tribes in Paktika include the Kharoti, especially in the Sar Hawza and Urgon districts, the Andar and the largest single Ghilji sub-tribe, the Sulaimankhel, who are the majority in northern and western areas of Paktika such as; Katawaz. After the great Ghilji rebellion in 1885–1886, led by Alam Khan Nasher, many members of the Ghilji tribe, such as; the Kharoti sub-tribe and particularly the Nasher clan were exiled from Loya Paktia (Paktia, Paktika and Khost) to Kunduz in the north by Amir Abdur Rahman Khan due to political reasons. They are predominantly a nomadic group unlike the Durranis who are usually found in permanent settlements. The Ghilji mostly work as herdsmen as well as construction workers and in other jobs that allow them to travel. Often possessing great mechanical aptitude, the Ghilji nonetheless have an extremely low literacy rate hovering below 10% in Afghanistan. The Ghilji regularly cross over between Afghanistan and Pakistan often being exempted from customs due to the acceptance of their nomadic traditions by officials from both countries. Population estimates vary, but they are most likely around 20% to 25% of the population of Afghanistan and probably number over 9 million in Afghanistan alone with 4 million or more found in
The main Pashtun tribes that live in Paktika are:
Ghilji (Bettani)
Ibrahimzai
Alizai
Sulaimanzai
Jalalzai
Alikhel
Boran
Suleimankhel
TanoKhel
Toran
Katawazy
Kharoti
Andar
Karlanri
Zadran (Gayan Khel Clan)
Wazir
Mahsud (Menzai Clan)
The Sulaimankhel are one of the largest sub-tribes of the Ghilji Pashtuns. The Sulaimankhel tribe is mainly located in the southern and eastern portions of Afghanistan; however, they also have a strong presence in the northern and western portions of Afghanistan.
The second largest Sulaimankhel population is located in Pakistan. Not only are they located in the province of Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier Province, but also located in Karachi and other parts of Pakistan.
The Kharoti and Sulaimankhel tribes are traditional rivals, although they co-exist together in several districts. The larger, influential and more powerful Sulaimankhel have historically had the upper hand in this rivalry. The Wazir and Kharoti are sometimes involved in a land dispute in Barmal District.
Districts
Districts of Paktika.
District
Capital
Population
Area
Pop.density
Notes
Barmal
Angur Ada
78,351
952
81
100% Pashtun. Includes Barmal, Shkin & Margha Cities.
Dila
77,006
952
81
100% Pashtun.
Gayan
47,848
1,372
35
100% Pashtun.
Gomal
Shkin
46.586
4,108
11
100% Pashtun.
Janikhel
36,873
1,052
35
100% Pashtun. Created in 2004 within Khairkot District.
Khairkot (Zarghun Shar or Katawaz)
Khairkot
42,044
403
105
100% Pashtun. Sub-divided in 2004.
Mata Khan
27,189
405
67
Predominantely Pashtun, few Tajik.
Nika
17,041
129
132
100% Pashtun.
Omna
23,811
468
51
100% Pashtun.
Sar Hawza
37,053
707
52
100% Pashtun.
Surobi
38,855
451
86
100% Pashtun.
Sharana
Sharana
64,774
487
133
Predominantely Pashtun, few Tajik and Hazara.
Terwa
11,266
1,034
11
100% Pashtun. Created in 2004 within Waza Khwa District.
Urgun
Urgun
90,549
481
188
Majority Pashtun, minority Tajik.
Wazakhwa
Wazakhwa
46,647
2,336
20
100% Pashtun. Sub-divided in 2004
Wor Mamay
21,777
3,052
7
100% Pashtun.
Yahyakhel
29,771
321
93
100% Pashtun. Created in 2004 within Khairkot District.
Yusufkhel
29,193
590
50
100% Pashtun. Created in 2004 within Khairkot District.
Zerok
Zerok
39,415
274
144
100% Pashtun.
Paktika
775,498
19,516
40
96.4% Pashtuns, 3.6% Tajiks, <0.1% Hazaras.
^ Note: "Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%.
See also
Provinces of Afghanistan
Pakhtas
References
^ "د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول". 7 November 2021.
^ "په پکتیکا کې د پړاو پله د رغولو چارې پیل شوې – باختر خبری آژانس". Bakhtarnews.af. 2021-09-05. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
^ a b c d "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021–22" (PDF). National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
^ "Battle in "the Evilest Place"". Time. 27 October 2003. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ "NEWS ADVISORY, November 1, 2004". Iowanationalguard.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
^ "DefendAmerica News – New Provincial Reconstruction Team Opens in Paktika Province". Defendamerica.mil. Archived from the original on 2014-01-05. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
^ Michelle Nichols (July 22, 2011). "NATO kills 50 fighters, clears Afghan training camp". Reuters. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ AFP (November 9, 2011). "Up to 70 Taliban dead as Afghan attack thwarted". AFP. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
^ NY Post, American's last P.O.W of the Afghanistan, By Michael Gartland, May 31, 2014
^ a b "Afghanistan: Earthquake - Jun 2022". reliefweb.int. 9 July 2022.
^ Marsi, Federica (22 June 2022). "Afghanistan earthquake live news: Hundreds killed in major tremor". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
^ Padshah, Safiullah; Ives, Mike (22 June 2022). "Afghanistan Live Updates: At Least 1,000 Killed in Earthquake, Official Media Says: The quake struck 28 miles southwest of the provincial capital of Khost". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
^ "Thousands of Afghanistan earthquake survivors remain without food and shelter despite aid coming in". The New Arab. 25 June 2022. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
^ Hamedani, Ali (23 June 2022). "Afghanistan quake: Gyan clinic with five beds for 500 injured patients". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
^ "Afghanistan hit with aftershock, adding to significant earthquake death toll". CBC News. Associated Press. 24 June 2022. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "Afghanistan Earthquake News Live Updates: A second earthquake hits eastern Afghanistan, five people killed". The Indian Express. 24 June 2022. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "Afghanistan: Aftershock claims five more lives in already-hit Gayan District, injures 11". Firstpost. Associated Press. 24 June 2022. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ Paktika needs more projects to develop infrastructure: Residents, By: Ali Mohammad Nazari, Date: 2013-09-09, http://www.elections.pajhwok.com/en/content/paktika-needs-more-projects-develop-infrastructure-residents
^ "Paktika Province" (PDF). Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
^ a b Paktika provincial profile, June 2004, profile compiled by the National Area-Based Development Programme (NABDP) of the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD)
^ The population is 88% Pashtun, with a Tajik minority living mainly in the district center and controlling a large proportion of the district's economy and service provision
^ 'Destruction is Rebuilding, or: Fare thee well, population-centric COIN,' Afghanistan Analysts Network. Aan-afghanistan.com (2011-03-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
^ "Afghanistan's Dirty War: Why the Most Feared Man in Bermal District Is a U.S. Ally". Time. 4 October 2011. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011.
^ Andrew Ross ([email protected]. "Afghanistan Geographic & Thematic Layers". Fao.org. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paktika Province.
Tribal Map of Paktika on nps.edu
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vtePaktika ProvinceCapital: SharanaDistricts
Barmal
Dila
Gayan
Gomal
Janikhel
Khairkot]
Mata Khan
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Surobi
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Places adjacent to Paktika Province
Paktia Province
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paktia Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paktia_Province"},{"link_name":"Loya Paktia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loya_Paktia"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto"},{"link_name":"Dari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari"},{"link_name":"provinces of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Loya Paktia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loya_Paktia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsia-3"},{"link_name":"Pashtuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"Sharana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharana,_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Urgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgun"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"2021 Taliban offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive"}],"text":"Province of AfghanistanNot to be confused with Paktia Province or Loya Paktia.Province in AfghanistanPaktika (Pashto/Dari: پکتیکا) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. Forming part of the larger Loya Paktia region, Paktika has a population of about 789,000,[3] mostly ethnic Pashtuns. The town of Sharana serves as the provincial capital, while the most populous city is Urgun.In 2021, the Taliban gained control of the province during the 2021 Taliban offensive.","title":"Paktika Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geography of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Durand Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_Line"},{"link_name":"Khost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_Province"},{"link_name":"Paktia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paktia_Province"},{"link_name":"Ghazni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni_Province"},{"link_name":"Zabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabul_Province"},{"link_name":"South Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waziristan"},{"link_name":"North Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waziristan"},{"link_name":"Zhob District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhob_District"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nps.edu/web/ccs/paktika"},{"link_name":"Omna District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omna_District"},{"link_name":"Khairkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khairkot_District"},{"link_name":"Jani Khel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janikhel_District_(Paktika)"},{"link_name":"Dila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila_District,_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Gomal River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomal_River"},{"link_name":"Sar Hawza District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar_Hawza_District"},{"link_name":"Gomal District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomal_District"},{"link_name":"Indus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"}],"text":"Further information: Geography of AfghanistanPaktika sits adjacent to the Durand Line border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is bordered by the Khost and Paktia provinces to the north. The western border is shared with the provinces of Ghazni and Zabul. The South Waziristan and North Waziristan agencies are to the east of Paktika, while Zhob District of the Balochistan province of Pakistan borders it the southeast. The Shinkay Hills run through the center of Paktika; Toba Kakar Range runs along the border with Pakistan. The Southern districts are intermittently irrigated and cultivated, the center and north are used primarily for rangeland. There are natural forests in Ziruk, Nika, Gayan, and Bermal districts [1]Paktika, like many other areas of Afghanistan, has been severely deforested. This has been a cause of devastating floods in recent years. The province is mainly hilly and interspersed with seasonal river valleys. In the north, the terrain gains elevation and becomes more rugged. In the west, the Rowd-e Lurah River originates in the mountainous Omna District and flows southwest to the Ghazni Province, forming a shallow river valley that dominates the topography in the Khairkot, Jani Khel, and Dila Districts. The terrain in Omna becomes more hilly further east in proximity to Pakistan. The sparsely populated southern districts are also hilly, with descending elevation towards the south and west.The Gomal River, which has a varied flow depending on season, runs from its origin in the mountains of the Sar Hawza District and flows south, before turning southeast to the Pakistani border, forming the broad river valley that defines the topography of the Gomal District, before flowing east through Pakistan and eventually running to the powerful Indus River.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Pakthas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakthas"},{"link_name":"Loya Paktia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loya_Paktia"},{"link_name":"Paktia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paktia"},{"link_name":"Khost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost_Province"},{"link_name":"Ghazni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni_Province"},{"link_name":"Logar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logar_Province"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Urgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgun"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"Siege of Urgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Urgun"}],"text":"Further information: History of Afghanistan, Pakthas, and Loya PaktiaPaktika is the southernmost part of a historical region known as Greater Paktia (Pashto: لویه پکتیا, Loya Paktia), that was once a unified province including Paktia, Khost and parts of Ghazni and Logar. The tribes that reside in this area were mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who called them the \"Pactyans\" as early as the 1st millennium BCE.In the 1970s, the provincial capital of the largely undeveloped and remote province of Paktika was moved from the town of Urgun to Sharana due to its proximity with the main highway, connecting it to the larger cities and commercial centres of Kabul, Ghazni and Kandahar.Paktika was the site of many battles during the Soviet occupation of the country and the lawless years that followed.The Siege of Urgun took place between 1983 and 1984.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Khost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost"},{"link_name":"Zabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabul"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Civil Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Provincial Reconstruction Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Reconstruction_Team"},{"link_name":"Sharana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharana,_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Riverdale Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale_Park,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Shkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkin,_Paktika"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time.com-4"},{"link_name":"Helmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmand_Province"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Jalali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jalali"},{"link_name":"South Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waziristan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:110917-A-ZU930-006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Afghan National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Surobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surobi,_Paktika&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:120316-A-ZU930-001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Afghan National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Ziruk District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziruk_District"},{"link_name":"Haqqani network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqqani_network"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:140112-A-ZR634-011_(11996880983).jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish soldiers shelled the village of Nangar Khel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangar_Khel_incident"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army PFC Bowe Bergdahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowe_Bergdahl"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2022 Afghanistan earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2022_Afghanistan_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Gayan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayan_District"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reliefweb-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marsi-11"},{"link_name":"Barmal District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmal_District"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reliefweb-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padshah1-12"},{"link_name":"hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNA1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamedani-14"},{"link_name":"aftershock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftershock"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIE1-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FP1-17"}],"sub_title":"Recent history","text":"As one of the most remote provinces in Afghanistan and an area that saw much devastation in previous years, Paktika suffers from a severe lack of critical infrastructure. Reconstruction in the province after the fall of the Taliban has been slow compared to that in nearby provinces such as Khost and Zabul. This is primarily due to the remoteness of the region and repeated attacks on aid workers and NATO forces.In June 2004, members of the Utah and Iowa National Guard helped Army Reserve Civil Affairs Soldiers from Oregon establish a Provincial Reconstruction Team base in Sharana, the provincial capital, to lead the development effort. The first full contingent of eight Civil Affairs Soldiers from the U.S. Army Reserve's 450th Civil Affairs Battalion (Airborne), based in Riverdale Park, Maryland, arrived in September 2004.The Shkin firebase was composed of special operations forces. In an article from Time, the U.S. base was described as:\"The U.S. firebase looks like a Wild West cavalry fort, ringed with coils of razor wire. A U.S. flag ripples above the 3-ft.-thick mud walls, and in the watchtower a guard scans the expanse of forested ridges, rising to 9,000 ft., that mark the border. When there's trouble, it usually comes from that direction.\"[4]While the province hasn't witnessed the outright fighting in the last few years that has affected provinces like Helmand, there is a constant low level of tribal violence, accompanied by criminal and Taliban activity. The last serious fighting in the province took place in 2004, amid reports that then-Governor Muhammad Ali Jalali was collaborating with Taliban forces, and that the Taliban had effectively annexed eastern portions of the province. Jalali and many of his allied officials, were replaced and U.S. Special Forces were dispatched to fight the Taliban while the Pakistani forces fought with the Taliban's allies in neighbouring South Waziristan.A convoy with members of Task Force 2–28, 172nd Infantry Brigade and the Afghan National Army winds its way through a small valley on its way back to Forward Operating Base Orgun-E from Combat Outpost ZerokOn 1 November 2004, a civil affairs convoy was ambushed near Surobi, between the Shkin firebase and Orgun-E. U.S. Army Spc. James Kearney, a turret gunner, died of a head shot from a sniper, which initiated the ambush. Two vehicles were destroyed in the engagement and three other Soldiers were wounded.[5] The Provincial Reconstruction Team base was named Camp Kearney on 21 November 2004 to honor the sacrifice of Spc. James Kearney.[6]Forward Operating Base Super FOB commander explaining the paving process for one of the streets of Camp Super FOB, which will be the largest training and operations base for the Afghan National Army when completed.On Jun 18, 2008 in the Ziruk District Governor's compound, two members of the Provincial Reconstruction Team, HMN Mark Retmier and CM1 Ross Toles, were killed due to rocket attacks. The mess hall on Forward Operating Base Sharana was named after CM1 Toles and the hospital was named after HMN Retmier.Kearney Base became the nucleus of what is now Forward Operating Base Sharana.On July 4, 2009, combat outpost Zerok in East Paktika Province was attacked. The Haqqani network insurgents attacked the COP using mortars, accurate heavy machine gun fire, RPG fire, recoils rifles, and a 5000 lb Jingle Truck VBIED that destroyed the outpost's radio communication. The accurate enemy indirect fire from their mortars set the US mortar pit on fire, and killed two Able Company, 3rd Battalion 509th parachute Infantry regiment mortarmen, PFC Casillas and PFC Fairbairn. They were both returning fire on the 120 mm mortar. After the VBIED went off, multiple insurgents began maneuvering towards the outpost, some getting within 100 meters of the cop. Because the enemy was advancing so close to the outpost, the request for CAS was called in, but because of the DUSTWUN (large scale search) for PFC Bergdahl, (who went AWOL after abandoning his post only 100 km away from COP Zerok), air support was delayed. After intense fighting the US Paratroopers suppressed and killed most of the enemy, eventually gunships arrived and JDAMs were dropped on enemy targets.In 2010 the 101st Rakkasan air assault took over COP Zerok. 60 minutes produced a TV special documenting the unit's takeover of the COP, entitled COP Zerok.In late July 2011, foreign troops and Afghan special forces killed more than 50 insurgents during an operation in eastern Paktika to clear a training camp the Haqqani network used for foreign fighters, NATO said. Disenfranchised insurgents told security forces where the camp was located, the coalition said.[7]In November 2011, an estimated 60 to 70 Taliban insurgents were killed in an abortive attack on a joint Afghan-ISAF base in the Margha area of Barmal. No international troops were killed or injured in the incident. It is believed the insurgents crossed over from neighboring FATA and Balochistan of Pakistan. In a separate incident the governor of Sar Hawza district died in the same month after his vehicle struck a roadside bomb.[8]Afghan Local Police and ANSF moving up a mountain passIn the spring of 2012 the 172nd Infantry Brigade opened the first Afghan National Army/ US Joint Artillery Fire Base in the Orgun District.In early 2013 10th Mountain Division, 2–14th Infantry, Golden Dragons, took over FOB Zerok.Eight civilians including a pregnant woman and a baby died when Polish soldiers shelled the village of Nangar Khel, where a wedding celebration was taking place. Seven Polish soldiers have been charged with war crimes for allegedly opening fire in revenge.U.S. Army PFC Bowe Bergdahl turned himself in to the Taliban on July 4, 2009, somewhere between OP Mest, near the town of Yahya Khel, and FOB Sharana. He was freed in a prisoner trade on May 31, 2014.[9]Paktika was one of the provinces most affected by the 2022 Afghanistan earthquake on 22 June 2022. In Gayan District, approximately 1,800 homes, or 70 percent of the district's homes, were destroyed, and 238 people were killed, with 393 others injured.[10][11] In Barmal District, at least 500 people died, with a thousand others injured.[10] Many houses constructed primarily of mud and wood were razed to the ground.[12] Heavy rain and the earthquake contributed to landslides that destroyed entire hamlets.[13] The local clinic in Gayan, which had the capacity of only five patients, was also heavily damaged. Of the about 500 patients admitted to the clinic due to the earthquake, about 200 died.[14] Three days later, an aftershock killed five persons and wounded 11 more in Gayan District.[15][16][17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sharana Airstrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharana_Airstrip"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"As of May 2014, Paktika Province had regularly scheduled passenger flights to Kabul from Sharana Airstrip. The province's development is considered \"backwards\" compared to the rest of the country but Engineer Hafizullah, head of provincial public works department claimed in 2013 that in the past few years, 154-kilometers roads had been constructed with 70 km having been constructed in 2013 alone.[18]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demography of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsia-3"},{"link_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School"},{"link_name":"Pashtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_people"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_people"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Pashai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashai_people"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrrd-20"},{"link_name":"Uzbeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrrd-20"},{"link_name":"Hazaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_people"},{"link_name":"Baloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100919-A-0667M-110.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"Afghan National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Police"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100919-A-0667M-099.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_ethnolinguistic_map_of_Afghanistan_--_circa_2001-09.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ethnolinguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistics"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"pastoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral"}],"text":"Further information: Demography of AfghanistanAs of 2021, the total population of the province is about 789,000,[3] which is a multi-ethnic tribal society. According to the Naval Postgraduate School, the ethnic groups of the province are as follows: Pashtun, Tajik, Arab, Pashai, and other various minority groups.[19] Other sources mention that ethnic Pashtuns make up around 96% of Paktika's population.[20] Around 15,000 people (1.8%) are ethnic Uzbeks; and about 5,000 people speak some other languages.[20] These are most probably Hazaras or Baloch. There is also a small Tajik community in Urgun.[21][22][23]Local Afghan children observe U.S. Army Special Forces and Afghan National Police as they patrol the area to improve security and increase stability in the village of Rabat.Local Afghans leaving the village of Rabat, hauling firewood in their pickupEthnolinguistic groups of AfghanistanThe overwhelming majority of Paktika's population (around 99%) live in rural districts. The capital city, Sharana, has around 54,400 inhabitants. The majority of Pakikta's Districts have between 25,000 and 55,000 inhabitants. Only two districts, Nika and Turwo have less than 20,000 inhabitants, with a little more than 15,000 apiece. Two of the least mountainous districts, Urgun and neighboring Barmal have nearly 90,000 inhabitants each. There are around 115,000 households, with eight members apiece, in the Province.Most of the Population is Sunni Muslim, and belongs to the Hanafi School.Some tribes in Paktika may be pastoral.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pashtun tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_tribes"},{"link_name":"Ghilji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghilji"},{"link_name":"Bettani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettani"},{"link_name":"Jalalzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalzai"},{"link_name":"Suleimankhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleimankhel"},{"link_name":"Kharoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharoti"},{"link_name":"Andar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andar_tribe"},{"link_name":"Karlanri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlanri"},{"link_name":"Zadran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadran_(Pashtun_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Wazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Mahsud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsud"}],"sub_title":"Tribes","text":"In Afghanistan the Ghilji are scattered all over the country but mainly settled around the regions between Zabul and Kabul provinces. The Afghan province of Paktika is considered to be a heartland of the Ghilji tribe. Ghilji sub-tribes in Paktika include the Kharoti, especially in the Sar Hawza and Urgon districts, the Andar and the largest single Ghilji sub-tribe, the Sulaimankhel, who are the majority in northern and western areas of Paktika such as; Katawaz. After the great Ghilji rebellion in 1885–1886, led by Alam Khan Nasher, many members of the Ghilji tribe, such as; the Kharoti sub-tribe and particularly the Nasher clan were exiled from Loya Paktia (Paktia, Paktika and Khost) to Kunduz in the north by Amir Abdur Rahman Khan due to political reasons. They are predominantly a nomadic group unlike the Durranis who are usually found in permanent settlements. The Ghilji mostly work as herdsmen as well as construction workers and in other jobs that allow them to travel. Often possessing great mechanical aptitude, the Ghilji nonetheless have an extremely low literacy rate hovering below 10% in Afghanistan. The Ghilji regularly cross over between Afghanistan and Pakistan often being exempted from customs due to the acceptance of their nomadic traditions by officials from both countries. Population estimates vary, but they are most likely around 20% to 25% of the population of Afghanistan and probably number over 9 million in Afghanistan alone with 4 million or more found in \nThe main Pashtun tribes that live in Paktika are:Ghilji (Bettani)\nIbrahimzai\nAlizai\nSulaimanzai\nJalalzai\nAlikhel\nBoran\nSuleimankhel\nTanoKhel\nToran\nKatawazy\nKharoti\nAndar\nKarlanri\nZadran (Gayan Khel Clan)\nWazir\nMahsud (Menzai Clan)The Sulaimankhel are one of the largest sub-tribes of the Ghilji Pashtuns. The Sulaimankhel tribe is mainly located in the southern and eastern portions of Afghanistan; however, they also have a strong presence in the northern and western portions of Afghanistan.\nThe second largest Sulaimankhel population is located in Pakistan. Not only are they located in the province of Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier Province, but also located in Karachi and other parts of Pakistan.The Kharoti and Sulaimankhel tribes are traditional rivals, although they co-exist together in several districts. The larger, influential and more powerful Sulaimankhel have historically had the upper hand in this rivalry. The Wazir and Kharoti are sometimes involved in a land dispute in Barmal District.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paktika_districts.png"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"}],"sub_title":"Districts","text":"Districts of Paktika.^ Note: \"Predominantely\" or \"dominated\" is interpreted as 99%, \"majority\" as 70%, \"mixed\" as 1/(number of ethnicities), \"minority\" as 30% and \"few\" or \"some\" as 1%.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_text":"A convoy with members of Task Force 2–28, 172nd Infantry Brigade and the Afghan National Army winds its way through a small valley on its way back to Forward Operating Base Orgun-E from Combat Outpost Zerok","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/110917-A-ZU930-006.jpg/300px-110917-A-ZU930-006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Forward Operating Base Super FOB commander explaining the paving process for one of the streets of Camp Super FOB, which will be the largest training and operations base for the Afghan National Army when completed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/120316-A-ZU930-001.jpg/220px-120316-A-ZU930-001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Afghan Local Police and ANSF moving up a mountain pass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/140112-A-ZR634-011_%2811996880983%29.jpg/220px-140112-A-ZR634-011_%2811996880983%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Local Afghan children observe U.S. Army Special Forces and Afghan National Police as they patrol the area to improve security and increase stability in the village of Rabat.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/100919-A-0667M-110.jpg/220px-100919-A-0667M-110.jpg"},{"image_text":"Local Afghans leaving the village of Rabat, hauling firewood in their pickup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/100919-A-0667M-099.jpg/220px-100919-A-0667M-099.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ethnolinguistic groups of Afghanistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_Army_ethnolinguistic_map_of_Afghanistan_--_circa_2001-09.jpg/220px-US_Army_ethnolinguistic_map_of_Afghanistan_--_circa_2001-09.jpg"},{"image_text":"Districts of Paktika.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Paktika_districts.png/220px-Paktika_districts.png"}] | [{"title":"Provinces of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan"},{"title":"Pakhtas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhtas"}] | [{"reference":"\"د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول\". 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://azamnews.com/?p=108148","url_text":"\"د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول\""}]},{"reference":"\"په پکتیکا کې د پړاو پله د رغولو چارې پیل شوې – باختر خبری آژانس\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_V_of_Austria_(Habsburg) | Leopold V, Archduke of Austria | ["1 Biography","2 Issue","3 Ancestors","4 Male-line family tree","5 References"] | Austrian bishop and archduke (1586–1632)Not to be confused with Leopold V, Duke of Austria.This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leopold V, Archduke of Austria" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Leopold VBishop of Passau and StrasbourgPortrait by Joseph Heintz the Elder, c. 1604Archduke of Further AustriaReign1623 – 13 September 1632PredecessorMaximilian III (1618)SuccessorFerdinand CharlesBorn(1586-10-09)October 9, 1586Graz, Duchy of Styria, Holy Roman EmpireDiedSeptember 13, 1632(1632-09-13) (aged 45)Schwaz, County of Tyrol, Holy Roman EmpireSpouse
Claudia de' Medici (m. 1626)Issue
Maria-Eleonora of Austria
Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria
Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria
Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria
Maria Leopoldine of Austria
HouseHabsburgFatherCharles II, Archduke of AustriaMotherMaria Anna of BavariaReligionRoman Catholicism
Engraving of Leopold V, Archduke of Austria
Lepold V as a jacquemart on the Benfeld city hall (1619)
Leopold V, Archduke of Further Austria (October 9, 1586 – September 13, 1632) was the son of Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria, and the younger brother of Emperor Ferdinand II, father of Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria. He was Prince-Bishop of Passau and of Strasbourg, until he resigned to get married, and Archduke of Further Austria including Tyrol.
Biography
Leopold was born in Graz, and was invested as bishop in 1598, as a child, even though he had not been ordained as a priest; he became Prince-Bishop of Strasbourg in 1607, a post which he held until 1626. From 1609 onwards he fought with his mercenaries in the War of the Jülich succession, and in the Brothers' Quarrel within the Austrian Habsburg dynasty against his first cousin Maximilian III, Archduke of Further Austria in Tyrol, and from 1611 for his first cousin Rudolf II in Bohemia. In 1614, he financed the construction of the Church of the Jesuit College of Molsheim, within which his coat of arms is still prominently displayed.
In 1619, upon the death of his kinsman and former rival, he became governor of Maximilian's inheritance: Further Austria and Tyrol, where he attained the position of ruler as Archduke of Further Austria from 1626 to his death in 1632. In 1626 he resigned his ecclesiastical positions and married Claudia de' Medici. He had the custom house and the Jesuit church built in Innsbruck. He fought for the Veltlin and defended Tyrol against the Swedes in 1632. He died in Schwaz, Tyrol.
Silver coin: 1 thaler County of Tyrol, Leopold V - 1621
Issue
With his wife Claudia de' Medici, he became the founder of a sideline of the Habsburg family, which persisted until 1665 - the most recent line of Archdukes of Further Austria.
His children were:
Maria-Eleonora 1627–1629
Ferdinand Charles (1628–1662); married Anna de' Medici
Isabella-Clara (1629–1685); married Charles III, Duke of Mantua
Sigismund Francis (1630-1665); married Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach
Maria Leopoldine (1632–1649); married Emperor Ferdinand III
Ancestors
Ancestors of Leopold V, Archduke of Austria 8. Philip I of Castile (= 28) 4. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (=14) 9. Joanna of Castile (= 29) 2. Charles II, Archduke of Austria 10. Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary (= 30) 5. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (=15) 11. Anna of Foix-Candale (= 31) 1. Leopold V, Archduke of Austria 12. William IV, Duke of Bavaria 6. Albert V, Duke of Bavaria 13. Marie of Baden-Sponheim 3. Maria Anna of Bavaria 14. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (= 4) 7. Anna of Austria 15. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (= 5)
Male-line family tree
vteHouse of Habsburg
Original line
AlbertCount of Habsburgc. 1188–1239
Rudolf Iof Germanyc. 1218–1291
Albert Iof Germany1255–1308Hartmann1263–1281Rudolf IIDuke of Austria1270–1290
Rudolf Iof Bohemia1281–1307Frederickthe Fairc. 1289–1330Leopold IDuke of Austria1290–1326Albert IIDuke of Austria1298–1358Henrythe Friendly1299–1327OttoDuke of Austria1301–1339JohnParricidac. 1290–1312/1313
Albertinian line Leopoldian line
Rudolf IVDuke of Austria1339–1365Frederick IIIDuke of Austria1347–1362Albert IIIDuke of Austria1349–1395Leopold IIIDuke of Austria1351–1386Frederick IIDuke of Austria1327–1344Leopold IIDuke of Austria1328–1344
Albert IVDuke of Austria1377–1404WilliamDuke of Austriac. 1370–1406Leopold IVDuke of Austria1371–1411ErnestDuke of Austria1377–1424Frederick IVDuke of Austria1382–1439
Albert IIof Germany1397–1439Frederick IIIHRE1415–1493Albert VIArchduke of Austria1418–1463SigismundArchduke of Austria1427–1496
Ladislausthe Posthumous1440–1457Maximilian IHRE1459–1519
Philip Iof Castile1478–1506
Spanish / Iberian line Austrian / HRE line
Charles VHRE1500–1558Ferdinand IHRE1503–1564
Philip IIof Spain1527–1598Maximilian IIHRE1527–1576Ferdinand IIArchduke of Austria1529–1595Charles IIArchduke of Austria1540–1590
CarlosPrince of Asturias1545–1568Philip IIIof Spain1578–1621Rudolf IIHRE1552–1612Ernestof Austria1553–1595MatthiasHRE1557–1619Maximilian IIIArchduke of Austria1558–1618Albert VIIArchduke of Austria1559–1621WenceslausArchduke of Austria1561–1578AndrewMargrave of Burgau1558–1600CharlesMargrave of Burgau1560–1618Ferdinand IIHRE1578–1637Maximilian Ernestof Austria1583–1616Leopold VArchduke of Austria1586–1632Charlesof Austria1590–1624
Philip IVof Spain1605–1665Charlesof Austria1607–1632Ferdinandof Austria1609–1641John-Charlesof Austria1605–1619Ferdinand IIIHRE1608–1657Leopold Wilhelmof Austria1614–1662Ferdinand CharlesArchduke of Austria1628–1662Sigismund FrancisArchduke of Austria1630–1665
Balthasar CharlesPrince of Asturias1629–1646Charles IIof Spain1661–1700Ferdinand IVKing of the Romans1633–1654Leopold IHRE1640–1705Charles Josephof Austria1649–1664
Joseph IHRE1678–1711Charles VIHRE1685–1740
Notes:
^ "Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
References
^ Year: 1620 - 1621; Composition: Silver; Weight: 28,4 gram; Diameter: 42 mm - https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces94533.html
^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (in German). Vol. 6. p. 352 – via Wikisource.
^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (in German). Vol. 7. p. 20 – via Wikisource.
^ Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor at the Encyclopædia Britannica
^ a b Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor at the Encyclopædia Britannica
^ a b Obermayer-Marnach, Eva (1953), "Anna Jagjello", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 299; (full text online)
^ a b Goetz, Walter (1953), "Albrecht V.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 158–160; (full text online)
^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – via Wikisource.
Leopold V, Archduke of Austria House of HabsburgBorn: 9 October 1586 Died: 13 September 1632
Regnal titles
Preceded byMaximilian III
Governor, later Archduke of Further Austria
Succeeded byFerdinand Charles
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byCharles of Lorraine
Bishop of Strasbourg 1607–1626
Succeeded byLeopold William of Austria
vteMonarchs of AustriaHouse of Babenberg
Leopold I the Illustrious (976–994)
Henry I the Strong (994–1018)
Adalbert the Victorious (1018–1055)
Ernest the Brave (1055–1075)
Leopold II the Fair (1075–1095)
Leopold III the Good (1095–1136)
Leopold the Generous (1137–1141)
Henry II Jasomirgott (1141–1177)
Leopold V the Virtuous (1177–1194)
Frederick I the Catholic (1195–1198)
Leopold VI the Glorious (1198–1230)
Frederick II the Quarrelsome (1230–1246)
Interregnum
Vladislaus of Moravia (claimant 1246–1247)
Herman VI of Baden (claimant 1248–1250)
Frederick I of Baden (claimant 1250–1268)
Ottokar II of Bohemia (claimant 1251–1278)
House of HabsburgAustria
Rudolf I (1278–1282)
Albert I (1282–1308)
Rudolf II the Debonair (1282–1283)
Rudolf III the Good (1298–1307)
Frederick I the Fair (1308–1330)
Leopold I the Glorious (1308–1326)
Albert II the Wise (1330–1358)
Otto I the Merry (1330–1339)
Frederick II (1339–1344)
Leopold II (1339–1344)
Rudolf IV the Founder (1358–1365)
Leopold III the Just (1365-1379)
Albert III the Pigtail (1365-1395)
Albert IV the Patient (1395-1404)
Albert V (1404–1439)
Ladislaus I the Posthumous (1440–1457)
Frederick V the Peaceful (1457–1493)
Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519)
Charles I (1519–1521)
Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
Maximilian II (1564–1576)
Rudolf V (1576–1608)
Matthias (1608–1619)
Albert VII (1619)
Ferdinand III (1590, 1619–1637)
Ferdinand IV (1637–1657)
Leopold V (1623–1632)
Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662)
Sigismund Francis (1662–1665)
Leopold VI (1657, 1665–1705)
Joseph I (1705–1711)
Charles III (1711–1740)
Maria Theresa (1740–1780)
Francis I Stephen (1740–1765)
Joseph II (1765–1790)
Leopold VII (1790–1792)
Francis II (1792–1835)
Ferdinand I (1835–1848)
Francis Joseph I (1848–1916)
Charles I (1916–1918)
House of HabsburgStyria, Carinthia, Carniola
Leopold III the Just (1365–1386)
William the Courteous (1386–1406)
Leopold IV the Fat (1386–1411)
Ernest the Iron (1402–1424)
Frederick V the Peaceful (1424–1493)
Albert VI the Prodigal (1457–1463)
Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519)
Charles I (1519–1521)
Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
Charles II (1564–1590)
Ferdinand III (1590–1637)
House of HabsburgTyrol
Rudolf IV the Founder (1363–1365)
Leopold III the Just (1365–1386)
William the Courteous (1386–1406)
Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets (1406–1439)
Sigismund the Rich (1439–1490)
Maximilian I the Last Knight (1490–1519)
Charles I (1519–1521)
Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
Ferdinand II (1564–1595)
Matthias (1595–1619)
Albert VII (1619)
Ferdinand III (1619–1623)
Leopold V (1623–1632)
Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662)
Sigismund Francis (1662–1665)
Leopold VI (1665–1705)
vteAustrian archdukesGenerations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.1st generation
Frederick V
Albert VI
Sigismund
2nd generation
Maximilian I
3rd generation
Philip I of Castile
4th generation
Charles I
Ferdinand I
5th generation
Philip II of SpainS
Maximilian II
Ferdinand II
Charles II
6th generation
Charles, Prince of AsturiasS
Ferdinand, Prince of AsturiasS
Diego, Prince of AsturiasSP
Philip III of SpainSP
Rudolf V
Ernest
Matthias
Maximilian III
Albert VII
Wenceslaus
Ferdinand III
Maximilian Ernest
Leopold V
Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw
7th generation
Philip IV of SpainSP
CharlesSP
FerdinandSP
AlonsoSP
Ferdinand IV
Leopold Wilhelm
Ferdinand Charles
Sigismund Francis
8th generation
Balthasar Charles, Prince of AsturiasSP
Philip Prospero, Prince of AsturiasS
Charles II of SpainS
Ferdinand IV of Hungary
Leopold VI
Charles Joseph
9th generation
Joseph I
Leopold Joseph
Charles III
11th generation
Joseph IIT
Charles JosephT
Leopold VIIT
FerdinandT
Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of CologneT
12th generation
Emperor Francis IT
Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
CharlesT
Alexander LeopoldT
JosephT
Anton VictorT
JohnT
Rainer JosephT
LouisT
Cardinal RudolfT
Francis IV, Duke of ModenaM
Ferdinand Karl JosephM
MaximilianM
Karl Ambrosius, Primate of HungaryM
13th generation
Emperor Ferdinand I
Joseph Franz
Franz Karl
Leopold II, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
Albrecht
Karl Ferdinand
Frederick Ferdinand
Wilhelm Franz
Stephen
Joseph Karl
Leopold Ludwig
Ernest
Sigismund
Rainer Ferdinand
Heinrich Anton
Francis V, Duke of ModenaM
Ferdinand Karl ViktorM
14th generation
Emperor Franz Joseph I
Maximilian I of Mexico
Karl Ludwig
Ludwig Viktor
Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
Karl SalvatorT
Ludwig SalvatorT
John SalvatorT
Friedrich
Charles Stephen
Eugen
Joseph August
Archduke Ladislaus Philipp
15th generation
Crown Prince Rudolf
Franz Ferdinand
Otto
Ferdinand Karl
Leopold FerdinandT
Josef FerdinandT
Peter FerdinandT
Leopold SalvatorT
Franz SalvatorT
Albrecht Franz
Karl Albrecht
Leo Karl
Wilhelm
Joseph Francis
16th generation
Emperor Charles I
Maximilian
HabsburgTuscany
GottfriedT
RainerT
Leopold MariaT
AntonT
Franz JosephT
Karl PiusT
Franz Karl SalvatorT
Hubert SalvatorT
Palatinesof Hungary
Joseph Árpád
Géza
17th generationDescent ofCharles I
Crown Prince Otto
Robert
Felix
Carl Ludwig
Rudolf
Tuscany
DominicT
Palatines
Eduard
18th generationCharles
Karl
Georg
LorenzB
Karl Philipp
Simeon
19th generationCharles
Ferdinand Zvonimir
Károly
AmedeoB
S: also an infante of Spain
P: also an infante of Portugal
T: also a prince of Tuscany
M: also a prince of Modena
B: also a prince of Belgium
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
RISM
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leopold V, Duke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_V,_Duke_of_Austria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8818_leopoldus_van_oostenrijck.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benfeld_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"jacquemart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquemart_(bellstriker)"},{"link_name":"Benfeld city hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Hall_of_Benfeld"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Inner Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Charles_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Passau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Passau"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Further Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_Austria"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Leopold V, Duke of Austria.Engraving of Leopold V, Archduke of AustriaLepold V as a jacquemart on the Benfeld city hall (1619)Leopold V, Archduke of Further Austria (October 9, 1586 – September 13, 1632) was the son of Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria, and the younger brother of Emperor Ferdinand II, father of Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria. He was Prince-Bishop of Passau and of Strasbourg, until he resigned to get married, and Archduke of Further Austria including Tyrol.","title":"Leopold V, Archduke of Austria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"mercenaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"},{"link_name":"War of the Jülich succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_J%C3%BClich_succession"},{"link_name":"Brothers' Quarrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers%27_Quarrel"},{"link_name":"Maximilian III, Archduke of Further Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_III_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Rudolf II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Church of the Jesuit College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_Church,_Molsheim"},{"link_name":"Molsheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molsheim"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Further Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_Austria"},{"link_name":"Archduke of Further Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_of_Further_Austria"},{"link_name":"Claudia de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"custom house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_house"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"Veltlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veltlin"},{"link_name":"Swedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_thaler_Leopold_V_of_Austria_-_1621.png"},{"link_name":"Silver coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_coin"},{"link_name":"County of Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Leopold was born in Graz, and was invested as bishop in 1598, as a child, even though he had not been ordained as a priest; he became Prince-Bishop of Strasbourg in 1607, a post which he held until 1626. From 1609 onwards he fought with his mercenaries in the War of the Jülich succession, and in the Brothers' Quarrel within the Austrian Habsburg dynasty against his first cousin Maximilian III, Archduke of Further Austria in Tyrol, and from 1611 for his first cousin Rudolf II in Bohemia. In 1614, he financed the construction of the Church of the Jesuit College of Molsheim, within which his coat of arms is still prominently displayed.In 1619, upon the death of his kinsman and former rival, he became governor of Maximilian's inheritance: Further Austria and Tyrol, where he attained the position of ruler as Archduke of Further Austria from 1626 to his death in 1632. In 1626 he resigned his ecclesiastical positions and married Claudia de' Medici. He had the custom house and the Jesuit church built in Innsbruck. He fought for the Veltlin and defended Tyrol against the Swedes in 1632. He died in Schwaz, Tyrol.Silver coin: 1 thaler County of Tyrol, Leopold V - 1621[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claudia de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Charles_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Anna de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici_(1616%E2%80%931676)"},{"link_name":"Isabella-Clara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara,_Archduchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Charles III, Duke of Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Sigismund Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Sigismund_Francis_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_of_the_Palatinate-Sulzbach"},{"link_name":"Maria Leopoldine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"}],"text":"With his wife Claudia de' Medici, he became the founder of a sideline of the Habsburg family, which persisted until 1665 - the most recent line of Archdukes of Further Austria.His children were:Maria-Eleonora 1627–1629\nFerdinand Charles (1628–1662); married Anna de' Medici\nIsabella-Clara (1629–1685); married Charles III, Duke of Mantua\nSigismund Francis (1630-1665); married Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach\nMaria Leopoldine (1632–1649); married Emperor Ferdinand III","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-Charles_V-5"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Karl_II-2"},{"link_name":"Joanna of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-Charles_V-5"},{"link_name":"Charles II, Archduke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislas_II_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDB-Anna_Jagjello-6"},{"link_name":"Anna of Bohemia and Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Karl_II-2"},{"link_name":"Anna of Foix-Candale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Foix-Candale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDB-Anna_Jagjello-6"},{"link_name":"William IV, Duke of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDB-Albrecht_V-7"},{"link_name":"Albert V, Duke of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_von_Bayern-3"},{"link_name":"Marie of Baden-Sponheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Baden-Sponheim"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDB-Albrecht_V-7"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(1551%E2%80%931608)"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Anna_von_Oesterreich-8"},{"link_name":"Anna of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Anna_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Maria_von_Bayern-3"},{"link_name":"Anna of Bohemia and Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLKO-Anna_von_Oesterreich-8"}],"text":"Ancestors of Leopold V, Archduke of Austria 8. Philip I of Castile[4][5] (= 28) 4. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[2] (=14) 9. Joanna of Castile[5] (= 29) 2. Charles II, Archduke of Austria 10. Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary[6] (= 30) 5. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary[2] (=15) 11. Anna of Foix-Candale[6] (= 31) 1. Leopold V, Archduke of Austria 12. William IV, Duke of Bavaria[7] 6. Albert V, Duke of Bavaria[3] 13. Marie of Baden-Sponheim[7] 3. Maria Anna of Bavaria 14. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[8] (= 4) 7. Anna of Austria[3] 15. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary[8] (= 5)","title":"Ancestors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Male-line family tree"}] | [{"image_text":"Engraving of Leopold V, Archduke of Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8818_leopoldus_van_oostenrijck.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8818_leopoldus_van_oostenrijck.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lepold V as a jacquemart on the Benfeld city hall (1619)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benfeld_10.jpg/220px-Benfeld_10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver coin: 1 thaler County of Tyrol, Leopold V - 1621[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1_thaler_Leopold_V_of_Austria_-_1621.png/250px-1_thaler_Leopold_V_of_Austria_-_1621.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Habsburg family tree\". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://habsburg.org/family-history/extended-family-tree/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Habsburg family tree\""}]},{"reference":"Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). \"Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark\" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 352 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach","url_text":"Wurzbach, Constantin von"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Karl_II._von_Steiermark","url_text":"\"Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich","url_text":"Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). \"Habsburg, Maria von Bayern\" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 20 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach","url_text":"Wurzbach, Constantin von"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Maria_von_Bayern","url_text":"\"Habsburg, Maria von Bayern\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich","url_text":"Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Obermayer-Marnach, Eva (1953), \"Anna Jagjello\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 299","urls":[{"url":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016233/images/index.html?seite=319","url_text":"\"Anna Jagjello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Neue Deutsche Biographie"}]},{"reference":"Goetz, Walter (1953), \"Albrecht V.\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 158–160","urls":[{"url":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016233/images/index.html?seite=178","url_text":"\"Albrecht V.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Neue Deutsche Biographie"}]},{"reference":"Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). \"Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)\" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach","url_text":"Wurzbach, Constantin von"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Anna_von_Oesterreich_(1528%E2%80%931587)","url_text":"\"Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich","url_text":"Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Leopold+V%2C+Archduke+of+Austria%22","external_links_name":"\"Leopold V, Archduke of Austria\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Leopold+V%2C+Archduke+of+Austria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Leopold+V%2C+Archduke+of+Austria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Leopold+V%2C+Archduke+of+Austria%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Leopold+V%2C+Archduke+of+Austria%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Leopold+V%2C+Archduke+of+Austria%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://habsburg.org/family-history/extended-family-tree/?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Habsburg family tree\""},{"Link":"https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces94533.html","external_links_name":"https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces94533.html"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Karl_II._von_Steiermark","external_links_name":"\"Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Maria_von_Bayern","external_links_name":"\"Habsburg, Maria von Bayern\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/204416","external_links_name":"Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/107009","external_links_name":"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor"},{"Link":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016233/images/index.html?seite=319","external_links_name":"\"Anna Jagjello\""},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn133664473.html","external_links_name":"full text online"},{"Link":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016233/images/index.html?seite=178","external_links_name":"\"Albrecht V.\""},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn118647571.html","external_links_name":"full text online"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Anna_von_Oesterreich_(1528%E2%80%931587)","external_links_name":"\"Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/299430/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000061264684","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/88888825","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/50042654","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBw3tJ8KC4ybjXcY9VYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12211125v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12211125v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118938363","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92017113","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2017969372&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p217236324","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810582508305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/15934","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118938363.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/379228","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/077878639","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remarkable_cardinal | Remarkable cardinal | ["1 See also","2 References"] | In mathematics, a remarkable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number.
A cardinal κ is called remarkable if for all regular cardinals θ > κ, there exist π, M, λ, σ, N and ρ such that
π : M → Hθ is an elementary embedding
M is countable and transitive
π(λ) = κ
σ : M → N is an elementary embedding with critical point λ
N is countable and transitive
ρ = M ∩ Ord is a regular cardinal in N
σ(λ) > ρ
M = HρN, i.e., M ∈ N and N ⊨ "M is the set of all sets that are hereditarily smaller than ρ"
Equivalently,
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
is remarkable if and only if for every
λ
>
κ
{\displaystyle \lambda >\kappa }
there is
λ
¯
<
κ
{\displaystyle {\bar {\lambda }}<\kappa }
such that in some forcing extension
V
[
G
]
{\displaystyle V}
, there is an elementary embedding
j
:
V
λ
¯
V
→
V
λ
V
{\displaystyle j:V_{\bar {\lambda }}^{V}\rightarrow V_{\lambda }^{V}}
satisfying
j
(
crit
(
j
)
)
=
κ
{\displaystyle j(\operatorname {crit} (j))=\kappa }
. Although the definition is similar to one of the definitions of supercompact cardinals, the elementary embedding here only has to exist in
V
[
G
]
{\displaystyle V}
, not in
V
{\displaystyle V}
.
See also
Hereditarily countable set
References
Schindler, Ralf (2000), "Proper forcing and remarkable cardinals", The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, 6 (2): 176–184, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.297.9314, doi:10.2307/421205, ISSN 1079-8986, JSTOR 421205, MR 1765054, S2CID 1733698
Gitman, Victoria (2016), Virtual large cardinals (PDF)
This set theory-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number"},{"link_name":"regular cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_cardinal"},{"link_name":"elementary embedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_embedding"},{"link_name":"countable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable"},{"link_name":"transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_set"},{"link_name":"critical point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_point_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"Ord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number"},{"link_name":"regular cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_cardinal"},{"link_name":"forcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcing_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"supercompact cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercompact_cardinal"}],"text":"A cardinal κ is called remarkable if for all regular cardinals θ > κ, there exist π, M, λ, σ, N and ρ such thatπ : M → Hθ is an elementary embedding\nM is countable and transitive\nπ(λ) = κ\nσ : M → N is an elementary embedding with critical point λ\nN is countable and transitive\nρ = M ∩ Ord is a regular cardinal in N\nσ(λ) > ρ\nM = HρN, i.e., M ∈ N and N ⊨ \"M is the set of all sets that are hereditarily smaller than ρ\"Equivalently, \n \n \n \n κ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\kappa }\n \n is remarkable if and only if for every \n \n \n \n λ\n >\n κ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda >\\kappa }\n \n there is \n \n \n \n \n \n \n λ\n ¯\n \n \n \n <\n κ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {\\lambda }}<\\kappa }\n \n such that in some forcing extension \n \n \n \n V\n [\n G\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V[G]}\n \n, there is an elementary embedding \n \n \n \n j\n :\n \n V\n \n \n \n λ\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n →\n \n V\n \n λ\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle j:V_{\\bar {\\lambda }}^{V}\\rightarrow V_{\\lambda }^{V}}\n \n satisfying \n \n \n \n j\n (\n crit\n \n (\n j\n )\n )\n =\n κ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j(\\operatorname {crit} (j))=\\kappa }\n \n. Although the definition is similar to one of the definitions of supercompact cardinals, the elementary embedding here only has to exist in \n \n \n \n V\n [\n G\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V[G]}\n \n, not in \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n.","title":"Remarkable cardinal"}] | [] | [{"title":"Hereditarily countable set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditarily_countable_set"}] | [{"reference":"Schindler, Ralf (2000), \"Proper forcing and remarkable cardinals\", The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, 6 (2): 176–184, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.297.9314, doi:10.2307/421205, ISSN 1079-8986, JSTOR 421205, MR 1765054, S2CID 1733698","urls":[{"url":"https://www.math.ucla.edu/~asl/bsl/0602/0602-003.ps","url_text":"\"Proper forcing and remarkable cardinals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.297.9314","url_text":"10.1.1.297.9314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F421205","url_text":"10.2307/421205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1079-8986","url_text":"1079-8986"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/421205","url_text":"421205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1765054","url_text":"1765054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1733698","url_text":"1733698"}]},{"reference":"Gitman, Victoria (2016), Virtual large cardinals (PDF)","urls":[{"url":"http://nylogic.org/wp-content/uploads/virtualLargeCardinals.pdf","url_text":"Virtual large cardinals"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.math.ucla.edu/~asl/bsl/0602/0602-003.ps","external_links_name":"\"Proper forcing and remarkable cardinals\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.297.9314","external_links_name":"10.1.1.297.9314"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F421205","external_links_name":"10.2307/421205"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1079-8986","external_links_name":"1079-8986"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/421205","external_links_name":"421205"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1765054","external_links_name":"1765054"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1733698","external_links_name":"1733698"},{"Link":"http://nylogic.org/wp-content/uploads/virtualLargeCardinals.pdf","external_links_name":"Virtual large cardinals"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remarkable_cardinal&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffe_Wins_Above_Replacement_Score | Jaffe Wins Above Replacement Score | ["1 References"] | Sabermetric baseball statistic
The Jaffe Wins Above Replacement Score, commonly abbreviated JAWS, is a sabermetric baseball statistic developed to evaluate the strength of a player's career and merit for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Created by averaging a player's career WAR with their 7-year peak WAR, its "stated goal is to improve the Hall of Fame's standards, or at least to maintain them rather than erode them, by admitting players who are at least as good as the average Hall of Famer at the position, using a means via which longevity isn't the sole determinant of worthiness."
JAWS was devised in 2004 by Jay Jaffe of Baseball Prospectus and the acronym "JAWS" was introduced by Jaffe the following year. Early in its history, the influence of JAWS was somewhat limited by the paywall of Baseball Prospectus.
In November 2012, Baseball-Reference.com added JAWS values to every player page after Jaffe left Baseball-Reference competitor Baseball Prospectus for Sports Illustrated. In 2014, Will Leitch called JAWS "the definitive statistical measure" in evaluating Hall of Fame cases. In 2016, Craig Edwards of Fangraphs described JAWS as "the standard-bearer for Hall of Fame analysis over the last decade."
Critics of the stat point out that it does not account for postseason performance or awards in measuring players' Hall of Fame worthiness. Further, the metric has been accused of undervaluing individual outstanding seasons.
As of 2014, the player with the highest JAWS score all-time was Babe Ruth and the player with the worst JAWS score in the Baseball Hall of Fame was Tommy McCarthy. As of 2023, Barry Bonds has the best JAWS score of any eligible position player not in the Hall of Fame.
References
^ Jay Jaffe. "Jaffe WAR Score system (JAWS)". Baseball Reference.
^ Jaffe, Jay (6 January 2004). "The Class of 2004: Analyzing the Hitters". Baseball Prospectus. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ Jaffe, Jay (16 December 2004). "The Class of 2005: The Hitters". Baseball Prospectus. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ Jaffe, Jay (July 25, 2017). The Cooperstown Casebook: Who's in the Baseball Hall of Fame, Who Should Be In, and Who Should Pack Their Plaques. Thomas Dunne Books. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ "Jaffe WAR Score system (JAWS) for HOF Evaluations – Baseball-Reference.com". Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ Leitch, Will (6 January 2015). "Hall of Fame voters still let personal bias get in the way". Sports on Earth. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ a b Edwards, Craig (January 6, 2016). "An Alternative Hall of Fame Rating System". Fangraphs. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ Rosencrans, C. Trent (December 9, 2012). "Q&A: Jay Jaffe on JAWS and the Hall of Fame". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ Jaffe, Jay (July 24, 2014). "The JAWS 75 for 75: Ranking the Hall of Fame's top players". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
^ Terbush, Jon (10 January 2014). "The worst Hall of Famers at each position, per sabermetrics". The Week. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
^ "Left Field JAWS Leaders". Baseball Reference.
vteBaseball statisticsBatting
Batting average
On-base percentage
Slugging percentage
Hit
Single
Double
Triple
Home run
Extra-base hit
Hits per run
Grand slam
Total bases
RBI
Game-winning RBI
Walk
Bunt
Sacrifice bunt
Sacrifice fly
On-base plus slugging
Times on base
Walk-to-strikeout ratio
Walk percentage
Base running
Run
Stolen base
Stolen base percentage
Caught stealing
Pitching
Win–loss record
Innings pitched
Pitchers of record
Save
Hold
Run
Earned
ERA
Strikeout
Walk
Perfect game
No-hitter
WHIP
BB/9
K/9
Quality start
Complete game
Shutout
Wild pitch
Strikeout-to-walk ratio
Maddux
Fielding
Fielding percentage
Assist
Putout
Error
Total chances
Fielder's choice
Defensive indifference
Passed ball
Sabermetrics
Adjusted ERA+
Base runs
Batting average on balls in play
Batting park factor
Catcher's ERA
Defensive Runs Saved
Exit velocity
Extrapolated Runs
Fielding independent pitching
Game score
Isolated Power
Jaffe Wins Above Replacement Score
Pop time
Power–speed number
Range factor
Runs created
Runs produced
Secondary average
Speed Score
NERD
Out of zone plays made
Ultimate zone rating
Value over replacement player
Weighted on-base average
Wins Above Replacement
Win probability added
Win Shares
This baseball-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sabermetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabermetric"},{"link_name":"baseball statistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_statistic"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"WAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wins_Above_Replacement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Baseball Prospectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Prospectus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"paywall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casebook-4"},{"link_name":"Baseball-Reference.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Will Leitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Leitch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fangraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangraphs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edwards-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffe_Wins_Above_Replacement_Score&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tommy McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_McCarthy_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffe_Wins_Above_Replacement_Score&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Barry Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bonds"},{"link_name":"position player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_player"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Jaffe Wins Above Replacement Score, commonly abbreviated JAWS, is a sabermetric baseball statistic developed to evaluate the strength of a player's career and merit for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame. 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Baseball Reference.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/about/jaws.shtml","url_text":"\"Jaffe WAR Score system (JAWS)\""}]},{"reference":"Jaffe, Jay (6 January 2004). \"The Class of 2004: Analyzing the Hitters\". Baseball Prospectus. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballprospectus.com/news/article/2502/the-class-of-2004-analyzing-the-hitters/","url_text":"\"The Class of 2004: Analyzing the Hitters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Prospectus","url_text":"Baseball Prospectus"}]},{"reference":"Jaffe, Jay (16 December 2004). \"The Class of 2005: The Hitters\". Baseball Prospectus. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballprospectus.com/news/article/3674/the-class-of-2005-the-hitters/","url_text":"\"The Class of 2005: The Hitters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Prospectus","url_text":"Baseball Prospectus"}]},{"reference":"Jaffe, Jay (July 25, 2017). The Cooperstown Casebook: Who's in the Baseball Hall of Fame, Who Should Be In, and Who Should Pack Their Plaques. Thomas Dunne Books. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fangraphs.com/blogs/the-cooperstown-casebook-excerpt-the-war-on-war/","url_text":"The Cooperstown Casebook: Who's in the Baseball Hall of Fame, Who Should Be In, and Who Should Pack Their Plaques"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaffe WAR Score system (JAWS) for HOF Evaluations – Baseball-Reference.com\". Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/blog/2012/11/jaffe-war-score-system-jaws-for-hof-evaluations-baseball-reference-com/","url_text":"\"Jaffe WAR Score system (JAWS) for HOF Evaluations – Baseball-Reference.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports-Reference.com","url_text":"Sports-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"Leitch, Will (6 January 2015). \"Hall of Fame voters still let personal bias get in the way\". Sports on Earth. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Leitch","url_text":"Leitch, Will"},{"url":"http://www.sportsonearth.com/article/105676740/hall-of-fame-voting-process-2015-ballot-ped-users","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame voters still let personal bias get in the way\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Craig (January 6, 2016). \"An Alternative Hall of Fame Rating System\". Fangraphs. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fangraphs.com/blogs/an-alternative-hall-of-fame-rating-system/","url_text":"\"An Alternative Hall of Fame Rating System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangraphs","url_text":"Fangraphs"}]},{"reference":"Rosencrans, C. Trent (December 9, 2012). \"Q&A: Jay Jaffe on JAWS and the Hall of Fame\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 5 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/qa-jay-jaffe-on-jaws-and-the-hall-of-fame/","url_text":"\"Q&A: Jay Jaffe on JAWS and the Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"Jaffe, Jay (July 24, 2014). \"The JAWS 75 for 75: Ranking the Hall of Fame's top players\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 4 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/mlb/2014/07/24/75-best-hall-famers-ever-babe-ruth-walter-johnson","url_text":"\"The JAWS 75 for 75: Ranking the Hall of Fame's top players\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Terbush, Jon (10 January 2014). \"The worst Hall of Famers at each position, per sabermetrics\". The Week. Retrieved 4 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://theweek.com/articles/453137/worst-hall-famers-each-position-sabermetrics","url_text":"\"The worst Hall of Famers at each position, per sabermetrics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week","url_text":"The Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Left Field JAWS Leaders\". Baseball Reference.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/jaws_LF.shtml","url_text":"\"Left Field JAWS Leaders\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffe_Wins_Above_Replacement_Score&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffe_Wins_Above_Replacement_Score&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/about/jaws.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Jaffe WAR Score system (JAWS)\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseballprospectus.com/news/article/2502/the-class-of-2004-analyzing-the-hitters/","external_links_name":"\"The Class of 2004: Analyzing the Hitters\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseballprospectus.com/news/article/3674/the-class-of-2005-the-hitters/","external_links_name":"\"The Class of 2005: The Hitters\""},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/blogs/the-cooperstown-casebook-excerpt-the-war-on-war/","external_links_name":"The Cooperstown Casebook: Who's in the Baseball Hall of Fame, Who Should Be In, and Who Should Pack Their Plaques"},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/blog/2012/11/jaffe-war-score-system-jaws-for-hof-evaluations-baseball-reference-com/","external_links_name":"\"Jaffe WAR Score system (JAWS) for HOF Evaluations – Baseball-Reference.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsonearth.com/article/105676740/hall-of-fame-voting-process-2015-ballot-ped-users","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Fame voters still let personal bias get in the way\""},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/blogs/an-alternative-hall-of-fame-rating-system/","external_links_name":"\"An Alternative Hall of Fame Rating System\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/qa-jay-jaffe-on-jaws-and-the-hall-of-fame/","external_links_name":"\"Q&A: Jay Jaffe on JAWS and the Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/mlb/2014/07/24/75-best-hall-famers-ever-babe-ruth-walter-johnson","external_links_name":"\"The JAWS 75 for 75: Ranking the Hall of Fame's top players\""},{"Link":"http://theweek.com/articles/453137/worst-hall-famers-each-position-sabermetrics","external_links_name":"\"The worst Hall of Famers at each position, per sabermetrics\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/jaws_LF.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Left Field JAWS Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffe_Wins_Above_Replacement_Score&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterman_Gymnasium | Waterman Gymnasium | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 42°16′41″N 83°44′11″W / 42.278157°N 83.736330°W / 42.278157; -83.736330
Waterman Gymnasiumc. 1920Location930 N University AveAnn Arbor, MI 48109OwnerUniversity of MichiganOperatorUniversity of MichiganSurfaceHardwoodConstructionOpened1893Renovated1898 (Barbour Gymnasium addition), 1916Closed1946Demolished1977Construction cost$42,705($1.45 million in 2023 dollars)$25,000($915,600 in 2023 dollars)TenantsMichigan Wolverines men's basketball (1908-1924)
The Waterman Gymnasium was the first on-campus gymnasium at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The building was the first home of the Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team. The building stood at the corner of North University Avenue and East University Avenue, at the northeast corner of the original campus.
History
By 1878, an effort began to build a gymnasium for sporting events on campus. Fundraising took several years, but the first major donation of $20,000 ($678,222 in 2023 dollars) came from Joshua W. Waterman of Detroit in 1891. In all, $48,800 ($1.72 million in 2023 dollars) was raised for the building of both a men's and women's gymnasium; however, due to the Panic of 1893, this was not enough to build the women's gymnasium. In 1893 the men's gymnasium, named for Waterman, was opened, with the excess funds being used to equip the gymnasium.
In 1895, University Regent Levi L. Barbour gave the university several lots in Detroit to be used for an art building. At the January, 1898 regent's meeting, it was decided to sell the lots and use the profits of $25,000 ($915,600 in 2023 dollars) to build a women's gymnasium. The Barbour Gymnasium addition was completed that year to the north of the original Waterman Gymnasium and was intended for use by women students. The two buildings were connected by several doors that could be opened for larger events, such as University Senate receptions and dances.
By the 1910s, however, both buildings were proving inadequate. In 1916, Waterman Gymnasium was expanded to its east and west ends, making the building 248 feet long, with a 1/10 mile long elevated running track on the second level. Even this renovation, however, was not enough to meet the needs of the rapidly growing University. In 1924, Fielding H. Yost Field House opened to the east of Ferry Field, with the basketball team moving to it that season. With the Intramural Athletic Building opening north of the field in 1928, Waterman and Barbour both ceased to be used as the primary site of athletics on the campus. The Angell Auditorium in Barbour was used for dance classes (having been condemned for use as an auditorium a few years earlier), and several offices took up residence in the buildings. Barbour was torn down in 1946, with Waterman being torn down in 1977. The Williard Henry Dow Laboratory building was built on the site as an addition to the neighboring Chemistry Building.
References
^ a b c d e 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ a b "Waterman Gymnasium". University of Michigan Millennium Project. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
^ a b "Barbour Gymnasium". University of Michigan Millennium Project. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
vteUniversity of MichiganLocated in: Ann Arbor, MichiganColleges
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Student life
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Founded: 1817
Students: 52,065 (2023)
Endowment: $17.9 billion (2023)
vteMichigan Wolverines men's basketballVenues
Waterman Gymnasium (1908–1923)
Fielding H. Yost Fieldhouse (1923–1967)
Crisler Center (1967–present)
Rivalries
Duke
Michigan State
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1939–40
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1971–72
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1974–75
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2013–14
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2016–17
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2024–25
NCAA national championship in bold; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics
42°16′41″N 83°44′11″W / 42.278157°N 83.736330°W / 42.278157; -83.736330 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ann Arbor, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball"}],"text":"The Waterman Gymnasium was the first on-campus gymnasium at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The building was the first home of the Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team. 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At the January, 1898 regent's meeting, it was decided to sell the lots and use the profits of $25,000 ($915,600 in 2023 dollars[1]) to build a women's gymnasium. The Barbour Gymnasium addition was completed that year to the north of the original Waterman Gymnasium and was intended for use by women students. The two buildings were connected by several doors that could be opened for larger events, such as University Senate receptions and dances.[3]By the 1910s, however, both buildings were proving inadequate. In 1916, Waterman Gymnasium was expanded to its east and west ends, making the building 248 feet long, with a 1/10 mile long elevated running track on the second level. Even this renovation, however, was not enough to meet the needs of the rapidly growing University. In 1924, Fielding H. Yost Field House opened to the east of Ferry Field, with the basketball team moving to it that season. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale-in-China_Association | Yale-China Association | ["1 Establishment","2 Early years","3 World War II","4 Hong Kong years","5 Return to China","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References and further reading","9 External links"] | American non-profit organisation promoting US-China relations
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Building of Yale-China Association
The Yale-China Association (Chinese: 雅礼协会; pinyin: Yǎlǐ Xiéhuì), formerly Yale-in-China, is an independent, nonprofit organization based in New Haven, Connecticut which sponsors educational programs in and about China in order to further understanding between Chinese and American people. Founded in 1901 as a Protestant missionary society, Yale-China's work now builds on long-term relationships to support Chinese institutions and Chinese initiatives in the fields of public health and nursing, legal education, English language instruction, and American Studies. The Association works closely with Yale University and is located on the Yale campus, each year sending Yale graduates to teach or work in China, but is not formally connected with it. Yale-China is particularly interested in cultural exchange for Chinese and American students. Publications include a regular newsletter, biennial report, and the annual Yale-China Health Journal.
Establishment
The Yale-China Association was first incorporated as the Yale Foreign Missionary Society, and was known informally as Yale-in-China as early as 1913. It was nondenominational from its beginnings and by the 1920s had ceased to be an overtly missionary enterprise. It was re-incorporated in 1934 as a secular organization, the Yale-in-China Association, and in 1975 as the Yale–China Association.
A reflection of the religious fervor sweeping American college campuses at the end of the 19th century, which took form in the Student Volunteer Movement, Yale-China was founded in 1901 as the Yale Foreign Missionary Society by a group of Yale graduates and faculty members committed to establishing a Christian missionary presence overseas. The founders chose China as the focus of their work, in part to honor the memory of a Yale graduate from the class of 1892, Horace Tracy Pitkin, who had worked in China as a missionary and was killed in 1900 during the Boxer Uprising. The city of Changsha in Hunan Province was chosen as the base of operations in China after consultation with other foreign missionaries.
Early years
At the urging of the home office in New Haven as well as other missionaries in China, the Yale Mission early on assumed more of an educational than evangelical function. With the arrival of Dr. Edward H. Hume in 1905, medical education and care became a major focus of the endeavor. The educational compound that began with Dr. Hume's medical clinic eventually grew to comprise a preparatory school, the Yali School; the College of Yale-in-China (later moved to Wuhan, where it joined two other missionary colleges to form Huachung University); and the Hsiang-Ya Medical College, Nursing School and Hospital. Over the years, Hsiang-Ya (a compound of hsiang, denoting Hunan, and ya, denoting Yale-China; transliterated today as Xiangya) developed a reputation for providing the most advanced training in Western medicine in all of central and southern China. More than at other foreign-affiliated institutions, an effort was made early on to bring as many Chinese faculty and administrators on board as possible. By the late 1920s, all major leadership positions were held by Chinese, and Yale-in-China was very much a joint Sino-American enterprise.
Between 1919 and 1920, future Chairman Mao Zedong had several encounters with the school: he edited its student magazine, re-focusing it on "thought reorientation," and operated a bookshop out of its medical college.
World War II
The war years (1937–45) placed enormous strains on the Yale-in-China institutions, especially the Hsiang-Ya Hospital, which cared for war casualties and refugees. For example, the life of paralyzed Frank Wattendorf was spared at the hospital before he was evacuated.
Many of the Changsha facilities were damaged by invading Japanese troops. Nevertheless, these challenges served to inspire renewed commitment on the part of both American and Chinese faculty and administrators. The Yale-in-China staff who returned to Changsha in September 1945 determined to rebuild the campus and resume their pre-war operations. Within four years, however, a Communist insurgency toppled the Nationalist government and Yale-in-China's future seemed uncertain in the face of growing hostility between the United States and China.
Hong Kong years
By 1951, the new Communist government had taken possession of Yale-in-China's Changsha properties and renamed the Yali School as "Liberation Middle School." Dr. Dwight Rugh, Yale-in-China's last representative in Changsha, spent most of 1950 under house arrest as the only American on campus, and was eventually expelled from China in May 1951. With his departure, the ties between Yale-in-China in New Haven and the institutions in Changsha and Wuhan were broken for nearly 30 years.
Between 1951 and 1954, hostility against the United States on the mainland and turmoil on Nationalist-held Taiwan led to a suspension of Yale-in-China's work within China. Preston Schoyer, who had been a Bachelor in Changsha before the war, worked both formally and informally to develop new programs and maintain ties with old friends. During those years, Yale-in-China devoted its resources to financing the education of Chinese students in the U.S. while looking in Asia for new projects to support. Attention soon focused on a refugee college in the British colony of Hong Kong which had been founded by Ch'ien Mu (1895–1990) and other Chinese intellectuals determined to preserve traditional Chinese learning and values in the face of the Communist victory on the mainland. In early 1954, after a visit to the colony and months of negotiations, Yale-in-China's trustees formally affiliated the organization with New Asia College.
Unlike in Changsha, Yale-in-China's relationship with New Asia College was, by intention, one of support and assistance rather than direct administration. Yale-in-China secured funding from the Ford Foundation and other U.S. foundations to support the development of the college, and also provided fellowships for New Asia faculty to pursue further study in the United States. In 1956, Yale-in-China resumed the practice of sending Bachelors, two recent Yale graduates, to teach English, though now to New Asia College instead of the Yali School.
In the late 1950s, the possibility of founding a university in Hong Kong that would use Chinese as the language of instruction was explored. In 1959, the Council of British Universities selected New Asia, United and Chung Chi colleges to federate and form the new Chinese University of Hong Kong, which was formally inaugurated in 1963 on its Shatin campus. Preston Schoyer played a key role in negotiating New Asia's entrance. Yale-in-China contributed to the new campus by securing funds to construct buildings, including the university health clinic, the Yali Guest House, Friendship Lodge and a student dormitory at New Asia College. Yale-in-China also contributed to the early internationalization of the campus by helping to establish the New Asia - Yale-in-China Chinese Language Centre and the International Asian Studies Programme, which now enroll hundreds of international students every year. Meanwhile, the relationship with New Asia College, where the Yale–China Association (as the organization was renamed in 1975) has maintained a representative office for fifty years, remains a strong one.
Return to China
By the 1970s, both New Asia College and the Chinese University of Hong Kong had achieved a level of institutional maturity and financial stability that decreased the need for Yale-China's contributions. At the same time, the normalization of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and China presented the possibility of resumed activity on the mainland. In the fall of 1979, Yale-China staff traveled to Changsha to explore opportunities for academic exchange with administrators and faculty at Hunan Medical College, the successor to Hsiang-Ya, and several exchange agreements were concluded that led to the arrival of Yale-China English teachers in September 1980 and exchanges of medical personnel between Yale University and Hunan Medical College. Two English instructors were also sent to Wuhan University the same year and later to Huazhong Normal University.
Despite the geographical continuities, however, the intervening years had brought substantial changes to Chinese higher education and within Yale-China itself. Political sensitivities in China and Yale-China's own evolution determined that any new activity in China would be of a nature substantially different from that of the pre-1949 years. Rather than seeking to resume the joint administration of the former Yale-in-China institutions, the emphasis was placed on shorter-term academic exchanges in the fields of medicine and American Studies and a resumption of the English language instruction program. Throughout the 1980s, Yale-China's medical program brought almost 50 Chinese medical personnel to the U.S. and sent over 40 Americans to China for exchanges of medical knowledge. During the same years, nearly 100 Yale graduates participated in Yale-China's English teaching program in China. Yale-China also continued to send English teachers to the Chinese University of Hong Kong and maintained its involvement with the university's International Asian Studies Program.
The decade of the 1990s brought an expansion of Yale-China's activities into new program areas and affiliations with institutions outside of Yale-China's historical bases in Hong Kong, Changsha and Wuhan. While maintaining its English teaching program, Yale-China initiated projects in environmental protection and pediatric cardiology and facilitated a drama collaboration between New Haven's Long Wharf Theater and the Shanghai People's Art Theater which resulted in a Chinese-language stage production of Amy Tan's Joy Luck Club in 1994. Other areas of expansion have included the fields of American Studies, legal education, public health, nursing, and service in the non-profit sector for China and American students.
See also
List of Protestant missionary societies in China 1807-1953
Yale-China Chinese Language Centre
Yali High School
Notes
^ Spence, Jonathan (2006). Mao Zedong: A Life. New York: Penguin.
^ "Yale Group Spurs Mao's Emergence." Yale Daily News, Vol. 96, No. 3, February 29, 1972, p. 1. Archived from the original. Accessed April 24, 2014.
^ Theodore von Karman with Lee Edson (1967) The Wind and Beyond, page 201, Little, Brown and Company
^ Bevill (2021).
^ ChapmanPlumb (2001), p. 84.
References and further reading
Chapman, Nancy E.; Plumb, Jessica C. (2001). The Yale-China Association : A Centennial History. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. ISBN 9629960184.
Bevill, James P. (2021). Blackboards and Bomb Shelters : The Perilous Journey of Americans in China During World War II. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military. ISBN 9780764362644.. Extensive coverage of wartime years.
Holden, Reuben A. (1964). Yale in China; the Mainland, 1901-1951. New Haven: Yale in China Association.
Hume, Edward H. (1946). Doctors East, Doctors West; an American Physician's Life in China. New York: W.W. Norton & company.
Hume, Edward H. and William Winston Pettus (1952). Dauntless Adventurer : The Story of Dr. Winston Pettus. New Haven, Conn.: Yale in China Association.
Xiao Hong Shen, "Yale's China and China's Yale: Americanizing Higher Education in China, 1900-1927" (PhD Dissertation; New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1993). 363p.
External links
Official Website of the Yale-China Association | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yale-China_Association.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"nonprofit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"}],"text":"Building of Yale-China AssociationThe Yale-China Association (Chinese: 雅礼协会; pinyin: Yǎlǐ Xiéhuì), formerly Yale-in-China, is an independent, nonprofit organization based in New Haven, Connecticut which sponsors educational programs in and about China in order to further understanding between Chinese and American people. Founded in 1901 as a Protestant missionary society, Yale-China's work now builds on long-term relationships to support Chinese institutions and Chinese initiatives in the fields of public health and nursing, legal education, English language instruction, and American Studies. The Association works closely with Yale University and is located on the Yale campus, each year sending Yale graduates to teach or work in China, but is not formally connected with it. Yale-China is particularly interested in cultural exchange for Chinese and American students. Publications include a regular newsletter, biennial report, and the annual Yale-China Health Journal.","title":"Yale-China Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Student Volunteer Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Volunteer_Movement"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"Horace Tracy Pitkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Tracy_Pitkin"},{"link_name":"Boxer Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Changsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"}],"text":"The Yale-China Association was first incorporated as the Yale Foreign Missionary Society, and was known informally as Yale-in-China as early as 1913. It was nondenominational from its beginnings and by the 1920s had ceased to be an overtly missionary enterprise. It was re-incorporated in 1934 as a secular organization, the Yale-in-China Association, and in 1975 as the Yale–China Association.A reflection of the religious fervor sweeping American college campuses at the end of the 19th century, which took form in the Student Volunteer Movement, Yale-China was founded in 1901 as the Yale Foreign Missionary Society by a group of Yale graduates and faculty members committed to establishing a Christian missionary presence overseas. The founders chose China as the focus of their work, in part to honor the memory of a Yale graduate from the class of 1892, Horace Tracy Pitkin, who had worked in China as a missionary and was killed in 1900 during the Boxer Uprising. The city of Changsha in Hunan Province was chosen as the base of operations in China after consultation with other foreign missionaries.","title":"Establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven"},{"link_name":"evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"Edward H. Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_H._Hume"},{"link_name":"Yali School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yali_School"},{"link_name":"Huachung University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huachung_University"},{"link_name":"Hsiang-Ya Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_South_University"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"At the urging of the home office in New Haven as well as other missionaries in China, the Yale Mission early on assumed more of an educational than evangelical function. With the arrival of Dr. Edward H. Hume in 1905, medical education and care became a major focus of the endeavor. The educational compound that began with Dr. Hume's medical clinic eventually grew to comprise a preparatory school, the Yali School; the College of Yale-in-China (later moved to Wuhan, where it joined two other missionary colleges to form Huachung University); and the Hsiang-Ya Medical College, Nursing School and Hospital. Over the years, Hsiang-Ya (a compound of hsiang, denoting Hunan, and ya, denoting Yale-China; transliterated today as Xiangya) developed a reputation for providing the most advanced training in Western medicine in all of central and southern China. More than at other foreign-affiliated institutions, an effort was made early on to bring as many Chinese faculty and administrators on board as possible. By the late 1920s, all major leadership positions were held by Chinese, and Yale-in-China was very much a joint Sino-American enterprise.Between 1919 and 1920, future Chairman Mao Zedong had several encounters with the school: he edited its student magazine, re-focusing it on \"thought reorientation,\" and operated a bookshop out of its medical college.[1][2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Wattendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wattendorf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevill2021-4"}],"text":"The war years (1937–45) placed enormous strains on the Yale-in-China institutions, especially the Hsiang-Ya Hospital, which cared for war casualties and refugees. For example, the life of paralyzed Frank Wattendorf was spared at the hospital before he was evacuated.[3]Many of the Changsha facilities were damaged by invading Japanese troops. Nevertheless, these challenges served to inspire renewed commitment on the part of both American and Chinese faculty and administrators. [4] The Yale-in-China staff who returned to Changsha in September 1945 determined to rebuild the campus and resume their pre-war operations. Within four years, however, a Communist insurgency toppled the Nationalist government and Yale-in-China's future seemed uncertain in the face of growing hostility between the United States and China.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yali School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yali_School"},{"link_name":"Preston Schoyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Schoyer"},{"link_name":"Ch'ien Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27ien_Mu"},{"link_name":"New Asia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Asia_College"},{"link_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapmanPlumb2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWne5gRl4e-kCqschoyer_84]-5"},{"link_name":"New Asia - Yale-in-China Chinese Language Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale-China_Chinese_Language_Center"},{"link_name":"International Asian Studies Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Asian_Studies_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"By 1951, the new Communist government had taken possession of Yale-in-China's Changsha properties and renamed the Yali School as \"Liberation Middle School.\" Dr. Dwight Rugh, Yale-in-China's last representative in Changsha, spent most of 1950 under house arrest as the only American on campus, and was eventually expelled from China in May 1951. With his departure, the ties between Yale-in-China in New Haven and the institutions in Changsha and Wuhan were broken for nearly 30 years.Between 1951 and 1954, hostility against the United States on the mainland and turmoil on Nationalist-held Taiwan led to a suspension of Yale-in-China's work within China. Preston Schoyer, who had been a Bachelor in Changsha before the war, worked both formally and informally to develop new programs and maintain ties with old friends. During those years, Yale-in-China devoted its resources to financing the education of Chinese students in the U.S. while looking in Asia for new projects to support. Attention soon focused on a refugee college in the British colony of Hong Kong which had been founded by Ch'ien Mu (1895–1990) and other Chinese intellectuals determined to preserve traditional Chinese learning and values in the face of the Communist victory on the mainland. In early 1954, after a visit to the colony and months of negotiations, Yale-in-China's trustees formally affiliated the organization with New Asia College.Unlike in Changsha, Yale-in-China's relationship with New Asia College was, by intention, one of support and assistance rather than direct administration. Yale-in-China secured funding from the Ford Foundation and other U.S. foundations to support the development of the college, and also provided fellowships for New Asia faculty to pursue further study in the United States. In 1956, Yale-in-China resumed the practice of sending Bachelors, two recent Yale graduates, to teach English, though now to New Asia College instead of the Yali School.In the late 1950s, the possibility of founding a university in Hong Kong that would use Chinese as the language of instruction was explored. In 1959, the Council of British Universities selected New Asia, United and Chung Chi colleges to federate and form the new Chinese University of Hong Kong, which was formally inaugurated in 1963 on its Shatin campus. Preston Schoyer played a key role in negotiating New Asia's entrance. [5] Yale-in-China contributed to the new campus by securing funds to construct buildings, including the university health clinic, the Yali Guest House, Friendship Lodge and a student dormitory at New Asia College. Yale-in-China also contributed to the early internationalization of the campus by helping to establish the New Asia - Yale-in-China Chinese Language Centre and the International Asian Studies Programme, which now enroll hundreds of international students every year. Meanwhile, the relationship with New Asia College, where the Yale–China Association (as the organization was renamed in 1975) has maintained a representative office for fifty years, remains a strong one.","title":"Hong Kong years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wuhan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_University"},{"link_name":"Amy Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Tan"},{"link_name":"Joy Luck Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Luck_Club_(book)"}],"text":"By the 1970s, both New Asia College and the Chinese University of Hong Kong had achieved a level of institutional maturity and financial stability that decreased the need for Yale-China's contributions. At the same time, the normalization of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and China presented the possibility of resumed activity on the mainland. In the fall of 1979, Yale-China staff traveled to Changsha to explore opportunities for academic exchange with administrators and faculty at Hunan Medical College, the successor to Hsiang-Ya, and several exchange agreements were concluded that led to the arrival of Yale-China English teachers in September 1980 and exchanges of medical personnel between Yale University and Hunan Medical College. Two English instructors were also sent to Wuhan University the same year and later to Huazhong Normal University.Despite the geographical continuities, however, the intervening years had brought substantial changes to Chinese higher education and within Yale-China itself. Political sensitivities in China and Yale-China's own evolution determined that any new activity in China would be of a nature substantially different from that of the pre-1949 years. Rather than seeking to resume the joint administration of the former Yale-in-China institutions, the emphasis was placed on shorter-term academic exchanges in the fields of medicine and American Studies and a resumption of the English language instruction program. Throughout the 1980s, Yale-China's medical program brought almost 50 Chinese medical personnel to the U.S. and sent over 40 Americans to China for exchanges of medical knowledge. During the same years, nearly 100 Yale graduates participated in Yale-China's English teaching program in China. Yale-China also continued to send English teachers to the Chinese University of Hong Kong and maintained its involvement with the university's International Asian Studies Program.The decade of the 1990s brought an expansion of Yale-China's activities into new program areas and affiliations with institutions outside of Yale-China's historical bases in Hong Kong, Changsha and Wuhan. While maintaining its English teaching program, Yale-China initiated projects in environmental protection and pediatric cardiology and facilitated a drama collaboration between New Haven's Long Wharf Theater and the Shanghai People's Art Theater which resulted in a Chinese-language stage production of Amy Tan's Joy Luck Club in 1994. Other areas of expansion have included the fields of American Studies, legal education, public health, nursing, and service in the non-profit sector for China and American students.","title":"Return to China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Yale Group Spurs Mao's Emergence.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/yale-group-spurs-maos-emergence-yale-daily-news-vol.-93-no.-96-february-29-1972-p.-1/Yale%20Group%20Spurs%20Mao%27s%20Emergence%20%28Yale%20Daily%20News%2C%20Vol.%2093%2C%20No.%2096%2C%20February%2029%2C%201972%29%20p.%201.pdf"},{"link_name":"Yale Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digital.library.yale.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/yale-ydn/id/135148/rec/14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Theodore von Karman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Karman"},{"link_name":"Little, Brown and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBevill2021_4-0"},{"link_name":"Bevill (2021)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBevill2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapmanPlumb2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWne5gRl4e-kCqschoyer_84]_5-0"},{"link_name":"ChapmanPlumb (2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChapmanPlumb2001"},{"link_name":"84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Wne5gRl4e-kC&q=schoyer"}],"text":"^ Spence, Jonathan (2006). Mao Zedong: A Life. New York: Penguin.\n\n^ \"Yale Group Spurs Mao's Emergence.\" Yale Daily News, Vol. 96, No. 3, February 29, 1972, p. 1. Archived from the original. Accessed April 24, 2014.\n\n^ Theodore von Karman with Lee Edson (1967) The Wind and Beyond, page 201, Little, Brown and Company\n\n^ Bevill (2021).\n\n^ ChapmanPlumb (2001), p. 84.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Yale-China Association : A Centennial History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Wne5gRl4e-kC&q=yale-china+association"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9629960184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9629960184"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780764362644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764362644"}],"text":"Chapman, Nancy E.; Plumb, Jessica C. (2001). The Yale-China Association : A Centennial History. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. ISBN 9629960184.\nBevill, James P. (2021). Blackboards and Bomb Shelters : The Perilous Journey of Americans in China During World War II. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military. ISBN 9780764362644.. Extensive coverage of wartime years.\nHolden, Reuben A. (1964). Yale in China; the Mainland, 1901-1951. New Haven: Yale in China Association.\nHume, Edward H. (1946). Doctors East, Doctors West; an American Physician's Life in China. New York: W.W. Norton & company.\nHume, Edward H. and William Winston Pettus (1952). Dauntless Adventurer : The Story of Dr. Winston Pettus. New Haven, Conn.: Yale in China Association.\nXiao Hong Shen, \"Yale's China and China's Yale: Americanizing Higher Education in China, 1900-1927\" (PhD Dissertation; New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1993). 363p.","title":"References and further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Building of Yale-China Association","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yale-China_Association.jpg/220px-Yale-China_Association.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Protestant missionary societies in China 1807-1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionary_societies_in_China_1807-1953"},{"title":"Yale-China Chinese Language Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale-China_Chinese_Language_Centre"},{"title":"Yali High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yali_High_School"}] | [{"reference":"Spence, Jonathan (2006). Mao Zedong: A Life. New York: Penguin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chapman, Nancy E.; Plumb, Jessica C. (2001). The Yale-China Association : A Centennial History. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. ISBN 9629960184.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wne5gRl4e-kC&q=yale-china+association","url_text":"The Yale-China Association : A Centennial History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9629960184","url_text":"9629960184"}]},{"reference":"Bevill, James P. (2021). Blackboards and Bomb Shelters : The Perilous Journey of Americans in China During World War II. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military. ISBN 9780764362644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764362644","url_text":"9780764362644"}]},{"reference":"Holden, Reuben A. (1964). Yale in China; the Mainland, 1901-1951. New Haven: Yale in China Association.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hume, Edward H. (1946). Doctors East, Doctors West; an American Physician's Life in China. New York: W.W. Norton & company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hume, Edward H. and William Winston Pettus (1952). Dauntless Adventurer : The Story of Dr. Winston Pettus. New Haven, Conn.: Yale in China Association.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/yale-group-spurs-maos-emergence-yale-daily-news-vol.-93-no.-96-february-29-1972-p.-1/Yale%20Group%20Spurs%20Mao%27s%20Emergence%20%28Yale%20Daily%20News%2C%20Vol.%2093%2C%20No.%2096%2C%20February%2029%2C%201972%29%20p.%201.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Yale Group Spurs Mao's Emergence.\""},{"Link":"http://digital.library.yale.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/yale-ydn/id/135148/rec/14","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wne5gRl4e-kC&q=schoyer","external_links_name":"84"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wne5gRl4e-kC&q=yale-china+association","external_links_name":"The Yale-China Association : A Centennial History"},{"Link":"http://www.yalechina.org/","external_links_name":"Official Website of the Yale-China Association"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cadillac | The Cadillac | ["1 Plot","1.1 Part 1","1.2 Part 2","2 Production","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"] | This article is about the TV episode. For other uses, see Cadillac (disambiguation).
14th and 15th episodes of the 7th season of Seinfeld
"The Cadillac"Seinfeld episodesEpisode nos.Season 7Episodes 14/15Directed byAndy AckermanWritten byLarry DavidJerry SeinfeldProduction code714/715Original air dateFebruary 8, 1996 (1996-02-08)Running time42 minutesGuest appearances
Barney Martin as Morty Seinfeld
Liz Sheridan as Helen Seinfeld
Heidi Swedberg as Susan Ross
Walter Olkewicz as Nick
Annabelle Gurwitch as Katy
Marisa Tomei as herself
Sandy Baron as Jack Klompus
Frances Bay as Mabel Choate
Ann Morgan Guilbert as Evelyn
Bill Macy as Herb
Jesse White as Ralph
Annie Korzen as Doris
Daniel Zacapa as Power Guy
Golde Starger as Bldg 'A'
Janice Davies as Bldg 'B'
Art Frankel as Bldg 'C'
Episode chronology
← Previous"The Seven"
Next →"The Shower Head"
Seinfeld season 7List of episodes
"The Cadillac" is an hour-long, two-part episode of NBC sitcom Seinfeld. It was the 124th and 125th episode and 14th and 15th episode for the seventh season. It aired on February 8, 1996. This was the last episode to be co-written by Jerry Seinfeld.
In this episode, Jerry's gift of a Cadillac for his parents causes political difficulties for Morty and triggers gold digger instincts in Elaine, Kramer takes revenge on his cable company by not being at home when they show up, and George becomes obsessed with the possibility of a date with Academy Award-winning actress Marisa Tomei (who plays herself in the episode).
Plot
Part 1
Jerry comes back from a high-paying gig and surprises his parents by buying them a new Cadillac Fleetwood; learning about his financial situation, Elaine begins hitting on Jerry. Jack Klompus doesn’t believe Jerry is successful enough to buy his parents a car, and accuses Morty of embezzling funds from the office of condo president to buy the Cadillac, leading to impeachment proceedings. The Seinfelds' neighbor Evelyn tells them that the decision hinges on one undecided vote, board member Mabel Choate.
The Plaza Cable company wants to enter Kramer's apartment and disable HBO and Showtime, which he has been getting for free. Kramer makes sure he is not at home when they arrive, to retaliate for making him wait over nine hours for them when his cable was installed ten years prior.
Katy Ashe, Elaine's friend, reveals she is friends with actress Marisa Tomei. Katy tells George that he is Marisa's type and that she would have set them up on a date if he was still single. Awed at the thought that he could have dated an Oscar winner, George belatedly decides it wouldn't count as cheating to meet Marisa for a cup of coffee. He obsesses with getting Marisa's phone number, to the point of harassing Katy when she is in the hospital with an arrhythmia.
Part 2
The Seinfelds meet with Mabel, who Jerry recognizes as the woman from whom he stole a marble rye in "The Rye". Jerry takes his leave as Morty explains his side of the story in order to get Mabel's vote.
George obtains Marisa's phone number and works with Elaine to create a cover story involving Elaine and her fictitious boyfriend, an "import-exporter". George and Marisa have a date in the park. Marisa is enchanted by George, but when he tells her he is engaged, she is furious, decking him and storming off. Susan suspects George is having an affair with Elaine and separately questions George and Elaine regarding what her boyfriend imports. Elaine says potato chips; George says matches, and receives his second punching that day.
The board votes against impeachment. In frustration, Jack calls Mabel an "old bag," triggering her memory of Jerry robbing her. Mabel tells everyone it was Morty's son who stole the rye bread from her, and the board unanimously votes for Morty's impeachment. As vice-president, Jack becomes the new condo president. The Seinfelds leave the condo.
The cable guy chases Kramer, but he gets away. The cable guy finally concedes defeat and apologizes on behalf of cable guys everywhere, promising better service across the board. Kramer appears and has an emotional reconciliation with the cable guy.
Production
The inspiration for the episode came when Larry David bought a Lexus for his father, who was president of his condominium in Florida, and started wondering what the other residents would think of him having a Lexus. Like most of Seinfeld's one-hour time slot episodes, "The Cadillac" was initially conceived as a normal half-hour show. The original script was filmed on January 10, and ran well over the 23 minutes allotted for a half-hour time slot. While this was not unusual for Seinfeld, in this case Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld decided it would be easier to pad the episode out to a one-hour time slot than edit it down to a half hour, so they wrote a number of additional scenes, such as those dealing with the early bird special. The additional scenes, and extended reworkings of existing scenes, were filmed on February 1.
Jerry Seinfeld was a longtime fan of Jesse White, who plays Ralph in the episode, due to his part on The Ann Sothern Show. White gave him his autograph when he was a young boy. The role would become the actor's final performance before his death in 1997.
The chase sequence with Kramer and the cable guy include shots which were filmed in the real New York City with body doubles, and uses stock music from the earlier episode "The Doorman". These scenes reference In the Line of Fire. The jump between buildings was performed by Arthur M. Jolly
The episode's final scene, showing the Seinfelds leaving the condo, is a shot-for-shot parody of the movie Nixon.
Critical reception
David Sims of The A.V. Club praised the deep politics of the retirement condo story but said the George/Marisa subplot "wraps up too quickly with George just getting his comeuppance from both ladies with none of his usual deviousness."
References
^ a b "Seinfeld Season 7 Episodes". TV Guide. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
^ a b Sims, David (September 15, 2011). "The Cadillac (season 7, episodes 14-15)". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
^ a b Seinfeld Season 7: Inside Look - "The Cadillac" (DVD). Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. 2006.
^ a b c d Seinfeld Season 7: Notes about Nothing - "The Cadillac" (DVD). Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. 2006.
^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0697667/fullcredits
External links
"The Cadillac" at IMDb
vteSeinfeld episodesSeason 1
"The Seinfeld Chronicles"
"The Stake Out"
"The Robbery"
"Male Unbonding"
"The Stock Tip"
Season 2
"The Ex-Girlfriend"
"The Pony Remark"
"The Jacket"
"The Phone Message"
"The Apartment"
"The Statue"
"The Revenge"
"The Heart Attack"
"The Deal"
"The Baby Shower"
"The Chinese Restaurant"
"The Busboy"
"The Bet" (unproduced)
Season 3
"The Note"
"The Truth"
"The Pen"
"The Dog"
"The Library"
"The Parking Garage"
"The Cafe"
"The Tape"
"The Nose Job"
"The Stranded"
"The Alternate Side"
"The Red Dot"
"The Subway"
"The Pez Dispenser"
"The Suicide"
"The Fix-Up"
"The Boyfriend"†
"The Limo"
"The Good Samaritan"
"The Letter"
"The Parking Space"
"The Keys"
Season 4
"The Trip"†
"The Pitch"
"The Ticket"
"The Wallet"
"The Watch"
"The Bubble Boy"
"The Cheever Letters"
"The Opera"
"The Virgin"
"The Contest"
"The Airport"
"The Pick"
"The Movie"
"The Visa"
"The Shoes"
"The Outing"
"The Old Man"
"The Implant"
"The Junior Mint"
"The Smelly Car"
"The Handicap Spot"
"The Pilot"†
Season 5
"The Mango"
"The Puffy Shirt"
"The Glasses"
"The Sniffing Accountant"
"The Bris"
"The Lip Reader"
"The Non-Fat Yogurt"
"The Barber"
"The Masseuse"
"The Cigar Store Indian"
"The Conversion"
"The Stall"
"The Dinner Party"
"The Marine Biologist"
"The Pie"
"The Stand In"
"The Wife"
"The Raincoats"†
"The Fire"
"The Hamptons"
"The Opposite"
Season 6
"The Chaperone"
"The Big Salad"
"The Pledge Drive"
"The Chinese Woman"
"The Couch"
"The Gymnast"
"The Soup"
"The Mom & Pop Store"
"The Secretary"
"The Race"
"The Switch"
"The Label Maker"
"The Scofflaw"
"The Highlights of 100"†
"The Beard"
"The Kiss Hello"
"The Doorman"
"The Jimmy"
"The Doodle"
"The Fusilli Jerry"
"The Diplomat's Club"
"The Face Painter"
"The Understudy"
Season 7
"The Engagement"
"The Postponement"
"The Maestro"
"The Wink"
"The Hot Tub"
"The Soup Nazi"
"The Secret Code"
"The Pool Guy"
"The Sponge"
"The Gum"
"The Rye"
"The Caddy"
"The Seven"
"The Cadillac"†
"The Shower Head"
"The Doll"
"The Friar's Club"
"The Wig Master"
"The Calzone"
"The Bottle Deposit"†
"The Wait Out"
"The Invitations"
Season 8
"The Foundation"
"The Soul Mate"
"The Bizarro Jerry"
"The Little Kicks"
"The Package"
"The Fatigues"
"The Checks"
"The Chicken Roaster"
"The Abstinence"
"The Andrea Doria"
"The Little Jerry"
"The Money"
"The Comeback"
"The Van Buren Boys"
"The Susie"
"The Pothole"
"The English Patient"
"The Nap"
"The Yada Yada"
"The Millennium"
"The Muffin Tops"
"The Summer of George"
Season 9
"The Butter Shave"
"The Voice"
"The Serenity Now"
"The Blood"
"The Junk Mail"
"The Merv Griffin Show"
"The Slicer"
"The Betrayal"
"The Apology"
"The Strike"
"The Dealership"
"The Reverse Peephole"
"The Cartoon"
"The Strongbox"
"The Wizard"
"The Burning"
"The Bookstore"
"The Frogger"
"The Maid"
"The Puerto Rican Day"
"The Chronicle"†
"The Finale"†
† Indicates two-part episode | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cadillac (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvguide-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvguide-1"},{"link_name":"Jerry Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"Jerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld_(character)"},{"link_name":"Morty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morty_Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"gold digger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_digger"},{"link_name":"Elaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Benes"},{"link_name":"Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Kramer"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Costanza"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Marisa Tomei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Tomei"}],"text":"This article is about the TV episode. For other uses, see Cadillac (disambiguation).14th and 15th episodes of the 7th season of Seinfeld\"The Cadillac\" is an hour-long, two-part episode of NBC sitcom Seinfeld. It was the 124th and 125th episode and 14th and 15th episode for the seventh season.[1] It aired on February 8, 1996.[1] This was the last episode to be co-written by Jerry Seinfeld.In this episode, Jerry's gift of a Cadillac for his parents causes political difficulties for Morty and triggers gold digger instincts in Elaine, Kramer takes revenge on his cable company by not being at home when they show up, and George becomes obsessed with the possibility of a date with Academy Award-winning actress Marisa Tomei (who plays herself in the episode).","title":"The Cadillac"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld_(character)"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Fleetwood"},{"link_name":"Elaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Benes"},{"link_name":"Morty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morty_Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"impeachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment"},{"link_name":"Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Kramer"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Marisa Tomei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Tomei"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Costanza"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AV-2"},{"link_name":"arrhythmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmia"}],"sub_title":"Part 1","text":"Jerry comes back from a high-paying gig and surprises his parents by buying them a new Cadillac Fleetwood; learning about his financial situation, Elaine begins hitting on Jerry. Jack Klompus doesn’t believe Jerry is successful enough to buy his parents a car, and accuses Morty of embezzling funds from the office of condo president to buy the Cadillac, leading to impeachment proceedings. The Seinfelds' neighbor Evelyn tells them that the decision hinges on one undecided vote, board member Mabel Choate.The Plaza Cable company wants to enter Kramer's apartment and disable HBO and Showtime, which he has been getting for free. Kramer makes sure he is not at home when they arrive, to retaliate for making him wait over nine hours for them when his cable was installed ten years prior.Katy Ashe, Elaine's friend, reveals she is friends with actress Marisa Tomei. Katy tells George that he is Marisa's type and that she would have set them up on a date if he was still single.[2] Awed at the thought that he could have dated an Oscar winner, George belatedly decides it wouldn't count as cheating to meet Marisa for a cup of coffee. He obsesses with getting Marisa's phone number, to the point of harassing Katy when she is in the hospital with an arrhythmia.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rye"},{"link_name":"Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Ross"}],"sub_title":"Part 2","text":"The Seinfelds meet with Mabel, who Jerry recognizes as the woman from whom he stole a marble rye in \"The Rye\". Jerry takes his leave as Morty explains his side of the story in order to get Mabel's vote.George obtains Marisa's phone number and works with Elaine to create a cover story involving Elaine and her fictitious boyfriend, an \"import-exporter\". George and Marisa have a date in the park. Marisa is enchanted by George, but when he tells her he is engaged, she is furious, decking him and storming off. Susan suspects George is having an affair with Elaine and separately questions George and Elaine regarding what her boyfriend imports. Elaine says potato chips; George says matches, and receives his second punching that day.The board votes against impeachment. In frustration, Jack calls Mabel an \"old bag,\" triggering her memory of Jerry robbing her. Mabel tells everyone it was Morty's son who stole the rye bread from her, and the board unanimously votes for Morty's impeachment. As vice-president, Jack becomes the new condo president. The Seinfelds leave the condo.The cable guy chases Kramer, but he gets away. The cable guy finally concedes defeat and apologizes on behalf of cable guys everywhere, promising better service across the board. Kramer appears and has an emotional reconciliation with the cable guy.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_David"},{"link_name":"Lexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InsLook-3"},{"link_name":"Jerry Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NaN-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NaN-4"},{"link_name":"Jesse White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_White_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Ann Sothern Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ann_Sothern_Show"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InsLook-3"},{"link_name":"body doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_double"},{"link_name":"stock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_music"},{"link_name":"The Doorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doorman_(Seinfeld)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NaN-4"},{"link_name":"In the Line of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Arthur M. Jolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Jolly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NaN-4"}],"text":"The inspiration for the episode came when Larry David bought a Lexus for his father, who was president of his condominium in Florida, and started wondering what the other residents would think of him having a Lexus.[3] Like most of Seinfeld's one-hour time slot episodes, \"The Cadillac\" was initially conceived as a normal half-hour show. The original script was filmed on January 10, and ran well over the 23 minutes allotted for a half-hour time slot. While this was not unusual for Seinfeld, in this case Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld decided it would be easier to pad the episode out to a one-hour time slot than edit it down to a half hour, so they wrote a number of additional scenes, such as those dealing with the early bird special.[4] The additional scenes, and extended reworkings of existing scenes, were filmed on February 1.[4]Jerry Seinfeld was a longtime fan of Jesse White, who plays Ralph in the episode, due to his part on The Ann Sothern Show. White gave him his autograph when he was a young boy.[3] The role would become the actor's final performance before his death in 1997.The chase sequence with Kramer and the cable guy include shots which were filmed in the real New York City with body doubles, and uses stock music from the earlier episode \"The Doorman\".[4] These scenes reference In the Line of Fire. The jump between buildings was performed by Arthur M. Jolly[5]The episode's final scene, showing the Seinfelds leaving the condo, is a shot-for-shot parody of the movie Nixon.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AV-2"}],"text":"David Sims of The A.V. Club praised the deep politics of the retirement condo story but said the George/Marisa subplot \"wraps up too quickly with George just getting his comeuppance from both ladies with none of his usual deviousness.\"[2]","title":"Critical reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Seinfeld Season 7 Episodes\". TV Guide. Retrieved December 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/seinfeld/episodes-season-7/1000137994/","url_text":"\"Seinfeld Season 7 Episodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"Sims, David (September 15, 2011). \"The Cadillac (season 7, episodes 14-15)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milecastle_46 | Milecastle 46 | ["1 Description","2 Associated turrets","2.1 Turret 46A","2.2 Turret 46B","3 Public access","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°59′15″N 2°31′32″W / 54.98759°N 2.5256°W / 54.98759; -2.5256
Milecastle 46The site of Milecastle 46Location within NorthumberlandTypeMilecastleLocationCoordinates54°59′15″N 2°31′32″W / 54.98759°N 2.5256°W / 54.98759; -2.5256CountyNorthumberlandCountryEnglandReferenceUK-OSNG referenceNY66466601
Milecastle 46 (Carvoran) was a milecastle on Hadrian's Wall (grid reference NY66466601).
Description
Milecastle 46 is just west of the Vallum deviation, north of Carvoran Roman Fort (Magnis). There are no visible remains of the milecastle, but its site can be distinguished by a slight, turf-covered platform. The site is visible as earthworks on aerial photographs.
Associated turrets
Each milecastle on Hadrian's Wall had two associated turret structures. These turrets were positioned approximately one-third and two-thirds of a Roman mile to the west of the Milecastle, and would probably have been manned by part of the milecastle's garrison. The turrets associated with Milecastle 46 are known as Turret 46A and Turret 46B.
Turret 46A
Turret 46A (Holmhead) (grid reference NY659660) has never been located, and its position has been calculated from the neighbouring milecastles. It may lie under the house or garden of Holmhead.
Turret 46B
Turret 46B (Wallend) (grid reference NY65426603) has never been located, and its position has been calculated from the neighbouring milecastles. It may lie under a farm outbuilding.
Public access
The site of the milecastle is on private land directly adjacent to the Hadrian's Wall Path. Parking is available at Walltown Quarry Car Park, which is on the line of the Hadrian's Wall Path, and is signposted from the B6318 (Military Road).
References
^ a b c MILECASTLE 46, Pastscape, retrieved 3 December 2013
^ a b TURRET 46A, Pastscape, retrieved 3 December 2013
^ a b TURRET 46B, Pastscape, retrieved 3 December 2013
External links
Media related to Milecastle 46 at Wikimedia Commons
vteForts and structures of Hadrian's WallWall Forts (East to West)
Segedunum
Pons Aelius
Condercum
Vindobala
Onnum
Cilurnum
Procolita
Vercovicium
Aesica
Magnis
Banna
Camboglanna
Uxelodunum
Aballava
Coggabata
Maia
Outpost Forts
Habitancum
Fanum Cocidi
Castra Exploratorum
Blatobulgium
Stanegate Forts
Corstopitum
Newbrough
Vindolanda
Haltwhistle Burn
Magnis
Throp
Nether Denton
Castle Hill Boothby
Brampton Old Church
Luguvalium
Supply Forts
Alauna
Arbeia
Coria
Vindomora
Cumbrian Coast Forts (North to South)
Bibra
Alauna
Burrow Walls
Gabrosentum
Milecastles
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Milefortlets
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Other structures on Hadrian's Wall
Portgate
Planetrees (Hadrian's Wall section)
Chesters Bridge
Limestone Corner
Knag Burn Gateway
Peel Gap Tower
Willowford Bridge
Pike Hill Signal Tower
Regular and linear features
Vallum
Military Way
Hadrian's Wall Path
Turrets
Authority control databases: Geographic
Pleiades | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"milecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milecastle"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"grid reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid"},{"link_name":"NY66466601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milecastle_46¶ms=54.987545_N_2.525677_W_region:GB_scale:25000"}],"text":"Milecastle 46 (Carvoran) was a milecastle on Hadrian's Wall (grid reference NY66466601).","title":"Milecastle 46"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)"},{"link_name":"Magnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pastscape1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pastscape1-1"},{"link_name":"earthworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"aerial photographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_archaeology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pastscape1-1"}],"text":"Milecastle 46 is just west of the Vallum deviation, north of Carvoran Roman Fort (Magnis).[1] There are no visible remains of the milecastle, but its site can be distinguished by a slight, turf-covered platform.[1] The site is visible as earthworks on aerial photographs.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turret_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)"},{"link_name":"Roman mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mile"}],"text":"Each milecastle on Hadrian's Wall had two associated turret structures. These turrets were positioned approximately one-third and two-thirds of a Roman mile to the west of the Milecastle, and would probably have been manned by part of the milecastle's garrison. The turrets associated with Milecastle 46 are known as Turret 46A and Turret 46B.","title":"Associated turrets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grid reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid"},{"link_name":"NY659660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milecastle_46¶ms=54.987417_N_2.534427_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pastscape2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pastscape2-2"}],"sub_title":"Turret 46A","text":"Turret 46A (Holmhead) (grid reference NY659660) has never been located, and its position has been calculated from the neighbouring milecastles.[2] It may lie under the house or garden of Holmhead.[2]","title":"Associated turrets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grid reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid"},{"link_name":"NY65426603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milecastle_46¶ms=54.987653_N_2.541931_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pastscape3-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pastscape3-3"}],"sub_title":"Turret 46B","text":"Turret 46B (Wallend) (grid reference NY65426603) has never been located, and its position has been calculated from the neighbouring milecastles.[3] It may lie under a farm outbuilding.[3]","title":"Associated turrets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path"},{"link_name":"B6318 (Military Road)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Road_(Northumberland)"}],"text":"The site of the milecastle is on private land directly adjacent to the Hadrian's Wall Path. Parking is available at Walltown Quarry Car Park, which is on the line of the Hadrian's Wall Path, and is signposted from the B6318 (Military Road).","title":"Public access"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Britain_1.png/100px-Britain_1.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg/100px-Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milecastle_46¶ms=54.98759_N_2.5256_W_type:landmark_region:GB-ENG","external_links_name":"54°59′15″N 2°31′32″W / 54.98759°N 2.5256°W / 54.98759; -2.5256"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milecastle_46¶ms=54.98759_N_2.5256_W_type:landmark_region:GB-ENG","external_links_name":"54°59′15″N 2°31′32″W / 54.98759°N 2.5256°W / 54.98759; -2.5256"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milecastle_46¶ms=54.987545_N_2.525677_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"NY66466601"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milecastle_46¶ms=54.987545_N_2.525677_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"NY66466601"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milecastle_46¶ms=54.987417_N_2.534427_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"NY659660"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milecastle_46¶ms=54.987653_N_2.541931_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"NY65426603"},{"Link":"http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=13848","external_links_name":"MILECASTLE 46"},{"Link":"http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=13851","external_links_name":"TURRET 46A"},{"Link":"http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=13854","external_links_name":"TURRET 46B"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/967060342","external_links_name":"Pleiades"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam_Rotem | Elam Rotem | ["1 Life and career","2 Compositions","3 Recordings","4 References","5 External links"] | Elam Rotemעילם רותםBorn (1984-11-29) 29 November 1984 (age 39)Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, IsraelOccupation(s)Composer, singer, harpsichordist and scholar of early musicYears active2008–presentAcademic backgroundAlma materUniversity of WürzburgThesisEarly Basso Continuo Practice: Implicit Evidence in the Music of Emilio de' Cavalieri (Frühe Basso Continuo-Praxis: Implizite Evidenz in der Musik Emilio de' Cavalieris) (2016)Doctoral advisorAndreas Haug , Ulrich Konrad
Elam Rotem (Hebrew: עילם רותם; born 29 November 1984) is a composer, singer, and harpsichordist based in Basel, Switzerland. He is a leading expert in early music, specifically the music of the turn of the 17th century. He is the founder and director of the group Profeti della Quinta and maintains Early Music Sources, a website collating writings and information on the subject of early music.
Life and career
Rotem was born in 1984 in Sdot Yam, Israel. During his studies at Kibbutz Kabri High School, he set up a vocal quintet with fellow students. This ensemble went on to become the international ensemble known as "Profeti della Quinta" which now performs regularly throughout Europe, North America, Israel and further abroad. Rotem studied for a bachelor's degree in harpsichord at the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance and studied for advanced degrees in basso continuo, improvisation and composition at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis. He went on to complete his PhD in 2016 through Schola Cantorum Basiliensis in a joint programme with the University of Würzburg, Germany.
Rotem specializes in the musical style of the 16th and 17th centuries in Italy, and his ensemble, Profeti Della Quinta, is known worldwide for their performances of the music of Italian Jewish composer Salomone Rossi, who was the first composer to use the Western-Christian musical language to compose Hebrew prayers and psalms ("The Songs of Solomon", 1623).
In 2017 Rotem recorded the recently discovered "Carlo G" manuscript with Profeti Della Quinta. This was the first recording of this early 17th-century score which had been discovered in a flea market after being lost for centuries. Rotem also published an edition of this unique score, which features a fully realised keyboard accompaniment.
Rotem has also published a number of editions of 17-century music, many of which are freely available on The Choral Public Domain Library and The International Music Score Library Project
Compositions
Rotem has composed major works in the Italian style of the turn of the 17th century, based on biblical texts in the original Hebrew. Hebrew works were composed at that time by the Mantuan composer, Salomone Rossi.
Whilst countless compositions have been written based on biblical texts, Rotem's works are unique, both in his use of the late Renaissance style in the 21st century and in his adherence to the original Hebrew texts.
Rappresentatione di Giuseppe e i suoi Fratelli (Joseph and his Brethren)
Musical drama in three acts, composed in the spirit of the early operas. 2014.
Quia Amore Langueo
Song of Songs and Dark Biblical Love Tales. 2015.
The Lamentation of David
A setting of 2 Samuel 1:17-27. 2020.
Recordings
Cipriano de Rore, Madrigals for four voices
Philippe Verdelot, Madrigals for four voices
Amor, Fortuna e Morte, Madrigals by de Rore, Luzzaschi, Gesualdo and Monteverdi
The Carlo G Manuscript, virtuoso liturgical music from the early 17th century
Luzzasco Luzzaschi (c. 1545–1607): madrigals, motets, and instrumental music
Elam Rotem / Quia Amore Langueo, Song of Songs and Dark Biblical Love Tales, motets and dramatic scenes composed in the spirit of early 17th-century Italian music
Orlando di Lasso / Musica Reservata, Secret music for Albrecht V / The penitential psalms by Orlando di Lassus performed in a historical setting
Elam Rotem / Rappresentatione di Giuseppe e i suoi Fratelli, Joseph and his Brethren, Biblical musical drama in three acts composed by Elam Rotem in the spirit of the early operas
Il Mantovano Hebreo, Italian madrigals, Hebrew prayers and instrumental music by Salomone Rossi
Rore, Monteverdi, and Gesualdo, Part of the 2013 Festival CD "Wege zum Barock"
Hebreo: The Search for Salomone Rossi, a film by Joseph Rochlitz with Profeti Della Quinta (official website)
Salomone Rossi: 'The Song of Solomon' and instrumental music, Profeti Della Quinta and Ensemble Muscadin
References
^ a b Sherman, Barney. "Can an Ancient Style Yield Truly New Music?". Iowa Public Radio. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ a b Kwasniewski, Peter. "NLM Exclusive: Interview with Early Music Composer Elam Rotem". New Liturgical Movement. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ "Profeti Della Quinta". Profeti Della Quinta. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ "Early Music Sources". Early Music Sources.com. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ "Elam Rotem & Profeti della Quinta". America-Israel Cultural Foundation. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ Elam, Rotem (2015). Early Basso Continuo Practice: Implicit Evidence in the Music of Emilio de' Cavalieri (PhD thesis). Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
^ "The Carlo G Manuscript. Virtuoso liturgical music from the early 17th century". Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ Rotem, Elam. "The Carlo G Manuscript". Schwabe Online. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
External links
Elam Rotem discography at Discogs
Early Music Sources
Profeti Della Quinta
IMSLP: Rotem, Elam
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http://iowapublicradio.org-1"},{"link_name":"Profeti della Quinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profeti_della_Quinta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Liturgical_Movement-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quintaprofeti.com-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Liturgical_Movement-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-earlymusicsources-4"}],"text":"Elam Rotem (Hebrew: עילם רותם; born 29 November 1984) is a composer, singer, and harpsichordist based in Basel, Switzerland. He is a leading expert in early music, specifically the music of the turn of the 17th century.[1] He is the founder and director of the group Profeti della Quinta[2][3] and maintains Early Music Sources, a website collating writings and information on the subject of early music.[2][4]","title":"Elam Rotem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sdot Yam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sdot_Yam"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Kibbutz Kabri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabri,_Israel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aicfnews-5"},{"link_name":"basso continuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basso_continuo"},{"link_name":"improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation"},{"link_name":"Schola Cantorum Basiliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schola_Cantorum_Basiliensis"},{"link_name":"University of Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Salomone Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomone_Rossi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlo_G_CD-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlo_G_Article-8"},{"link_name":"Choral Public Domain Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library"},{"link_name":"International Music Score Library Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project"}],"text":"Rotem was born in 1984 in Sdot Yam, Israel. 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He went on to complete his PhD in 2016 through Schola Cantorum Basiliensis in a joint programme with the University of Würzburg, Germany.[6]Rotem specializes in the musical style of the 16th and 17th centuries in Italy, and his ensemble, Profeti Della Quinta, is known worldwide for their performances of the music of Italian Jewish composer Salomone Rossi, who was the first composer to use the Western-Christian musical language to compose Hebrew prayers and psalms (\"The Songs of Solomon\", 1623).In 2017 Rotem recorded the recently discovered \"Carlo G\" manuscript with Profeti Della Quinta.[7] This was the first recording of this early 17th-century score which had been discovered in a flea market after being lost for centuries. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haste_to_the_Wedding_(jig) | Haste to the Wedding (jig) | ["1 History","2 In song","2.1 Traditional lyrics","2.2 In popular music","3 In dance","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | 18th century song
"Haste to the Wedding" is a jig tune in the English, Scottish and Irish musical traditions. The tune originated during the 18th century, although its original composer is not certain. Written in the standard 8-bar AABB format of Gaelic music, it is traditionally performed on the fiddle, but is a simple tune which can be performed on a variety of instruments, and is frequently adapted for session music. The tune has also been used as the basis for songs, and as musical accompaniment for ceili dances of the same name.
History
The earliest known source for the tune is James Oswald's "Caledonian Pocket Companion", volume 10, page 8 (London, 1759), where it is titled "The Small Pin Cushion". No source or composer is listed, which in Oswald's collections sometimes means he wrote it himself.
"The tune 'Come, Haste to the Wedding', of Gaelic origin, was introduced in the pantomime 'The Elopement' in 1767. This version is known as the Manx tune and was printed by the Percy society in 1846. It is the basis for the Manx ballad, 'The Capture of Carrickfergusby,' written by Thurot in 1760 (Linscott)." One of the tunes associated with the dance "Lady in the Lake" in N.H./ Widely known in the USA: in the repertory of Buffalo Valley, Pa., dance fiddler Harry Daddario .
According to one theory, the name "Haste to the Wedding" derives from a tradition in County Donegal, Ireland, where the tune was played as the bride marched from her family home to the church on her wedding day. During the wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at St James's Palace in 1840, "Haste to the Wedding" was played by a marching band to the thousands waiting outside the chapel for the Queen's arrival.
In song
Traditional lyrics
Haste to the Wedding/Rural Felicity
Come haste to the wedding ye friends and ye neighbours
The lovers their bliss can no longer delay.
Forget all your sorrows your cares and your labors,
And let every heart beat with rapture today.
Come, come one and all, attend to my call,
And revel in pleasures that never can cloy.
Come see rural felicity,
Which love and innocence ever enjoy.
Let Envy, Let Pride, Let Hate & Ambition,
Still Crowd to, & beat at the breast of the Great,
To Such Wretched Passions we Give no admission,
But Leave them alone to the wise ones of State.
We Boast of No wealth, but Contentment & Health,
In mirth & in Friendship, our moments employ
Come see rural felicity,
Which love and innocence ever enjoy.
With Reason we taste of Each Heart Stirring pleasure,
With Reason we Drink of the full flowing Bowl,
Are Jocund & Gay, But 'tis all within measure,
For fatal excess will enslave the free Soul,
Then Come at our bidding to this Happy wedding,
No Care Shall obtrude here, our Bliss to annoy,
Come see rural felicity,
Which love and innocence ever enjoy.
In popular music
"Haste to the Wedding (live)"Song by the Corrsfrom the album In Blue ReleasedApril 2000Recorded17 July 1999VenueDublin, IrelandLength5:00Label143, Lava, AtlanticSongwriter(s)Traditional
"Haste to the Wedding" was recorded by English folk rock group Fairport Convention as part of a medley of tunes—"Royal Selleccion Number 13"—on the 1977 album The Bonny Bunch of Roses.
"Haste to the Wedding" has been extensively played by Irish pop rock band the Corrs during their live performances. The most notable performance is the one from their 1999 concert The Corrs Live at Lansdowne Road which was later included as a bonus track on the special edition release of their 2000 album, In Blue.
In 2005, the Corrs recorded a studio version of the song for their Irish-themed album Home.
In dance
In Scottish country dance, Haste to the Wedding is a progressive dance for 4 couples. The dance repeats after every 32 bars of music with couples in new positions.
In Irish ceili dance, Haste to the Wedding is also a progressive dance, but for any number of groups of 2 couples. The dance originated in the north of Ireland, and is collected in Ar Rinci Ceili, the ceili manual of An Coimisiún Le Rincí Gaelacha (the Irish Dancing Commission). In this version, it takes 48 bars of music to complete once.
Notes
^ Other names include: Haste to the Wedding, Come Haste, Haste To The West, Haste Ye Tae The Wedding, Hasten To The Wedding, Hasten To The Wedding Mary, Rural Felicity, The Rules of Felicity, Fast Trip To Reno, Quick Trip To Reno, Gigue Des Petits Moutons, Green Mountain Volunteers, The Long Eight, Perry’s Victory, Footprints, Granny Plays the Fiddle, Trip to the Dargle, A Trip to the Gargle, Let Brainspinning Swains, The Small Pin Cushion, Carrickfergus, Thurot, and Cut Your Toenails You’re Tearing All The Sheets.
References
^ a b "Come Haste to the Wedding". Thoughts on Dance: Dancing and Reenacting 18th Century Dance. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ Phillips, Bob; Dabczynski, Andrew H. (2009). Basic Fiddlers Philharmonic - Viola: Celtic Fiddle Tunes. Alfred Music. p. 20. ISBN 9781457434600. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ Abbott, Elizabeth (2011). A History of Marriage: From Same Sex Unions to Private Vows and Common Law, the Surprising Diversity of a Tradition. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 9781609800857. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ Rose, Keith. "Haste To The Wedding Dancing Instructions". Scottish Country Dancing Dictionary. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ Ar Rinci Ceili. Dublin: An Coimisiun Le Rinci Gaelacha. 2014.
Source for notated version: Smith Paine (Wolfboro, N.H.) . Linscott (Folk Songs of Old New England), 1939; pg. 87. Sweet (Fifer's Delight), 1964/1981; pg. 24.
External links
Dance notes for the ceili dance of the same name
Volume 10 of the Caledonian Pocket Companion
Caledonian Pocket Companion, complete
Haste to the Wedding sheet music on The Session
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MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"jig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jig"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_folk_music"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_music"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_music"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"session music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_session"},{"link_name":"ceili dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceili_dance"}],"text":"\"Haste to the Wedding\"[note 1] is a jig tune in the English, Scottish and Irish musical traditions. The tune originated during the 18th century, although its original composer is not certain. Written in the standard 8-bar AABB format of Gaelic music, it is traditionally performed on the fiddle, but is a simple tune which can be performed on a variety of instruments, and is frequently adapted for session music. The tune has also been used as the basis for songs, and as musical accompaniment for ceili dances of the same name.","title":"Haste to the Wedding (jig)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Oswald_(composer)"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"County Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips2009-3"},{"link_name":"the wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"St James's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abbott2011-4"}],"text":"The earliest known source for the tune is James Oswald's \"Caledonian Pocket Companion\", volume 10, page 8 (London, 1759), where it is titled \"The Small Pin Cushion\". No source or composer is listed, which in Oswald's collections sometimes means he wrote it himself.\"The tune 'Come, Haste to the Wedding', of Gaelic origin, was introduced in the pantomime 'The Elopement' in 1767. This version is known as the Manx tune and was printed by the Percy society in 1846. It is the basis for the Manx ballad, 'The Capture of Carrickfergusby,' written by Thurot in 1760 (Linscott).\" One of the tunes associated with the dance \"Lady in the Lake\" in N.H./ Widely known in the USA: in the repertory of Buffalo Valley, Pa., dance fiddler Harry Daddario [who?].According to one theory, the name \"Haste to the Wedding\" derives from a tradition in County Donegal, Ireland, where the tune was played as the bride marched from her family home to the church on her wedding day.[2] During the wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at St James's Palace in 1840, \"Haste to the Wedding\" was played by a marching band to the thousands waiting outside the chapel for the Queen's arrival.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In song"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dancehistory-1"}],"sub_title":"Traditional lyrics","text":"Haste to the Wedding/Rural Felicity[1]Come haste to the wedding ye friends and ye neighbours\nThe lovers their bliss can no longer delay.\nForget all your sorrows your cares and your labors,\nAnd let every heart beat with rapture today.\n\nCome, come one and all, attend to my call,\nAnd revel in pleasures that never can cloy.\nCome see rural felicity,\nWhich love and innocence ever enjoy.\n\nLet Envy, Let Pride, Let Hate & Ambition,\nStill Crowd to, & beat at the breast of the Great,\nTo Such Wretched Passions we Give no admission,\nBut Leave them alone to the wise ones of State.\n\nWe Boast of No wealth, but Contentment & Health,\nIn mirth & in Friendship, our moments employ\nCome see rural felicity,\nWhich love and innocence ever enjoy.\n\nWith Reason we taste of Each Heart Stirring pleasure,\nWith Reason we Drink of the full flowing Bowl,\nAre Jocund & Gay, But 'tis all within measure,\nFor fatal excess will enslave the free Soul,\n\nThen Come at our bidding to this Happy wedding,\nNo Care Shall obtrude here, our Bliss to annoy,\nCome see rural felicity,\nWhich love and innocence ever enjoy.","title":"In song"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairport Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairport_Convention"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"the Corrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corrs"},{"link_name":"The Corrs Live at Lansdowne Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corrs_Live_at_Lansdowne_Road"},{"link_name":"In Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Blue_(The_Corrs_album)"},{"link_name":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_(The_Corrs_album)"}],"sub_title":"In popular music","text":"\"Haste to the Wedding\" was recorded by English folk rock group Fairport Convention as part of a medley of tunes—\"Royal Selleccion Number 13\"—on the 1977 album The Bonny Bunch of Roses.\"Haste to the Wedding\" has been extensively played by Irish pop rock band the Corrs during their live performances. The most notable performance is the one from their 1999 concert The Corrs Live at Lansdowne Road which was later included as a bonus track on the special edition release of their 2000 album, In Blue.In 2005, the Corrs recorded a studio version of the song for their Irish-themed album Home.","title":"In song"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish country dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_country_dance"},{"link_name":"progressive dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_dance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScottishDance-5"},{"link_name":"Irish ceili dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceili_dance"},{"link_name":"An Coimisiún Le Rincí Gaelacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Coimisi%C3%BAn_Le_Rinc%C3%AD_Gaelacha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARC2014-6"}],"text":"In Scottish country dance, Haste to the Wedding is a progressive dance for 4 couples. The dance repeats after every 32 bars of music with couples in new positions.[4]In Irish ceili dance, Haste to the Wedding is also a progressive dance, but for any number of groups of 2 couples. The dance originated in the north of Ireland, and is collected in Ar Rinci Ceili, the ceili manual of An Coimisiún Le Rincí Gaelacha (the Irish Dancing Commission). In this version, it takes 48 bars of music to complete once.[5]","title":"In dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dancehistory-1"}],"text":"^ Other names include: Haste to the Wedding, Come Haste, Haste To The West, Haste Ye Tae The Wedding, Hasten To The Wedding, Hasten To The Wedding Mary, Rural Felicity, The Rules of Felicity, Fast Trip To Reno, Quick Trip To Reno, Gigue Des Petits Moutons, Green Mountain Volunteers, The Long Eight, Perry’s Victory, Footprints, Granny Plays the Fiddle, Trip to the Dargle, A Trip to the Gargle, Let Brainspinning Swains, The Small Pin Cushion, Carrickfergus, Thurot, and Cut Your Toenails You’re Tearing All The Sheets.[1]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Come Haste to the Wedding\". Thoughts on Dance: Dancing and Reenacting 18th Century Dance. Retrieved 12 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dancehistoryalive.com/blog/2014/07/come-haste-to-the-wedding/","url_text":"\"Come Haste to the Wedding\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Bob; Dabczynski, Andrew H. (2009). Basic Fiddlers Philharmonic - Viola: Celtic Fiddle Tunes. Alfred Music. p. 20. ISBN 9781457434600. Retrieved 12 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uTkICgAAQBAJ&q=haste+to+the+wedding&pg=PA20","url_text":"Basic Fiddlers Philharmonic - Viola: Celtic Fiddle Tunes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781457434600","url_text":"9781457434600"}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Elizabeth (2011). A History of Marriage: From Same Sex Unions to Private Vows and Common Law, the Surprising Diversity of a Tradition. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 9781609800857. 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Dublin: An Coimisiun Le Rinci Gaelacha. 2014.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.dancehistoryalive.com/blog/2014/07/come-haste-to-the-wedding/","external_links_name":"\"Come Haste to the Wedding\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uTkICgAAQBAJ&q=haste+to+the+wedding&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"Basic Fiddlers Philharmonic - Viola: Celtic Fiddle Tunes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o2e7D2CQBJMC&q=haste+to+the+wedding+history&pg=PT105","external_links_name":"A History of Marriage: From Same Sex Unions to Private Vows and Common Law, the Surprising Diversity of a Tradition"},{"Link":"https://www.scottish-country-dancing-dictionary.com/dance-crib/haste-to-the-wedding.html","external_links_name":"\"Haste To The Wedding Dancing Instructions\""},{"Link":"http://www.danceminder.com/dance/show/hastwe","external_links_name":"Dance notes for the ceili dance of the same name"},{"Link":"http://imslp.org/wiki/Special:ImagefromIndex/173854","external_links_name":"Volume 10 of the Caledonian Pocket Companion"},{"Link":"http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Caledonian_Pocket_Companion_%28Oswald,_James%29","external_links_name":"Caledonian Pocket Companion, complete"},{"Link":"https://thesession.org/tunes/582","external_links_name":"Haste to the Wedding sheet music on The Session"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/e810825d-8573-4f6a-833a-6dce9a3e55e8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokonui_(New_Zealand_electorate) | Hokonui (New Zealand electorate) | ["1 Population centres","2 History","2.1 Election results","3 Notes","4 References"] | Former electorate in Southland, New Zealand
Hokonui was a parliamentary electorate in the Southland region of New Zealand, from 1881 to 1890.
Population centres
The previous electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1875 for the 1875–1876 election. In the six years since, New Zealand's European population had increased by 65%. In the 1881 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875–76 election). The number of Māori electorates was held at four. The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, which led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Hokonui, and two electorates that had previously been abolished to be recreated. This necessitated a major disruption to existing boundaries.
The electorate included the Hokonui Hills, the range of hills which rise above the Southland Plains, of which the hills mark a northern extremity.
History
The Hokonui electorate in the Southland Region of New Zealand was formed for the 1881 election. The 1881 election was contested by Henry Driver, Cuthbert Cowan and Peter Finn, who obtained 527, 431, and 121 votes, respectively. Driver was thus declared elected. Driver had previously represented the Roslyn electorate for four parliamentary terms. Cowan had represented the Wallace in 1869 following a by-election for only a few months. Peter Finn, a supporter of the previous Premier George Grey, was a barrister and solicitor from Invercargill who had previously been a politician in Victoria.
The 1884 election was contested by Cowan, Frank Stephen Canning, Justus Hobbs, and Thomas James Lumsden (a son of George Lumsden). Cowan, Canning, Hobbs and Lumsden received 557, 286, 52 and 5 votes, respectively.
In the 1887 election, Cowan was challenged by Alfred Baldey, a farmer from Ryal Bush who was prominent in local Southland politics. Cowan and Baldey received 649 and 593 votes, respectively.
At the end of the parliamentary term in 1890, the Hokonui electorate was abolished and Cowan retired from Parliament.
Election results
Hokonui was represented by two Members of Parliament.
Key
Independent
Election
Winner
1881 election
Henry Driver
1884 election
Cuthbert Cowan
1887 election
Notes
^ McRobie 1989, pp. 43–48.
^ Wilson 1985, p. 265.
^ "Winton". The Southland Times. No. 4202. 17 December 1881. p. 4. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
^ Wilson 1985, p. 194.
^ a b Wilson 1985, p. 191.
^ "Invercargill". Daily Telegraph. No. 3222. 27 October 1881. p. 3. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
^ "Mr Peter T Finn". Poverty Bay Herald. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 12446. 4 May 1911. p. 5. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
^ "The General Election, 1884". National Library. 1884. p. 3. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
^ Cyclopedia Company Limited (1905). "Members Of The Legislative Council". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts. Christchurch: The Cyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ "The General Election, 1887". National Library. 1887. p. 2. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
^ a b Wilson 1985, p. 277.
References
McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
Wilson, James Oakley (1985) . New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
vteHistorical electorates of New Zealand « current electorates »General electorates
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Westland Boroughs | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates"},{"link_name":"Southland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand"}],"text":"Hokonui was a parliamentary electorate in the Southland region of New Zealand, from 1881 to 1890.","title":"Hokonui (New Zealand electorate)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1875–1876 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875%E2%80%931876_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198943%E2%80%9348-1"},{"link_name":"Hokonui Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokonui_Hills"},{"link_name":"Southland Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Plains"}],"text":"The previous electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1875 for the 1875–1876 election. In the six years since, New Zealand's European population had increased by 65%. In the 1881 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875–76 election). The number of Māori electorates was held at four. The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, which led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Hokonui, and two electorates that had previously been abolished to be recreated. This necessitated a major disruption to existing boundaries.[1]The electorate included the Hokonui Hills, the range of hills which rise above the Southland Plains, of which the hills mark a northern extremity.","title":"Population centres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1881 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985265-2"},{"link_name":"Henry Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Driver"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Cowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Cowan"},{"link_name":"Peter Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Finn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Roslyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslyn_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985194-4"},{"link_name":"Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Wallace_by-elections"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985191-5"},{"link_name":"George Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Invercargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invercargill"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peter_Finn_obit-7"},{"link_name":"1884 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"George Lumsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lumsden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-General_Election,_1884-8"},{"link_name":"1887 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Alfred Baldey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Baldey"},{"link_name":"Ryal Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryal_Bush&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZETC_Baldey-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-General_Election,_1887-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985277-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985191-5"}],"text":"The Hokonui electorate in the Southland Region of New Zealand was formed for the 1881 election.[2] The 1881 election was contested by Henry Driver, Cuthbert Cowan and Peter Finn, who obtained 527, 431, and 121 votes, respectively. Driver was thus declared elected.[3] Driver had previously represented the Roslyn electorate for four parliamentary terms.[4] Cowan had represented the Wallace in 1869 following a by-election for only a few months.[5] Peter Finn, a supporter of the previous Premier George Grey,[6] was a barrister and solicitor from Invercargill who had previously been a politician in Victoria.[7]The 1884 election was contested by Cowan, Frank Stephen Canning, Justus Hobbs, and Thomas James Lumsden (a son of George Lumsden). Cowan, Canning, Hobbs and Lumsden received 557, 286, 52 and 5 votes, respectively.[8]In the 1887 election, Cowan was challenged by Alfred Baldey, a farmer from Ryal Bush who was prominent in local Southland politics.[9] Cowan and Baldey received 649 and 593 votes, respectively.[10]At the end of the parliamentary term in 1890, the Hokonui electorate was abolished[11] and Cowan retired from Parliament.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985277-11"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"}],"sub_title":"Election results","text":"Hokonui was represented by two Members of Parliament.[11]KeyIndependent","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRobie198943%E2%80%9348_1-0"},{"link_name":"McRobie 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcRobie1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1985265_2-0"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilson1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Winton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ST18811217.2.17"},{"link_name":"The Southland Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Southland_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1985194_4-0"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilson1985"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1985191_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1985191_5-1"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilson1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Invercargill\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DTN18811027.2.17.4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Peter_Finn_obit_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mr Peter T Finn\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=PBH19110504.2.28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-General_Election,_1884_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"The General Election, 1884\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&cl=search&d=AJHR1884-II.2.2.3.5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NZETC_Baldey_9-0"},{"link_name":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d6-d2-d1.html#name-429785-mention"},{"link_name":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cyclopedia_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-General_Election,_1887_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"The General Election, 1887\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&cl=search&d=AJHR1887-II.2.1.9.13"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1985277_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1985277_11-1"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilson1985"}],"text":"^ McRobie 1989, pp. 43–48.\n\n^ Wilson 1985, p. 265.\n\n^ \"Winton\". The Southland Times. No. 4202. 17 December 1881. p. 4. Retrieved 30 June 2012.\n\n^ Wilson 1985, p. 194.\n\n^ a b Wilson 1985, p. 191.\n\n^ \"Invercargill\". Daily Telegraph. No. 3222. 27 October 1881. p. 3. Retrieved 30 June 2012.\n\n^ \"Mr Peter T Finn\". Poverty Bay Herald. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 12446. 4 May 1911. p. 5. Retrieved 30 June 2012.\n\n^ \"The General Election, 1884\". National Library. 1884. p. 3. Retrieved 17 March 2012.\n\n^ Cyclopedia Company Limited (1905). \"Members Of The Legislative Council\". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts. Christchurch: The Cyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 29 June 2012.\n\n^ \"The General Election, 1887\". National Library. 1887. p. 2. Retrieved 25 February 2012.\n\n^ a b Wilson 1985, p. 277.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Winton\". The Southland Times. No. 4202. 17 December 1881. p. 4. Retrieved 30 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ST18811217.2.17","url_text":"\"Winton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Southland_Times","url_text":"The Southland Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Invercargill\". Daily Telegraph. No. 3222. 27 October 1881. p. 3. Retrieved 30 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DTN18811027.2.17.4","url_text":"\"Invercargill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Peter T Finn\". Poverty Bay Herald. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 12446. 4 May 1911. p. 5. Retrieved 30 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=PBH19110504.2.28","url_text":"\"Mr Peter T Finn\""}]},{"reference":"\"The General Election, 1884\". National Library. 1884. p. 3. Retrieved 17 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&cl=search&d=AJHR1884-II.2.2.3.5","url_text":"\"The General Election, 1884\""}]},{"reference":"Cyclopedia Company Limited (1905). \"Members Of The Legislative Council\". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts. Christchurch: The Cyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 29 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d6-d2-d1.html#name-429785-mention","url_text":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cyclopedia_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"The General Election, 1887\". National Library. 1887. p. 2. Retrieved 25 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&cl=search&d=AJHR1887-II.2.1.9.13","url_text":"\"The General Election, 1887\""}]},{"reference":"McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-477-01384-8","url_text":"0-477-01384-8"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103","url_text":"154283103"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ST18811217.2.17","external_links_name":"\"Winton\""},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DTN18811027.2.17.4","external_links_name":"\"Invercargill\""},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=PBH19110504.2.28","external_links_name":"\"Mr Peter T Finn\""},{"Link":"https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&cl=search&d=AJHR1884-II.2.2.3.5","external_links_name":"\"The General Election, 1884\""},{"Link":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc04Cycl-t1-body1-d6-d2-d1.html#name-429785-mention","external_links_name":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Otago & Southland Provincial Districts"},{"Link":"https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&cl=search&d=AJHR1887-II.2.1.9.13","external_links_name":"\"The General Election, 1887\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103","external_links_name":"154283103"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919) | Mexican Border War (1910–1919) | ["1 Timeline","1.1 1910","1.2 1911","1.3 1912","1.4 1913","1.5 1914","1.6 1915","1.7 1916","1.8 1917","1.9 1918","1.10 1919","2 The Borderlands","3 Occupation of Veracruz","4 The Mexican Revolution","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"] | Mexican-American military engagements
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Border WarPart of the Mexican Revolution, Banana Wars and World War IDate20 November 1910 – 16 June 1919(8 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)LocationMexican–American border statesResult
Status quo ante bellum
Seditionist insurgency suppressed
Permanent border wall established along the border of Nogales, Sonora, and Arizona, after the American victory in the Battle of Ambos Nogales
Pancho Villa's troops defeated, consequently no longer an effective fighting forceBelligerents
Mexico
Villistas
Constitutionalistas
Carrancistas
Maderistas
Seditionistas
Supported by: Germany
United StatesCommanders and leaders
Álvaro ObregónVenustiano CarranzaPancho VillaFelipe ÁngelesAniceto PizanaLuis de la Rosca
Herbert J. SlocumJohn J. PershingFrank TompkinsFrederick J. HermanCasualties and losses
867 soldiers, militia, and insurgents killed400+ civilians killed
123 soldiers killed427 civilians killedvteU.S. involvement in the Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution
Tampico Affair
Ypiranga incident
Veracruz
German interventions in the Mexican Revolution
Border War
1st Agua Prieta
1st Ciudad Juarez
Bandit War
Norias Ranch
Ojo de Agua
2nd Nogales
Santa Isabel
Mexican Expedition
Columbus
San Isidro
Aguacaliente
Parral
Puerto de Varas
Tomóchic
Glenn Springs
Carrizal
Guerrero
Ojos Azules
Rubio Ranch
Castillon
Las Varas Pass
San Ygnacio
Zimmermann Affair
Brite Ranch
1st Pilares
Neville Ranch
2nd Pilares
Porvenir
3rd Nogales
3rd Ciudad Juárez
Candelaria
Ruby
see also
German interventions in the Mexican Revolution
vteMexican–American wars(1845–1920)
Capture of Monterey
Mexican-American War
Taos Revolt
Cortina Troubles
William Walker's expedition to Baja California and Sonora
Reform War
Las Cuevas War
San Elizario Salt War
Crawford affair
Garza Revolution
Nogales Uprising
Mexican Revolution
Border War
United States occupation of Veracruz
Mexican Expedition
Bandit War
The Mexican Border War, or the Border Campaign, was a series of military engagements which took place in the Mexican–American border region of North America during the Mexican Revolution. The period of the war encompassed World War I, and the German Empire attempted to have Mexico attack the United States, as well as engaging in hostilities against American forces there itself.
The Mexican Border War was the fifth and last major conflict fought on U.S. soil, its predecessors being the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), and the American Civil War. The end of the Mexican Revolution on December 1, 1920, marked the close of the American Frontier, although the American Indian Wars went on for another four years. The Bandit War in Texas was part of the Border War.
From the beginning of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, the United States Army was stationed in force along the border and, on several occasions, fought with Mexican rebels or regular federal troops. The height of the conflict came in 1916 when revolutionary Pancho Villa attacked the American border town of Columbus, New Mexico. In response, the United States Army, under the direction of General John J. Pershing, launched a punitive expedition into northern Mexico, to find and capture Villa. Although Villa was not captured, the US Army found and engaged the Villista rebels, killing Villa's two top lieutenants. The revolutionary himself escaped, and the American army returned to the United States in January 1917.
Conflict at the border continued, however, and the United States launched several smaller operations into Mexican territory until after the American victory in the Battle of Ambos Nogales in August 1918, which led to the establishment of a permanent border wall. Conflict was not limited to battles between Villistas and Americans; Maderistas, Carrancistas, Constitutionalistas and Germans also engaged with American forces in that period. Another aspect of the Border Wars was the desire of the United States to control the flow of immigrants into the U.S. to help counter rebel raids in U.S. territory. In 1914, the United States occupied Veracruz, aiming to cut off supplies of ammunition from the German Empire to Mexico at the start of World War I.
Mexican statesman, revolutionary and soon-to-be president Francisco Madero with his troops in 1910American Magonistas after the First Battle of Tijuana in 1911Front row, L-R: Mexican Generals Álvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa with American General John J. Pershing. Second row, far right: Pershing aide Lt. (future General) George S. Patton. At Fort Bliss, Texas, 1913.Columbus, New Mexico, after Pancho Villa's attack on the border townThe expanded United States Army fort at Columbus, New Mexico, a staging area for the Pancho Villa ExpeditionAmerican troops of the 16th Infantry rest for the night on 27 May 1916American infantry in a skirmish line near Deming, New Mexico, in 1916The 1st Aero Squadron in 1916 which was deployed during the expeditionUnited States Army troops returning to the U.S. in January 1917Yaqui prisoners and 10th Cavalry troops on 9 January 1918, after the skirmish in Bear Valley, ArizonaAmbos Nogales in 1899. Battles occurred here several times during the revolution
Timeline
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1910
Revolutionary activity breaks out in Mexico.
United States Army deploys to several more border towns to protect American lives and property and to ensure that fighting between rebel and federal forces remains on the Mexican side of the border.
In late 1910, Francisco Madero issues the Plan of San Luis Potosí, a proclamation which called for Mexican citizens to rise up against the federal government of Porfirio Díaz, in San Antonio, Texas.
On 20 November, Madero planned to attack the border town of Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, Coahuila, across the border from Eagle Pass, Texas. Due to the lack of reinforcements, Madero canceled the operation and left to New Orleans, Louisiana, to prepare another plan.
1911
Porfirio Díaz pressured the United States government into issuing orders for Madero's arrest. Madero escapes across the border back into Mexico on 14 February.
Magonistas began campaigning in northern Baja California in February. They captured the Mexican border town of Mexicali on 11 February and then marched to Tijuana where they defeated the federal garrison. The Mexican government retaliated and attacked Tijuana in June, forcing the rebels to cross the border and surrender to the United States Army at San Ysidro, California.
In March, Francisco Madero led 130 troops at the Battle of Casas Grandes in Chihuahua. The rebels lost the battle, but later the federals retreated which left Madero's army in control. Madero then began smuggling arms and ammunition on a large scale from across the border.
On 16 March, rebel saboteurs in Ciudad Juárez bombed the barracks and homes of the Mexican Army garrison. A large nitroglycerin explosion was seen from the American side of the border. Two days later, a large cannon which sat in the town square of El Paso, Texas, disappeared and was presumably taken to Ciudad Juárez.
Maderista rebels fought federal troops loyal to Porfirio Díaz at Agua Prieta, Sonora, in April. United States troops across the border in Douglas, Arizona, were attacked by Mexican forces, and in response the Americans intervened which left the rebels in control of the town.
Madero's rebels under Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco attacked federal forces at the major Battle of Ciudad Juárez from 7 April to 10 May. The American garrison at El Paso, Texas, exchanged fire with rebels resulting in minor casualties on both sides.
Porfirio Díaz exiled. Francisco Madero becomes President of Mexico and calls for an end to warfare in the country. He offered to pay rebels of different factions but only if they would lay down their arms or join his new federal Army.
Fighting breaks out between rebel factions.
1912
United States Army continues garrisoning American border towns.
El Paso slows guns and ammunition exports into Mexico almost completely due to the increase of undercover Mexican and American Secret Service agents and informants throughout Mexico's border cities.
This was bad for Pascual Orozco and President Madero due to El Paso being one of the largest recruiting centers for volunteers on both sides of the rebellion.
This caused General Orozco to travel further to gain ammunition and weapons. But, in the spring of 1912, General Orozco and his troops had more than 5 million rounds of ammunition.
General Pasqual Orozco rebels against President Madero and begins a campaign in the border state of Chihuahua. Madero responds by sending an army that defeated Orozco's troops in three major battles. Villa rebels against the Madero government soon after.
The United States liked President Madero and was a huge help in preventing the rebellion from General Orozco. This ultimately gave the Mexican government' "probably the most effective Mexican intelligence network on the border during the revolution."
Federal forces of President Francisco Madero establish Fort Tijuana along the international border with California in response to the Magonista campaign.
1913
Nogales, Sonora, was attacked by General Obregón's army of over 2,000 Constitutionalists in 1913. Defending federal forces under General Emilio Kosterlitzky collapsed and surrendered to the United States Army garrison of Nogales, Arizona.
The Battle of Naco is fought. Álvaro Obregón's rebel army defeated the federal Mexican border town garrison of Naco, Sonora. United States troops watched the battle from across the border.
American troops in Naco, Arizona, begin construction of Fort Naco, one of 12 forts built by the United States Army along the border for protection against warring Mexican forces.
General John Pershing and Pancho Villa meet at Fort Bliss, Texas, and would meet again later in 1914 at Ojinaga, Chihuahua.
1914
On 9 April, the Tampico Affair, an incident in Tampico, Tamaulipas, between United States Navy sailors and Mexican troops, occurred. It resulted in the severing of diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States.
In response to the Tampico Affair, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to approve an armed invasion of Mexico.
Congress approves the invasion. The United States Navy's Atlantic fleet under Admiral Frank Fletcher was sent to the port of Veracruz and occupied the city after an amphibious assault and a street battle with Mexican defenders.
The longest battle of the Mexican Revolution was fought at Naco, Sonora, across the border from Fort Naco and Naco, Arizona. Pancho Villa's troops attacked General Obregón's garrison on 17 October. During the 119 following days of siege warfare, Villa was defeated. Also during the battle several United States Army Buffalo Soldiers stationed in Naco, Arizona, were wounded by rebels shooting into their camp. Eight soldiers were wounded but they did not return fire and were later recognized for their good discipline.
Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata capture Mexico City but soon after are forced to retreat by Álvaro Obregón's army.
1915
Carrancistas draft the Plan de San Diego, an operation to overthrow the state governments of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California by starting a race war. The plan was discovered by the Americans after a Carrancista leader was arrested in Texas though some fighting did occur in the form of raids, launched by rebels into Texas territory.
Pancho Villa attacks General Obregón's Constitutionalist garrison at Nogales, Sonora. Villa initiated a siege but over time was defeated due to the lack of artillery and insufficient supplies. During the siege the United States 12th Infantry garrison of Nogales, Arizona, was attacked by Villistas and in turn skirmished for a half hour. One American was killed along with several of Villa's rebels.
Villistas and Constitutionalists fought again at Agua Prieta in November. Later, Villa attributed his defeat to large searchlights used during the battle by the United States Army garrison of Douglas, Arizona. The battle ended in defeat for Villa and led to the more disastrous Battle of Hermosillo on 15 November. At this time, Villa's forces pillaged the city instead of fighting the garrison, resulting in a repulse. Constitutionalist forces were allowed access to American railways for troop movement.
1916
The January 1916 San Isabel Massacre occurred. Villistas stopped a train near Santa Isabel, Chihuahua, and killed eighteen American passengers from the ASARCO company of Tucson, Arizona.
Now losing the war, Pancho Villa decided to raid Columbus, New Mexico, for supplies on 9 March 1916. The raid did not go as planned and Villa's 500 cavalrymen were defeated by over 300 United States infantry and cavalrymen, who were stationed in a border fort outside of town. Columbus was heavily damaged by the Villistas who burned several of the town's buildings. Sixty to eighty Villistas were killed along with over a dozen American troops and civilians.
In response to the attack on Columbus, President Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing to proceed into Mexico with over 5,000 soldiers to capture or kill Pancho Villa, thus beginning the Pancho Villa Expedition.
On 5 May, Villa's rebels attacked two more American border towns, Glenn Springs, Texas, and Boquillas, Texas. Over 200 troops under Rodriguez Ramirez and Natividad Álvarez crossed the Texas border with the intention of capturing supplies. At Glenn Springs, a United States Army squad of nine soldiers resisted the Villista attack for several hours but eventually, the raiders set fire to the adobe building the Americans were held up in and forced the 14th Infantry soldiers to retreat. Three of the United States troops were killed and four others were wounded. One young American boy was also killed by the Mexicans. At Boquillas, 12 mi (19 km) from Glenn Springs, the Americans there captured Álvarez and discovered he was a lieutenant colonel in Pancho Villa's División del Norte and was a veteran of the Battle of Celaya.
The raiders of Glenn Springs and Boquillas took two captives with them when they withdrew across the border, Jesse Deemer and Monroe Payne, who were later rescued by American Army forces during a small cavalry expedition into Mexico. The expedition of eighty men, two wagons, and a car began on 8 May from Marathon, Texas, and was under the command of Colonel Frederick W. Sibley and Colonel George T. Langhorne. The rebels were held up at El Pino, Chihuahua, and at first Colonel Langhorne negotiated for the release of the two Americans; when this failed, he ordered his troops to embark his personal car and head for El Pino. Upon their arrival, the Villistas fled and Deemer and Payne were freed. During the operation which ended on 21 May, five Mexicans were killed in skirmishes with no American losses.
In May 1916, President Wilson ordered the National Guard to reinforce the United States Army garrisons at the borderline. By August, an estimated 117,000 guardsmen were stationed along the border in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.
On 12 April, American forces and Carrancistas fought the Battle of Parral in Chihuahua. When United States troops under Major Frank Tompkins attempted to leave the city of Parral, they were attacked by Carrancista riflemen. The Americans returned fire, and over the course of several hours, 45 Mexicans lay dead along with two Americans. The engagement marked the furthest penetration into northern Mexico by American forces, Parral is over 500 miles from the border.
In June, Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry suffered a defeat at the Battle of Carrizal. Federal Mexican troops attacked 150 cavalrymen when they attempted to enter the town of Carrizal. The most famous battle of the Border War was fought and ended with the deaths of 45 Mexicans and more than 100 Americans. Forty-four other Mexicans and Americans were wounded.
Raids on American border towns continued during and for years after the Pancho Villa Expedition. On 15 June, raiders killed four American soldiers at San Ygnacio, Texas. On 31 July, another soldier and a United States customs inspector were killed in a second raid. During both engagements, Mexicans were killed or wounded but their casualties are not known.
Future General George S. Patton of the 8th Cavalry conducted America's first assault with armored vehicles at a ranch near San Miguelito. Three Mexicans were killed, including the Villista General Julio Cárdenas. Patton is said to have carved notches into the pistols he carried, representing the troops he killed with them.
1917
Due to the defeat at Carrizal, President Wilson ordered General Pershing to withdraw from Mexico and end the expedition. By January, most of the American expeditionary troops had left Mexican territory and were back at garrison duty along the border.
At this time Germany started sinking merchant ships by U-boat with Europeans and Americans on board. This worried Germany because they thought that the United States would attack and they tried a last-ditch effort.
The Zimmermann Telegram was intercepted by the British in 1917. In the telegram, the German government formally requested that Mexico join World War I on the side of the Central Powers if the United States declared war on Germany. The Germans asked the Mexicans to attack the southwestern United States and promised to return the land to Mexico that was lost to the United States during the Mexican–American War and the Gadsden Purchase.
1918
United States Army Intelligence stationed at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, detected a German military presence in Sonora and ordered troops to begin surveillance operations to prepare for war with Mexico. Mexican railways, train stations, and other related enterprises were inspected as possible routes for a large-scale American invasion.
Revolutionary Yaqui Native Americans established a base in Bear Valley, Arizona, to store weapons intended to be smuggled into Mexico. When the base was discovered by the United States Army, Blondy Ryder of the 10th Cavalry was ordered to evict the rebel Yaquis. On 9 January, Ryder's patrol attacked the Yaquis in a small half-hour engagement. The camp was destroyed, one Yaqui was killed, and nine others were captured. The United States Cavalry suffered no casualties.
In mid-August, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick J. Herman received an anonymous message from a Mexican revolutionary about a possible attack on Nogales, Arizona, by Mexican federal soldiers and a group of German military advisers. On 27 August, a Mexican suspected of gun smuggling crossed the border into Nogales, Sonora, followed by a US Customs agent and two US Army troops. A Mexican soldier watched the incident and fired on the American agent. The shot was a miss but hit one of the soldiers, and the other two Americans returned fire and killed the Mexican soldier. From there, the incident escalated from a small dispute into the Battle of Ambos Nogales. Reinforcements from both sides rushed to the border to fight; soldiers of the 35th Infantry Regiment called for aid, and a squadron of 10th Cavalry under Herman responded. When they arrived, they attacked the Mexican positions on top of hills along the other side of the border. The assault was successful and the Mexican troops with their German advisers were defeated. In all, 30–129 Mexicans, two Germans, and seven Americans died in the fighting. After the battle, German military activity in Sonora ceased. The Battle of Ambos Nogales was the last major engagement of the Border War.
1919
American and Mexican forces skirmished near El Paso, Texas, on the border on 16 June in what was known as the Battle of Ciudad Juárez. This conflict is singular in the fact that the Mexican army and the American army joined forces to fight the Villistas led by Pancho Villa. It was the second-largest battle of the Mexican Revolution involving the United States, and is considered the last battle of the Border War, although there were other incursions such as the US military crossings into Mexico during the Candelaria border incursion of 1919.
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June at the Palace of Versailles which stated that Germany and all opposing nations agree on peace and war reparations be made due to all of the damage done to cities and innocent people. This was also known as the most important peace treaty of World War 1.
The Borderlands
The 1910s saw escalated violence between Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans in Texas. There were numerous instances of violence, including lynchings, against Mexicans by vigilantes, and law enforcement, such as the Texas Rangers. Violence was at its highest from 1915 to 1919, in response to the Plan de San Diego by Mexican and Tejano insurgents to conquer Texas. This further increased the prevalence of anti-Mexican sentiment. At least 300 Mexican Americans were killed in Texas during the 1910s, with total estimates ranging from hundreds to thousands killed. At least 100 Mexican Americans were lynched in the 1910s, mostly in Texas. 20 percent of all recorded lynchings of Mexicans in the United States occurred between 1910 and 1920. About 400 Anglo-Texans were also killed total in unrest and attacks along the border during the 1910s, and much property was destroyed.
Occupation of Veracruz
The United States occupation of Veracruz (21 April to 23 November 1914) came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States, and was related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution. Tensions were further escalated by the Tampico Affair of 9 April 1914, where nine American sailors landed in a restricted dock area and were subsequently detained for an hour and a half. Following this, "the Ypiranga incident—in which the U.S. learned that the SS Ypiranga, a German steamer, was about to deliver weapons and munitions to the Mexican government at Veracruz" occurred, violating the unilateral sanction the United States had imposed on Mexico. As a result, the U.S. military seized the port beginning with the Battle of Veracruz and ending seven months later.
The Mexican Revolution
During the Mexican Border Wars, there was a series of revolutionary attacks on the Mexican Government and Military that started in 1910 and was most prolific throughout 1920. Francisco I. Madero challenged Porfirio Díaz in the election, who has been a longtime Mexican president but recently sent the citizens into economic struggles. Madero lost to an unfair ballot and this caused uprisings throughout Mexico which made Diaz lose control and overthrew him in 1911. After Madero gained control, he had to defend himself from other powerful leaders such as Bernardo Reyes and Victoriano Huerta. They believed that Madero was attacking for the wrong reasons and was able to end his leadership in 1913. This caused a series of attacks against powerful regional leaders throughout Mexico for the next 7 years. In 1914, leaders such as Venustiano Carranza and Pancho Villa overthrew Huerta and Reyes' regime until 1915. Carranza later betrayed Pancho Villa and by 1917, Carranza created the Constitution of Mexico and promoted land reform in Mexico as well as other important documents and increased the power of the federal government.
See also
Bandit War
Border War (disambiguation)
List of border wars
La Matanza (1910–1920)
Mexican–American War
Mexican Revolution
Pancho Villa Expedition
Roosevelt Reservation
United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution
World War I
References
Notes
^ Villistas: 373+ insurgents killed, 19 capturedCarrancistas: 142+ insurgents killedFederales: 202+ soldiers and 150+ militia killed.
^ "Several hundred" civilians killed at Veracruz and 100 civilians killed at Ambos Nogales (some may have been Villistas).
^ Parra, "Valientes Nogalenses", 16-17.
^ Parra, "Valientes Nogalenses", 23–24.
^ "City of Albuquerque". City of Albuquerque.
^ a b Pershing Report, October 1916, Appendix M (General Orders, No. 1)
^ Beede, Benjamin R. (1994). The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, p. 325.
^ Rosales, Francisco A. (1999). Pobre raza!: violence, justice, and mobilization among México Lindo immigrants, 1900-1936. University of Texas Press. p. 15
^ de Quesada, Alejandro (March 2012). The Hunt for Pancho Villa: The Columbus Raid and Pershing's Punitive Expedition. Osprey Publishing. p. 12.
^ Finley, James P. (1996). Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: The Battle of Ambos Nogales. Fort Huachuca, AZ: Huachuca Museum Society. p. Vol. 2, part 6. ISBN 978-1-112-14467-7. Retrieved 18 January 2010. Note: Library of Congress Number: 93-206790.
^ Gastón García Cantú (1996). Las invasiones norteamericanas en México (in Spanish). México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. p. 276.
^ Alan McPherson (2013). Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America, p. 393, ABC-CLIO, USA.
^ Finley, Vol. 2, part 6
^ John Boessenecker. "Texas Ranger: The Epic Life of Frank Hamer, the Man Who Killed Bonnie and Clyde." Thomas Dunne Books (26 April 2016). Page 134.
^ Weber, pg. 84
^ "Mexican Border Campaign Veterans' Card File Indexes". digitalarchives.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Raiders attack Norias Division of King Ranch". Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
^ "August 27, 1918: The Battle of Ambos Nogales brings the Fence to the Border | The Daily Dose".
^ Barnes, Alexander F. (29 February 2016). "On the border: The National Guard mobilizes for war in 1916". United States Army. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ John Henry Nankivell (1927). Buffalo Soldier Regiment: History of the Twenty-fifth United States Infantry, 1869–1926. U of Nebraska Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-8032-8379-2.
^ Matthews, Matt M. (2007). The US Army on the Mexican Border: A Historical Perspective (PDF). Fort Leavenworth Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 73–7. ISBN 978-0-16-078903-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
^ "Treaty of Versailles | Definition, Summary, Terms, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
^ a b Benjamin Heber Johnson (2005). Revolution in Texas : how a forgotten rebellion and its bloody suppression turned Mexicans into Americans. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300109709. OCLC 60837804.
^ Villanueva, Nicholas (August 2018). The lynching of Mexicans in the Texas borderlands. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826360304. OCLC 1032029983.
^ "A Review of The Lynching of Mexicans in the Texas Borderlands". Southern Spaces. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
^ "The 1919 Ranger Investigation". Texas State Library. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ "United States Occupation of Veracruz | Summary | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
Bibliography
Britton, John A. Revolution, and Ideology Images of the Mexican Revolution in the United States. Louisville: The University Press of Kentucky (1995)
Weber, John W. (2008). The shadow of the revolution: South Texas, the Mexican Revolution, and the evolution of modern American labor relations. ISBN 978-0-549-96152-9.
Barnes, Alexander; (2016-02-26). "On The Border: The National Guard Mobilizes for war in 1916
Johnson, Jack; "1916: Trial Run on the Mexican Border"
External links
Library resources about Mexican Border War (1910–1919)
Resources in your library
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Media related to Mexican Border War (1910–1919) at Wikimedia Commons
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Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing"},{"link_name":"a punitive expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Villista rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villistas"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ambos Nogales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ambos_Nogales"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Maderistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maderistas"},{"link_name":"Carrancistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrancistas"},{"link_name":"Constitutionalistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalistas"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"United States occupied Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madero_at_the_head_of_his_forces_(LOC)_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francisco Madero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magonistas_en_Tijuana.jpg"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tijuana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gen_Obregon,_Villa,_Pershing_at_Ft_Bliss_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Álvaro Obregón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa"},{"link_name":"John J. Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"Fort Bliss, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bliss,_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Columbus, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Punitive-truck-train.png"},{"link_name":"Columbus, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancho_Villa_Expedition_-_Around_the_Campfire_HD-SN-99-02005.JPEG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Company_A,_1st_Arkansas,_Mexican_Expedition.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deming, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deming,_New_Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1st_aero.jpg"},{"link_name":"1st Aero Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Aero_Squadron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancho_Villa_Expedition_-_Infantry_Columns_HD-SN-99-02007.JPEG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yaqui_prisoners.jpg"},{"link_name":"10th Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nogales_1899.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ambos Nogales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambos_Nogales"}],"text":"Border WarPart of the Mexican Revolution, Banana Wars and World War IDate20 November 1910 – 16 June 1919(8 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)LocationMexican–American border statesResult\nStatus quo ante bellum [1]\n\nSeditionist insurgency suppressed\nPermanent border wall established along the border of Nogales, Sonora, and Arizona, after the American victory in the Battle of Ambos Nogales[2]\nPancho Villa's troops defeated, consequently no longer an effective fighting force[3]Belligerents\n Mexico\n\nVillistas\nConstitutionalistas\nCarrancistas\nMaderistas\nSeditionistas\nSupported by: Germany\n United StatesCommanders and leaders\nÁlvaro ObregónVenustiano CarranzaPancho VillaFelipe ÁngelesAniceto PizanaLuis de la Rosca\nHerbert J. SlocumJohn J. PershingFrank TompkinsFrederick J. HermanCasualties and losses\n867 soldiers, militia, and insurgents killed[a]400+ civilians killed[b]\n123 soldiers killed427 civilians killed[12]vteU.S. involvement in the Mexican Revolution\nMexican Revolution\nTampico Affair\nYpiranga incident\nVeracruz\nGerman interventions in the Mexican Revolution\nBorder War\n1st Agua Prieta\n1st Ciudad Juarez\nBandit War\nNorias Ranch\nOjo de Agua\n2nd Nogales\nSanta Isabel\nMexican Expedition\nColumbus\nSan Isidro\nAguacaliente\nParral\nPuerto de Varas\nTomóchic\nGlenn Springs\nCarrizal\nGuerrero\nOjos Azules\nRubio Ranch\nCastillon\nLas Varas Pass\nSan Ygnacio\nZimmermann Affair\nBrite Ranch\n1st Pilares\nNeville Ranch\n2nd Pilares\nPorvenir\n3rd Nogales\n3rd Ciudad Juárez\nCandelaria\nRuby\nsee also\n\nGerman interventions in the Mexican Revolution\nvteMexican–American wars(1845–1920)\nCapture of Monterey\nMexican-American War\nTaos Revolt\nCortina Troubles\nWilliam Walker's expedition to Baja California and Sonora [es]\nReform War\nLas Cuevas War\nSan Elizario Salt War\nCrawford affair\nGarza Revolution\nNogales Uprising\nMexican Revolution\nBorder War\nUnited States occupation of Veracruz\nMexican Expedition\nBandit WarThe Mexican Border War,[13] or the Border Campaign,[14] was a series of military engagements which took place in the Mexican–American border region of North America during the Mexican Revolution. The period of the war encompassed World War I, and the German Empire attempted to have Mexico attack the United States, as well as engaging in hostilities against American forces there itself.The Mexican Border War was the fifth and last major conflict fought on U.S. soil, its predecessors being the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), and the American Civil War. The end of the Mexican Revolution on December 1, 1920, marked the close of the American Frontier, although the American Indian Wars went on for another four years. The Bandit War[15] in Texas was part of the Border War.From the beginning of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, the United States Army was stationed in force along the border and, on several occasions, fought with Mexican rebels or regular federal troops. The height of the conflict came in 1916 when revolutionary Pancho Villa attacked the American border town of Columbus, New Mexico. In response, the United States Army, under the direction of General John J. Pershing, launched a punitive expedition into northern Mexico, to find and capture Villa. Although Villa was not captured, the US Army found and engaged the Villista rebels, killing Villa's two top lieutenants. The revolutionary himself escaped, and the American army returned to the United States in January 1917.Conflict at the border continued, however, and the United States launched several smaller operations into Mexican territory until after the American victory in the Battle of Ambos Nogales in August 1918, which led to the establishment of a permanent border wall.[16] Conflict was not limited to battles between Villistas and Americans; Maderistas, Carrancistas, Constitutionalistas and Germans also engaged with American forces in that period. Another aspect of the Border Wars was the desire of the United States to control the flow of immigrants into the U.S. to help counter rebel raids in U.S. territory. In 1914, the United States occupied Veracruz, aiming to cut off supplies of ammunition from the German Empire to Mexico at the start of World War I.Mexican statesman, revolutionary and soon-to-be president Francisco Madero with his troops in 1910American Magonistas after the First Battle of Tijuana in 1911Front row, L-R: Mexican Generals Álvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa with American General John J. Pershing. Second row, far right: Pershing aide Lt. (future General) George S. Patton. At Fort Bliss, Texas, 1913.Columbus, New Mexico, after Pancho Villa's attack on the border townThe expanded United States Army fort at Columbus, New Mexico, a staging area for the Pancho Villa ExpeditionAmerican troops of the 16th Infantry rest for the night on 27 May 1916American infantry in a skirmish line near Deming, New Mexico, in 1916The 1st Aero Squadron in 1916 which was deployed during the expeditionUnited States Army troops returning to the U.S. in January 1917Yaqui prisoners and 10th Cavalry troops on 9 January 1918, after the skirmish in Bear Valley, ArizonaAmbos Nogales in 1899. Battles occurred here several times during the revolution","title":"Mexican Border War (1910–1919)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"border towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_town"},{"link_name":"Francisco Madero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero"},{"link_name":"Plan of San Luis Potosí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Porfirio Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Porfirio Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Porfirio_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Coahuila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuila"},{"link_name":"Eagle Pass, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"}],"sub_title":"1910","text":"Revolutionary activity breaks out in Mexico.\nUnited States Army deploys to several more border towns to protect American lives and property and to ensure that fighting between rebel and federal forces remains on the Mexican side of the border.\nIn late 1910, Francisco Madero issues the Plan of San Luis Potosí, a proclamation which called for Mexican citizens to rise up against the federal government of Porfirio Díaz, in San Antonio, Texas.\nOn 20 November, Madero planned to attack the border town of Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, Coahuila, across the border from Eagle Pass, Texas. Due to the lack of reinforcements, Madero canceled the operation and left to New Orleans, Louisiana, to prepare another plan.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magonistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magonistas"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Mexicali"},{"link_name":"Mexicali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicali"},{"link_name":"Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana"},{"link_name":"defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tijuana"},{"link_name":"garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"San Ysidro, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ysidro,_California"},{"link_name":"Battle of Casas Grandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Casas_Grandes"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"},{"link_name":"Agua Prieta, Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_Prieta,_Sonora"},{"link_name":"Douglas, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Pascual Orozco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Orozco"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ciudad Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Juarez"},{"link_name":"El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"}],"sub_title":"1911","text":"Porfirio Díaz pressured the United States government into issuing orders for Madero's arrest. Madero escapes across the border back into Mexico on 14 February.\nMagonistas began campaigning in northern Baja California in February. They captured the Mexican border town of Mexicali on 11 February and then marched to Tijuana where they defeated the federal garrison. The Mexican government retaliated and attacked Tijuana in June, forcing the rebels to cross the border and surrender to the United States Army at San Ysidro, California.\nIn March, Francisco Madero led 130 troops at the Battle of Casas Grandes in Chihuahua. The rebels lost the battle, but later the federals retreated which left Madero's army in control. Madero then began smuggling arms and ammunition on a large scale from across the border.\nOn 16 March, rebel saboteurs in Ciudad Juárez bombed the barracks and homes of the Mexican Army garrison. A large nitroglycerin explosion was seen from the American side of the border. Two days later, a large cannon which sat in the town square of El Paso, Texas, disappeared and was presumably taken to Ciudad Juárez.\nMaderista rebels fought federal troops loyal to Porfirio Díaz at Agua Prieta, Sonora, in April. United States troops across the border in Douglas, Arizona, were attacked by Mexican forces, and in response the Americans intervened which left the rebels in control of the town.\nMadero's rebels under Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco attacked federal forces at the major Battle of Ciudad Juárez from 7 April to 10 May. The American garrison at El Paso, Texas, exchanged fire with rebels resulting in minor casualties on both sides.\nPorfirio Díaz exiled. Francisco Madero becomes President of Mexico and calls for an end to warfare in the country. He offered to pay rebels of different factions but only if they would lay down their arms or join his new federal Army.\nFighting breaks out between rebel factions.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Tijuana&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"1912","text":"United States Army continues garrisoning American border towns.\nEl Paso slows guns and ammunition exports into Mexico almost completely due to the increase of undercover Mexican and American Secret Service agents and informants throughout Mexico's border cities.\nThis was bad for Pascual Orozco and President Madero due to El Paso being one of the largest recruiting centers for volunteers on both sides of the rebellion.\nThis caused General Orozco to travel further to gain ammunition and weapons. But, in the spring of 1912, General Orozco and his troops had more than 5 million rounds of ammunition.\nGeneral Pasqual Orozco rebels against President Madero and begins a campaign in the border state of Chihuahua. Madero responds by sending an army that defeated Orozco's troops in three major battles. Villa rebels against the Madero government soon after.\nThe United States liked President Madero and was a huge help in preventing the rebellion from General Orozco. This ultimately gave the Mexican government' \"probably the most effective Mexican intelligence network on the border during the revolution.\"\nFederal forces of President Francisco Madero establish Fort Tijuana along the international border with California in response to the Magonista campaign.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nogales, Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora"},{"link_name":"attacked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nogales_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Emilio Kosterlitzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Kosterlitzky"},{"link_name":"Nogales, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Battle of Naco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naco"},{"link_name":"Naco, Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naco,_Sonora"},{"link_name":"Fort Naco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Naco"},{"link_name":"forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort"},{"link_name":"Fort Bliss, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bliss,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ojinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojinaga"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"}],"sub_title":"1913","text":"Nogales, Sonora, was attacked by General Obregón's army of over 2,000 Constitutionalists in 1913. Defending federal forces under General Emilio Kosterlitzky collapsed and surrendered to the United States Army garrison of Nogales, Arizona.\nThe Battle of Naco is fought. Álvaro Obregón's rebel army defeated the federal Mexican border town garrison of Naco, Sonora. United States troops watched the battle from across the border.\nAmerican troops in Naco, Arizona, begin construction of Fort Naco, one of 12 forts built by the United States Army along the border for protection against warring Mexican forces.\nGeneral John Pershing and Pancho Villa meet at Fort Bliss, Texas, and would meet again later in 1914 at Ojinaga, Chihuahua.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampico Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico_Affair"},{"link_name":"Tampico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico"},{"link_name":"Tamaulipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaulipas"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Frank Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Friday_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"occupied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"amphibious assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault"},{"link_name":"Naco, Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naco,_Sonora"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Soldiers"},{"link_name":"Emiliano Zapata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata"}],"sub_title":"1914","text":"On 9 April, the Tampico Affair, an incident in Tampico, Tamaulipas, between United States Navy sailors and Mexican troops, occurred. It resulted in the severing of diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States.\nIn response to the Tampico Affair, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to approve an armed invasion of Mexico.\nCongress approves the invasion. The United States Navy's Atlantic fleet under Admiral Frank Fletcher was sent to the port of Veracruz and occupied the city after an amphibious assault and a street battle with Mexican defenders.\nThe longest battle of the Mexican Revolution was fought at Naco, Sonora, across the border from Fort Naco and Naco, Arizona. Pancho Villa's troops attacked General Obregón's garrison on 17 October. During the 119 following days of siege warfare, Villa was defeated. Also during the battle several United States Army Buffalo Soldiers stationed in Naco, Arizona, were wounded by rebels shooting into their camp. Eight soldiers were wounded but they did not return fire and were later recognized for their good discipline.\nPancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata capture Mexico City but soon after are forced to retreat by Álvaro Obregón's army.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plan de San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_de_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"race war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_war"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"12th Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"fought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Agua_Prieta"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hermosillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hermosillo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"1915","text":"Carrancistas draft the Plan de San Diego, an operation to overthrow the state governments of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California by starting a race war. The plan was discovered by the Americans after a Carrancista leader was arrested in Texas though some fighting did occur in the form of raids, launched by rebels into Texas territory.\nPancho Villa attacks General Obregón's Constitutionalist garrison at Nogales, Sonora. Villa initiated a siege but over time was defeated due to the lack of artillery and insufficient supplies. During the siege the United States 12th Infantry garrison of Nogales, Arizona, was attacked by Villistas and in turn skirmished for a half hour. One American was killed along with several of Villa's rebels.\nVillistas and Constitutionalists fought again at Agua Prieta in November. Later, Villa attributed his defeat to large searchlights used during the battle by the United States Army garrison of Douglas, Arizona. The battle ended in defeat for Villa and led to the more disastrous Battle of Hermosillo on 15 November. At this time, Villa's forces pillaged the city instead of fighting the garrison, resulting in a repulse. Constitutionalist forces were allowed access to American railways for troop movement.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Isabel Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Isabel_Massacre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santa Isabel, Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Isabel,_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"ASARCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASARCO"},{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Columbus_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Glenn Springs, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Boquillas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boquillas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rodriguez Ramirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodriguez_Ramirez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Natividad Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natividad_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"14th Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"División del Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3n_del_Norte"},{"link_name":"Battle of Celaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Celaya"},{"link_name":"Marathon, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Frederick W. Sibley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Sibley"},{"link_name":"George T. Langhorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_T._Langhorne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"El Pino, Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Pino,_Chihuahua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Battle of Parral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Parral"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Frank Tompkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tompkins"},{"link_name":"Parral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parral,_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"10th Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Carrizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carrizal"},{"link_name":"Carrizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrizal,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"San Ygnacio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ygnacio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"8th Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"armored vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_vehicle"},{"link_name":"San Miguelito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Miguelito,_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julio Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A1rdenas"}],"sub_title":"1916","text":"The January 1916 San Isabel Massacre occurred. Villistas stopped a train near Santa Isabel, Chihuahua, and killed eighteen American passengers from the ASARCO company of Tucson, Arizona.\nNow losing the war, Pancho Villa decided to raid Columbus, New Mexico, for supplies on 9 March 1916. The raid did not go as planned and Villa's 500 cavalrymen were defeated by over 300 United States infantry and cavalrymen, who were stationed in a border fort outside of town. Columbus was heavily damaged by the Villistas who burned several of the town's buildings. Sixty to eighty Villistas were killed along with over a dozen American troops and civilians.\nIn response to the attack on Columbus, President Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing to proceed into Mexico with over 5,000 soldiers to capture or kill Pancho Villa, thus beginning the Pancho Villa Expedition.\nOn 5 May, Villa's rebels attacked two more American border towns, Glenn Springs, Texas, and Boquillas, Texas. Over 200 troops under Rodriguez Ramirez and Natividad Álvarez crossed the Texas border with the intention of capturing supplies. At Glenn Springs, a United States Army squad of nine soldiers resisted the Villista attack for several hours but eventually, the raiders set fire to the adobe building the Americans were held up in and forced the 14th Infantry soldiers to retreat. Three of the United States troops were killed and four others were wounded. One young American boy was also killed by the Mexicans. At Boquillas, 12 mi (19 km) from Glenn Springs, the Americans there captured Álvarez and discovered he was a lieutenant colonel in Pancho Villa's División del Norte and was a veteran of the Battle of Celaya.\nThe raiders of Glenn Springs and Boquillas took two captives with them when they withdrew across the border, Jesse Deemer and Monroe Payne, who were later rescued by American Army forces during a small cavalry expedition into Mexico. The expedition of eighty men, two wagons, and a car began on 8 May from Marathon, Texas, and was under the command of Colonel Frederick W. Sibley and Colonel George T. Langhorne. The rebels were held up at El Pino, Chihuahua, and at first Colonel Langhorne negotiated for the release of the two Americans; when this failed, he ordered his troops to embark his personal car and head for El Pino. Upon their arrival, the Villistas fled and Deemer and Payne were freed. During the operation which ended on 21 May, five Mexicans were killed in skirmishes with no American losses.\nIn May 1916, President Wilson ordered the National Guard to reinforce the United States Army garrisons at the borderline.[17] By August, an estimated 117,000 guardsmen were stationed along the border in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.\nOn 12 April, American forces and Carrancistas fought the Battle of Parral in Chihuahua. When United States troops under Major Frank Tompkins attempted to leave the city of Parral, they were attacked by Carrancista riflemen. The Americans returned fire, and over the course of several hours, 45 Mexicans lay dead along with two Americans. The engagement marked the furthest penetration into northern Mexico by American forces, Parral is over 500 miles from the border.\nIn June, Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry suffered a defeat at the Battle of Carrizal. Federal Mexican troops attacked 150 cavalrymen when they attempted to enter the town of Carrizal. The most famous battle of the Border War was fought and ended with the deaths of 45 Mexicans and more than 100 Americans. Forty-four other Mexicans and Americans were wounded.\nRaids on American border towns continued during and for years after the Pancho Villa Expedition. On 15 June, raiders killed four American soldiers at San Ygnacio, Texas. On 31 July, another soldier and a United States customs inspector were killed in a second raid. During both engagements, Mexicans were killed or wounded but their casualties are not known.\nFuture General George S. Patton of the 8th Cavalry conducted America's first assault with armored vehicles at a ranch near San Miguelito. Three Mexicans were killed, including the Villista General Julio Cárdenas. Patton is said to have carved notches into the pistols he carried, representing the troops he killed with them.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zimmermann Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Gadsden Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase"}],"sub_title":"1917","text":"Due to the defeat at Carrizal, President Wilson ordered General Pershing to withdraw from Mexico and end the expedition. By January, most of the American expeditionary troops had left Mexican territory and were back at garrison duty along the border.\nAt this time Germany started sinking merchant ships by U-boat with Europeans and Americans on board. This worried Germany because they thought that the United States would attack and they tried a last-ditch effort.\nThe Zimmermann Telegram was intercepted by the British in 1917. In the telegram, the German government formally requested that Mexico join World War I on the side of the Central Powers if the United States declared war on Germany. The Germans asked the Mexicans to attack the southwestern United States and promised to return the land to Mexico that was lost to the United States during the Mexican–American War and the Gadsden Purchase.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Huachuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Huachuca"},{"link_name":"Yaqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_people"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Bear Valley, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear_Valley,_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blondy Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blondy_Ryder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"attacked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Valley"},{"link_name":"Frederick J. Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_J._Herman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nogales, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ambos Nogales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ambos_Nogales"},{"link_name":"35th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ambos Nogales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ambos_Nogales"}],"sub_title":"1918","text":"United States Army Intelligence stationed at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, detected a German military presence in Sonora and ordered troops to begin surveillance operations to prepare for war with Mexico. Mexican railways, train stations, and other related enterprises were inspected as possible routes for a large-scale American invasion.\nRevolutionary Yaqui Native Americans established a base in Bear Valley, Arizona, to store weapons intended to be smuggled into Mexico. When the base was discovered by the United States Army, Blondy Ryder of the 10th Cavalry was ordered to evict the rebel Yaquis. On 9 January, Ryder's patrol attacked the Yaquis in a small half-hour engagement. The camp was destroyed, one Yaqui was killed, and nine others were captured. The United States Cavalry suffered no casualties.\nIn mid-August, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick J. Herman received an anonymous message from a Mexican revolutionary about a possible attack on Nogales, Arizona, by Mexican federal soldiers and a group of German military advisers. On 27 August, a Mexican suspected of gun smuggling crossed the border into Nogales, Sonora, followed by a US Customs agent and two US Army troops. A Mexican soldier watched the incident and fired on the American agent. The shot was a miss but hit one of the soldiers, and the other two Americans returned fire and killed the Mexican soldier. From there, the incident escalated from a small dispute into the Battle of Ambos Nogales. Reinforcements from both sides rushed to the border to fight; soldiers of the 35th Infantry Regiment called for aid, and a squadron of 10th Cavalry under Herman responded. When they arrived, they attacked the Mexican positions on top of hills along the other side of the border. The assault was successful and the Mexican troops with their German advisers were defeated. In all, 30–129 Mexicans, two Germans, and seven Americans died in the fighting.[18] After the battle, German military activity in Sonora ceased. The Battle of Ambos Nogales was the last major engagement of the Border War.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ciudad Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Villistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villistas"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Candelaria border incursion of 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelaria_border_incursion_of_1919"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"1919","text":"American and Mexican forces skirmished near El Paso, Texas, on the border on 16 June in what was known as the Battle of Ciudad Juárez. This conflict is singular in the fact that the Mexican army and the American army joined forces to fight the Villistas led by Pancho Villa. It was the second-largest battle of the Mexican Revolution involving the United States, and is considered the last battle of the Border War,[19] although there were other incursions such as the US military crossings into Mexico during the Candelaria border incursion of 1919.\nThe Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June at the Palace of Versailles which stated that Germany and all opposing nations agree on peace and war reparations be made due to all of the damage done to cities and innocent people.[20] This was also known as the most important peace treaty of World War 1.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division"},{"link_name":"Plan de San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state-26"}],"text":"The 1910s saw escalated violence between Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans in Texas. There were numerous instances of violence, including lynchings, against Mexicans by vigilantes, and law enforcement, such as the Texas Rangers. Violence was at its highest from 1915 to 1919, in response to the Plan de San Diego by Mexican and Tejano insurgents to conquer Texas. This further increased the prevalence of anti-Mexican sentiment.[21] At least 300 Mexican Americans were killed in Texas during the 1910s, with total estimates ranging from hundreds to thousands killed. At least 100 Mexican Americans were lynched in the 1910s, mostly in Texas.[22][21] 20 percent of all recorded lynchings of Mexicans in the United States occurred between 1910 and 1920.[23] About 400 Anglo-Texans were also killed total in unrest and attacks along the border during the 1910s, and much property was destroyed.[24]","title":"The Borderlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States occupation of Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"diplomatic relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Tampico Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico_Affair"},{"link_name":"Ypiranga incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypiranga_incident"},{"link_name":"unilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateralism"},{"link_name":"sanction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctions"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The United States occupation of Veracruz (21 April to 23 November 1914) came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States, and was related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution. Tensions were further escalated by the Tampico Affair of 9 April 1914, where nine American sailors landed in a restricted dock area and were subsequently detained for an hour and a half. Following this, \"the Ypiranga incident—in which the U.S. learned that the SS Ypiranga, a German steamer, was about to deliver weapons and munitions to the Mexican government at Veracruz\" occurred, violating the unilateral sanction the United States had imposed on Mexico. As a result, the U.S. military seized the port beginning with the Battle of Veracruz and ending seven months later.[25]","title":"Occupation of Veracruz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porfirio Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Victoriano Huerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta"},{"link_name":"Venustiano Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"land reform in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico"}],"text":"During the Mexican Border Wars, there was a series of revolutionary attacks on the Mexican Government and Military that started in 1910 and was most prolific throughout 1920. Francisco I. Madero challenged Porfirio Díaz in the election, who has been a longtime Mexican president but recently sent the citizens into economic struggles. Madero lost to an unfair ballot and this caused uprisings throughout Mexico which made Diaz lose control and overthrew him in 1911. After Madero gained control, he had to defend himself from other powerful leaders such as Bernardo Reyes and Victoriano Huerta. They believed that Madero was attacking for the wrong reasons and was able to end his leadership in 1913. This caused a series of attacks against powerful regional leaders throughout Mexico for the next 7 years. In 1914, leaders such as Venustiano Carranza and Pancho Villa overthrew Huerta and Reyes' regime until 1915. Carranza later betrayed Pancho Villa and by 1917, Carranza created the Constitution of Mexico and promoted land reform in Mexico as well as other important documents and increased the power of the federal government.","title":"The Mexican Revolution"}] | [] | [{"title":"Bandit War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandit_War"},{"title":"Border War (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_War_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"List of border wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_border_wars"},{"title":"La Matanza (1910–1920)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Matanza_(1910%E2%80%931920)"},{"title":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"title":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"title":"Pancho Villa Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition"},{"title":"Roosevelt Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Reservation"},{"title":"United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution"},{"title":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}] | [{"reference":"\"City of Albuquerque\". City of Albuquerque.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cabq.gov/","url_text":"\"City of Albuquerque\""}]},{"reference":"de Quesada, Alejandro (March 2012). The Hunt for Pancho Villa: The Columbus Raid and Pershing's Punitive Expedition. Osprey Publishing. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gastón García Cantú (1996). Las invasiones norteamericanas en México (in Spanish). México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. p. 276.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mexican Border Campaign Veterans' Card File Indexes\". digitalarchives.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727111739/http://www.digitalarchives.state.pa.us/archive.asp?view=ArchiveIndexes&ArchiveID=9","url_text":"\"Mexican Border Campaign Veterans' Card File Indexes\""},{"url":"http://www.digitalarchives.state.pa.us/archive.asp?view=ArchiveIndexes&ArchiveID=9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Raiders attack Norias Division of King Ranch\". Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219064920/http://www.tshaonline.org/day-by-day/30373","url_text":"\"Raiders attack Norias Division of King Ranch\""},{"url":"http://www.tshaonline.org/day-by-day/30373","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"August 27, 1918: The Battle of Ambos Nogales brings the Fence to the Border | The Daily Dose\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awb.com/dailydose/?p=419","url_text":"\"August 27, 1918: The Battle of Ambos Nogales brings the Fence to the Border | The Daily Dose\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Alexander F. (29 February 2016). \"On the border: The National Guard mobilizes for war in 1916\". United States Army. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mil/article/162413/on_the_border_the_national_guard_mobilizes_for_war_in_1916","url_text":"\"On the border: The National Guard mobilizes for war in 1916\""}]},{"reference":"John Henry Nankivell (1927). Buffalo Soldier Regiment: History of the Twenty-fifth United States Infantry, 1869–1926. U of Nebraska Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-8032-8379-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N4J6ar14Y6gC&pg=PA145","url_text":"Buffalo Soldier Regiment: History of the Twenty-fifth United States Infantry, 1869–1926"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8379-2","url_text":"0-8032-8379-2"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Matt M. (2007). The US Army on the Mexican Border: A Historical Perspective (PDF). Fort Leavenworth Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 73–7. ISBN 978-0-16-078903-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111013032214/http://cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/Matthews_op22.pdf","url_text":"The US Army on the Mexican Border: A Historical Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-078903-8","url_text":"978-0-16-078903-8"},{"url":"http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/Matthews_op22.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Treaty of Versailles | Definition, Summary, Terms, & Facts | Britannica\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1919","url_text":"\"Treaty of Versailles | Definition, Summary, Terms, & Facts | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Benjamin Heber Johnson (2005). Revolution in Texas : how a forgotten rebellion and its bloody suppression turned Mexicans into Americans. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300109709. OCLC 60837804.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300109709","url_text":"0300109709"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60837804","url_text":"60837804"}]},{"reference":"Villanueva, Nicholas (August 2018). The lynching of Mexicans in the Texas borderlands. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826360304. OCLC 1032029983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826360304","url_text":"9780826360304"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032029983","url_text":"1032029983"}]},{"reference":"\"A Review of The Lynching of Mexicans in the Texas Borderlands\". Southern Spaces. Retrieved 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://southernspaces.org/2018/review-lynching-mexicans-texas-borderlands/","url_text":"\"A Review of The Lynching of Mexicans in the Texas Borderlands\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 1919 Ranger Investigation\". Texas State Library. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsl.texas.gov/treasures/law/index.html#Canales","url_text":"\"The 1919 Ranger Investigation\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Occupation of Veracruz | Summary | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 13 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-occupation-of-Veracruz","url_text":"\"United States Occupation of Veracruz | Summary | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Weber, John W. (2008). The shadow of the revolution: South Texas, the Mexican Revolution, and the evolution of modern American labor relations. ISBN 978-0-549-96152-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-96152-9","url_text":"978-0-549-96152-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mexican+Border+War%22+1910%E2%80%931919","external_links_name":"\"Mexican Border War\" 1910–1919"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mexican+Border+War%22+1910%E2%80%931919+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mexican+Border+War%22+1910%E2%80%931919&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mexican+Border+War%22+1910%E2%80%931919+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mexican+Border+War%22+1910%E2%80%931919","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mexican+Border+War%22+1910%E2%80%931919&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)&action=edit","external_links_name":"converting this article"},{"Link":"https://www.cabq.gov/","external_links_name":"\"City of Albuquerque\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727111739/http://www.digitalarchives.state.pa.us/archive.asp?view=ArchiveIndexes&ArchiveID=9","external_links_name":"\"Mexican Border Campaign Veterans' Card File Indexes\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalarchives.state.pa.us/archive.asp?view=ArchiveIndexes&ArchiveID=9","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219064920/http://www.tshaonline.org/day-by-day/30373","external_links_name":"\"Raiders attack Norias Division of King Ranch\""},{"Link":"http://www.tshaonline.org/day-by-day/30373","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.awb.com/dailydose/?p=419","external_links_name":"\"August 27, 1918: The Battle of Ambos Nogales brings the Fence to the Border | The Daily Dose\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mil/article/162413/on_the_border_the_national_guard_mobilizes_for_war_in_1916","external_links_name":"\"On the border: The National Guard mobilizes for war in 1916\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N4J6ar14Y6gC&pg=PA145","external_links_name":"Buffalo Soldier Regiment: History of the Twenty-fifth United States Infantry, 1869–1926"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111013032214/http://cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/Matthews_op22.pdf","external_links_name":"The US Army on the Mexican Border: A Historical Perspective"},{"Link":"http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/Matthews_op22.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1919","external_links_name":"\"Treaty of Versailles | Definition, Summary, Terms, & Facts | Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60837804","external_links_name":"60837804"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032029983","external_links_name":"1032029983"},{"Link":"https://southernspaces.org/2018/review-lynching-mexicans-texas-borderlands/","external_links_name":"\"A Review of The Lynching of Mexicans in the Texas Borderlands\""},{"Link":"https://www.tsl.texas.gov/treasures/law/index.html#Canales","external_links_name":"\"The 1919 Ranger Investigation\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-occupation-of-Veracruz","external_links_name":"\"United States Occupation of Veracruz | Summary | Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mexican+Border+War+%281910%E2%80%931919%29","external_links_name":"Resources in your library"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mexican+Border+War+%281910%E2%80%931919%29&library=0CHOOSE0","external_links_name":"Resources in other libraries"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(burgess) | John Robinson (burgess) | ["1 Early and family life","2 Career","3 Death and legacy","4 References"] | For other people named John Robinson, see John Robinson (disambiguation).
John RobinsonRoyal Governor of VirginiaIn officeAugust 14, 1749 – August 24, 1749Preceded byWilliam GoochSucceeded byThomas LeeCouncil of State of VirginiaIn office1721 – August 24, 1749Member of the House of Burgesses for Middlesex CountyIn office1710–1714Serving with Christopher RobinsonPreceded byHarry BeverleySucceeded byWilliam Blackborn
Personal detailsBorncirca 1683Middlesex County, Colony of Virginia, British AmericaDiedAugust 24, 1749Yorktown, Colony of Virginia, British AmericaSpouseKatherine BeverleyChildren8 including John Robinson Jr., Beverley RobinsonRelativesChristopher Robinson (father), Christopher Robinson (brother)Occupationplanter, politician
John Robinson (1683 - August 24, 1749) was an American planter and politician in the colony of Virginia. Robinson acquired significant landholdings (farmed using enslaved and indentured labor) and held several public offices in Colonial Virginia, including two terms as one of the representatives of Middlesex County in the House of Burgesses and nearly three decades on the Governor's Council (rising to become its President). He may be best known either for the final weeks of his life, when he was acting Governor of Virginia, or as the father of John Robinson Jr., who served as Speaker of the House of Burgesses and as the colony's Treasurer for more than three decades.
Early and family life
This John Robinson was probably born on one of this father's plantations in Middlesex County, Virginia in 1683 to the former Agatha Obert (1649-1686) and her merchant and planter husband Christopher Robinson (1645-1693). He had an elder brother, Christopher Robinson (1681-1726), who also followed their father's paths as a planter and politician. During their childhood, their father grew in political power in Virginia (eventually becoming the colony's secretary) as well built a manor house which this man would inherit, and which survives today, Hewick Plantation, near modern Urbanna. Although their mother died when both were young boys, their father remarried, to the widow Katherine Hone Beverley (1643-1692), the daughter of burgess Theophilus Hone and widow of Major Robert Beverley, a wealthy planter and clerk of the House of Burgesses. The will provided that neighboring planter, merchant and burgess William Churchill would become the estate's executor. By 1694 there were only 528 li in accounts receivable and personal property remaining, but Churchill assumed their father's merchant connection with Jeffreys of London and managed the boys' lands til they came of age in 1701 and 1703.
Upon reaching legal age, John Robinson, Jr. married Katherine Beverley (1684-1726), who bore six sons and two daughters who survived to adulthood, most of whom married into the First Families of Virginia. They sent their eldest son, Christopher Robinson (1703-1738) to England for his education, but he died unmarried at Oriel College of Oxford University. Thus, they kept John Robinson Jr. (1705-1766) in Virginia to finish his education, and he followed his father's (and maternal uncles') path into agriculture and politics. Another son, William Robinson (1709-1792) moved to Spotsylvania County and married Agatha, the daughter of Henry Beverley; his brother Henry Robinson (1718-1758) married Mary Waring. Robert Robinson (b. 1711) became Captain of the East Indiaman and would be buried at Gravesend in England. The youngest son, Beverley Robinson (1722-1792), would leave Virginia with a company of Virginia soldiers to defend the New York frontier, then married an heiress in that state, but ultimately become a Loyalist during the American Revolution and moved to and died in Britain. Their two daughters were Mary Robinson (1707-1739) and Catherine Robinson Wagoner (1715-1776).
Career
Robinson owned significant acreage in Tidewater Virginia, which he farmed using indentured labor, and increasingly using enslaved labor. He also represented Middlesex County (part time) in the House of Burgesses alongside his elder brother Christopher Robinson.
When Governor William Gooch retired and sailed back to England, possibly on August 14, Robinson as head of the Governor's Council, became the colony's acting governor. No record exists of Robinson's taking the oath of office, possibly because the Governor's ship was becalmed in the York River, and following Robinson's death on August 24 (and the resignation for health reasons of the next-senior Councilor, John Custis), Governor Gooch returned ashore to convene a special session of the Governor's Council, which designated Councilor Thomas Lee as acting Governor, as Lee would certify to the Board of Trade. However, Thomas Lee also died, so Lewis Burwell I/II became the colony's acting governor, before Governor Robert Dinwiddie finally arrived in 1751.
Death and legacy
Robinson died at the home of fellow Councilor Thomas Nelson in Yorktown, Virginia on August 24, 1749. His remains were returned to Middlesex County for burial.
References
^ David Alan Williams, The Phantom Governorship of John Robinson, Sr. 1749, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 68, no. 1 (Jan. 1960) pp. 104-106, JSTOR 4246617
^ "John Robinson (1683-1749) - HouseHistree".
^ Darrett B. Rutman and Anita H. Rutman, A Place in Time: Middlesex County, Virginia 1650-1750 (W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. 1984) p. 217
^ Genealogies of Virginia Families from the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. V, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. 1981 ISBN 0-8063-0915-6 pp. 146-147
^ "John Robinson (1683-1749) - HouseHistree".
^ Cynthia Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly, 1619-1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library 1978) pp. 65, 67
^ Williams pp. 105-106 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Robinson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Middlesex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"John Robinson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(Virginia_politician,_born_1705)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named John Robinson, see John Robinson (disambiguation).John Robinson (1683 - August 24, 1749) was an American planter and politician in the colony of Virginia. Robinson acquired significant landholdings (farmed using enslaved and indentured labor) and held several public offices in Colonial Virginia, including two terms as one of the representatives of Middlesex County in the House of Burgesses and nearly three decades on the Governor's Council (rising to become its President). He may be best known either for the final weeks of his life, when he was acting Governor of Virginia, or as the father of John Robinson Jr., who served as Speaker of the House of Burgesses and as the colony's Treasurer for more than three decades.[1]","title":"John Robinson (burgess)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middlesex County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Christopher Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Robinson_(Virginia_politician)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Robinson_(burgess)"},{"link_name":"Hewick Plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewick"},{"link_name":"Urbanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanna,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Theophilus Hone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theophilus_Hone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Beverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Beverley_(major)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Churchill_(burgess)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"First Families of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"John Robinson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(Virginia_politician,_born_1705)"},{"link_name":"Spotsylvania County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotsylvania_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Beverley Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This John Robinson was probably born on one of this father's plantations in Middlesex County, Virginia in 1683 to the former Agatha Obert (1649-1686) and her merchant and planter husband Christopher Robinson (1645-1693). He had an elder brother, Christopher Robinson (1681-1726), who also followed their father's paths as a planter and politician. During their childhood, their father grew in political power in Virginia (eventually becoming the colony's secretary) as well built a manor house which this man would inherit, and which survives today, Hewick Plantation, near modern Urbanna. Although their mother died when both were young boys, their father remarried, to the widow Katherine Hone Beverley (1643-1692), the daughter of burgess Theophilus Hone and widow of Major Robert Beverley, a wealthy planter and clerk of the House of Burgesses.[2] The will provided that neighboring planter, merchant and burgess William Churchill would become the estate's executor. By 1694 there were only 528 li in accounts receivable and personal property remaining, but Churchill assumed their father's merchant connection with Jeffreys of London and managed the boys' lands til they came of age in 1701 and 1703.[3]Upon reaching legal age, John Robinson, Jr. married Katherine Beverley (1684-1726), who bore six sons and two daughters who survived to adulthood, most of whom married into the First Families of Virginia. They sent their eldest son, Christopher Robinson (1703-1738) to England for his education, but he died unmarried at Oriel College of Oxford University. Thus, they kept John Robinson Jr. (1705-1766) in Virginia to finish his education, and he followed his father's (and maternal uncles') path into agriculture and politics. Another son, William Robinson (1709-1792) moved to Spotsylvania County and married Agatha, the daughter of Henry Beverley; his brother Henry Robinson (1718-1758) married Mary Waring. Robert Robinson (b. 1711) became Captain of the East Indiaman and would be buried at Gravesend in England. The youngest son, Beverley Robinson (1722-1792), would leave Virginia with a company of Virginia soldiers to defend the New York frontier, then married an heiress in that state, but ultimately become a Loyalist during the American Revolution and moved to and died in Britain. Their two daughters were Mary Robinson (1707-1739) and Catherine Robinson Wagoner (1715-1776).[4][5]","title":"Early and family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"William Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(Virginia_colonist)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Burwell I/II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwell_family_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Robert Dinwiddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dinwiddie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Robinson owned significant acreage in Tidewater Virginia, which he farmed using indentured labor, and increasingly using enslaved labor. 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However, Thomas Lee also died, so Lewis Burwell I/II became the colony's acting governor, before Governor Robert Dinwiddie finally arrived in 1751.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Robinson died at the home of fellow Councilor Thomas Nelson in Yorktown, Virginia on August 24, 1749. His remains were returned to Middlesex County for burial.","title":"Death and legacy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"John Robinson (1683-1749) - HouseHistree\".","urls":[{"url":"https://househistree.com/people/john-robinson-1683-1749","url_text":"\"John Robinson (1683-1749) - HouseHistree\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Robinson (1683-1749) - HouseHistree\".","urls":[{"url":"https://househistree.com/people/john-robinson-1683-1749","url_text":"\"John Robinson (1683-1749) - HouseHistree\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4246617","external_links_name":"4246617"},{"Link":"https://househistree.com/people/john-robinson-1683-1749","external_links_name":"\"John Robinson (1683-1749) - HouseHistree\""},{"Link":"https://househistree.com/people/john-robinson-1683-1749","external_links_name":"\"John Robinson (1683-1749) - HouseHistree\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boblo_Island_Amusement_Park | Boblo Island Amusement Park | ["1 History","1.1 Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan","1.2 Final years","1.3 Reuse of the property","2 Attractions","3 Boblo Boats","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°05′38.19″N 83°07′2.94″W / 42.0939417°N 83.1174833°W / 42.0939417; -83.1174833Former Canadian amusement park
Boblo Island Amusement ParkFormer main dock to Boblo IslandCoordinates42°05′38.19″N 83°07′2.94″W / 42.0939417°N 83.1174833°W / 42.0939417; -83.1174833OpenedJune 18, 1898ClosedSeptember 30, 1993
Boblo Island Amusement Park was an amusement park which operated from June 18, 1898 until its closure on September 30, 1993. Its amusement rides were sold in 1994.
The park was located on Bois Blanc Island, Ontario, just above the mouth of the Detroit River. The people of Detroit, Michigan, characterized it as the city's Coney Island.
History
Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan
The State of Michigan brought a racial discrimination case against the operators of the ferry service. After Michigan found Bob-Lo guilty and fined the company, Bob-Lo filed a lawsuit against the state, Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan, 333 U.S. 28 (1948). The case reached the U.S. Supreme Court and resulted in a notable 1948 decision construing the scope of the commerce clause. In June 1945, Sarah Elizabeth Ray and 12 other female workers involved in the war effort (and referred to as "girls" during the legal proceedings) took part in a sponsored trip to Boblo Island. Ray was removed from the boat because she was not white, enforced according to a Bob-Lo company policy "excluding so-called 'zoot-suiters', the rowdyish, the rough, and the boisterous, and it also adopted the policy of excluding colored." The Michigan Supreme Court fined the company $25 for the discrimination they presented towards Ray. The company had claimed it could exclude her because it was a private concern operating in another country and that neither Michigan nor any other state had authority to regulate commerce with Canada (a foreign country); the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the Michigan Supreme Court, which had upheld the jurisdiction of the state's anti-discrimination provisions and found against the company.
Final years
Though it was not looking for a buyer, the Michigan AAA sold Boblo Island in 1988 to the International Broadcasting Corporation, a Minneapolis-based concern that owned the Harlem Globetrotters and Ice Capades.
IBC declared bankruptcy in 1991. The boats were sold off as a result of a decision to shutter operations at the Detroit dock. In February 1992, the park was put up for sale for US$9 million, half of its 1988 purchase price, though it committed to opening it for that summer. Though one expert felt that Boblo was too big to fail outright and could be turned around, By June, however, no firm offers had been made for the park. The loss of the Detroit ferry service dented attendance severely in the 1992 season, which along with poor weather caused the park to miss its attendance goal.
With no buyers materializing, Norton Auctioneers of Coldwater, Michigan, was retained to sell the property at auction on February 10, 1993. A Michigan-based group of investors made the winning bid of $3.8 million. The group had plans to close the park in 1994 and redevelop the land into a golf course, hotel, expanded marina, residential housing and condominiums. Two days later the bid was rejected by Boblo's creditors due to their $250,000 deposit check bouncing. Following the rejection, Michael Moodenbaugh, a contractor, commercial developer and part-owner of a Seattle amusement and water park was declared the winner with the second highest bid of $3.7 million.
The 1993 season proved bumpy and was marred by miscues including disputes with island residents and the Canadian Coast Guard, compounded by the leader of Enchanted Parks, Michael Moodenbaugh, being seriously injured and breaking his spine in a car accident in Toledo, Ohio, in September. Moodenbaugh had hired Liberal MPP Remo Mancini to help market the park. Larry Benaroya, his associate, and his Northern Capital took control of the property; Mancini was fired, and the ownership group put it back on the market in January 1994. Moodenbaugh later sued Benaroya and others for attempting to sell the park while he lay in a "virtual coma".
In March 1994, the rides were dismantled and sold off piecemeal to the Pacific National Exhibition and a series of U.S. theme parks, a moment that confirmed the "worst fears" of Malden Township officials; the amusement park paid 25 percent of its taxes.
Reuse of the property
In 1994, John Oram, an Iraqi immigrant to the United States who owned car stereo businesses, purchased the Boblo Island site. He vaguely proposed a casino, hotel, and other development. Oram then leased and shut down the White Sands boater's hangout adjacent to the park site, citing trespassers but infuriating boaters; as a result, the lease was dropped within weeks.
In late 1995, the site began to be marketed for residential development. Townhouses and condominiums were proposed in 1997. The island was off limits to non-residents until 2002.
American investors were scared away after the September 11 attacks, which hurt the financial outlook for the development. Not a single lot was sold between 9/11 and May 2004. $19 million in debt, John's brother Randy forced Boblo Island into court-appointed receivership in 2004. KPMG found there was no money left to continue supplying basic services. Dominic Amicone became the new owner in 2005. However, a local housing slump meant little was developed.
The tower for the Space Needle ride was demolished in 2021, with Amicone citing "health and safety concerns".
Attractions
The dance hall in its heyday, 1914
The Falling Star, log flume, Enterprise, Sky Tower (Space Needle), Ferris wheel, a zoo, and a carousel were the signature attractions. Screamer, a double corkscrew; Nightmare, an indoor all-dark ride; and Sky Streak, a steel out-and-back design, were its three roller coasters. To move visitors around the island, the park had a small railroad. In its early years, Henry Ford financed a dance hall that was rumored to have been designed and built by famed Detroit architect Albert Kahn, but was later determined to have been designed by John Scott. The dance hall was the second largest in the world, holding 5,000 dancers at full capacity and featured one of the world's largest orchestrions from the Welte company: a 16 foot tall, 14 foot wide, self-playing Wotan-model orchestrion with 419 pipes and percussion section.
Detroit Judge Ira W. Jayne piloting a Scootaboat on Boblo Island in 1958
Boblo's Scootaboats, which were very similar to well known Bumper Cars, were a popular ride. The cars operated by drawing power from an overhead electric grid unlike the Bumper Boats in use today.
Beginning in 1952, Joe Short, a man of diminutive physical stature, was employed as 'Captain Boblo', and traveled on the boats entertaining passengers of all ages. He wore a variety of colorful clothing, including a large hat with 'Captain Bob Lo' on the peak, and was typically equipped with binoculars for navigation purposes. He previously worked for Ringling Brothers Circus and captivated children with adventurous tales and knock-knock jokes until his retirement in 1974, at the age of 90. After the boats docked at night back in Detroit, Mr. Short continued entertaining at the local bars and taverns he frequented.
Boblo Boats
The island is a five-minute ferry ride from Amherstburg, Ontario, and 18 miles from Detroit. For more than 85 years, the Boblo Island Amusement Park was famous for being served by the Steamer Ste Claire and the Steamer Columbia excursion boats that could hold about 2,500 passengers each. The "Boblo Boats" boats were sold in November 1991. Other smaller ferries served the park from Amherstburg and Gibraltar, Michigan, which were located closer to the park on the Detroit River.
The abandoned Boblo Island Detroit Dock Building in Detroit in 2010
The SS Ste. Claire was engulfed in an accidental fire while docked on the Detroit River on July 6, 2018. The fire could not be contained and destroyed the historic mahogany woodwork and upper decks. "Yeah, she's 110 years old, but she's well-built and she survived," said boat co-owner, Ron Kattoo. "We are at the point in restoration to where it was a steel skeleton structure ready to be rebuilt." Two years later, very little had been done.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boblo Island Amusement Park.
List of defunct amusement parks
Sarah Elizabeth Ray
References
^ a b c d e Boblo Island Timeline from the Detroit News Archived January 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d "Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan, 333 U.S. 28 (1948)". justia.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
^ Court, United States Supreme (1948). United States Reports: Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court at ... and Rules Announced at ... Banks & Bros., Law Publishers. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
^ Priddle, Alisa (May 11, 1988). "Boblo amusement park purchased by U.S. firm". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A3. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Malden shudders over Boblo's blues". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. September 5, 1991. p. A3. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Lajoie, Don (October 23, 1991). "Boblo boats to become part of history". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Morelli, David (February 18, 1992). "Park yours for $9 million: Owner says sell—any development OK". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Morelli, David (February 19, 1992). "Boblo remains viable business, observer says". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A8. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Morelli, David (June 18, 1992). "Boblo Island gets no nibbles, no takers, says realtor". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A10. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Morelli, David (August 5, 1992). "Bad news rains on financially troubled Boblo". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A10. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Buyer not bound to keep Boblo whole". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. December 10, 1992. p. A12. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Boblo tradition seems safer with Seattle owner". The Windsor Star. 1993-02-18. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
^ Chant, E.P. (January 19, 1994). "Dance band on the Titanic: Boblo's last tangle". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A9. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Sinkevitch, Chuck (January 17, 1994). "Boblo for sale again". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Former Boblo partner sues ex-partners over sale". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. July 12, 1996. p. B1. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Crawford, Blair (March 8, 1994). "Boblo's roller-coaster saga ends: Piece by historic piece, popular park dismantled". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Morelli, David (August 9, 1994). "Boblo's heyday not forgotten: New owner has ties to area". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A8. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Morelli, David (August 10, 1994). "New Boblo owner offers few details to packed house". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A3, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Battagello, Dave (May 26, 1995). "Bulldozed beaches anger boaters". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Boblo owner drops lease". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. June 6, 1995. p. A1. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Boblo Island to get 52-home development". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. October 6, 1995. p. B1. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Chant, E.P. (January 29, 1997). "Oram outlines plans for Boblo Island's condominium project". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. B7. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jarvis, Anne (May 24, 2002). "Boblo reopens to public". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A5. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Cross, Brian (May 5, 2004). "Boblo in receivership: Island awash in $19M in red ink". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A5. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Rennie, Gary (May 22, 2004). "Boblo adrift in red ink: Receiver KPMG finds no money left". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A10. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Lajoie, Don (July 22, 2005). "Boblo rising from the dust: New ownership infuses elite island community with optimism". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A5. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Rennie, Gary (May 23, 2008). "Price of island living drops". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A5. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Chen, Dalson (December 3, 2021). "Amherstburg reminisces after Boblo Island tower demolished". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A2. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Boblo Island Dance Hall Story from the Detroit News Archived March 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "Detroit Free Press: Former Boblo Island music machine may draw up to $2.5 million at auction". freep.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
^ "Boblo Island then and now: See historic photos and amusement park remains". mlive.com. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
^ Mann, Priya (8 July 2018). "Boblo Island boat owners hopeful for restoring of damaged boat". www.clickondetroit.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
External links
BobloSteamers.com
Southwestern Ontario Digital Archive: Boblo Island (Ontario)
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The people of Detroit, Michigan, characterized it as the city's Coney Island.[2]","title":"Boblo Island Amusement Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"commerce clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_clause"},{"link_name":"Sarah Elizabeth Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Elizabeth_Ray"},{"link_name":"zoot-suiters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoot_suit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc-2"},{"link_name":"Michigan Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc-2"}],"sub_title":"Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan","text":"The State of Michigan brought a racial discrimination case against the operators of the ferry service.[2] After Michigan found Bob-Lo guilty and fined the company, Bob-Lo filed a lawsuit against the state, Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan, 333 U.S. 28 (1948). The case reached the U.S. Supreme Court and resulted in a notable 1948 decision construing the scope of the commerce clause. In June 1945, Sarah Elizabeth Ray and 12 other female workers involved in the war effort (and referred to as \"girls\" during the legal proceedings) took part in a sponsored trip to Boblo Island. Ray was removed from the boat because she was not white, enforced according to a Bob-Lo company policy \"excluding so-called 'zoot-suiters', the rowdyish, the rough, and the boisterous, and it also adopted the policy of excluding colored.\"[2] The Michigan Supreme Court fined the company $25 for the discrimination they presented towards Ray.[3] The company had claimed it could exclude her because it was a private concern operating in another country and that neither Michigan nor any other state had authority to regulate commerce with Canada (a foreign country); the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the Michigan Supreme Court, which had upheld the jurisdiction of the state's anti-discrimination provisions and found against the company.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Harlem Globetrotters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters"},{"link_name":"Ice Capades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Capades"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind880511-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind910905-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind911023-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind920218-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind920219-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind920618-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind920805-10"},{"link_name":"Coldwater, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind921210-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Canadian Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind940119-13"},{"link_name":"Remo Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remo_Mancini"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind940117-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind960712-15"},{"link_name":"Pacific National Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_National_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Malden Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherstburg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind940308-16"}],"sub_title":"Final years","text":"Though it was not looking for a buyer, the Michigan AAA sold Boblo Island in 1988 to the International Broadcasting Corporation, a Minneapolis-based concern that owned the Harlem Globetrotters and Ice Capades.[4]IBC declared bankruptcy in 1991.[5] The boats were sold off as a result of a decision to shutter operations at the Detroit dock.[6] In February 1992, the park was put up for sale for US$9 million, half of its 1988 purchase price, though it committed to opening it for that summer.[7] Though one expert felt that Boblo was too big to fail outright and could be turned around,[8] By June, however, no firm offers had been made for the park.[9] The loss of the Detroit ferry service dented attendance severely in the 1992 season, which along with poor weather caused the park to miss its attendance goal.[10]With no buyers materializing, Norton Auctioneers of Coldwater, Michigan, was retained to sell the property at auction on February 10, 1993.[11] A Michigan-based group of investors made the winning bid of $3.8 million. The group had plans to close the park in 1994 and redevelop the land into a golf course, hotel, expanded marina, residential housing and condominiums. Two days later the bid was rejected by Boblo's creditors due to their $250,000 deposit check bouncing. Following the rejection, Michael Moodenbaugh, a contractor, commercial developer and part-owner of a Seattle amusement and water park was declared the winner with the second highest bid of $3.7 million. [12]The 1993 season proved bumpy and was marred by miscues including disputes with island residents and the Canadian Coast Guard, compounded by the leader of Enchanted Parks, Michael Moodenbaugh, being seriously injured and breaking his spine in a car accident in Toledo, Ohio, in September.[13] Moodenbaugh had hired Liberal MPP Remo Mancini to help market the park. Larry Benaroya, his associate, and his Northern Capital took control of the property; Mancini was fired, and the ownership group put it back on the market in January 1994.[14] Moodenbaugh later sued Benaroya and others for attempting to sell the park while he lay in a \"virtual coma\".[15]In March 1994, the rides were dismantled and sold off piecemeal to the Pacific National Exhibition and a series of U.S. theme parks, a moment that confirmed the \"worst fears\" of Malden Township officials; the amusement park paid 25 percent of its taxes.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind940809-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind940810-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind950526-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind950606-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind951006-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind970129-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind020524-23"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind040505-24"},{"link_name":"KPMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPMG"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind040522-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind050722-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind080523-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind211203-28"}],"sub_title":"Reuse of the property","text":"In 1994, John Oram, an Iraqi immigrant to the United States who owned car stereo businesses, purchased the Boblo Island site.[17] He vaguely proposed a casino, hotel, and other development.[18] Oram then leased and shut down the White Sands boater's hangout adjacent to the park site, citing trespassers but infuriating boaters; as a result, the lease was dropped within weeks.[19][20]In late 1995, the site began to be marketed for residential development.[21] Townhouses and condominiums were proposed in 1997.[22] The island was off limits to non-residents until 2002.[23]American investors were scared away after the September 11 attacks, which hurt the financial outlook for the development. Not a single lot was sold between 9/11 and May 2004. $19 million in debt, John's brother Randy forced Boblo Island into court-appointed receivership in 2004.[24] KPMG found there was no money left to continue supplying basic services.[25] Dominic Amicone became the new owner in 2005.[26] However, a local housing slump meant little was developed.[27]The tower for the Space Needle ride was demolished in 2021, with Amicone citing \"health and safety concerns\".[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dancing_pavilion_at_Bo-Lo,_Bois_Blanc_Island,_Detroit_River_(HS85-10-28621).jpg"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_(ride)"},{"link_name":"Ferris wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_wheel"},{"link_name":"zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo"},{"link_name":"carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-1"},{"link_name":"roller coasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coasters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"Albert Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dance_hall-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welte-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dance_hall-29"},{"link_name":"orchestrions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrion"},{"link_name":"Welte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welte-Mignon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welte-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BobloBumperBoats.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ira W. Jayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_W._Jayne"},{"link_name":"Bumper Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_cars"},{"link_name":"Bumper Boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_boats"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The dance hall in its heyday, 1914The Falling Star, log flume, Enterprise, Sky Tower (Space Needle), Ferris wheel, a zoo, and a carousel were the signature attractions.[1] Screamer, a double corkscrew; Nightmare, an indoor all-dark ride; and Sky Streak, a steel out-and-back design, were its three roller coasters. To move visitors around the island, the park had a small railroad. In its early years, [1] Henry Ford financed a dance hall that was rumored to have been designed and built by famed Detroit architect Albert Kahn,[29] but was later determined to have been designed by John Scott.[30] The dance hall was the second largest in the world, holding 5,000 dancers at full capacity[29] and featured one of the world's largest orchestrions from the Welte company: a 16 foot tall, 14 foot wide, self-playing Wotan-model orchestrion with 419 pipes and percussion section.[30]Detroit Judge Ira W. Jayne piloting a Scootaboat on Boblo Island in 1958Boblo's Scootaboats, which were very similar to well known Bumper Cars, were a popular ride. The cars operated by drawing power from an overhead electric grid unlike the Bumper Boats in use today.\nBeginning in 1952, Joe Short, a man of diminutive physical stature, was employed as 'Captain Boblo', and traveled on the boats entertaining passengers of all ages. He wore a variety of colorful clothing, including a large hat with 'Captain Bob Lo' on the peak, and was typically equipped with binoculars for navigation purposes. He previously worked for Ringling Brothers Circus and captivated children with adventurous tales and knock-knock jokes until his retirement in 1974, at the age of 90. After the boats docked at night back in Detroit, Mr. Short continued entertaining at the local bars and taverns he frequented.[31]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"Amherstburg, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherstburg,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Steamer Ste Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ste._Claire"},{"link_name":"Steamer Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-1"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar,_Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boblo_Island_Boat_Dock_Building_Detroit_(filtered).JPG"},{"link_name":"Boblo Island Detroit Dock Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Harbor_Terminals_/_Boblo_Island_Detroit_Dock_Building"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The island is a five-minute ferry ride from Amherstburg, Ontario, and 18 miles from Detroit. For more than 85 years, the Boblo Island Amusement Park was famous for being served by the Steamer Ste Claire and the Steamer Columbia excursion boats that could hold about 2,500 passengers each.[1] The \"Boblo Boats\" boats were sold in November 1991.[1] Other smaller ferries served the park from Amherstburg and Gibraltar, Michigan, which were located closer to the park on the Detroit River.The abandoned Boblo Island Detroit Dock Building in Detroit in 2010The SS Ste. Claire was engulfed in an accidental fire while docked on the Detroit River on July 6, 2018. The fire could not be contained and destroyed the historic mahogany woodwork and upper decks. \"Yeah, she's 110 years old, but she's well-built and she survived,\" said boat co-owner, Ron Kattoo. \"We are at the point in restoration to where it was a steel skeleton structure ready to be rebuilt.\" Two years later, very little had been done.[32]","title":"Boblo Boats"}] | [{"image_text":"The dance hall in its heyday, 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dancing_pavilion_at_Bo-Lo%2C_Bois_Blanc_Island%2C_Detroit_River_%28HS85-10-28621%29.jpg/220px-Dancing_pavilion_at_Bo-Lo%2C_Bois_Blanc_Island%2C_Detroit_River_%28HS85-10-28621%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detroit Judge Ira W. Jayne piloting a Scootaboat on Boblo Island in 1958","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/BobloBumperBoats.jpg/170px-BobloBumperBoats.jpg"},{"image_text":"The abandoned Boblo Island Detroit Dock Building in Detroit in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Boblo_Island_Boat_Dock_Building_Detroit_%28filtered%29.JPG/220px-Boblo_Island_Boat_Dock_Building_Detroit_%28filtered%29.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Boblo Island Amusement Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boblo_Island_Amusement_Park"},{"title":"List of defunct amusement parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_amusement_parks"},{"title":"Sarah Elizabeth Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Elizabeth_Ray"}] | [{"reference":"\"Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan, 333 U.S. 28 (1948)\". justia.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://supreme.justia.com/us/333/28/case.html","url_text":"\"Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan, 333 U.S. 28 (1948)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111224012212/http://supreme.justia.com/us/333/28/case.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Court, United States Supreme (1948). United States Reports: Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court at ... and Rules Announced at ... Banks & Bros., Law Publishers. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2021-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rf7QDz1tP6UC","url_text":"United States Reports: Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court at ... and Rules Announced at ..."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060548/https://books.google.com/books?id=rf7QDz1tP6UC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Priddle, Alisa (May 11, 1988). \"Boblo amusement park purchased by U.S. firm\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A3. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122355/boblo-amusement-park-purchased-by-us-f/","url_text":"\"Boblo amusement park purchased by U.S. firm\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060549/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122355/boblo-amusement-park-purchased-by-us/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Malden shudders over Boblo's blues\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. September 5, 1991. p. A3. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122436/malden-shudders-over-boblos-blues/","url_text":"\"Malden shudders over Boblo's blues\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060550/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122436/malden-shudders-over-boblos-blues/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lajoie, Don (October 23, 1991). \"Boblo boats to become part of history\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122463/boblo-boats-to-become-part-of-history/","url_text":"\"Boblo boats to become part of history\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122505/","url_text":"A4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060550/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122463/boblo-boats-to-become-part-of-history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morelli, David (February 18, 1992). \"Park yours for $9 million: Owner says sell—any development OK\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122521/park-yours-for-9-million-owner-says-se/","url_text":"\"Park yours for $9 million: Owner says sell—any development OK\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122554/","url_text":"A4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060552/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122521/park-yours-for-9-million-owner-says/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morelli, David (February 19, 1992). \"Boblo remains viable business, observer says\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A8. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122590/boblo-remains-viable-business-observer/","url_text":"\"Boblo remains viable business, observer says\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060551/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122590/boblo-remains-viable-business-observer/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morelli, David (June 18, 1992). \"Boblo Island gets no nibbles, no takers, says realtor\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A10. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122623/boblo-island-gets-no-nibbles-no-takers/","url_text":"\"Boblo Island gets no nibbles, no takers, says realtor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060552/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122623/boblo-island-gets-no-nibbles-no/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morelli, David (August 5, 1992). \"Bad news rains on financially troubled Boblo\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A10. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122645/bad-news-rains-on-financially-troubled-b/","url_text":"\"Bad news rains on financially troubled Boblo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060553/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122645/bad-news-rains-on-financially-troubled/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Buyer not bound to keep Boblo whole\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. December 10, 1992. p. A12. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122681/buyer-not-bound-to-keep-boblo-whole/","url_text":"\"Buyer not bound to keep Boblo whole\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060551/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122681/buyer-not-bound-to-keep-boblo-whole/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Boblo tradition seems safer with Seattle owner\". The Windsor Star. 1993-02-18. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-windsor-star-boblo-tradition-seems-s/105122806/","url_text":"\"Boblo tradition seems safer with Seattle owner\""}]},{"reference":"Chant, E.P. (January 19, 1994). \"Dance band on the Titanic: Boblo's last tangle\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A9. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123038/dance-band-on-the-titanic-boblos-last/","url_text":"\"Dance band on the Titanic: Boblo's last tangle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060552/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123038/dance-band-on-the-titanic-boblos-last/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sinkevitch, Chuck (January 17, 1994). \"Boblo for sale again\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122978/boblo-for-sale-again/","url_text":"\"Boblo for sale again\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123018/","url_text":"A4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060552/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105122978/boblo-for-sale-again/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Boblo partner sues ex-partners over sale\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. July 12, 1996. p. B1. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123459/former-boblo-partner-sues-ex-partners-ov/","url_text":"\"Former Boblo partner sues ex-partners over sale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060553/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123459/former-boblo-partner-sues-ex-partners/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Blair (March 8, 1994). \"Boblo's roller-coaster saga ends: Piece by historic piece, popular park dismantled\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123068/boblos-roller-coaster-saga-ends-piece/","url_text":"\"Boblo's roller-coaster saga ends: Piece by historic piece, popular park dismantled\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123150/","url_text":"A4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060627/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123068/boblos-roller-coaster-saga-ends-piece/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morelli, David (August 9, 1994). \"Boblo's heyday not forgotten: New owner has ties to area\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A8. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123214/boblos-heyday-not-forgotten-new-owner/","url_text":"\"Boblo's heyday not forgotten: New owner has ties to area\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060627/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123214/boblos-heyday-not-forgotten-new-owner/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morelli, David (August 10, 1994). \"New Boblo owner offers few details to packed house\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A3, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123263/new-boblo-owner-offers-few-details-to-pa/","url_text":"\"New Boblo owner offers few details to packed house\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123286/","url_text":"A4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060635/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123263/new-boblo-owner-offers-few-details-to/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Battagello, Dave (May 26, 1995). \"Bulldozed beaches anger boaters\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A4. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. 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B1. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123416/boblo-island-to-get-52-home-development/","url_text":"\"Boblo Island to get 52-home development\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060630/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123416/boblo-island-to-get-52-home-development/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chant, E.P. (January 29, 1997). \"Oram outlines plans for Boblo Island's condominium project\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. B7. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123511/oram-outlines-plans-for-boblo-islands-c/","url_text":"\"Oram outlines plans for Boblo Island's condominium project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060632/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123511/oram-outlines-plans-for-boblo-islands/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jarvis, Anne (May 24, 2002). \"Boblo reopens to public\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A5. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123588/boblo-reopens-to-public/","url_text":"\"Boblo reopens to public\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060631/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123588/boblo-reopens-to-public/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cross, Brian (May 5, 2004). \"Boblo in receivership: Island awash in $19M in red ink\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A5. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123633/boblo-in-receivership-island-awash-in/","url_text":"\"Boblo in receivership: Island awash in $19M in red ink\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123651/","url_text":"A5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060631/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123633/boblo-in-receivership-island-awash-in/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rennie, Gary (May 22, 2004). \"Boblo adrift in red ink: Receiver KPMG finds no money left\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A10. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123680/boblo-adrift-in-red-ink/","url_text":"\"Boblo adrift in red ink: Receiver KPMG finds no money left\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123717/","url_text":"A10"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060653/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123680/boblo-adrift-in-red-ink-receiver-kpmg/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lajoie, Don (July 22, 2005). \"Boblo rising from the dust: New ownership infuses elite island community with optimism\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A5. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123733/boblo-rising-from-the-dust-new-ownershi/","url_text":"\"Boblo rising from the dust: New ownership infuses elite island community with optimism\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060653/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123733/boblo-rising-from-the-dust-new/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rennie, Gary (May 23, 2008). \"Price of island living drops\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A5. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123773/price-of-island-living-drops/","url_text":"\"Price of island living drops\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060743/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123773/price-of-island-living-drops/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Dalson (December 3, 2021). \"Amherstburg reminisces after Boblo Island tower demolished\". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. p. A1, A2. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123799/amherstburg-reminisces-after-boblo-islan/","url_text":"\"Amherstburg reminisces after Boblo Island tower demolished\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123817/","url_text":"A2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707060654/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105123799/amherstburg-reminisces-after-boblo/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit Free Press: Former Boblo Island music machine may draw up to $2.5 million at auction\". freep.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freep.com/article/20120218/ENT04/202180393/Former-Boblo-Island-music-machine-may-draw-up-to-36-2-5-million-at-auction","url_text":"\"Detroit Free Press: Former Boblo Island music machine may draw up to $2.5 million at auction\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160127191320/http://www.freep.com/article/20120218/ENT04/202180393/Former-Boblo-Island-music-machine-may-draw-up-to-36-2-5-million-at-auction","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Boblo Island then and now: See historic photos and amusement park remains\". mlive.com. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2016/08/boblo_island_then_and_now_see.html","url_text":"\"Boblo Island then and now: See historic photos and amusement park remains\""}]},{"reference":"Mann, Priya (8 July 2018). \"Boblo Island boat owners hopeful for restoring of damaged boat\". www.clickondetroit.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/boblo-island-boat-owners-hopeful-for-restoring-the-damaged-boat","url_text":"\"Boblo Island boat owners hopeful for restoring of damaged boat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064805/https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/boblo-island-boat-owners-hopeful-for-restoring-the-damaged-boat","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boblo_Island_Amusement_Park¶ms=42_05_38.19_N_83_07_2.94_W_region:CA_type:isle_scale:10000","external_links_name":"42°05′38.19″N 83°07′2.94″W / 42.0939417°N 83.1174833°W / 42.0939417; -83.1174833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boblo_Island_Amusement_Park¶ms=42_05_38.19_N_83_07_2.94_W_region:CA_type:isle_scale:10000","external_links_name":"42°05′38.19″N 83°07′2.94″W / 42.0939417°N 83.1174833°W / 42.0939417; -83.1174833"},{"Link":"http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=87","external_links_name":"Boblo Island Timeline from the Detroit News"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090104010201/http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=87","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://supreme.justia.com/us/333/28/case.html","external_links_name":"\"Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Davies | Victor Davies | ["1 Biography","2 Compositions","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | For the New Zealand horticulturalist, see Victor Davies (horticulturalist).
Victor Albert Davies CM is a Canadian composer, pianist, and conductor, best known for his opera Transit of Venus and The Mennonite Piano Concerto.
Biography
Davies was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1939. As a child and teenager, he studied the piano and violin, sang in church choirs, played in jazz and rock bands, and took courses with Ronald Gibson and Peggie Sampson at the University of Manitoba. He studied composition at Indiana University where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in music in 1964. Between 1968 and 1970 he led and composed for a 'third stream' jazz ensemble and attended Pierre Boulez's 1969 conducting class in Switzerland.
In 1959 he became organist-choirmaster at Wesley United Church, Winnipeg where he served for many years. He became the music director at the Manitoba Theatre Centre in 1964 and from 1966 to 1970 he worked as a composer, arranger, and conductor for CBC Radio and television. In 1970 he began to work as a freelance composer and arranger, and in 1977 he moved to Toronto where he still resides. He was president of the Canadian League of Composers 1979-82 and began to sit on the board of directors of SOCAN in 1997. He was honored with an honorary doctorate from the University of Manitoba in 2007. In 2014, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada.
Compositions
As a composer, Davies's music is fundamentally optimistic in disposition which critics have often described as "happy", "cheerful", and "uplifting". Rhythmically vigorous, well orchestrated, and readily accessible, his music strives for simplicity and elegance while still using a wide range of historical and contemporary musical forms and techniques such as twelve-tone, aleatoric, jazz, and popular music elements.
A pragmatist, Davies has criticized the trend within classical composition to reject popular music forms. He believes it is socially irresponsible to pursue the clever or different merely for the sake of academic approval. Davies says that "artists must have utility in the community, and their music must embody melodies that are memorable, something that is cherishable."
Davies first came to public attention for his Mennonite Piano Concerto which was
commissioned by the B.B. Fast Foundation. The concerto premiered on 27 October 1975 by the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Bill Baerg with pianist Irmgard Baerg. The work was received with high praise and has since been recorded several times, including a 1983 recording with Baerg and the London Symphony Orchestra.
He has since composed a variety of compositions in several genres including symphonic works, chamber music, film and television scores, operas, musical theater, and jazz music among others. He has written over 600 songs for the CTV children's series Let's Go and Rockets. His other compositions for stage, television, and film include, The Last Winter (1990), The Nutcracker Prince (1990), Tooth Fairy, Where Are You?, The Nature of Things (2002), For the Moment (1994), the music for the 1999 Pan American Games, and the musical The Importance of Being Ernest which was performed for the Stratford Festival in 2005.
He has written music for several commissions including Pulsations (1978) for the CBC; Anerca (1969) for the Contemporary Dancers; Animal Capers (1983) for the Famous People Players; The Magic Trumpet (1969) and Reginald the Robot (1971) for the Manitoba Theatre Centre; Fun For Four (1980) for the Orford String Quartet; The Big Top (1985) for the Royal Winnipeg Ballet; numerous works for the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra including Celebrations (1969), From Harmony (1968), A Short Symphony (1974), and the Jazz Piano Concerto (2001); Jazz Concerto for Organ and Orchestra (2000) for Wayne Marshall; and Yukon Scenes (1985/1997) for the Yukon Arts Council among others. The Musical Circus was commissioned by Soundstage Canada in 1981, which performed the work in Eastern Europe.
Perhaps his most highly regarded work is his oratorio Revelation which uses texts from the Bible's Book of Revelation. It premiered in February 1996 by the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra and the Mennonite Oratorio Choir under Bramwell Tovey and has subsequently been performed in Vancouver, Ottawa, and Hamilton. This was followed in 2007 by the opera Transit of Venus, commissioned by Manitoba Opera.
In 2008, Davies completed a tuba concerto entitled "Concerto for Tubameister" which received its piano premier in Vancouver, BC on 26 September 2008 performed by J.c. Sherman, for whom the work was composed. The work received its orchestra premiere with the Winnipeg Symphony, Chris Lee, soloist, in January 2009. Sherman gave the US piano premier in 2010, and the US orchestra premier on 5 October 2014 with the Olympia Symphony.
In 2002, Davies won a Gemini Award for Honour Before Glory.
See also
Canadian classical music
Chronological list of Canadian classical composers
Music of Canada
List of Canadian composers
References
^ "The Mennonite Piano Concerto". Victor Davies composer.
^ "Order of Canada Appointments". 30 June 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
Manitoba Opera page on Davies' Transit of Venus, accessed 5 February 2010
Uptown Magazine review of Transit of Venus, accessed 5 February 2010
External links
The Canadian Encyclopedia biographical page, accessed 5 February 2010
Composer's own website, accessed 5 February 2010
Victor Davies fonds (R15446) at Library and Archives Canada
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Davies (horticulturalist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Davies_(horticulturalist)"},{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist"},{"link_name":"conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Transit of Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_of_Venus_(opera)"},{"link_name":"The Mennonite Piano Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mennonite_Piano_Concerto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the New Zealand horticulturalist, see Victor Davies (horticulturalist).Victor Albert Davies CM is a Canadian composer, pianist, and conductor, best known for his opera Transit of Venus and The Mennonite Piano Concerto.[1]","title":"Victor Davies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"choirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choirs"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Ronald Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Peggie Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggie_Sampson"},{"link_name":"University of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"third stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_stream"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boulez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Theatre Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Theatre_Centre"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Canadian League of Composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_League_of_Composers"},{"link_name":"SOCAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCAN"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Davies was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1939. As a child and teenager, he studied the piano and violin, sang in church choirs, played in jazz and rock bands, and took courses with Ronald Gibson and Peggie Sampson at the University of Manitoba. He studied composition at Indiana University where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in music in 1964. Between 1968 and 1970 he led and composed for a 'third stream' jazz ensemble and attended Pierre Boulez's 1969 conducting class in Switzerland.In 1959 he became organist-choirmaster at Wesley United Church, Winnipeg where he served for many years. He became the music director at the Manitoba Theatre Centre in 1964 and from 1966 to 1970 he worked as a composer, arranger, and conductor for CBC Radio and television. In 1970 he began to work as a freelance composer and arranger, and in 1977 he moved to Toronto where he still resides. He was president of the Canadian League of Composers 1979-82 and began to sit on the board of directors of SOCAN in 1997. He was honored with an honorary doctorate from the University of Manitoba in 2007. In 2014, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twelve-tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-tone"},{"link_name":"aleatoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatoric"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"B.B. Fast Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B.B._Fast_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Bill Baerg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Baerg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist"},{"link_name":"Irmgard Baerg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irmgard_Baerg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"CTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"Let's Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_(CTV_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Nutcracker Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker_Prince"},{"link_name":"Tooth Fairy, Where Are You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_Fairy,_Where_Are_You%3F"},{"link_name":"For the Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Moment_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Stratford Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Festival"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Dancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_Dancers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Famous People Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_People_Players"},{"link_name":"Orford String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orford_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Royal Winnipeg Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Winnipeg_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Wayne Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Marshall_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Yukon Arts Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yukon_Arts_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soundstage Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soundstage_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"oratorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Book of Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation"},{"link_name":"Mennonite Oratorio Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mennonite_Oratorio_Choir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bramwell Tovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramwell_Tovey"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Opera"},{"link_name":"Gemini Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Award"}],"text":"As a composer, Davies's music is fundamentally optimistic in disposition which critics have often described as \"happy\", \"cheerful\", and \"uplifting\". Rhythmically vigorous, well orchestrated, and readily accessible, his music strives for simplicity and elegance while still using a wide range of historical and contemporary musical forms and techniques such as twelve-tone, aleatoric, jazz, and popular music elements.A pragmatist, Davies has criticized the trend within classical composition to reject popular music forms. He believes it is socially irresponsible to pursue the clever or different merely for the sake of academic approval. Davies says that \"artists must have utility in the community, and their music must embody melodies that are memorable, something that is cherishable.\"Davies first came to public attention for his Mennonite Piano Concerto which was\ncommissioned by the B.B. Fast Foundation. The concerto premiered on 27 October 1975 by the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Bill Baerg with pianist Irmgard Baerg. The work was received with high praise and has since been recorded several times, including a 1983 recording with Baerg and the London Symphony Orchestra.He has since composed a variety of compositions in several genres including symphonic works, chamber music, film and television scores, operas, musical theater, and jazz music among others. He has written over 600 songs for the CTV children's series Let's Go and Rockets. His other compositions for stage, television, and film include, The Last Winter (1990), The Nutcracker Prince (1990), Tooth Fairy, Where Are You?, The Nature of Things (2002), For the Moment (1994), the music for the 1999 Pan American Games, and the musical The Importance of Being Ernest which was performed for the Stratford Festival in 2005.He has written music for several commissions including Pulsations (1978) for the CBC; Anerca (1969) for the Contemporary Dancers; Animal Capers (1983) for the Famous People Players; The Magic Trumpet (1969) and Reginald the Robot (1971) for the Manitoba Theatre Centre; Fun For Four (1980) for the Orford String Quartet; The Big Top (1985) for the Royal Winnipeg Ballet; numerous works for the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra including Celebrations (1969), From Harmony (1968), A Short Symphony (1974), and the Jazz Piano Concerto (2001); Jazz Concerto for Organ and Orchestra (2000) for Wayne Marshall; and Yukon Scenes (1985/1997) for the Yukon Arts Council among others. The Musical Circus was commissioned by Soundstage Canada in 1981, which performed the work in Eastern Europe.Perhaps his most highly regarded work is his oratorio Revelation which uses texts from the Bible's Book of Revelation. It premiered in February 1996 by the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra and the Mennonite Oratorio Choir under Bramwell Tovey and has subsequently been performed in Vancouver, Ottawa, and Hamilton. This was followed in 2007 by the opera Transit of Venus, commissioned by Manitoba Opera.In 2008, Davies completed a tuba concerto entitled \"Concerto for Tubameister\" which received its piano premier in Vancouver, BC on 26 September 2008 performed by J.c. Sherman, for whom the work was composed. The work received its orchestra premiere with the Winnipeg Symphony, Chris Lee, soloist, in January 2009. Sherman gave the US piano premier in 2010, and the US orchestra premier on 5 October 2014 with the Olympia Symphony.In 2002, Davies won a Gemini Award for Honour Before Glory.","title":"Compositions"}] | [] | [{"title":"Canadian classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_classical_music"},{"title":"Chronological list of Canadian classical composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological_list_of_Canadian_classical_composers"},{"title":"Music of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Canada"},{"title":"List of Canadian composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_composers"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Mennonite Piano Concerto\". Victor Davies composer.","urls":[{"url":"http://victordavies.com/works/mennonite-piano-concerto/","url_text":"\"The Mennonite Piano Concerto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Order of Canada Appointments\". 30 June 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=15694&lan=eng","url_text":"\"Order of Canada Appointments\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://victordavies.com/works/mennonite-piano-concerto/","external_links_name":"\"The Mennonite Piano Concerto\""},{"Link":"http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=15694&lan=eng","external_links_name":"\"Order of Canada Appointments\""},{"Link":"http://www.manitobaopera.mb.ca/transitofvenus/transitofvenus.html","external_links_name":"Manitoba Opera page on Davies' Transit of Venus, accessed 5 February 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.uptownmag.com/2007-11-22/page1255.aspx","external_links_name":"Uptown Magazine review of Transit of Venus, accessed 5 February 2010"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040831082614/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000897","external_links_name":"The Canadian Encyclopedia biographical page, accessed 5 February 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.victordavies.com/","external_links_name":"Composer's own website, accessed 5 February 2010"},{"Link":"http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/ourl/res.php?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_tim=2020-08-04T15%3A49%3A01Z&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=3682780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcollectionscanada.gc.ca%3Apam&lang=eng","external_links_name":"Victor Davies fonds (R15446)"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000073667835","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/69139364","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyrWCy3gqxYT9TjYXWJjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90066475","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb141694728","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb141694728","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135253217","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85314075","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622509505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5f8242c4-a50a-4e52-a332-e7b32b358577","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Female_Animal | The Female Animal | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production notes","4 External links"] | 1958 film by Harry Keller
The Female AnimalFilm posterDirected byHarry KellerScreenplay byRobert HillStory byAlbert ZugsmithProduced byAlbert ZugsmithStarringHedy LamarrJane PowellJan SterlingGeorge NaderJerry ParisJames GleasonGregg PalmerCinematographyRussell MettyEdited byMilton CarruthMusic byHans J. SalterColor processBlack and whiteProductioncompanyUniversal PicturesDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease dates
January 22, 1958 (1958-01-22) (New York City)
April 23, 1958 (1958-04-23) (Los Angeles)
Running time82 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
The Female Animal american CinemaScope film noir directed by Harry Keller and starring Hedy Lamarr, Jane Powell, Jan Sterling and George Nader.
Although she lived until 2000, this was Lamarr's final film in a film career of nearly 30 years.
Plot
Movie star Vanessa Windsor is nearly struck by a camera on the set, saved at the last second by Chris Farley, a handsome extra. A cut on his arm is attended to and Vanessa invites him to dinner at her Malibu beach home, where she clearly has designs on him for a night of romance.
Their evening is interrupted by a message that Vanessa's grown daughter, Penny, is sick. Vanessa rushes to her only to find her drunk. Penny then accuses her mother of adopting her simply for the publicity.
Vanessa decides to offer Chris a job as caretaker for the beach house. He is considering an offer from a friend, Hank Lopez, to shoot a film in Mexico, but the job pays nothing, so Chris accepts Vanessa's offer instead. In time, they become lovers as well.
Not knowing who she is, Chris comes upon Penny being physically manhandled by a date. Chris punches the man and takes a tipsy Penny back to the beach house. She doesn't indicate any recognition of the home as her mother's. Penny is so drunk that Chris places her under a shower, whereupon she kisses him.
Vanessa begins having Chris as her escort in public, but endures disapproving looks as well as snide remarks from Lily Frayne, another aging actress out with a younger man. Chris starts to resent being a kept man. Although Penny reveals her true identity to him, they end up having an affair. Chris decides to bail out of the threesome by agreeing to shoot the movie in Mexico, but Vanessa merely sees this as an opportunity for a publicity stunt marriage in Mexico. Chris again tries to end the relationship but still keeps Vanessa in the dark about the identity of her love rival.
When she's shooting a dangerous scene and while being "drunk again", Vanessa sees Chris and Penny standing together on the set and finally realises that they are having an affair. She takes a dangerous plunge into a water pool, a scene that was supposed to have been performed by her stunt woman. Chris rescues her again; in the final scene, she tells him "it wouldn't have worked anyway" and then sobs into her pillow.
Cast
Hedy Lamarr as Vanessa Windsor
Jane Powell as Penny Windsor
Jan Sterling as Lily Frayne
George Nader as Chris Farley
Jerry Paris as Hank Galvez (not Lopez)
Gregg Palmer as Piggy
Mabel Albertson as Irma Jones
James Gleason as Tom Maloney
Richard H. Cutting as Mr. John Ramsay
Ann Doran as Nurse
Yvonne Peattie as Hairdresser
Max Showalter as Charlie Grant (as Casey Adams)
Douglas Evans as Al The Director
Aram Katcher as Mischa Boroff
Production notes
The Female Animal was the "A" picture that was distributed as a double-bill with the "B" picture being Orson Welles's Touch of Evil.
The tagline for the movie was "It is said that when a woman fights for a man, she is like an ANIMAL!".
The "aging actress" (Hedy Lamarr) was 44, her youthful lover (George Nader) 36 and her precocious daughter (Jane Powell) 29 when the movie was shot.
External links
The Female Animal at IMDb
The Female Animal at the TCM Movie Database
vteFilms of Albert ZugsmithAs director
The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (1960)
College Confidential (1960)
Sex Kittens Go to College (1960)
Dondi (1961)
Confessions of an Opium Eater (1962)
The Great Space Adventure (1963)
Dog Eat Dog (1964)
Fanny Hill: Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1964)
The Incredible Sex Revolution (1965)
Psychedelic Sexualis (1966) (uncredited)
Movie Star, American Style or; LSD, I Hate You (1966)
The Chinese Room (1968)
Two Roses and a Golden Rod (1969)
The Phantom Gunslinger (1970)
Violated! (1974)
As produceronly
Captive Women (1952) (assoc)
Invasion, U.S.A. (1952)
Sword of Venus (1953) (assoc)
Port Sinister (1953) (assoc)
Paris Model (1953)
Top Banana (1954)
Female on the Beach (1955)
The Square Jungle (1955)
Red Sundown (1956)
Raw Edge (1956)
Star in the Dust (1956)
Written on the Wind (1956)
The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957)
The Tattered Dress (1957)
The Girl in the Kremlin (1957)
Man in the Shadow (1957)
Slaughter on Tenth Avenue (1957)
The Tarnished Angels (1957)
The Female Animal (1958)
Touch of Evil (1958)
High School Confidential (1958)
Night of the Quarter Moon (1959)
The Beat Generation (1959)
The Big Operator (1959)
Girls Town (1959)
Platinum High School (1960)
Zig Zag (1963)
Sappho Darling (1968)
vteFilms of Harry Keller
The Blonde Bandit (1949)
Tarnished (1950)
Fort Dodge Stampede (1951)
Desert of Lost Men (1951)
Rose of Cimarron (1952)
Leadville Gunslinger (1952)
Black Hills Ambush (1952)
Thundering Caravans (1952)
Marshal of Cedar Rock (1953)
Savage Frontier (1953)
Bandits of the West (1953)
El Paso Stampede (1953)
Red River Shore (1953)
Phantom Stallion (1954)
The Unguarded Moment (1956)
Man Afraid (1957)
Quantez (1957)
The Female Animal (1958)
Day of the Badman (1958)
Voice in the Mirror (1958)
Step Down to Terror (1958)
Seven Ways from Sundown (1960)
Tammy Tell Me True (1961)
Six Black Horses (1962)
Tammy and the Doctor (1963)
The Brass Bottle (1964)
In Enemy Country (1968) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CinemaScope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScope"},{"link_name":"Harry Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Keller"},{"link_name":"Hedy Lamarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr"},{"link_name":"Jane Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Powell"},{"link_name":"Jan Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sterling"},{"link_name":"George Nader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nader"}],"text":"The Female Animal american CinemaScope film noir directed by Harry Keller and starring Hedy Lamarr, Jane Powell, Jan Sterling and George Nader.Although she lived until 2000, this was Lamarr's final film in a film career of nearly 30 years.","title":"The Female Animal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"}],"text":"Movie star Vanessa Windsor is nearly struck by a camera on the set, saved at the last second by Chris Farley, a handsome extra. A cut on his arm is attended to and Vanessa invites him to dinner at her Malibu beach home, where she clearly has designs on him for a night of romance.Their evening is interrupted by a message that Vanessa's grown daughter, Penny, is sick. Vanessa rushes to her only to find her drunk. Penny then accuses her mother of adopting her simply for the publicity.Vanessa decides to offer Chris a job as caretaker for the beach house. He is considering an offer from a friend, Hank Lopez, to shoot a film in Mexico, but the job pays nothing, so Chris accepts Vanessa's offer instead. In time, they become lovers as well.Not knowing who she is, Chris comes upon Penny being physically manhandled by a date. Chris punches the man and takes a tipsy Penny back to the beach house. She doesn't indicate any recognition of the home as her mother's. Penny is so drunk that Chris places her under a shower, whereupon she kisses him.Vanessa begins having Chris as her escort in public, but endures disapproving looks as well as snide remarks from Lily Frayne, another aging actress out with a younger man. Chris starts to resent being a kept man. Although Penny reveals her true identity to him, they end up having an affair. Chris decides to bail out of the threesome by agreeing to shoot the movie in Mexico, but Vanessa merely sees this as an opportunity for a publicity stunt marriage in Mexico. Chris again tries to end the relationship but still keeps Vanessa in the dark about the identity of her love rival.When she's shooting a dangerous scene and while being \"drunk again\", Vanessa sees Chris and Penny standing together on the set and finally realises that they are having an affair. She takes a dangerous plunge into a water pool, a scene that was supposed to have been performed by her stunt woman. Chris rescues her again; in the final scene, she tells him \"it wouldn't have worked anyway\" and then sobs into her pillow.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hedy Lamarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr"},{"link_name":"Jane Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Powell"},{"link_name":"Jan Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sterling"},{"link_name":"George Nader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nader"},{"link_name":"Jerry Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Paris"},{"link_name":"Gregg Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Mabel Albertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Albertson"},{"link_name":"James Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gleason"},{"link_name":"Ann Doran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Doran"},{"link_name":"Max Showalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Showalter"},{"link_name":"Douglas Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Evans_(actor)"}],"text":"Hedy Lamarr as Vanessa Windsor\nJane Powell as Penny Windsor\nJan Sterling as Lily Frayne\nGeorge Nader as Chris Farley\nJerry Paris as Hank Galvez (not Lopez)\nGregg Palmer as Piggy\nMabel Albertson as Irma Jones\nJames Gleason as Tom Maloney\nRichard H. Cutting as Mr. John Ramsay\nAnn Doran as Nurse\nYvonne Peattie as Hairdresser\nMax Showalter as Charlie Grant (as Casey Adams)\nDouglas Evans as Al The Director\nAram Katcher as Mischa Boroff","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"Touch of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_of_Evil"}],"text":"The Female Animal was the \"A\" picture that was distributed as a double-bill with the \"B\" picture being Orson Welles's Touch of Evil.The tagline for the movie was \"It is said that when a woman fights for a man, she is like an ANIMAL!\".The \"aging actress\" (Hedy Lamarr) was 44, her youthful lover (George Nader) 36 and her precocious daughter (Jane Powell) 29 when the movie was shot.","title":"Production notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050385/","external_links_name":"The Female Animal"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/74733/enwp","external_links_name":"The Female Animal"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Davidson | Kim Davidson | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Canadian computer scientist and entrepreneur
Kim DavidsonBorn1955 (age 68–69)Occupationcomputer scientistKnown forwon two technical Oscar awards
Kim Davidson is a Canadian computer scientist, and founder and CEO of Side Effects software. He founded the firm in 1987.
In 1998 the Academy of Motion Pictures awarded Davidson a technical Oscar, the Academy Award for Technical Achievement. Davidson would later win a second Oscar.
In 1999, for a profile in Playback magazine Davidson, said he had been fascinated by the technical details of how animation worked since he was a child watching Saturday morning cartoons, like Magilla Gorilla.
As a teenager Davidson had constructed his own small animation studio in his parents' home. Initially Davidson was planning to study animation at Sheridan College, but switched to the University of Waterloo's Architecture program—a field of study where he thought he could combine both his technical and artistic sides. However, after several years he added Computer Science, and graduated with a double major in both Architecture and Computer Science, in 1978.
In 1999 he became the fifth awardee of the J.W. Graham Medal, named in honor of Wes Graham an early influential Professor of Computer Science at the University of Waterloo, and annually awarded to an influential alumnus of the University's Faculty of Mathematics.
References
^ a b c
"Kim Davidson: President and Chief Operating Officer, Side Effects Software Inc". University of Waterloo. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
^
"Kim Davidson". People behind the Pixels. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
^
Peter Vamos (1999-08-09). "Davidson animated about new project". Playback magazine. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
^
"Recipients of the J.W. Graham Medal in Computing & Innovation". University of Waterloo. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
External links
http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/navigation/Alumni/awards_grahammedal.shtml Archived 2011-01-23 at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"computer scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_scientist"},{"link_name":"Side Effects software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Side_Effects_software&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WlooKimDavidson-1"},{"link_name":"Academy of Motion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WlooKimDavidson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PplPixels-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Playback magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_magazine"},{"link_name":"Magilla Gorilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magilla_Gorilla"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Playbook1999-08-09-3"},{"link_name":"Sheridan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_College"},{"link_name":"University of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"J.W. Graham Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.W._Graham_Medal"},{"link_name":"Wes Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Graham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WlooKimDavidson-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JWGrahamMedal-4"}],"text":"Kim Davidson is a Canadian computer scientist, and founder and CEO of Side Effects software.[1] He founded the firm in 1987.In 1998 the Academy of Motion Pictures awarded Davidson a technical Oscar, the Academy Award for Technical Achievement.[1][2] Davidson would later win a second Oscar[citation needed].In 1999, for a profile in Playback magazine Davidson, said he had been fascinated by the technical details of how animation worked since he was a child watching Saturday morning cartoons, like Magilla Gorilla.[3]\nAs a teenager Davidson had constructed his own small animation studio in his parents' home. Initially Davidson was planning to study animation at Sheridan College, but switched to the University of Waterloo's Architecture program—a field of study where he thought he could combine both his technical and artistic sides. However, after several years he added Computer Science, and graduated with a double major in both Architecture and Computer Science, in 1978.In 1999 he became the fifth awardee of the J.W. Graham Medal, named in honor of Wes Graham an early influential Professor of Computer Science at the University of Waterloo, and annually awarded to an influential alumnus of the University's Faculty of Mathematics.[1][4]","title":"Kim Davidson"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kim Davidson: President and Chief Operating Officer, Side Effects Software Inc\". University of Waterloo. Retrieved 2015-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://uwaterloo.ca/math/people-profiles/kim-davidson","url_text":"\"Kim Davidson: President and Chief Operating Officer, Side Effects Software Inc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo","url_text":"University of Waterloo"}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Davidson\". People behind the Pixels. Retrieved 2015-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofcg.com/pages/kim-davidson/","url_text":"\"Kim Davidson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People_behind_the_Pixels&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"People behind the Pixels"}]},{"reference":"Peter Vamos (1999-08-09). \"Davidson animated about new project\". Playback magazine. Retrieved 2015-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://playbackonline.ca/1999/08/09/26365-19990809/","url_text":"\"Davidson animated about new project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_magazine","url_text":"Playback magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Recipients of the J.W. Graham Medal in Computing & Innovation\". University of Waterloo. Retrieved 2015-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://uwaterloo.ca/math/alumni-friends/faculty-mathematics-alumni-awards/gallery-past-recipients/recipients-jw-graham-medal-computing-innovation","url_text":"\"Recipients of the J.W. Graham Medal in Computing & Innovation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo","url_text":"University of Waterloo"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://uwaterloo.ca/math/people-profiles/kim-davidson","external_links_name":"\"Kim Davidson: President and Chief Operating Officer, Side Effects Software Inc\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofcg.com/pages/kim-davidson/","external_links_name":"\"Kim Davidson\""},{"Link":"http://playbackonline.ca/1999/08/09/26365-19990809/","external_links_name":"\"Davidson animated about new project\""},{"Link":"https://uwaterloo.ca/math/alumni-friends/faculty-mathematics-alumni-awards/gallery-past-recipients/recipients-jw-graham-medal-computing-innovation","external_links_name":"\"Recipients of the J.W. Graham Medal in Computing & Innovation\""},{"Link":"http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/navigation/Alumni/awards_grahammedal.shtml","external_links_name":"http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/navigation/Alumni/awards_grahammedal.shtml"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110123202139/http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/navigation/Alumni/awards_grahammedal.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richard_Joseph_Cook | William Richard Joseph Cook | ["1 Early life","2 Rockets","3 Nuclear weapons","4 UK Atomic Energy Authority","5 Ministry of Defence","6 Later life","7 Notes","8 References"] | British civil servant and mathematician
William CookBorn(1905-04-10)10 April 1905Trowbridge, WiltshireDied16 September 1987(1987-09-16) (aged 82)LondonNationalityBritishAlma materBristol UniversityKnown forHydrogen bombRolls-Royce RB211AwardsCompanion of the Order of the Bath (1952)Knight Bachelor (1958)Fellow of the Royal Society (1962)Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (1970)Scientific careerInstitutionsAldermaston
Sir William Richard Joseph Cook, KCB FRS (10 April 1905 – 16 September 1987) was a British civil servant and mathematician.
A graduate of Bristol University, he joined the staff of the Woolwich Arsenal in 1928, working on the 6-inch naval guns and the 3-inch antiaircraft rocket. During the Second World War he was deputy controller of the Projectile Development Establishment. After the war he became director of the Ministry of Supply's Rocket Propulsion Establishment at Westcott, Buckinghamshire. In 1947 he joined the Royal Naval Scientific Service, serving as its chief from 1950 to 1954, when he became deputy head of the Weapons Group of the newly created United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). It was under his leadership that Britain developed the hydrogen bomb, and he was present as the scientific director of the Operation Grapple nuclear tests at Malden Island in May and June 1957, and the successful thermonuclear test at Christmas Island in November 1957. In 1958, he became the UKAEA's Member for Engineering and Production, and oversaw the expansion of the civil nuclear power industry.
Cook returned to the Ministry of Defence in 1960 as one of two deputies to the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence. Cook served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence from 1966 until 1970, when he retired from the civil service. He oversaw the development of weapons such as the Panavia Tornado, Rapier surface-to-air missile, SEPECAT Jaguar and FH70 howitzer. After Rolls-Royce went bankrupt in 1970, he chaired a committee that determined that the Rolls-Royce RB211 engine should be continued. When Rolls-Royce was nationalised in 1971, he was appointed one of the company's directors. He retired in 1976, but continued to assist the company for four more years. He was also a director of GEC Marconi Electronics from 1972 to 1979, and Marconi International Marine from 1971 to 1975, and a consultant to British Telecom from 1982 to 1985.
Early life
William Richard Joseph (Bill) Cook was born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire on 10 April 1905, the oldest child of John Cook, a railway inspector, and his wife, Eva née Boobyer. He had two younger siblings; a sister, Stella, and a brother, Leonard. He was educated at Trowbridge Trinity School and Trowbridge Boy's High School
(merged with the girls' grammar school in 1969, becoming comprehensive in 1974 as The John of Gaunt School). He gained his Higher School Certificate with a distinction in mathematics, for which he was awarded a university scholarship. He entered Bristol University, from which he received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1925. This was followed by a Diploma of Education in 1926, and a Master of Science degree in 1927, writing his dissertation on "The forces between atoms and ions".
Rockets
Home Guard soldiers load a 3-inch anti-aircraft rocket
Cook worked as a part-time lecturer, and an assistant to John Lennard-Jones. He considered becoming a teacher, but in 1928 he elected to become a civil servant instead, joining the staff of the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich as a librarian. He initially worked in the external ballistics section of the Research Department there, where he developed the Cook Camera. This was used to investigate the problem of the inaccuracy of the Royal Navy's triple-mounted 6 inch naval guns. The problem was traced to the blast waves interfering with each other, and was resolved by delaying the firing of the middle gun by a few milliseconds. In 1929, he married Grace Purnell. They had a daughter, Betty.
In 1935 Cook was sent to work on the 3-inch anti-aircraft rocket, the brainchild of Lord Cherwell and Duncan Sandys. The rocket had a problem, the bonding of the cordite to the outer case failing. Cook led the project which corrected this, enabling the rockets to be deployed in 1940, with the first battery under Sandys' command, in time to support the air defence of Britain during the Second World War. He divorced Grace in 1939, and married Gladys Allen, a librarian at Woolwich. They had a son, Robert Anthony, and a daughter, Elizabeth Mary. The Rocket Development Department moved from Woolwich to Fort Halstead, and then to Aberporth in 1940, where it became the Projectile Development Establishment, with Sir Alwyn Crow as Controller of Projectile Development and Cook as his deputy.
In 1943, Cook was asked to provide an expert opinion on military intelligence that the Germans were developing long-range rockets. Cherwell, Crow and Cook were agreed that a long-range liquid-propellant rocket was technologically infeasible, and a solid-propellant rocket using cordite would be impractically large. Wernher von Braun proved them wrong, with the successful deployment of the V-2 rocket. Cook then turned to the study of missile guidance mechanisms for the British Liquid Oxygen-Petrol / Guided Aerial Projectile (LOP/GAP) liquid-propellant rocket. After the war he became director of the Ministry of Supply's Rocket Propulsion Establishment at Westcott, Buckinghamshire.
Nuclear weapons
The first successful British hydrogen bomb test (Operation Grapple X)
Funding for the Rocket Propulsion Establishment was niggardly, and in 1947 the Chief of the Royal Naval Scientific Service (CRNSS), Frederick Brundrett, recruited Cook as his Director of Physical Research. In this capacity, Cook was mainly concerned with underwater warfare, particularly the detection of submarines. In 1950, Brundrett became Deputy Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence to Sir Henry Tizard, and Cook succeeded him as CRNSS. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 1 January 1951. Tizard retired soon after the 1951 election that returned Winston Churchill's Conservative Party to office, and was succeeded by Sir John Cockcroft. But Cockcroft was also the director of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, Oxfordshire, and found himself unable to devote sufficient time to both roles. He therefore was succeeded as Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence by Brundrett in 1954. Brundrett asked Cook to become the chairman of the Defence Research Policy Committee.
On 27 July 1954, Cabinet agreed to develop the hydrogen bomb. This task would fall most heavily on the shoulders of Sir William Penney, who was appointed the head of the Weapons Group of the newly created United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). To help him, Penney suggested Cook be appointed as his deputy. Sir Geoffrey Taylor supported this, and the Lord President of the Council, the Marquess of Salisbury, persuaded the First Sea Lord, Sir Rhoderick McGrigor, to release Cook to work with Penney. Cook commenced work at the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston on 1 September 1954. His task was to manage the British hydrogen bomb programme. He confessed to the chief scientist, Samuel Curran, "I'm not a real scientist."
Although Penney and Cook had very different temperaments, they forged a good working relationship. Under Cook, "the establishment ran like clockwork... everything was well-documented; there was a lot of open discussion; and everything operated on a very short time scale." Cook kept a tight rein on the work through the Weapons Development Policy Committee, which he created in April 1956. The consensus of scientists who worked on the project was that Britain would not have developed the hydrogen bomb without Cook, although Cook gave the credit to Penney. Cook was present as the scientific director of the Operation Grapple nuclear tests at Malden Island in May and June 1957, and the successful thermonuclear test at Christmas Island in November 1957. He was created a knight bachelor in the 1958 New Year Honours.
UK Atomic Energy Authority
On 1 February 1958, Cook became the UKAEA's Member for Engineering and Production vice Sir Christopher Hinton, who had left to become chairman of the Central Electricity Generating Board. In the wake of an inquiry by Lord Fleck, production was separated from the UKAEA's Industry Group in July 1959, and Cook became Member for Development and Engineering. In April 1961, these two functions were also separated, and Cook became the head of the Reactor Group. The British government decided in 1957 that electricity generation by nuclear power would be promoted, and that there would be a building programme to achieve 5,000 to 6,000 MW capacity by 1965, a quarter of UK's generating needs.
Cook was responsible for the four magnox reactors at Calder Hall, the four reactors under construction at Chapel Cross, and the uranium enrichment plant at Capenhurst. From Hinton he had inherited a conflict of responsibilities for reactor development between the Industry Group and Cockcroft's Research Group . Cockcroft wanted it in the Research Group, and proposed building a research centre in Winfrith with low-powered research reactors for testing various combinations of coolants, neutron moderators and nuclear fuels. In the end, Cockcroft prevailed and Winfrith was built. Cook mainly dealt with the development of new reactors. A number of types were developed, including the Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor (AGR) at Windscale, considered a natural successor to the Magnox reactors; the Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) at Dounreay; the high-temperature Dragon reactor at Winfrith. In addition, under the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement, the Royal Navy received access to Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) technology used in US nuclear submarines. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1962.
Ministry of Defence
In 1960, Cook returned to the Ministry of Defence as one of two deputies to the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence, Sir Solly Zuckerman, the other being Alan Cottrell. This was a turbulent time for the Ministry of Defence, with tight budgetary constraints leading to heated debates over procurement of new weapons systems, none more so than the BAC TSR-2, which was eventually cancelled. Cook was involved in negotiations with the French, and later German and Italian governments, to build a replacement, which eventually saw service with the RAF as the Panavia Tornado. He also managed to salvage a troubled project known as PT428, which became the Rapier surface-to-air missile.
The controversial 1966 Defence White Paper led to the resignation of Zuckerman and then Cottrell. Cook then served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence from 1966 until 1970, when he retired from the civil service, although he chaired nuclear safety committees until 1981. He was involved in several projects, including the SEPECAT Jaguar, the Mallard communications system, and the FH70 howitzer. In 1967, the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson sent Cook to brief the French military attaché in London, Colonel André Thoulouze, on the British hydrogen bomb project. The French hydrogen bomb project was stalled, and Wilson hoped that providing some assistance might influence the President of France, Charles de Gaulle, to approve the accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities. He gave the French indications of paths that would not work, and suggested that their proposed design was too complex. This proved to be sufficient to set the French scientists on the right track, and France successfully tested a hydrogen bomb on 24 August 1968. Despite this, de Gaulle still vetoed Britain's membership of the EEC a second time. For his services, Cook was raised to a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1970 Birthday Honours.
Later life
After Rolls-Royce went bankrupt in 1970, the Secretary of State for Defence, Lord Carrington, asked Cook to chair a committee to determine whether the development of the RB211 jet engine should be continued. He recommended that it should be. When Rolls-Royce was nationalised in 1971, he was appointed one of the company's directors. He retired as a director in 1976, but continued to assist the company for four more years. He was a director of GEC Marconi Electronics from 1972 to 1979, and Marconi International Marine from 1971 to 1975. He was also a consultant to British Telecom from 1982 to 1985.
Cook suffered a massive stroke from which he did not regain consciousness, and died in London's Westminster Hospital on 16 September 1987.
Notes
^ a b c d e Challens, John. "Cook, Sir William Richard Joseph (1905–1987)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39879. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 45–46.
^ a b c Penney & Macklen 1988, p. 60.
^ a b c d e f Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 47–49.
^ Kendall & Post 1996, pp. 229–230.
^ "No. 39104". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1950. p. 3.
^ a b Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 56.
^ "UKAEA's first 50 years". Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
^ a b Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 77.
^ a b c Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 50–51.
^ Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 78.
^ Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 79.
^ a b Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 81.
^ Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 224.
^ Arnold & Pyne 2001, pp. 143–144, 147–149.
^ Arnold & Pyne 2001, pp. 161–162.
^ "No. 41268". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1957. p. 1.
^ a b Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 52–56.
^ Ten Years of Nuclear Power (PDF) (Report). UKAEA. 1966. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
^ a b Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 56–58.
^ Stoddart 2012, pp. 144–145.
^ Billaud & Journé 2008, p. 367.
^ "No. 45117". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 June 1970. p. 6367.
^ Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 59–60.
References
Arnold, Lorna; Pyne, Katherine (2001). Britain and the H-Bomb. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-73685-2. OCLC 925315618.
Billaud, Pierre; Journé, Venance (2008). "The Real Story Behind the Making of the French Hydrogen Bomb". The Nonproliferation Review. 15 (2): 353–372. doi:10.1080/10736700802117361. ISSN 1073-6700.
Kendall, David; Post, Kenneth (July 1996). "The British 3-Inch Anti-Aircraft Rocket. Part One: Dive-Bombers". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 50 (2): 229–239. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1996.0025. S2CID 146555644.
Penney, William; Macklen, V. H. B. (1 December 1988). "William Richard Joseph Cook. 10 April 1905–16 September 1987" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 34: 44–61. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1988.0003. S2CID 62675569. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Stoddart, Kristan (2012). Losing an Empire and Finding a Role: Britain, the USA, NATO and Nuclear Weapons, 1964–70. Nuclear weapons and international security since 1945. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230300880. OCLC 764357556.
Portals: Biography History of Science Nuclear technology Physics
Authority control databases: Academics
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During the Second World War he was deputy controller of the Projectile Development Establishment. After the war he became director of the Ministry of Supply's Rocket Propulsion Establishment at Westcott, Buckinghamshire. In 1947 he joined the Royal Naval Scientific Service, serving as its chief from 1950 to 1954, when he became deputy head of the Weapons Group of the newly created United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). It was under his leadership that Britain developed the hydrogen bomb, and he was present as the scientific director of the Operation Grapple nuclear tests at Malden Island in May and June 1957, and the successful thermonuclear test at Christmas Island in November 1957. In 1958, he became the UKAEA's Member for Engineering and Production, and oversaw the expansion of the civil nuclear power industry.Cook returned to the Ministry of Defence in 1960 as one of two deputies to the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence. Cook served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence from 1966 until 1970, when he retired from the civil service. He oversaw the development of weapons such as the Panavia Tornado, Rapier surface-to-air missile, SEPECAT Jaguar and FH70 howitzer. After Rolls-Royce went bankrupt in 1970, he chaired a committee that determined that the Rolls-Royce RB211 engine should be continued. When Rolls-Royce was nationalised in 1971, he was appointed one of the company's directors. He retired in 1976, but continued to assist the company for four more years. He was also a director of GEC Marconi Electronics from 1972 to 1979, and Marconi International Marine from 1971 to 1975, and a consultant to British Telecom from 1982 to 1985.","title":"William Richard Joseph Cook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trowbridge, Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowbridge,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"The John of Gaunt School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_John_of_Gaunt_School"},{"link_name":"Higher School Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_School_Certificate_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Bristol University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Diploma of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198845%E2%80%9346-2"}],"text":"William Richard Joseph (Bill) Cook was born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire on 10 April 1905, the oldest child of John Cook, a railway inspector, and his wife, Eva née Boobyer.[1] He had two younger siblings; a sister, Stella, and a brother, Leonard. He was educated at Trowbridge Trinity School and Trowbridge Boy's High School\n(merged with the girls' grammar school in 1969, becoming comprehensive in 1974 as The John of Gaunt School). He gained his Higher School Certificate with a distinction in mathematics, for which he was awarded a university scholarship. He entered Bristol University, from which he received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1925. This was followed by a Diploma of Education in 1926, and a Master of Science degree in 1927, writing his dissertation on \"The forces between atoms and ions\".[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loading_Z_battery_Merseyside_1942_IWM_H_21135.jpg"},{"link_name":"Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"3-inch anti-aircraft rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_Battery"},{"link_name":"John Lennard-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennard-Jones"},{"link_name":"civil servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"},{"link_name":"Royal Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"external ballistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ballistics"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"6 inch naval guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_6_inch_Mk_XXIII_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"blast waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_wave"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198845%E2%80%9346-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198860-3"},{"link_name":"3-inch anti-aircraft rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_Battery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198847%E2%80%9349-4"},{"link_name":"Lord Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Duncan Sandys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Sandys"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendallPost1996229%E2%80%93230-5"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198847%E2%80%9349-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198860-3"},{"link_name":"Fort Halstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Halstead"},{"link_name":"Aberporth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberporth"},{"link_name":"Alwyn Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwyn_Crow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198847%E2%80%9349-4"},{"link_name":"military intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"liquid-propellant rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket"},{"link_name":"solid-propellant rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket"},{"link_name":"cordite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordite"},{"link_name":"Wernher von Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"V-2 rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket"},{"link_name":"missile guidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_guidance"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply"},{"link_name":"Rocket Propulsion Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Propulsion_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Westcott, Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcott,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198847%E2%80%9349-4"}],"text":"Home Guard soldiers load a 3-inch anti-aircraft rocketCook worked as a part-time lecturer, and an assistant to John Lennard-Jones. He considered becoming a teacher, but in 1928 he elected to become a civil servant instead, joining the staff of the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich as a librarian.[1] He initially worked in the external ballistics section of the Research Department there, where he developed the Cook Camera. This was used to investigate the problem of the inaccuracy of the Royal Navy's triple-mounted 6 inch naval guns. The problem was traced to the blast waves interfering with each other, and was resolved by delaying the firing of the middle gun by a few milliseconds.[2] In 1929, he married Grace Purnell.[1] They had a daughter, Betty.[3]In 1935 Cook was sent to work on the 3-inch anti-aircraft rocket,[4] the brainchild of Lord Cherwell and Duncan Sandys.[5] The rocket had a problem, the bonding of the cordite to the outer case failing. Cook led the project which corrected this, enabling the rockets to be deployed in 1940, with the first battery under Sandys' command, in time to support the air defence of Britain during the Second World War.[4] He divorced Grace in 1939, and married Gladys Allen, a librarian at Woolwich.[1] They had a son, Robert Anthony, and a daughter, Elizabeth Mary.[3] The Rocket Development Department moved from Woolwich to Fort Halstead, and then to Aberporth in 1940, where it became the Projectile Development Establishment, with Sir Alwyn Crow as Controller of Projectile Development and Cook as his deputy.[4]In 1943, Cook was asked to provide an expert opinion on military intelligence that the Germans were developing long-range rockets. Cherwell, Crow and Cook were agreed that a long-range liquid-propellant rocket was technologically infeasible, and a solid-propellant rocket using cordite would be impractically large. Wernher von Braun proved them wrong, with the successful deployment of the V-2 rocket. Cook then turned to the study of missile guidance mechanisms for the British Liquid Oxygen-Petrol / Guided Aerial Projectile (LOP/GAP) liquid-propellant rocket. After the war he became director of the Ministry of Supply's Rocket Propulsion Establishment at Westcott, Buckinghamshire.[4]","title":"Rockets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OperationGrappleXmasIslandHbomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb"},{"link_name":"Operation Grapple X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grapple"},{"link_name":"Frederick Brundrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Brundrett"},{"link_name":"Henry Tizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tizard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198847%E2%80%9349-4"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1951 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"John Cockcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft"},{"link_name":"Atomic Energy Research Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Harwell, Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwell,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198847%E2%80%9349-4"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne200156-7"},{"link_name":"William Penney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penney,_Baron_Penney"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne200177-9"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._I._Taylor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198850%E2%80%9351-10"},{"link_name":"Lord President of the Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"First Sea Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sea_Lord"},{"link_name":"Rhoderick McGrigor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoderick_McGrigor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne200156-7"},{"link_name":"Atomic Weapons Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Aldermaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldermaston"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne200177-9"},{"link_name":"British hydrogen bomb programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_hydrogen_bomb_programme"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198850%E2%80%9351-10"},{"link_name":"Samuel Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Curran"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne200178-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne200179-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne200181-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne200181-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne2001224-14"},{"link_name":"Operation Grapple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grapple"},{"link_name":"Malden Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malden_Island"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne2001143%E2%80%93144,_147%E2%80%93149-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198850%E2%80%9351-10"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiritimati"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPyne2001161%E2%80%93162-16"},{"link_name":"knight bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_bachelor"},{"link_name":"1958 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The first successful British hydrogen bomb test (Operation Grapple X)Funding for the Rocket Propulsion Establishment was niggardly, and in 1947 the Chief of the Royal Naval Scientific Service (CRNSS), Frederick Brundrett, recruited Cook as his Director of Physical Research. In this capacity, Cook was mainly concerned with underwater warfare, particularly the detection of submarines. In 1950, Brundrett became Deputy Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence to Sir Henry Tizard, and Cook succeeded him as CRNSS.[4] He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 1 January 1951.[6] Tizard retired soon after the 1951 election that returned Winston Churchill's Conservative Party to office, and was succeeded by Sir John Cockcroft. But Cockcroft was also the director of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, Oxfordshire, and found himself unable to devote sufficient time to both roles. He therefore was succeeded as Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence by Brundrett in 1954. Brundrett asked Cook to become the chairman of the Defence Research Policy Committee.[4]On 27 July 1954, Cabinet agreed to develop the hydrogen bomb.[7] This task would fall most heavily on the shoulders of Sir William Penney, who was appointed the head of the Weapons Group of the newly created United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA).[8] To help him, Penney suggested Cook be appointed as his deputy.[9] Sir Geoffrey Taylor supported this,[10] and the Lord President of the Council, the Marquess of Salisbury, persuaded the First Sea Lord, Sir Rhoderick McGrigor, to release Cook to work with Penney.[7] Cook commenced work at the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston on 1 September 1954.[9] His task was to manage the British hydrogen bomb programme.[10] He confessed to the chief scientist, Samuel Curran, \"I'm not a real scientist.\"[11]Although Penney and Cook had very different temperaments, they forged a good working relationship.[12] Under Cook, \"the establishment ran like clockwork... everything was well-documented; there was a lot of open discussion; and everything operated on a very short time scale.\"[13] Cook kept a tight rein on the work through the Weapons Development Policy Committee, which he created in April 1956.[13] The consensus of scientists who worked on the project was that Britain would not have developed the hydrogen bomb without Cook, although Cook gave the credit to Penney.[14] Cook was present as the scientific director of the Operation Grapple nuclear tests at Malden Island in May and June 1957,[15][10] and the successful thermonuclear test at Christmas Island in November 1957.[16] He was created a knight bachelor in the 1958 New Year Honours.[17]","title":"Nuclear weapons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hinton,_Baron_Hinton_of_Bankside"},{"link_name":"Central Electricity Generating Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Electricity_Generating_Board"},{"link_name":"Lord Fleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleck,_1st_Baron_Fleck"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198852%E2%80%9356-18"},{"link_name":"MW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKAEA-10years-19"},{"link_name":"magnox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox"},{"link_name":"Calder Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calder_Hall"},{"link_name":"Chapel Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelcross_nuclear_power_station"},{"link_name":"uranium enrichment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_enrichment"},{"link_name":"Capenhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capenhurst"},{"link_name":"Winfrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfrith"},{"link_name":"research reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_reactor"},{"link_name":"neutron moderators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_moderator"},{"link_name":"nuclear fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuel"},{"link_name":"Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Gas-Cooled_Reactor"},{"link_name":"Windscale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windscale"},{"link_name":"Fast Breeder Reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Reactor"},{"link_name":"Dounreay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dounreay"},{"link_name":"Dragon reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_reactor"},{"link_name":"1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_US%E2%80%93UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Pressurized Water Reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_Water_Reactor"},{"link_name":"nuclear submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_submarines"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198852%E2%80%9356-18"},{"link_name":"fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198860-3"}],"text":"On 1 February 1958, Cook became the UKAEA's Member for Engineering and Production vice Sir Christopher Hinton, who had left to become chairman of the Central Electricity Generating Board. In the wake of an inquiry by Lord Fleck, production was separated from the UKAEA's Industry Group in July 1959, and Cook became Member for Development and Engineering. In April 1961, these two functions were also separated, and Cook became the head of the Reactor Group.[18] The British government decided in 1957 that electricity generation by nuclear power would be promoted, and that there would be a building programme to achieve 5,000 to 6,000 MW capacity by 1965, a quarter of UK's generating needs.[19]Cook was responsible for the four magnox reactors at Calder Hall, the four reactors under construction at Chapel Cross, and the uranium enrichment plant at Capenhurst. From Hinton he had inherited a conflict of responsibilities for reactor development between the Industry Group and Cockcroft's Research Group . Cockcroft wanted it in the Research Group, and proposed building a research centre in Winfrith with low-powered research reactors for testing various combinations of coolants, neutron moderators and nuclear fuels. In the end, Cockcroft prevailed and Winfrith was built. Cook mainly dealt with the development of new reactors. A number of types were developed, including the Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor (AGR) at Windscale, considered a natural successor to the Magnox reactors; the Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) at Dounreay; the high-temperature Dragon reactor at Winfrith. In addition, under the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement, the Royal Navy received access to Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) technology used in US nuclear submarines.[18] He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1962.[3]","title":"UK Atomic Energy Authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Solly Zuckerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman"},{"link_name":"Alan Cottrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cottrell"},{"link_name":"BAC TSR-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR-2"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF"},{"link_name":"Panavia Tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado"},{"link_name":"Rapier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapier_(missile)"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198856%E2%80%9358-20"},{"link_name":"1966 Defence White Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Defence_White_Paper"},{"link_name":"SEPECAT Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar"},{"link_name":"FH70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FH70"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198856%E2%80%9358-20"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Harold Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"military attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"French hydrogen bomb project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"President of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities"},{"link_name":"tested a hydrogen bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopus_(nuclear_test)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddart2012144%E2%80%93145-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillaudJourn%C3%A92008367-22"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"1970 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In 1960, Cook returned to the Ministry of Defence as one of two deputies to the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence, Sir Solly Zuckerman, the other being Alan Cottrell. This was a turbulent time for the Ministry of Defence, with tight budgetary constraints leading to heated debates over procurement of new weapons systems, none more so than the BAC TSR-2, which was eventually cancelled. Cook was involved in negotiations with the French, and later German and Italian governments, to build a replacement, which eventually saw service with the RAF as the Panavia Tornado. He also managed to salvage a troubled project known as PT428, which became the Rapier surface-to-air missile.[20]The controversial 1966 Defence White Paper led to the resignation of Zuckerman and then Cottrell. Cook then served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence from 1966 until 1970, when he retired from the civil service, although he chaired nuclear safety committees until 1981. He was involved in several projects, including the SEPECAT Jaguar, the Mallard communications system, and the FH70 howitzer.[20] In 1967, the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson sent Cook to brief the French military attaché in London, Colonel André Thoulouze, on the British hydrogen bomb project. The French hydrogen bomb project was stalled, and Wilson hoped that providing some assistance might influence the President of France, Charles de Gaulle, to approve the accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities. He gave the French indications of paths that would not work, and suggested that their proposed design was too complex. This proved to be sufficient to set the French scientists on the right track, and France successfully tested a hydrogen bomb on 24 August 1968. Despite this, de Gaulle still vetoed Britain's membership of the EEC a second time.[21][22] For his services, Cook was raised to a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1970 Birthday Honours.[23]","title":"Ministry of Defence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence"},{"link_name":"Lord Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington"},{"link_name":"RB211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_RB211"},{"link_name":"nationalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"GEC Marconi Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Electronic_Systems"},{"link_name":"Marconi International Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems_Marine"},{"link_name":"British Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Telecom"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198859%E2%80%9360-24"},{"link_name":"Westminster Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"}],"text":"After Rolls-Royce went bankrupt in 1970, the Secretary of State for Defence, Lord Carrington, asked Cook to chair a committee to determine whether the development of the RB211 jet engine should be continued. He recommended that it should be. When Rolls-Royce was nationalised in 1971, he was appointed one of the company's directors. He retired as a director in 1976, but continued to assist the company for four more years. He was a director of GEC Marconi Electronics from 1972 to 1979, and Marconi International Marine from 1971 to 1975. He was also a consultant to British Telecom from 1982 to 1985.[24]Cook suffered a massive stroke from which he did not regain consciousness, and died in London's Westminster Hospital on 16 September 1987.[1]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-odnb_1-4"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/39879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39879"},{"link_name":"UK public library 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Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131029192618/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull063/06304701725.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull063/06304701725.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198856%E2%80%9358_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198856%E2%80%9358_20-1"},{"link_name":"Penney & Macklen 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPenneyMacklen1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddart2012144%E2%80%93145_21-0"},{"link_name":"Stoddart 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStoddart2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillaudJourn%C3%A92008367_22-0"},{"link_name":"Billaud & Journé 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBillaudJourn%C3%A92008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"No. 45117\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45117/supplement/6367"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenneyMacklen198859%E2%80%9360_24-0"},{"link_name":"Penney & Macklen 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPenneyMacklen1988"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Challens, John. \"Cook, Sir William Richard Joseph (1905–1987)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39879. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ a b Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 45–46.\n\n^ a b c Penney & Macklen 1988, p. 60.\n\n^ a b c d e f Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 47–49.\n\n^ Kendall & Post 1996, pp. 229–230.\n\n^ \"No. 39104\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1950. p. 3.\n\n^ a b Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 56.\n\n^ \"UKAEA's first 50 years\". Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved 11 January 2017.\n\n^ a b Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 77.\n\n^ a b c Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 50–51.\n\n^ Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 78.\n\n^ Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 79.\n\n^ a b Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 81.\n\n^ Arnold & Pyne 2001, p. 224.\n\n^ Arnold & Pyne 2001, pp. 143–144, 147–149.\n\n^ Arnold & Pyne 2001, pp. 161–162.\n\n^ \"No. 41268\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1957. p. 1.\n\n^ a b Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 52–56.\n\n^ Ten Years of Nuclear Power (PDF) (Report). UKAEA. 1966. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.\n\n^ a b Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 56–58.\n\n^ Stoddart 2012, pp. 144–145.\n\n^ Billaud & Journé 2008, p. 367.\n\n^ \"No. 45117\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 June 1970. p. 6367.\n\n^ Penney & Macklen 1988, pp. 59–60.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Home Guard soldiers load a 3-inch anti-aircraft rocket","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Loading_Z_battery_Merseyside_1942_IWM_H_21135.jpg/220px-Loading_Z_battery_Merseyside_1942_IWM_H_21135.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first successful British hydrogen bomb test (Operation Grapple X)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/OperationGrappleXmasIslandHbomb.jpg/220px-OperationGrappleXmasIslandHbomb.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Challens, John. \"Cook, Sir William Richard Joseph (1905–1987)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). 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The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1957. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41268/supplement/1","url_text":"\"No. 41268\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Ten Years of Nuclear Power (PDF) (Report). UKAEA. 1966. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192618/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull063/06304701725.pdf","url_text":"Ten Years of Nuclear Power"},{"url":"http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull063/06304701725.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45117\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 June 1970. p. 6367.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45117/supplement/6367","url_text":"\"No. 45117\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Lorna; Pyne, Katherine (2001). Britain and the H-Bomb. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-73685-2. OCLC 925315618.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Arnold","url_text":"Arnold, Lorna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Pyne","url_text":"Pyne, Katherine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-73685-2","url_text":"978-0-333-73685-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925315618","url_text":"925315618"}]},{"reference":"Billaud, Pierre; Journé, Venance (2008). \"The Real Story Behind the Making of the French Hydrogen Bomb\". The Nonproliferation Review. 15 (2): 353–372. doi:10.1080/10736700802117361. ISSN 1073-6700.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10736700802117361","url_text":"\"The Real Story Behind the Making of the French Hydrogen Bomb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10736700802117361","url_text":"10.1080/10736700802117361"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1073-6700","url_text":"1073-6700"}]},{"reference":"Kendall, David; Post, Kenneth (July 1996). \"The British 3-Inch Anti-Aircraft Rocket. Part One: Dive-Bombers\". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 50 (2): 229–239. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1996.0025. S2CID 146555644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1996.0025","url_text":"10.1098/rsnr.1996.0025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146555644","url_text":"146555644"}]},{"reference":"Penney, William; Macklen, V. H. B. (1 December 1988). \"William Richard Joseph Cook. 10 April 1905–16 September 1987\" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 34: 44–61. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1988.0003. S2CID 62675569. Retrieved 11 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penney,_Baron_Penney","url_text":"Penney, William"},{"url":"http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/34/44.full.pdf","url_text":"\"William Richard Joseph Cook. 10 April 1905–16 September 1987\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1988.0003","url_text":"10.1098/rsbm.1988.0003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62675569","url_text":"62675569"}]},{"reference":"Stoddart, Kristan (2012). Losing an Empire and Finding a Role: Britain, the USA, NATO and Nuclear Weapons, 1964–70. Nuclear weapons and international security since 1945. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230300880. OCLC 764357556.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230300880","url_text":"9780230300880"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/764357556","url_text":"764357556"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39879","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/39879"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39104/supplement/3","external_links_name":"\"No. 39104\""},{"Link":"http://www.neimagazine.com/opinion/opinionukaea-s-first-50-years/","external_links_name":"\"UKAEA's first 50 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41268/supplement/1","external_links_name":"\"No. 41268\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192618/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull063/06304701725.pdf","external_links_name":"Ten Years of Nuclear Power"},{"Link":"http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull063/06304701725.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45117/supplement/6367","external_links_name":"\"No. 45117\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925315618","external_links_name":"925315618"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10736700802117361","external_links_name":"\"The Real Story Behind the Making of the French Hydrogen Bomb\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10736700802117361","external_links_name":"10.1080/10736700802117361"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1073-6700","external_links_name":"1073-6700"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1996.0025","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsnr.1996.0025"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146555644","external_links_name":"146555644"},{"Link":"http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/34/44.full.pdf","external_links_name":"\"William Richard Joseph Cook. 10 April 1905–16 September 1987\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1988.0003","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsbm.1988.0003"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62675569","external_links_name":"62675569"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/764357556","external_links_name":"764357556"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:cook.w-r","external_links_name":"zbMATH"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurant_Weill | Laurant Weill | ["1 References","2 External links"] | This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Laurant Weill" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Laurant Weill, whose first name is sometimes spelled 'Laurent' is an entrepreneur and a pioneer of the microcomputer and video game industry in France and later on new interactive digital experiences.
In 1983 he co-founded with Marc Bayle the first French videogame company, Loriciel, which has quickly become one of the leading publishers of video games for personal computers in France. He participated in the creation of many companies such as Loriciel, Microids, Evolution, Broderbund France.
In 1994 Weill founded Visiware. He has become a world leader in interactive television. Visiware has also many other activities (PlayinStar, PlayAlong, LeStudio). In 2014 Weill created SYNC a spin off Visiware who is providing interactive 2nd screen platforms to enrich mobile experiences and advertising revenues. He invented and patented a new technology solution Sync2AD to synchronize Mobile with TV and radio.
References
^ "The iTV Doctor Is In!: Visiware's Laurant Weill on Interactive TV Games". iTV. September 20, 2009. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
External links
(in French) abandonware-france.org
(in French) Interview of Laurant Weill (2007)
This biographical article relating to a video game specialist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microcomputer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer"},{"link_name":"video game industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Loriciel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loriciel"},{"link_name":"Microids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%C3%AFds"},{"link_name":"Visiware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiware"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"interactive television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television"}],"text":"Laurant Weill, whose first name is sometimes spelled 'Laurent' is an entrepreneur and a pioneer of the microcomputer and video game industry in France and later on new interactive digital experiences. \nIn 1983 he co-founded with Marc Bayle the first French videogame company, Loriciel, which has quickly become one of the leading publishers of video games for personal computers in France. He participated in the creation of many companies such as Loriciel, Microids, Evolution, Broderbund France.\nIn 1994 Weill founded Visiware.[1] He has become a world leader in interactive television. Visiware has also many other activities (PlayinStar, PlayAlong, LeStudio). In 2014 Weill created SYNC a spin off Visiware who is providing interactive 2nd screen platforms to enrich mobile experiences and advertising revenues. He invented and patented a new technology solution Sync2AD to synchronize Mobile with TV and radio.","title":"Laurant Weill"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The iTV Doctor Is In!: Visiware's Laurant Weill on Interactive TV Games\". iTV. September 20, 2009. Retrieved September 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itvt.com/itv_doctor/5663/itv-doctor-visiwares-laurant-weill-interactive-tv-games","url_text":"\"The iTV Doctor Is In!: Visiware's Laurant Weill on Interactive TV Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itv.com","url_text":"iTV"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Laurant+Weill%22","external_links_name":"\"Laurant Weill\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Laurant+Weill%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Laurant+Weill%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Laurant+Weill%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Laurant+Weill%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Laurant+Weill%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.itvt.com/itv_doctor/5663/itv-doctor-visiwares-laurant-weill-interactive-tv-games","external_links_name":"\"The iTV Doctor Is In!: Visiware's Laurant Weill on Interactive TV Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.abandonware-france.org/ltf_abandon/ltf_dossiers.php?id_dossier=187","external_links_name":"abandonware-france.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322134648/http://amstrad.cpc.free.fr/article.php?sid=332","external_links_name":"Interview"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurant_Weill&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazeroth | Stations of the Exodus | ["1 Sources","2 Locating the Stations","3 List of the Stations of the Exodus","4 Notes","5 References"] | Locations visited by the Israelites following their exodus from Egypt, according to Numbers 33
Guillaume Postel, 1555 Hæc chorographia præpocapiti 33. libri numer
1641 Wanderings in the desert map
1585 Exodus map
Tilemann Stella's 1557 Itinera Israelitarum ex Aegypto
The Stations of the Exodus are the locations visited by the Israelites following their exodus from Egypt, according to the Hebrew Bible. In the itinerary given in Numbers 33, forty-two stations are listed, although this list differs slightly from the narrative account of the journey found in Exodus and Deuteronomy.
Biblical commentators like St Jerome in his Epistle to Fabiola, Bede (Letter to Acca: "De Mansionibus Filiorum Israhel") and St Peter Damian discussed the Stations according to the Hebrew meanings of their names. Dante modeled the 42 chapters of his Vita Nuova on them.
Sources
According to the documentary hypothesis, the list of the Stations was originally a distinct and separate source text. Proponents of this hypothesis believe that the redactor, in combining the Torah's sources, used parts of the Stations list to fill out awkward joins between the main sources. However, a slightly variant version of the list appears in full at Numbers 33, and several parts of the journey described in the full list (most noticeably the journey from Sinai to Zin) do not appear in the fragmented version.
Both versions of the list contain several brief narrative fragments. For example, Exodus 15:27 reads: " came to Elim, where there were twelve springs of water and seventy palm trees". It is a matter of some debate as to how much of the narrative is part of the original text of the list, and how much is extra detail added into it by the redactor. Some information may also have been drawn from other sources; Numbers 21 contains both an extract from the lost Book of the Wars of the Lord, and the text of a song about the digging of a well at Beer.
Locating the Stations
Attempting to locate many of the stations of the Israelite Exodus is a difficult task, if not infeasible. Though most scholars concede that the narrative of the Exodus may have a historical basis, the event in question would have borne little resemblance to the mass-emigration and subsequent forty years of desert nomadism described in the biblical account. If a smaller-scale exodus did take place, no trace of it has been found in the archaeological record, so archaeology can give no clues as to the modern-day locations of the stations.
Another factor complicating the issue is that the narrative descriptions of many of the stations lack recognizable distinguishing features, or are very broadly defined. For example, Marah, the fifth station, is described only as a place where the Israelites found the drinking water to be exceptionally bitter. The locations of some stations are given in relative terms, such as the "Wilderness of Sin", which is simply described as the area between Elim and Mount Sinai, which, given the uncertain locations of the numerous stations, cannot be positively determined. Other locations central to the narrative, such as the Sea of Reeds, Mount Sinai, and Raamses, also lack positive identification, making it more difficult to plot a plausible map of the Israelites' journey. As such, proposed identifications of the stations of the Exodus are almost entirely conjectural.
List of the Stations of the Exodus
Station
Biblical reference
Description
Possible location
Raamses
Ex. 12:37; Nu. 33:3
The Raamses district was of the highest quality land in Egypt (Ge. 47:11)
Pi-Ramesses
Sukkoth
Ex. 12:37, 13:20; Nu. 33:5–6
The region of Wadi Tumilat, or a city within the region, such as Tell el-Maskhuta
Etham
Ex. 13:20; Nu. 33:6–8
"On the edge of the wilderness"
Unknown, but possibly close to modern Ismailia
Pi-Hahiroth
Ex. 14:2; Nu. 33:7–8
"Between Migdol and the sea, opposite Ba'al-Zephon"
- -
Marah
Ex. 15:23; Nu. 33:8–9
A place where the water was too bitter to drink
Ain Hawarah, fifty miles south of Suez
Elim
Ex. 15:27, 16:1; Nu. 33:9–10
"Where there were twelve springs and seventy palm trees"
Wadi Gharandel
By the Red Sea
Nu. 33:10–11
- -
- -
Sin Wilderness
Ex. 16:1, 17:1; Nu. 33:11–12
Between Elim and Mount Sinai; here God supplies quail and manna
- -
Dophkah
Nu. 33:12–13
- -
- -
Alush
Nu. 33:13–14
- -
- -
Rephidim
Ex. 17:1, 19:2; Nu. 33:14–15
Moses brings forth water from the Rock of Horeb; the Israelites battle the Amalekites
Wadi Refayid
Sinai Wilderness
Ex. 19:1–2; Nu. 10:12, 33:15–16
Near Mount Sinai
Kibroth-Hattaavah
Nu. 11:35, 33:16–17
- -
Hazeroth
Nu. 11:35, 12:16, 33:17–18
Miriam is afflicted with a skin disease
- -
Rithmah
Nu. 33:18–19
- -
- -
Rimmon-Perez
Nu. 33:19–20
- -
- -
Libnah
Nu. 33:20–21
- -
- -
Rissah
Nu. 33:21–22
- -
- -
Kehelathah
Nu. 33:22–23
- -
- -
Mount Shapher
Nu. 33:23–24
- -
- -
Haradah
Nu. 33:24–25
- -
- -
Makheloth
Nu. 33:25–26
- -
- -
Tahath
Nu. 33:26–27
- -
- -
Terah
Nu. 33:27–28
- -
- -
Mithcah
Nu. 33:28–29
- -
- -
Hashmonah
Nu. 33:29–30
- -
- -
Moseroth
Nu. 33:30–31; Dt. 10:6
Aaron's burial place according to Deuteronomy
- -
Bene-Jaakan
Nu. 33:31–32
- -
- -
Hor Haggidgad
Nu. 33:32–33
- -
- -
Jotbathah
Nu. 33:33–34
- -
- -
Abronah
Nu. 33:34–35
- -
- -
Ezion-Geber
Nu. 33:35–36
- -
Tell el-Kheleifeh
Kadesh
Nu. 20:1,22, 33:36–37
Located in the Wilderness of Zin; Miriam's burial place
Tell el-Qudeirat
Mount Hor
Nu. 20:22, 21:4, 33:37–41
On the border of Edom; Aaron's burial place according to Numbers
- -
Zalmonah
Nu. 33:41–42
- -
- -
Punon
Nu. 33:42–43
- -
Khirbat Faynan
Oboth
Nu. 21:10–11, 33:43–44
- -
- -
Iye Abarim
Nu. 21:11, 33:44–45
On the border of Moab
- -
Dibon Gad
Nu. 33:45–46
- -
Dhiban, Jordan
Almon Diblathaim
Nu. 33:46–47
- -
- -
Abarim Mountains
Nu. 33:47–48
The Israelites encamped near Mount Nebo
- -
Plains of Moab
Nu. 22:1, 33:48–50
The Israelites encamped along the Jordan River from Beth-jeshimoth to Abel-shittim
Lower Jordan Valley, between Sweimeh and Tell el-Hammam, Jordan
Notes
^ All proposed locations are speculative, and in many cases there are numerous competing theories. This table includes only those theories which have received wide support from modern scholars.
References
^ Numbers 33
^ University, Center for Teaching and Learning at Columbia. "A letter from Jerome (400)". Epistolae.
^ Gregory F. LaNave, et al., The Fathers of the Church: Mediaeval Continuation, The Letters of Peter Damian 151-180, Letter 160, pp. 110 ff., The Catholic University of America Press, Washington D.C. (2005)
^ Julia Bolton Holloway, Sweet New Style: Brunetto Latino, Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer, Chapter III, (2003)
^ Nili S. Fox, in Adele Berlin, Marc Zvi Brettler (editors), The Jewish study Bible, Jewish Publication Society TANAKH Translation, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999), p. 349: "The literary style of the itinerary, the repetition of campsite names, and the highlighting of events in those places closely resemble extant military records from the ancient Near East, especially from Assyria. Accordingly, the notation in this Priestly source that Moses recorded the starting points of their various marches (v. 2) fits the genre. Some scholars, however, consider ch 33 a composite text extracted from other portions of Numbers, Exodus, and Deuteronomy."
^ Exodus 15:27 (NSRV).
^ Numbers 21:14–15
^ Numbers 21:16b–18a
^ Redmount, Carol A. (2001) . "Bitter Lives: Israel In And Out of Egypt". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. OUP. p. 87. ISBN 9780199881482.
^ a b Avraham Faust (2015). Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience. Springer. p. 476. ISBN 978-3-319-04768-3.
^ Sparks, Kenton L. (2010). "Genre Criticism". In Dozeman, Thomas B. (ed.). Methods for Exodus. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781139487382.
^ William G. Dever (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3.
^ Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Free Press. pp. 62–3. ISBN 0-684-86912-8.
^ van Seters, John (2001). "The Geography of the Exodus". In Dearman, J. A.; Graham, M. P. (eds.). The Land that I Will Show You. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 264. ISBN 1-84127-257-4. Most scholars accept the equation of Rameses with Piramesse, the capital of the 19th Dynasty built by Ramesses II.
^ Bietak (28 March 2015). "On the Historicity of the Exodus". In Levy, T. E.; Schneider, T.; Propp, W. H. C. (eds.). Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective. Springer. p. 21. ISBN 9783319047683. Tjeku, the name of the region of Wadi Tumilat, is regarded by many as an Egyptian rendering of the biblical Sukkot.
^ Kitchen, K. A. (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 257–8. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1.
^ Kitchen 2003, p. 259
^ Hyatt, J. Philip (1971). Commentary on Exodus. Oliphants. p. 172. ISBN 0-551-00630-7. Marah is often identified with 'Ain Hawarah, about fifty miles S. of the northern end of the Gulf of Suez.
^ Kitchen 2003, p. 269. "It is commonly suggested that the well-watered Wadi Gharandel was Elim."
^ Kotter, Wade R. (2019). "Rephidim". In Freedman, D. N. (ed.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. William B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-1-4674-6046-0. Tradition has long identified Wadi Feiran near Jebul Musa as the location of Rephidim, although more recent scholarship prefers the nearby Wadi Refayid because of the similarity in name.
^ Pratico, Gary D. (1993). Nelson Glueck's 1938–1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal. American Schools of Oriental Research. p. 17. ISBN 9781555408831. Nelson Glueck's identification of Tell el-Kheleifeh with biblical Ezion-geber has been generally accepted by the archaeological community.
^ de Geus, C. H. J. (1977). "Kadesh Barnea: Some Geographical and Historical Remarks". In Brongers, H. A. (ed.). Instruction and Interpretation: Studies in Hebrew Language, Palestinian Archaeology and Biblical Exegesis. Brill Archive. p. 58. ISBN 90-04-05433-2. Anyone who is familiar with the Exodus-literature will know that Kadesh Barnea is practically always identified with ʿAin el Qudeirat.
^ MacDonald, Burton (2015). The Southern Transjordan Edomite Plateau and the Dead Sea Rift Valley. Oxbow Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-78297-832-9. Khirbat Faynan ... is almost certainly the location of Phaino/Punon/Pinon.
^ Kitchen 2003, p. 195. "Dibon ... is readily admitted to be located at modern Dhiban."
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Book of Deuteronomy (chapter 1) → | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%A6c_chorographia_pr%C3%A6pocapiti_33._libri_numer_Responsibility,_G._Postel,_1555.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Postel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Postel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wanderings_in_the_desert_map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exodus_map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UBBasel_Map_1557_Kartenslg_AA_104_Itinera_Israelitarum_ex_Aegypto.tiff"},{"link_name":"Tilemann Stella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilemann_Stella"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite"},{"link_name":"exodus from Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede"},{"link_name":"Peter Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Damian"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante"},{"link_name":"Vita Nuova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Nuova"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Guillaume Postel, 1555 Hæc chorographia præpocapiti 33. libri numer1641 Wanderings in the desert map1585 Exodus mapTilemann Stella's 1557 Itinera Israelitarum ex AegyptoThe Stations of the Exodus are the locations visited by the Israelites following their exodus from Egypt, according to the Hebrew Bible. In the itinerary given in Numbers 33, forty-two stations are listed,[1] although this list differs slightly from the narrative account of the journey found in Exodus and Deuteronomy.Biblical commentators like St Jerome in his Epistle to Fabiola,[2] Bede (Letter to Acca: \"De Mansionibus Filiorum Israhel\") and St Peter Damian discussed the Stations according to the Hebrew meanings of their names.[3] Dante modeled the 42 chapters of his Vita Nuova on them.[4]","title":"Stations of the Exodus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Numbers 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masei"},{"link_name":"Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Zin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin_Desert"},{"link_name":"Elim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elim_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Book of the Wars of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Wars_of_the_Lord"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_(biblical_place)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"According to the documentary hypothesis, the list of the Stations was originally a distinct and separate source text.[5] Proponents of this hypothesis believe that the redactor, in combining the Torah's sources, used parts of the Stations list to fill out awkward joins between the main sources. However, a slightly variant version of the list appears in full at Numbers 33, and several parts of the journey described in the full list (most noticeably the journey from Sinai to Zin) do not appear in the fragmented version.Both versions of the list contain several brief narrative fragments. For example, Exodus 15:27 reads: \"[The Israelites] came to Elim, where there were twelve springs of water and seventy palm trees\".[6] It is a matter of some debate as to how much of the narrative is part of the original text of the list, and how much is extra detail added into it by the redactor. Some information may also have been drawn from other sources; Numbers 21 contains both an extract from the lost Book of the Wars of the Lord,[7] and the text of a song about the digging of a well at Beer.[8]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faust-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faust-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dever2001-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Marah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marah_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Wilderness of Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_of_Sin"},{"link_name":"Elim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elim_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai"},{"link_name":"Sea of Reeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Reeds"}],"text":"Attempting to locate many of the stations of the Israelite Exodus is a difficult task, if not infeasible. Though most scholars concede that the narrative of the Exodus may have a historical basis,[9][10][11] the event in question would have borne little resemblance to the mass-emigration and subsequent forty years of desert nomadism described in the biblical account.[10][12] If a smaller-scale exodus did take place, no trace of it has been found in the archaeological record,[13] so archaeology can give no clues as to the modern-day locations of the stations.Another factor complicating the issue is that the narrative descriptions of many of the stations lack recognizable distinguishing features, or are very broadly defined. For example, Marah, the fifth station, is described only as a place where the Israelites found the drinking water to be exceptionally bitter. The locations of some stations are given in relative terms, such as the \"Wilderness of Sin\", which is simply described as the area between Elim and Mount Sinai, which, given the uncertain locations of the numerous stations, cannot be positively determined. Other locations central to the narrative, such as the Sea of Reeds, Mount Sinai, and Raamses, also lack positive identification, making it more difficult to plot a plausible map of the Israelites' journey. As such, proposed identifications of the stations of the Exodus are almost entirely conjectural.","title":"Locating the Stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of the Stations of the Exodus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ All proposed locations are speculative, and in many cases there are numerous competing theories. This table includes only those theories which have received wide support from modern scholars.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Guillaume Postel, 1555 Hæc chorographia præpocapiti 33. libri numer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/H%C3%A6c_chorographia_pr%C3%A6pocapiti_33._libri_numer_Responsibility%2C_G._Postel%2C_1555.jpg/220px-H%C3%A6c_chorographia_pr%C3%A6pocapiti_33._libri_numer_Responsibility%2C_G._Postel%2C_1555.jpg"},{"image_text":"1641 Wanderings in the desert map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wanderings_in_the_desert_map.jpg/220px-Wanderings_in_the_desert_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"1585 Exodus map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Exodus_map.jpg/220px-Exodus_map.jpg"},{"image_text":" Tilemann Stella's 1557 Itinera Israelitarum ex Aegypto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/UBBasel_Map_1557_Kartenslg_AA_104_Itinera_Israelitarum_ex_Aegypto.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-UBBasel_Map_1557_Kartenslg_AA_104_Itinera_Israelitarum_ex_Aegypto.tiff.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"University, Center for Teaching and Learning at Columbia. \"A letter from Jerome (400)\". Epistolae.","urls":[{"url":"https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/letter/365.html","url_text":"\"A letter from Jerome (400)\""}]},{"reference":"Redmount, Carol A. (2001) [1998]. \"Bitter Lives: Israel In And Out of Egypt\". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. OUP. p. 87. ISBN 9780199881482.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA59","url_text":"\"Bitter Lives: Israel In And Out of Egypt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199881482","url_text":"9780199881482"}]},{"reference":"Avraham Faust (2015). Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience. Springer. p. 476. ISBN 978-3-319-04768-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/11906343","url_text":"Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04768-3","url_text":"978-3-319-04768-3"}]},{"reference":"Sparks, Kenton L. (2010). \"Genre Criticism\". In Dozeman, Thomas B. (ed.). Methods for Exodus. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781139487382.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CiqF7sVqDQcC&pg=PA73","url_text":"\"Genre Criticism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139487382","url_text":"9781139487382"}]},{"reference":"William G. Dever (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&pg=PA99","url_text":"What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3","url_text":"978-0-8028-2126-3"}]},{"reference":"Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Free Press. pp. 62–3. ISBN 0-684-86912-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bibleunearthedar0000fink/page/62/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86912-8","url_text":"0-684-86912-8"}]},{"reference":"van Seters, John (2001). \"The Geography of the Exodus\". In Dearman, J. A.; Graham, M. P. (eds.). The Land that I Will Show You. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 264. ISBN 1-84127-257-4. Most scholars accept the equation of Rameses with Piramesse, the capital of the 19th Dynasty built by Ramesses II.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQe_4Waz34C&pg=PA264","url_text":"\"The Geography of the Exodus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84127-257-4","url_text":"1-84127-257-4"}]},{"reference":"Bietak (28 March 2015). \"On the Historicity of the Exodus\". In Levy, T. E.; Schneider, T.; Propp, W. H. C. (eds.). Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective. Springer. p. 21. ISBN 9783319047683. Tjeku, the name of the region of Wadi Tumilat, is regarded by many as an Egyptian rendering of the biblical Sukkot.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xpe1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21","url_text":"\"On the Historicity of the Exodus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319047683","url_text":"9783319047683"}]},{"reference":"Kitchen, K. A. (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 257–8. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw6U05qBiXcC&pg=PA257","url_text":"On the Reliability of the Old Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1","url_text":"0-8028-4960-1"}]},{"reference":"Hyatt, J. Philip (1971). Commentary on Exodus. Oliphants. p. 172. ISBN 0-551-00630-7. Marah is often identified with 'Ain Hawarah, about fifty miles S. of the northern end of the Gulf of Suez.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/commentaryonexod0000hyat/page/172","url_text":"Commentary on Exodus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-551-00630-7","url_text":"0-551-00630-7"}]},{"reference":"Kotter, Wade R. (2019). \"Rephidim\". In Freedman, D. N. (ed.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. William B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-1-4674-6046-0. Tradition has long identified Wadi Feiran near Jebul Musa as the location of Rephidim, although more recent scholarship prefers the nearby Wadi Refayid because of the similarity in name.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fq7qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2268","url_text":"\"Rephidim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-6046-0","url_text":"978-1-4674-6046-0"}]},{"reference":"Pratico, Gary D. (1993). Nelson Glueck's 1938–1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal. American Schools of Oriental Research. p. 17. ISBN 9781555408831. Nelson Glueck's identification of Tell el-Kheleifeh with biblical Ezion-geber has been generally accepted by the archaeological community.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nelsongluecks1930000prat/page/16","url_text":"Nelson Glueck's 1938–1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555408831","url_text":"9781555408831"}]},{"reference":"de Geus, C. H. J. (1977). \"Kadesh Barnea: Some Geographical and Historical Remarks\". In Brongers, H. A. (ed.). Instruction and Interpretation: Studies in Hebrew Language, Palestinian Archaeology and Biblical Exegesis. Brill Archive. p. 58. ISBN 90-04-05433-2. Anyone who is familiar with the Exodus-literature will know that Kadesh Barnea is practically always identified with ʿAin el Qudeirat.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XJo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58","url_text":"\"Kadesh Barnea: Some Geographical and Historical Remarks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05433-2","url_text":"90-04-05433-2"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Burton (2015). The Southern Transjordan Edomite Plateau and the Dead Sea Rift Valley. Oxbow Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-78297-832-9. Khirbat Faynan ... is almost certainly the location of Phaino/Punon/Pinon.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D1-qCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79","url_text":"The Southern Transjordan Edomite Plateau and the Dead Sea Rift Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-832-9","url_text":"978-1-78297-832-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0433.htm#1","external_links_name":"Numbers 33"},{"Link":"https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/letter/365.html","external_links_name":"\"A letter from Jerome (400)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UToXVm7ZI4oC&pg=PA103"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UToXVm7ZI4oC&pg=PA103","external_links_name":"The Letters of Peter Damian 151-180"},{"Link":"http://www.umilta.net/Vitanuov.html","external_links_name":"Chapter III"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+15:27&version=nsrv","external_links_name":"Exodus 15:27"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0421.htm#14","external_links_name":"Numbers 21:14–15"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0421.htm#16","external_links_name":"Numbers 21:16b–18a"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA59","external_links_name":"\"Bitter Lives: Israel In And Out of Egypt\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/11906343","external_links_name":"Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CiqF7sVqDQcC&pg=PA73","external_links_name":"\"Genre Criticism\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&pg=PA99","external_links_name":"What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bibleunearthedar0000fink/page/62/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQe_4Waz34C&pg=PA264","external_links_name":"\"The Geography of the Exodus\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xpe1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"\"On the Historicity of the Exodus\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw6U05qBiXcC&pg=PA257","external_links_name":"On the Reliability of the Old Testament"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/commentaryonexod0000hyat/page/172","external_links_name":"Commentary on Exodus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fq7qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2268","external_links_name":"\"Rephidim\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nelsongluecks1930000prat/page/16","external_links_name":"Nelson Glueck's 1938–1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XJo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58","external_links_name":"\"Kadesh Barnea: Some Geographical and Historical Remarks\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D1-qCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79","external_links_name":"The Southern Transjordan Edomite Plateau and the Dead Sea Rift Valley"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKSL | CKSL | ["1 Announced closure of CKSL","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°52′59″N 81°13′24″W / 42.88306°N 81.22333°W / 42.88306; -81.22333Former radio station in London, Ontario
CKSLDefunctLondon, OntarioFrequency1410 kHz (AM)BrandingFunny 1410ProgrammingFormatComedyOwnershipOwnerBell Media(Bell Media Radio)Sister stationsCJBX-FM, CIQM, CJBKHistoryFirst air dateJune 1956Last air dateAugust 14, 2016Technical informationClassBPower10,000 watts
CKSL was a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 1410 AM in London, Ontario, Canada. The station aired a comedy radio format branded as Funny 1410. The station broadcast with a power of 10,000 watts from its transmitter site located on Scotland Drive in South London. The station's coverage area was directional to the north and south during the day, and towards the north at night to protect WDOE in Dunkirk, New York, located across Lake Erie from CKSL.
CKSL was owned by Bell Media, along with CJBX, CIQM and CJBK.
The station was launched in June 1956 on AM 1290 (the current home of CJBK), and moved to its current frequency in 1964. The station later adopted a Top 40 format, and subsequently changed to news/talk in 1993 known as AM 1410. It changed to an adult standards format under the same name in 1996, evolving into a soft adult contemporary format as AM 1410, The River in September 1997.
Logo as "Oldies 1410" (2009–2012)In 2000, the station was acquired by Telemedia, who changed it to an oldies format as "Oldies 1410" on December 1, 2000. Standard Broadcasting subsequently acquired Telemedia in 2002, and the format changed back to adult standards as AM 1410 on February 16, 2004. By this point the station only broadcast live from 6-9 a.m. weekdays, with the rest of the time being automated. During the Oldies 1410 years, the station also broadcast various religious and ethnic programs in evenings, including Radio Maryja from Poland seven days a week from 8-9 p.m.
Due in part to the location of its transmitter site in South London, CKSL has been dogged by low listenership. The municipal landfill site is located just south of the transmitter site, causing increasing deterioration of the signal as the landfill has grown over the years. CKSL applied to move to the FM dial at 102.3 MHz in 1999, but the license for 102.3 MHz was awarded to CHUM who subsequently launched CHST-FM. By 2016, CKSL had the lowest audience share in the London market, according to BBM Canada.
In 2007 Astral Media took control of CKSL as a result of a takeover of Standard Radio.
In fall 2009, CKSL moved back to an oldies format, again using the "Oldies 1410" as its moniker.
In November 2011, CKSL announced that it would change formats by January 2012 to become the first radio station in Canada devoted to comedy radio. The new format, "Funny 1410", consist of bits performed by major stand-up and improvisational comedians. The new format was originally programmed by Astral Media's syndication arm, but would later pick up its programming from the American 24/7 Comedy network, of which Astral (and later, Bell Media) was the authorised Canadian distributor.
In early 2013, the station would add Astral's late night Humble & Fred show. It was a short time after this that Bell Media would acquire many of Astral's radio stations, including CKSL.
Announced closure of CKSL
On July 11, 2016, Bell Media applied to the CRTC for a request to terminate CKSL's broadcast license, citing severe deteriorating conditions at the transmitter site. A technical review was done at the location of CKSL's transmitter building and towers by Bell Media and its contractors, and they found that the AM array's broadcast towers posed a structural risk, as well as needing their aircraft warning lights to be repaired to bring it back up to proper building, safety and aircraft codes. The transmitter building was also found to have shifted off its foundation. The cost estimate to repair all these issues was in the $CAD 3 million range, and with CKSL's long-term ratings performance at dead last of the ten commercial radio stations serving the London area, and with little hope of that changing any time soon, coupled with the region's four per cent decline of advertising revenue in radio since 2013, the CRTC accepted Bell's request to shut down CKSL. The station was scheduled to cease operations on August 14, 2016, at midnight.
References
^ "CKSL-AM 1410 kHz - London, ON". radio-locator.com. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^ (CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (28 October 1999). "ARCHIVED - Decision CRTC 99-482, Licensing new radio stations". www.crtc.gc.ca. Retrieved 21 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b "CKSL 1410 London Ontario to go dark - Michigan Radio & TV Buzzboard". www.mibuzzboard.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^ CTV.ca
^ "Humble And Fred Return To Radio Via Astral Media, CFRB". Mediabase, January 14, 2013.
^ "CRTC approves Bell-Astral merger". CBC. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
^ (CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. "CKSL London – Revocation of licence". www.crtc.gc.ca. Retrieved 21 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "AM radio station CKSL turning in its licence". ctvnews.ca. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^ "London’s CKSL-AM Funny 1410 To Sign Off August 14" Archived 2016-08-10 at the Wayback Machine Broadcaster, August 9, 2016.
External links
CKSL at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the Canadian Communications Foundation
CKSL in the REC Canadian station database
vteRadio stations in London, OntarioLondonAM
CFPL 980
FM
CKXM-FM 90.5
CIAL-FM 90.9
CJBX-FM 92.7
CBCL-FM 93.5
CHRW-FM 94.9
CFPL-FM 95.9
CIQM-FM 97.5
CKLO-FM 98.1
CJBC-4-FM 99.3
CHJX-FM 99.9
CBBL-FM 100.5
CHST-FM 102.3
CIXX-FM 106.9
Carrier current
CFRL 98.7
Defunct
CJBK 1290
CKSL 1410
CKO-FM-3 97.5
Elgin County
Aylmer
CHPD-FM 105.9
St. Thomas
VF8016 90.1
CKZM-FM 94.1
CFHK-FM 103.1
Oxford County
Tillsonburg
CBCL-FM-1 88.7
CKOT-FM 101.3
CJDL-FM 107.3
Woodstock
CJFH-FM 94.3
CKDK-FM 103.9
CIHR-FM 104.7
Simcoe
CHCD-FM 98.9
CKNC-FM 99.7
Strathroy
CJMI-FM 105.7
Weatheradio Canada
VFI621 162.450 (Normandale)
XLN470 162.475 (London)
Nearby regions
Hamilton-Niagara
Midwestern Ontario
Parry Sound-Muskoka-Haliburton
Southwestern Ontario
See also
List of radio stations in Ontario
vteBell Media (and other broadcasting properties of BCE Inc.)Terrestrial TVand free streamingCTV (O&O)
Stations
CIVT-DT Vancouver
CFCN-DT Calgary
CFRN-DT Edmonton
CFQC-DT Saskatoon
CKCK-DT Regina
CICC-TV Yorkton
CIPA-TV Prince Albert
CKY-DT Winnipeg
CTV Northern Ontario
CHBX-TV Sault Ste. Marie
CICI-TV Greater Sudbury
CITO-TV Timmins
CKNY-DT North Bay
CKCO-DT Kitchener
CFTO-DT Toronto
CJOH-DT Ottawa
CFCF-DT Montreal
CTV Atlantic
CKLT-DT Saint John
CKCW-DT Moncton
CJCH-DT Halifax
CJCB-DT Sydney
CTV 2 (O&O)
Stations
CIVI-DT Victoria
CFTK-TV Terrace
CJDC-TV Dawson Creek
CHWI-DT Windsor
CFPL-DT London
CKVR-DT Barrie
CHRO-TV Ottawa
Noovo (O&O)
Stations
CFJP-DT Montreal
CFKS-DT Sherbrooke
CFKM-DT Trois-Rivières
CFAP-DT Quebec City
CFRS-DT Saguenay
Subscription TV and streamingCTV 2
CTV 2 Alberta
CTV 2 Atlantic
CTV Entertainment
CTV Comedy Channel
CTV Drama Channel
CTV Life Channel
CTV Sci-Fi Channel
CTV News
BNN Bloomberg
CP24
CTV News Channel
CTV Specialty
Animal Planet
Discovery Channel
Discovery Science
Discovery Velocity
RDS
RDS2
RDS Info
TSN
TSN2
Premium and PPV
Cinépop
Crave
Movies + HBO
Starz
Super Écran
Vu!1
Venus1
Maple Leaf Sports& Entertainment1
NBA TV Canada
Other English-language
E!
Investigation Discovery
MTV
Much
TV12
Other French-language
Canal D
Canal Vie
Investigation
Z
iHeartRadio CanadaAM
CFAX
CFGO
CFRA
CFRB
CFTK
CHAM*
CHUM
CIOR
CJAD
CJDC*
CJOR*
CKFR*
CKGM
CKHJ
CKLW
CKOC*
CKOR*
CKSL
CKTB*
CKWW*
FM
CFBR-FM
CFBT-FM
CFCA-FM
CFEI-FM*
CFIX-FM
CFJR-FM*
CFLY-FM*
CFMG-FM
CFVM-FM*
CFWM-FM
CFXY-FM
CFZZ-FM*
CHBD-FM
CHBE-FM
CHEY-FM
CHIK-FM
CHOM-FM
CHOR-FM*
CHQM-FM
CHRD-FM*
CHRE-FM*
CHRX-FM*
CHSU-FM*
CHTK-FM*
CHTZ-FM*
CHUM-FM
CHVR-FM
CIBK-FM
CIBX-FM
CICF-FM*
CICS-FM
CICX-FM
CICZ-FM
CIDR-FM
CIGB-FM
CIKI-FM*
CIKX-FM*
CILK-FM*
CIMF-FM
CIMO-FM
CIMX-FM
CIOO-FM
CIQM-FM
CITE-FM
CITE-FM-1
CITF-FM
CJAB-FM
CJAT-FM*
CJAY-FM
CJBX-FM
CJCH-FM
CJCJ-FM*
CJDM-FM*
CJFM-FM
CJFW-FM*
CJMG-FM*
CJMJ-FM
CJMM-FM
CJMV-FM
CJOI-FM*
CJOS-FM*
CJPT-FM*
CKBC-FM*
CKCR-FM*
CKFM-FM
CKGR-FM*
CKKC-FM*
CKKL-FM
CKKW-FM
CKLC-FM*
CKLH-FM*
CKLY-FM*
CKMF-FM
CKMM-FM
CKNL-FM*
CKPT-FM*
CKQM-FM*
CKRX-FM*
CKTF-FM
CKTK-FM*
CKTO-FM*
CKTY-FM*
CKX-FM
CKXA-FM
CKXR-FM*
Networks
Boom
Bounce
Énergie
iHeartRadio (CA licence)
Move
Pure Country
Rouge FM
TSN Radio
Virgin Radio (CA licence)
Broadcasting studios
Vancouver
Toronto
9 Channel Nine Court
299 Queen Street West
250 Richmond Street West
Other BMI assets
Astral Out-of-Home
The Loop
Predecessors
Telegram Corporation
Baton Broadcasting
Mid-Canada Communications
Electrohome
Craig Media
CHUM Limited
Access Media Group
CTVglobemedia
Astral Media
Former/defunctproperties
Baton Broadcast System
WTSN
CKX-TV
CKNX-TV
Viewers Choice
GolTV
Leafs Nation Network
NHL Network
M3
Comedy Gold
BookTelevision
Fashion Television
Vrak
ESPN Classic
MTV2
Bob FM
EZ Rock
Notes1Owned (or part-owned) by BCE separately from its ownership of Bell Media.2Community channels operated as part of Bell Fibe TV and Bell Aliant Fibe TV; also not part of Bell Media.
BCE Inc.
Associated foundations: BravoFACT
MuchFACT
Some of the assets listed above are only partially owned by Bell Media. Refer to full asset list for detailed information.
*Currently being sold to other owners pending approval of the CRTC.
42°52′59″N 81°13′24″W / 42.88306°N 81.22333°W / 42.88306; -81.22333 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_radio"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"comedy radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_radio"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"WDOE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDOE"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bell Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Media"},{"link_name":"CJBX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJBX-FM"},{"link_name":"CIQM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIQM-FM"},{"link_name":"CJBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJBK"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CKSL_Oldies_1410.png"},{"link_name":"Telemedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemedia"},{"link_name":"adult standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_standards"},{"link_name":"Radio Maryja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Maryja"},{"link_name":"landfill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"CHST-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHST-FM"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buzzboard-3"},{"link_name":"Astral Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_Media"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"stand-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_comedy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"24/7 Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24/7_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Humble & Fred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble_%26_Fred"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediabase-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc-astralapproved-6"}],"text":"Former radio station in London, OntarioCKSL was a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 1410 AM in London, Ontario, Canada. The station aired a comedy radio format branded as Funny 1410. The station broadcast with a power of 10,000 watts from its transmitter site located on Scotland Drive in South London. The station's coverage area was directional to the north and south during the day, and towards the north at night to protect WDOE in Dunkirk, New York, located across Lake Erie from CKSL.[1]CKSL was owned by Bell Media, along with CJBX, CIQM and CJBK.The station was launched in June 1956 on AM 1290 (the current home of CJBK), and moved to its current frequency in 1964. The station later adopted a Top 40 format, and subsequently changed to news/talk in 1993 known as AM 1410. It changed to an adult standards format under the same name in 1996, evolving into a soft adult contemporary format as AM 1410, The River in September 1997.Logo as \"Oldies 1410\" (2009–2012)In 2000, the station was acquired by Telemedia, who changed it to an oldies format as \"Oldies 1410\" on December 1, 2000. Standard Broadcasting subsequently acquired Telemedia in 2002, and the format changed back to adult standards as AM 1410 on February 16, 2004. By this point the station only broadcast live from 6-9 a.m. weekdays, with the rest of the time being automated. During the Oldies 1410 years, the station also broadcast various religious and ethnic programs in evenings, including Radio Maryja from Poland seven days a week from 8-9 p.m.Due in part to the location of its transmitter site in South London, CKSL has been dogged by low listenership. The municipal landfill site is located just south of the transmitter site, causing increasing deterioration of the signal as the landfill has grown over the years. CKSL applied to move to the FM dial at 102.3 MHz in 1999, but the license for 102.3 MHz was awarded to CHUM who subsequently launched CHST-FM.[2] By 2016, CKSL had the lowest audience share in the London market, according to BBM Canada.[3]In 2007 Astral Media took control of CKSL as a result of a takeover of Standard Radio.In fall 2009, CKSL moved back to an oldies format, again using the \"Oldies 1410\" as its moniker.In November 2011, CKSL announced that it would change formats by January 2012 to become the first radio station in Canada devoted to comedy radio. The new format, \"Funny 1410\", consist of bits performed by major stand-up and improvisational comedians. The new format was originally programmed by Astral Media's syndication arm,[4] but would later pick up its programming from the American 24/7 Comedy network, of which Astral (and later, Bell Media) was the authorised Canadian distributor.In early 2013, the station would add Astral's late night Humble & Fred show.[5] It was a short time after this that Bell Media would acquire many of Astral's radio stations, including CKSL.[6]","title":"CKSL"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Media"},{"link_name":"CRTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buzzboard-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On July 11, 2016, Bell Media applied to the CRTC for a request to terminate CKSL's broadcast license, citing severe deteriorating conditions at the transmitter site. 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The cost estimate to repair all these issues was in the $CAD 3 million range, and with CKSL's long-term ratings performance at dead last of the ten commercial radio stations serving the London area, and with little hope of that changing any time soon, coupled with the region's four per cent decline of advertising revenue in radio since 2013, the CRTC accepted Bell's request to shut down CKSL.[3][7][8] The station was scheduled to cease operations on August 14, 2016, at midnight.[9]","title":"Announced closure of CKSL"}] | [{"image_text":"Logo as \"Oldies 1410\" (2009–2012)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6d/CKSL_Oldies_1410.png/125px-CKSL_Oldies_1410.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"CKSL-AM 1410 kHz - London, ON\". radio-locator.com. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://radio-locator.com/info/CKSL-AM","url_text":"\"CKSL-AM 1410 kHz - London, ON\""}]},{"reference":"(CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (28 October 1999). \"ARCHIVED - Decision CRTC 99-482, Licensing new radio stations\". www.crtc.gc.ca. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1999/DB99-482.HTM","url_text":"\"ARCHIVED - Decision CRTC 99-482, Licensing new radio stations\""}]},{"reference":"\"CKSL 1410 London Ontario to go dark - Michigan Radio & TV Buzzboard\". www.mibuzzboard.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180218151002/http://www.mibuzzboard.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=44494","url_text":"\"CKSL 1410 London Ontario to go dark - Michigan Radio & TV Buzzboard\""},{"url":"http://www.mibuzzboard.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=44494","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CRTC approves Bell-Astral merger\". CBC. Retrieved 5 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2013/06/27/business-bell-astral-crtc-decision.html","url_text":"\"CRTC approves Bell-Astral merger\""}]},{"reference":"(CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. \"CKSL London – Revocation of licence\". www.crtc.gc.ca. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2016/2016-299.htm","url_text":"\"CKSL London – Revocation of licence\""}]},{"reference":"\"AM radio station CKSL turning in its licence\". ctvnews.ca. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://london.ctvnews.ca/am-radio-station-cksl-turning-in-its-licence-1.3008258","url_text":"\"AM radio station CKSL turning in its licence\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CKSL¶ms=42_52_59_N_81_13_24_W_type:landmark_region:CA","external_links_name":"42°52′59″N 81°13′24″W / 42.88306°N 81.22333°W / 42.88306; -81.22333"},{"Link":"http://radio-locator.com/info/CKSL-AM","external_links_name":"\"CKSL-AM 1410 kHz - London, ON\""},{"Link":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1999/DB99-482.HTM","external_links_name":"\"ARCHIVED - Decision CRTC 99-482, Licensing new radio stations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180218151002/http://www.mibuzzboard.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=44494","external_links_name":"\"CKSL 1410 London Ontario to go dark - Michigan Radio & TV Buzzboard\""},{"Link":"http://www.mibuzzboard.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=44494","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ctvnews.ca/that-s-funny-london-ont-radio-station-to-go-all-comedy-1.730904","external_links_name":"CTV.ca"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2013/06/27/business-bell-astral-crtc-decision.html","external_links_name":"\"CRTC approves Bell-Astral merger\""},{"Link":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2016/2016-299.htm","external_links_name":"\"CKSL London – Revocation of licence\""},{"Link":"http://london.ctvnews.ca/am-radio-station-cksl-turning-in-its-licence-1.3008258","external_links_name":"\"AM radio station CKSL turning in its licence\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadcastermagazine.com/acquisition/londons-cksl-funny-1410-sign-off-august-14/1004123682/","external_links_name":"\"London’s CKSL-AM Funny 1410 To Sign Off August 14\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160810161422/http://www.broadcastermagazine.com/acquisition/londons-cksl-funny-1410-sign-off-august-14/1004123682/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://broadcasting-history.ca/radio/radio-stations/ontario/ontario-south-western/cksl-am/","external_links_name":"CKSL"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CKSL&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"CKSL"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CKSL¶ms=42_52_59_N_81_13_24_W_type:landmark_region:CA","external_links_name":"42°52′59″N 81°13′24″W / 42.88306°N 81.22333°W / 42.88306; -81.22333"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarke_(Governor) | Jeremy Clarke (governor) | ["1 Immigration to New England","2 Colonial Presidency","3 Family","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"] | Rhode Island colonial president
Jeremy ClarkeJeremy Clarke grave medallion2nd President of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence PlantationsIn office1648–1649Preceded byJohn CoggeshallSucceeded byJohn Smith
Personal detailsBornbaptized 1 December 1605East Farleigh, Kent, EnglandDiedJanuary 1652Newport, Rhode IslandResting placeClifton Burying Ground, NewportSpouseFrances (Latham) DunganChildrenWalter, Mary, Jeremiah, Latham, Weston, James, SarahOccupationConstable, captain, treasurer, assistant, president
Jeremy Clarke (also known as Jeremiah Clarke) (1605–1652) was an early colonial settler and President of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Born into a prominent family in England, he was a merchant who came to New England with his wife, Frances Latham, and four stepchildren, settling first at Portsmouth in 1638, but the following year joining William Coddington and others in establishing the town of Newport. Here he held a variety of civic positions until 1648 when Coddington's election as President of the colony was disputed, and Clarke was chosen to serve in that office instead. He was the father of Walter Clarke, another colonial governor of Rhode Island, and also had family connections with several other future governors of the colony.
Immigration to New England
Coat of Arms of Jeremy Clarke
Born in central Kent in southeastern England, Jeremy Clarke was the son of William Clarke and Mary Weston. His maternal grandfather was Sir Jerome Weston, Baron of the Exchequer, and his uncle was Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland, Lord High Treasurer of England. Clarke was a merchant in London before sailing to New England. While in England he married Frances (Latham) Dungan, the widow of William Dungan, and the daughter of Lewis Latham, and she and her four Dungan children accompanied Clarke to the American colonies. They first settled on Aquidneck Island (later Rhode Island), and Clarke was listed as an inhabitant there in 1638. In April 1639, while living in Portsmouth he was one of nine men who signed a compact, agreeing to establish a government just prior to settling in Newport. In Newport he held a variety of positions from 1639 to 1649, including treasurer, constable, and assistant. In March 1640 he had 116 acres of land laid out for him in Newport, and the same year he was one of three appointed to lay out remaining lands in Newport. In 1642 he was chosen lieutenant of the military in Newport and in 1644 he became captain.
Colonial Presidency
In 1648 Clarke was Newport's assistant to the governor, but became President Regent, or acting governor, of the entire colony (four towns) when accusations were made against William Coddington, who had been elected to that position that May. Coddington did not particularly care for the patent that Roger Williams had obtained from the crown in 1644; he much preferred autonomy for the two Rhode Island towns of Portsmouth and Newport, or even their union with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Also, Coddington was a Royalist, supporting the King, Charles I, while most of the Rhode Island settlers supported the Puritan Party in England. For these, and probably other reasons not made clear in the court records of the day, Coddington was suspended from the office of President to which he had been elected, and Jeremy Clarke became the governor in his place.
One of the most important events of Clarke's administration was the granting of a charter to the town of Providence on 14 March 1649. Though first settled in 1636, this was the first recognition of organized government in what was called Providence Plantations in the Narragansett Bay in New England. This charter of civil incorporation gave the free inhabitants of the town full power and authority to govern and rule themselves.
Civil records do not show Clarke serving in any official capacity beyond his presidency. While the Society of Friends (Quakers) had not become established until after his death, his son Walter became a Quaker, and the Friends' records indicate that Jeremy Clarke was buried "by the street by the waterside in Newport" in the "11th month, 1651," which is January 1652 in the current calendar. While the location of his burial is no longer known, he has a governor's grave medallion next to the marker for his son Walter Clarke in the Clifton Burying Ground in Newport, where a number of prominent Quakers are buried. His widow later married William Vaughan, dying early in September 1677 "in the 67th year of her age. She is buried in the Common Burying Ground in Newport, with the inscription on her marker reading, "Here lyeth ye body of Mrs. Frances Vaughan, Alius Clarke, ye mother of ye only children of Capt'n Jeremiah Clarke."
Family
Clarke and his wife Frances had seven children together, the oldest of whom was Walter Clarke, a future colonial governor of Rhode Island. Their oldest daughter, Mary, married John Cranston, another future governor of the colony, and their son Weston married Mary Easton who was a granddaughter of two other governors, John Coggeshall and Nicholas Easton. Their youngest child, Sarah, married the future colonial governor Caleb Carr as her second husband.
See also
United States portalNew England portalRhode Island portalbiography portal
List of colonial governors of Rhode Island
List of early settlers of Rhode Island
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
References
^ a b Moriarty 1943, p. 131.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Austin 1887, p. 44.
^ a b c Bicknell 1920, p. 994.
^ a b c Bicknell 1920, p. 995.
^ Austin 1887, pp. 44–45.
^ Austin 1887, p. 45.
Bibliography
Austin, John Osborne (1887). Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island. Albany, New York: J. Munsell's Sons. ISBN 978-0-8063-0006-1.
Bicknell, Thomas Williams (1920). The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Vol. 3. New York: The American Historical Society. pp. 994–5. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
Justice, Alfred Rudulph (1920). "Genealogical Research in England: Clarke". The New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 74: 68–76, 130–140.
Moriarty, G. Andrews (January 1943). "Additions and Corrections to Austin's Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island". The American Genealogist. XIX (3): 131.
Roberts, Gary Boyd (2008). The Royal Descents of 600 Immigrants to the American Colonies or the United States...with a 2008 Addendum. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company.
External links
Chronological list of Rhode Island leaders Archived 2 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
vteColonial Governors of Rhode IslandJudges of Portsmouth(1638–1640)
Coddington
Hutchinson
Judge of Newport(1639–1640)
Coddington
Governor of Newport and Portsmouth(1640–1647)
Coddington
Chief Officer (Providenceand Warwick) (1644–1647)
Williams
Presidents of Rhode Island(Patent of 1644) (1647–1663)
Coggeshall
J. Clarke
Smith
N. Easton
Gorton
Smith
Dexter
N. Easton
Williams
Arnold
Brenton
Arnold
Governors of Newport and Portsmouth(Coddington Commission) (1651–1654)
Coddington
J. Sanford
Governors of Rhode Island(Royal Charter of 1663) (1663–1686)
Arnold
Brenton
Arnold
N. Easton
Coddington
W. Clarke
Arnold
Coddington
J. Cranston
P. Sanford
Coddington Jr.
Bull
W. Clarke
Governors under Dominionof New England (1686–1689)
Dudley
Andros
Governors of Rhode Island(Royal Charter of 1663) (1690–1776)
Bull
J. Easton
Carr
W. Clarke
S. Cranston
Jenckes
W. Wanton
John Wanton
R. Ward
Greene
G. Wanton
Greene
G. Wanton
Greene
Hopkins
Greene
Hopkins
S. Ward
Hopkins
S. Ward
Hopkins
Lyndon
Joseph Wanton
Cooke
Italics Gorton, Smith and Dexter were presidents of Providence and Warwick only, since Coddington had received a commission to remove Newport and Portsmouth from their jurisdiction, valid from 1651 to 1654; before and after these dates the President presided over all four towns of the colony. Dudley presided over the "Narragansett Country" only, later to become Washington County, Rhode Island; Andros subsequently presided over the entire colony.
vteOriginal proprietors of Rhode Island's first settlementsFirst settlers of Providence with Roger Williams(1636)
Roger Williams
William Harris
John Smith (miller)
Francis Wickes
Thomas Angell
Joshua Verin
William Arnold
Benedict Arnold
William Carpenter
William Mann
Thomas Hopkins
Original proprietors of Providence(signers of "initial deed," October 1638)
Roger Williams
Stukely Westcott
William Arnold
Thomas James
Robert Coles
John Greene
John Throckmorton
William Harris
William Carpenter
Thomas Olney
Francis Weston
Richard Waterman
Ezekiel Holyman
Pawtuxet Claimants(Settled 1638; under Massachusetts jurisdiction 1642-1658)
William Arnold
Benedict Arnold
William Carpenter
Robert Coles
Founders of Portsmouth(signers of Portsmouth Compact, 7 March 1638)
William Coddington
John Clarke
William Hutchinson
John Coggeshall
William Aspinwall
Samuel Wilbore
John Porter
John Sanford
Edward Hutchinson, Jr.
Thomas Savage
William Dyre
William Freeborn
Philip Shearman
John Walker
Richard Carder
William Baulston
Edward Hutchinson, Sr.
Henry Bull
Randall Holden
Thomas Clarke
John Johnson
William Hall
John Brightman
Founders of Newport (Signers of initial agreement, 28 April 1639)
William Coddington (Judge)
Nicholas Easton (Elder)
John Coggeshall (Elder)
William Brenton (Elder)
John Clarke (Elder)
Jeremy Clarke (Elder)
Thomas Hazard (Elder)
Henry Bull (Elder)
William Dyre (Elder; clerk)
Founders of Warwick (Original purchasers, 1643)
Randall Holden
John Greene
John Wickes
Francis Weston
Samuel Gorton
Richard Waterman
John Warner
Richard Carder
Samson Shotten
Robert Potter
William Wodell
Nicholas Power
Italics: The names of Clarke, Johnson, Hall, and Brightman at the end of the Portsmouth list were crossed out, and it is uncertain if they came to Portsmouth, though most, if not all, of them did appear on Aquidneck Island.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Frances Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Latham"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"William Coddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coddington"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations"},{"link_name":"Walter Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Clarke_(governor)"}],"text":"Jeremy Clarke (also known as Jeremiah Clarke) (1605–1652) was an early colonial settler and President of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 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His maternal grandfather was Sir Jerome Weston, Baron of the Exchequer, and his uncle was Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland, Lord High Treasurer of England.[1] Clarke was a merchant in London before sailing to New England.[1][2] While in England he married Frances (Latham) Dungan, the widow of William Dungan, and the daughter of Lewis Latham, and she and her four Dungan children accompanied Clarke to the American colonies. 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Also, Coddington was a Royalist, supporting the King, Charles I, while most of the Rhode Island settlers supported the Puritan Party in England.[3] For these, and probably other reasons not made clear in the court records of the day, Coddington was suspended from the office of President to which he had been elected, and Jeremy Clarke became the governor in his place.[4]One of the most important events of Clarke's administration was the granting of a charter to the town of Providence on 14 March 1649. Though first settled in 1636, this was the first recognition of organized government in what was called Providence Plantations in the Narragansett Bay in New England.[4] This charter of civil incorporation gave the free inhabitants of the town full power and authority to govern and rule themselves.[4]Civil records do not show Clarke serving in any official capacity beyond his presidency.[2] While the Society of Friends (Quakers) had not become established until after his death, his son Walter became a Quaker, and the Friends' records indicate that Jeremy Clarke was buried \"by the street by the waterside in Newport\" in the \"11th month, 1651,\" which is January 1652 in the current calendar.[2] While the location of his burial is no longer known, he has a governor's grave medallion next to the marker for his son Walter Clarke in the Clifton Burying Ground in Newport, where a number of prominent Quakers are buried. His widow later married William Vaughan, dying early in September 1677 \"in the 67th year of her age.[2] She is buried in the Common Burying Ground in Newport, with the inscription on her marker reading, \"Here lyeth ye body of Mrs. Frances Vaughan, Alius Clarke, ye mother of ye only children of Capt'n Jeremiah Clarke.\" [2]","title":"Colonial Presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Latham"},{"link_name":"Walter Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Clarke_(governor)"},{"link_name":"John Cranston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cranston_(governor)"},{"link_name":"John Coggeshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coggeshall"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Easton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin188744%E2%80%9345-5"},{"link_name":"Caleb Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Carr_(Governor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin188745-6"}],"text":"Clarke and his wife Frances had seven children together, the oldest of whom was Walter Clarke, a future colonial governor of Rhode Island. Their oldest daughter, Mary, married John Cranston, another future governor of the colony, and their son Weston married Mary Easton who was a granddaughter of two other governors, John Coggeshall and Nicholas Easton.[5] Their youngest child, Sarah, married the future colonial governor Caleb Carr as her second husband.[6]","title":"Family"}] | [{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Jeremy Clarke","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jeremy_Clarke.svg/175px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jeremy_Clarke.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"New England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_England"},{"title":"Rhode Island portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rhode_Island"},{"title":"biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of colonial governors of Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island"},{"title":"List of early settlers of Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_settlers_of_Rhode_Island"},{"title":"Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations"}] | [{"reference":"Austin, John Osborne (1887). Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island. Albany, New York: J. Munsell's Sons. ISBN 978-0-8063-0006-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Osborne_Austin","url_text":"Austin, John Osborne"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LA7ntaS11ocC&q=abbott%2C+daniel+235","url_text":"Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-0006-1","url_text":"978-0-8063-0006-1"}]},{"reference":"Bicknell, Thomas Williams (1920). The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Vol. 3. New York: The American Historical Society. pp. 994–5. Retrieved 12 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Bicknell","url_text":"Bicknell, Thomas Williams"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TF0EAAAAYAAJ&q=Greene","url_text":"The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations"}]},{"reference":"Justice, Alfred Rudulph (1920). \"Genealogical Research in England: Clarke\". The New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 74: 68–76, 130–140.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pssUAAAAYAAJ&q=Jeremiah+Clarke","url_text":"\"Genealogical Research in England: Clarke\""}]},{"reference":"Moriarty, G. Andrews (January 1943). \"Additions and Corrections to Austin's Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island\". The American Genealogist. XIX (3): 131.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Andrews_Moriarty_Jr&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Moriarty, G. Andrews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Genealogist","url_text":"The American Genealogist"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Gary Boyd (2008). The Royal Descents of 600 Immigrants to the American Colonies or the United States...with a 2008 Addendum. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Boyd_Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Roberts, Gary Boyd"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LA7ntaS11ocC&q=abbott%2C+daniel+235","external_links_name":"Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TF0EAAAAYAAJ&q=Greene","external_links_name":"The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pssUAAAAYAAJ&q=Jeremiah+Clarke","external_links_name":"\"Genealogical Research in England: Clarke\""},{"Link":"http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=40","external_links_name":"Chronological list of Rhode Island leaders"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210402010637/http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=40","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000423375921","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305856705","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtH4MRbXMBg93DpWvwwG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2013072494","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gampaha_Divisional_Secretariat | Gampaha Divisional Secretariat | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 7°04′34″N 79°59′32″E / 7.0761°N 79.9922°E / 7.0761; 79.9922Divisional Secretariat in Western Province, Sri LankaGampaha Divisional SecretariatDivisional SecretariatGampaha Divisional SecretariatCoordinates: 7°04′34″N 79°59′32″E / 7.0761°N 79.9922°E / 7.0761; 79.9922CountrySri LankaProvinceWestern ProvinceDistrictGampaha DistrictTime zoneUTC+5:30 (SLST)Websitewww.gampaha.ds.gov.lk
Gampaha Divisional Secretariat is a Divisional Secretariat of Gampaha District, of Western Province, Sri Lanka.
See also
Minuwangoda Divisional Secretariat
References
Divisional Secretariats Portal
vteDivisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka - Western ProvinceColombo District
Colombo
Dehiwala
Homagama
Kaduwela
Kesbewa
Kolonnawa
Kotte
Maharagama
Moratuwa
Padukka
Ratmalana
Seethawaka
Thimbirigasyaya
Gampaha District
Attanagalla
Biyagama
Divulapitiya
Dompe
Gampaha
Ja-Ela
Katana
Kelaniya
Mahara
Minuwangoda
Mirigama
Negombo
Wattala
Kalutara District
Agalawatta
Bandaragama
Beruwala
Bulathsinhala
Dodangoda
Horana
Ingiriya
Kalutara
Madurawela
Mathugama
Millaniya
Palindanuwara
Panadura
Walallavita
This Western Province, Sri Lanka location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divisional Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisional_Secretariats_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Gampaha District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gampaha_District"},{"link_name":"Western Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"}],"text":"Divisional Secretariat in Western Province, Sri LankaGampaha Divisional Secretariat is a Divisional Secretariat of Gampaha District, of Western Province, Sri Lanka.","title":"Gampaha Divisional Secretariat"}] | [] | [{"title":"Minuwangoda Divisional Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuwangoda_Divisional_Secretariat"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gampaha_Divisional_Secretariat¶ms=7.0761_N_79.9922_E_type:city_region:LK","external_links_name":"7°04′34″N 79°59′32″E / 7.0761°N 79.9922°E / 7.0761; 79.9922"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gampaha_Divisional_Secretariat¶ms=7.0761_N_79.9922_E_type:city_region:LK","external_links_name":"7°04′34″N 79°59′32″E / 7.0761°N 79.9922°E / 7.0761; 79.9922"},{"Link":"http://www.gampaha.ds.gov.lk/","external_links_name":"www.gampaha.ds.gov.lk"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110107055102/http://www.ds.gov.lk/div_sec/div_eng/Div_Sec_home2.php","external_links_name":"Divisional Secretariats Portal"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gampaha_Divisional_Secretariat&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurotunnel_Calais_Terminal | Eurotunnel Calais Terminal | ["1 History","2 Infrastructure","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°55′22″N 1°48′50″E / 50.92278°N 1.81389°E / 50.92278; 1.81389Train station served by Eurotunnel trains to the UK via the Channel Tunnel
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Eurotunnel Calais Terminal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Calais TerminalEurotunnel Shuttle vehicle transport terminalVehicles boarding Eurotunnel Shuttle at Calais in 2010General informationLocationCoquellesFranceCoordinates50°55′22″N 1°48′50″E / 50.92278°N 1.81389°E / 50.92278; 1.81389Owned byGetlinkLine(s)Channel TunnelPlatforms10 island platformsTracks10ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeHistoryOpened6 May 1994 (1994-05-06)Services
Preceding station
Eurotunnel
Following station
Folkestone
Eurotunnel ShuttleChannel Tunnel
Terminus
Location
The Eurotunnel Calais Terminal is a railway terminal built for the transport of road-going vehicles on specially constructed trains through the Channel Tunnel. The station is located in the commune of Coquelles in the Pas-de-Calais department near the city of Calais. It is the terminal for the France and by extension the rest of Continental Europe. On the British side is the Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal located at Cheriton, near Folkestone. The passenger service building at the Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal is called the Charles Dickens Terminal, named for the British author Charles Dickens.
History
Border checkpoint for vehicles operated by the French Border Police and French Customs when leaving France and the Schengen Area at the juxtaposed controls at the Eurotunnel Calais Terminal.
As part of the Channel Tunnel project, the plan for services included the use of dedicated shuttle trains that would carry both passenger and freight vehicles between Britain and France, which would compete with the cross-channel ferries. In order to accommodate these services, it was planned to build a brand new vehicle terminal on each side of the tunnel that would allow cars and lorries to be loaded quickly onto the trains. The site chosen for the French terminal was Coquelles, near Calais, not far from the French tunnel portal.
The site chosen was a large greenfield area of more than 1700 acres, which provided significantly more space than the British terminal. However, a large proportion of the area chosen for construction was marshland, with anything from 3 to 10 metres of peat on top of the solid ground. As a consequence, 12,000,000 m³ of material had to be removed to provide solid foundations, before work could begin on building the actual facility.
The main parts of the passenger terminal to be built were the platforms and overbridges that connect it to the A16, and thence to the rest of the autoroute network. The tunnel was officially opened on 6 May 1994, with services between Cheriton and Coquelles beginning in July the same year, when the first freight shuttles started running. Passenger services then started in December 1994.
As a result of the Sangatte Protocol signed between France and the UK in 1991, juxtaposed controls have been established. Travellers going from Coquelles to Cheriton clear French exit checks as well as UK entry immigration and customs checks before boarding the train in Coquelles, rather than on arrival in Cheriton.
Infrastructure
Terminal map
The terminal consists of ten island platforms, with four overbridges connecting each platform to the autoroute. The overbridges are located at approximately equidistant points along the length of the platforms so that vehicles have to drive for as little distance as possible along the platforms themselves; vehicles unloaded from the front to the middle of the train would use the furthest bridge, while those unloaded from the centre to the rear would use the next bridge in, and vice versa for those vehicles embarking. The bridges at the western end of the platforms are intended for embarking vehicles, while those at the eastern end are for those disembarking. The island platforms are separated by single track, allowing vehicles to access the train from both sides.
The terminal is located at the end of a loop connected to the route from the tunnel; trains exiting the tunnel travel anti-clockwise around this loop and then pull into the terminal, meaning the locomotive that pulled the train will remain at the front for the next service through the tunnel. The terminal at Cheriton also has a loop arrangement, but instead trains travel clockwise; this is intended to ensure equal wear on the flange of the wheels.
The terminal has a larger loading gauge than the rest of the French network owing to the oversized trailers used to carry the road going vehicles. As a consequence, all maintenance of the rolling stock is undertaken within the small, self-contained Channel Tunnel rail network, with the major work carried out at the large maintenance facility at Coquelles.
References
^ "The Channel Tunnel". Getlink. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
^ Channel Tunnel French Terminal at Coquelles Site Archived 24 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine – Amicale des Bâtisseurs du tunnel Sous La Manche
^ "Protocol between the UK and France concerning frontier controls and policing". Gov.uk. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 5 November 1993. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
External links
Media related to Eurotunnel Calais Terminal at Wikimedia Commons
Cheriton shuttle terminal – Kent Rail
vteChannel TunnelConstruction
TransManche Link
LGV Nord
High Speed 1
Folkestone Terminal
Calais Terminal
Corporate
Eurostar International Limited
Getlink
SNCF
NMBS/SNCB
Passenger services
Eurostar
Freight services
Europorte Channel
LeShuttle
Trains
Eurotunnel Class 0001
Eurotunnel Class 0031
Eurotunnel Class 9
British Rail Class 92
British Rail Class 373
British Rail Class 374
Other
Rail transport in France
Rail transport in Great Britain
Channel Tunnel Safety Authority
1996 Channel Tunnel fire
2008 Channel Tunnel fire
Cycling in the Channel Tunnel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Coquelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquelles"},{"link_name":"Pas-de-Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurotunnel_Folkestone_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Cheriton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheriton,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Train station served by Eurotunnel trains to the UK via the Channel TunnelThe Eurotunnel Calais Terminal is a railway terminal built for the transport of road-going vehicles on specially constructed trains through the Channel Tunnel. The station is located in the commune of Coquelles in the Pas-de-Calais department near the city of Calais. It is the terminal for the France and by extension the rest of Continental Europe. On the British side is the Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal located at Cheriton, near Folkestone. The passenger service building at the Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal is called the Charles Dickens Terminal, named for the British author Charles Dickens.[1]","title":"Eurotunnel Calais Terminal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurotunnel_Calais_Terminal_French_Border_Checkpoint.jpg"},{"link_name":"French Border Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_centrale_de_la_police_aux_fronti%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"French Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate-General_of_Customs_and_Indirect_Taxes"},{"link_name":"Schengen Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area"},{"link_name":"juxtaposed controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtaposed_controls"},{"link_name":"Channel Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"cross-channel ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-channel_ferries"},{"link_name":"Coquelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquelles"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_land"},{"link_name":"acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acres"},{"link_name":"peat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"A16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A16_autoroute"},{"link_name":"autoroute network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoroutes_of_France"},{"link_name":"juxtaposed controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtaposed_controls"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Border checkpoint for vehicles operated by the French Border Police and French Customs when leaving France and the Schengen Area at the juxtaposed controls at the Eurotunnel Calais Terminal.As part of the Channel Tunnel project, the plan for services included the use of dedicated shuttle trains that would carry both passenger and freight vehicles between Britain and France, which would compete with the cross-channel ferries. In order to accommodate these services, it was planned to build a brand new vehicle terminal on each side of the tunnel that would allow cars and lorries to be loaded quickly onto the trains. The site chosen for the French terminal was Coquelles, near Calais, not far from the French tunnel portal.The site chosen was a large greenfield area of more than 1700 acres, which provided significantly more space than the British terminal. However, a large proportion of the area chosen for construction was marshland, with anything from 3 to 10 metres of peat on top of the solid ground.[2] As a consequence, 12,000,000 m³ of material had to be removed to provide solid foundations, before work could begin on building the actual facility.The main parts of the passenger terminal to be built were the platforms and overbridges that connect it to the A16, and thence to the rest of the autoroute network. The tunnel was officially opened on 6 May 1994, with services between Cheriton and Coquelles beginning in July the same year, when the first freight shuttles started running. Passenger services then started in December 1994.As a result of the Sangatte Protocol signed between France and the UK in 1991, juxtaposed controls have been established. Travellers going from Coquelles to Cheriton clear French exit checks as well as UK entry immigration and customs checks before boarding the train in Coquelles, rather than on arrival in Cheriton.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terminal-coquelles.svg"},{"link_name":"island platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"flange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange"},{"link_name":"loading gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_gauge"},{"link_name":"French network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_France"}],"text":"Terminal mapThe terminal consists of ten island platforms, with four overbridges connecting each platform to the autoroute. The overbridges are located at approximately equidistant points along the length of the platforms so that vehicles have to drive for as little distance as possible along the platforms themselves; vehicles unloaded from the front to the middle of the train would use the furthest bridge, while those unloaded from the centre to the rear would use the next bridge in, and vice versa for those vehicles embarking. The bridges at the western end of the platforms are intended for embarking vehicles, while those at the eastern end are for those disembarking. The island platforms are separated by single track, allowing vehicles to access the train from both sides.The terminal is located at the end of a loop connected to the route from the tunnel; trains exiting the tunnel travel anti-clockwise around this loop and then pull into the terminal, meaning the locomotive that pulled the train will remain at the front for the next service through the tunnel. The terminal at Cheriton also has a loop arrangement, but instead trains travel clockwise; this is intended to ensure equal wear on the flange of the wheels.The terminal has a larger loading gauge than the rest of the French network owing to the oversized trailers used to carry the road going vehicles. As a consequence, all maintenance of the rolling stock is undertaken within the small, self-contained Channel Tunnel rail network, with the major work carried out at the large maintenance facility at Coquelles.","title":"Infrastructure"}] | [{"image_text":"Border checkpoint for vehicles operated by the French Border Police and French Customs when leaving France and the Schengen Area at the juxtaposed controls at the Eurotunnel Calais Terminal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Eurotunnel_Calais_Terminal_French_Border_Checkpoint.jpg/220px-Eurotunnel_Calais_Terminal_French_Border_Checkpoint.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terminal map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Terminal-coquelles.svg/220px-Terminal-coquelles.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Channel Tunnel\". Getlink. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momo_the_Monster | Momo the Monster | ["1 Description","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography"] | This article is about Cryptid from Missouri mythology. For other uses, see Momo (disambiguation).
Alleged North American creature
Momo the MonsterFolkloreCryptidFirst attested1971Other name(s)Momo, Momo the Missouri MonsterCountryUnited StatesRegionMissouri, Illinois
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vte
Momo the Monster, also known as the Missouri Monster (Momo), is a purported ape-like creature, similar to descriptions of Bigfoot, that was allegedly sighted by numerous people in rural Louisiana, Missouri in 1971 and 1972. Unlike some other areas with similar reports of cryptids such as the Fouke Monster in Fouke, Arkansas or the Mothman in Point Pleasant, West Virginia, Momo did not become a major tourist or economic folklore attraction.
Description
Alleged witnesses describe the creature as a large, bipedal humanoid, with a pumpkin sized head, about 7 ft (2.1 m) tall, covered in dark hair that emits a putrid odor.
History
The most well known alleged sighting occurred on July 11, 1972, when two young boys were playing in the backyard on the rural outskirts of Louisiana, Missouri. Their older sister, Doris, was in the kitchen when she heard her brother's screaming. When she looked out of the window, she observed a massive, dark haired, man-like creature holding what appeared to be a deceased dog. She described it as having a "pumpkin-shaped head", and large glowing orange eyes.
Many alleged sightings occurred that year, most notably was local fire department chief and member of the city council, Richard Allan Murray, who reported driving along a creek bed when he saw a massive upright creature in his vehicle's headlights. As a result of these reported encounters, a 20 person posse was formed to hunt the creature but nothing was ever found.
In 2019, a docudrama horror film entitled Momo: The Missouri Monster, was released and features a dramatization of the events of 1972. The film's cast includes Cliff Barackman and James "Bobo" Fay, best known for their appearances as Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization (BFRO) members on the Animal Planet series Finding Bigfoot.
American theme park Six Flags St. Louis had a ride that operated from 1973 until 1994 named after the creature.
See also
Bigfoot
Skunk ape
Fouke Monster
Honey Island Swamp monster
References
^ Blackburn, Lyle (February 2019). "Momo: The Strange Case of the Missouri Monster". www.lyleblackburn.com. LegendScape Publishing. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
^ Banias, MJ (30 September 2019). "The Missouri Monster 'Momo' Is the Cryptid Time Forgot". Vice (magazine). Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^ Coleman, Loren (2000). "Momo". missourifolkloresociety.truman.edu. Missouri Folklore Society. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^ McFadden, Norm (29 July 2020). "Lincoln County Urban Legend: Momo Monster". Lincoln Country Journal. Lincoln News Now!. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^ Weiser-Alexander, Kathy (February 2020). "Momo – The Missouri Monster". legendsofamerica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^ "Momo: The Missouri Monster (2019)". imdb.com. IMDb. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^ Schremp Hahn, Valerie (1 April 2019). "Jet Scream, MoMo the Monster, Mule-Go-Round and more: Six Flags attractions of yore". stltoday.com. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
Bibliography
Blackburn, Lyle (2019). The Strange Case of the Missouri Monster. LegendScape Publishing. ISBN 978-1734920635.
Crowe, Richard (December 1972). Monster in Missouri. Clark Publishing Company. pp. 58–66.
Moran, Mark & Scheurman, Mark (2004). Weird U.S.. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-5043-2.
Place, Marian (1978). Bigfoot All Over the Country. Dodd, Mead. pp. 130–32. ISBN 0-396-07610-6.
Zullo, Allan (1997). The Ten Creepiest Creatures In America. Troll Publishing. ISBN 0-8167-4288-X. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Momo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape"},{"link_name":"Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cryptids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptids"},{"link_name":"Fouke Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouke_Monster"},{"link_name":"Fouke, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouke,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Mothman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothman"},{"link_name":"Point Pleasant, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Pleasant,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about Cryptid from Missouri mythology. For other uses, see Momo (disambiguation).Alleged North American creatureMomo the Monster, also known as the Missouri Monster (Momo), is a purported ape-like creature, similar to descriptions of Bigfoot, that was allegedly sighted by numerous people in rural Louisiana, Missouri in 1971 and 1972.[1] Unlike some other areas with similar reports of cryptids such as the Fouke Monster in Fouke, Arkansas or the Mothman in Point Pleasant, West Virginia, Momo did not become a major tourist or economic folklore attraction.[2]","title":"Momo the Monster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bipedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalism"},{"link_name":"humanoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Alleged witnesses describe the creature as a large, bipedal humanoid, with a pumpkin sized head, about 7 ft (2.1 m) tall, covered in dark hair that emits a putrid odor.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"pumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"docudrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama"},{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Animal Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Planet"},{"link_name":"Finding Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Bigfoot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Six Flags St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The most well known alleged sighting occurred on July 11, 1972, when two young boys were playing in the backyard on the rural outskirts of Louisiana, Missouri. Their older sister, Doris, was in the kitchen when she heard her brother's screaming. When she looked out of the window, she observed a massive, dark haired, man-like creature holding what appeared to be a deceased dog. She described it as having a \"pumpkin-shaped head\", and large glowing orange eyes.[4]Many alleged sightings occurred that year, most notably was local fire department chief and member of the city council, Richard Allan Murray, who reported driving along a creek bed when he saw a massive upright creature in his vehicle's headlights. As a result of these reported encounters, a 20 person posse was formed to hunt the creature but nothing was ever found.[5]In 2019, a docudrama horror film entitled Momo: The Missouri Monster, was released and features a dramatization of the events of 1972. The film's cast includes Cliff Barackman and James \"Bobo\" Fay, best known for their appearances as Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization (BFRO) members on the Animal Planet series Finding Bigfoot.[6]American theme park Six Flags St. Louis had a ride that operated from 1973 until 1994 named after the creature.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Strange Case of the Missouri Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lyleblackburn.com/works.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1734920635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1734920635"},{"link_name":"Weird U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/weirdus00mark"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7607-5043-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-5043-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-396-07610-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-07610-6"},{"link_name":"The Ten Creepiest Creatures In America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/tencreepiestcrea00alla"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8167-4288-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8167-4288-X"}],"text":"Blackburn, Lyle (2019). The Strange Case of the Missouri Monster. LegendScape Publishing. ISBN 978-1734920635.\nCrowe, Richard (December 1972). Monster in Missouri. Clark Publishing Company. pp. 58–66.\nMoran, Mark & Scheurman, Mark (2004). Weird U.S.. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-5043-2.\nPlace, Marian (1978). Bigfoot All Over the Country. Dodd, Mead. pp. 130–32. ISBN 0-396-07610-6.\nZullo, Allan (1997). The Ten Creepiest Creatures In America. Troll Publishing. ISBN 0-8167-4288-X.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot"},{"title":"Skunk ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_ape"},{"title":"Fouke Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouke_Monster"},{"title":"Honey Island Swamp monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Island_Swamp_monster"}] | [{"reference":"Blackburn, Lyle (February 2019). \"Momo: The Strange Case of the Missouri Monster\". www.lyleblackburn.com. LegendScape Publishing. Retrieved 27 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lyleblackburn.com/works.htm","url_text":"\"Momo: The Strange Case of the Missouri Monster\""}]},{"reference":"Banias, MJ (30 September 2019). \"The Missouri Monster 'Momo' Is the Cryptid Time Forgot\". Vice (magazine). Retrieved 11 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/evja34/the-missouri-monster-momo-is-the-cryptid-time-forgot","url_text":"\"The Missouri Monster 'Momo' Is the Cryptid Time Forgot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice (magazine)"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Loren (2000). \"Momo\". missourifolkloresociety.truman.edu. Missouri Folklore Society. Retrieved 11 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://missourifolkloresociety.truman.edu/momo.html","url_text":"\"Momo\""}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Norm (29 July 2020). \"Lincoln County Urban Legend: Momo Monster\". Lincoln Country Journal. Lincoln News Now!. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantling | Mantling | ["1 See also","2 References"] | In heraldry, drapery tied to the helmet above the shield
For the rockclimbing move, see Mantel (climbing).
Mantling, purpure doubled or
Red and white mantling on the coat of arms of the Hungarian Gutkeled clan.
In heraldry, mantling or "lambrequin" (its name in French) is drapery tied to the helmet above the shield. In paper heraldry it is a depiction of the protective cloth covering (often of linen) worn by knights from their helmets to stave off the elements, and, secondarily, to decrease the effects of sword-blows against the helmet in battle, from which it is usually shown tattered or cut to shreds; less often it is shown as an intact drape, principally in those cases where clergy use a helmet and mantling (to symbolise that, despite the perhaps contradictory presence of the helmet, they have not been involved in combat), although this is usually the artist's discretion and done for decorative rather than symbolic reasons.
Generally, mantling is blazoned mantled x, doubled y; the cloth has two sides, one of a colour and the other of a metal. The mantling is usually in the main colours of the shield, or else in the livery colours that symbolize the entity bearing the arms, though there are exceptions, with occasional tinctures differing from these, or occasional examples in which the outside of the mantling is per pale of two colours or both the inside and outside are per pale, and even rarer examples of other divisions, and there is a perhaps unique example in which the lining of the mantling is per pale of the two metals or of the entire mantling being of a single tincture. The mantling of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society is a unique example in which the mantling is of two furs (ermines, lined ermine). There is also the unique example of the mantling of Bruce Douglas Bolton, which is tartan on the outside. The coat of arms of Canada is mantled white and red, or argent doubled gules; furthermore, the current standard rendering of the Canadian arms has mantling in the shape of maple leaves. The arms of sovereigns are a common exception. The arms of the United Kingdom are or, lined ermine, such a mantling often being held to be limited to sovereigns.Part of a series onHeraldic achievement
External devices in addition to the central coat of arms
Escutcheon
Field
Supporter
Crest
Torse
Mantling
Helmet
Crown
Compartment
Charge
Motto (or slogan)
Coat of arms
Heraldry portalvteIn the early days of the development of the crest, before the torse (wreath), crest coronets and chapeaux were developed, the crest often "continued into the mantling" if this was feasible (the clothes worn by a demi- human figure, or the fur of the animal, for instance, allowing or encouraging this). It still holds true frequently in Germany.
There are rare examples where the mantling is blazoned to complement the armiger's coat of arms, mimicking the ordinaries and charges on the escutcheon. When charges occur, they are usually displayed as a semy.
See also
Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heraldic lambrequins.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica - Mantling
^ "Professor Raymond Peter Clark OBE CEng., FSEE., HonFRPS". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
^ Shares, National Infocommunications Service Company Limited by. "National and historical symbols of Hungary". www.nemzetijelkepek.hu. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
^ "Sitio oficial de Sutamarchan en Boyaca, Colombia". Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
^ "College of Arms: The Arms and Badge of Professor S. W. Haines". Archived from the original on 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
^ "Russian Heraldry as It is /". Retrieved 2007-11-28.
^ "The Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada: Arms of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society".
^ "Register of Arms, Flags and Badges". Retrieved 10 November 2018.
^ "Patrick Cracroft-Brennan". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
vteHeraldry
Authorities
Grant of arms
History
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King of Arms
herald
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private
Types
National
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Bee
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Knots
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Dacre
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Lacy
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Savoy
Stafford
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Wake
Tinctures
Rule of tincture
Tricking
Hatching
Metals
Argent (white)
Or (gold)
Colours
Gules (red)
Sable (black)
Azure (blue)
Vert (green)
Purpure (purple)1
Furs
Ermine
Ermines
Erminois
Erminites
Pean
Vair
Potent
Stains
Murrey (mulberry)
Sanguine (blood red)
Tenné
Rare metals1
Copper
Buff (metal in the United States)
Rare colours1
Bleu celeste
Brunâtre (brown)
Buff (color in Canada)
Cendrée
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Orange
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Realistic
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Applications
Bookplate
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banner of arms
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Related
Mon
Emblem
socialist
Logotype
Phaleristics
Vexillology
Sigillography
1 Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
List of oldest heraldry
Heraldry portal
resources | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mantel (climbing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantel_(climbing)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heraldic_lambrequins_or_and_purpure.svg"},{"link_name":"purpure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpure"},{"link_name":"or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or_(tincture)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_Clan_Gutkeled.svg"},{"link_name":"Gutkeled clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutkeled_(gens)"},{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Colours"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Metals"},{"link_name":"livery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ermines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations"},{"link_name":"tartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"maple leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_leaf"},{"link_name":"arms of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"torse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torse"},{"link_name":"chapeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapeau"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"semy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"For the rockclimbing move, see Mantel (climbing).Mantling, purpure doubled orRed and white mantling on the coat of arms of the Hungarian Gutkeled clan.In heraldry, mantling or \"lambrequin\" (its name in French) is drapery tied to the helmet above the shield. In paper heraldry it is a depiction of the protective cloth covering (often of linen[1]) worn by knights from their helmets to stave off the elements, and, secondarily, to decrease the effects of sword-blows against the helmet in battle, from which it is usually shown tattered or cut to shreds; less often it is shown as an intact drape, principally in those cases where clergy use a helmet and mantling (to symbolise that, despite the perhaps contradictory presence of the helmet, they have not been involved in combat), although this is usually the artist's discretion and done for decorative rather than symbolic reasons.Generally, mantling is blazoned mantled x, doubled [lined] y; the cloth has two sides, one of a colour and the other of a metal. The mantling is usually in the main colours of the shield, or else in the livery colours that symbolize the entity bearing the arms, though there are exceptions, with occasional tinctures differing from these, or occasional examples in which the outside of the mantling is per pale of two colours[2] or both the inside and outside are per pale,[3] and even rarer examples of other divisions,[4] and there is a perhaps unique example in which the lining of the mantling is per pale of the two metals[5] or of the entire mantling being of a single tincture.[6] The mantling of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society[7] is a unique example in which the mantling is of two furs (ermines, lined ermine). There is also the unique example of the mantling of Bruce Douglas Bolton, which is tartan on the outside.[8] The coat of arms of Canada is mantled white and red, or argent doubled gules; furthermore, the current standard rendering of the Canadian arms has mantling in the shape of maple leaves. The arms of sovereigns are a common exception. The arms of the United Kingdom are or, lined ermine, such a mantling often being held to be limited to sovereigns.In the early days of the development of the crest, before the torse (wreath), crest coronets and chapeaux were developed, the crest often \"continued into the mantling\" if this was feasible (the clothes worn by a demi- human figure, or the fur of the animal, for instance, allowing or encouraging this). It still holds true frequently in Germany.There are rare examples where the mantling is blazoned to complement the armiger's coat of arms, mimicking the ordinaries and charges on the escutcheon. When charges occur, they are usually displayed as a semy.[9]","title":"Mantling"}] | [{"image_text":"Mantling, purpure doubled or","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Heraldic_lambrequins_or_and_purpure.svg/220px-Heraldic_lambrequins_or_and_purpure.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Red and white mantling on the coat of arms of the Hungarian Gutkeled clan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coa_Hungary_Clan_Gutkeled.svg/220px-Coa_Hungary_Clan_Gutkeled.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Professor Raymond Peter Clark OBE CEng., FSEE., HonFRPS\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011659/http://www.whitelionsociety.org.uk/WLS%20Armorial%20Ppt%20GIF/Slide%20158.gif","url_text":"\"Professor Raymond Peter Clark OBE CEng., FSEE., HonFRPS\""},{"url":"http://www.whitelionsociety.org.uk/WLS%20Armorial%20Ppt%20GIF/Slide%20158.gif","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shares, National Infocommunications Service Company Limited by. \"National and historical symbols of Hungary\". www.nemzetijelkepek.hu. Retrieved 15 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-ocsod_en.shtml","url_text":"\"National and historical symbols of Hungary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sitio oficial de Sutamarchan en Boyaca, Colombia\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2007-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120714163157/http://sutamarchan-boyaca.gov.co/nuestromunicipio.shtml?apc=m-g1--&m=f","url_text":"\"Sitio oficial de Sutamarchan en Boyaca, Colombia\""},{"url":"http://sutamarchan-boyaca.gov.co/nuestromunicipio.shtml?apc=m-g1--&m=f","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"College of Arms: The Arms and Badge of Professor S. W. Haines\". Archived from the original on 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2008-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100309230629/http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/Haines.htm","url_text":"\"College of Arms: The Arms and Badge of Professor S. W. Haines\""},{"url":"http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/Haines.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Russian Heraldry as It is /\". Retrieved 2007-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://the.heraldry.ru/text/orourke.html","url_text":"\"Russian Heraldry as It is /\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada: Arms of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society\".","urls":[{"url":"http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=1031&ProjectElementID=3557","url_text":"\"The Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada: Arms of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Register of Arms, Flags and Badges\". Retrieved 10 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=343&ProjectElementID=1178","url_text":"\"Register of Arms, Flags and Badges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Cracroft-Brennan\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011708/http://www.whitelionsociety.org.uk/WLS%20Armorial%20Ppt%20GIF/Slide%20149.gif","url_text":"\"Patrick Cracroft-Brennan\""},{"url":"http://www.whitelionsociety.org.uk/WLS%20Armorial%20Ppt%20GIF/Slide%20149.gif","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=8827","external_links_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011659/http://www.whitelionsociety.org.uk/WLS%20Armorial%20Ppt%20GIF/Slide%20158.gif","external_links_name":"\"Professor Raymond Peter Clark OBE CEng., FSEE., HonFRPS\""},{"Link":"http://www.whitelionsociety.org.uk/WLS%20Armorial%20Ppt%20GIF/Slide%20158.gif","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-ocsod_en.shtml","external_links_name":"\"National and historical symbols of Hungary\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120714163157/http://sutamarchan-boyaca.gov.co/nuestromunicipio.shtml?apc=m-g1--&m=f","external_links_name":"\"Sitio oficial de Sutamarchan en Boyaca, Colombia\""},{"Link":"http://sutamarchan-boyaca.gov.co/nuestromunicipio.shtml?apc=m-g1--&m=f","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100309230629/http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/Haines.htm","external_links_name":"\"College of Arms: The Arms and Badge of Professor S. W. Haines\""},{"Link":"http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/Haines.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://the.heraldry.ru/text/orourke.html","external_links_name":"\"Russian Heraldry as It is /\""},{"Link":"http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=1031&ProjectElementID=3557","external_links_name":"\"The Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada: Arms of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society\""},{"Link":"http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=343&ProjectElementID=1178","external_links_name":"\"Register of Arms, Flags and Badges\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011708/http://www.whitelionsociety.org.uk/WLS%20Armorial%20Ppt%20GIF/Slide%20149.gif","external_links_name":"\"Patrick Cracroft-Brennan\""},{"Link":"http://www.whitelionsociety.org.uk/WLS%20Armorial%20Ppt%20GIF/Slide%20149.gif","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Carmarthenshire_County_Council_election | 1901 Carmarthenshire County Council election | ["1 Overview of the result","2 Candidates","3 Outcome","4 Ward Results","4.1 Abergwili","4.2 Bettws","4.3 Caio","4.4 Carmarthen Eastern Ward (Lower Division)","4.5 Carmarthen Eastern Ward (Upper Division)","4.6 Carmarthen Western Ward (Lower Division)","4.7 Carmarthen Western Ward (Upper Division)","4.8 Cenarth","4.9 Cilycwm","4.10 Conwil","4.11 Kidwelly","4.12 Laugharne","4.13 Llanarthney","4.14 Llanboidy","4.15 Llandebie","4.16 Llandilo Rural","4.17 Llandilo Urban","4.18 Llandovery","4.19 Llanedy","4.20 Llanegwad","4.21 Llanelly Division.1","4.22 Llanelly Division 2","4.23 Llanelly Division 3","4.24 Llanelly Division 4","4.25 Llanelly Division 5","4.26 Llanelly Division 6","4.27 Llanelly Division 7","4.28 Llanelly Division 8","4.29 Llanelly Rural, Berwick","4.30 Llanelly Rural, Hengoed","4.31 Llanelly Rural, Westfa and Glyn","4.32 Llanfihangel Aberbythick","4.33 Llanfihangel-ar-Arth","4.34 Llangadock","4.35 Llangeler","4.36 Llangendeirne","4.37 Llangennech","4.38 Llangunnor","4.39 Llanon","4.40 Llansawel","4.41 Llanstephan","4.42 Llanybyther","4.43 Mothvey","4.44 Pembrey North","4.45 Pembrey South","4.46 Quarter Bach","4.47 Rhydcymmerai","4.48 St Clears","4.49 St Ishmael","4.50 Trelech","4.51 Whitland","5 Election of Aldermen","6 References"] | Welsh local election
1901 Carmarthenshire County Council election← 18981904 →All 68 seats to Carmarthenshire County Council35 seats needed for a majority
First party
Second party
Third party
Party
Liberal
Conservative
Liberal Unionist
Last election
51/68
15/68
1/68
Seats before
53/68
15/68
1/68
Seats won
54/68
12/68
1/68
Councillors
39
10
1
Aldermen
15
2
0
Seats +/–
1
3
0
Fourth party
Party
Independent
Last election
1/68
Seats before
1/68
Seats won
1/68
Councillors
1
Aldermen
0
Seats +/–
o
Council control after election
Liberal
Liberal Party
The fifth election to the Carmarthenshire County Council was held in March 1901. It was preceded by the 1898 election and followed by the 1904 election.
Overview of the result
The Liberals retained a strong majority. With a few exceptions, members were returned unopposed.
Candidates
Only six seats were contested. Eleven of those elected at the first election, and who had served continuously since then, sought re-election.
None of the retiring aldermen sought election as candidates. There was also a vacancy following the death of W.O. Brigstocke, Blaenpant.
Outcome
An uneventful election saw little change in the political composition of the council. The Liberals gained two seats when their candidates were returned unopposed at Llangeler and in one of the Llanelli wards after Conservative councillors stood down.
At the annual meeting, the six retiring aldermen were supported by the majority of members but there was no unanimity on replacement for Henry Wilkins, who stood down, and W.O. Brigstocke, who had died in office. W.N. Jones polled 26 votes, only three fewer than the eighth candidate, Augustus Brigstocke. However, all eight were Liberals, leaving the Conservatives with only two seats on the aldermanic bench.
Ward Results
Abergwili
Abergwili 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
John Lloyd*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Bettws
Bettws 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
William Nathaniel Jones*
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Liberal hold
Caio
Caio 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
T. Francis Jones*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Carmarthen Eastern Ward (Lower Division)
Carmarthen Eastern Ward (Lower Division) 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
T.E. Brigstocke*
unopposed
Conservative hold
Swing
Carmarthen Eastern Ward (Upper Division)
Carmarthen Eastern Ward (Upper Division) 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Rev Andrew Fuller-Mills
Unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Carmarthen Western Ward (Lower Division)
Carmarthen Western Ward (Lower Division) 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
James John*
unopposed
Conservative hold
Swing
Carmarthen Western Ward (Upper Division)
Carmarthen Eastern Ward (Lower Division) 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Professor D.E. Jones*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Cenarth
Cenarth 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
David Davies*
unopposed
Conservative hold
Swing
Cilycwm
Cilycwm 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
James Rees*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Conwil
Conwil 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Thomas Jones*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Kidwelly
Kidwelly 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alfred Stephens*
301
Liberal
W. Young
176
Majority
125
Conservative hold
Swing
Laugharne
Laugharne 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
John D. Morse*
188
Liberal
Richard Evans
103
Majority
85
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanarthney
Llanarthney 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Henry Jones-Davies*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanboidy
Llanboidy 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
David Thomas*
unopposed
Conservative hold
Swing
Llandebie
Llandebie 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
David Davies*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llandilo Rural
Llandilo Rural 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
William Jones*
unopposed
Independent hold
Swing
Llandilo Urban
Llandilo Urban 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
J.W. Gwynne Hughes*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llandovery
Llandovery 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Walter Powell Jeffreys*
unopposed
Conservative hold
Swing
Llanedy
Llanedy 1898
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
John Ll. Thomas*
240
Conservative
David White
201
Majority
39
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanegwad
Llanegwad 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Col. W. Gwynne Hughes*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanelly Division.1
Llanelly Division.1 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Unionist
J. Allen Williams*
unopposed
Liberal Unionist hold
Swing
Llanelly Division 2
Llanelly Division 2 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Joseph Mayberry*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanelly Division 3
Llanelly Division.3 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
William David*
unopposed
Liberal gain from Conservative
Swing
Llanelly Division 4
Llanelly Division 4 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Rev Thomas Johns*
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Liberal hold
Llanelly Division 5
Llanelly Division 5 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
D.C. Parry*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanelly Division 6
Llanelly Division 6 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Thomas Phillips*
279
Labour
Frank Vivian
154
Majority
125
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanelly Division 7
Llanelly Division 7 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Thomas Jones*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanelly Division 8
Llanelly Division 8 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Joseph Williams*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanelly Rural, Berwick
Llanelly Rural, Berwick 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Owen Bonville*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanelly Rural, Hengoed
Llanelly Rural, Hengoed 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
David John*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanelly Rural, Westfa and Glyn
Llanelly Rural, Westfa and Glyn 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Gwilym Evans*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanfihangel Aberbythick
Llanfihangel Aberbythick 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Earl Cawdor*
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Conservative hold
Llanfihangel-ar-Arth
Llanfihangel-ar-Arth 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
T. Barrett
unopposed
Liberal gain from Conservative
Swing
Llangadock
Llangadock 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
William Davies*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llangeler
Llangeler 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Colonel W.P. Lewes*
unopposed
Conservative hold
Swing
Llangendeirne
Llangendeirne 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
William Jenkins*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llangennech
Llangennech 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
J.B. Rees
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llangunnor
Llangunnor 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
C.E. Morris*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanon
Llanon 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Morgan Jones*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llansawel
Llansawel 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Sir J.H.W. Drummond, Bart.*
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Conservative hold
Llanstephan
Llanstephan 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
John Johns*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Llanybyther
Both candidates received the same number of votes so the contest was decided upon the toss of a coin.
Llanybyther 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
John Rees*
232
Liberal
David Williams
232
Majority
0
Liberal hold
Swing
Mothvey
Mothvey 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
David Davies*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Pembrey North
Pembrey North 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Rev J.H. Rees*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Pembrey South
It was a reflection of the largely non-political character of the 1901 county election in Carmarthenshire (with the vast majority being elected unopposed) that the political affiliation of the two candidates for this ward was not recorded in the local press.
Pembrey South 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Thomas F. Wilkins
391
Conservative
John G. Thomas
148
Liberal gain from Conservative
Swing
Quarter Bach
Quarter Bach 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Dr Howell Rees*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Rhydcymmerai
Rhydcymmerai 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Benjamin Evans*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
St Clears
St Clears 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Dr R.L. Thomas
unopposed
Conservative hold
Swing
St Ishmael
St Ishmael 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
John Lloyd Thomas*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Trelech
Trelech 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
John Phillips*
Unopposed
Liberal hold
Whitland
Whitland 1901
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Rev William Thomas*
unopposed
Liberal hold
Swing
Election of Aldermen
In addition to the 51 councillors the council consisted of 17 county aldermen. Aldermen were elected by the council, and served a six-year term. Following the elections the following eight aldermen were elected (with the number of votes recorded in each case).
The following retiring aldermen were re-elected:
John Bevan, retiring alderman (48)
Joseph Joseph, retiring alderman (45)
Sir Lewis Morris, retiring alderman (44)
Daniel Stephens, retiring alderman (45)
H J Thomas, retiring alderman (48)
Thomas Watkins, retiring alderman (44)
In addition, two new aldermen were elected:
Joseph Mayberry, elected member for Llanelli Ward 2 (34)
Augustus Brigstocke, from outside the Council (29)
One retiring aldermen was not re-elected
Henry Wilkins, Llanelli
References
^ a b c "County Council Elections. Carmarthenshire". Welshman. 15 March 1901. p. 7. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
^ a b "County Council Elections. Carmarthenshire". Welshman. 8 March 1901. p. 5. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
^ a b "Carmarthenshire County Council. Statutory Meeting". Welshman. 22 March 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
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Llandeilo | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W_15-3-01_CarmsRes-1"},{"link_name":"1898 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898_Carmarthenshire_County_Council_election"},{"link_name":"1904 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Carmarthenshire_County_Council_election"}],"text":"The fifth election to the Carmarthenshire County Council was held in March 1901.[1] It was preceded by the 1898 election and followed by the 1904 election.","title":"1901 Carmarthenshire County Council election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W_8-3-01_CarmsNoms-2"}],"text":"The Liberals retained a strong majority. With a few exceptions, members were returned unopposed.[2]","title":"Overview of the result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W_8-3-01_CarmsNoms-2"}],"text":"Only six seats were contested. Eleven of those elected at the first election, and who had served continuously since then, sought re-election.None of the retiring aldermen sought election as candidates. There was also a vacancy following the death of W.O. Brigstocke, Blaenpant.[2]","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W.N. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nathaniel_Jones"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W_22-3-01_Carms_AGM-3"}],"text":"An uneventful election saw little change in the political composition of the council. The Liberals gained two seats when their candidates were returned unopposed at Llangeler and in one of the Llanelli wards after Conservative councillors stood down.At the annual meeting, the six retiring aldermen were supported by the majority of members but there was no unanimity on replacement for Henry Wilkins, who stood down, and W.O. Brigstocke, who had died in office. W.N. Jones polled 26 votes, only three fewer than the eighth candidate, Augustus Brigstocke.[3] However, all eight were Liberals, leaving the Conservatives with only two seats on the aldermanic bench.","title":"Outcome"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Abergwili","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bettws","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Caio","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Carmarthen Eastern Ward (Lower Division)","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Carmarthen Eastern Ward (Upper Division)","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Carmarthen Western Ward (Lower Division)","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Carmarthen Western Ward (Upper Division)","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cenarth","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cilycwm","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Conwil","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kidwelly","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Laugharne","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanarthney","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanboidy","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llandebie","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llandilo Rural","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llandilo Urban","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llandovery","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanedy","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanegwad","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Division.1","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Division 2","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Division 3","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Division 4","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Division 5","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Division 6","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Division 7","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Division 8","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Rural, Berwick","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Rural, Hengoed","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanelly Rural, Westfa and Glyn","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanfihangel Aberbythick","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanfihangel-ar-Arth","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llangadock","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llangeler","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llangendeirne","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llangennech","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llangunnor","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanon","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llansawel","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Llanstephan","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W_15-3-01_CarmsRes-1"}],"sub_title":"Llanybyther","text":"Both candidates received the same number of votes so the contest was decided upon the toss of a coin.[1]","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mothvey","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pembrey North","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W_15-3-01_CarmsRes-1"}],"sub_title":"Pembrey South","text":"It was a reflection of the largely non-political character of the 1901 county election in Carmarthenshire (with the vast majority being elected unopposed) that the political affiliation of the two candidates for this ward was not recorded in the local press.[1]","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quarter Bach","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rhydcymmerai","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"St Clears","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"St Ishmael","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trelech","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Whitland","title":"Ward Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W_22-3-01_Carms_AGM-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Lewis Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Morris_(1833%E2%80%931907)"}],"text":"In addition to the 51 councillors the council consisted of 17 county aldermen. Aldermen were elected by the council, and served a six-year term. Following the elections the following eight aldermen were elected (with the number of votes recorded in each case).[3]The following retiring aldermen were re-elected:John Bevan, retiring alderman (48)\nJoseph Joseph, retiring alderman (45)\nSir Lewis Morris, retiring alderman (44)\nDaniel Stephens, retiring alderman (45)\nH J Thomas, retiring alderman (48)\nThomas Watkins, retiring alderman (44)In addition, two new aldermen were elected:Joseph Mayberry, elected member for Llanelli Ward 2 (34)\nAugustus Brigstocke, from outside the Council (29)One retiring aldermen was not re-electedHenry Wilkins, Llanelli","title":"Election of Aldermen"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"County Council Elections. Carmarthenshire\". Welshman. 15 March 1901. p. 7. Retrieved 15 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://newspapers.library.wales/view/4357238/4357245/62","url_text":"\"County Council Elections. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_Sir_I_Can_Boogie | Yes Sir, I Can Boogie | ["1 Other uses","2 Track listings","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 Certifications and sales","5 See also","6 References"] | 1977 single by Baccara"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie"Single coverSingle by Baccarafrom the album Baccara B-side"Cara Mia"ReleasedApril 1977 (West Germany)November 1977 (Spain)GenreEurodiscoLength4:37 (album version)3:15 (single version)LabelRCASongwriter(s)Frank Dostal, Rolf SojaProducer(s)Rolf SojaBaccara singles chronology
"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" (1977)
"Sorry, I'm a Lady" (1977)
"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" is a 1977 hit single by the Spanish vocal duo Baccara. Written by Frank Dostal and Rolf Soja, and produced by Soja, this song was a hit across Europe and became the duo's sole number one single in the United Kingdom, spending a single week at the top of the UK Singles Chart in October 1977.
Baccara were Spanish flamenco dancers Mayte Mateos and María Mendiola. They were discovered on the island of Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands by RCA Records executive Leon Deane, who saw them dancing flamenco and singing traditional songs for tourists and signed them to the label.
Other uses
Finnish singer Eini had her first hit in Finland with a Finnish language version called "Yes sir, alkaa polttaa" in 1978.
Lola (Chiwetel Ejiofor) performs the song during the closing scene of the Kinky Boots movie.
In 2014, the song was used in a television advertisement in the United Kingdom for Cadbury Dairy Milk.
The song was adopted by fans of the Scotland national football team in 2020 following the team's qualification for the UEFA Euro 2020 championships. It had first become notable locally in 2015, due to a stag party video of Aberdeen defender Andrew Considine miming to the song while dressed in drag. Five years later, after Scotland defeated Serbia to reach their first major tournament since 1998, videos of the players (including Considine) chanting the song in celebration after the match went viral on social media. Following the renewed success of the song, one half of Baccara, María Mendiola, said that she would be happy to re-record the song for the people of Scotland. Following renewed popularity, the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 57 on 20 November 2020. In June 2021, Scottish DJ George 'GBX' Bowie released a new remixed version of the song for Scottish fans to use as an anthem for UEFA Euro 2020. This dance version included new vocals from Baccara and peaked at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart.
Glaswegian band the Fratellis performed a live version of "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" for their appearance on The Chris Evans Breakfast Show on 26 March 2021. The positive response to their version prompted the band to release a recording of their performance of the song as part of the Charity Boogie Bundle, a special edition digital download of their then-latest album Half Drunk Under a Full Moon, with all profits going to the Tartan Army Children's Charity, Soccer Aid and the Eilidh Brown Memorial Fund. The band also announced plans to record a studio version of their cover with new lyrics, which is to be released ahead of the Scotland national football team's opening game at Euro 2020 against the Czech Republic on 14 June 2021. While Mary Dostal and Marie-Luise Soja, widows of the song's writers Frank Dostal and Rolf Soja respectively, endorsed the Fratellis' version of the song and asserted that their late husbands would have also approved, Baccara vocalist María Mendiola was less keen on it, stating that she felt that they made the song sound more like the James Last Orchestra instead of disco. Having said that, Mendiola still considered the Fratellis "fantastic" and would be happy for their version of the song to be successful.
In 2022, clothing chain store H&M used the song in an advertisement.
In 2023, It was featured in an episode of "The Continental: From the World of John Wick"
In 2023, it was featured in Sofia Exarchou's feature film "Animal"
In 2023, it featured in the "Wicked Little Letters" movie trailer for cinema release in 2024.
Track listings
7" single (Europe & US)
"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" – 4:28
"Cara Mia" – 2:53
12" maxi single (US only)
"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" – 6:50
"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" – 6:50
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1977–1978)
Peakposition
Australia (Kent Music Report)
9
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
1
Belgium (VRT Top 30 Flanders)
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)
1
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles)
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)
1
France (IFOP)
5
Ireland (IRMA)
1
Italy (Musica e dischi)
13
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
33
Norway (VG-lista)
1
Spain (AFYVE)
2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
1
UK Singles (OCC)
1
West Germany (Official German Charts)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (1977)
Position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
4
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)
10
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
6
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
8
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
5
West Germany (Official German Charts)
3
Chart (1978)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)
35
Certifications and sales
Certifications and sales for Yes Sir, I Can Boogie
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Germany (BVMI)
Gold
700,000
Japan
—
750,000
Norway
—
300,000
Sweden
—
100,000
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
500,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
See also
List of best-selling singles
List of best-selling singles by country
References
^ Ross, Gemma. "'YES SIR, I CAN BOOGIE' SINGER MARIA MENDIOLA HAS DIED AGED 69". Mixmag. Retrieved 3 September 2023. The Euro disco anthem fetched a Guinness World Record for the highest-selling female duo record to date selling 16 million copies.
^ "Eini". Second Hand Songs. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^ "Cadbury Dairy Milk – Office". TV Ad Music. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
^ "Andrew Considine: Drag video 'won't faze' Aberdeen defender". BBC Sport. BBC. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
^ "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie: Why disco hit is now Scotland's unofficial anthem". BBC News. BBC. 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ "WATCH: Scotland celebrate Euros qualification to Andy Considine's signature song 'Yes sir, I can boogie'". Evening Express. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
^ "Why is Yes Sir, I Can Boogie heading back to the Official Singles Chart?". www.officialcharts.com.
^ "yes sir i can boogie | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com.
^ "GBX drops remix of Scotland football anthem 'Yes Sir, I Can Boogie'".
^ "Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company". Official Charts.
^ a b Brown, Hannah (7 April 2021). "Fratellis say they will donate all profits from a special edition of their new album to Scottish charities and Soccer Aid". The Scotsman. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
^ McLean, David (2 April 2021). "Fratellis to unleash Yes Sir, I Can Boogie single ahead of Scotland Euros return". The Scotsman. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
^ McLean, David (2 April 2021). "No Sir, You Can't Boogie: Fratellis cover of disco hit 'not my cup of tea', says Baccara singer". The Scotsman. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
^ Affatigato, Carlo (5 April 2022). "The song in the new H&M commercial 2022: pure disco energy". Auralcrave. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992: 23 years of hit singles & albums from the top 100 charts. St Ives, N.S.W, Australia: Australian Chart Book. p. 23. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "Baccara – Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
^ "Baccara – Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
^ "Baccara – Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
^ "yes sir, i can boogie - baccara". VRT (in Dutch). Top30-2.radio2.be. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 1
^ Pennanen, Timo (1977). Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 9789511210535.
^ "TOP Hebdo". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Yes Sir I Can Boogie". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
^ Racca, Guido (2019). M&D Borsa Singoli 1960–2019 (in Italian). Independently Published. ISBN 9781093264906.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 30, 1977" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
^ "Baccara – Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
^ "Baccara – Yes Sir, I Can Boogie". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ "Baccara – Yes Sir, I Can Boogie". VG-lista.
^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 1977). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
^ "Baccara – Yes Sir, I Can Boogie". Singles Top 100.
^ "Baccara – Yes Sir, I Can Boogie". Swiss Singles Chart.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Baccara – Yes Sir, I Can Boogie" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts.
^ "Jahreshitparade Singles 1977". austriancharts.at. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 1977". Ultratop. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1977". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1977". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1977". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ "Kent Music Report No 236 – 1 January 1979 > National Top 100 Singles for 1978". Kent Music Report. Retrieved 8 January 2022 – via Imgur.com.
^ "Germany" (PDF). Record World. 27 August 1977. p. 99. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Baccara; 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
^ Murrells, Joseph (1985). Million selling records from the 1900s to the 1980s : an illustrated directory. Arco Pub. p. 432. ISBN 0668064595. It subsequently became No 1 in nine countries including Britain, Holland, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium and sold over 750,000 in Japan where it was a big disco hit
^ HUltin, Randi (1 October 1977). "From the Music Capitols Around the World - Oslo" (PDF). Billboard. p. 85. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
^ Schulaman, Leif (9 September 1978). "From the Music Capitols Around the World - Stockholm" (PDF). Billboard. p. 61. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
^ "British single certifications – Baccarra – Yes Sir I Can Boogie". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
vteBaccara
Mayte Mateos
Cristina Sevilla
Helen De Quiroga
María Mendiola
Studio albums
Baccara (1977)
Light My Fire (1978)
Colours (1979)
Bad Boys (1981)
I Belong to Your Heart (2017)
Compilations
The Original Hits (1990)
The Collection (1993, 1998)
The Best of Baccara – Original Hits (2001)
Singles
"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie"
"Sorry, I'm a Lady"
"Parlez-vous français ?"
Portals: music Spain
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baccara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccara"},{"link_name":"Frank Dostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dostal"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"},{"link_name":"María Mendiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Mendiola"},{"link_name":"Fuerteventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerteventura"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"}],"text":"\"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie\" is a 1977 hit single by the Spanish vocal duo Baccara. Written by Frank Dostal and Rolf Soja, and produced by Soja, this song was a hit across Europe and became the duo's sole number one single in the United Kingdom, spending a single week at the top of the UK Singles Chart in October 1977.Baccara were Spanish flamenco dancers Mayte Mateos and María Mendiola. They were discovered on the island of Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands by RCA Records executive Leon Deane, who saw them dancing flamenco and singing traditional songs for tourists and signed them to the label.","title":"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Finnish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kinky Boots movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.youtube.com/watch?v=P4-obzmm_T0"},{"link_name":"Cadbury Dairy Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury_Dairy_Milk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scotland national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020"},{"link_name":"stag party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag_party"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Andrew Considine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Considine"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"María Mendiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Mendiola"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"the Fratellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fratellis"},{"link_name":"The Chris Evans Breakfast Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chris_Evans_Breakfast_Show"},{"link_name":"Tartan Army Children's Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartan_Army"},{"link_name":"Soccer Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_Aid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-11"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-11"},{"link_name":"James Last Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Last_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"H&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26M"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auralcrave-14"}],"text":"Finnish singer Eini had her first hit in Finland with a Finnish language version called \"Yes sir, alkaa polttaa\" in 1978.[2]\nLola (Chiwetel Ejiofor) performs the song during the closing scene of the Kinky Boots movie.\nIn 2014, the song was used in a television advertisement in the United Kingdom for Cadbury Dairy Milk.[3]\nThe song was adopted by fans of the Scotland national football team in 2020 following the team's qualification for the UEFA Euro 2020 championships. It had first become notable locally in 2015, due to a stag party video of Aberdeen defender Andrew Considine miming to the song while dressed in drag.[4] Five years later, after Scotland defeated Serbia to reach their first major tournament since 1998, videos of the players (including Considine) chanting the song in celebration after the match went viral on social media.[5][6] Following the renewed success of the song, one half of Baccara, María Mendiola, said that she would be happy to re-record the song for the people of Scotland.[7] Following renewed popularity, the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 57 on 20 November 2020.[8] In June 2021, Scottish DJ George 'GBX' Bowie released a new remixed version of the song for Scottish fans to use as an anthem for UEFA Euro 2020. This dance version included new vocals from Baccara[9] and peaked at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart.[10]\nGlaswegian band the Fratellis performed a live version of \"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie\" for their appearance on The Chris Evans Breakfast Show on 26 March 2021. The positive response to their version prompted the band to release a recording of their performance of the song as part of the Charity Boogie Bundle, a special edition digital download of their then-latest album Half Drunk Under a Full Moon, with all profits going to the Tartan Army Children's Charity, Soccer Aid and the Eilidh Brown Memorial Fund.[11] The band also announced plans to record a studio version of their cover with new lyrics, which is to be released ahead of the Scotland national football team's opening game at Euro 2020 against the Czech Republic on 14 June 2021.[12] While Mary Dostal and Marie-Luise Soja, widows of the song's writers Frank Dostal and Rolf Soja respectively, endorsed the Fratellis' version of the song and asserted that their late husbands would have also approved,[11] Baccara vocalist María Mendiola was less keen on it, stating that she felt that they made the song sound more like the James Last Orchestra instead of disco. Having said that, Mendiola still considered the Fratellis \"fantastic\" and would be happy for their version of the song to be successful.[13]\nIn 2022, clothing chain store H&M used the song in an advertisement.[14]\nIn 2023, It was featured in an episode of \"The Continental: From the World of John Wick\"\nIn 2023, it was featured in Sofia Exarchou's feature film \"Animal\"\nIn 2023, it featured in the \"Wicked Little Letters\" movie trailer for cinema release in 2024.","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"7\" single (Europe & US)\"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie\" – 4:28\n\"Cara Mia\" – 2:5312\" maxi single (US only)\"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie\" – 6:50\n\"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie\" – 6:50","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yes_Sir,_I_Can_Boogie&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-15"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Baccara-16"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Baccara-17"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Baccara-18"},{"link_name":"VRT Top 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRT_Top_30"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracklisten"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_virallinen_lista"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"IFOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFOP"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_Baccara-22"},{"link_name":"Musica e dischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-24"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Baccara-25"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Baccara-26"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Baccara-27"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Baccara-29"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Swiss_Baccara-30"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-31"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_West_Germany_Baccara-32"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yes_Sir,_I_Can_Boogie&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1977–1978)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[15]\n\n9\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]\n\n2\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[18]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (VRT Top 30 Flanders)[19]\n\n1\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[citation needed]\n\n1\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles)[citation needed]\n\n1\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[20]\n\n1\n\n\nFrance (IFOP)[21]\n\n5\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[22]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (Musica e dischi)[23]\n\n13\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[24]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[25]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[26]\n\n33\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[27]\n\n1\n\n\nSpain (AFYVE)[28]\n\n2\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[29]\n\n1\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[30]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[31]\n\n1\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[32]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1977)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[33]\n\n4\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop Flanders)[34]\n\n10\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[35]\n\n6\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[36]\n\n8\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[37]\n\n5\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[38]\n\n3\n\n\nChart (1978)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[39]\n\n35","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of best-selling singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles"},{"title":"List of best-selling singles by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country"}] | [{"reference":"Ross, Gemma. \"'YES SIR, I CAN BOOGIE' SINGER MARIA MENDIOLA HAS DIED AGED 69\". Mixmag. Retrieved 3 September 2023. The Euro disco anthem fetched a Guinness World Record for the highest-selling female duo record to date selling 16 million copies.","urls":[{"url":"https://mixmag.net/amp/bacarra-maria-mendiola-yess-sir-i-can-boogie","url_text":"\"'YES SIR, I CAN BOOGIE' SINGER MARIA MENDIOLA HAS DIED AGED 69\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eini\". Second Hand Songs. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://secondhandsongs.com/artist/62376","url_text":"\"Eini\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cadbury Dairy Milk – Office\". TV Ad Music. Retrieved 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvadmusic.co.uk/2014/01/cadbury-dairy-milk-office/","url_text":"\"Cadbury Dairy Milk – Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Considine: Drag video 'won't faze' Aberdeen defender\". BBC Sport. BBC. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33968600","url_text":"\"Andrew Considine: Drag video 'won't faze' Aberdeen defender\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie: Why disco hit is now Scotland's unofficial anthem\". BBC News. BBC. 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-54930718","url_text":"\"Yes Sir, I Can Boogie: Why disco hit is now Scotland's unofficial anthem\""}]},{"reference":"\"WATCH: Scotland celebrate Euros qualification to Andy Considine's signature song 'Yes sir, I can boogie'\". Evening Express. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/fp/sport/football/aberdeen-fc/donsnews/watch-scotland-celebrate-euros-qualification-to-andy-considines-signature-song-yes-sir-i-can-boogie1/","url_text":"\"WATCH: Scotland celebrate Euros qualification to Andy Considine's signature song 'Yes sir, I can boogie'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why is Yes Sir, I Can Boogie heading back to the Official Singles Chart?\". www.officialcharts.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/disco-classic-yes-sir-i-can-boogie-set-to-return-to-official-chart-top-40-after-scotlands-historic-win-over-serbia__31625/","url_text":"\"Why is Yes Sir, I Can Boogie heading back to the Official Singles Chart?\""}]},{"reference":"\"yes sir i can boogie | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\". www.officialcharts.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/yes-sir-i-can-boogie/","url_text":"\"yes sir i can boogie | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"GBX drops remix of Scotland football anthem 'Yes Sir, I Can Boogie'\".","urls":[{"url":"http://sportplaylists.com/gbx-baccara-yes-sir-can-boogie","url_text":"\"GBX drops remix of Scotland football anthem 'Yes Sir, I Can Boogie'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company\". Official Charts.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-sales-chart/20210625/7509/","url_text":"\"Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Hannah (7 April 2021). \"Fratellis say they will donate all profits from a special edition of their new album to Scottish charities and Soccer Aid\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/fratellis-say-they-will-donate-all-profits-from-a-special-edition-of-their-new-album-to-scottish-charities-and-soccer-aid-3192491","url_text":"\"Fratellis say they will donate all profits from a special edition of their new album to Scottish charities and Soccer Aid\""}]},{"reference":"McLean, David (2 April 2021). \"Fratellis to unleash Yes Sir, I Can Boogie single ahead of Scotland Euros return\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/fratellis-to-unleash-yes-sir-i-can-boogie-single-ahead-of-scotland-euros-return-3187336","url_text":"\"Fratellis to unleash Yes Sir, I Can Boogie single ahead of Scotland Euros return\""}]},{"reference":"McLean, David (2 April 2021). \"No Sir, You Can't Boogie: Fratellis cover of disco hit 'not my cup of tea', says Baccara singer\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/no-sir-you-cant-boogie-fratellis-cover-of-disco-hit-not-my-cup-of-tea-says-baccara-singer-3187943","url_text":"\"No Sir, You Can't Boogie: Fratellis cover of disco hit 'not my cup of tea', says Baccara singer\""}]},{"reference":"Affatigato, Carlo (5 April 2022). \"The song in the new H&M commercial 2022: pure disco energy\". Auralcrave. Retrieved 8 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://auralcrave.com/en/2022/04/05/the-song-in-the-new-hm-commercial-2022-pure-disco-energy/","url_text":"\"The song in the new H&M commercial 2022: pure disco energy\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992: 23 years of hit singles & albums from the top 100 charts. St Ives, N.S.W, Australia: Australian Chart Book. p. 23. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"yes sir, i can boogie - baccara\". VRT (in Dutch). Top30-2.radio2.be. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120409063716/http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/1645","url_text":"\"yes sir, i can boogie - baccara\""},{"url":"http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/1645","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pennanen, Timo (1977). Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 9789511210535.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789511210535","url_text":"9789511210535"}]},{"reference":"\"TOP Hebdo\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134208/http://top-france.fr/html/hebdo/cadre.htm","url_text":"\"TOP Hebdo\""},{"url":"http://top-france.fr/html/hebdo/cadre.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Racca, Guido (2019). M&D Borsa Singoli 1960–2019 (in Italian). Independently Published. ISBN 9781093264906.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781093264906","url_text":"9781093264906"}]},{"reference":"Salaverri, Fernando (September 1977). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Jahreshitparade Singles 1977\". austriancharts.at. Retrieved 6 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=1977","url_text":"\"Jahreshitparade Singles 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 1977\". Ultratop. Retrieved 6 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1977","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1977\". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 6 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1977","url_text":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1977\". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 6 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1977&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1977\". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 6 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/1977","url_text":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts\". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 6 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1977","url_text":"\"Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment","url_text":"GfK Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Music Report No 236 – 1 January 1979 > National Top 100 Singles for 1978\". Kent Music Report. Retrieved 8 January 2022 – via Imgur.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/0gmvDHH.jpg","url_text":"\"Kent Music Report No 236 – 1 January 1979 > National Top 100 Singles for 1978\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Kent Music Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Germany\" (PDF). Record World. 27 August 1977. p. 99. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/77/RW-1977-08-27.pdf","url_text":"\"Germany\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World","url_text":"Record World"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Baccara; 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Yes+Sir+I+Can+Boogie&strInterpret=Baccara&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Baccara; 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"Murrells, Joseph (1985). Million selling records from the 1900s to the 1980s : an illustrated directory. Arco Pub. p. 432. ISBN 0668064595. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goste%C4%8De | Gosteče | ["1 Church","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°9′13.96″N 14°20′40.69″E / 46.1538778°N 14.3446361°E / 46.1538778; 14.3446361Place in Upper Carniola, SloveniaGostečeGostečeLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°9′13.96″N 14°20′40.69″E / 46.1538778°N 14.3446361°E / 46.1538778; 14.3446361Country SloveniaTraditional regionUpper CarniolaStatistical regionUpper CarniolaMunicipalityŠkofja LokaArea • Total2.10 km2 (0.81 sq mi)Elevation337.9 m (1,108.6 ft)Population (2002) • Total74
Gosteče (pronounced ) is a village on a river terrace on the right bank of the Sora River in the Municipality of Škofja Loka in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
Church
View from northExterior frescoSaint Andrew's Church
The local church is dedicated to Saint Andrew. The exterior features several frescoes, including a 14th-century depiction of Saint Christopher.
References
^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
^ "Gosteče. Podr.c.sv.Andreja. Župnija Sora." Undated manuscript, p. 2. Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (in Slovene)
^ Rozman, Ksenija. 1989. "Gosteče." Enciklopedija Slovenije, vol. 3, p. 314. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.
External links
Media related to Gosteče at Wikimedia Commons
Gosteče on Geopedia
vteMunicipality of Škofja LokaSettlementsAdministrative seat: Škofja Loka
Current
Binkelj
Bodovlje
Breznica pod Lubnikom
Brode
Bukov Vrh nad Visokim
Bukovica
Bukovščica
Crngrob
Dorfarje
Draga
Forme
Gabrk
Gabrovo
Gabrška Gora
Godešič
Gorenja Vas–Reteče
Gosteče
Grenc
Hosta
Knape
Kovski Vrh
Križna Gora
Lipica
Log nad Škofjo Loko
Moškrin
Na Logu
Papirnica
Pevno
Podpulfrca
Pozirno
Praprotno
Pungert
Puštal
Reteče
Rovte v Selški Dolini
Ševlje
Sopotnica
Spodnja Luša
Staniše
Stara Loka
Stirpnik
Strmica
Suha
Svetega Petra Hrib
Sveti Andrej
Sveta Barbara
Sveti Duh
Sveti Florijan nad Škofjo Loko
Sveti Lenart
Sveti Ožbolt
Sveti Tomaž
Trata
Trnje
Valterski Vrh
Vešter
Vincarje
Virlog
Virmaše
Visoko pri Poljanah
Zgornja Luša
Zminec
Former
Stari Dvor
Landmarks
Ajman Castle
Capuchin Bridge
Crngrob Church
Granary
Homan House
Križna Gora Church
Puštal Castle
Škofja Loka Castle
Slatnik
Škofja Loka Parish Church
St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception Church
Stara Loka Church
Suha Church
Tošč
Visoko Manor
Notable people
Anton Ažbe
Andrej Glavan
Tine Debeljak
Janez Kalan
Lovrenc Košir
Ive Šubic
This article about the Municipality of Škofja Loka in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɡɔˈsteːtʃɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"link_name":"river terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_terrace"},{"link_name":"Sora River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora_River"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Škofja Loka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_%C5%A0kofja_Loka"},{"link_name":"Upper Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"}],"text":"Place in Upper Carniola, SloveniaGosteče (pronounced [ɡɔˈsteːtʃɛ]) is a village on a river terrace on the right bank of the Sora River in the Municipality of Škofja Loka in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.","title":"Gosteče"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gostece_Slovenia_-_church_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gostece_Slovenia_-_church_fresco.JPG"},{"link_name":"Saint Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"View from northExterior frescoSaint Andrew's ChurchThe local church is dedicated to Saint Andrew. The exterior features several frescoes,[2] including a 14th-century depiction of Saint Christopher.[3]","title":"Church"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Goste%C4%8De¶ms=46_9_13.96_N_14_20_40.69_E_region:SI_type:city(74)","external_links_name":"46°9′13.96″N 14°20′40.69″E / 46.1538778°N 14.3446361°E / 46.1538778; 14.3446361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Goste%C4%8De¶ms=46_9_13.96_N_14_20_40.69_E_region:SI_type:city(74)","external_links_name":"46°9′13.96″N 14°20′40.69″E / 46.1538778°N 14.3446361°E / 46.1538778; 14.3446361"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.si/eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia"},{"Link":"http://giskd2s.situla.org/MK_Zapiski/z001-0216.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gosteče. Podr.c.sv.Andreja. Župnija Sora.\" Undated manuscript, p. 2."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022939/http://giskd2s.situla.org/MK_Zapiski/z001-0216.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2473:2944_x1596327.6734181168_y5804196.307645749_s15_b2345","external_links_name":"Gosteče on Geopedia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goste%C4%8De&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Pilgrimage_to_San_Isidro | A Pilgrimage to San Isidro | ["1 See also","2 Footnotes","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | Painting by Francisco de Goya
A Pilgrimage to San IsidroSpanish: La romería de San IsidroPhoto of the wall of the old house of Goya, done by J. Laurent in 1874.ArtistFrancisco GoyaYear1819–1823MediumOil mural transferred to canvasDimensions140 cm × 438 cm (55 in × 172 in)LocationMuseo del Prado, Madrid
A Pilgrimage to San Isidro
A Pilgrimage to San Isidro (Spanish: La romería de San Isidro) is one of the Black Paintings painted by Francisco de Goya between 1819–23 on the interior walls of the house known as Quinta del Sordo ("The House of the Deaf Man") that he purchased in 1819. It probably occupied a wall on the first floor of the house, opposite The Great He-Goat.
Like the other Black Paintings, it was transferred to canvas in 1873–74 under the supervision of Salvador Martínez Cubells, a curator at the Museo del Prado. The owner, Baron Emile d'Erlanger, donated the canvases to the Spanish state in 1881, and they are now on display at the Museo del Prado.
A Pilgrimage to San Isidro shows a view of the pilgrimage towards San Isidro's Hermitage of Madrid that is totally opposite to Goya's treatment of the same subject thirty years earlier in The Meadow of San Isidro. If the earlier work was a question of depicting the customs of a traditional holiday in Madrid and providing a reasonably accurate view of the city, the present painting depicts a group of prominent figures in the night, apparently intoxicated and singing with distorted faces. Figures from diverse social strata also figure in the painting. In the foreground a group of humble extraction appears, while farther into the background top hats and nuns' habits can be seen.
The topic of the procession was used to emphasize theatrical or satirical aspects; in this respect the picture has parallels to The Burial of the Sardine, painted between 1812 and 1819. The locale of Goya's house, which was the repository for his Black Paintings, had approximately the same vantage point in which we view the pilgrims in his earlier tapestry cartoon. Now, in this darker painting, the procession may be leading up to this very house and into Goya's haunted imagination. "It is Goya whom they have come to see. And to serenade: for what does it matter to a deaf man that the guitar has no strings?"
The Meadow of San Isidro, 44 × 94 cm (1788). Museo del Prado
It is a recurring theme in Goya's paintings to present a crowd that fades little by little into the distance. Already it was present in San Isidro's Meadow and it was later used frequently in The Disasters of War. At the very edge of this painting the silhouette of the rocky outcroppings and that of the parading multitude coincides; this way, the opened space emphasizes the whole rest of the solid and compact mass, dehumanizing the individuals into a formless group. The exception is a figure to the right whose face can be seen in profile and seems to moan or sing.
Like the other works in this series, the painting's palette is very diminished. In this case, blacks, ochres, grays and earth tones are applied with very free, energetic brushstrokes. The theme of the loss of identity in crowds in this painting can be seen as a precursor to expressionist painting, particularly the work of James Ensor.
See also
List of works by Francisco Goya
Footnotes
^ Fernández, G. "Goya: The Black Paintings". theartwolf.com, August 2006. Retrieved 4 April, 2010.
^ Hughes, 16–17
^ Ciofalo, John J. (2001). The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ISBN 0-521-77136-6. OCLC 43561897.
Bibliography
Benito Oterino, Agustín, La luz en la quinta del sordo: estudio de las formas y cotidianidad, Madrid, Universidad Complutense, 2002, p. 33. Edición digital ISBN 84-669-1890-6.
Bozal, Valeriano, Francisco Goya, vida y obra, (2 vols.) Madrid, Tf. Editores, 2005. ISBN 84-96209-39-3.
Bozal, Valeriano, Pinturas Negras de Goya, Tf. Editores, Madrid, 1997.
Glendinning, Nigel, Francisco de Goya, Madrid, Cuadernos de Historia 16 (col. «El arte y sus creadores», nº 30), 1993.
Hagen, Rose-Marie and Hagen, Rainer, Francisco de Goya, Cologne, Taschen, 2003. ISBN 3-8228-2296-5.
Hughes, Robert. Goya. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004. ISBN 0-394-58028-1
External links
Media related to La romería de San Isidro (Goya) at Wikimedia Commons
vteFrancisco GoyaList of worksPaintingsPaintings
Consecration of Aloysius Gonzaga (c. 1763)
The Holy Family with Saints Joachim and Anne (c. 1769)
The Rape of Europa (1772)
Christ Crucified (1780)
The Family of the Infante Don Luis (1783–84)
The Greasy Pole (1786–87)
The Drunk Mason (1786–87)
Paintings for the alameda of the Dukes of Osuna (1786–87)
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux curing a cripple (1787)
Yard with Lunatics (1793–94)
Prison Interior (1793–94)
Assault of Thieves (1793–94)
The Duchess of Alba and la Beata (1795)
Witches' Flight (1797–98)
The Bewitched Man (1797–98)
Witches' Sabbath (1798)
La maja desnuda (c. 1797–1800)
La maja vestida (1800–1805)
Allegory of Industry (c. 1805)
Majas on a Balcony (c. 1808–1812)
The Water Bearer (1808–1812)
The Knifegrinder (1808–1812)
Still Life of a Lamb's Head and Flanks (1808–1812)
The Colossus (after 1808)
Truth, Time and History (1812–1814)
The Madhouse (1812–1819)
The Inquisition Tribunal (1812–1819)
The Second of May 1808 (1814)
The Third of May 1808 (1814)
The Junta of the Philippines (1815)
A Village Bullfight (1815–1819)
The Burial of the Sardine (c. 1816)
A Procession of Flagellants (c. 1816)
The Victorious Hannibal Seeing Italy from the Alps for the First Time (1770–71)
The Forge (c. 1817)
Bullfight (1824)
Portraits
Manuel Osorio Manrique de Zúñiga (or Red Boy) (c. 1788)
La Tirana (1792)
La Tirana (1794)
Portrait of the Marquise de la Solana (1795)
The White Duchess (1795)
Portrait of Charles IV of Spain (c. 1795)
The Black Duchess (1797)
Bernardo de Iriarte (1797)
Portrait of Ferdinand Guillemardet (1798–99)
Charles IV in his Hunting Clothes (1799)
Portrait of Maria Luisa of Parma
The Countess of Chinchon (1800)
Charles IV of Spain and His Family (1800–01)
Portrait of Manuel Godoy (1801)
Portrait of Doña Isabel de Porcel (1804–05)
Portrait of the Marchioness of Santa Cruz (1805)
Portrait of Doña Antonia Zárate (1805)
Portrait of Doña Antonia Zárate (1810–11)
Portrait of the Duke of Wellington (1812)
Self-portrait at 69 years (1815)
Self-portrait with Dr Arrieta (1820)
Portrait of Don Ramón Satué (1823)
The Milkmaid of Bordeaux (1825–1827)
Frescoes
Adoration of the Name of God (1772)
Frescoes in the Cartuja de Aula Dei (1774)
Tapestrycartoons(list)
The Boar Hunt (1775)
The Parasol (c. 1777)
Boys playing soldiers (1778–79)
Children in a Chariot (1779)
The Swing (1779)
La novillada (1780)
The Grape Harvest (1786)
Summer (1786–87)
The Drunk Mason (1786–87)
The Threshing Floor (1786–87)
Blind Man's Bluff (1789)
The Wedding (1791–92)
Black Paintings(c. 1819–1823)
Saturn Devouring His Son
Judith and Holofernes
Witches' Sabbath
A Pilgrimage to San Isidro
La Leocadia
Two Old Men
Men Reading
Man Mocked by Two Women
Fight with Cudgels
Pilgrimage to the Fountain of San Isidro
Atropos
Asmodea
Two Old Ones Eating Soup
The Dog
Print seriesLos Caprichos (1797–98)
And so was his grandfather
The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
The Prisoners (1810–1815)
The Disasters of War (1810–1820)
This is worse (c. 1812–13)
La Tauromaquia (1815–16)
Unfortunate events in the front seats of the ring of Madrid, and the death of the mayor of Torrejón
Los Disparates (1815–1823)
A way of flying (c. 1815–16)
The Bulls of Bordeaux (1824–25)
Depictions
The Naked Maja (1958 film)
Goya, a Story of Solitude (1971 film)
Goya or the Hard Way to Enlightenment (1971 film)
Goya: A Life in Song (1989 album)
Goya in Bordeaux (1999 film)
Volavérunt (1999 film)
Goya's Ghosts (2006 film)
The Ministry of Time – Episode 25: Time of the Enlightened (2017)
Related
Josefa Bayeu (wife)
Quinta del Sordo
Leocadia Zorrilla
Rosario Weiss Zorrilla
Goya Museum
Birthplace
Goya Awards
vteMuseo del PradoBuildings
Villanueva building
Casón del Buen Retiro
Hall of Realms
Cloister of Saint Jerome
PaintingsSpanish
Esquivel: José de Espronceda
Gisbert: Execution of Torrijos and his Companions on the Beach at Málaga
Goya: Allegory of Industry – Asmodea – Atropos – Blind Man's Bluff – Boys playing soldiers – Charles IV of Spain and His Family – Los caprichos – Christ Crucified – The Clothed Maja – The Colossus – The Countess of Chinchon – Los disparates – The Dog – The Drunk Mason – The Duchess of Alba and la Beata – Fight with Cudgels – Judith and Holofernes – La Leocadia – Man Mocked by Two Women – La novillada – Portrait of the Marchioness of Santa Cruz – Men Reading – The Milkmaid of Bordeaux – The Naked Maja – The Parasol – A Pilgrimage to San Isidro – Pilgrimage to the Fountain of San Isidro – Saturn Devouring His Son – The Second of May 1808 – Self-portrait at 69 years – Summer – The Third of May 1808 – Two Old Men – Two Old Ones Eating Soup – The Victorious Hannibal Seeing Italy from the Alps for the First Time – Witches' Flight – Witches' Sabbath (The Great He-Goat)
El Greco: The Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest – Adoration of the Shepherds – Doña María de Aragón Altarpiece – Annunciation – Christ Carrying the Cross – The Fable – The Flight into Egypt – Holy Face of Jesus – Holy Trinity – Julián Romero and Saint Julian – Portrait of a Doctor – Portrait of a Gentleman – Portrait of a Young Nobleman – Portrait of an Elderly Man – Portrait of an Unknown Gentleman – Portrait of Jerónimo de Cevallos – Portrait of Rodrigo Vázquez de Arce – Saint Andrew and Saint Francis – Saint Anthony of Padua – Saint Bernardino of Siena – Saint James the Great – Saint John the Evangelist – Saint Paul – Saint Sebastian – Saint Thomas the Apostle – Holy Trinity – The Saviour – Virgin Mary
Luna: The Death of Cleopatra
Maíno: Adoration of the Magi – Portrait of a Gentleman – The Recovery of Bahía de Todos los Santos
Murillo: Adoration of the Shepherds (1650) – Aranjuez Immaculate Conception – The Christ Child and the Infant John the Baptist with a Shell – Christ on the Cross (1675, 1677) – The Conversion of Saint Paul – The Good Shepherd – The Holy Family with a Little Bird – The Immaculate Conception of El Escorial – The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables – The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew – Our Lady of the Rosary – The Patrician's Dream – Rebecca and Eleazar
Pradilla: Doña Joanna the Mad
Ribera: Jacob's Dream – Democritus – Isaac and Jacob – Ixion – Tityos – The Martyrdom of Saint Philip – The Blind Sculptor
Sánchez Gallque: The Mulattos of Esmeraldas
Velázquez: Las Meninas – The Triumph of Bacchus – Las Hilanderas – The Surrender of Breda – Mars Resting – Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV – Equestrian Portrait of Elisabeth of France – Equestrian Portrait of Prince Balthasar Charles – Equestrian Portrait of Philip III – Equestrian Portrait of Margarita of Austria – Equestrian Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares – Adoration of the Magi – Apollo in the Forge of Vulcan – Christ Crucified – Coronation of the Virgin – View of the Garden of the Villa Medici – Prince Balthasar Charles as a Hunter – Portrait of the Infante Don Carlos – Doña Antonia de Ipeñarrieta y Galdós and Her Son Don Luis – The Jester Barbarroja – The Jester Calabacillas – The Jester Don Diego de Acedo – The Jester Don John of Austria – Portrait of Francisco Lezcano – Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress – Portrait of Maria Anna – Portrait of Juan Martínez Montañés – The Nun Jerónima de la Fuente – Portrait of Pablo de Valladolid – Portrait of Philip IV in Armour – Portrait of Mariana of Austria – Portrait of Sebastián de Morra
Zurbarán: Agnus Dei – The Death of Hercules – The Defence of Cádiz Against the English – Hercules and the Hydra – Hercules Separates Mounts Calpe and Abylla – Hercules Fighting the Nemean Lion – Saint Elizabeth of Portugal – Saint Luke Painting the Crucifixion – Saint Peter Nolasco's Vision of Saint Peter the Apostle – Still Life with Pots – The Vision of Saint Peter Nolasco
Dutch,Flemish,German
Anonymous: The Fountain of Life
Baldung: The Three Ages of Man and Death
Bosch: The Garden of Earthly Delights – Adoration of the Magi – Cutting the Stone – The Haywain Triptych – Head of a Halberdier – Paradise and Hell – The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things – The Temptation of St Anthony
Bouts: Triptych of the Virgin's Life
Bruegel the Elder: The Triumph of Death – The Wine of Saint Martin's Day – Excursion in the Countryside of Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia – Life in the Countryside – The Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Mariemont Park (with de Momper) – Landscape (with de Momper) – The Five Senses (with Rubens)
Campin: Marriage of the Virgin – Werl Triptych
de Crayer: Caritas Romana (1625)
David: Rest on the Flight into Egypt
Dürer: Adam and Eve – Self-Portrait
van Dyck: Self-portrait with Sir Endymion Porter – The Betrayal of Christ – The Brazen Serpent – Diana and a Nymph Surprised by a Satyr – Saint Rosalia – The Crowning with Thorns
van Hemessen: The Surgeon
Francken the Younger: The Sciences and the Arts
Jordaens: Apollo as Victor over Pan – Meleager and Atalanta – The Painter's Family
Memling: Adoration of the Magi
Mengs: Portrait of José Nicolás de Azara
de Momper: Landscape with Sea and Mountains – A Farm – Flemish Market and Washing Place – Landscape with Skaters – The Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Mariemont Park (with Brueghel the Elder) – Landscape (with Brueghel the Elder)
Patinir: Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx
Rembrandt: Judith at the Banquet of Holofernes
Rubens: The Judgement of Paris (1638) – The Three Graces – Adoration of the Magi – The Dance of the Villagers – Diana and Callisto – Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma – The Fall of Man – The Garden of Love – The Birth of the Milky Way – The Rape of Europa – The Rape of Ganymede – Saint George and the Dragon – Saturn – The Triumph of the Church – Deucalion and Pyrrha – The Five Senses (with Brueghel the Elder)
Stom: The Incredulity of Saint Thomas
Strobel: Feast of Herod with the Beheading of St John the Baptist
Teniers the Younger: Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Painting Gallery in Brussels (1651)
Verhaecht: Alpine Landscape
van der Weyden: The Descent from the Cross – Durán Madonna
Italian
Fra Angelico: Annunciation
Anguissola: Portrait of Elisabeth of Valois – Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia – Portrait of Giovanni Battista Caselli
Barocci: Nativity
Bellini: Madonna and Child with Saint Mary Magdalene and Saint Ursula
Botticelli: The Story of Nastagio Degli Onesti, part one
Caravaggio: David and Goliath
Carracci: Assumption of the Virgin – Mural Paintings from the Herrera Chapel – Venus, Adonis and Cupid
Correggio: Noli me tangere – Madonna and Child with the Infant John the Baptist
A. Gentileschi: The Birth of Saint John the Baptist
O. Gentileschi: The Finding of Moses (1633)
Leonardo: Mona Lisa (by his studio)
Lotto: Portrait of Marsilio Cassotti and His Bride Faustina
Mantegna: Death of the Virgin
Parmigianino: Holy Family with Angels – Portrait of Camilla Gonzaga and Her Three Sons – Portrait of Pier Maria Rossi di San Secondo – Saint Barbara
Raphael: Portrait of a Cardinal – Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary – Madonna of the Rose – Visitation – La Perla (with Romano)
Romano: Holy Family under an Oak Tree
Andrea del Sarto: Sacrifice of Isaac
Tintoretto: Christ Washing the Disciples' Feet – Joseph and Potiphar's Wife – Judith and Holofernes (by his studio) – The Washing of the Feet
Tiepolo: The Immaculate Conception
Titian: The Bacchanal of the Andrians – Equestrian Portrait of Charles V – The Fall of Man – Alfonso d'Avalos Addressing his Troops – Danaë Receiving the Golden Rain (1565) – The Entombment – La Gloria – Madonna and Child with St Anthony of Padua and St Roch – Mater Dolorosa – Philip II in Armour – Portrait of Charles V with a Dog – Portrait of Federico II Gonzaga – Portrait of Isabella of Portugal – Sisyphus – Tityus – Religion saved by Spain – Self-Portrait (1567) – St Margaret and the Dragon – Venus and Adonis (1554) – Venus and Musician (1550, 1555) – The Virgin and Child with Saint George and Saint Dorothy – The Worship of Venus
Veronese: Venus and Adonis – Christ Among the Doctors – The Finding of Moses
French
Anonymous: Agony in the Garden
Baudry: The Pearl and the Wave
van Loo: The Family of Philip V (1743)
Lorrain: Landscape with St Paula of Rome Embarking at Ostia – The Ford – Landscape with St María de Cervelló – Landscape with the Burial of St Serapia – Landscape with the Finding of Moses – Landscape with the Temptation of St Anthony – Landscape with Tobias and Raphael
Poussin: Parnassus – Landscape with Three Figures – Saint Cecilia
Ranc: The Family of Philip V (1723) – Portrait of Ferdinand VI as a Boy
Watteau: Marriage Contract and Country Dancing
Vouet: Time Defeated by Love, Beauty and Hope
Other
British paintings
SculpturesRome
The Apotheosis of Claudius
Castor and Pollux
On display at El Greco Museum in Toledo
On display at Museo de América in Madrid
On display at the Spanish Embassy in Paris
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_romer%C3%ADa_de_San_Isidro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Paintings"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya"},{"link_name":"Quinta del Sordo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinta_del_Sordo"},{"link_name":"The Great He-Goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath_(The_Great_He-Goat)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"transferred to canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings"},{"link_name":"Salvador Martínez Cubells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Mart%C3%ADnez_Cubells"},{"link_name":"Museo del Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado"},{"link_name":"Baron Emile d'Erlanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_%C3%89mile_d%27Erlanger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"San Isidro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_the_Laborer"},{"link_name":"The Burial of the Sardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burial_of_the_Sardine"},{"link_name":"tapestry cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya%27s_tapestry_cartoons"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_pradera_de_San_Isidro,_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Disasters of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disasters_of_War"},{"link_name":"expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"James Ensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ensor"}],"text":"A Pilgrimage to San IsidroA Pilgrimage to San Isidro (Spanish: La romería de San Isidro) is one of the Black Paintings painted by Francisco de Goya between 1819–23 on the interior walls of the house known as Quinta del Sordo (\"The House of the Deaf Man\") that he purchased in 1819. It probably occupied a wall on the first floor of the house, opposite The Great He-Goat.[1]Like the other Black Paintings, it was transferred to canvas in 1873–74 under the supervision of Salvador Martínez Cubells, a curator at the Museo del Prado. The owner, Baron Emile d'Erlanger, donated the canvases to the Spanish state in 1881, and they are now on display at the Museo del Prado.[2]A Pilgrimage to San Isidro shows a view of the pilgrimage towards San Isidro's Hermitage of Madrid that is totally opposite to Goya's treatment of the same subject thirty years earlier in The Meadow of San Isidro. If the earlier work was a question of depicting the customs of a traditional holiday in Madrid and providing a reasonably accurate view of the city, the present painting depicts a group of prominent figures in the night, apparently intoxicated and singing with distorted faces. Figures from diverse social strata also figure in the painting. In the foreground a group of humble extraction appears, while farther into the background top hats and nuns' habits can be seen.The topic of the procession was used to emphasize theatrical or satirical aspects; in this respect the picture has parallels to The Burial of the Sardine, painted between 1812 and 1819. The locale of Goya's house, which was the repository for his Black Paintings, had approximately the same vantage point in which we view the pilgrims in his earlier tapestry cartoon. Now, in this darker painting, the procession may be leading up to this very house and into Goya's haunted imagination. \"It is Goya whom they have come to see. And to serenade: for what does it matter to a deaf man that the guitar has no strings?\"[3]The Meadow of San Isidro, 44 × 94 cm (1788). Museo del PradoIt is a recurring theme in Goya's paintings to present a crowd that fades little by little into the distance. Already it was present in San Isidro's Meadow and it was later used frequently in The Disasters of War. At the very edge of this painting the silhouette of the rocky outcroppings and that of the parading multitude coincides; this way, the opened space emphasizes the whole rest of the solid and compact mass, dehumanizing the individuals into a formless group. The exception is a figure to the right whose face can be seen in profile and seems to moan or sing.Like the other works in this series, the painting's palette is very diminished. In this case, blacks, ochres, grays and earth tones are applied with very free, energetic brushstrokes. The theme of the loss of identity in crowds in this painting can be seen as a precursor to expressionist painting, particularly the work of James Ensor.","title":"A Pilgrimage to San Isidro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Goya: The Black Paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theartwolf.com/goya_black_paintings.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43561897"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-77136-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77136-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43561897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43561897"}],"text":"^ Fernández, G. \"Goya: The Black Paintings\". theartwolf.com, August 2006. Retrieved 4 April, 2010.\n\n^ Hughes, 16–17\n\n^ Ciofalo, John J. (2001). The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ISBN 0-521-77136-6. OCLC 43561897.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edición digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ucm.es/BUCM/tesis/bba/ucm-t25732.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-669-1890-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-669-1890-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-96209-39-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-96209-39-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8228-2296-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-2296-5"},{"link_name":"Hughes, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-58028-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-58028-1"}],"text":"Benito Oterino, Agustín, La luz en la quinta del sordo: estudio de las formas y cotidianidad, Madrid, Universidad Complutense, 2002, p. 33. Edición digital ISBN 84-669-1890-6.\nBozal, Valeriano, Francisco Goya, vida y obra, (2 vols.) Madrid, Tf. Editores, 2005. ISBN 84-96209-39-3.\nBozal, Valeriano, Pinturas Negras de Goya, Tf. Editores, Madrid, 1997.\nGlendinning, Nigel, Francisco de Goya, Madrid, Cuadernos de Historia 16 (col. «El arte y sus creadores», nº 30), 1993.\nHagen, Rose-Marie and Hagen, Rainer, Francisco de Goya, Cologne, Taschen, 2003. ISBN 3-8228-2296-5.\nHughes, Robert. Goya. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004. ISBN 0-394-58028-1","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"A Pilgrimage to San Isidro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/La_romer%C3%ADa_de_San_Isidro.jpg/440px-La_romer%C3%ADa_de_San_Isidro.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Meadow of San Isidro, 44 × 94 cm (1788). Museo del Prado","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/La_pradera_de_San_Isidro%2C_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg/220px-La_pradera_de_San_Isidro%2C_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of works by Francisco Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Francisco_Goya"}] | [{"reference":"Ciofalo, John J. (2001). The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ISBN 0-521-77136-6. OCLC 43561897.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43561897","url_text":"The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77136-6","url_text":"0-521-77136-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43561897","url_text":"43561897"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.theartwolf.com/goya_black_paintings.htm","external_links_name":"Goya: The Black Paintings"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43561897","external_links_name":"The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43561897","external_links_name":"43561897"},{"Link":"http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/tesis/bba/ucm-t25732.pdf","external_links_name":"Edición digital"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Dreams_Come_True_Tour | Where Dreams Come True Tour | ["1 Support Act","2 Setlist","3 Tour dates","3.1 Box office score data","4 Album and video","4.1 Chart performance","4.2 Certifications","5 References","6 External links"] | 2001 concert tour by Westlife
Where Dreams Come True TourTour by WestlifePromotional poster for tourAssociated albumCoast to CoastStart date9 February 2001End date9 June 2001No. of shows82Westlife concert chronology
East Meets Westlife(2000)
Where Dreams Come True Tour(2001)
World of Our Own Tour(2002)
The Where Dreams Come True Tour was the second concert tour by Irish boy band Westlife, in support of their second studio album, Coast to Coast.This is the second largest westlife tour just behind the Wild Dreams Tour with 98 dates
Support Act
Reel
Bellefire
Masai
Fixate
Christian Wunderlich
GrannySmiths
Anna Fegi
Trademark
Cool Colors
Setlist
"Dreams Come True"
"No No"
"If I Let You Go"
"Swear It Again"
"Somebody Needs You"
"Seasons in the Sun"
"I Have a Dream"
"You Make Me Feel"
"When You're Looking Like That"
"My Love"
Medley:
"More Than Words"
"My Girl"
"I Can't Get Next to You"
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg"
"Baby I Need Your Loving"
"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted"
"Fool Again"
"Uptown Girl"
"What Makes a Man"
"I Lay My Love on You"
"Flying Without Wings"
Tour dates
Date
City
Country
Venue
Europe
9 February 2001
Newcastle
England
Telewest Arena
10 February 2001
12 February 2001
13 February 2001
14 February 2001
16 February 2001
Glasgow
Scotland
Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre
17 February 2001
18 February 2001
19 February 2001
20 February 2001
21 February 2001
23 February 2001
Manchester
England
Manchester Evening News Arena
24 February 2001
25 February 2001
27 February 2001
Nottingham
Nottingham Arena
28 February 2001
2 March 2001
Birmingham
NEC Arena
3 March 2001
4 March 2001
6 March 2001
Sheffield
Sheffield Arena
7 March 2001
8 March 2001
10 March 2001
London
Wembley Arena
11 March 2001
12 March 2001
13 March 2001
14 March 2001
16 March 2001
Belfast
Northern Ireland
Odyssey Arena
17 March 2001
19 March 2001
Dublin
Ireland
Point Theatre
20 March 2001
21 March 2001
23 March 2001
24 March 2001
25 March 2001
27 March 2001
28 March 2001
29 March 2001
31 March 2001
1 April 2001
6 April 2001
Manchester
England
Manchester Evening News Arena
7 April 2001
12 April 2001
London
Wembley Arena
13 April 2001
14 April 2001
15 April 2001
17 April 2001
Birmingham
NEC Arena
18 April 2001
19 April 2001
22 April 2001
Oslo
Norway
Vallhall Arena
23 April 2001
Stockholm
Sweden
Stockholm Globe Arena
24 April 2001
Copenhagen
Denmark
Forum Copenhagen
26 April 2001
Rotterdam
Netherlands
Rotterdam Ahoy
28 April 2001
Prague
Czech Republic
Paegas Arena
5 May 2001
Munich
Germany
Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle
6 May 2001
Hanover
AWD Hall
7 May 2001
Düsseldorf
Philipshalle
9 May 2001
Berlin
Max-Schmeling-Halle
11 May 2001
Hamburg
Alsterdorfer Sporthalle
Asia
14 May 2001
Beirut
Lebanon
Beirut Hall
15 May 2001
Dubai
United Arab Emirates
Zabeel Stadium
16 May 2001
Tel Aviv
Israel
Hayarkon Park
Africa
18 May 2001
Cape Town
South Africa
Bellville Velodrome
19 May 2001
North West Province
Sun City Superbowl
20 May 2001
Johannesburg
MTN Sundome
Asia
22 May 2001
Bangkok
Thailand
Hua Mark Indoor Stadium
24 May 2001
Jakarta
Indonesia
Soemantri Brodjonegoro Stadium
26 May 2001
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Putra Indoor Stadium
27 May 2001
Singapore
Singapore Indoor Stadium
29 May 2001
Quezon City
Philippines
Araneta Coliseum
31 May 2001
Seoul
South Korea
Jamsil Arena
3 June 2001
Hong Kong
Hong Kong Coliseum
4 June 2001
Tokyo
Japan
Yoyogi National Gymnasium
5 June 2001
6 June 2001
Osaka
Osaka-jō Hall
Europe
8 June 2001
Barcelona
Spain
Palau Sant Jordi
9 June 2001
Madrid
Palacio de Deportes
Box office score data
Venue
City
Tickets sold / available
Gross revenue
MTN Sundome
Johannesburg
20,000 / 20,000 (100%)
N/A
Smart Araneta Coliseum
Quezon
17,887 / 17,887 (100%)
$354,367
Album and video
Where Dreams Come TrueVideo by WestlifeReleased19 November 2001RecordedDublinGenrePopLength110 minutes LabelBMGDirectorHamish HamiltonProducerJim ParsonsWestlife chronology
Uptown Girl(2001)
Where Dreams Come True(2001)
World of Our Own(2002)
A live concert DVD of the tour was released later that same year.
The DVD contained several bonus materials such as an Access All Areas documentary, a World of Our Own featurette, a link to an exclusive website and a music video of "When You're Looking Like That" in Dolby Digital 2.0 & 5.1 sound.
This was re-released in China into CD/DVD format. Release contains a free poster of the band and a booklet with the lyrics of the CD-songs translated to Chinese. With the same DVD track listing and bonus CD contains 5 live tracks from the same performance as the DVD:
"Fool Again"
"Uptown Girl"
"What Makes a Man"
"You Make Me Feel"
"Flying Without Wings"
Chart performance
Chart
Peakposition
Ireland
1
Swedish Music DVD (Sverigetopplistan)
10
UK DVD Videos (OCC)
35
UK Music Videos (OCC)
1
UK Videos (OCC)
9
Certifications
Certifications for Where Dreams Come True Tour
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)
4× Platinum
200,000*
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
References
^ "Upcoming Events". Westlife Official Website. Simco Limited. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
^ "South Africa: Westlife - More Than Just Looks". Allafrica.com. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ "Westlife - Where Dreams Come True CD/DVD". Discogs. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
^ "Veckolista DVD Album – Vecka 50, 2001" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ "Official DVD Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ "Official Music Video Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ "Official Video Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ "British video certifications – Westlife – Where Dreams Come True". British Phonographic Industry.
External links
Official Westlife Website
vteWestlife
Nicky Byrne
Kian Egan
Mark Feehily
Shane Filan
Brian McFadden
Studio albums
Westlife
Coast to Coast
World of Our Own
Turnaround
...Allow Us to Be Frank
Face to Face
The Love Album
Back Home
Where We Are
Gravity
Spectrum
Wild Dreams
Compilation albums
Unbreakable – The Greatest Hits Volume 1
Greatest Hits
The Love Songs
Video albums
Where The Dreams Come True
Coast to Coast - Up, Close and Personal
Uptown Girl
World of Our Own
The Greatest Hits
The Greatest Hits Tour - Live from M.E.N. Arena
The Turnaround Tour - Live from The Globe, Stockholm
Face to Face Tour - Live at Wembley
Back Home
10 Years of Westlife - Live at Croke Park Stadium
The Where We Are Tour: Live from The O2
The Farewell Tour - Live at Croke Park
The Twenty Tour - Live from Croke Park
Concert tours
Where Dreams Come True Tour
Unbreakable Tour
Turnaround Tour
The No 1's Tour
Face to Face Tour
The Love Tour
Back Home Tour
Where We Are Tour
Gravity Tour
Greatest Hits Tour
The Twenty Tour
The Wild Dreams Tour
Related
Discography
Songs
Awards and nominations
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz series | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlife"},{"link_name":"Coast to Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_(Westlife_album)"}],"text":"The Where Dreams Come True Tour was the second concert tour by Irish boy band Westlife, in support of their second studio album, Coast to Coast.This is the second largest westlife tour just behind the Wild Dreams Tour with 98 dates","title":"Where Dreams Come True Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Wunderlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wunderlich"},{"link_name":"Anna Fegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Fegi"}],"text":"Reel\nBellefire\nMasai\nFixate\nChristian Wunderlich\nGrannySmiths\nAnna Fegi\nTrademark\nCool Colors","title":"Support Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"If I Let You Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Let_You_Go"},{"link_name":"Swear It Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swear_It_Again"},{"link_name":"Seasons in the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasons_in_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"I Have a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream_(song)#Westlife_version"},{"link_name":"When You're Looking Like That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You%27re_Looking_Like_That"},{"link_name":"My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_(Westlife_song)"},{"link_name":"More Than Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_Words"},{"link_name":"My Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Girl_(The_Temptations_song)"},{"link_name":"I Can't Get Next to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Get_Next_to_You"},{"link_name":"Ain't Too Proud to Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_Too_Proud_to_Beg"},{"link_name":"Baby I Need Your Loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_I_Need_Your_Loving"},{"link_name":"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Becomes_of_the_Brokenhearted"},{"link_name":"Fool Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fool_Again"},{"link_name":"Uptown Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_Girl#Westlife_version"},{"link_name":"What Makes a Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Makes_a_Man"},{"link_name":"I Lay My Love on You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Lay_My_Love_on_You"},{"link_name":"Flying Without Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Without_Wings"}],"text":"\"Dreams Come True\"\n\"No No\"\n\"If I Let You Go\"\n\"Swear It Again\"\n\"Somebody Needs You\"\n\"Seasons in the Sun\"\n\"I Have a Dream\"\n\"You Make Me Feel\"\n\"When You're Looking Like That\"\n\"My Love\"\nMedley:\n\"More Than Words\"\n\"My Girl\"\n\"I Can't Get Next to You\"\n\"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\"\n\"Baby I Need Your Loving\"\n\"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\"\n\"Fool Again\"\n\"Uptown Girl\"\n\"What Makes a Man\"\n\"I Lay My Love on You\"\n\"Flying Without Wings\"","title":"Setlist"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tour dates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Box office score data","title":"Tour dates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A live concert DVD of the tour was released later that same year.The DVD contained several bonus materials such as an Access All Areas documentary, a World of Our Own featurette, a link to an exclusive website and a music video of \"When You're Looking Like That\" in Dolby Digital 2.0 & 5.1 sound.This was re-released in China into CD/DVD format.[3] Release contains a free poster of the band and a booklet with the lyrics of the CD-songs translated to Chinese. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McClary_(musician) | Thomas McClary (musician) | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Solo discography","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"] | American songwriter
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Thomas McClary" musician – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Thomas McClaryBackground informationBorn (1949-10-06) October 6, 1949 (age 74)Eustis, Florida, United StatesGenresSoul, R&B, Funk, GospelOccupation(s)Musicianguitaristsongwritersingerrecord producerInstrument(s)Acoustic guitar, electric guitar, ukulele, vocalsYears active1968–presentLabelsMotown RecordsWebsitethomasmcclary.comMusical artist
Thomas McClary (born October 6, 1949) is an American musician, guitarist, singer, songwriter, and record producer best known as the founder and lead guitarist of The Commodores. McClary is widely credited with having created the signature sound of The Commodores' original music.
Early life
McClary was born in Eustis, Florida, in 1949. He became one of the first African-American students to integrate the Florida school system prior to the enforcement of Brown v. Board of Education. McClary began playing music at a very early age, starting with the ukulele and then adding the acoustic guitar and later the electric guitar to his repertoire. After graduation, McClary went to college at Tuskegee University in Alabama where he majored in business.
Career
As a freshman student at Tuskegee University, McClary met Lionel Richie in the registration line. The two became friends and in 1968 they began to put together a band which they originally called The Mystics. McClary played the lead guitar. The group played local gigs, added members and changed their name to the Commodores. In 1972, the Commodores signed with Berry Gordy and Motown Records.
McClary spent 15 years as the lead guitarist for the Commodores. His guitar solo in the Commodores song "Easy" earned him his first write-up in Rolling Stone and was called "one of the best solo guitar performances of all time" by writer Dave Thompson. While with the Commodores, McClary wrote one of the group's early number one singles "Slippery When Wet". "Brick House"," "Too Hot ta Trot", and "I Feel Sanctified" are among the many songs McClary contributed to, along with the Commodores. He sang lead on "Sexy Lady" and "Ooo Woman You" (a duet with Melissa Manchester). He played on songs like "Flying High", "Come Inside", "High On Sunshine", "Girl, I Think the World About You", "Midnight Magic", "12:01 am", "Got To Be Together", "Wake Up Children", "Funny Feelings", "Heaven Knows", "Won't You Come Dance With Me", "Visions", "Hold On" and "Free", "Welcome Home" (with Bill Champlin), "You Don't Know That I Know", "Let's Get Started", "Time", "Captured", "Celebrate" (with Larry Davis and Harold Hudson), "Saturday Night" and "Keep On Taking Me Higher".
McClary's musical influence then moved outside of just The Commodores. From the Endless Love soundtrack, he co-wrote (with Lionel Richie) "Dreaming of You" which was performed by Richie and Diana Ross as well as Kenny Rogers' "Without You in My Life". Another was the track "Steam Room" off of Jayne Kennedy's Complete Exercise Program. McClary co-wrote and produced multiple songs for the 1980s pop group Klique's album Try It Out (one of which was "Stop Dogging Me Around" which became the No. 1 song on the Black Contemporary Charts") and "Love Circles". McClary also co-wrote and produced four songs for bassist Michael Henderson's Fickel album.
After deciding to leave the Commodores in 1984, McClary signed a solo contract with Motown and the following year released a solo album titled, Thomas McClary, which featured the single "Thin Walls". It peaked at No. 57 on the Billboard R&B chart.
In 1986, McClary returned to Florida and turned to his Christian roots by becoming the music director of his church and forming a gospel music record label, under which he released the 2008 album titled A Revolution Not a Revival.
On September 18, 2017, McClary's memoir Rock and Soul, was released.
Solo discography
1984 – Thomas McClary (Motown)
2008 – A Revolution Not a Revival (CDBY)
Filmography
1977 – Scott Joplin (w/The Commodores)
1977 – Looking for Mr. Goodbar (w/The Commodores)
1977 – James at 15 (w/The Commodores)
1978 – Thank God It's Friday (w/The Commodores)
1982 – The Last American Virgin (w/The Commodores)
1986 – One More Saturday Night (songwriter)
References
^ a b c Thompson, Dave. "Funk". Backbeat Books. 2001. Page 110 – 114. ISBN 0-87930-629-7.
External links
Official website
vteCommodores
William King
Walter Orange
J. D. Nicholas
Milan Williams
Thomas McClary
Lionel Richie
Andre Callahan
Michael Gilbert
Ronald LaPread
James Ingram
Skyler Jett
Sheldon Reynolds
Albums
Machine Gun
Caught in the Act
Movin' On
Hot on the Tracks
Commodores
Commodores Live!
Natural High
Midnight Magic
Heroes
In the Pocket
Commodores 13
Nightshift
United
Rock Solid
Commodores Christmas
No Tricks
Singles
"Slippery When Wet"
"Sweet Love"
"Just to Be Close to You"
"Easy"
"Brick House"
"Too Hot ta Trot"
"Three Times a Lady"
"Sail On"
"Still"
"Lady (You Bring Me Up)"
"Oh No"
"Nightshift"
"Goin' to the Bank"
"Take It from Me"
Compilations
Greatest Hits
The Very Best of The Commodores (1995 album)
Gold
Related
Discography
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commodores"}],"text":"Musical artistThomas McClary (born October 6, 1949) is an American musician, guitarist, singer, songwriter, and record producer best known as the founder and lead guitarist of The Commodores. McClary is widely credited with having created the signature sound of The Commodores' original music.","title":"Thomas McClary (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eustis, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustis,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"Tuskegee University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-1"}],"text":"McClary was born in Eustis, Florida, in 1949. He became one of the first African-American students to integrate the Florida school system prior to the enforcement of Brown v. Board of Education. McClary began playing music at a very early age, starting with the ukulele and then adding the acoustic guitar and later the electric guitar to his repertoire. After graduation, McClary went to college at Tuskegee University in Alabama where he majored in business.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"Berry Gordy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_Gordy"},{"link_name":"Motown Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records"},{"link_name":"\"Easy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_(Commodores_song)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-1"},{"link_name":"\"Slippery When Wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippery_When_Wet_(Commodores_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Brick House\",\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_House_(song)"},{"link_name":"Too Hot ta Trot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Hot_ta_Trot"},{"link_name":"Melissa Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Bill Champlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Champlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-1"},{"link_name":"Endless Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_Love_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Jayne Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Klique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klique"},{"link_name":"Michael Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Billboard R&B chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"}],"text":"As a freshman student at Tuskegee University, McClary met Lionel Richie in the registration line. 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He played on songs like \"Flying High\", \"Come Inside\", \"High On Sunshine\", \"Girl, I Think the World About You\", \"Midnight Magic\", \"12:01 am\", \"Got To Be Together\", \"Wake Up Children\", \"Funny Feelings\", \"Heaven Knows\", \"Won't You Come Dance With Me\", \"Visions\", \"Hold On\" and \"Free\", \"Welcome Home\" (with Bill Champlin), \"You Don't Know That I Know\", \"Let's Get Started\", \"Time\", \"Captured\", \"Celebrate\" (with Larry Davis and Harold Hudson), \"Saturday Night\" and \"Keep On Taking Me Higher\".[1]McClary's musical influence then moved outside of just The Commodores. From the Endless Love soundtrack, he co-wrote (with Lionel Richie) \"Dreaming of You\" which was performed by Richie and Diana Ross as well as Kenny Rogers' \"Without You in My Life\". Another was the track \"Steam Room\" off of Jayne Kennedy's Complete Exercise Program. McClary co-wrote and produced multiple songs for the 1980s pop group Klique's album Try It Out (one of which was \"Stop Dogging Me Around\" which became the No. 1 song on the Black Contemporary Charts\") and \"Love Circles\". McClary also co-wrote and produced four songs for bassist Michael Henderson's Fickel album.After deciding to leave the Commodores in 1984, McClary signed a solo contract with Motown and the following year released a solo album titled, Thomas McClary, which featured the single \"Thin Walls\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzoku_Gakuen_College | Senzoku Gakuen | ["1 College of Music","2 Junior college","3 Notable alumni","4 Notable faculty","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°35′38″N 139°36′56″E / 35.59389°N 139.61556°E / 35.59389; 139.61556Private educational institution in Kanagawa, Japan
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Senzoku Gakuen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Senzoku Gakuen College of Musicand Senzoku Gakuen Junior College洗足学園音楽大学 Senzoku gakuen ongaku daigaku洗足こども短期大学 Senzoku kodomo tanki daigakuThe main gate of Senzoku Gakuen College of MusicMottoKeep your dreams lofty, but be humble in your actionsTypePrivateEstablished1924LocationTakatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, JapanWebsiteOfficial website
Senzoku Gakuen (洗足学園, Senzoku gakuen) is a private educational institution in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. The institution operates a school of music, a junior college, primary and secondary schools, and a kindergarten.
The first Senzoku Gakuen school, the Hiratsuka Sewing School for Women, was founded in 1924 by Wakao Maeda, followed by the opening of Senzoku Women's Higher School in 1927. Senzoku Gakuen Women's Junior High School was established in 1947, followed by a kindergarten in 1948 and an elementary school in 1949.
College of Music
Senzoku Gakuen College of Music (洗足学園音楽大学, Senzoku gakuen ongaku daigaku) is located in Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa. It was established in 1967; the present name was adopted in 2003. A Department of Music was established in 1962 under Senzoku Gakuen Junior College, which became the Senzoku Gakuen College of Music in 2003. The school offers both undergraduate and graduate programs.
Junior college
Senzoku Junior College of Childhood Education (洗足こども短期大学, Senzoku kodomo tanki daigaku), formerly Senzoku Gakuen Junior College (洗足学園短期大学, Senzoku gakuen tanki daigaku) shares the Takatsu-ku campus with Senzoku Gakuen College of Music. The two-year program offers courses in music and early childhood education.
Senzoku Gakuen Uozu Junior College (洗足学園魚津短期大学, Senzoku Gakuen Uozu Tanki Daigaku) was another junior college in Uozu, Toyama, Japan. The junior college was established in April 1980 by Senzoku Gakuen Group. Enrollment of new students ended in 2000 and the college closed in 2002. It offered courses in literature and music.
Notable alumni
Takanori Arisawa – Composer and arranger
Ayaka Hirahara (Faculty of Jazz) – Pop singer
Kanon Shizaki (Faculty of Rock and Pop) – Voice actress and keyboardist
Arisa Sugi – Actress
Yutaka Yamada (Faculty of Acoustic Design) – Composer
Notable faculty
Tachikawa Sumito (visiting professor)
References
^ a b "Senzoku Gakuen". Retrieved 2013-11-13.
^ "Senzoku Gakuen College of Music — Ranking and Review". 4 International colleges and universities. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
^ "平原 綾香 | ジャズコース" . Senzoku Gakuen (in Japanese). Retrieved January 22, 2022.
^ "なぜRoseliaは「エモい」のか？ガールズバンドメンバー経験者が「エモい」という単語を使わずにライブをレポート" . Inside Games (in Japanese). November 29, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ "Arisa Sugi". LesPros Entertainment (in Japanese). Retrieved January 22, 2022.
^ "音楽・音響デザインコース | 山田 豊" . Senzoku Gakuen (in Japanese). Retrieved January 22, 2022.
^ Anonymous. "立川清登" . Kotobank (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
External links
Official website (in Japanese)
Senzoku Gakuen alumni association (in Japanese)
35°35′38″N 139°36′56″E / 35.59389°N 139.61556°E / 35.59389; 139.61556
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz place | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"school of music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_music"},{"link_name":"junior college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_college"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senzoku_Gakuen-1"}],"text":"Private educational institution in Kanagawa, JapanSenzoku Gakuen (洗足学園, Senzoku gakuen) is a private educational institution in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. The institution operates a school of music, a junior college, primary and secondary schools, and a kindergarten.The first Senzoku Gakuen school, the Hiratsuka Sewing School for Women, was founded in 1924 by Wakao Maeda, followed by the opening of Senzoku Women's Higher School in 1927. Senzoku Gakuen Women's Junior High School was established in 1947, followed by a kindergarten in 1948 and an elementary school in 1949.[1]","title":"Senzoku Gakuen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takatsu-ku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsu-ku,_Kawasaki"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Senzoku Gakuen College of Music (洗足学園音楽大学, Senzoku gakuen ongaku daigaku) is located in Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa. It was established in 1967; the present name was adopted in 2003.[2] A Department of Music was established in 1962 under Senzoku Gakuen Junior College, which became the Senzoku Gakuen College of Music in 2003. The school offers both undergraduate and graduate programs.","title":"College of Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senzoku_Gakuen-1"},{"link_name":"Uozu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uozu,_Toyama"},{"link_name":"Toyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture"}],"text":"Senzoku Junior College of Childhood Education (洗足こども短期大学, Senzoku kodomo tanki daigaku), formerly Senzoku Gakuen Junior College (洗足学園短期大学, Senzoku gakuen tanki daigaku) shares the Takatsu-ku campus with Senzoku Gakuen College of Music. The two-year program offers courses in music and early childhood education.[1]Senzoku Gakuen Uozu Junior College (洗足学園魚津短期大学, Senzoku Gakuen Uozu Tanki Daigaku) was another junior college in Uozu, Toyama, Japan. The junior college was established in April 1980 by Senzoku Gakuen Group. Enrollment of new students ended in 2000 and the college closed in 2002. It offered courses in literature and music.","title":"Junior college"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takanori Arisawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takanori_Arisawa"},{"link_name":"Ayaka Hirahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaka_Hirahara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kanon Shizaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_Shizaki"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Arisa Sugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisa_Sugi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Yutaka Yamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutaka_Yamada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Takanori Arisawa – Composer and arranger\nAyaka Hirahara (Faculty of Jazz) – Pop singer[3]\nKanon Shizaki (Faculty of Rock and Pop) – Voice actress and keyboardist[4]\nArisa Sugi – Actress[5]\nYutaka Yamada (Faculty of Acoustic Design) – Composer[6]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tachikawa Sumito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa_Sumito"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Tachikawa Sumito (visiting professor)[7]","title":"Notable faculty"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Senzoku Gakuen\". Retrieved 2013-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senzoku.jp/eng/index_e1.htm","url_text":"\"Senzoku Gakuen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senzoku Gakuen College of Music — Ranking and Review\". 4 International colleges and universities. Retrieved 2013-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2850.htm","url_text":"\"Senzoku Gakuen College of Music — Ranking and Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"平原 綾香 | ジャズコース\" [Hirahara Ayaka | Jazz Course]. Senzoku Gakuen (in Japanese). Retrieved January 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senzoku.ac.jp/music/about/graduates/about_graduates08_04.html","url_text":"\"平原 綾香 | ジャズコース\""}]},{"reference":"\"なぜRoseliaは「エモい」のか？ガールズバンドメンバー経験者が「エモい」という単語を使わずにライブをレポート\" [Why is Roselia \"emo\"? Experienced girls band members report live without using the word \"emo\"]. Inside Games (in Japanese). November 29, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inside-games.jp/article/2018/11/29/118997.html","url_text":"\"なぜRoseliaは「エモい」のか？ガールズバンドメンバー経験者が「エモい」という単語を使わずにライブをレポート\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arisa Sugi\". LesPros Entertainment (in Japanese). Retrieved January 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ldh.co.jp/management/sugi_arisa/","url_text":"\"Arisa Sugi\""}]},{"reference":"\"音楽・音響デザインコース | 山田 豊\" [Music / Acoustic Design Course | Yutaka Yamada]. Senzoku Gakuen (in Japanese). Retrieved January 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senzoku.ac.jp/music/active_graduate/9172","url_text":"\"音楽・音響デザインコース | 山田 豊\""}]},{"reference":"Anonymous. \"立川清登\" [Tachikawa Sumito]. Kotobank (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://megalodon.jp/2024-0405-0706-02/https://kotobank.jp:443/word/%E7%AB%8B%E5%B7%9D%20%E6%B8%85%E7%99%BB-1648898","url_text":"\"立川清登\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotobank","url_text":"Kotobank"},{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AB%8B%E5%B7%9D%20%E6%B8%85%E7%99%BB-1648898","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Senzoku_Gakuen¶ms=35_35_38_N_139_36_56_E_region:JP_type:edu","external_links_name":"35°35′38″N 139°36′56″E / 35.59389°N 139.61556°E / 35.59389; 139.61556"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Senzoku+Gakuen%22","external_links_name":"\"Senzoku Gakuen\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Senzoku+Gakuen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Senzoku+Gakuen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Senzoku+Gakuen%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Senzoku+Gakuen%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Senzoku+Gakuen%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.senzoku.ac.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.senzoku.jp/eng/index_e1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Senzoku Gakuen\""},{"Link":"http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2850.htm","external_links_name":"\"Senzoku Gakuen College of Music — Ranking and Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.senzoku.ac.jp/music/about/graduates/about_graduates08_04.html","external_links_name":"\"平原 綾香 | ジャズコース\""},{"Link":"https://www.inside-games.jp/article/2018/11/29/118997.html","external_links_name":"\"なぜRoseliaは「エモい」のか？ガールズバンドメンバー経験者が「エモい」という単語を使わずにライブをレポート\""},{"Link":"https://www.ldh.co.jp/management/sugi_arisa/","external_links_name":"\"Arisa Sugi\""},{"Link":"https://www.senzoku.ac.jp/music/active_graduate/9172","external_links_name":"\"音楽・音響デザインコース | 山田 豊\""},{"Link":"https://megalodon.jp/2024-0405-0706-02/https://kotobank.jp:443/word/%E7%AB%8B%E5%B7%9D%20%E6%B8%85%E7%99%BB-1648898","external_links_name":"\"立川清登\""},{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AB%8B%E5%B7%9D%20%E6%B8%85%E7%99%BB-1648898","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.senzoku.ac.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.j-senzoku.com/Senzokugakuen.htm","external_links_name":"Senzoku Gakuen alumni association"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Senzoku_Gakuen¶ms=35_35_38_N_139_36_56_E_region:JP_type:edu","external_links_name":"35°35′38″N 139°36′56″E / 35.59389°N 139.61556°E / 35.59389; 139.61556"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/367e6d10-2064-4aac-903e-cc59f76945f2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamnab_Commune | Kamnab Commune | ["1 Administration","2 References"] | Coordinates: 10°38′28″N 104°55′36″E / 10.641°N 104.9268°E / 10.641; 104.9268Commune in Takéo, CambodiaKamnab
ឃុំកំណប់Commune (Khum)KamnabLocation within CambodiaCoordinates: 10°38′28″N 104°55′36″E / 10.641°N 104.9268°E / 10.641; 104.9268Country CambodiaProvinceTakéoDistrictKiri VongTime zoneUTC+7Geocode210403
Kamnab Commune (Khmer: ឃុំកំណប់) is a khum (commune) in Kiri Vong District, Takéo Province, Cambodia.
Administration
As of 2019, Kamnab Commune has 6 phums (villages) as follows.
No.
Code
Village
Khmer
1
21040301
Kamnab
កំណប់
2
21040302
Krangol
ក្រងុល
3
21040303
Daeum Slaeng
ដើមស្លែង
4
21040304
Khmal
ខ្មល់
5
21040305
Pou Sangkae
ពោធិ៍សង្កែ
6
21040306
Chamkar Tieb
ចំការទៀប
References
^ "Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online". Cambodia NCDD Databases. National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD). 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
vte Takéo provinceCapital: Doun KaevAngkor Borei District
Angkor Borei
Ba Srae
Kouk Thlok
Ponley
Prek Phtoul
Prey Phkoam
Bati District
Chambak
Champei
Doung
Kandoeng
Komar Reachea
Krang Leav
Krang Thnong
Lumpong
Pea Ream
Pot Sar
Sour Phi
Tang Doung
Tnaot
Trapeang Krasang
Trapeang Sab
Bourei Cholsar District
Bourei Cholsar
Chey Chouk
Doung Khpos
Kampong Krasang
Kouk Pou
Kiri Vong District
Angk Prasat
Preah Bat Choan Chum
Kamnab
Kampeaeng
Kiri Chong Kaoh
Kouk Prech
Phnum Den
Prey Ampok
Prey Rumdeng
Ream Andaeuk
Saom
Ta Our
Kaoh Andaet District
Krapum Chhuk
Pech Sar
Prey Khla
Prey Yuthka
Romenh
Thlea Prachum
Prey Kabbas District
Angkanh
Ban Kam
Champa
Char
Kampeaeng
Kampong Reab
Kdanh
Pou Rumchak
Prey Kabbas
Prey Lvea
Prey Phdau
Snao
Tang Yab
Samraŏng District
Boeng Tranh Khang Cheung
Boeng Tranh Khang Tboung
Cheung Kuon
Chumreah Pen
Khvav
Lumchang
Rovieng
Samraong
Soengh
Sla
Trea
Doun Kaev Municipality
Baray
Roka Knong
Roka Krau
Tram Kak District
Angk Ta Saom
Cheang Tong
Kus
Leay Bour
Nhaeng Nhang
Our Saray
Trapeang Kranhung
Otdam Soriya
Popel
Samraong
Srae Ronoung
Ta Phem
Tram Kak
Trapeang Thum Khang Cheung
Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung
Treang District
Angkanh
Angk Khnor
Chi Khma
Khvav
Prambei Mum
Angk Kev
Prey Sloek
Roneam
Sambuor
Sanlong
Smaong
Srangae
Thlok
Tralach | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"khum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Kiri Vong District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiri_Vong_District"},{"link_name":"Takéo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"}],"text":"Commune in Takéo, CambodiaKamnab Commune (Khmer: ឃុំកំណប់) is a khum (commune) in Kiri Vong District, Takéo Province, Cambodia.","title":"Kamnab Commune"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCDD-gZ-1"}],"text":"As of 2019, Kamnab Commune has 6 phums (villages) as follows.[1]","title":"Administration"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online\". Cambodia NCDD Databases. National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD). 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://db.ncdd.gov.kh/gazetteer","url_text":"\"Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kamnab_Commune¶ms=10.641_N_104.9268_E_region:KH_type:city","external_links_name":"10°38′28″N 104°55′36″E / 10.641°N 104.9268°E / 10.641; 104.9268"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kamnab_Commune¶ms=10.641_N_104.9268_E_region:KH_type:city","external_links_name":"10°38′28″N 104°55′36″E / 10.641°N 104.9268°E / 10.641; 104.9268"},{"Link":"http://db.ncdd.gov.kh/gazetteer","external_links_name":"\"Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Frank | Jane Frank | ["1 Work","2 The early years","2.1 Training in commercial art","2.2 Becoming a painter","2.3 Marriage and family; children's books","2.4 Health catastrophes and recovery","3 The latter 1950s to late 1960s","3.1 Encountering Hans Hofmann, and discovering a \"sculptural landscape\"","3.2 Combining diverse materials and techniques","3.3 \"Apertured\", multiple-canvas paintings","3.4 Standing apart","4 After 1967: sculptures, and further development of the \"apertured\" paintings","4.1 Sculpture: depths and shadows, reflections and refractions","4.2 Aerial landscape paintings","5 Discussion of Jane Frank's work","6 Collections","7 Footnotes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | American painter and sculptor (1918–1986)
For other people named Jane Frank, see Jane Frank (disambiguation).
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Jane FrankFrankBornJane Babette Schenthal(1918-07-25)July 25, 1918Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.DiedMay 31, 1986(1986-05-31) (aged 67)Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.Alma materMaryland Institute College of Art, Parsons School of DesignKnown forPainting, sculptureStyleAbstract expressionism
Jane Schenthal Frank (born Jane Babette Schenthal; July 25, 1918 – May 31, 1986) was an American multidisciplinary artist, known as a painter, sculptor, mixed media artist, illustrator, and textile artist. Her landscape-like, mixed-media abstract paintings are included in public collections, including those of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the Baltimore Museum of Art, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum. She studied with artists, Hans Hofmann and Norman Carlberg.
Work
Jane Frank was a pupil of the painter, Hans Hofmann. She can be categorized stylistically as an abstract expressionist, but one who draws primary inspiration from the natural world, particularly landscape. Her later painting refers more explicitly to aerial landscapes, while her sculpture tends toward minimalism. Chronologically and stylistically, Jane Frank's work straddles both the modern and the contemporary (even postmodern) periods. She referred to her works generally as "inscapes".
The early years
Training in commercial art
Jane Frank (when she was still Jane Schenthal) attended the progressive Park School and received her initial artistic training at the Maryland Institute of Arts and Sciences (now known as the Maryland Institute College of Art), earning in 1935 a diploma in commercial art and fashion illustration. She then acquired further training in New York City at what is now the Parsons School of Design (then called the New York School of Fine and Applied Art), from which she graduated in 1939. In New York, she also studied at the New Theatre School. Her schooling complete, she began working in advertising design and acting in summer stock theatre. From the sources, it is unclear whether she worked in these fields while still in New York, or only after returning to Baltimore. We do know, however, that she began painting seriously in 1940.
Becoming a painter
In a letter to Thomas Yoseloff, she wrote (quoted in Yoseloff's Retrospective, 1975, p. 34) that "prior to 1940 my background had been entirely in commercial art" and that when she began painting seriously, she had to "put behind me everything I had so carefully learned in the schools". She began a study of the history of painting and "went through a progression of spatial conceptions" from cave painting through the Renaissance, then concentrating on Cézanne, Picasso, and De Kooning. "I was also much concerned with texture, and heavy paint", she adds.
Marriage and family; children's books
After returning to Baltimore, she married Herman Benjamin Frank in 1941. According to the biography in "Baltimore County Women, 1930-1975" listed below, Jane had previously been working as a commercial artist "for department stores and advertising agencies", but she "gave up her career in commercial art for marriage and a family" (p. 16). After marrying, she signed her works consistently as "Jane Frank", apparently never including a maiden name or middle initial. Her husband, a builder, constructed their home, including a studio for his wife. With the initial demands of a new marriage and family presumably beginning to relax a bit, Jane Frank returned seriously to painting in 1947 (according to Stanton, p. 9).
In the following decade, while raising a family and rapidly developing as a serious painter, the young mother also illustrated three children's books. Monica Mink (1948), featured along with Jane Frank's illustrations, a whimsical text by the artist herself, entirely in verse, relating a tale in which (according to the review published by the National Council of Teachers of English) "In rhyme the obstreperous Monica Mink 'who wouldn't listen and didn't think' is finally taught that 'all Mother Minks know best'." . Thomas Yoseloff's The Further Adventures of Till Eulenspiegel (1957, New York City), featured Jane Frank's block prints, which already show a penchant for collage-like textural juxtapositions and strong diagonal composition. Jane Frank's 1986 obituary in the Baltimore Sun mentions that she published a third children's book, entitled Eadie the Pink Elephant, with both text and pictures by the artist, and this is confirmed in an excerpt from Publishers Weekly available online .
Health catastrophes and recovery
Art history professor emerita, Phoebe B. Stanton of Johns Hopkins University mentioned that twice in the 20 years after 1947, Jane Frank suffered from illnesses which "interrupted the work for long periods". The first of these catastrophes was a serious car accident in 1952, requiring multiple major surgeries and extensive convalescence, and the second was a "serious and potentially life-threatening illness" soon after her 1958 solo show at the Baltimore Museum of Art. The latter illness was so severe, according to Stanton, that it interrupted Jane Frank's painting work for about two years.
The latter 1950s to late 1960s
Encountering Hans Hofmann, and discovering a "sculptural landscape"
Health problems notwithstanding, the latter 1950s proved decisively fruitful for Jane Frank as a serious artist. Having fairly well recovered from her injuries in the traumatic 1952 accident, she studied for a period in 1956 with the great abstract expressionist painter Hans Hofmann in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and this mentoring gave her a jolt of inspiration and encouragement. She soon had solo exhibitions at the Baltimore Museum of Art (1958), the Corcoran Gallery of Art (1962), the Bodley Gallery in New York (1963) and Goucher College (1963), among others.
She also, in 1962 (1961 according to some sources), won a Rinehart Fellowship, enabling her to study with Norman Carlberg at the Rinehart School of Sculpture at Maryland Institute College of Art. This might seem a sudden and late detour away from painterly pursuits, but it is a logical step: the canvases in the 1962 Corcoran show, such as "Crags and Crevices" and "Rockscape II", already feature passages that are sculpturally "built up" with thick mounds of gesso (or "spackle", as Stanton tends to call it).
Jane Frank's preoccupation with space was evident even before her paintings became overtly "sculptural" in their use of mixed media. Of the paintings in the 1962 Corcoran Gallery show, she tells Phoebe Stanton: "I was trying to pit mass against void and make it look as though there were passages that went way back – that's why 'crevice' is in so many of the titles" (Stanton, p. 15). Indeed, "Crags and Crevices" (70"x 50", oil and spackle on canvas), completed in 1961, dominated the show.
Combining diverse materials and techniques
Soon after the month-long Corcoran Gallery solo exhibition, Jane Frank began to apply not just spackle but a variety of other materials – sea-weathered or broken glass, charred driftwood, pebbles, what appears to be crushed graphite or silica, and even glued-on patches of separately painted and encrusted canvas (canvas collage) – to her jagged, abstract expressionist paintings. "I wanted work that was painterly but with an actual three-dimensional space", she later wrote (Yoseloff 1975, pp. 37–39). Jane Frank's first solo show at New York City's Bodley Gallery (1963), as well as her 1965 solo show at Baltimore's International Gallery, featured many of these radically dense and variegated mixed media paintings.
"Apertured", multiple-canvas paintings
Later she began making irregular holes in the canvases ("apertures", as she called them: the earliest example is "Winter Windows", 1966–1967), disclosing deeper layers of painted canvas underneath (so-called "double canvases" – and sometimes triple canvases), with painted-on "false shadows", etc. – increasingly invoking the third dimension, creating tactile, sculptural effects while remaining within the convention of the framed, rectangular oil painting. The apertures also suggest a view into some sort of psychological interior, as though the second canvas – seen only partially, through the hole in the forward canvas – were some half-concealed secret, perhaps even another whole painting that we will never see.
Stanton (p. 24) also notes that Jane Frank worked out a method – unspecified – of stiffening the apertures' often jagged edges so that they held their shape and flatness. These creations are a type of "shaped canvas", though very different from the shaped canvases of Frank Stella and others more commonly associated with this term.
In much of her output before the late 1960s, Frank seems less interested in color than in tonality and texture, often employing the grayscale to create a sense of depth or motion from light to dark, this frequently moving in a diagonal (as in "Winter's End", 1958), and otherwise employing one basic hue (as with the earthy reds in "Plum Point", 1964). However, the later, "windowed" paintings show a sharper interest in vivid color relationships: indeed, Yoseloff (p. 20) notes that with the later paintings "she has gone to bolder colors". This is especially true, as he notes, in the "aerial" paintings, of which an early and monumental example is "Aerial View no. 1" (1968, 60 inches by 84 inches, collection of the Turner Auditorium complex at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University). This was one of the artist's favorites, according to Baltimore County Women .
Standing apart
While these highly complex and laborious constructions (she often called them "three-dimensional paintings") moved her well beyond the vocabulary of the improvisatory, so-called "action painting" usually associated with American abstract expressionism, they also had virtually nothing to do with the pop art and minimalism which were then the rage of the 1960s New York art scene. Furthermore, they bore little resemblance to the serene "color field" paintings of Morris Louis, Helen Frankenthaler, or Mark Rothko. Whether brooding or exuberant, the (as it were) geologically deposited, erupted, eroded, and gouged canvases of Jane Frank stand apart from all else. Perhaps this style could be called "geomorphic abstraction" – though no such term can be found as a stylistic category in art history books.
This standoffish aesthetic position, her chosen departure from the career-making New York City scene, and the fact that her overall output was not very large (by some standards at least), were factors that limited her career and her contemporary impact on the course of American art. Yet perhaps, as time goes on, present-day art lovers who get to know these pieces will agree with Professor Stanton that they are powerful and beautiful creations, worthy of contemplation and admiration on their intrinsic merits – regardless of what was supposedly fashionable in 1960-something:
..."Winter Windows" is perhaps sublime in Burke's use of the word for a kind of beauty which produces sensations of awe and helplessness.... Part of the power of these pictures is the result of their controlled design, for balance, color, texture, have been managed so economically that the least change would throw the whole out of key.
– Phoebe Stanton
After 1967: sculptures, and further development of the "apertured" paintings
Sculpture: depths and shadows, reflections and refractions
In the late 1960s, Jane Frank turned her energies toward the creation of free-standing sculpture, i.e., sculptures properly speaking, as opposed to "sculptural paintings" or mixed media works on canvas.
The sculptures, with their clean lines and surfaces, often in sleek lucite or aluminium, completely dispense with the earthy, gritty qualities of those "sculptural landscape" canvases. Busch (1974) quotes Frank as saying: "I begin from a drawing or cardboard mockup. I give my welding and aluminium pieces to a machinist with whom I work quite closely".
There were more solo exhibitions, at venues including New York City's Bodley Gallery again in 1967, Morgan State University (1967), Goucher College (for the second time) in 1968, London's Alwin Gallery in 1971, the Galerie de l'Université, Paris (1972), the Philadelphia Art Alliance (1975), and a major retrospective at Towson State College (now Towson University) in 1975. She also won the Sculpture Prize at the 1983 Maryland Artists Exhibition (source: Watson-Jones).
Aerial landscape paintings
Even after 1967, when Jane Frank began making sculptures, grappling with new media such as plastics and metals, she maintained her ever-evolving production of mixed media paintings on canvas, virtually until the end of her life. Continuing her exploration of the possibilities of multiple-canvas, "apertured" paintings, she began to create her "Aerial Series" pieces, which came more and more explicitly to suggest landscapes seen from above. Especially noteworthy and striking are the "Night Landings" paintings, such as "Night Landings: Sambura" (1970), with the city grid glinting below like a dark jewel in a deep, nocturnal blue river valley. The 1975 Yoseloff retrospective catalogue listed below is very illuminating on these latter developments, and the color plates (which include images of some of the sculptures) are of higher quality than those in the Stanton book.
Several sources note that Jane Frank also designed rugs and tapestries; a color photograph showing detail from one of these textile works is reproduced in the Ann Avery book listed below.
Jane Frank died on Saturday, May 31, 1986. In some sources, her place of residence is listed as Owings Mills, Maryland, which is a near suburb of Baltimore. The 1986 Watson-Jones book's entry on Jane Frank states her address as "1300 Woods Hole Road, Towson, Maryland 21204". Towson is another near suburb of Baltimore.
Discussion of Jane Frank's work
Phoebe Stanton writes that "landscape" is for Jane Frank a way of conveying ideas which (to Stanton) recall Heidegger's definition of poetry, which included "the recreation of the experience of standing 'in the presence of the gods and to be exposed to the essential proximity of things' ". According to the jacket notes of the Stanton book, Pictures on Exhibit magazine commented in a similar vein, saying that these landscapes are "to a compellingly strong degree, poetic evocations of communion with Nature's basic essentials". We are in direct contact with the primal forces, exposed and profoundly alone.
These works are at once sensually compelling and incorporeal – "out-of-body", so to speak. And as Julia M. Busch points out, even the sculptures avoid reference to anything recognizably, bodily human. Stating that Frank's sculptures are "environmental", Busch goes on to define this term in a way that points to their "beyond-human" quality:
"Environmental sculpture is never made to work at exactly human scale, but is sufficiently larger or smaller than the scale to avoid confusion with the human image in the eyes of the viewer."
Also, the canvases of the 1960s, for all their landscape-like qualities, usually avoid anything that can be read as a horizon or a sky: we literally don't know which way is up; for as Stanton (p. 12) points out, Jane Frank – starting with "Winter's End" (1958) – avoids horizontal orientation in favor of strong diagonals. Furthermore, in this painting, as in many others of the next decade, the scale is undecidable. Stanton, again speaking of "Winter's End", writes:
"One is given no indication of the size of the scene; the way through which winter passes could be either a mountain gorge or a minute water course".
Plenty of cues are there that this is some sort of landscape, and Frank herself avows it:
"The beginning of my efforts to make my own statement, I would trace to my first visit to the Phillips Gallery.... Landscape was a natural metaphor, and so it is still for me today, in my three-dimensional double canvases".
Summing up the ambiguous position of Jane Frank's work on canvas with respect to both landscape art and pure abstraction, a reviewer for The Art Gallery magazine wrote of her 1971 solo show at London's Alwin Gallery: "Her richly textured canvases evoke a world of crags and forests, rivers and plains, in terms which are entirely non-representational."
The catalogue of the 1963 Bodley Gallery show contains a long essay by the artist, and the following three quoted passages capture many of the concerns described here:
(1) On constructing her metaphorical landscape vocabulary: "I prefer to create my own landscapes or vocabulary of shapes and patterns. However, it is rock and mineral substances, their veins and surfaces, projections and infinite hollows, which spark my particular fantasy – also beach wood, well worn with time, that is to be found on the water's edge. Issues of space have always been one of my prime concerns, and these substances seem to relate most closely to this concern. These then are the metaphor..."
(2) On the quality of interiority in her works: "It is also an attempt to penetrate the surface of an object, presenting not only the outside but what occurs within – the essence or core."
(3) On the essential aloneness of her vision: "The artist must create his own space, of his own time and personal vision. The result is not a unique image for the sake of 'newness', but rather for the sake of the artist, who must be concerned with it daily. These days are spent quite alone."
These pieces of the late 1950s and 1960s never lapse into the complaisantly decorative: there is a certain deliberate instability, often even violence, that prevents that. This quality comes through in another remark from Stanton's book. She's speaking of "Crags and Crevices", but it fits many of the works: "Nothing in the painting is still, for the big forms seem to hover in mid-air, colliding as they fall. There are provocative and startling contrasts between passages of thin, transparent paint and thick impasto, filled with striatures left by the palette knife."
Even 1968's "Aerial View No. 1", despite the spatial hint of the title, is far from literal. Certain features of structure and color render a literal interpretation of this image as an aerial landscape difficult or even impossible. The attempt at interpretation is both invited and repulsed. But by about 1970, with the "Night Landings" paintings, there was a definite shift away from the previous decade's stubbornly refractive attitude. The "Night Landings" offer a much more definite sense of scale and viewpoint, especially with the aid of the titles. "Night Landings: Nairobi" is not disorienting in the least: we know where we are; we know we're in a plane, we know the plane is landing, and we even know roughly what time it is: we are looking down, and we see vividly the city named in the title, with the surrounding land and water.
Furthermore, the fact that we see a city down there means that – at least implicitly – there are people in this painting.
Yoseloff, in his 1975 "Retrospective" book, enthuses:
"Perhaps the ultimate achievement in the direction in which Mrs. Frank has been tending is her series of "night landings".... Now, more than ever, the viewer is deeply involved, and he can feel himself carried downward into the landscape that is the canvas before him"
A staunch modernist might scoff that with the "Night Landings" of 1970 Jane Frank's art begins to "go gentle into that good night" (perhaps even lapsing into "postmodernism"). But if these more literal aerial landscapes – created in 1970 and after – lose some of the tension that gives the earlier paintings their distinctive power, they nevertheless address, with an intensely intimate delight, a perspective on reality which we must remember was still quite young in 1970, at least as a painterly subject. In "Aerial Perception" (1985), author Margret Dreikausen sees Jane Frank's aerial landscapes as sharing the spirit of the work of artists such as Georgia O'Keeffe, Susan Crile, and others, in creating images which "reflect contemporary interest in reality", experienced from a historically new vantage point. Dreikausen insists that this art "does not merely show landscape from the air" but incorporates the "earthbound vision" into "remembered images from both spaces". Dreikausen also sees Frank's aerial paintings as consisting of two basic types: the "day scenes" (such as "Ledge of Light") and the "night landings" (such as "Night Landing: Sambura"). The day scenes show a fascination with the play of actual shadows and false, painted ones, "inviting the viewer more closely to inspect the textures on the canvas and its 'reality' ". In the night landings, by contrast, the city is the focus, nestled in the canvas's aperture, like a precious jewel in a dark velvet box, with its "enticing twinkling lights", suggesting "the anticipation of the unknown, mysterious city.... The use of beads and glitter, partially covered with paint, conveys a sense of personal landscape".
The 1999 Benezit book's entry on Jane Frank takes it as a given that her works on the canvas may be summarized as semi-abstract aerial views: "Sa peinture, abstraite, fait cependant reference a un paysagisme aerien, comme vu d'avion." ("Her paintings, though abstract, nevertheless make reference to aerial landscapes, as viewed from an airplane.")
Collections
Jane Frank's paintings and mixed media works on canvas are in the collections of the Corcoran Gallery of Art ("Amber Ambience", 1964), the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Baltimore Museum of Art ("Winter's End", 1958), the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University ("Red Painting", 1966), the Arkansas Arts Center in Little Rock ("Web Of Rock", 1960), and the Evansville Museum ("Quarry III", 1963). Her works are in many other public, academic, corporate, and private collections.
Her sculptures can be found in public collections including at Towson State University.
Public art collections
Year
Title
Media
Location
Notes
1958
Winter's End
Baltimore Museum of Art
1960
Web of Rock
mixed media on canvas
Arkansas Arts Center
1961
Crags and Crevices
mixed media on canvas
1963
Quarry III
Evansville Museum
1964
Amber Ambience
painting
Corcoran Gallery of Art
1966
Red Painting
mixed media on canvas
Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University
1968
Frazer's Hog Cay #18
mixed media on canvas
Smithsonian American Art Museum
1975
Allar
aluminum sculpture
Towson State University
Footnotes
^ "Jane Frank". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
^ Watson-Jones, Virginia (1986). Contemporary American Women Sculptors. Greenwood. ISBN 9780897741392.
^ a b Staton, Phoebe B. (1968). The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank. South Brunswick, New Jersey, and New York City: A.S. Barnes & Co. ISBN 1-125-32317-5.
^ a b c Yoseloff, Thomas (1975). Jane Frank: A Retrospective Exhibition. New York City and London: A. S. Barnes. pp. 34–35. OCLC 2651512.
^ "Jane Frank, Three-Dimensional Painter, dies at 67". The Baltimore Sun. June 3, 1986. Retrieved January 3, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Cowles Homewood, Amy (October 6, 2003). "Obituary: Phoebe Stanton, 88, Outspoken Guardian of City's Architecture". Johns Hopkins Gazette. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
^ "archives for the year 1962". Corcoran Gallery Of Art. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved January 3, 2019. Jane Frank solo exhibition at the Corcoran, February 6, 1962 – March 4, 1962
^ "Norman Carlberg (1928-)". Maryland Art Source. Archived from the original on October 6, 2006.
^ "What's New In Art". The New York Times, TimesMachine. April 16, 1967. Retrieved January 4, 2019. JANE FRANK – Bodley Gallery, 787 Madison Avenue. Paintings. To April 21.
^ Stanton, Phoebe B., "The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank", page 8
^ Stanton, Phoebe B., "The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank", cover notes
^ Busch, Julia M., "A Decade of Sculpture: the New Media in the 1960s", page 27
^ Stanton, Phoebe B., "The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank", page 12
^ Jane Frank, in a letter to Yoseloff, quoted in Yoseloff, Thomas, "Jane Frank: A Retrospective Exhibition" page 37
^ The Art Gallery, Volume 14, Issue 1. Hollycroft Press, University of California. 1970. p. 12.
^ Stanton, Phoebe B., "The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank", page 14
^ Thomas Yoseloff, "Jane Frank: A Retrospective Exhibition", 1975: pp. 18–20)
^ Dreikausen, Margret, "Aerial Perception: The Earth as Seen from Aircraft and Spacecraft and Its Influence on Contemporary Art" page 63
^ a b c Dreikausen, Margret, "Aerial Perception: The Earth as Seen from Aircraft and Spacecraft and Its Influence on Contemporary Art" page 27
^ a b "Allar, (sculpture)". Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
^ "Web of Rock". Arkansas Art Center Collection. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
^ "Corcoran collection". American University. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
^ Handbook of the Collection, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University. Office of University Publications, University of Michigan. 1981. p. 104 – via Google Books.
^ "Artists, Jane Frank". Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM). Retrieved January 4, 2019.
References
American Association of University Women, (Towson, Maryland, Branch), "Baltimore County Women, 1930-1975" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, (Baltimore: The Sunpapers, 1976) OCLC 7441013
Avery, Ann (ed.), "American Artists of Renown, 1981-1982" (Wilson Publishing Co.: Gilmer, Texas, 1981) ISSN 0276-5691; OCLC 7391331
Benezit, E. (ed.), "Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, desinateurs, et graveurs de tous les temps et tous les pays" , (Gründ, Paris, 1999) ISBN 2-7000-0149-4
Busch, Julia M., "A Decade of Sculpture: the New Media in the 1960s" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine (The Art Alliance Press: Philadelphia; Associated University Presses: London, 1974) ISBN 0-87982-007-1
Chiarmonte, Paula, "Women Artists in the United States: a Selective Bibliography and Resource Guide on the Fine and Decorative Arts" (G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, 1990) . ISBN 0-8161-8917-X
Creps, Bob ; and Howard Creps; Biographical encyclopedia of American painters, sculptors & engravers of the U.S. : Colonial to 2002 (Land O'Lakes, Florida : Dealer's Choice Books, 2002) ISBN 0-9668526-1-3
Davenport, Ray, "Davenport's Art Reference and Price Guide, Gold Edition" (Ventura, California, 2005) ISSN 1540-1553; OCLC 18196910
Dreikausen, Margret, "Aerial Perception: The Earth as Seen from Aircraft and Spacecraft and Its Influence on Contemporary Art" Archived 2009-01-08 at the Wayback Machine (Associated University Presses: Cranbury, NJ; London, England; Mississauga, Ontario: 1985) . ISBN 0-87982-040-3
Dunbier, Lonnie Pierson (Ed.), "The Artists Bluebook: 34,000 North American Artists to March 2005" (Scottsdale, Arizona, 2005) OCLC 46913212
Frank, Jane. Jane Frank (pub. New York, N.Y. : Bodley Gallery, 1963) . OCLC 80892120 [Also available in MICA library vertical file; see 'External links' for access help. Additionally, Worldcat has another listing for a book, in the holdings of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, by "Jane Frank" and entitled Jane Frank; there is no mention of the Bodley Gallery, but under "Details," Worldcat has "Contents: Sculptural paintings : Jane Frank". Presumably this is the same 1963 catalogue; or perhaps it is the catalogue of Jane Frank's 1967 show at the Bodley (OCLC 83643093.
Frank, Jane; Arthur Mayer; Alwin Gallery. The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank Here is a link to the catalogue record of the copy at the National Art Library, Victoria and Albert Museum, London: . The book is also available in the MICA library vertical file on Jane Frank; see 'External links' for access help. This catalogue (confusingly taking the same title as the Stanton book) amounts nearly to a full monograph on the artist, with many images of the artist and the work, lists of exhibitions and other career summary material, and an extensive critical essay by Arthur Mayer. The Victoria and Albert Museum library description reads: "Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Alwin Gallery, London, 5 Jan. – 29 Jan. 1971. Text By Arthur Mayer."
Frank, Jane, "Monica Mink" (Vanguard Press, New York City, 1948) OCLC 1687962
International Gallery. Jane Frank: sculptural paintings (Baltimore : International Gallery, 1965) OCLC 81811826 (Also available in the "Jane Frank" vertical file at the MICA library)
Jacques Cattell Press, ed., "Who's Who in American Art", 1980 (New York City : R.R. Bowker, 1980) ISBN 0-8352-1258-0
Jacques Cattell Press, ed., "Who's Who in American Art", 1984 (New York City ; London : R.R. Bowker, 1984) ISBN 0-8352-1878-3
Meissner, Gunter, "Allgemeines Kunstlerlexikon: Die Bildenen Kuntsler aller Zeiten und Volker" (Pub. Saur: Munich, Leipzig, 2005) ISBN 3-598-22740-X
Opitz, Glenn B., ed., "Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers" (Poughkeepsie, NY : Apollo, 1983) ISBN 0-938290-02-9
Opitz, Glenn B., ed., "Dictionary of American Sculptors" (Poughkeepsie, NY: Apollo, 1984) ISBN 0-938290-03-7
Yoseloff, Thomas, "The Further Adventures of Till Eulenspiegel" (New York City : Thomas Yoseloff 1957) OCLC 24242276
Yoseloff, Thomas, "Jane Frank: A Retrospective Exhibition" (A. S. Barnes: New York City and London, 1975) OCLC 2651512
Further reading
Lisa Roney. "Contemporary American Women Sculptors" Woman's Art Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, 54. Spring – Summer, 1987. Roney notes that the volume celebrates a rich variety of creations, including "works that amuse (Viola Frey, b. 1932), threaten (Joan Danzinger, b. 1934), or maintain an abstract cool (Jane Frank, b. 1918)" . Link to JSTOR record of the review here.
External links
Smithsonian American Art Museum: Jane Frank(the museum's page on Jane Frank)
Access to Smithsonian Institution artist file folder on Jane Frank (Simply type 'jane frank' into search box and click; on next page, click the name again for more detail): "Folder(s) may include exhibition announcements, newspaper and/or magazine clippings, press releases, brochures, reviews, invitations, illustrations, resumes, artist's statements, exhibition catalogs."
Maryland Institute College of Art, Decker Library, vertical file listings. In a special archive, MICA maintains approximately 400 vertical files on "people affiliated with MICA such as alumni, faculty, visiting artists, and staff and administrators, as well as local art institutions and MICA-related items of history." Listed here is a file on Jane Frank. The web page includes information on how to access file contents. This vertical file includes essential materials such as Jane Frank's 1986 obituary in the Baltimore Sun and the catalogue of her 1963 exhibition at the Bodley Gallery in New York, as well as the catalogue of her 1971 solo exhibition at London's Alwin Gallery.
French art criticism archive page (at www.archivcriticart.org), listing an art review in the French journal Les lettres françaises for 27 September 1972, in the section called "In the Galleries" ("Dans les galeries")
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Frank (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Frank_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"sculptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptor"},{"link_name":"mixed media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media"},{"link_name":"textile artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_artist"},{"link_name":"Corcoran Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian American Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hans Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Norman Carlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Carlberg"}],"text":"For other people named Jane Frank, see Jane Frank (disambiguation).Jane Schenthal Frank (born Jane Babette Schenthal; July 25, 1918 – May 31, 1986)[1] was an American multidisciplinary artist, known as a painter, sculptor, mixed media artist, illustrator, and textile artist. Her landscape-like, mixed-media abstract paintings are included in public collections, including those of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the Baltimore Museum of Art, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum. She studied with artists, Hans Hofmann and Norman Carlberg.","title":"Jane Frank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"abstract expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionist"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_art"},{"link_name":"aerial landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_landscape"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"minimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism"},{"link_name":"modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern"},{"link_name":"inscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscape_(visual_art)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Jane Frank was a pupil of the painter, Hans Hofmann.[citation needed] She can be categorized stylistically as an abstract expressionist,[citation needed] but one who draws primary inspiration from the natural world, particularly landscape. Her later painting refers more explicitly to aerial landscapes, while her sculpture tends toward minimalism. Chronologically and stylistically, Jane Frank's work straddles both the modern and the contemporary (even postmodern) periods. She referred to her works generally as \"inscapes\".[citation needed]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_School_of_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Maryland Institute College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Institute_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"commercial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_art"},{"link_name":"fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion"},{"link_name":"illustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Parsons School of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"summer stock theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_stock_theater"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"}],"sub_title":"Training in commercial art","text":"Jane Frank (when she was still Jane Schenthal) attended the progressive Park School and received her initial artistic training at the Maryland Institute of Arts and Sciences (now known as the Maryland Institute College of Art), earning in 1935 a diploma in commercial art and fashion illustration.[2] She then acquired further training in New York City at what is now the Parsons School of Design (then called the New York School of Fine and Applied Art), from which she graduated in 1939.[3] In New York, she also studied at the New Theatre School. Her schooling complete, she began working in advertising design and acting in summer stock theatre. From the sources, it is unclear whether she worked in these fields while still in New York, or only after returning to Baltimore. We do know, however, that she began painting seriously in 1940.","title":"The early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Yoseloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Yoseloff"},{"link_name":"commercial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"cave painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso"},{"link_name":"De Kooning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"texture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texture_(painting)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Becoming a painter","text":"In a letter to Thomas Yoseloff, she wrote (quoted in Yoseloff's Retrospective, 1975, p. 34) that \"prior to 1940 my background had been entirely in commercial art\" and that when she began painting seriously, she had to \"put behind me everything I had so carefully learned in the schools\".[4] She began a study of the history of painting and \"went through a progression of spatial conceptions\" from cave painting through the Renaissance, then concentrating on Cézanne, Picasso, and De Kooning.[4] \"I was also much concerned with texture, and heavy paint\", she adds.[4]","title":"The early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Baltimore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_County"},{"link_name":"commercial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_art"},{"link_name":"department stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"commercial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_art"},{"link_name":"maiden name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_name"},{"link_name":"builder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter"},{"link_name":"studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"children's books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_books"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Council of Teachers of English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?lr=&q=%22who+wouldn%27t+listen+and+didn%27t+think%22&btnG=Search+Books"},{"link_name":"Till Eulenspiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?q=%22eadie+the+pink+elephant%22&btnG=Search+Books"}],"sub_title":"Marriage and family; children's books","text":"After returning to Baltimore, she married Herman Benjamin Frank in 1941. According to the biography in \"Baltimore County Women, 1930-1975\" listed below, Jane had previously been working as a commercial artist \"for department stores and advertising agencies\", but she \"gave up her career in commercial art for marriage and a family\" (p. 16). After marrying, she signed her works consistently as \"Jane Frank\", apparently never including a maiden name or middle initial. Her husband, a builder, constructed their home, including a studio for his wife. With the initial demands of a new marriage and family presumably beginning to relax a bit, Jane Frank returned seriously to painting in 1947 (according to Stanton, p. 9).In the following decade, while raising a family and rapidly developing as a serious painter, the young mother also illustrated three children's books. Monica Mink (1948),[5] featured along with Jane Frank's illustrations, a whimsical text by the artist herself, entirely in verse, relating a tale in which (according to the review published by the National Council of Teachers of English) \"In rhyme the obstreperous Monica Mink 'who wouldn't listen and didn't think' is finally taught that 'all Mother Minks know best'.\" [1]. Thomas Yoseloff's The Further Adventures of Till Eulenspiegel (1957, New York City), featured Jane Frank's block prints, which already show a penchant for collage-like textural juxtapositions and strong diagonal composition. Jane Frank's 1986 obituary in the Baltimore Sun mentions that she published a third children's book, entitled Eadie the Pink Elephant, with both text and pictures by the artist, and this is confirmed in an excerpt from Publishers Weekly available online [2].","title":"The early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professor emerita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"}],"sub_title":"Health catastrophes and recovery","text":"Art history professor emerita, Phoebe B. Stanton of Johns Hopkins University[6] mentioned that twice in the 20 years after 1947, Jane Frank suffered from illnesses which \"interrupted the work for long periods\".[3] The first of these catastrophes was a serious car accident in 1952, requiring multiple major surgeries and extensive convalescence, and the second was a \"serious and potentially life-threatening illness\" soon after her 1958 solo show at the Baltimore Museum of Art. The latter illness was so severe, according to Stanton, that it interrupted Jane Frank's painting work for about two years.","title":"The early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The latter 1950s to late 1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abstract expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionist"},{"link_name":"Hans Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Provincetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincetown"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Corcoran Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bodley Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodley_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Goucher College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goucher_College"},{"link_name":"Rinehart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Rinehart"},{"link_name":"Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Norman Carlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Carlberg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rinehart School of Sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinehart_School_of_Sculpture"},{"link_name":"Maryland Institute College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Institute_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"gesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesso"},{"link_name":"mixed media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media"},{"link_name":"Corcoran Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery"}],"sub_title":"Encountering Hans Hofmann, and discovering a \"sculptural landscape\"","text":"Health problems notwithstanding, the latter 1950s proved decisively fruitful for Jane Frank as a serious artist. Having fairly well recovered from her injuries in the traumatic 1952 accident, she studied for a period in 1956 with the great abstract expressionist painter Hans Hofmann in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and this mentoring gave her a jolt of inspiration and encouragement. She soon had solo exhibitions at the Baltimore Museum of Art (1958), the Corcoran Gallery of Art (1962),[7] the Bodley Gallery in New York (1963) and Goucher College (1963), among others.She also, in 1962 (1961 according to some sources), won a Rinehart Fellowship, enabling her to study with Norman Carlberg[8] at the Rinehart School of Sculpture at Maryland Institute College of Art. This might seem a sudden and late detour away from painterly pursuits, but it is a logical step: the canvases in the 1962 Corcoran show, such as \"Crags and Crevices\" and \"Rockscape II\", already feature passages that are sculpturally \"built up\" with thick mounds of gesso (or \"spackle\", as Stanton tends to call it).Jane Frank's preoccupation with space was evident even before her paintings became overtly \"sculptural\" in their use of mixed media. Of the paintings in the 1962 Corcoran Gallery show, she tells Phoebe Stanton: \"I was trying to pit mass against void and make it look as though there were passages that went way back – that's why 'crevice' is in so many of the titles\" (Stanton, p. 15). Indeed, \"Crags and Crevices\" (70\"x 50\", oil and spackle on canvas), completed in 1961, dominated the show.","title":"The latter 1950s to late 1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corcoran Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery"},{"link_name":"driftwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driftwood"},{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite"},{"link_name":"silica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica"},{"link_name":"canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas"},{"link_name":"collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage"},{"link_name":"abstract expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionist"},{"link_name":"painterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painterly"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Bodley Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodley_Gallery"},{"link_name":"mixed media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media"}],"sub_title":"Combining diverse materials and techniques","text":"Soon after the month-long Corcoran Gallery solo exhibition, Jane Frank began to apply not just spackle but a variety of other materials – sea-weathered or broken glass, charred driftwood, pebbles, what appears to be crushed graphite or silica, and even glued-on patches of separately painted and encrusted canvas (canvas collage) – to her jagged, abstract expressionist paintings. \"I wanted work that was painterly but with an actual three-dimensional space\", she later wrote (Yoseloff 1975, pp. 37–39). Jane Frank's first solo show at New York City's Bodley Gallery (1963), as well as her 1965 solo show at Baltimore's International Gallery, featured many of these radically dense and variegated mixed media paintings.","title":"The latter 1950s to late 1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas"},{"link_name":"psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological"},{"link_name":"shaped canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_canvas"},{"link_name":"Frank Stella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stella"},{"link_name":"grayscale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale"},{"link_name":"hue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine"}],"sub_title":"\"Apertured\", multiple-canvas paintings","text":"Later she began making irregular holes in the canvases (\"apertures\", as she called them: the earliest example is \"Winter Windows\", 1966–1967), disclosing deeper layers of painted canvas underneath (so-called \"double canvases\" – and sometimes triple canvases), with painted-on \"false shadows\", etc. – increasingly invoking the third dimension, creating tactile, sculptural effects while remaining within the convention of the framed, rectangular oil painting. The apertures also suggest a view into some sort of psychological interior, as though the second canvas – seen only partially, through the hole in the forward canvas – were some half-concealed secret, perhaps even another whole painting that we will never see.Stanton (p. 24) also notes that Jane Frank worked out a method – unspecified – of stiffening the apertures' often jagged edges so that they held their shape and flatness. These creations are a type of \"shaped canvas\", though very different from the shaped canvases of Frank Stella and others more commonly associated with this term.In much of her output before the late 1960s, Frank seems less interested in color than in tonality and texture, often employing the grayscale to create a sense of depth or motion from light to dark, this frequently moving in a diagonal (as in \"Winter's End\", 1958), and otherwise employing one basic hue (as with the earthy reds in \"Plum Point\", 1964). However, the later, \"windowed\" paintings show a sharper interest in vivid color relationships: indeed, Yoseloff (p. 20) notes that with the later paintings \"she has gone to bolder colors\". This is especially true, as he notes, in the \"aerial\" paintings, of which an early and monumental example is \"Aerial View no. 1\" (1968, 60 inches by 84 inches, collection of the Turner Auditorium complex at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University). This was one of the artist's favorites, according to Baltimore County Women [see below].","title":"The latter 1950s to late 1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting"},{"link_name":"abstract expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionism"},{"link_name":"pop art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art"},{"link_name":"minimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism"},{"link_name":"color field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_field"},{"link_name":"Morris Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Louis"},{"link_name":"Helen Frankenthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Frankenthaler"},{"link_name":"Mark Rothko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rothko"},{"link_name":"aesthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"American art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States"}],"sub_title":"Standing apart","text":"While these highly complex and laborious constructions (she often called them \"three-dimensional paintings\") moved her well beyond the vocabulary of the improvisatory, so-called \"action painting\" usually associated with American abstract expressionism, they also had virtually nothing to do with the pop art and minimalism which were then the rage of the 1960s New York art scene. Furthermore, they bore little resemblance to the serene \"color field\" paintings of Morris Louis, Helen Frankenthaler, or Mark Rothko. Whether brooding or exuberant, the (as it were) geologically deposited, erupted, eroded, and gouged canvases of Jane Frank stand apart from all else. Perhaps this style could be called \"geomorphic abstraction\" – though no such term can be found as a stylistic category in art history books.This standoffish aesthetic position, her chosen departure from the career-making New York City scene, and the fact that her overall output was not very large (by some standards at least), were factors that limited her career and her contemporary impact on the course of American art. Yet perhaps, as time goes on, present-day art lovers who get to know these pieces will agree with Professor Stanton that they are powerful and beautiful creations, worthy of contemplation and admiration on their intrinsic merits – regardless of what was supposedly fashionable in 1960-something:","title":"The latter 1950s to late 1960s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"After 1967: sculptures, and further development of the \"apertured\" paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"mixed media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media"},{"link_name":"lucite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucite"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum"},{"link_name":"machinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinist"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Bodley Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodley_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Morgan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_State_University"},{"link_name":"Goucher College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goucher_College"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Towson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towson_University"}],"sub_title":"Sculpture: depths and shadows, reflections and refractions","text":"In the late 1960s, Jane Frank turned her energies toward the creation of free-standing sculpture, i.e., sculptures properly speaking, as opposed to \"sculptural paintings\" or mixed media works on canvas.The sculptures, with their clean lines and surfaces, often in sleek lucite or aluminium, completely dispense with the earthy, gritty qualities of those \"sculptural landscape\" canvases. Busch (1974) quotes Frank as saying: \"I begin [working] from a drawing or cardboard mockup. I give my welding and aluminium pieces to a machinist with whom I work quite closely\".There were more solo exhibitions, at venues including New York City's Bodley Gallery again in 1967,[9] Morgan State University (1967), Goucher College (for the second time) in 1968, London's Alwin Gallery in 1971, the Galerie de l'Université, Paris (1972), the Philadelphia Art Alliance (1975), and a major retrospective at Towson State College (now Towson University) in 1975. She also won the Sculpture Prize at the 1983 Maryland Artists Exhibition (source: Watson-Jones).","title":"After 1967: sculptures, and further development of the \"apertured\" paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media"},{"link_name":"canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas"},{"link_name":"Aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_landscape_art"},{"link_name":"landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapes"},{"link_name":"rugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet"},{"link_name":"tapestries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapestries"},{"link_name":"textile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile"},{"link_name":"Owings Mills, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owings_Mills,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Towson, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towson,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Towson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towson"}],"sub_title":"Aerial landscape paintings","text":"Even after 1967, when Jane Frank began making sculptures, grappling with new media such as plastics and metals, she maintained her ever-evolving production of mixed media paintings on canvas, virtually until the end of her life. Continuing her exploration of the possibilities of multiple-canvas, \"apertured\" paintings, she began to create her \"Aerial Series\" pieces, which came more and more explicitly to suggest landscapes seen from above. Especially noteworthy and striking are the \"Night Landings\" paintings, such as \"Night Landings: Sambura\" (1970), with the city grid glinting below like a dark jewel in a deep, nocturnal blue river valley. The 1975 Yoseloff retrospective catalogue listed below is very illuminating on these latter developments, and the color plates (which include images of some of the sculptures) are of higher quality than those in the Stanton book.Several sources note that Jane Frank also designed rugs and tapestries; a color photograph showing detail from one of these textile works is reproduced in the Ann Avery book listed below.Jane Frank died on Saturday, May 31, 1986. In some sources, her place of residence is listed as Owings Mills, Maryland, which is a near suburb of Baltimore. The 1986 Watson-Jones book's entry on Jane Frank states her address as \"1300 Woods Hole Road, Towson, Maryland 21204\". Towson is another near suburb of Baltimore.","title":"After 1967: sculptures, and further development of the \"apertured\" paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape"},{"link_name":"Heidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidegger"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Environmental sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sculpture"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape"},{"link_name":"Phillips Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Collection"},{"link_name":"Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape"},{"link_name":"metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"impasto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impasto"},{"link_name":"palette knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_knife"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},{"link_name":"\"go gentle into that good night\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night"},{"link_name":"postmodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism"},{"link_name":"aerial landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_landscape"},{"link_name":"aerial landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_landscape"},{"link_name":"Georgia O'Keeffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe"},{"link_name":"Susan Crile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Crile"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dreikausen_27-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dreikausen_27-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dreikausen_27-19"},{"link_name":"aerial landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_landscape"}],"text":"Phoebe Stanton writes that \"landscape\" is for Jane Frank a way of conveying ideas which (to Stanton) recall Heidegger's definition of poetry, which included \"the recreation of the experience of standing 'in the presence of the gods and to be exposed to the essential proximity of things' \".[10] According to the jacket notes of the Stanton book, Pictures on Exhibit magazine commented in a similar vein, saying that these landscapes are \"to a compellingly strong degree, poetic evocations of communion with Nature's basic essentials\".[11] We are in direct contact with the primal forces, exposed and profoundly alone.These works are at once sensually compelling and incorporeal – \"out-of-body\", so to speak. And as Julia M. Busch points out, even the sculptures avoid reference to anything recognizably, bodily human. Stating that Frank's sculptures are \"environmental\", Busch goes on to define this term in a way that points to their \"beyond-human\" quality:\"Environmental sculpture is never made to work at exactly human scale, but is sufficiently larger or smaller than the scale to avoid confusion with the human image in the eyes of the viewer.\"[12]Also, the canvases of the 1960s, for all their landscape-like qualities, usually avoid anything that can be read as a horizon or a sky: we literally don't know which way is up; for as Stanton (p. 12) points out, Jane Frank – starting with \"Winter's End\" (1958) – avoids horizontal orientation in favor of strong diagonals. Furthermore, in this painting, as in many others of the next decade, the scale is undecidable. Stanton, again speaking of \"Winter's End\", writes:\"One is given no indication of the size of the scene; the way through which winter passes could be either a mountain gorge or a minute water course\".[13]Plenty of cues are there that this is some sort of landscape, and Frank herself avows it:\"The beginning of my efforts to make my own statement, I would trace to my first visit to the Phillips Gallery.... Landscape was a natural metaphor, and so it is still for me today, in my three-dimensional double canvases\".[14]Summing up the ambiguous position of Jane Frank's work on canvas with respect to both landscape art and pure abstraction, a reviewer for The Art Gallery magazine wrote of her 1971 solo show at London's Alwin Gallery: \"Her richly textured canvases evoke a world of crags and forests, rivers and plains, in terms which are entirely non-representational.\"[15]The catalogue of the 1963 Bodley Gallery show contains a long essay by the artist, and the following three quoted passages capture many of the concerns described here:(1) On constructing her metaphorical landscape vocabulary: \"I prefer to create my own landscapes or vocabulary of shapes and patterns. However, it is rock and mineral substances, their veins and surfaces, projections and infinite hollows, which spark my particular fantasy – also beach wood, well worn with time, that is to be found on the water's edge. Issues of space have always been one of my prime concerns, and these substances seem to relate most closely to this concern. These then are the metaphor...\" [This quote needs a citation](2) On the quality of interiority in her works: \"It is also an attempt to penetrate the surface of an object, presenting not only the outside but what occurs within – the essence or core.\"[This quote needs a citation](3) On the essential aloneness of her vision: \"The artist must create his own space, of his own time and personal vision. The result is not a unique image for the sake of 'newness', but rather for the sake of the artist, who must be concerned with it daily. These days are spent quite alone.\"[This quote needs a citation]These pieces of the late 1950s and 1960s never lapse into the complaisantly decorative: there is a certain deliberate instability, often even violence, that prevents that. This quality comes through in another remark from Stanton's book. She's speaking of \"Crags and Crevices\", but it fits many of the works: \"Nothing in the painting is still, for the big forms seem to hover in mid-air, colliding as they fall. There are provocative and startling contrasts between passages of thin, transparent paint and thick impasto, filled with striatures left by the palette knife.\"[16]Even 1968's \"Aerial View No. 1\", despite the spatial hint of the title, is far from literal. Certain features of structure and color render a literal interpretation of this image as an aerial landscape difficult or even impossible. The attempt at interpretation is both invited and repulsed. But by about 1970, with the \"Night Landings\" paintings, there was a definite shift away from the previous decade's stubbornly refractive attitude. The \"Night Landings\" offer a much more definite sense of scale and viewpoint, especially with the aid of the titles. \"Night Landings: Nairobi\" is not disorienting in the least: we know where we are; we know we're in a plane, we know the plane is landing, and we even know roughly what time it is: we are looking down, and we see vividly the city named in the title, with the surrounding land and water.Furthermore, the fact that we see a city down there means that – at least implicitly – there are people in this painting.Yoseloff, in his 1975 \"Retrospective\" book, enthuses:\"Perhaps the ultimate achievement in the direction in which Mrs. Frank has been tending is her series of \"night landings\".... Now, more than ever, the viewer is deeply involved, and he can feel himself carried downward into the landscape that is the canvas before him\" [17]A staunch modernist might scoff that with the \"Night Landings\" of 1970 Jane Frank's art begins to \"go gentle into that good night\" (perhaps even lapsing into \"postmodernism\"). But if these more literal aerial landscapes – created in 1970 and after – lose some of the tension that gives the earlier paintings their distinctive power, they nevertheless address, with an intensely intimate delight, a perspective on reality which we must remember was still quite young in 1970, at least as a painterly subject. In \"Aerial Perception\" (1985), author Margret Dreikausen sees Jane Frank's aerial landscapes as sharing the spirit of the work of artists such as Georgia O'Keeffe, Susan Crile, and others, in creating images which \"reflect contemporary interest in reality\", experienced from a historically new vantage point. Dreikausen insists that this art \"does not merely show landscape from the air\" but incorporates the \"earthbound vision\" into \"remembered images from both spaces\".[18] Dreikausen also sees Frank's aerial paintings as consisting of two basic types: the \"day scenes\" (such as \"Ledge of Light\") and the \"night landings\" (such as \"Night Landing: Sambura\").[19] The day scenes show a fascination with the play of actual shadows and false, painted ones, \"inviting the viewer more closely to inspect the textures on the canvas and its 'reality' \".[19] In the night landings, by contrast, the city is the focus, nestled in the canvas's aperture, like a precious jewel in a dark velvet box, with its \"enticing twinkling lights\", suggesting \"the anticipation of the unknown, mysterious city.... The use of beads and glitter, partially covered with paint, conveys a sense of personal landscape\".[19]The 1999 Benezit book's entry on Jane Frank takes it as a given that her works on the canvas may be summarized as semi-abstract aerial views: \"Sa peinture, abstraite, fait cependant reference a un paysagisme aerien, comme vu d'avion.\" (\"Her paintings, though abstract, nevertheless make reference to aerial landscapes, as viewed from an airplane.\")","title":"Discussion of Jane Frank's work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media"},{"link_name":"Corcoran Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian American Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_F._Johnson_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock"},{"link_name":"Evansville Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville_Museum_of_Arts,_History_and_Science"},{"link_name":"Towson State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towson_University"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"}],"text":"Jane Frank's paintings and mixed media works on canvas are in the collections of the Corcoran Gallery of Art (\"Amber Ambience\", 1964), the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Baltimore Museum of Art (\"Winter's End\", 1958), the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University (\"Red Painting\", 1966), the Arkansas Arts Center in Little Rock (\"Web Of Rock\", 1960), and the Evansville Museum (\"Quarry III\", 1963). Her works are in many other public, academic, corporate, and private collections.Her sculptures can be found in public collections including at Towson State University.[20]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Jane Frank\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//americanart.si.edu/artist/jane-frank-1635"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780897741392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897741392"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_3-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-125-32317-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-125-32317-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_4-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2651512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2651512"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Jane Frank, Three-Dimensional Painter, dies at 67\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/newspage/378027916/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Obituary: Phoebe Stanton, 88, Outspoken Guardian of City's Architecture\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pages.jh.edu/~gazette/2003/06oct03/06phoebe.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"archives for the year 1962\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061001113117/http://www.corcoran.org/exhibitions/archive_results.asp?Year=1962"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.corcoran.org/exhibitions/archive_results.asp?Year=1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Norman Carlberg (1928-)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061006083202/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000160.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000160.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"What's New In Art\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/04/16/issue.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"The Art Gallery, Volume 14, Issue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NUBZAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dreikausen_27_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dreikausen_27_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dreikausen_27_19-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_20-1"},{"link_name":"\"Allar, (sculpture)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=11829N5G921W3.996&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100006~!295627~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=7&source=~!siartinventories&term=Frank%252C+Jane%252C+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Web of Rock\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190723211124/https://www.arkansasartscenter.org/search-the-collection"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.arkansasartscenter.org/search-the-collection"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Corcoran collection\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.corcoran.org/au"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Handbook of the Collection, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?ei=XbIHTNKYN4WglAfc0JXzDg&ct"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Artists, Jane Frank\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//americanart.si.edu/artist/jane-frank-1635"}],"text":"^ \"Jane Frank\". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved January 3, 2019.\n\n^ Watson-Jones, Virginia (1986). Contemporary American Women Sculptors. Greenwood. ISBN 9780897741392.\n\n^ a b Staton, Phoebe B. (1968). The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank. South Brunswick, New Jersey, and New York City: A.S. Barnes & Co. ISBN 1-125-32317-5.\n\n^ a b c Yoseloff, Thomas (1975). Jane Frank: A Retrospective Exhibition. New York City and London: A. S. Barnes. pp. 34–35. OCLC 2651512.\n\n^ \"Jane Frank, Three-Dimensional Painter, dies at 67\". The Baltimore Sun. June 3, 1986. Retrieved January 3, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ Cowles Homewood, Amy (October 6, 2003). \"Obituary: Phoebe Stanton, 88, Outspoken Guardian of City's Architecture\". Johns Hopkins Gazette. Retrieved January 4, 2019.\n\n^ \"archives for the year 1962\". Corcoran Gallery Of Art. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved January 3, 2019. Jane Frank solo exhibition at the Corcoran, February 6, 1962 – March 4, 1962\n\n^ \"Norman Carlberg (1928-)\". Maryland Art Source. Archived from the original on October 6, 2006.\n\n^ \"What's New In Art\". The New York Times, TimesMachine. April 16, 1967. Retrieved January 4, 2019. JANE FRANK – Bodley Gallery, 787 Madison Avenue. Paintings. To April 21.\n\n^ Stanton, Phoebe B., \"The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank\", page 8\n\n^ Stanton, Phoebe B., \"The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank\", cover notes\n\n^ Busch, Julia M., \"A Decade of Sculpture: the New Media in the 1960s\", page 27\n\n^ Stanton, Phoebe B., \"The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank\", page 12\n\n^ Jane Frank, in a letter to Yoseloff, quoted in Yoseloff, Thomas, \"Jane Frank: A Retrospective Exhibition\" page 37\n\n^ The Art Gallery, Volume 14, Issue 1. Hollycroft Press, University of California. 1970. p. 12.\n\n^ Stanton, Phoebe B., \"The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank\", page 14\n\n^ Thomas Yoseloff, \"Jane Frank: A Retrospective Exhibition\", 1975: pp. 18–20)\n\n^ Dreikausen, Margret, \"Aerial Perception: The Earth as Seen from Aircraft and Spacecraft and Its Influence on Contemporary Art\" page 63\n\n^ a b c Dreikausen, Margret, \"Aerial Perception: The Earth as Seen from Aircraft and Spacecraft and Its Influence on Contemporary Art\" page 27\n\n^ a b \"Allar, (sculpture)\". Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved January 4, 2019.\n\n^ \"Web of Rock\". Arkansas Art Center Collection. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.\n\n^ \"Corcoran collection\". American University. Retrieved January 4, 2019.\n\n^ Handbook of the Collection, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University. Office of University Publications, University of Michigan. 1981. p. 104 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"Artists, Jane Frank\". Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM). Retrieved January 4, 2019.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1358351"}],"text":"Lisa Roney. \"Contemporary American Women Sculptors\" [review of book: Watson-Jones, Virginia. Contemporary American Women Sculptors. Oryx Press, 1986.] Woman's Art Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, 54. Spring – Summer, 1987. Roney notes that the volume celebrates a rich variety of creations, including \"works that amuse (Viola Frey, b. 1932), threaten (Joan Danzinger, b. 1934), or maintain an abstract cool (Jane Frank, b. 1918)\" [p. 54]. Link to JSTOR record of the review here.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jane Frank\". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved January 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanart.si.edu/artist/jane-frank-1635","url_text":"\"Jane Frank\""}]},{"reference":"Watson-Jones, Virginia (1986). Contemporary American Women Sculptors. Greenwood. ISBN 9780897741392.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897741392","url_text":"9780897741392"}]},{"reference":"Staton, Phoebe B. (1968). The Sculptural Landscape of Jane Frank. South Brunswick, New Jersey, and New York City: A.S. Barnes & Co. ISBN 1-125-32317-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-125-32317-5","url_text":"1-125-32317-5"}]},{"reference":"Yoseloff, Thomas (1975). Jane Frank: A Retrospective Exhibition. New York City and London: A. S. Barnes. pp. 34–35. OCLC 2651512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2651512","url_text":"2651512"}]},{"reference":"\"Jane Frank, Three-Dimensional Painter, dies at 67\". The Baltimore Sun. June 3, 1986. Retrieved January 3, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/378027916/","url_text":"\"Jane Frank, Three-Dimensional Painter, dies at 67\""}]},{"reference":"Cowles Homewood, Amy (October 6, 2003). \"Obituary: Phoebe Stanton, 88, Outspoken Guardian of City's Architecture\". Johns Hopkins Gazette. Retrieved January 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pages.jh.edu/~gazette/2003/06oct03/06phoebe.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Phoebe Stanton, 88, Outspoken Guardian of City's Architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"archives for the year 1962\". Corcoran Gallery Of Art. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved January 3, 2019. Jane Frank solo exhibition at the Corcoran, February 6, 1962 – March 4, 1962","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061001113117/http://www.corcoran.org/exhibitions/archive_results.asp?Year=1962","url_text":"\"archives for the year 1962\""},{"url":"http://www.corcoran.org/exhibitions/archive_results.asp?Year=1962","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Norman Carlberg (1928-)\". Maryland Art Source. Archived from the original on October 6, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006083202/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000160.html","url_text":"\"Norman Carlberg (1928-)\""},{"url":"http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000160.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What's New In Art\". The New York Times, TimesMachine. April 16, 1967. Retrieved January 4, 2019. JANE FRANK – Bodley Gallery, 787 Madison Avenue. Paintings. To April 21.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/04/16/issue.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article","url_text":"\"What's New In Art\""}]},{"reference":"The Art Gallery, Volume 14, Issue 1. Hollycroft Press, University of California. 1970. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NUBZAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Art Gallery, Volume 14, Issue 1"}]},{"reference":"\"Allar, (sculpture)\". Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved January 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=11829N5G921W3.996&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100006~!295627~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=7&source=~!siartinventories&term=Frank%252C+Jane%252C+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR","url_text":"\"Allar, (sculpture)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Web of Rock\". Arkansas Art Center Collection. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190723211124/https://www.arkansasartscenter.org/search-the-collection","url_text":"\"Web of Rock\""},{"url":"https://www.arkansasartscenter.org/search-the-collection","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Corcoran collection\". American University. Retrieved January 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corcoran.org/au","url_text":"\"Corcoran collection\""}]},{"reference":"Handbook of the Collection, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University. Office of University Publications, University of Michigan. 1981. p. 104 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?ei=XbIHTNKYN4WglAfc0JXzDg&ct","url_text":"Handbook of the Collection, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University"}]},{"reference":"\"Artists, Jane Frank\". Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM). Retrieved January 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanart.si.edu/artist/jane-frank-1635","url_text":"\"Artists, Jane Frank\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Frank&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=%22who+wouldn%27t+listen+and+didn%27t+think%22&btnG=Search+Books","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?q=%22eadie+the+pink+elephant%22&btnG=Search+Books","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://americanart.si.edu/artist/jane-frank-1635","external_links_name":"\"Jane Frank\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2651512","external_links_name":"2651512"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/378027916/","external_links_name":"\"Jane Frank, Three-Dimensional Painter, dies at 67\""},{"Link":"http://pages.jh.edu/~gazette/2003/06oct03/06phoebe.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Phoebe Stanton, 88, Outspoken Guardian of City's Architecture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061001113117/http://www.corcoran.org/exhibitions/archive_results.asp?Year=1962","external_links_name":"\"archives for the year 1962\""},{"Link":"http://www.corcoran.org/exhibitions/archive_results.asp?Year=1962","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006083202/http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000160.html","external_links_name":"\"Norman Carlberg (1928-)\""},{"Link":"http://www.marylandartsource.org/artists/detail_000000160.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/04/16/issue.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article","external_links_name":"\"What's New In Art\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NUBZAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Art Gallery, Volume 14, Issue 1"},{"Link":"https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=11829N5G921W3.996&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100006~!295627~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=7&source=~!siartinventories&term=Frank%252C+Jane%252C+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR","external_links_name":"\"Allar, (sculpture)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190723211124/https://www.arkansasartscenter.org/search-the-collection","external_links_name":"\"Web of Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.arkansasartscenter.org/search-the-collection","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.corcoran.org/au","external_links_name":"\"Corcoran collection\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?ei=XbIHTNKYN4WglAfc0JXzDg&ct","external_links_name":"Handbook of the Collection, Herbert F. 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listings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070624043724/http://www.archivcriticart.org/isadg.php?s=1&alpha=V&id=21","external_links_name":"French art criticism archive page (at www.archivcriticart.org)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/421103/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000074239920","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63922706","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1263182577","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007384368305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr98027981","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Watson_(rugby_league) | Ian Watson (rugby league) | ["1 Background","2 Playing career","3 Coaching career","3.1 Swinton Lions","3.2 Salford Red Devils","3.3 Huddersfield Giants","4 Representative career","5 References","6 External links"] | British rugby league coach (born 1976)
Ian "Watto" WatsonPersonal informationFull nameIan Roger WatsonBorn (1976-10-27) 27 October 1976 (age 47)Salford, Greater Manchester, EnglandPlaying informationPositionScrum-half, Hooker
Club
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
1994–97
Salford Reds
42
7
30
8
92
1996(loan)
→ Workington Town
5
1
15
0
34
1998–00
Swinton Lions
92
22
152
14
406
2001
Widnes Vikings
25
0
72
2
146
2002
Salford City Reds
23
2
0
1
9
2003
Rochdale Hornets
32
7
27
6
88
2004
Oldham
29
6
5
7
41
2005–06
Swinton Lions
36
7
8
0
44
2006
Widnes Vikings
16
0
1
0
2
2007
Halifax
30
3
9
1
31
2008–09
Leigh Centurions
52
13
62
4
180
2010–14
Swinton Lions
111
10
6
0
52
Total
493
78
387
43
1125
Representative
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
1995–11
Wales
30
7
1
0
30
Coaching information
Club
Years
Team
Gms
W
D
L
W%
2014
Swinton Lions
26
5
0
21
19
2015–20
Salford Red Devils
164
80
0
84
49
2021–
Huddersfield Giants
90
43
1
36
48
Total
280
128
1
141
46
Source: As of 9 January 2023
Ian Watson (born 27 October 1976) is a professional rugby league coach who is the head coach of the Huddersfield Giants in the Betfred Super League, and a former Wales international who played as a scrum-half or hooker in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.
He played for the Salford City Reds, Workington Town, Swinton Lions, Widnes Vikings, Rochdale Hornets, Oldham, Halifax and the Leigh Centurions. Watson was a goal-kicker who holds the appearance record for Wales with 30 caps.
Watson has coached the Swinton Lions in the Championship and the Salford Red Devils and Huddersfield Giants in the Super League. He is considered one of the best British coaches in the game after taking unfancied Salford and Huddersfield to Finals.
Background
Watson was born in Salford, Greater Manchester, England.
Playing career
Watson started his professional career with the Salford Reds coming though from local amateur team Eccles RLFC.
In July 1996, he joined Workington Town on loan, where he played in the Super League for the first time.
He returned to the Salford Reds for the 1997's Super League II, making 27 appearances for the club.
Following the signings of Martin Crompton and Josh White, despite being a firm club favourite Watson was deemed surplus to requirements, and was sold to the Swinton Lions for a fee of £15,000. He spent three years with the Swinton Lions before signing a one-year contract with the Widnes Vikings for the 2001 season.
He returned to the Super League a year later, re-joining the Salford City Reds on a one-year deal.
Watson played out the remainder of his career in the Championships.
Coaching career
Swinton Lions
In January 2014, Watson was appointed as player-coach for the Swinton Lions.
Salford Red Devils
He left Swinton Lions in July 2014 to join the Salford Red Devils as an assistant coach. In late 2015, Watson was promoted to interim head coach after Iestyn Harris left the club. He was given the job on a permanent basis for 2016, working alongside Director of Rugby Tim Sheens.
He coached the Salford Red Devils to the 2019 Super League Grand Final defeat by St Helens at Old Trafford.
On 17 October 2020, he coached Salford in the 2020 Challenge Cup Final defeat against Leeds at Wembley Stadium.
Ian Watson at the Huddersfield Giants
Huddersfield Giants
On 19 November 2020, Watson was confirmed as the new Huddersfield Giants coach on a three-year deal.
In round 5 of the 2021 Super League season, Watson earned his first win as Huddersfield coach when they defeated Leeds 14–13.
In Watson's first year in charge, Huddersfield finished the 2021 Super League season in a disappointing 9th place on the table.
In May 2022, he repeated his success with Salford when he steered Huddersfield to the cup final after defeating Hull Kingston Rovers at Elland Road. On 28 May 2022, Huddersfield were defeated 16–14 in the 2022 Challenge Cup Final by Wigan.
Representative career
Watson held the record for having won the most caps for Wales, before being surpassed by Rhys Williams in 2022.
Having made his début against the USA in Philadelphia in 1995, he made 30 appearances for Wales, scoring 7 tries and kicking one goal.
He played at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup.
His final appearance for Wales came during the 2011 Four Nations tournament against New Zealand, and he announced his international retirement shortly after.
References
^ FreeBMD Entry Information
^ a b "Profile at loverugbyleague.com". loverugbyleague.com. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ a b "Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ a b "Coach Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ "Gay's good news for Castleford". The Independent. 20 July 1996. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
^ Hadfield, Dave (14 January 1998). "Rugby League: Clubs refuse to alter fixtures". The Independent. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
^ Fitzpatrick, Paul (9 February 1998). "Rugby League: Barrow lifts the Lions First Division: Swinton 41, Keighley 16". The Guardian. p. 10. ProQuest 245210714.
^ "Busy Widnes; Rugby League". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 30 August 2000. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
^ "Watson returns". South Wales Echo. 12 December 2001. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
^ "Swinton chairman resigns as club awaits investment". Love Rugby League. 18 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
^ Ian Watson signed by Salford
^ Ian Watson's in at the deep end at the Salford Red Devils but learning from legends
^ "St Helens give Justin Holbrook the perfect send-off with commanding Grand Final victory over Salford". The Telegraph. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
^ Unwin, Will (12 October 2019). "St Helens 23-6 Salford Red Devils: Super League Grand Final – as it happened". The Guardian.
^ "St Helens win 2019 Super League League Leaders' shield". Sky Sports.
^ "Leeds beat Salford 17-16 after Luke Gale lands late winning drop-goal". BBC Sport.
^ "Huddersfield hire Ian Watson as new head coach". South Wales Guardian. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
^ "Huddersfield Giants head coach feeling good after first Super League win of 2021". www.skysports.com.
^ "Huddersfield Giants 42 Leigh Centurions 24: Eight-try Giants finish with a flourish". www.yorkshirepost.co.uk.
^ "Challenge Cup final: Huddersfield Giants 14-16 Wigan Warriors". www.bbc.co.uk. 26 May 2022.
^ "Thomas début on Wednesday" The Press Association (3 October 2010)
^ Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp. 108–114. ISBN 978-1-903659-49-6.
^ "Statistics at walesrugbyleague.com". walesrugbyleague.com. 18 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ "Briers to retire from Wales duty". BBC News.
Sporting positions
Preceded byGary Chambers2013
CoachSwinton Lions 2014
Succeeded byJohn Duffy2014-2017
Preceded byIestyn Harris2014–2015
CoachSalford Red Devils 2016–2020
Succeeded byRichard Marshall2020-2021
Preceded byLuke Robinson(caretaker)2020
CoachHuddersfield Giants 2021-present
Succeeded byIncumbent
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ian Watson (rugby league).
(archived by web.archive.org) Leigh profile
(archived by web.archive.org) The Teams: Wales
vteHuddersfield Giants – 2024 current squad
1 Connor
2 Swift
3 Marsters
4 Naiqama
5 Jake Bibby
6 Lolohea
7 Clune
8 Hill
9 Milner
10 Greenwood
11 Murchie
12 Hewitt
13 Yates
14 Golding
15 English
16 Rushton
17 Wilson
18 Ikahihifo
19 Deakin
20 Wallis
21 Cudjoe
22 Livett
23 Russell
24 Halsall
25 Rogers
26 Salabio
27 Rush
28 Jack Bibby
29 Billington
30 McGowan
31 Carr
32 Flanagan
33 Savelio
Coach: Watson
vteWales squad – 2000 Rugby League World Cup
Harris (c)
Atcheson
Briers
Busby
Carvell
Critchley
Cunningham
Davies
Devereux
Eaton
Farrell
Highton
Jenkins
Luckwell
Moriarty
Morgan
Morley
O'Hare
Price
Smith
Sterling
Sullivan
Tassell
Watson
Whittle
Coach: Griffiths
vteWales squad – 2011 Rugby League Four Nations
Beasley
Bracek
Briers (c)
Budworth
Divorty
Dudson
Flower
Frizell
Gay
A. James
J. James
Jones
Kear
Kopczak
Lennon
Lupton
Roets
Seamark
Watson
Webster
White
L. Williams
R. Williams
Coach: Harris
Coaching positions
vteHuddersfield Giants coaches
Chris Brockbank (1933-35)
Alex Fiddes (194?-??)
Russell Pepperell (195?-58)
Ernie Ashcroft (1958-61)
Dave Valentine (196?)
Jack Scroby (1970)
Brian Smith (1973–76)
Keith Goulding (1976)
Bob Tomlinson (1977)
Neil Fox (1977–78)
Keith Goulding (1978–79)
Ian Brooke (1979–80)
Maurice Bamford (1980–81)
Les Sheard (1981–82)
Dave Mortimer (1982–83)
Mel Bedford (1983)
Brian Lockwood (1983–85)
Chris Forster (1985–86)
Jack Addy (1987–88)
Allen Jones/Neil Whittaker (1988)
Nigel Stephenson (1988–90)
Barry Seabourne (1990–91)
Mick Blacker/Francis Jarvis (1991)
Alex Murphy (1991–94)
George Fairbairn (1994–95)
Darryl Van de Velde (1995–96)
Steve Ferres (1997)
Garry Schofield (1998)
Mal Reilly (1999)
John Kear (1999–2001)
Phil Veivers (2001)
Tony Smith (2001–03)
Jon Sharp (2003–08)
Kieron Purtill & Paul Anderson (2008)
Nathan Brown (2009–12)
Paul Anderson (2013–16)
Andy Kelly (2016)
Chris Thorman (2016)
Rick Stone (2016–18)
Chris Thorman (2018)
Simon Woolford (2018–20)
Luke Robinson (2020)
Ian Watson (2021–)
vteSalford Red Devils coaches
1922 - 1926 James Lomas
1928 - 1940 Lance Todd
1954 - 1958 Gus Risman
1960 - 1963 George Parsons
1963 - 1964 Ted Cahill
1964 - 1970 Griff Jenkins
1970 - 1973 Cliff Evans
1973 – 1977 Les Bettinson
1977 – 1978 Colin Dixon
1978 Stan McCormick
1978 – 1980 Alex Murphy
1980 – 1982 Kevin Ashcroft
1982 Alan McInnes
1982 – 1983 Mal Aspey
1983 – 1984 Mike Coulman
1984 – 1989 Kevin Ashcroft
1989 – 1993 Kevin Tamati
1993 – 1995 Garry Jack
Super League Era
1995 - 1999 Andy Gregory
1999 - 2001 John Harvey
2001 - 2002 Steve McCormack
2002 - 2007 Karl Harrison
2007 Steve Simms
2007 - 2011 Shaun McRae
2011 Matt Parish
2011 - 2013 Phil Veivers
2013 Alan Hunte (interim)
2013 - 2014 Brian Noble
2014 - 2015 Iestyn Harris
2015 - 2020 Ian Watson
2021 - 2021 Richard Marshall
2021 - present Paul Rowley
vteSwinton Lions coaches
Griff Jenkins (1951-54)
Cliff Evans (1954-67)
Dai Moses (1967-68)
Albert Blan (1968-71)
David Mortimer (1971-72)
Rees Thomas (1972-74)
Austin Rhodes (1974–75)
Bob Fleet (1975–76)
John Stopford (1976–77)
Terry Gorman (1977–78)
Ken Halliwell (1978–79)
Frank Myler (1980–81)
Tom Grainey (1981–83)
Jim Crellin (1983–86)
Bill Holliday & Mike Peers (1986–87)
Frank Barrow (1987–89)
Jim Crellin (1989–91)
Chris O'Sullivan (1991)
Tony Barrow (1992–96)
Peter Roe (1996–97)
Les Holliday (1997–99)
Mike Gregory (1999–2001)
Tony Humphries (2001–02)
Tony Barrow (2002)
Phil Veivers (2002)
Peter Roe (2003)
Paul Kidd (2004–09)
Paul Smith (2010)
Paul Kidd (2010)
Steve McCormack (2011–12)
Gary Chambers (2013)
Ian Watson (2014)
John Duffy (2014–17)
Stuart Littler (2017–21)
Allan Coleman (2021–23)
Alan Kilshaw (2024-) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"Betfred Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betfred_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"scrum-half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Scrum-half"},{"link_name":"hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Salford City Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"Workington Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington_Town"},{"link_name":"Swinton Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton_Lions"},{"link_name":"Widnes Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets"},{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Leigh Centurions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Centurions"},{"link_name":"goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(sports)#Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile_at_loverugbyleague.com-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistics_at_rugbyleagueproject.org-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coach_Statistics_at_rugbyleagueproject.org-4"},{"link_name":"Swinton Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton_Lions"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Salford Red Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"}],"text":"Ian Watson (born 27 October 1976) is a professional rugby league coach who is the head coach of the Huddersfield Giants in the Betfred Super League, and a former Wales international who played as a scrum-half or hooker in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.He played for the Salford City Reds, Workington Town, Swinton Lions, Widnes Vikings, Rochdale Hornets, Oldham, Halifax and the Leigh Centurions. Watson was a goal-kicker who holds the appearance record for Wales with 30 caps.[2][3][4]Watson has coached the Swinton Lions in the Championship and the Salford Red Devils and Huddersfield Giants in the Super League. He is considered one of the best British coaches in the game after taking unfancied Salford and Huddersfield to Finals.","title":"Ian Watson (rugby league)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"}],"text":"Watson was born in Salford, Greater Manchester, England.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salford Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"Eccles RLFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_City_Roosters"},{"link_name":"Workington Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington_Town"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"Super League II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Martin Crompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Crompton"},{"link_name":"Swinton Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton_Lions"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Widnes Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Vikings"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rugby_league_system#History"}],"text":"Watson started his professional career with the Salford Reds coming though from local amateur team Eccles RLFC.In July 1996, he joined Workington Town on loan,[5] where he played in the Super League for the first time.He returned to the Salford Reds for the 1997's Super League II, making 27 appearances for the club.[6]Following the signings of Martin Crompton and Josh White, despite being a firm club favourite Watson was deemed surplus to requirements, and was sold to the Swinton Lions for a fee of £15,000.[7] He spent three years with the Swinton Lions before signing a one-year contract with the Widnes Vikings for the 2001 season.[8]He returned to the Super League a year later, re-joining the Salford City Reds on a one-year deal.[9]Watson played out the remainder of his career in the Championships.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"player-coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-coach"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Swinton Lions","text":"In January 2014, Watson was appointed as player-coach for the Swinton Lions.[10]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Iestyn Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iestyn_Harris"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tim Sheens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Sheens"},{"link_name":"Salford Red Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"2019 Super League Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Super_League_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"St Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C."},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St_Helens_give_Justin_Holbrook_the_perfect_send-off_with_commanding_Grand_Final_victory_over_Salford-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2020 Challenge Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Challenge_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IanWatson1.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Salford Red Devils","text":"He left Swinton Lions in July 2014 to join the Salford Red Devils as an assistant coach.[11] In late 2015, Watson was promoted to interim head coach after Iestyn Harris left the club.[12] He was given the job on a permanent basis for 2016, working alongside Director of Rugby Tim Sheens.He coached the Salford Red Devils to the 2019 Super League Grand Final defeat by St Helens at Old Trafford.[13][14][15]On 17 October 2020, he coached Salford in the 2020 Challenge Cup Final defeat against Leeds at Wembley Stadium.[16]Ian Watson at the Huddersfield Giants","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2021 Super League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Super_League_season"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2021 Super League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Super_League_season"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Challenge_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Hull Kingston Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Elland Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland_Road"},{"link_name":"2022 Challenge Cup 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On 28 May 2022, Huddersfield were defeated 16–14 in the 2022 Challenge Cup Final by Wigan.[20]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Rhys Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Williams_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2000 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistics_at_walesrugbyleague.com-23"},{"link_name":"2011 Four Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Four_Nations"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Watson held the record for having won the most caps for Wales, before being surpassed by Rhys Williams in 2022.Having made his début against the USA in Philadelphia in 1995, he made 30 appearances for Wales, scoring 7 tries and kicking one goal.[21]He played at the 2000 Rugby League World Cup.[22][23]His final appearance for Wales came during the 2011 Four Nations tournament against New Zealand, and he announced his international retirement shortly after.[24]","title":"Representative career"}] | [{"image_text":"Ian Watson at the Huddersfield Giants","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/IanWatson1.jpg/220px-IanWatson1.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Profile at loverugbyleague.com\". loverugbyleague.com. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loverugbyleague.com/stats/players/Ian-Watson","url_text":"\"Profile at loverugbyleague.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/ian-watson/summary.html","url_text":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coach Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/coaches/ian-watson/summary.html","url_text":"\"Coach Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gay's good news for Castleford\". The Independent. 20 July 1996. Retrieved 16 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/gays-good-news-for-castleford-1329561.html","url_text":"\"Gay's good news for Castleford\""}]},{"reference":"Hadfield, Dave (14 January 1998). \"Rugby League: Clubs refuse to alter fixtures\". The Independent. Retrieved 16 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-league-clubs-refuse-to-alter-fixtures-1138634.html","url_text":"\"Rugby League: Clubs refuse to alter fixtures\""}]},{"reference":"Fitzpatrick, Paul (9 February 1998). \"Rugby League: Barrow lifts the Lions First Division: Swinton 41, Keighley 16\". The Guardian. p. 10. ProQuest 245210714.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/245210714","url_text":"245210714"}]},{"reference":"\"Busy Widnes; Rugby League\". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 30 August 2000. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Chamber_Players | Da Capo Chamber Players | ["1 Recordings","2 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Da Capo Chamber Players" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Da Capo Chamber Players are an American contemporary music "Pierrot ensemble," founded in 1970. Winners of the Naumburg Award in 1973, its founding members included composer/pianist Joan Tower, violinist Joel Lester (former dean of Mannes College of Music), and flutist Patricia Spencer. The current members are Curtis Macomber, violin; Chris Gross, cello; Steve Beck, piano; Patricia Spencer, flute; and Meighan Stoops, clarinet.
The Da Capo Chamber Players have commissioned over 100 works from composers such as Joan Tower, John Harbison, Chinary Ung, George Perle, Shulamit Ran, Philip Glass, Mohammed Fairouz, Kyle Gann, Roberto Carnevale, Milton Babbitt, Martin Bresnick, and David Lang among others. In recent years, Da Capo has established active creative relationships with prominent Russian contemporary composers, and the ensemble regularly visits Russia for performances and master classes.
Da Capo has been in residence at Bard College since 1982, and since 2006 have been the ensemble-in-residence with the Bard Conservatory. The ensemble has released recordings on labels such as Bridge, New World, CRI, and Innova.
Recordings
Dreamtigers: Chamber Music by Judith Shatin (2004)
Chamber Music of Shulamit Ran (1995)
Joan Tower: Chamber & Solo Works (1994)
Arnold Schoenberg: Pierrot Lunaire (1992)
External links
Official site
Art of the States: Da Capo Chamber Players
The Database of Recorded American Music: Da Capo Chamber Players
Bard Conservatory: Faculty
This article about a United States classical music orchestra is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contemporary music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_music"},{"link_name":"Pierrot ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrot_ensemble"},{"link_name":"Joan Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Tower"},{"link_name":"Mannes College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannes_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Joan Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Tower"},{"link_name":"John Harbison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harbison"},{"link_name":"Chinary Ung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinary_Ung"},{"link_name":"George Perle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Perle"},{"link_name":"Shulamit Ran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulamit_Ran"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Fairouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Fairouz"},{"link_name":"Kyle Gann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gann"},{"link_name":"Roberto Carnevale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Carnevale"},{"link_name":"Milton Babbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Babbitt"},{"link_name":"Martin Bresnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bresnick"},{"link_name":"David Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lang_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Bard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_College"}],"text":"The Da Capo Chamber Players are an American contemporary music \"Pierrot ensemble,\" founded in 1970. Winners of the Naumburg Award in 1973, its founding members included composer/pianist Joan Tower, violinist Joel Lester (former dean of Mannes College of Music), and flutist Patricia Spencer. The current members are Curtis Macomber, violin; Chris Gross, cello; Steve Beck, piano; Patricia Spencer, flute; and Meighan Stoops, clarinet.The Da Capo Chamber Players have commissioned over 100 works from composers such as Joan Tower, John Harbison, Chinary Ung, George Perle, Shulamit Ran, Philip Glass, Mohammed Fairouz, Kyle Gann, Roberto Carnevale, Milton Babbitt, Martin Bresnick, and David Lang among others. In recent years, Da Capo has established active creative relationships with prominent Russian contemporary composers, and the ensemble regularly visits Russia for performances and master classes.Da Capo has been in residence at Bard College since 1982, and since 2006 have been the ensemble-in-residence with the Bard Conservatory. The ensemble has released recordings on labels such as Bridge, New World, CRI, and Innova.","title":"Da Capo Chamber Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shulamit Ran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulamit_Ran"},{"link_name":"Joan Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Tower"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Pierrot Lunaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrot_Lunaire"}],"text":"Dreamtigers: Chamber Music by Judith Shatin (2004)\nChamber Music of Shulamit Ran (1995)\nJoan Tower: Chamber & Solo Works (1994)\nArnold Schoenberg: Pierrot Lunaire (1992)","title":"Recordings"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Da+Capo+Chamber+Players%22","external_links_name":"\"Da Capo Chamber Players\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Da+Capo+Chamber+Players%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Da+Capo+Chamber+Players%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Da+Capo+Chamber+Players%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Da+Capo+Chamber+Players%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Da+Capo+Chamber+Players%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.da-capo.org/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060211192932/http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/performer.pl?ens=10","external_links_name":"Art of the States: Da Capo Chamber Players"},{"Link":"http://dram.nyu.edu/dram/?do_action=QuicksearchResults&searchtype=ADV&deepsearch=1&field1=ensemble_id&term1=13176&field2=ensemble_id&term2=13176","external_links_name":"The Database of Recorded American Music: Da Capo Chamber Players"},{"Link":"http://www.bard.edu/conservatory/faculty/#_Da%20Capo%20Chamber%20Players","external_links_name":"Bard Conservatory: Faculty"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Da_Capo_Chamber_Players&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124191466","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007322443405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82106214","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/863a4c08-1b6a-47b2-bef7-22f774c1d972","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_It_or_Die | Do It or Die | ["1 Chart performance","2 References"] | 1979 single by Atlanta Rhythm Section
"Do It or Die"Single by Atlanta Rhythm Sectionfrom the album Underdog B-side"My Song"Released1979GenreSoft rockLength3:27LabelPolydor RecordsSongwriter(s)Buddy BuieJ. R. CobbRonnie HammondProducer(s)Buddy BuieAtlanta Rhythm Section singles chronology
"Imaginary Lover" (1978)
"Do It or Die" (1979)
"Spooky" (1979)
"Do It or Die" is a song by Atlanta Rhythm Section. It was released as a single in 1979 from their album Underdog.
The song was a top 20 hit on both the Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts, peaking at No. 19 and No. 11 respectively.
Chart performance
Chart (1979)
Peakposition
US Billboard Hot 100
19
US Billboard Adult Contemporary
11
US Billboard Hot Country Singles
92
Australia Kent Music Report
75
Canada RPM Top Singles
43
References
^ Kirby, Kip (September 20, 1980). "Band's Enigmatic Image Shifts". Billboard. 92 (38). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 56. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Google Books.
^ Miller, Zell (1996). They Heard Georgia Singing. Mercer University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780865545045. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Google Books.
^ "Top 50 Adult Contemporary". Billboard. 91 (35). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 38 September 1, 1979. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Google Books.
^ "Do It or Die (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
^ "Do It or Die (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
^ "Do It or Die (Canada)". RPM. 17 July 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
vteAtlanta Rhythm Section
Dean Daughtry
Rodney Justo
Steve Stone
Justin Senker
David Anderson
Rodger Stephan
Robert Nix
James B. Cobb, Jr.
Roy Yeager
Studio albums
Atlanta Rhythm Section (1972)
Back Up Against the Wall (1973)
Third Annual Pipe Dream (1974)
Dog Days (1975)
Red Tape (1976)
A Rock and Roll Alternative (1976)
Champagne Jam (1978)
Underdog (1979)
The Boys from Doraville (1980)
Quinella (1981)
Truth in a Structured Form (1989)
Atlanta Rhythm Section '96 (1996)
Partly Plugged (1997)
Eufaula (1999)
Live albums
Live at The Savoy, New York October 27, 1981 (2000)
Compilations
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Atlanta Rhythm Section (2000)
Singles
"So in to You" (1977)
"Imaginary Lover" (1978)
"I'm Not Gonna Let It Bother Me Tonight" (1978)
"Do It or Die" (1979)
"Spooky" (1979)
"Alien" (1981)
Related articles
Discography
Members
This 1970s rock song–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta Rhythm Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Rhythm_Section"},{"link_name":"Underdog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_(Atlanta_Rhythm_Section_album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Do It or Die\" is a song by Atlanta Rhythm Section. It was released as a single in 1979 from their album Underdog.[1][2]The song was a top 20 hit on both the Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts, peaking at No. 19 and No. 11 respectively.[3]","title":"Do It or Die"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kirby, Kip (September 20, 1980). \"Band's Enigmatic Image Shifts\". Billboard. 92 (38). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 56. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HCQEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Band's Enigmatic Image Shifts\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Zell (1996). They Heard Georgia Singing. Mercer University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780865545045. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7kv8EdRRkiQC","url_text":"They Heard Georgia Singing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865545045","url_text":"9780865545045"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Adult Contemporary\". Billboard. 91 (35). Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: 38 September 1, 1979. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DyQEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Top 50 Adult Contemporary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Do It or Die (Hot 100)\". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/atlanta-rhythm-section/chart-history/HSI/song/574639","url_text":"\"Do It or Die (Hot 100)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Do It or Die (Adult Contemporary)\". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/atlanta-rhythm-section/chart-history/ASI/song/574639","url_text":"\"Do It or Die (Adult Contemporary)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Do It or Die (Canada)\". RPM. 17 July 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.4484a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.4484a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.4484a","url_text":"\"Do It or Die (Canada)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HCQEAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Band's Enigmatic Image Shifts\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7kv8EdRRkiQC","external_links_name":"They Heard Georgia Singing"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DyQEAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Top 50 Adult Contemporary\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/atlanta-rhythm-section/chart-history/HSI/song/574639","external_links_name":"\"Do It or Die (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/atlanta-rhythm-section/chart-history/ASI/song/574639","external_links_name":"\"Do It or Die (Adult Contemporary)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.4484a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.4484a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.4484a","external_links_name":"\"Do It or Die (Canada)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_It_or_Die&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakurenbo:_Hide_%26_Seek | Kakurenbo | ["1 Characters","1.1 Demons","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"] | 2005 filmKakurenbo: Hide & SeekTheatrical poster.Directed byShuhei MoritaWritten byShuhei MoritaProduced byShuhei MoritaStarringJunko TakeuchiAkiko KobayashiProductioncompanyYamatoWorksRelease date
March 2005 (2005-03)
Running time25 minutesLanguageJapanese
Kakurenbo: Hide & Seek (カクレンボ, Kakurenbo, lit. "Hide and Seek") is a Japanese cel-shaded anime short film written and directed by Shuhei Morita.
The film entails a game of "Otokoyo" (オトコヨ, lit. Man Hunt), a version of hide and seek played by children, wearing fox masks, near the ruins of an abandoned old Kowloon-inspired city. The children who play this disappear, believed to be spirited away by demons. Kakurenbo follows Hikora, a boy who joins the game with hopes of finding his missing sister, Sorincha. The storyline is built on the idea that Tokyo is losing its natural aesthetic, which includes child's games such as hide and seek in order for industrial progress to ensue i.e. lighting the city of Tokyo costing innocence of childhood games.
Characters
Hikora (ヒコラ)
Voiced by: Junko Takeuchi (Japanese); Michael Sinterniklaas (English)
The young boy who plays the game to find his missing sister.
Sorincha (ソリンチャ)
Voiced by: Masami Suzuki (Japanese); Veronica Taylor (English)
Hikora's sister who went missing when she played the game with the other children.
Yaimao (ヤイマオ)
Voiced by: Makoto Ueki (Japanese); Dan Green (English)
Hikora's best friend who plays the game to lend a hand in finding Sorincha.
Noshiga (ノシガ)
Voiced by: Ryo Naito (Japanese); Sean Schemmel (English)
The leader of his little gang who claims is not afraid of demons.
Tachiji (タチジ)
Voiced by: Mika Ishibashi (Japanese); Tom Wayland (English)
One of the members in Noshiga's gang. He has blond hair and wears glasses.
Suku (スク)
Voiced by: Akiko Kobayashi (Japanese); Veronica Taylor (English)
Another member of Noshiga's gang. He is short and has a large, red scarf.
Inmu (インム) and Yanku (ヤンク)
Twin brothers with a dark past. Their reason for playing is a mystery.
Demons
Once the seven children pass through the gates to enter the abandoned streets, they are pursued by four different demons and then finally by the one demon who is "it". They guard the battery tower within the center of the city, where every child they catch is taken to be used as power cells for the city. The tower has socket rows that go on to the very first children who played.
Kimotori (肝取鬼, lit. "Liver-Taker")
A three-armed, four-legged, red humanoid demon that holds a mechanical wheel on its back. Captures Tachiji, and then Suku.
Chitori (血取鬼, lit. "Blood-Taker")
A horned komainu demon that wears a tarp over its back. Captures Noshiga.
Aburatori (油取鬼, lit. "Oil-Taker")
The twin child-like demons. One is sitting on a menacing-looking cart, while the other pulls it. Captures both Inmu and Yanku.
Kotori (子取鬼, lit. "Child-Taker")
A spider-like demon with eight arms. Captures Yaimao.
Oshira-sama (おしら様, lit. "Great White Lord")
A nine-tailed fox who is the leader of the demons. It possesses the last child who wins the game of "Otokoyo", and wears a fox mask that changes into an oni mask that the person who is "it" wears. In the beginning of the film, it possessed Sorincha (who apparently won the game before Hikora), and in the end, it possessed Hikora after he won the game.
Reception
Kakurenbo premiered in March 2005 at the Tokyo International Anime Fair, where it won the award for Notable Entry in the General Category. In Korea, it received a Best Film Nomination at the Seoul Comics and Animation Festival. It then went on to win Best Short film at the Fantasia Festival in Montreal.
It was shown on Adult Swim on Halloween 2005.
References
^ In Japan, the game of tag is known as Onigokko (鬼ごっこ), where the person who is "it" is the "Oni".
^ Kingston, Malakai (2005-10-12). ""Kakurenbo: Hide & Seek" on Adult Swim". Cyber Dojo. Archived from the original on 2008-06-10. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
External links
Kakurenbo: Hide & Seek
Kakurenbo: Hide & Seek at IMDb
Kakurenbo: Hide & Seek at AllMovie
Kakurenbo (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
vteCoMix Wave FilmsShort films
She and Her Cat (1999)
Voices of a Distant Star (2002)
Negadon: The Monster from Mars (2005)
Yonna in the Solitary Fortress (2005)
The Asylum Session (2009)
Planzet (2010)
Dareka no Manazashi (2013)
ONAs/TV series
Grrl Power (2004)
Hoshizora Kiseki (2006)
Inferno Cop (2012–2013)
Peeping Life: We Are The Hero (2014)
This Boy is a Professional Wizard (2016)
Oshiete Hokusai!: The Animation (2021)
Feature films
The Place Promised in Our Early Days (2004)
5 Centimeters per Second (2007)
Children Who Chase Lost Voices (2011)
The Garden of Words (2013)
Your Name (2016)
Flavors of Youth (2018)
Weathering with You (2019)
Suzume (2022)
Video games
Deemo: The Last Recital (2015)
Related
Makoto Shinkai
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cel-shaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel-shaded_animation"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"Shuhei Morita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuhei_Morita"},{"link_name":"hide and seek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_and_seek"},{"link_name":"Kowloon-inspired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City"},{"link_name":"spirited away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikakushi"}],"text":"Kakurenbo: Hide & Seek (カクレンボ, Kakurenbo, lit. \"Hide and Seek\") is a Japanese cel-shaded anime short film written and directed by Shuhei Morita.The film entails a game of \"Otokoyo\" (オトコヨ, lit. Man Hunt), a version of hide and seek played by children, wearing fox masks, near the ruins of an abandoned old Kowloon-inspired city. 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He has blond hair and wears glasses.\nSuku (スク)\nVoiced by: Akiko Kobayashi (Japanese); Veronica Taylor (English)\nAnother member of Noshiga's gang. He is short and has a large, red scarf.\nInmu (インム) and Yanku (ヤンク)\nTwin brothers with a dark past. Their reason for playing is a mystery.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"komainu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komainu"},{"link_name":"nine-tailed fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsune"},{"link_name":"oni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni_(folklore)"}],"sub_title":"Demons","text":"Once the seven children pass through the gates to enter the abandoned streets, they are pursued by four different demons and then finally by the one demon who is \"it\".[1] They guard the battery tower within the center of the city, where every child they catch is taken to be used as power cells for the city. 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In the beginning of the film, it possessed Sorincha (who apparently won the game before Hikora), and in the end, it possessed Hikora after he won the game.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo International Anime Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_International_Anime_Fair"},{"link_name":"Fantasia Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_Festival"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kakurenbo premiered in March 2005 at the Tokyo International Anime Fair, where it won the award for Notable Entry in the General Category. In Korea, it received a Best Film Nomination at the Seoul Comics and Animation Festival. It then went on to win Best Short film at the Fantasia Festival in Montreal.It was shown on Adult Swim on Halloween 2005.[2]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kingston, Malakai (2005-10-12). \"\"Kakurenbo: Hide & Seek\" on Adult Swim\". Cyber Dojo. Archived from the original on 2008-06-10. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anik%C3%B3_Meksz | Anikó Meksz | ["1 Achievements","1.1 Club","1.2 International","2 References","3 External links"] | Hungarian handball player (born 1965)
The native form of this personal name is Meksz Anikó. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Anikó MekszPersonal informationBorn
(1965-06-18) 18 June 1965 (age 58)Szekszárd, HungaryNationality
HungarianPlaying position
GoalkeeperClub informationCurrent club
RetiredSenior clubsYears
Team1982–1986
Tatabánya KC1986–1996
Dunaferr SE1996–1999
AS Bondy1999–2002
AlfortvilleNational teamYears
Team
Apps
(Gls)1990–1997
Hungary
110
(1)Anikó Meksz (born 18 June 1965 in Szekszárd) is a former Hungarian handball goalkeeper who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal with the Hungarian team.
Achievements
Club
With Dunaferr NK
Magyar Kupa:
Finalist: 1994
EHF Cup Winners' Cup:
Winner: 1995
International
Olympic Games:
Bronze Medalist: 1996
Anikó Meksz
Medal record
Women's handball
Representing Hungary
Olympic Games
1996 Atlanta
Team
World Championship
1995 Austria / Hungary
Team
World Championship:
Silver Medalist: 1995
7th: 1993
9th: 1999
European Championship:
4th: 1994
10th: 1996
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Anikó Meksz". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
External links
Aniko Meksz at Olympics.com
Meksz Anikó at the Magyar Olimpiai Bizottság (in Hungarian) (English translation)
Hungary squads
vteHungary squad – 1993 World Women's Handball Championship
Erika Csapó
Edit Csendes
Éva Erdős
Ágnes Farkas
Beáta Hoffmann
Erzsébet Kocsis
Beatrix Kökény
Eszter Mátéfi
Anikó Meksz
Helga Németh
Erika Oravecz
Melinda Szabó
Katalin Szilágyi
Brigitta Szopóczy
Ágota Utasi
Márta Varga
Head coach: László Laurencz
vteHungary squad – 1994 European Women's Handball Championship
Beatrix Balogh
Edit Csendes
Rita Deli
Ágnes Farkas
Rita Hochrajter
Beáta Hoffmann
Erzsébet Kocsis
Beatrix Kökény
Anikó Meksz
Helga Németh
Ildikó Pádár
Anna Szántó
Brigitta Szopóczy
Beatrix Tóth
Ágota Utasi
Head coach: László Laurencz
vteHungary squad – 1995 World Women's Handball Championship Runners-Up
Éva Erdős
Andrea Farkas
Ágnes Farkas
Beáta Hoffmann
Anikó Kántor
Erzsébet Kocsis
Beatrix Kökény
Eszter Mátéfi
Anikó Meksz
Anikó Nagy
Helga Németh
Ildikó Pádár
Beáta Siti
Anna Szántó
Katalin Szilágyi
Beatrix Tóth
Head coach: László Laurencz
vteHungary women's handball squad – 1996 Summer Olympics Third Place
Éva Erdős
Andrea Farkas
Beáta Hoffmann
Anikó Kántor
Erzsébet Kocsis
Beatrix Kökény
Eszter Mátéfi
Auguszta Mátyás
Anikó Meksz
Anikó Nagy
Helga Németh
Ildikó Pádár
Beáta Siti
Anna Szántó
Katalin Szilágyi
Beatrix Tóth
Head coach: László Laurencz
vteHungary squad – 1996 European Women's Handball Championship
Beatrix Balogh
Rita Borók
Éva Erdős
Andrea Farkas
Beáta Hoffmann
Klára Kertész
Erzsébet Kocsis
Anita Kulcsár
Eszter Mátéfi
Anikó Meksz
Anikó Nagy
Beáta Siti
Éva Szarka
Gabriella Takács
Beatrix Tóth
Anasztázia Virincsik
Head coach: László Laurencz
This article about an Olympic medalist of Hungary is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article related to Hungarian team handball is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"Szekszárd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeksz%C3%A1rd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is Meksz Anikó. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Anikó Meksz (born 18 June 1965 in Szekszárd)[1] is a former Hungarian handball goalkeeper who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal with the Hungarian team.","title":"Anikó Meksz"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunaferr NK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duna%C3%BAjv%C3%A1rosi_Koh%C3%A1sz_KA"},{"link_name":"Magyar Kupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Kupa_(Women%27s_handball)"},{"link_name":"EHF Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHF_Women%27s_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_EHF_Women%27s_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"With Dunaferr NKMagyar Kupa:\nFinalist: 1994\nEHF Cup Winners' Cup:\nWinner: 1995","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"Olympic Games:\nBronze Medalist: 1996World Championship:\nSilver Medalist: 1995\n7th: 1993\n9th: 1999\nEuropean Championship:\n4th: 1994\n10th: 1996","title":"Achievements"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Anikó Meksz\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418111245/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/me/aniko-meksz-1.html","url_text":"\"Anikó Meksz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/me/aniko-meksz-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418111245/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/me/aniko-meksz-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Anikó Meksz\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/me/aniko-meksz-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/aniko-meksz","external_links_name":"Aniko Meksz"},{"Link":"http://archiv.olimpia.hu/champdata/details/id/24199#ordertype","external_links_name":"Meksz Anikó"},{"Link":"https://archiv-olimpia-hu.translate.goog/champdata/details/id/24199?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=hu&_x_tr_tl=en#ordertype","external_links_name":"English translation"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anik%C3%B3_Meksz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anik%C3%B3_Meksz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teqball | Teqball | ["1 History","2 Rules","2.1 Summary","2.2 Playing court","2.3 Teq table","2.4 Ball","3 Intellectual property","4 Competitions","4.1 Teqball World Championships","4.2 African Beach Games","4.3 Asian Beach Games & Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games (AIMAG)","4.4 European Games","5 World Rankings","5.1 Singles","5.2 Doubles","5.3 Mixed Doubles","6 Awards","7 References","8 External links"] | Sport played with a football over a curved table
TeqballHighest governing bodyFITEQFirst played2012 in HungaryCharacteristicsContactNoTeam memberssingles, doubles, mixed doublesTypeindoor, outdoorEquipmentBall (association football), teqball table
Teqball is a ball sport that is played on a curved table, combining elements of sepak takraw and table tennis. Back and forth, the players hit a football with any part of the body except arms and hands. Teqball can be played between two players as a singles game or between four players as a doubles game. The game is represented at an international level by the International Teqball Federation (FITEQ). A number of world-class footballers have been attracted by the game, and after being added to the programmes for the 2021 Asian Beach Games and the 2023 European Games, the sport is now aiming for Olympic inclusion.
Teqball became the world's fastest-recognised sport in August 2018, when its highest governing body, FITEQ, was officially recognised by the Olympic Committee of Asia (OCA). In June 2019, it was officially recognised by the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA).
In November 2020, FITEQ was granted full membership of the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF).
History
Teqball was invented in 2014 in Hungary by three football enthusiasts: former professional player Gábor Borsányi, businessman György Gattyán, and computer scientist Viktor Huszar. The creative idea came from Borsányi, who used to play football on a table tennis table. The horizontal design of the table made the ball often not bounce to the players, so this game was not enjoyable. Borsányi thought that if the table were bent, the arched surface could help the ball bounce to the foot. After several years of development with Huszár, the first teqball table was made in 2014.
The sport was officially presented in Budapest on 18 October 2016, by Brazilian ex-football player Ronaldinho, one of the ambassadors of teqball.
Rules
The rules are laid out in the FITEQ's set of rules.
Summary
Teqball can be played with balls used in football, with size five being official and recommended.
Teqball can be played by two players (singles game) or by four players (doubles game).
A teqball match consists of best-of-three sets.
Each set is played until a player/team reaches 12 points.
Every player/team has two attempts to complete a successful service.
The players/teams change service after each four points.
It is forbidden to touch the ball with the same body part twice consecutively
It is forbidden to return the ball with the same body part twice consecutively.
Every player/team is allowed to return the ball with a maximum of 3 touches by any body part, except for the hands and arms.
In doubles, a team has a maximum of 3 touches; however, the teammates must pass the ball at least once to each other.
While playing, neither the table nor the opponent can be touched.
In case of an edgeball, the rally shall be repeated.
Teqball court from the top
Playing court
The official competition size of a teqball court is a minimum of 12 metres (39 ft) wide by a minimum of 16 metres (52 ft) long by a minimum of 7 metres (23 ft) high. The court must be rectangular and marked with surrounds with a minimum height of 500 mm (20 in) and a maximum height of 1,500 mm (59 in). The Teq table is in the exact middle of the court with the net being parallel to the shorter sides’ perimeters.
Teq table
The curved table measures 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length and is 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) wide with the highest point at 0.76 m (2 ft 6 in) in the middle of the playing surface where the net with the height of 14 cm (5.5 in) is installed separating the surface into two parts. The two outer edges of the width are 56.5 cm (22.2 in) above the ground.
Ball
The ball is spherical and must be made of leather or another suitable material and has a latex bladder with a butyl valve. The ball is a regular size-5 football, which has a lower pressure (between 0.3 and 0.5 atmospheres) than a normal football.
Intellectual property
Unlike equipment in traditional sports, the design of the teqball table is patented, so only Teqball International or others with a license from Teqball Holding SARL may legally manufacture tables. The name "teqball" itself is trademarked, giving the trademark holder control over who may advertise teqball events or otherwise use the name in public. The teqball inventors view these legal restrictions as essential to their efforts to grow the sport.
Competitions
Teqball World Championships
The Teqball World Championships is an annual competition organised by FITEQ since 2017.
The Teqball World Championships has both Singles and Doubles competitions as well as Mixed Doubles. The first Teqball World Championships was held in Budapest, Hungary in 2017 with more than 20 participating nations. The 2018 version of the event was held from 12 to 13 October in Reims, France with a total of 90 players participating.
The 2019 Teqball World Championships took place from 6–8 December in Budapest. Around 160 athletes representing 58 countries competed across singles, doubles and mixed doubles events.
FITEQ has taken the decision to postpone the 2020 Teqball World Championships due to the ongoing uncertainty and restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2023 Teqball World Championships was organized outside Europe, for the first time, in Bangkok, Thailand.
African Beach Games
Teqball was included in the first African Beach Games in Sal, Cape Verde on 14–23 July 2019. Cameroon won the title by beating Nigeria in the final.
Asian Beach Games & Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games (AIMAG)
As a sport that is officially recognised by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), teqball was added to the programme for the Sanya 2020, but The Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) has postponed the Sanya Asian Beach Games, which was due to take place from 2–10 April 2021, as well as the Bangkok and Chonburi Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games (AIMAG), which was scheduled for 21–30 May 2021. The decisions were taken by the OCA Executive Board in light of the ongoing challenges with the COVID-19 pandemic.
The OCA, the National Olympic Committee of Thailand and the AIMAG 2021 Organising Committee have agreed that the event, in which teqball will be a demonstration sport, will now be held from 10 to 20 March 2022. The OCA has noted that it will continue its consultation with the Chinese Olympic Committee and the Sanya Asian Beach Games Organising Committee to agree a new date for the 6th Asian Beach Games, where teqball is set to make its debut as a medal sport.
European Games
The European Olympic Committees (EOC) announced an agreement with FITEQ that will see teqball included for the first time in the programme of the European Games in 2023.
World Rankings
FITEQ has World Rankings for singles, doubles and mixed doubles, based on World Ranking points attained in official FITEQ events. FITEQ publishes regular updates to its World Rankings, which are used determine the seeding of players into tournaments. Last update: 22 February 2022.
Singles
Place
Player
Points
1.
Ádám Blázsovics
41977
2.
Györgydeák Apor
38693
3.
Julien Grondin
26696
4.
Anna Izsák
20719
5.
Csaba Bányik
15798
6.
Adrian Duszak
15660
7.
Paulina Łeżak
11912
8.
Bogdan Marojević
10380
9.
Hugo Rabeux
10358
10.
Balázs Katz
10192
Doubles
Place
Player
Points
1.
Csaba Bányik
42575
2.
Ádám Blázsovics
42049
3.
Nikola Mitro
40072
4.
Szabolcs Ilyés
38634
5.
Bogdan Marojević
38632
6.
Dennis Correia
38530
7.
Apor Györgydeák
37772
8.
Luka Pilic
37477
9.
Hugo Rabeux
28877
10.
Julien Grondin
28877
Mixed Doubles
Place
Player
Points
1.
Csaba Bányik
32018
1.
Zsanett Janicsek
32018
3.
Vania Moraes da Cruz
17008
3.
Leonardo Lindoso de Almeida
17008
5.
Nikola Mitro
15372
5.
Maja Umićević
15372
7.
Apor Györgydeák
13944
8.
Tünde Miklós
12792
9.
Lukas Flaks
8268
9.
Iva Burvalova
8268
Awards
Red Dot Design Award
2015 – Teq Smart
2020 – Teq Lite
ISPO Award 2015, 2016
IF Design Award 2018 – Teq Smart
Hungarian Design Award 2019 – Teq Smart
References
^ Aloia, Andrew (9 October 2018). "Fiteq World Cup: England call up football freestyler who did not know teqball existed". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
^ "WATCH: Neymar and fellow Brazil stars play Teqball". Sky Sports. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
^ "Teqball". Teqball. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
^ "FITEQ Granted GAISF Observer Status". GAISF. 14 January 2021.
^ "FITEQ approved as full GAISF member". FITEQ.
^ Stuhl, Angelise Stuhl (25 May 2015). "Teqball Is A New Tabletop Sport That Allows Soccer Players To Perfect Their Skills". SportTechie. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
^ "Teqball: The Hungarian, Football-Ping Pong Hybrid Sweeping the World Cup". Hungary Today. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
^ "Teqball". Teqball. 1 February 2021.
^ "The Official Rules and Regulations of Teqball". fiteq.org.
^ "Teqball Table | Signs and Features | Free Sport Parks Map". Free Sport Parks. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ "Multi-purpose sports apparatus".
^ "Teqball table".
^ "TEQBALL Trademark of TEQBALL HOLDING S.A.R.L. Serial Number: 79162171 :: Trademarkia Trademarks". trademark.trademarkia.com.
^ "With Teqball the world is curved". www.wipo.int.
^ "Fédération Internationale de Teqball - Teqball World Cup 2018 - Events". FITEQ. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
^ "FITEQ - Coming soon!". FITEQ - Fédération Internationale de Teqball. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ "Ronaldinho set to star at third edition of Teqball World Championships". www.insidethegames.biz. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ "FITEQ announcement on 2020 Teqball World Championships". FITEQ. 1 October 2020.
^ "FITEQ - Coming soon!".
^ "Teqball joins 2019 SAL African Beach Games". Teqball. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
^ "Cameroon win first ever African Beach Teqball Cup title". macesport.com. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
^ "OCA confirms postponement of Sanya Asian Beach Games and Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games". FITEQ. 15 January 2021.
^ "Teqball becomes 16th sport added to European Games 2023". 28 May 2021.
^ "World Rankings". 7 February 2019.
^ "Singles world ranking". FITEQ.
^ "Doubles world ranking". FITEQ.
^ "Mixed doubles world ranking". FITEQ.
^ "Sports Equipment / Sport Teqball".
^ "Multifunctional Sports Equipment Teq LITE".
^ "ISPO-AWARD-Booklet-Recipients" (PDF): 26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Teqball SMART / Sports equipment".
^ "Hungarian Design Award Winners 2019".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teqball.
Look up teqball in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
FITEQ (Fédération Internationale de Teqball) homepage
Teqball homepage | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ball sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_sport"},{"link_name":"sepak takraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepak_takraw"},{"link_name":"table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"International Teqball Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Teqball_Federation"},{"link_name":"footballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballers"},{"link_name":"2021 Asian Beach Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"link_name":"2023 European Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_2018-10-09-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky_2017-10-08-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teqball_1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaisf_1-4"},{"link_name":"GAISF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Association_of_International_Sports_Federations"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiteq_2-5"}],"text":"Teqball is a ball sport that is played on a curved table, combining elements of sepak takraw and table tennis. Back and forth, the players hit a football with any part of the body except arms and hands. Teqball can be played between two players as a singles game or between four players as a doubles game. The game is represented at an international level by the International Teqball Federation (FITEQ). A number of world-class footballers have been attracted by the game, and after being added to the programmes for the 2021 Asian Beach Games and the 2023 European Games, the sport is now aiming for Olympic inclusion.[1][2][3]Teqball became the world's fastest-recognised sport in August 2018, when its highest governing body, FITEQ, was officially recognised by the Olympic Committee of Asia (OCA). In June 2019, it was officially recognised by the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA).[4]In November 2020, FITEQ was granted full membership of the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF).[5]","title":"Teqball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gábor Borsányi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bors%C3%A1nyi_G%C3%A1bor"},{"link_name":"György Gattyán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Gatty%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Viktor Huszar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Huszar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportTechie_1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hungary_Today_2018-06-15-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teqball_3-8"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Ronaldinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldinho"}],"text":"Teqball was invented in 2014 in Hungary by three football enthusiasts: former professional player Gábor Borsányi, businessman György Gattyán, and computer scientist Viktor Huszar.[6][7] The creative idea came from Borsányi, who used to play football on a table tennis table. The horizontal design of the table made the ball often not bounce to the players, so this game was not enjoyable. Borsányi thought that if the table were bent, the arched surface could help the ball bounce to the foot. After several years of development with Huszár, the first teqball table was made in 2014.[8]The sport was officially presented in Budapest on 18 October 2016, by Brazilian ex-football player Ronaldinho, one of the ambassadors of teqball.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The rules are laid out in the FITEQ's set of rules.[9]","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teqball_table.png"}],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"Teqball can be played with balls used in football, with size five being official and recommended.\nTeqball can be played by two players (singles game) or by four players (doubles game).\nA teqball match consists of best-of-three sets.\nEach set is played until a player/team reaches 12 points.\nEvery player/team has two attempts to complete a successful service.\nThe players/teams change service after each four points.\nIt is forbidden to touch the ball with the same body part twice consecutively\nIt is forbidden to return the ball with the same body part twice consecutively.\nEvery player/team is allowed to return the ball with a maximum of 3 touches by any body part, except for the hands and arms.\nIn doubles, a team has a maximum of 3 touches; however, the teammates must pass the ball at least once to each other.[needs update]\nWhile playing, neither the table nor the opponent can be touched.\nIn case of an edgeball, the rally shall be repeated.Teqball court from the top","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Playing court","text":"The official competition size of a teqball court is a minimum of 12 metres (39 ft) wide by a minimum of 16 metres (52 ft) long by a minimum of 7 metres (23 ft) high. The court must be rectangular and marked with surrounds with a minimum height of 500 mm (20 in) and a maximum height of 1,500 mm (59 in). The Teq table is in the exact middle of the court with the net being parallel to the shorter sides’ perimeters.","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Teq table","text":"The curved table measures 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length and is 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) wide with the highest point at 0.76 m (2 ft 6 in) in the middle of the playing surface where the net with the height of 14 cm (5.5 in) is installed separating the surface into two parts. The two outer edges of the width are 56.5 cm (22.2 in) above the ground.[10]","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_(association_football)"}],"sub_title":"Ball","text":"The ball is spherical and must be made of leather or another suitable material and has a latex bladder with a butyl valve. The ball is a regular size-5 football, which has a lower pressure (between 0.3 and 0.5 atmospheres) than a normal football.","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Unlike equipment in traditional sports, the design of the teqball table is patented,[11][12] so only Teqball International or others with a license from Teqball Holding SARL may legally manufacture tables. The name \"teqball\" itself is trademarked,[13] giving the trademark holder control over who may advertise teqball events or otherwise use the name in public. The teqball inventors view these legal restrictions as essential to their efforts to grow the sport.[14]","title":"Intellectual property"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teqball World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teqball_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiteq_1-15"},{"link_name":"2019 Teqball World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITEQ#2019_Teqball_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiteq_3-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiteq_4-18"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Teqball World Championships","text":"The Teqball World Championships is an annual competition organised by FITEQ since 2017.The Teqball World Championships has both Singles and Doubles competitions as well as Mixed Doubles. The first Teqball World Championships was held in Budapest, Hungary in 2017 with more than 20 participating nations. The 2018 version of the event was held from 12 to 13 October in Reims, France with a total of 90 players participating.[15]The 2019 Teqball World Championships took place from 6–8 December in Budapest.[16] Around 160 athletes representing 58 countries competed across singles, doubles and mixed doubles events.[17]FITEQ has taken the decision to postpone the 2020 Teqball World Championships due to the ongoing uncertainty and restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[18]2023 Teqball World Championships was organized outside Europe, for the first time, in Bangkok, Thailand.[19]","title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Beach Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Beach_Games"},{"link_name":"Sal, Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal,_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teqball_2-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macesport_1-21"}],"sub_title":"African Beach Games","text":"Teqball was included in the first African Beach Games in Sal, Cape Verde on 14–23 July 2019.[20] Cameroon won the title by beating Nigeria in the final.[21]","title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic Council of Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Council_of_Asia"},{"link_name":"Sanya 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"link_name":"Sanya Asian Beach Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"link_name":"Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Indoor_and_Martial_Arts_Games"},{"link_name":"National Olympic Committee of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Chinese Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"6th Asian Beach Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiteq_5-22"}],"sub_title":"Asian Beach Games & Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games (AIMAG)","text":"As a sport that is officially recognised by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), teqball was added to the programme for the Sanya 2020, but The Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) has postponed the Sanya Asian Beach Games, which was due to take place from 2–10 April 2021, as well as the Bangkok and Chonburi Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games (AIMAG), which was scheduled for 21–30 May 2021. The decisions were taken by the OCA Executive Board in light of the ongoing challenges with the COVID-19 pandemic.The OCA, the National Olympic Committee of Thailand and the AIMAG 2021 Organising Committee have agreed that the event, in which teqball will be a demonstration sport, will now be held from 10 to 20 March 2022. The OCA has noted that it will continue its consultation with the Chinese Olympic Committee and the Sanya Asian Beach Games Organising Committee to agree a new date for the 6th Asian Beach Games, where teqball is set to make its debut as a medal sport.[22]","title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Olympic Committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Olympic_Committees"},{"link_name":"European Games in 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Games"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"European Games","text":"The European Olympic Committees (EOC) announced an agreement with FITEQ that will see teqball included for the first time in the programme of the European Games in 2023.[23]","title":"Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ranking"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"FITEQ has World Rankings for singles, doubles and mixed doubles, based on World Ranking points attained in official FITEQ events. FITEQ publishes regular updates to its World Rankings, which are used determine the seeding of players into tournaments.[24] Last update: 22 February 2022.[needs update]","title":"World Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"World Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles","title":"World Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed Doubles","title":"World Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Red Dot Design Award2015 – Teq Smart[28]\n2020 – Teq Lite[29]ISPO Award 2015, 2016[30]IF Design Award 2018 – Teq Smart[31]Hungarian Design Award 2019 – Teq Smart[32]","title":"Awards"}] | [{"image_text":"Teqball court from the top","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Teqball_table.png/220px-Teqball_table.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Aloia, Andrew (9 October 2018). \"Fiteq World Cup: England call up football freestyler who did not know teqball existed\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45639466","url_text":"\"Fiteq World Cup: England call up football freestyler who did not know teqball existed\""}]},{"reference":"\"WATCH: Neymar and fellow Brazil stars play Teqball\". Sky Sports. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12027/11072103/watch-neymar-and-fellow-brazil-stars-play-teqball","url_text":"\"WATCH: Neymar and fellow Brazil stars play Teqball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teqball\". Teqball. Retrieved 13 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://teqball.com/functions/teqball","url_text":"\"Teqball\""}]},{"reference":"\"FITEQ Granted GAISF Observer Status\". GAISF. 14 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://gaisf.sport/fiteq-granted-gaisf-observer-status/","url_text":"\"FITEQ Granted GAISF Observer Status\""}]},{"reference":"\"FITEQ approved as full GAISF member\". FITEQ.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiteq.org/news/145","url_text":"\"FITEQ approved as full GAISF member\""}]},{"reference":"Stuhl, Angelise Stuhl (25 May 2015). \"Teqball Is A New Tabletop Sport That Allows Soccer Players To Perfect Their Skills\". SportTechie. Retrieved 13 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sporttechie.com/teqball-new-tabletop-sport-allows-soccer-players-perfect-skills/","url_text":"\"Teqball Is A New Tabletop Sport That Allows Soccer Players To Perfect Their Skills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teqball: The Hungarian, Football-Ping Pong Hybrid Sweeping the World Cup\". Hungary Today. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hungarytoday.hu/teqball-the-hungarian-football-ping-pong-hybrid-sweeping-the-world-cup/","url_text":"\"Teqball: The Hungarian, Football-Ping Pong Hybrid Sweeping the World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teqball\". Teqball. 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teqball.com/","url_text":"\"Teqball\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Rules and Regulations of Teqball\". fiteq.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.buttercms.com/PoN4uiLERCmVn7qesTvQ","url_text":"\"The Official Rules and Regulations of Teqball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teqball Table | Signs and Features | Free Sport Parks Map\". Free Sport Parks. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freesportparks.hu/en/teqball-table","url_text":"\"Teqball Table | Signs and Features | Free Sport Parks Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Multi-purpose sports apparatus\".","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2919870A1/en","url_text":"\"Multi-purpose sports apparatus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teqball table\".","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/USD823965S1/en","url_text":"\"Teqball table\""}]},{"reference":"\"TEQBALL Trademark of TEQBALL HOLDING S.A.R.L. Serial Number: 79162171 :: Trademarkia Trademarks\". trademark.trademarkia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://trademark.trademarkia.com/teqball-79162171.html","url_text":"\"TEQBALL Trademark of TEQBALL HOLDING S.A.R.L. Serial Number: 79162171 :: Trademarkia Trademarks\""}]},{"reference":"\"With Teqball the world is curved\". www.wipo.int.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2019/04/article_0005.html","url_text":"\"With Teqball the world is curved\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fédération Internationale de Teqball - Teqball World Cup 2018 - Events\". FITEQ. Retrieved 31 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://fiteq.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/events.aspx?id=316C4CBE-74C7-41D4-B09B-B416C0CF024F","url_text":"\"Fédération Internationale de Teqball - Teqball World Cup 2018 - Events\""}]},{"reference":"\"FITEQ - Coming soon!\". FITEQ - Fédération Internationale de Teqball. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://fiteq.org/","url_text":"\"FITEQ - Coming soon!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronaldinho set to star at third edition of Teqball World Championships\". www.insidethegames.biz. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1087865/ronaldinho-world-teqball-championships","url_text":"\"Ronaldinho set to star at third edition of Teqball World Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"FITEQ announcement on 2020 Teqball World Championships\". FITEQ. 1 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiteq.org/news/124","url_text":"\"FITEQ announcement on 2020 Teqball World Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"FITEQ - Coming soon!\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiteq.org/news/702","url_text":"\"FITEQ - Coming soon!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teqball joins 2019 SAL African Beach Games\". Teqball. Retrieved 27 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://teqball.com/en/teqball/news/teqball-joins-2019-sal-african-beach-games","url_text":"\"Teqball joins 2019 SAL African Beach Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cameroon win first ever African Beach Teqball Cup title\". macesport.com. Retrieved 28 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://macesport.com/news/cameroon-win-first-ever-african-beach-teqball-cup-title/","url_text":"\"Cameroon win first ever African Beach Teqball Cup title\""}]},{"reference":"\"OCA confirms postponement of Sanya Asian Beach Games and Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games\". FITEQ. 15 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiteq.org/news/171","url_text":"\"OCA confirms postponement of Sanya Asian Beach Games and Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teqball becomes 16th sport added to European Games 2023\". 28 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurolympic.org/teqball-becomes-16th-sport-added-to-european-games-2023/?__FB_PRIVATE_TRACKING__=%7B%22loggedout_browser_id%22%3A%2286dd03cf455d8dde8e9eb05b13c35b6f54f2e323%22%7D","url_text":"\"Teqball becomes 16th sport added to European Games 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Rankings\". 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidethegames.biz/sports/non-olympic-sports/teqball/teqball-world-cup#world-rankings","url_text":"\"World Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singles world ranking\". FITEQ.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiteq.org/world-ranking/singles","url_text":"\"Singles world ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doubles world ranking\". FITEQ.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiteq.org/world-ranking/doubles","url_text":"\"Doubles world ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mixed doubles world ranking\". 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Serial Number: 79162171 :: Trademarkia Trademarks\""},{"Link":"https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2019/04/article_0005.html","external_links_name":"\"With Teqball the world is curved\""},{"Link":"http://fiteq.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/events.aspx?id=316C4CBE-74C7-41D4-B09B-B416C0CF024F","external_links_name":"\"Fédération Internationale de Teqball - Teqball World Cup 2018 - Events\""},{"Link":"http://fiteq.org/","external_links_name":"\"FITEQ - Coming soon!\""},{"Link":"https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1087865/ronaldinho-world-teqball-championships","external_links_name":"\"Ronaldinho set to star at third edition of Teqball World Championships\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiteq.org/news/124","external_links_name":"\"FITEQ announcement on 2020 Teqball World Championships\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiteq.org/news/702","external_links_name":"\"FITEQ - Coming soon!\""},{"Link":"https://teqball.com/en/teqball/news/teqball-joins-2019-sal-african-beach-games","external_links_name":"\"Teqball joins 2019 SAL African Beach Games\""},{"Link":"https://macesport.com/news/cameroon-win-first-ever-african-beach-teqball-cup-title/","external_links_name":"\"Cameroon win first ever African Beach Teqball Cup title\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiteq.org/news/171","external_links_name":"\"OCA confirms postponement of Sanya Asian Beach Games and Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurolympic.org/teqball-becomes-16th-sport-added-to-european-games-2023/?__FB_PRIVATE_TRACKING__=%7B%22loggedout_browser_id%22%3A%2286dd03cf455d8dde8e9eb05b13c35b6f54f2e323%22%7D","external_links_name":"\"Teqball becomes 16th sport added to European Games 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.insidethegames.biz/sports/non-olympic-sports/teqball/teqball-world-cup#world-rankings","external_links_name":"\"World Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiteq.org/world-ranking/singles","external_links_name":"\"Singles world ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiteq.org/world-ranking/doubles","external_links_name":"\"Doubles world ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiteq.org/world-ranking/mixed-doubles","external_links_name":"\"Mixed doubles world ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.red-dot.org/project/teqball-1-8088","external_links_name":"\"Sports Equipment / Sport Teqball\""},{"Link":"https://www.red-dot.org/project/teq-lite-45369","external_links_name":"\"Multifunctional Sports Equipment Teq LITE\""},{"Link":"http://fs-media.nmm.de/ftp/ISPO/PRESS/ISPO-AWARD-Booklet-Recipients.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ISPO-AWARD-Booklet-Recipients\""},{"Link":"https://ifworlddesignguide.com/entry/236030-teqball-smart","external_links_name":"\"Teqball SMART / Sports equipment\""},{"Link":"https://www.sztnh.gov.hu/en/national-awards-grants/hungarian-design-award/hungarian-design-award-winners/2019","external_links_name":"\"Hungarian Design Award Winners 2019\""},{"Link":"https://fiteq.org/about-us","external_links_name":"FITEQ (Fédération Internationale de Teqball) homepage"},{"Link":"https://www.teqball.com/","external_links_name":"Teqball homepage"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_method_of_profiling | FBI method of profiling | ["1 Development","2 Profiling phases","3 Criticism","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Identify perpetrators of crime by their behaviour
This article's lead section contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article. If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The FBI method of profiling is a system created by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) used to detect and classify the major personality and behavioral characteristics of an individual based upon analysis of the crime or crimes the person committed.
Development
One of the first American profilers was FBI agent John E. Douglas, who was also instrumental in developing the behavioral science method of law enforcement.
The ancestor of modern profiling, R. Ressler (FBI), considered profiling as a process of identifying all the psychological characteristics of an individual, forming a general description of the personality, based on the analysis of the crimes committed by him.
Profiling phases
The process this approach uses to determine offender characteristics involves:
An assimilation phase where all information available in regard to the crime scene, victim, and witnesses is examined. This may include photographs of the crime scene, autopsy reports, victim profiles, police reports, and witness statements.
The "classification stage", which involves integrating the information collected into a framework which essentially classifies the murderer as "organized" or "disorganized". Organized murderers are thought to have advanced social skills, plan their crimes, display control over the victim using social skills, leave little forensic evidence or clues, and often engage in sexual acts with the victim before the murder. In contrast, the disorganized offender is described as impulsive, with few social skills, such that his/her murders are opportunistic and crime scenes suggest frenzied, haphazard behavior and a lack of planning or attempts to avoid detection. They might engage in sexual acts after the murder because they lack knowledge of normal sexual behavior.
Following the classification stage profilers attempt to reconstruct the behavioral sequence of the crime, in particular, attempting to reconstruct the offender's modus operandi or method of committing the crime.
Profilers also examine closely the offender's "signature" which is identifiable from the crime scene and is more idiosyncratic than the modus operandi—the signature is what the offender does to satisfy his psychological needs in committing the crime.
From further consideration of the modus operandi, the offender's signature at the crime scene, and also an inspection for the presence of any staging of the crime, the profiler moves on to generate a profile. This profile may contain detailed information regarding the offender's demographic characteristics, family characteristics, military background, education, personality characteristics, and it may also suggest to the investigator the appropriate interview/interrogation techniques to adopt.
Criticism
Much criticism surrounding the FBI process of profiling focuses on the validity of the classification stage. In particular, the criticism targets the organized versus disorganized dichotomy and its theoretical and empirical foundations and assumptions. This approach has become commonly used in the classifications of violent serial offenders. The only available study that examines the reliability of the classification system involved the reading of a sexual-homicide case summary. In this study, inter-rater reliability was found to be between 51.7% and 92.6%.
This study, although dated, does provide limited support for the reliability of the FBI sexual-homicide classification system. However, this form of reliability contributes little to the usefulness of the offender profiling system if the classification is not effective. The FBI classification system is derived from a single interview-based research study with a small sample of apprehended serial killers who operated in North America.
The ecological validity of the FBI's classification system considering its limitations has also been criticized. Further limitations of the original study include the subject selection process that relied on non-random self-selection, and the extensive use of potentially biased data. The interviews were unstructured and led in an ad hoc fashion that was dependent on the interviewees. The process whereby participants were divided into groups based on organized or disorganized characteristics and behaviors has been described as the product of circular reasoning, involving the "reification of a concept" in contrast to an empirical validation of this concept.
The organized/disorganized dichotomy is further flawed in that it fails to meet the criteria of a typology. David Canter examined the relationship between the behavioral styles and background characteristics of 100 serial-homicide offenders using a multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure called smallest-space analysis (SSA) that statistically represents the co-occurrence of variables. No evidence was found to support the co-occurrence of behavioral styles or background characteristics related to the organized/disorganized taxonomy as proposed in the Crime Classification Manual (CCM).
See also
Forensic psychology
Offender profiling
Investigative psychology
Notes
^ Douglas, Ressler, Burgess & Hartman, 1986
^ Turvey, 1999
^ Mindhunters, Inc. | Perspectives on Profiling, Investigation & Criminal Justice with John Douglas & Mark Olshaker
^ Turvey, Brent E. (2003). Criminal profiling : An introd. to behavioral evidence analysis (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Acad. press. ISBN 0-12-705041-8.
^ Jackson & Beckerian, 1997
^ Douglas et al., 1986; Jackson et al., 1997
^ a b Woodworth & Porter, 2002
^ a b Jackson et al., 1997
^ Woodworth et al., 2002
^ Alison, L., Bennell, C., Mokros, A., & Ormerod, D. (2002). The Personality Paradox in Offender Profiling: A Theoretical Review of the Processes Involved in Deriving Background Characteristics From Crime Scene Actions. Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, 8(1): 115–135.
^ Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1985, August). The Men Who Murdered. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2-31. As cited in Beasley, J.O. (2004). Serial Murder in America: Case Studies of Seven Offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22: 395–414.
^ Turvey, B.E. (1999). Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioural Evidence Analysis. San Diego: Academic.
^ Beasley, J.O. (2004). Serial Murder in America: Case Studies of Seven Offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22: 395–414.
^ a b Canter, D., Alison, L.J., Alison, E., & Wentink, N. (2004). The Organized/ Disorganized Typology of Serial Murder: Myth or Model? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10(3): 293–320.
^ Canter, D. (2004). Offender Profiling and Investigative Psychology. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 1: 1–15.
References
Douglas, J.E., Ressler, R.K., Burgess, A.W., & Hartman, C.R.(1986). Criminal profiling from crime scene analysis. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 4: 401–421.
Jackson, J.L., & Bekerian, D.A. (1997). Offender profiling: research, theory, and practice. Chicester: Wiley.
Turvey, B.E. (1999). Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioural Evidence Analysis. San Diego: Academic.
Woodworth, M., & Porter, S. (2001). Historical Foundations and Current Applications of Criminal Profiling in Violent Crime Investigations. Expert Evidence, 7: 241–261.
External links
http://www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/offender-profiling.html | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"behavioral characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The FBI method of profiling is a system created by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) used to detect and classify the major personality and behavioral characteristics of an individual based upon analysis of the crime or crimes the person committed.[1][2]","title":"FBI method of profiling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John E. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Douglas"},{"link_name":"behavioral science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_sciences"},{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"One of the first American profilers was FBI agent John E. Douglas, who was also instrumental in developing the behavioral science method of law enforcement.[3]The ancestor of modern profiling, R. Ressler (FBI), considered profiling as a process of identifying all the psychological characteristics of an individual, forming a general description of the personality, based on the analysis of the crimes committed by him.[4]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"autopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy"},{"link_name":"forensic evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_evidence"},{"link_name":"sexual acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_activity"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"impulsive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulsivity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth_&_Porter,_2002-7"},{"link_name":"modus operandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_et_al.,_1997-8"},{"link_name":"idiosyncratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncratic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"demographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics"},{"link_name":"interrogation techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_et_al.,_1997-8"}],"text":"The process this approach uses to determine offender characteristics involves:An assimilation phase where all information available in regard to the crime scene, victim, and witnesses is examined.[5] This may include photographs of the crime scene, autopsy reports, victim profiles, police reports, and witness statements.\nThe \"classification stage\", which involves integrating the information collected into a framework which essentially classifies the murderer as \"organized\" or \"disorganized\". Organized murderers are thought to have advanced social skills, plan their crimes, display control over the victim using social skills, leave little forensic evidence or clues, and often engage in sexual acts with the victim before the murder.[6] In contrast, the disorganized offender is described as impulsive, with few social skills, such that his/her murders are opportunistic and crime scenes suggest frenzied, haphazard behavior and a lack of planning or attempts to avoid detection. They might engage in sexual acts after the murder because they lack knowledge of normal sexual behavior.[7]\nFollowing the classification stage profilers attempt to reconstruct the behavioral sequence of the crime, in particular, attempting to reconstruct the offender's modus operandi or method of committing the crime.[8]\nProfilers also examine closely the offender's \"signature\" which is identifiable from the crime scene and is more idiosyncratic than the modus operandi—the signature is what the offender does to satisfy his psychological needs in committing the crime.[9]\nFrom further consideration of the modus operandi, the offender's signature at the crime scene, and also an inspection for the presence of any staging of the crime, the profiler moves on to generate a profile. This profile may contain detailed information regarding the offender's demographic characteristics, family characteristics, military background, education, personality characteristics, and it may also suggest to the investigator the appropriate interview/interrogation techniques to adopt.[8]","title":"Profiling phases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dichotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodworth_&_Porter,_2002-7"},{"link_name":"inter-rater reliability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rater_reliability"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"offender profiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offender_profiling"},{"link_name":"serial killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ecological validity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_validity"},{"link_name":"subject selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subject_selection&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ad hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canter,_D._2004-14"},{"link_name":"circular reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_reasoning"},{"link_name":"empirical validation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_validation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canter,_D._2004-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canter-15"},{"link_name":"multidimensional scaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_scaling"},{"link_name":"smallest-space analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallest-space_analysis"},{"link_name":"Crime Classification Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Classification_Manual"}],"text":"Much criticism surrounding the FBI process of profiling focuses on the validity of the classification stage. In particular, the criticism targets the organized versus disorganized dichotomy and its theoretical and empirical foundations and assumptions.[10] This approach has become commonly used in the classifications of violent serial offenders.[7] The only available study that examines the reliability of the classification system involved the reading of a sexual-homicide case summary. In this study, inter-rater reliability was found to be between 51.7% and 92.6%.[further explanation needed]This study, although dated, does provide limited support for the reliability of the FBI sexual-homicide classification system. However, this form of reliability contributes little to the usefulness of the offender profiling system if the classification is not effective. The FBI classification system is derived from a single interview-based research study with a small sample of apprehended serial killers who operated in North America.[11][12]The ecological validity of the FBI's classification system considering its limitations has also been criticized. Further limitations of the original study include the subject selection process that relied on non-random self-selection, and the extensive use of potentially biased data.[13] The interviews were unstructured and led in an ad hoc fashion that was dependent on the interviewees.[14] The process whereby participants were divided into groups based on organized or disorganized characteristics and behaviors has been described as the product of circular reasoning, involving the \"reification of a concept\" in contrast to an empirical validation of this concept.[14]The organized/disorganized dichotomy is further flawed in that it fails to meet the criteria of a typology.[15] David Canter examined the relationship between the behavioral styles and background characteristics of 100 serial-homicide offenders using a multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure called smallest-space analysis (SSA) that statistically represents the co-occurrence of variables. No evidence was found to support the co-occurrence of behavioral styles or background characteristics related to the organized/disorganized taxonomy as proposed in the Crime Classification Manual (CCM).","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Mindhunters, Inc. | Perspectives on Profiling, Investigation & Criminal Justice with John Douglas & Mark Olshaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.johndouglasmindhunter.com/bio.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-12-705041-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-705041-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Woodworth_&_Porter,_2002_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Woodworth_&_Porter,_2002_7-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jackson_et_al.,_1997_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jackson_et_al.,_1997_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Canter,_D._2004_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Canter,_D._2004_14-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Canter_15-0"}],"text":"^ Douglas, Ressler, Burgess & Hartman, 1986\n\n^ Turvey, 1999\n\n^ Mindhunters, Inc. | Perspectives on Profiling, Investigation & Criminal Justice with John Douglas & Mark Olshaker\n\n^ Turvey, Brent E. (2003). Criminal profiling : An introd. to behavioral evidence analysis (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Acad. press. ISBN 0-12-705041-8.\n\n^ Jackson & Beckerian, 1997\n\n^ Douglas et al., 1986; Jackson et al., 1997\n\n^ a b Woodworth & Porter, 2002\n\n^ a b Jackson et al., 1997\n\n^ Woodworth et al., 2002\n\n^ Alison, L., Bennell, C., Mokros, A., & Ormerod, D. (2002). The Personality Paradox in Offender Profiling: A Theoretical Review of the Processes Involved in Deriving Background Characteristics From Crime Scene Actions. Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, 8(1): 115–135.\n\n^ Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1985, August). The Men Who Murdered. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2-31. As cited in Beasley, J.O. (2004). Serial Murder in America: Case Studies of Seven Offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22: 395–414.\n\n^ Turvey, B.E. (1999). Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioural Evidence Analysis. San Diego: Academic.\n\n^ Beasley, J.O. (2004). Serial Murder in America: Case Studies of Seven Offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22: 395–414.\n\n^ a b Canter, D., Alison, L.J., Alison, E., & Wentink, N. (2004). The Organized/ Disorganized Typology of Serial Murder: Myth or Model? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10(3): 293–320.\n\n^ Canter, D. (2004). Offender Profiling and Investigative Psychology. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 1: 1–15.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Forensic psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_psychology"},{"title":"Offender profiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offender_profiling"},{"title":"Investigative psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_psychology"}] | [{"reference":"Turvey, Brent E. (2003). Criminal profiling : An introd. to behavioral evidence analysis (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Acad. press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Premier_League_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina | 2002–03 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina | ["1 Clubs and stadiums","2 League standings","3 Results","4 Champions","5 References"] | Football league seasonPremijer LigaSeason2002–03ChampionsLeotar 1st Premier League title 1st Bosnian titleRelegatedKozara Jedinstvo Velež Mladost (G) Budućnost BosnaChampions LeagueLeotarUEFA CupŽeljezničarSarajevoIntertoto CupSlobodaMatches played380Goals scored1,072 (2.82 per match)Top goalscorerEmir Obuća (24 goals)← 2001–02 2003–04 →
The 2002–03 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the third season since its establishment and distinguishes itself from previous seasons by having expanded the country-wide league to include the clubs from Republika Srpska in the competition. This season began on 3 August 2002 and ended on 24 May 2003.
The league was won by FK Leotar after a dramatic last round where they defeated away team Rudar Ugljevik (2–1). Široki Brijeg defended successfully against the defending home champions Željezničar (1–0).
Clubs and stadiums
BoracBosnaBrotnjoBudućnostGlasinacJedinstvoKozaraLeotarMladost G.OrašjePosušjeRudar U.FK SarajevoŽeljezničarSlobodaVelež ZrinjskiČelikŠiroki BrijegŽepčeclass=notpageimage| Location of clubs in Premijer Liga 2002-03
Team
Location
Stadium
Borac
Banja Luka
Banja Luka City Stadium
Bosna
Visoko
Stadion Luke
Brotnjo
Čitluk
Bare Stadium
Budućnost
Banovići
Gradski stadion (Banovići)
Čelik
Zenica
Bilino Polje
Glasinac
Sokolac
Stadion FK Glasinac
Jedinstvo
Bihać
Stadion pod Borićima
Kozara
Gradiška
Gradski stadion (Gradiška)
Leotar
Trebinje
Stadion Police
Mladost
Gacko
Gradski stadion (Gacko)
Orašje
Orašje
Gradski stadion (Orašje)
Posušje
Posušje
Mokri Dolac Stadium
Rudar
Ugljevik
Novi Gradski Stadion
Sarajevo
Sarajevo
Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium
Sloboda
Tuzla
Stadion Tušanj
Široki Brijeg
Široki Brijeg
Stadion Pecara
Velež
Mostar
Vrapčići Stadium
Zrinjski
Mostar
Stadion pod Bijelim Brijegom
Željezničar
Sarajevo
Stadion Grbavica
Žepče
Žepče
Gradski stadion (Žepče)
League standings
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Leotar (C)
38
26
7
5
82
27
+55
85
Qualification to Champions League first qualifying round
2
Željezničar
38
24
10
4
66
24
+42
82
Qualification to UEFA Cup qualifying round
3
Sarajevo
38
19
12
7
83
39
+44
69
4
Široki Brijeg
38
21
5
12
69
45
+24
68
5
Čelik
38
16
10
12
61
33
+28
58
6
Sloboda Tuzla
38
16
6
16
51
38
+13
54
Qualification to Intertoto Cup first round
7
Borac Banja Luka
38
16
6
16
50
49
+1
54
8
Orašje
38
15
9
14
50
57
−7
54
9
Posušje
38
16
6
16
42
55
−13
54
10
Žepče
38
14
11
13
48
50
−2
53
11
Zrinjski
38
17
2
19
46
65
−19
53
12
Rudar Ugljevik
38
16
4
18
61
57
+4
52
13
Brotnjo
38
15
7
16
47
55
−8
52
14
Glasinac
38
16
4
18
37
54
−17
52
15
Kozara (R)
38
15
6
17
55
62
−7
51
Relegation to Prva Liga RS
16
Jedinstvo Bihać (R)
38
15
5
18
59
62
−3
50
Relegation to Prva Liga FBiH
17
Velež (R)
38
14
3
21
47
59
−12
45
18
Mladost Gacko (R)
38
11
6
21
40
65
−25
39
Relegation to Prva Liga RS
19
Budućnost (R)
38
10
8
20
48
67
−19
38
Relegation to Prva Liga FBiH
20
Bosna (R)
38
4
1
33
28
107
−79
13
Source: RSSSF.orgRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Results
Home \ Away
BOR
BOS
BRO
BUD
ČEL
GLA
JED
KOZ
LEO
MGA
ORA
POS
RUG
SAR
SLO
ŠB
VEL
ZRI
ŽEL
ŽEP
Borac Banja Luka
3–1
3–1
5–0
0–1
0–2
2–1
2–1
0–3
3–0
2–1
2–1
0–0
0–0
1–0
3–2
1–1
1–2
2–0
3–0
Bosna
1–2
1–2
0–2
2–0
0–3
1–0
1–2
0–9
2–3
1–1
0–1
2–4
2–3
2–5
0–1
1–0
0–2
0–1
2–1
Brotnjo
1–2
3–1
2–2
1–1
3–0
0–0
4–2
0–1
1–0
3–0
0–1
2–1
2–1
1–0
1–2
3–0
4–1
3–2
0–0
Budućnost
3–3
2–0
5–0
2–1
0–0
2–1
3–2
1–2
3–1
4–1
1–1
0–0
1–1
1–1
1–3
2–1
3–0
3–4
2–3
Čelik
3–1
4–0
3–1
3–0
4–0
4–2
3–0
0–0
5–0
2–0
5–0
2–1
1–1
3–0
0–0
2–3
4–0
0–0
1–0
Glasinac
0–2
4–0
0–1
2–1
1–0
1–0
2–0
1–1
1–0
3–1
1–0
3–1
2–1
1–0
2–0
3–2
3–0
0–1
0–0
Jedinstvo Bihać
4–0
4–2
1–1
2–0
1–1
2–0
3–0
0–1
2–1
2–1
5–2
3–1
1–5
2–1
5–2
1–0
4–1
0–0
1–1
Kozara
1–0
2–1
0–1
3–2
2–1
5–0
1–0
2–2
3–2
1–1
4–1
2–1
1–1
1–0
2–0
1–0
2–1
0–0
3–2
Leotar
2–1
2–1
4–0
3–0
0–0
3–0
2–0
1–0
4–0
2–0
4–0
3–2
3–2
1–0
1–0
4–1
4–0
2–2
5–0
Mladost Gacko
2–0
3–0
0–0
1–0
0–0
1–0
2–3
1–1
1–1
2–0
5–2
2–1
1–0
2–1
0–0
0–1
2–1
0–2
0–1
Orašje
1–0
3–0
2–0
1–0
2–2
4–2
1–0
2–2
0–0
4–3
2–0
2–0
2–0
3–2
3–2
3–0
1–0
1–1
3–1
Posušje
3–2
2–0
2–0
2–1
0–0
2–0
2–1
3–1
0–3
2–0
0–0
2–0
3–0
0–1
2–1
2–0
1–0
0–0
1–1
Rudar Ugljevik
1–2
2–0
2–1
2–1
3–1
1–0
2–0
3–1
1–2
4–1
5–0
2–0
1–1
1–0
2–0
4–0
4–1
0–1
1–3
Sarajevo
3–0
5–0
5–1
0–0
3–1
2–0
3–0
6–3
2–0
4–0
3–0
4–0
4–2
2–0
4–4
3–1
6–1
1–1
0–0
Sloboda Tuzla
1–0
6–1
3–0
2–0
1–0
0–0
0–0
2–1
1–4
2–0
3–1
2–1
4–2
1–1
4–0
4–0
1–0
0–1
1–0
Široki Brijeg
2–1
1–0
1–1
4–0
1–0
5–0
6–3
2–1
2–1
2–0
4–0
3–0
1–0
3–0
1–1
2–1
4–0
1–0
3–0
Velež
0–0
4–0
0–1
3–0
1–0
3–0
2–0
2–1
3–0
2–1
1–1
1–3
3–0
1–3
1–0
1–3
4–1
0–1
2–1
Zrinjski
2–0
4–2
1–0
2–0
2–1
2–0
3–1
2–1
1–0
5–2
2–1
1–0
4–0
2–0
1–1
1–0
1–0
1–1
0–1
Željezničar
1–0
5–0
4–2
3–0
2–0
2–0
6–2
1–0
3–1
1–0
1–0
2–0
0–1
1–1
1–0
1–0
4–1
3–0
6–1
Žepče
1–1
6–1
1–0
2–0
0–2
4–0
4–0
3–1
0–1
1–1
1–1
0–0
3–3
0–0
1–0
3–1
2–1
1–0
1–1
Source: RSSSF.orgLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Champions
FK Leotar Trebinje (Coach: - Mile Jovin)Squad:
Dušan Berak - Gk
Goran Berak - Gk
Aleksandar Božović - Gk
Uroš Golubović - Gk
Gavrilo Čorlija - Df
Ninoslav Milenković - Df
Igor Miljanović - Df
Saša Miljanović - Df
Dejan Musović - Df
Zdravko Šaraba - Df
Bojan Vučinić - Df
Predrag Vukičević - Df
Savo Andrić - Mf
Slavoljub Đorđević - Mf
Aleksandar Hajder - Mf
Pajo Janković - Mf
Dušan Kerkez - Mf
Branislav Krunić - Mf
Jovo Mišeljić - Mf
Siniša Mulina - Mf
Pavle Delibašić - Fw
Milan Joksimović - Fw
Željko Kokić - Fw
Ljubiša Porobić - Fw
Željko Radović - Fw
Damjan Ratković - Fw
Nenad Stojanović - Fw
References
Bosnia-Herzegovina - List of final tables (RSSSF)
vtePremier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina2024–25 teams
Borac
GOŠK
Igman
Posušje
Radnik
Sarajevo
Sloboda
Sloga
Široki Brijeg
Velež
Zrinjski
Željezničar
Former teams
Bosna
Brotnjo
Budućnost
Čapljina
Čelik
Drina (Z)
Đerzelez
Glasinac
Gradina
Grude
Iskra
Jedinstvo
Kiseljak
Kozara
Krajina
Krupa
Laktaši
Leotar
Ljubuški
Metalleghe-BSI
Mladost (DK)
Mladost (G)
Mladost (VO)
Modriča
Olimpik
Orašje
Rudar (K)
Rudar (P)
Rudar (U)
Slavija
Travnik
Troglav
Tuzla City
Vitez
Zvijezda (G)
Zvijezda 09
Žepče
Associated competitions
National Cup
Second level
First League of FBiH
First League of RS
SeasonsFirst League
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
Premier League
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte2002–03 in Bosnia and Herzegovina football « 2001–02 2003–04 » Domestic leagues
Premier League
First League (FBiH, RS)
Domestic cups
National Cup
European competitions
Champions League
UEFA Cup
Intertoto Cup
Related to national team
UEFA Euro 2004: qualification (Group 2)
Blaž Slišković
vte2002–03 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues
Albania
Andorra
Armenia '02 '03
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus '02 '03
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia '02 '03
Faroe Islands '02 '03
Finland '02 '03
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '02 '03
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan '02 '03
Latvia '02 '03
Lithuania '02 '03
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '02 '03
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia '02 '03
San Marino
Scotland
Serbia and Montenegro
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden '02 '03
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
Domestic cups
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands '02 '03
Finland '02 '03
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '02 '03
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan '02 '03
Latvia '02 '03
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '02 '03
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Serbia and Montenegro
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden '02 '03
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
League cups
England
Finland '02 '03
France
Germany
Iceland '02 '03
Israel
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
UEFA competitions
Champions League (Qualifying phase, Group stage, 2nd Group stage, knockout stage, Final)
UEFA Cup (Qualifying round, First round, Second round, Final phase, Final)
Intertoto Cup
Super Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"FK Leotar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Leotar"},{"link_name":"Rudar Ugljevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rudar_Ugljevik"},{"link_name":"Široki Brijeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C5%A0iroki_Brijeg"},{"link_name":"Željezničar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dar_Sarajevo"}],"text":"The 2002–03 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the third season since its establishment and distinguishes itself from previous seasons by having expanded the country-wide league to include the clubs from Republika Srpska in the competition. This season began on 3 August 2002 and ended on 24 May 2003.The league was won by FK Leotar after a dramatic last round where they defeated away team Rudar Ugljevik (2–1). Široki Brijeg defended successfully against the defending home champions Željezničar (1–0).","title":"2002–03 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Borac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Borac_Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"Bosna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Bosna"},{"link_name":"Brotnjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Brotnjo"},{"link_name":"Budućnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Budu%C4%87nost_Banovi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Glasinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Glasinac_Sokolac"},{"link_name":"Jedinstvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Jedinstvo_Biha%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Kozara_Gradi%C5%A1ka"},{"link_name":"Leotar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Leotar_Trebinje"},{"link_name":"Mladost G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Mladost_Gacko"},{"link_name":"Orašje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Ora%C5%A1je"},{"link_name":"Posušje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Posu%C5%A1je"},{"link_name":"Rudar U.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rudar_Ugljevik"},{"link_name":"FK Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Željezničar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dar_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Sloboda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sloboda_Tuzla"},{"link_name":"Velež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vele%C5%BE_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Zrinjski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%A0K_Zrinjski_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Čelik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C4%8Celik_Zenica"},{"link_name":"Široki Brijeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C5%A0iroki_Brijeg"},{"link_name":"Žepče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C5%BDep%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_location_map.svg"}],"text":"BoracBosnaBrotnjoBudućnostGlasinacJedinstvoKozaraLeotarMladost G.OrašjePosušjeRudar U.FK SarajevoŽeljezničarSlobodaVelež ZrinjskiČelikŠiroki BrijegŽepčeclass=notpageimage| Location of clubs in Premijer Liga 2002-03","title":"Clubs and stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RSSSF.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bih03.html"}],"text":"Source: RSSSF.orgRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated","title":"League standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Borac_Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"BOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Bosna_Visoko"},{"link_name":"BRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Brotnjo"},{"link_name":"BUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Budu%C4%87nost_Banovi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"ČEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C4%8Celik_Zenica"},{"link_name":"GLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Glasinac_Sokolac"},{"link_name":"JED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Jedinstvo_Biha%C4%87"},{"link_name":"KOZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Kozara_Gradi%C5%A1ka"},{"link_name":"LEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Leotar"},{"link_name":"MGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Mladost_Gacko"},{"link_name":"ORA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Ora%C5%A1je"},{"link_name":"POS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Posu%C5%A1je"},{"link_name":"RUG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rudar_Ugljevik"},{"link_name":"SAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"SLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sloboda_Tuzla"},{"link_name":"ŠB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C5%A0iroki_Brijeg"},{"link_name":"VEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vele%C5%BE_Mostar"},{"link_name":"ZRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%A0K_Zrinjski_Mostar"},{"link_name":"ŽEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dar_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"ŽEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C5%BDep%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"Borac Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Borac_Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"Bosna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Bosna_Visoko"},{"link_name":"Brotnjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Brotnjo"},{"link_name":"Budućnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Budu%C4%87nost_Banovi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Čelik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C4%8Celik_Zenica"},{"link_name":"Glasinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Glasinac_Sokolac"},{"link_name":"Jedinstvo Bihać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Jedinstvo_Biha%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Kozara_Gradi%C5%A1ka"},{"link_name":"Leotar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Leotar"},{"link_name":"Mladost Gacko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Mladost_Gacko"},{"link_name":"Orašje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Ora%C5%A1je"},{"link_name":"Posušje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Posu%C5%A1je"},{"link_name":"Rudar Ugljevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rudar_Ugljevik"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"1–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_derby"},{"link_name":"Sloboda Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sloboda_Tuzla"},{"link_name":"Široki Brijeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C5%A0iroki_Brijeg"},{"link_name":"Velež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vele%C5%BE_Mostar"},{"link_name":"4–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_derby"},{"link_name":"Zrinjski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%A0K_Zrinjski_Mostar"},{"link_name":"1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_derby"},{"link_name":"Željezničar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dar_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"1–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_derby"},{"link_name":"Žepče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C5%BDep%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"RSSSF.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bih03.html"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nBOR\n\nBOS\n\nBRO\n\nBUD\n\nČEL\n\nGLA\n\nJED\n\nKOZ\n\nLEO\n\nMGA\n\nORA\n\nPOS\n\nRUG\n\nSAR\n\nSLO\n\nŠB\n\nVEL\n\nZRI\n\nŽEL\n\nŽEP\n\n\nBorac Banja Luka\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n5–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n\nBosna\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–9\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–4\n\n2–3\n\n2–5\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nBrotnjo\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n4–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nBudućnost\n\n3–3\n\n2–0\n\n5–0\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–4\n\n2–3\n\n\nČelik\n\n3–1\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n4–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n5–0\n\n2–0\n\n5–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–3\n\n4–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nGlasinac\n\n0–2\n\n4–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nJedinstvo Bihać\n\n4–0\n\n4–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n5–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–5\n\n2–1\n\n5–2\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nKozara\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n5–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n\nLeotar\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–2\n\n5–0\n\n\nMladost Gacko\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n5–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n\nOrašje\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n4–3\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nPosušje\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nRudar Ugljevik\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n4–1\n\n5–0\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n\nSarajevo\n\n3–0\n\n5–0\n\n5–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n6–3\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n4–2\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n4–4\n\n3–1\n\n6–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nSloboda Tuzla\n\n1–0\n\n6–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–4\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–2\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nŠiroki Brijeg\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n5–0\n\n6–3\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n\nVelež\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n3–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nZrinjski\n\n2–0\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n5–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n\nŽeljezničar\n\n1–0\n\n5–0\n\n4–2\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n6–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n3–0\n\n\n\n6–1\n\n\nŽepče\n\n1–1\n\n6–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–3\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\nSource: RSSSF.orgLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mile Jovin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Jovin"},{"link_name":"Dušan Berak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Du%C5%A1an_Berak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goran Berak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goran_Berak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Božović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Bo%C5%BEovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uroš Golubović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Golubovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Gavrilo Čorlija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavrilo_%C4%8Corlija&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ninoslav Milenković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninoslav_Milenkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Igor Miljanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igor_Miljanovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saša Miljanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa%C5%A1a_Miljanovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dejan Musović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejan_Musovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zdravko Šaraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravko_%C5%A0araba"},{"link_name":"Bojan Vučinić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bojan_Vu%C4%8Dini%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Predrag Vukičević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predrag_Vuki%C4%8Devi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savo Andrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savo_Andri%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slavoljub Đorđević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavoljub_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Hajder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Hajder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pajo Janković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pajo_Jankovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dušan Kerkez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Kerkez"},{"link_name":"Branislav Krunić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislav_Kruni%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jovo Mišeljić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovo_Mi%C5%A1elji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Siniša Mulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mulina"},{"link_name":"Pavle Delibašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Deliba%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milan Joksimović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Joksimovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Željko Kokić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDeljko_Koki%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ljubiša Porobić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubi%C5%A1a_Porobi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Željko Radović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Radovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Damjan Ratković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damjan_Ratkovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nenad Stojanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Stojanovi%C4%87"}],"text":"FK Leotar Trebinje (Coach: - Mile Jovin)Squad:Dušan Berak - Gk\nGoran Berak - Gk\nAleksandar Božović - Gk\nUroš Golubović - Gk\nGavrilo Čorlija - Df\nNinoslav Milenković - Df\nIgor Miljanović - Df\nSaša Miljanović - Df\nDejan Musović - Df\nZdravko Šaraba - Df\nBojan Vučinić - Df\nPredrag Vukičević - Df\nSavo Andrić - Mf\nSlavoljub Đorđević - Mf\nAleksandar Hajder - Mf\nPajo Janković - Mf\nDušan Kerkez - Mf\nBranislav Krunić - Mf\nJovo Mišeljić - Mf\nSiniša Mulina - Mf\nPavle Delibašić - Fw\nMilan Joksimović - Fw\nŽeljko Kokić - Fw\nLjubiša Porobić - Fw\nŽeljko Radović - Fw\nDamjan Ratković - Fw\nNenad Stojanović - Fw","title":"Champions"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bih03.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF.org"},{"Link":"http://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bih03.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF.org"},{"Link":"http://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bih03.html","external_links_name":"Bosnia-Herzegovina - List of final tables (RSSSF)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basehor_Sentinel | Basehor Sentinel | ["1 References","2 External links"] | The Basehor Sentinel was a local weekly newspaper for Basehor, Kansas. The paper was started and owned by Mike Bell and Paul Massey of Bonner Springs. The newspaper also maintains an online presence.
References
^ "Official Website". Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
External links
Official website
This article about a Kansas newspaper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Basehor Sentinel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Official Website\". Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724181451/http://www.basehorinfo.com/","url_text":"\"Official Website\""},{"url":"http://www.basehorinfo.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724181451/http://www.basehorinfo.com/","external_links_name":"\"Official Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.basehorinfo.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.basehorinfo.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basehor_Sentinel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Flinders_(Queensland) | Electoral district of Flinders (Queensland) | ["1 Members for Flinders","2 Election results","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 20°50′33.5″S 144°11′59.6″E / 20.842639°S 144.199889°E / -20.842639; 144.199889
Australian electorate
FlindersQueensland—Legislative AssemblyStateQueenslandDates current1888–1932, 1950-1992NamesakeMatthew Flinders
The electoral district of Flinders was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland.
It was first created in 1887, effective 1888, covering the area centred on the central Queensland towns of Cloncurry, Richmond and Hughenden. It replaced the Electoral district of Burke. Flinders, along with parts of Burke, was incorporated into the new seat of Carpentaria in the 1931 redistribution, effective in 1932. It was abolished in a redistribution in 1991, effective 1992. Most of its territory became part of Charters Towers, while the western portion, including Cloncurry, became part of Mount Isa. The last sitting member for Flinders was Bob Katter, who had held it since December 1974.
Members for Flinders
Member
Party
Term
First incarnation (1888–1932)
Louis Goldring
1888–1893
Charles McDonald
Labour
1893–1901
Peter Airey
Labour
1901–1907
John May
Labor
1907–1917
John Mullan
Labor
1918–1932
Second incarnation (1950–1992)
Ernest Riordan
Labor
1950–1954
Frank Forde
Labor
1955–1957
Bill Longeran
Country
1957–1974
Bob Katter
National
1974–1992
Election results
Main article: Electoral results for the district of Flinders (Queensland)
See also
Electoral districts of Queensland
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name
References
^ a b c d "Representatives of Queensland State Electorates 1860-2017" (PDF). Queensland Parliamentary Record 2012-2017: The 55th Parliament. Queensland Parliament. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^
"The Hon Bob Katter MP, Member for Kennedy (Qld)". Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
20°50′33.5″S 144°11′59.6″E / 20.842639°S 144.199889°E / -20.842639; 144.199889
vteFormer electoral districts of Queensland
Albert
Archerfield
Ashgrove
Aubigny
Auburn
Balonne
Barambah
Barcoo
Baroona
Beaudesert
Belmont
Belyando
Blackall
Bowen
Bremer
Brisbane
Brisbane Central
Brisbane City
Brisbane North
Brisbane South
Broadsound
Bulloo
Buranda
Burke
Burrum
Caboolture
Cambooya
Carnarvon
Carpentaria
Charters Towers
Chermside
Chillagoe
Clermont
Cleveland
Cooroora
Coorparoo
Crows Nest
Croydon
Cunningham
Dalby
Dalrymple
Darling Downs
Darlington
Drayton
Drayton and Toowoomba
Eacham
East Moreton
East Toowoomba
Eastern Downs
Enoggera
Fassifern
Fitzroy
Flinders
Fortitude Valley
Hamilton
Hamlet of Fortitude Valley
Haughton
Hawthorne
Herbert
Indooroopilly
Ipswich East
Town of Ipswich
Isis
Ithaca
Kallangur
Kedron
Kelvin Grove
Kennedy
Kurilpa
Landsborough
Leichhardt
Mackenzie
Manly
Maranoa
Maree
Marodian
Merrimac
Merthyr
Mitchell
Mooloolah
Moreton
Mount Coot-tha
Mount Gravatt
Mount Isa
Mount Morgan
Mourilyan
Murilla
Musgrave
Nash
Nerang
Norman
Normanby
North Brisbane
North Toowoomba
Northern Downs
Nundah
Oxley
Paddington
Peak Downs
Pittsworth
Port Curtis
Queenton
Ravenswood
Robina
Rockhampton North
Rockhampton South
Roma
Rosewood
Salisbury
Sherwood
Somerset
South Coast
Springsure
Stanley
Sunnybank
Tablelands
The Tableland
Toombul
Toowong
Toowoomba
Toowoomba East
Toowoomba West
Town of Brisbane
Town of South Brisbane
Townsville East
Townsville North
Townsville South
Townsville West
Warwick
Wavell
West Moreton
Western Downs
Wickham
Wide Bay
Windsor
Wolston
Woolloongabba
Woothakata
Wynnum
Yeerongpilly
Yeronga
vteElectoral districts of the Queensland Legislative AssemblyLabor (51)
Algester
Aspley
Bancroft
Barron River
Bulimba
Bundaberg
Bundamba
Cairns
Caloundra
Capalaba
Cook
Cooper
Ferny Grove
Gaven
Gladstone
Greenslopes
Hervey Bay
Inala
Ipswich
Jordan
Keppel
Kurwongbah
Logan
Lytton
Macalister
Mackay
Mansfield
Maryborough
McConnel
Miller
Morayfield
Mount Ommaney
Mulgrave
Mundingburra
Murrumba
Nicklin
Nudgee
Pine Rivers
Pumicestone
Redcliffe
Redlands
Rockhampton
Sandgate
Springwood
Stafford
Stretton
Thuringowa
Toohey
Townsville
Waterford
Woodridge
Liberal National (35)
Bonney
Broadwater
Buderim
Burdekin
Burleigh
Burnett
Callide
Chatsworth
Clayfield
Condamine
Coomera
Currumbin
Everton
Glass House
Gregory
Gympie
Ipswich West
Kawana
Lockyer
Maroochydore
Mermaid Beach
Moggill
Mudgeeraba
Nanango
Ninderry
Oodgeroo
Scenic Rim
Southern Downs
Southport
Surfers Paradise
Theodore
Toowoomba North
Toowoomba South
Warrego
Whitsunday
Katter's Australian (3)
Hill
Hinchinbrook
Traeger
Greens (2)
Maiwar
South Brisbane
One Nation (1)
Mirani
Independent (1)
Noosa
This Queensland location article is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisfranc_fracture | Lisfranc injury | ["1 Causes","2 Diagnosis","2.1 Classification","3 Treatment","4 History","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Type of fracture/dislocation injury of the foot
Medical conditionLisfranc injuryOther namesLisfranc fracture, Lisfranc dislocation, Lisfranc fracture dislocation, tarsometatarsal injury, midfoot injuryAn X-ray of a Lisfranc injurySpecialtyOrthopedics
A Lisfranc injury, also known as Lisfranc fracture, is an injury of the foot in which one or more of the metatarsal bones are displaced from the tarsus.
The injury is named after Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin, a French surgeon and gynecologist who noticed this fracture pattern amongst cavalrymen in 1815, after the War of the Sixth Coalition.
Causes
Lisfranc ligaments:C1 = Medial cuneiformM2 = 2nd metatarsal baseM3 = 3rd metatarsal baseRed = dorsal Lisfranc ligamentBlue = interosseous Lisfranc ligamentGreen = plantar Lisfranc ligament.
The midfoot consists of five bones that form the arches of the foot (the cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones) and their articulations with the bases of the five metatarsal bones. It is these articulations that are damaged in a Lisfranc injury. Such injuries typically involve the ligaments between the medial cuneiform bone and the bases of the second and third metatarsal bones, and each of these ligaments is called Lisfranc ligament.
Lisfranc injuries are caused when excessive kinetic energy is applied either directly or indirectly to the midfoot and are often seen in traffic collisions or industrial accidents.
Direct Lisfranc injuries are usually caused by a crush injury, such as a heavy object falling onto the midfoot, or the foot being run over by a car or truck, or someone landing on the foot after a fall from a significant height. Indirect Lisfranc injuries are caused by a sudden rotational force on a plantar flexed (downward pointing) forefoot. Examples of this type of trauma include a rider falling from a horse but the foot remaining trapped in the stirrup, or a person falling forward after stepping into a storm drain.
In athletic trauma, Lisfranc injuries occur commonly in activities such as windsurfing, kitesurfing, wakeboarding, or snowboarding (where appliance bindings pass directly over the metatarsals). American football players occasionally acquire this injury, and it most often occurs when the athlete's foot is plantar flexed and another player lands on the heel. This can also be seen in pivoting athletic positions such as a baseball catcher or a ballerina spinning.
Diagnosis
Lisfranc fracture (marked by the oval). This case also has fractures of the distal second (marked by the arrow), third, and fourth metatarsal bones.
In a high energy injury to the midfoot, such as a fall from a height or a motor vehicle accident, the diagnosis of a Lisfranc injury should, in theory at least, pose less of a challenge. There will be deformity of the midfoot and X-ray abnormalities should be obvious. Further, the nature of the injury will create heightened clinical suspicion and there may even be disruption of the overlying skin and compromise of the blood supply. Typical X-ray findings would include a gap between the base of the first and second toes. The diagnosis becomes more challenging in the case of low energy incidents, such as might occur with a twisting injury on the racquetball court, or when an American Football lineman is forced back upon a foot that is already in a fully plantar flexed position. Then, there may only be complaint of inability to bear weight and some mild swelling of the forefoot or midfoot. Bruising of the arch has been described as diagnostic in these circumstances but may well be absent. Typically, conventional radiography of the foot is utilized with standard non-weight bearing views, supplemented by weight bearing views which may demonstrate widening of the interval between the first and second toes, if the initial views fail to show abnormality. Unfortunately, radiographs in such circumstances have a sensitivity of 50% when non-weight bearing and 85% when weight bearing, meaning that they will appear normal in 15% of cases where a Lisfranc injury actually exists. In the case of apparently normal x-rays, if clinical suspicion remains, advanced imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT scan) is a logical next step.
Classification
There are three classifications for the fracture:
Homolateral: All five metatarsals are displaced in the same direction. Lateral displacement may also suggest cuboidal fracture.
Isolated: one or two metatarsals are displaced from the others.
Divergent: metatarsals are displaced in a sagittal or coronal plane and may also involve the intercuneiform area and include a navicular fracture.
Treatment
Options include operative or non-operative treatment. One study claims that in athletes, and if the dislocation is less than 2 mm, the fracture can be managed with casting for six weeks. The person's injured limb cannot bear weight during this period. In the majority of cases, early surgical alignment of bone fragments to their original anatomical position (open reduction) and stable fixation is indicated. A 2005 study suggests that closed reduction and Kirschner wire (K-wire) stabilisation or open reduction and stabilisation - generally using screws to avoid the complication of K-wires and maintain a stable reduction - are the treatments of choice.
According to a 1997 study, for severe Lisfranc injuries, open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) and temporary screw or Kirschner wire fixation is the treatment of choice. The foot cannot be allowed to bear weight for a minimum of six weeks. Partial weight-bearing may then begin, with full weight bearing after an additional several weeks, depending on the specific injury. K-wires are typically removed after six weeks, before weight bearing, while screws are often removed after 12 weeks.
When a Lisfranc injury is characterized by significant displacement of the tarsometatarsal joint(s), nonoperative treatment often leads to severe loss of function and long-term disability secondary to chronic pain and sometimes to a planovalgus deformity. In cases with severe pain, loss of function, or progressive deformity that has failed to respond to nonoperative treatment, mid-tarsal and tarsometatarsal arthrodesis (operative fusion of the bones) may be indicated.
History
During the Napoleonic Wars, Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin encountered a soldier who had developed vascular compromise and secondary gangrene of the foot after a fall from a horse. Subsequently, Lisfranc performed an amputation at the level of the tarsometatarsal joints, and that area of the foot has since been referred to as the namesake "Lisfranc joint". Although Lisfranc did not describe a specific mechanism of injury or classification scheme, a Lisfranc injury has come to mean a dislocation or fracture-dislocation injury at the tarsometatarsal joints.
See also
Bosworth fracture
Chopart's fracture-dislocation
Jones fracture
List of eponymous fractures
March fracture
References
^ Lisfranc's fracture at Who Named It?
^ "Lisfranc's fracture". The Free Dictionary.
^ a b c Lisfranc J (1815). Nouvelle méthode opératoire pour l'amputation partielle du pied dans son articulation tarso-métatarsienne: méthode précédée des nombreuses modifications qu'a subies celle de Chopart (in French). Paris: L'imprimerie de Feuguery. pp. 1–52.
^ a b Rettedal DD, Graves NC, Marshall JJ, Frush K, Vardaxis V (2013). "Reliability of ultrasound imaging in the assessment of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament". Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 6 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/1757-1146-6-7. ISSN 1757-1146. PMC 3626864. PMID 23453037.
^ a b Smith BR, Begeman PC, Leland R, Meehan R, Levine RS, Yang KH, King AI (2005). "A Mechanism of Injury to the Forefoot in Car Crashes". Traffic Injury Prevention. 6 (2): 156–69. doi:10.1080/15389580590931635. ISSN 1538-9588. PMID 16019401. S2CID 35856985.
^ a b Chan S, Chow SP (2001). "Current concept review on Lisfranc injuries" (PDF). Hong Kong Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. 5 (1): 75–80. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
^ Lievers WB, Frimenko RE, McCullough KA, Crandall JR, Kent RW (2015). "Etiology and biomechanics of midfoot (Lisfranc) injuries in athletes". Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. 43 (2–3): 213–238. doi:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v43.i2-3.60. PMID 27278743.
^ Davies MS, Saxby TS (September 1999). "Intercuneiform instability and the "gap" sign". Foot Ankle Int. 20 (9): 606–9. doi:10.1177/107110079902000912. PMID 10509690. S2CID 33610199.
^ Ross G, Cronin R, Hauzenblas J, Juliano P (1986). "Plantar ecchymosis sign: a clinical aid to diagnosis of occult Lisfranc tarsometatarsal injuries". J Orthop Trauma. 10 (2): 119–122. doi:10.1097/00005131-199602000-00008. PMID 8932671.
^ Rankine JJ, Nicholas CM, Wells G, Barron DA (April 2012). "The diagnostic accuracy of radiographs in Lisfranc injury and the potential value of a craniocaudal projection". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198 (4): W365–9. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.7222. PMID 22451574.
^ Hatem SF (November 2008). "Imaging of Lisfranc Injury and Midfoot Sprain". Radiologic Clinics of North America. 46 (6): 1045–1060. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2008.09.003. PMID 19038612.
^ Wheeless CR (2011). "Lisfranc's Fracture / TarsoMetatarsal Injuries". Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics online. Durham, North Carolina: Duke Orthopaedics. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
^ Lattermann C, Goldstein JL, Wukich DK, Lee S, Bach BR Jr (July 2007). "Practical management of Lisfranc injury in athletes". Clin J Sport Med. 17 (4): 311–51. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31811ed0ba. PMID 17620787. S2CID 41073329.
^ a b Makwana N (2005). "Tarsometatarsal injuries—Lisfranc injuries" (PDF). Current Orthopaedics. 19 (2): 108–118. doi:10.1016/j.cuor.2004.12.008.
^ a b Mulier T, Reynders P, Sioen W, Van Den Bergh J, De Reymaeker G, Reynaert P, Broos P (1997). "The Treatment of Lisfranc Injuries" (PDF). Acta Orthopaedica Belgica. 63 (2): 82–90. ISSN 0001-6462. PMID 9265792. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-05.
^ Mann RA, Prieskorn D, Sobel M (1996). "Mid-tarsal and tarsometatarsal arthrodesis for primary degenerative osteoarthrosis or osteoarthrosis after trauma". Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 78 (9): 1376–85. doi:10.2106/00004623-199609000-00013. PMID 8816654. S2CID 20769992. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
^ Lisfranc's joint at Who Named It?
^ DiDomenico LA, Cross D (2012). "Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc Joint" (PDF). Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery. 29 (2): 221–42. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2012.01.003. PMID 22424486. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
External links
ClassificationDExternal resourceseMedicine: orthoped/511
vteFractures and cartilage damageGeneral
Avulsion fracture
Chalkstick fracture
Greenstick fracture
Open fracture
Pathologic fracture
Spiral fracture
Head
Basilar skull fracture
Blowout fracture
Mandibular fracture
Nasal fracture
Le Fort fracture of skull
Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
Zygoma fracture
Spinal fracture
Cervical fracture
Jefferson fracture
Hangman's fracture
Flexion teardrop fracture
Clay-shoveler fracture
Burst fracture
Compression fracture
Chance fracture
Holdsworth fracture
Ribs
Rib fracture
Sternal fracture
Shoulder fracture
Clavicle
Scapular
Arm fractureHumerus fracture:
Proximal
Supracondylar
Holstein–Lewis fracture
Forearm fracture:
Ulna fracture
Monteggia fracture
Hume fracture
Radius fracture/Distal radius
Galeazzi
Colles'
Chauffeur's
Smith's
Barton's
Essex-Lopresti fracture
Hand fracture
Scaphoid
Rolando
Bennett's
Boxer's
Busch's
Broken finger
Pelvic fracture
Duverney fracture
Pipkin fracture
LegTibia fracture:
Bumper fracture
Segond fracture
Gosselin fracture
Toddler's fracture
Pilon fracture
Plafond fracture
Tillaux fracture
Fibular fracture:
Maisonneuve fracture
Le Fort fracture of ankle
Bosworth fracture
Combined tibia and fibula fracture:
Trimalleolar fracture
Bimalleolar fracture
Pott's fracture
Crus fracture:
Patella fracture
Femoral fracture:
Hip fracture
Foot fracture
Lisfranc
Jones
Cuneiform
March
Calcaneal
Broken toe | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot"},{"link_name":"metatarsal bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsus"},{"link_name":"displaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(orthopedic_surgery)"},{"link_name":"tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhoNamedIt3053-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thefreedictionary-2"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lisfranc_de_St._Martin"},{"link_name":"War of the Sixth Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lisfranc1815-3"}],"text":"Medical conditionA Lisfranc injury, also known as Lisfranc fracture, is an injury of the foot in which one or more of the metatarsal bones are displaced from the tarsus.[1][2]The injury is named after Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin, a French surgeon and gynecologist who noticed this fracture pattern amongst cavalrymen in 1815, after the War of the Sixth Coalition.[3]","title":"Lisfranc injury"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lisfranc_ligaments.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RettedalGraves2013-4"},{"link_name":"midfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfoot"},{"link_name":"arches of the foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot"},{"link_name":"cuboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboid_bone"},{"link_name":"navicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_bone"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"their articulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_articulations"},{"link_name":"metatarsal bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsal_bone"},{"link_name":"ligaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligament"},{"link_name":"Lisfranc ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisfranc_ligament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RettedalGraves2013-4"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"traffic collisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_collision"},{"link_name":"industrial accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_injury"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2005-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chan2001-6"},{"link_name":"rotational force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"plantar flexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantarflexion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2005-5"},{"link_name":"rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"stirrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirrup"},{"link_name":"storm drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chan2001-6"},{"link_name":"windsurfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsurfing"},{"link_name":"kitesurfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitesurfing"},{"link_name":"wakeboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakeboarding"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding"},{"link_name":"bindings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard#Bindings"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lievers2015-7"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Lisfranc ligaments:[4]C1 = Medial cuneiformM2 = 2nd metatarsal baseM3 = 3rd metatarsal baseRed = dorsal Lisfranc ligamentBlue = interosseous Lisfranc ligamentGreen = plantar Lisfranc ligament.The midfoot consists of five bones that form the arches of the foot (the cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones) and their articulations with the bases of the five metatarsal bones. It is these articulations that are damaged in a Lisfranc injury. Such injuries typically involve the ligaments between the medial cuneiform bone and the bases of the second and third metatarsal bones, and each of these ligaments is called Lisfranc ligament.[4]Lisfranc injuries are caused when excessive kinetic energy is applied either directly or indirectly to the midfoot and are often seen in traffic collisions or industrial accidents.[5]Direct Lisfranc injuries are usually caused by a crush injury, such as a heavy object falling onto the midfoot, or the foot being run over by a car or truck, or someone landing on the foot after a fall from a significant height.[6] Indirect Lisfranc injuries are caused by a sudden rotational force on a plantar flexed (downward pointing) forefoot.[5] Examples of this type of trauma include a rider falling from a horse but the foot remaining trapped in the stirrup, or a person falling forward after stepping into a storm drain.[6]In athletic trauma, Lisfranc injuries occur commonly in activities such as windsurfing, kitesurfing, wakeboarding, or snowboarding (where appliance bindings pass directly over the metatarsals).[7] American football players occasionally acquire this injury, and it most often occurs when the athlete's foot is plantar flexed and another player lands on the heel. This can also be seen in pivoting athletic positions such as a baseball catcher or a ballerina spinning.[citation needed]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lisfranc_fracture.jpg"},{"link_name":"fractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_metatarsal_bone"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_metatarsal_bone"},{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_metatarsal_bone"},{"link_name":"metatarsal bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"plantar flexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantarflexion"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"computed tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Lisfranc fracture (marked by the oval). This case also has fractures of the distal second (marked by the arrow), third, and fourth metatarsal bones.In a high energy injury to the midfoot, such as a fall from a height or a motor vehicle accident, the diagnosis of a Lisfranc injury should, in theory at least, pose less of a challenge. There will be deformity of the midfoot and X-ray abnormalities should be obvious. Further, the nature of the injury will create heightened clinical suspicion and there may even be disruption of the overlying skin and compromise of the blood supply. Typical X-ray findings would include a gap between the base of the first and second toes.[8] The diagnosis becomes more challenging in the case of low energy incidents, such as might occur with a twisting injury on the racquetball court, or when an American Football lineman is forced back upon a foot that is already in a fully plantar flexed position. Then, there may only be complaint of inability to bear weight and some mild swelling of the forefoot or midfoot. Bruising of the arch has been described as diagnostic in these circumstances but may well be absent.[9] Typically, conventional radiography of the foot is utilized with standard non-weight bearing views, supplemented by weight bearing views which may demonstrate widening of the interval between the first and second toes, if the initial views fail to show abnormality. Unfortunately, radiographs in such circumstances have a sensitivity of 50% when non-weight bearing and 85% when weight bearing, meaning that they will appear normal in 15% of cases where a Lisfranc injury actually exists.[10] In the case of apparently normal x-rays, if clinical suspicion remains, advanced imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT scan) is a logical next step.[11]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheeless-12"},{"link_name":"cuboidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboid_bone"},{"link_name":"sagittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_plane"},{"link_name":"coronal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_plane"},{"link_name":"intercuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"navicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_bone"}],"sub_title":"Classification","text":"There are three classifications for the fracture:[12]Homolateral: All five metatarsals are displaced in the same direction. Lateral displacement may also suggest cuboidal fracture.\nIsolated: one or two metatarsals are displaced from the others.\nDivergent: metatarsals are displaced in a sagittal or coronal plane and may also involve the intercuneiform area and include a navicular fracture.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"bear weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight-bearing"},{"link_name":"reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_(orthopedic_surgery)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makwana2005-14"},{"link_name":"Kirschner wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirschner_wire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makwana2005-14"},{"link_name":"open reduction with internal fixation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_fixation#Open_Reduction_Internal_Fixation_(ORIF)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mulier1997-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mulier1997-15"},{"link_name":"chronic pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pain"},{"link_name":"planovalgus deformity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus_deformity"},{"link_name":"arthrodesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrodesis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mann1996-16"}],"text":"Options include operative or non-operative treatment. One study claims that in athletes, and if the dislocation is less than 2 mm, the fracture can be managed with casting for six weeks.[13] The person's injured limb cannot bear weight during this period. In the majority of cases, early surgical alignment of bone fragments to their original anatomical position (open reduction) and stable fixation is indicated.[14] A 2005 study suggests that closed reduction and Kirschner wire (K-wire) stabilisation or open reduction and stabilisation - generally using screws to avoid the complication of K-wires and maintain a stable reduction - are the treatments of choice.[14]According to a 1997 study, for severe Lisfranc injuries, open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) and temporary screw or Kirschner wire fixation is the treatment of choice.[15] The foot cannot be allowed to bear weight for a minimum of six weeks. Partial weight-bearing may then begin, with full weight bearing after an additional several weeks, depending on the specific injury. K-wires are typically removed after six weeks, before weight bearing, while screws are often removed after 12 weeks.[15]When a Lisfranc injury is characterized by significant displacement of the tarsometatarsal joint(s), nonoperative treatment often leads to severe loss of function and long-term disability secondary to chronic pain and sometimes to a planovalgus deformity. In cases with severe pain, loss of function, or progressive deformity that has failed to respond to nonoperative treatment, mid-tarsal and tarsometatarsal arthrodesis (operative fusion of the bones) may be indicated.[16]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lisfranc_de_St._Martin"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lisfranc1815-3"},{"link_name":"amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation"},{"link_name":"tarsometatarsal joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_articulations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lisfranc1815-3"},{"link_name":"namesake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesake"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhoNamedIt3055-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiDomenico2012-18"}],"text":"During the Napoleonic Wars, Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin encountered a soldier who had developed vascular compromise and secondary gangrene of the foot after a fall from a horse.[3] Subsequently, Lisfranc performed an amputation at the level of the tarsometatarsal joints,[3] and that area of the foot has since been referred to as the namesake \"Lisfranc joint\".[17] Although Lisfranc did not describe a specific mechanism of injury or classification scheme, a Lisfranc injury has come to mean a dislocation or fracture-dislocation injury at the tarsometatarsal joints.[18]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Lisfranc ligaments:[4]C1 = Medial cuneiformM2 = 2nd metatarsal baseM3 = 3rd metatarsal baseRed = dorsal Lisfranc ligamentBlue = interosseous Lisfranc ligamentGreen = plantar Lisfranc ligament.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lisfranc_ligaments.jpg/260px-Lisfranc_ligaments.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lisfranc fracture (marked by the oval). This case also has fractures of the distal second (marked by the arrow), third, and fourth metatarsal bones.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lisfranc_fracture.jpg/220px-Lisfranc_fracture.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Bosworth fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosworth_fracture"},{"title":"Chopart's fracture-dislocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopart%27s_fracture-dislocation"},{"title":"Jones fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_fracture"},{"title":"List of eponymous fractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_fractures"},{"title":"March fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_fracture"}] | [{"reference":"\"Lisfranc's fracture\". The Free Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lisfranc%27s+fracture","url_text":"\"Lisfranc's fracture\""}]},{"reference":"Lisfranc J (1815). Nouvelle méthode opératoire pour l'amputation partielle du pied dans son articulation tarso-métatarsienne: méthode précédée des nombreuses modifications qu'a subies celle de Chopart (in French). Paris: L'imprimerie de Feuguery. pp. 1–52.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lisfranc_de_St._Martin","url_text":"Lisfranc J"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw1bAAAAQAAJ&q=%22m%C3%A9thode+pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9e+des+nombreuses+modifications+qu%27a+subies+celle+de+Chopart%22&pg=PA3","url_text":"Nouvelle méthode opératoire pour l'amputation partielle du pied dans son articulation tarso-métatarsienne: méthode précédée des nombreuses modifications qu'a subies celle de Chopart"}]},{"reference":"Rettedal DD, Graves NC, Marshall JJ, Frush K, Vardaxis V (2013). \"Reliability of ultrasound imaging in the assessment of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament\". Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 6 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/1757-1146-6-7. ISSN 1757-1146. PMC 3626864. PMID 23453037.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3626864","url_text":"\"Reliability of ultrasound imaging in the assessment of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1757-1146-6-7","url_text":"10.1186/1757-1146-6-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1757-1146","url_text":"1757-1146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3626864","url_text":"3626864"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23453037","url_text":"23453037"}]},{"reference":"Smith BR, Begeman PC, Leland R, Meehan R, Levine RS, Yang KH, King AI (2005). \"A Mechanism of Injury to the Forefoot in Car Crashes\". Traffic Injury Prevention. 6 (2): 156–69. doi:10.1080/15389580590931635. ISSN 1538-9588. PMID 16019401. S2CID 35856985.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15389580590931635","url_text":"10.1080/15389580590931635"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-9588","url_text":"1538-9588"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16019401","url_text":"16019401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35856985","url_text":"35856985"}]},{"reference":"Chan S, Chow SP (2001). \"Current concept review on Lisfranc injuries\" (PDF). Hong Kong Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. 5 (1): 75–80. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054332/http://hkoa.org/hkjos/2001-1/75_80.pdf","url_text":"\"Current concept review on Lisfranc injuries\""},{"url":"http://hkoa.org/hkjos/2001-1/75_80.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lievers WB, Frimenko RE, McCullough KA, Crandall JR, Kent RW (2015). \"Etiology and biomechanics of midfoot (Lisfranc) injuries in athletes\". Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. 43 (2–3): 213–238. doi:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v43.i2-3.60. PMID 27278743.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1615%2FCritRevBiomedEng.v43.i2-3.60","url_text":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v43.i2-3.60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27278743","url_text":"27278743"}]},{"reference":"Davies MS, Saxby TS (September 1999). \"Intercuneiform instability and the \"gap\" sign\". Foot Ankle Int. 20 (9): 606–9. doi:10.1177/107110079902000912. PMID 10509690. S2CID 33610199.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107110079902000912","url_text":"10.1177/107110079902000912"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10509690","url_text":"10509690"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33610199","url_text":"33610199"}]},{"reference":"Ross G, Cronin R, Hauzenblas J, Juliano P (1986). \"Plantar ecchymosis sign: a clinical aid to diagnosis of occult Lisfranc tarsometatarsal injuries\". J Orthop Trauma. 10 (2): 119–122. doi:10.1097/00005131-199602000-00008. PMID 8932671.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005131-199602000-00008","url_text":"10.1097/00005131-199602000-00008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8932671","url_text":"8932671"}]},{"reference":"Rankine JJ, Nicholas CM, Wells G, Barron DA (April 2012). \"The diagnostic accuracy of radiographs in Lisfranc injury and the potential value of a craniocaudal projection\". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198 (4): W365–9. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.7222. PMID 22451574.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2214%2FAJR.11.7222","url_text":"10.2214/AJR.11.7222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22451574","url_text":"22451574"}]},{"reference":"Hatem SF (November 2008). \"Imaging of Lisfranc Injury and Midfoot Sprain\". Radiologic Clinics of North America. 46 (6): 1045–1060. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2008.09.003. PMID 19038612.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rcl.2008.09.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.rcl.2008.09.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19038612","url_text":"19038612"}]},{"reference":"Wheeless CR (2011). \"Lisfranc's Fracture / TarsoMetatarsal Injuries\". Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics online. Durham, North Carolina: Duke Orthopaedics. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/lisfrancs_fracture_tarsometatarsal_injuries","url_text":"\"Lisfranc's Fracture / TarsoMetatarsal Injuries\""}]},{"reference":"Lattermann C, Goldstein JL, Wukich DK, Lee S, Bach BR Jr (July 2007). \"Practical management of Lisfranc injury in athletes\". Clin J Sport Med. 17 (4): 311–51. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31811ed0ba. PMID 17620787. S2CID 41073329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJSM.0b013e31811ed0ba","url_text":"10.1097/JSM.0b013e31811ed0ba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17620787","url_text":"17620787"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41073329","url_text":"41073329"}]},{"reference":"Makwana N (2005). \"Tarsometatarsal injuries—Lisfranc injuries\" (PDF). Current Orthopaedics. 19 (2): 108–118. doi:10.1016/j.cuor.2004.12.008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wessexdeanery.nhs.uk/PDF/Lis%20Franc%20injuries.pdf","url_text":"\"Tarsometatarsal injuries—Lisfranc injuries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cuor.2004.12.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.cuor.2004.12.008"}]},{"reference":"Mulier T, Reynders P, Sioen W, Van Den Bergh J, De Reymaeker G, Reynaert P, Broos P (1997). \"The Treatment of Lisfranc Injuries\" (PDF). Acta Orthopaedica Belgica. 63 (2): 82–90. ISSN 0001-6462. PMID 9265792. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105045103/http://actaorthopaedicabelgica.be/acta/download/1997-2/9265792.pdf","url_text":"\"The Treatment of Lisfranc Injuries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6462","url_text":"0001-6462"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9265792","url_text":"9265792"},{"url":"http://actaorthopaedicabelgica.be/acta/download/1997-2/9265792.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mann RA, Prieskorn D, Sobel M (1996). \"Mid-tarsal and tarsometatarsal arthrodesis for primary degenerative osteoarthrosis or osteoarthrosis after trauma\". Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 78 (9): 1376–85. doi:10.2106/00004623-199609000-00013. PMID 8816654. S2CID 20769992. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13. 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Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery. 29 (2): 221–42. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2012.01.003. PMID 22424486. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043956/http://www.ankleandfootcare.com/pdf/tarsometatarsal-lisfranc-joint-article.pdf","url_text":"\"Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc Joint\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cpm.2012.01.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.cpm.2012.01.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22424486","url_text":"22424486"},{"url":"http://www.ankleandfootcare.com/pdf/tarsometatarsal-lisfranc-joint-article.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3053.html","external_links_name":"Lisfranc's fracture"},{"Link":"http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lisfranc%27s+fracture","external_links_name":"\"Lisfranc's 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BubR1 | BUB1B | ["1 Function","2 Clinical Significance","3 DNA repair","4 Interactions","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
BUB1BAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes2WVI, 3SI5, 4GGD, 5JJAIdentifiersAliasesBUB1B, BUB1beta, BUBR1, Bub1A, MAD3L, MVA1, SSK1, hBUBR1, BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase BExternal IDsOMIM: 602860; MGI: 1333889; HomoloGene: 933; GeneCards: BUB1B; OMA:BUB1B - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 15 (human)Band15q15.1Start40,161,023 bpEnd40,221,123 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 2 (mouse)Band2|2 E5Start118,428,692 bpEnd118,472,072 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed insecondary oocyteventricular zonegonadembryoEpithelium of choroid plexusganglionic eminenceright testisbone marrowleft testistrabecular boneTop expressed insecondary oocyteprimary oocyteectodermotic vesicleprimitive streakotic placodetail of embryospermatocytegenital tuberclezygoteMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
protein serine/threonine kinase activity
ATP binding
protein binding
kinase activity
nucleotide binding
transferase activity
protein kinase activity
Cellular component
kinetochore
nucleus
cytoskeleton
outer kinetochore
microtubule organizing center
perinuclear region of cytoplasm
chromosome, centromeric region
anaphase-promoting complex
chromosome
cytoplasm
spindle midzone
cytosol
spindle
Biological process
protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region
anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process
mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling
protein phosphorylation
metaphase
cell cycle
apoptotic process
phosphorylation
cell division
cell population proliferation
protein localization to kinetochore
mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling
meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric
mitotic cell cycle
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez70112236EnsemblENSG00000156970ENSMUSG00000040084UniProtO60566Q9Z1S0RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001211NM_009773RefSeq (protein)NP_001202NP_033903Location (UCSC)Chr 15: 40.16 – 40.22 MbChr 2: 118.43 – 118.47 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BUB1B gene. Also known as BubR1, this protein is recognized for its mitotic roles in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and kinetochore-microtubule interactions that facilitate chromosome migration and alignment. BubR1 promotes mitotic fidelity and protects against aneuploidy by ensuring proper chromosome segregation between daughter cells. BubR1 is proposed to prevent tumorigenesis.
Function
This gene encodes a kinase involved in spindle checkpoint function and chromosome segregation. The protein has been localized to the kinetochore and plays a role in the inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), delaying the onset of anaphase and ensuring proper chromosome segregation. Impaired spindle checkpoint function has been found in many forms of cancer.
Increased expression of BubR1 in mice extends a healthy lifespan.
Clinical Significance
BubR1 has been implicated in a variety of biological processes and pathologies, including cancer, aging, mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA), and heart disease. BubR1 protein levels are shown to decline with age. Furthermore, loss of BubR1 in young organisms is associated with rapid aging and premature onset of age-related diseases and phenotypes such as cardiac dysfunction, poor wound healing, cataracts, kyphosis, fat loss and muscle wasting (cachexia), and cancer. This has been demonstrated in mice.
DNA repair
Chemoradiotherapy (CRT), the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy applied with curative intent, is used to treat a variety of cancers. CRT acts by inducing damage in the DNA of the cancer cells. Bladder cancer tumor samples were taken from patients before treatment and from the same patients after CRT treatment when the tumors had reoccurred. An increased level of BUB1B expression was found in the CRT-recurrent cells. This increased expression was considered to facilitate an inaccurate DNA repair process termed alternative non-homologous end joining (A-NHEJ) that inaccurately repairs DNA damages such as those caused by the CRT. This inaccurate repair could cause additional mutations in the tumor including mutations to CRT resistance.
Interactions
BUB1B has been shown to interact with:
AP2B1
BRCA2
BUB3
CDC20
MAD2L1
CBP
SIRT2
PLK1
PP2A-B56
HDAC1
HDAC2 / HDAC3
SNCG
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000156970 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000040084 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Davenport JW, Fernandes ER, Harris LD, Neale GA, Goorha R (January 1999). "The mouse mitotic checkpoint gene bub1b, a novel bub1 family member, is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner". Genomics. 55 (1): 113–117. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5629. PMID 9889005.
^ Guo Y, Kim C, Ahmad S, Zhang J, Mao Y (July 2012). "CENP-E--dependent BubR1 autophosphorylation enhances chromosome alignment and the mitotic checkpoint". The Journal of Cell Biology. 198 (2): 205–217. doi:10.1083/jcb.201202152. PMC 3410423. PMID 22801780.
^ "Entrez Gene: BUB1B BUB1 budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog beta (yeast)".
^ a b Baker DJ, Dawlaty MM, Wijshake T, Jeganathan KB, Malureanu L, van Ree JH, et al. (January 2013). "Increased expression of BubR1 protects against aneuploidy and cancer and extends healthy lifespan". Nature Cell Biology. 15 (1): 96–102. doi:10.1038/ncb2643. PMC 3707109. PMID 23242215.
"Mayo Clinic Study Unmasks Regulator of Healthy Life Span". Mayo Clinic. December 17, 2012.
^ a b Baker DJ, Jeganathan KB, Cameron JD, Thompson M, Juneja S, Kopecka A, et al. (July 2004). "BubR1 insufficiency causes early onset of aging-associated phenotypes and infertility in mice". Nature Genetics. 36 (7): 744–749. doi:10.1038/ng1382. PMID 15208629. S2CID 7871496.
^ Bloom CR, North BJ (April 2021). "Physiological relevance of post-translational regulation of the spindle assembly checkpoint protein BubR1". Cell & Bioscience. 11 (1): 76. doi:10.1186/s13578-021-00589-2. PMC 8066494. PMID 33892776.
^ a b Komura K, Inamoto T, Tsujino T, Matsui Y, Konuma T, Nishimura K, et al. (October 2021). "Increased BUB1B/BUBR1 expression contributes to aberrant DNA repair activity leading to resistance to DNA-damaging agents". Oncogene. 40 (43): 6210–6222. doi:10.1038/s41388-021-02021-y. PMC 8553621. PMID 34545188.
^ a b Cayrol C, Cougoule C, Wright M (November 2002). "The beta2-adaptin clathrin adaptor interacts with the mitotic checkpoint kinase BubR1". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 298 (5): 720–730. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02522-6. PMID 12419313.
^ Futamura M, Arakawa H, Matsuda K, Katagiri T, Saji S, Miki Y, Nakamura Y (March 2000). "Potential role of BRCA2 in a mitotic checkpoint after phosphorylation by hBUBR1". Cancer Research. 60 (6): 1531–1535. PMID 10749118.
^ Hoyt MA (September 2001). "A new view of the spindle checkpoint". The Journal of Cell Biology. 154 (5): 909–911. doi:10.1083/jcb.200108010. PMC 2196198. PMID 11535614.
^ Taylor SS, Ha E, McKeon F (July 1998). "The human homologue of Bub3 is required for kinetochore localization of Bub1 and a Mad3/Bub1-related protein kinase". The Journal of Cell Biology. 142 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1083/jcb.142.1.1. PMC 2133037. PMID 9660858.
^ a b Sudakin V, Chan GK, Yen TJ (September 2001). "Checkpoint inhibition of the APC/C in HeLa cells is mediated by a complex of BUBR1, BUB3, CDC20, and MAD2". The Journal of Cell Biology. 154 (5): 925–936. doi:10.1083/jcb.200102093. PMC 2196190. PMID 11535616.
^ Fang G (March 2002). "Checkpoint protein BubR1 acts synergistically with Mad2 to inhibit anaphase-promoting complex". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 13 (3): 755–766. doi:10.1091/mbc.01-09-0437. PMC 99596. PMID 11907259.
^ Wu H, Lan Z, Li W, Wu S, Weinstein J, Sakamoto KM, Dai W (September 2000). "p55CDC/hCDC20 is associated with BUBR1 and may be a downstream target of the spindle checkpoint kinase". Oncogene. 19 (40): 4557–4562. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203803. PMID 11030144. S2CID 23544995.
^ Kallio MJ, Beardmore VA, Weinstein J, Gorbsky GJ (September 2002). "Rapid microtubule-independent dynamics of Cdc20 at kinetochores and centrosomes in mammalian cells". The Journal of Cell Biology. 158 (5): 841–847. doi:10.1083/jcb.200201135. PMC 2173153. PMID 12196507.
^ Skoufias DA, Andreassen PR, Lacroix FB, Wilson L, Margolis RL (April 2001). "Mammalian mad2 and bub1/bubR1 recognize distinct spindle-attachment and kinetochore-tension checkpoints". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (8): 4492–4497. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.4492S. doi:10.1073/pnas.081076898. PMC 31862. PMID 11274370.
^ Nilsson J, Yekezare M, Minshull J, Pines J (December 2008). "The APC/C maintains the spindle assembly checkpoint by targeting Cdc20 for destruction". Nature Cell Biology. 10 (12): 1411–1420. doi:10.1038/ncb1799. PMC 2635557. PMID 18997788.
^ a b North BJ, Rosenberg MA, Jeganathan KB, Hafner AV, Michan S, Dai J, et al. (July 2014). "SIRT2 induces the checkpoint kinase BubR1 to increase lifespan". The EMBO Journal. 33 (13): 1438–1453. doi:10.15252/embj.201386907. PMC 4194088. PMID 24825348.
^ Suematsu T, Li Y, Kojima H, Nakajima K, Oshimura M, Inoue T (October 2014). "Deacetylation of the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1 at lysine 250 by SIRT2 and subsequent effects on BubR1 degradation during the prometaphase/anaphase transition". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 453 (3): 588–594. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.128. PMID 25285631.
^ Qiu D, Hou X, Han L, Li X, Ge J, Wang Q (February 2018). "Sirt2-BubR1 acetylation pathway mediates the effects of advanced maternal age on oocyte quality". Aging Cell. 17 (1): e12698. doi:10.1111/acel.12698. PMC 5770883. PMID 29067790.
^ Huang H, Hittle J, Zappacosta F, Annan RS, Hershko A, Yen TJ (November 2008). "Phosphorylation sites in BubR1 that regulate kinetochore attachment, tension, and mitotic exit". The Journal of Cell Biology. 183 (4): 667–680. doi:10.1083/jcb.200805163. PMC 2582891. PMID 19015317.
^ Matsumura S, Toyoshima F, Nishida E (May 2007). "Polo-like kinase 1 facilitates chromosome alignment during prometaphase through BubR1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (20): 15217–15227. doi:10.1074/jbc.M611053200. PMID 17376779.
^ Elowe S, Hümmer S, Uldschmid A, Li X, Nigg EA (September 2007). "Tension-sensitive Plk1 phosphorylation on BubR1 regulates the stability of kinetochore microtubule interactions". Genes & Development. 21 (17): 2205–2219. doi:10.1101/gad.436007. PMC 1950859. PMID 17785528.
^ Izumi H, Matsumoto Y, Ikeuchi T, Saya H, Kajii T, Matsuura S (August 2009). "BubR1 localizes to centrosomes and suppresses centrosome amplification via regulating Plk1 activity in interphase cells". Oncogene. 28 (31): 2806–2820. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.141. PMID 19503101. S2CID 23514072.
^ a b Suijkerbuijk SJ, Vleugel M, Teixeira A, Kops GJ (October 2012). "Integration of kinase and phosphatase activities by BUBR1 ensures formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments". Developmental Cell. 23 (4): 745–755. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2012.09.005. PMID 23079597.
^ Kruse T, Zhang G, Larsen MS, Lischetti T, Streicher W, Kragh Nielsen T, et al. (March 2013). "Direct binding between BubR1 and B56-PP2A phosphatase complexes regulate mitotic progression". Journal of Cell Science. 126 (Pt 5): 1086–1092. doi:10.1242/jcs.122481. PMID 23345399. S2CID 30718574.
^ Gama Braga L, Cisneros AF, Mathieu MM, Clerc M, Garcia P, Lottin B, et al. (November 2020). "BUBR1 Pseudokinase Domain Promotes Kinetochore PP2A-B56 Recruitment, Spindle Checkpoint Silencing, and Chromosome Alignment". Cell Reports. 33 (7): 108397. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108397. PMID 33207204. S2CID 227066402.
^ Wang J, Wang Z, Yu T, Yang H, Virshup DM, Kops GJ, et al. (July 2016). "Crystal structure of a PP2A B56-BubR1 complex and its implications for PP2A substrate recruitment and localization". Protein & Cell. 7 (7): 516–526. doi:10.1007/s13238-016-0283-4. PMC 4930772. PMID 27350047.
^ Yoon YM, Baek KH, Jeong SJ, Shin HJ, Ha GH, Jeon AH, et al. (September 2004). "WD repeat-containing mitotic checkpoint proteins act as transcriptional repressors during interphase". FEBS Letters. 575 (1–3): 23–29. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.089. PMID 15388328. S2CID 21762011.
^ Park I, Kwon MS, Paik S, Kim H, Lee HO, Choi E, Lee H (December 2017). "HDAC2/3 binding and deacetylation of BubR1 initiates spindle assembly checkpoint silencing". The FEBS Journal. 284 (23): 4035–4050. doi:10.1111/febs.14286. PMID 28985013. S2CID 4164003.
^ Gupta A, Inaba S, Wong OK, Fang G, Liu J (October 2003). "Breast cancer-specific gene 1 interacts with the mitotic checkpoint kinase BubR1". Oncogene. 22 (48): 7593–7599. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206880. PMID 14576821. S2CID 5689831.
Further reading
Posas F, Saito H (March 1998). "Activation of the yeast SSK2 MAP kinase kinase kinase by the SSK1 two-component response regulator". The EMBO Journal. 17 (5): 1385–1394. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.5.1385. PMC 1170486. PMID 9482735.
Cahill DP, Lengauer C, Yu J, Riggins GJ, Willson JK, Markowitz SD, et al. (March 1998). "Mutations of mitotic checkpoint genes in human cancers". Nature. 392 (6673): 300–303. Bibcode:1998Natur.392..300C. doi:10.1038/32688. PMID 9521327. S2CID 4416376.
Donadelli R, Benatti L, Remuzzi A, Morigi M, Gullans SR, Benigni A, et al. (May 1998). "Identification of a novel gene--SSK1--in human endothelial cells exposed to shear stress". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 246 (3): 881–887. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8713. PMID 9618306.
Chan GK, Schaar BT, Yen TJ (October 1998). "Characterization of the kinetochore binding domain of CENP-E reveals interactions with the kinetochore proteins CENP-F and hBUBR1". The Journal of Cell Biology. 143 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1083/jcb.143.1.49. PMC 2132809. PMID 9763420.
Jablonski SA, Chan GK, Cooke CA, Earnshaw WC, Yen TJ (December 1998). "The hBUB1 and hBUBR1 kinases sequentially assemble onto kinetochores during prophase with hBUBR1 concentrating at the kinetochore plates in mitosis". Chromosoma. 107 (6–7): 386–396. doi:10.1007/s004120050322. PMID 9914370. S2CID 13928165.
Cahill DP, da Costa LT, Carson-Walter EB, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Lengauer C (June 1999). "Characterization of MAD2B and other mitotic spindle checkpoint genes". Genomics. 58 (2): 181–187. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5831. PMID 10366450.
Chan GK, Jablonski SA, Sudakin V, Hittle JC, Yen TJ (September 1999). "Human BUBR1 is a mitotic checkpoint kinase that monitors CENP-E functions at kinetochores and binds the cyclosome/APC". The Journal of Cell Biology. 146 (5): 941–954. doi:10.1083/jcb.146.5.941. PMC 2169490. PMID 10477750.
Li W, Lan Z, Wu H, Wu S, Meadows J, Chen J, et al. (November 1999). "BUBR1 phosphorylation is regulated during mitotic checkpoint activation". Cell Growth & Differentiation. 10 (11): 769–775. PMID 10593653.
Saffery R, Irvine DV, Griffiths B, Kalitsis P, Choo KH (October 2000). "Components of the human spindle checkpoint control mechanism localize specifically to the active centromere on dicentric chromosomes". Human Genetics. 107 (4): 376–384. doi:10.1007/s004390000386. PMID 11129339. S2CID 38578162.
Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, Pepperkok R, Wiemann S (September 2000). "Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing". EMBO Reports. 1 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058. PMC 1083732. PMID 11256614.
Kaplan KB, Burds AA, Swedlow JR, Bekir SS, Sorger PK, Näthke IS (April 2001). "A role for the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli protein in chromosome segregation". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (4): 429–432. doi:10.1038/35070123. PMID 11283619. S2CID 12645435.
Tang Z, Bharadwaj R, Li B, Yu H (August 2001). "Mad2-Independent inhibition of APCCdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1". Developmental Cell. 1 (2): 227–237. doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00019-3. PMID 11702782.
Shichiri M, Yoshinaga K, Hisatomi H, Sugihara K, Hirata Y (January 2002). "Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of mitotic checkpoint genes hBUB1 and hBUBR1 and their relationship to survival". Cancer Research. 62 (1): 13–17. PMID 11782350.
Taylor SS, Hussein D, Wang Y, Elderkin S, Morrow CJ (December 2001). "Kinetochore localisation and phosphorylation of the mitotic checkpoint components Bub1 and BubR1 are differentially regulated by spindle events in human cells". Journal of Cell Science. 114 (Pt 24): 4385–4395. doi:10.1242/jcs.114.24.4385. PMID 11792804.
External links
Human BUB1B genome location and BUB1B gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9889005-5"}],"text":"Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BUB1B gene.[5] Also known as BubR1, this protein is recognized for its mitotic roles in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and kinetochore-microtubule interactions that facilitate chromosome migration and alignment. BubR1 promotes mitotic fidelity and protects against aneuploidy by ensuring proper chromosome segregation between daughter cells. BubR1 is proposed to prevent tumorigenesis.","title":"BUB1B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"spindle checkpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"chromosome segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_segregation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22801780-6"},{"link_name":"kinetochore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetochore"},{"link_name":"anaphase-promoting complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphase-promoting_complex"},{"link_name":"cyclosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosome"},{"link_name":"anaphase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphase"},{"link_name":"chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23242215-8"}],"text":"This gene encodes a kinase involved in spindle checkpoint function and chromosome segregation.[6] The protein has been localized to the kinetochore and plays a role in the inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), delaying the onset of anaphase and ensuring proper chromosome segregation. Impaired spindle checkpoint function has been found in many forms of cancer.[7]Increased expression of BubR1 in mice extends a healthy lifespan.[8]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23242215-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"cataracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract"},{"link_name":"kyphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyphosis"},{"link_name":"cachexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachexia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"BubR1 has been implicated in a variety of biological processes and pathologies, including cancer, aging, mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA), and heart disease. BubR1 protein levels are shown to decline with age.[8][9][10] Furthermore, loss of BubR1 in young organisms is associated with rapid aging and premature onset of age-related diseases and phenotypes such as cardiac dysfunction, poor wound healing, cataracts, kyphosis, fat loss and muscle wasting (cachexia), and cancer.[9] This has been demonstrated in mice.","title":"Clinical Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemoradiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoradiotherapy"},{"link_name":"Bladder cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komura2021-11"},{"link_name":"non-homologous end joining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining"},{"link_name":"mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komura2021-11"}],"text":"Chemoradiotherapy (CRT), the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy applied with curative intent, is used to treat a variety of cancers. CRT acts by inducing damage in the DNA of the cancer cells. Bladder cancer tumor samples were taken from patients before treatment and from the same patients after CRT treatment when the tumors had reoccurred.[11] An increased level of BUB1B expression was found in the CRT-recurrent cells. This increased expression was considered to facilitate an inaccurate DNA repair process termed alternative non-homologous end joining (A-NHEJ) that inaccurately repairs DNA damages such as those caused by the CRT. This inaccurate repair could cause additional mutations in the tumor including mutations to CRT resistance.[11]","title":"DNA repair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"AP2B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2B1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12419313-12"},{"link_name":"BRCA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10749118-13"},{"link_name":"BUB3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BUB3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12419313-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11535614-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9660858-15"},{"link_name":"CDC20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11535616-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11907259-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11030144-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12196507-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11274370-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18997788-21"},{"link_name":"MAD2L1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAD2L1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11535616-16"},{"link_name":"CBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREB-binding_protein"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"SIRT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin_2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"PLK1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLK1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"PP2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphatase_2"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"HDAC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15388328-33"},{"link_name":"HDAC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase_2"},{"link_name":"HDAC3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC3"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"SNCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-synuclein"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14576821-35"}],"text":"BUB1B has been shown to interact with:AP2B1[12]\nBRCA2[13]\nBUB3[12][14][15]\nCDC20[16][17][18][19][20][21]\nMAD2L1[16]\nCBP[22]\nSIRT2[22][23][24]\nPLK1[25][26][27][28][29]\nPP2A-B56[29][30][31][32]\nHDAC1[33]\nHDAC2 / HDAC3[34]\nSNCG[35]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Activation of the yeast SSK2 MAP kinase kinase kinase by the SSK1 two-component response regulator\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1170486"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/emboj/17.5.1385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F17.5.1385"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1170486","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1170486"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9482735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9482735"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1998Natur.392..300C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.392..300C"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/32688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F32688"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9521327","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9521327"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4416376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4416376"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/bbrc.1998.8713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1998.8713"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9618306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9618306"},{"link_name":"\"Characterization of the kinetochore binding domain of CENP-E reveals interactions with the kinetochore proteins CENP-F and hBUBR1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2132809"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1083/jcb.143.1.49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.143.1.49"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2132809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2132809"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9763420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9763420"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s004120050322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004120050322"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9914370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9914370"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13928165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13928165"},{"link_name":"\"Characterization of MAD2B and other mitotic spindle checkpoint genes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1999.5831"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/geno.1999.5831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1999.5831"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10366450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10366450"},{"link_name":"\"Human BUBR1 is a mitotic checkpoint kinase that monitors CENP-E functions at kinetochores and binds the cyclosome/APC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169490"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1083/jcb.146.5.941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.146.5.941"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2169490","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169490"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10477750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10477750"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10593653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10593653"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s004390000386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004390000386"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11129339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11129339"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"38578162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38578162"},{"link_name":"\"Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083732"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkvd058"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1083732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083732"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11256614","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11256614"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/35070123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F35070123"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11283619","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11283619"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12645435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12645435"},{"link_name":"\"Mad2-Independent inhibition of APCCdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1534-5807%2801%2900019-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00019-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1534-5807%2801%2900019-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11702782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11702782"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11782350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11782350"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1242/jcs.114.24.4385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.114.24.4385"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11792804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11792804"}],"text":"Posas F, Saito H (March 1998). \"Activation of the yeast SSK2 MAP kinase kinase kinase by the SSK1 two-component response regulator\". The EMBO Journal. 17 (5): 1385–1394. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.5.1385. PMC 1170486. PMID 9482735.\nCahill DP, Lengauer C, Yu J, Riggins GJ, Willson JK, Markowitz SD, et al. (March 1998). \"Mutations of mitotic checkpoint genes in human cancers\". Nature. 392 (6673): 300–303. Bibcode:1998Natur.392..300C. doi:10.1038/32688. PMID 9521327. S2CID 4416376.\nDonadelli R, Benatti L, Remuzzi A, Morigi M, Gullans SR, Benigni A, et al. (May 1998). \"Identification of a novel gene--SSK1--in human endothelial cells exposed to shear stress\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 246 (3): 881–887. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8713. PMID 9618306.\nChan GK, Schaar BT, Yen TJ (October 1998). \"Characterization of the kinetochore binding domain of CENP-E reveals interactions with the kinetochore proteins CENP-F and hBUBR1\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 143 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1083/jcb.143.1.49. PMC 2132809. PMID 9763420.\nJablonski SA, Chan GK, Cooke CA, Earnshaw WC, Yen TJ (December 1998). \"The hBUB1 and hBUBR1 kinases sequentially assemble onto kinetochores during prophase with hBUBR1 concentrating at the kinetochore plates in mitosis\". Chromosoma. 107 (6–7): 386–396. doi:10.1007/s004120050322. PMID 9914370. S2CID 13928165.\nCahill DP, da Costa LT, Carson-Walter EB, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Lengauer C (June 1999). \"Characterization of MAD2B and other mitotic spindle checkpoint genes\". Genomics. 58 (2): 181–187. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5831. PMID 10366450.\nChan GK, Jablonski SA, Sudakin V, Hittle JC, Yen TJ (September 1999). \"Human BUBR1 is a mitotic checkpoint kinase that monitors CENP-E functions at kinetochores and binds the cyclosome/APC\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 146 (5): 941–954. doi:10.1083/jcb.146.5.941. PMC 2169490. PMID 10477750.\nLi W, Lan Z, Wu H, Wu S, Meadows J, Chen J, et al. (November 1999). \"BUBR1 phosphorylation is regulated during mitotic checkpoint activation\". Cell Growth & Differentiation. 10 (11): 769–775. PMID 10593653.\nSaffery R, Irvine DV, Griffiths B, Kalitsis P, Choo KH (October 2000). \"Components of the human spindle checkpoint control mechanism localize specifically to the active centromere on dicentric chromosomes\". Human Genetics. 107 (4): 376–384. doi:10.1007/s004390000386. PMID 11129339. S2CID 38578162.\nSimpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, Pepperkok R, Wiemann S (September 2000). \"Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing\". EMBO Reports. 1 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058. PMC 1083732. PMID 11256614.\nKaplan KB, Burds AA, Swedlow JR, Bekir SS, Sorger PK, Näthke IS (April 2001). \"A role for the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli protein in chromosome segregation\". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (4): 429–432. doi:10.1038/35070123. PMID 11283619. S2CID 12645435.\nTang Z, Bharadwaj R, Li B, Yu H (August 2001). \"Mad2-Independent inhibition of APCCdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1\". Developmental Cell. 1 (2): 227–237. doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00019-3. PMID 11702782.\nShichiri M, Yoshinaga K, Hisatomi H, Sugihara K, Hirata Y (January 2002). \"Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of mitotic checkpoint genes hBUB1 and hBUBR1 and their relationship to survival\". Cancer Research. 62 (1): 13–17. PMID 11782350.\nTaylor SS, Hussein D, Wang Y, Elderkin S, Morrow CJ (December 2001). \"Kinetochore localisation and phosphorylation of the mitotic checkpoint components Bub1 and BubR1 are differentially regulated by spindle events in human cells\". Journal of Cell Science. 114 (Pt 24): 4385–4395. doi:10.1242/jcs.114.24.4385. PMID 11792804.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=701","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=12236","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Davenport JW, Fernandes ER, Harris LD, Neale GA, Goorha R (January 1999). \"The mouse mitotic checkpoint gene bub1b, a novel bub1 family member, is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner\". Genomics. 55 (1): 113–117. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5629. PMID 9889005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1998.5629","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1998.5629"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9889005","url_text":"9889005"}]},{"reference":"Guo Y, Kim C, Ahmad S, Zhang J, Mao Y (July 2012). \"CENP-E--dependent BubR1 autophosphorylation enhances chromosome alignment and the mitotic checkpoint\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 198 (2): 205–217. doi:10.1083/jcb.201202152. PMC 3410423. PMID 22801780.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410423","url_text":"\"CENP-E--dependent BubR1 autophosphorylation enhances chromosome alignment and the mitotic checkpoint\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.201202152","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.201202152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410423","url_text":"3410423"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22801780","url_text":"22801780"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: BUB1B BUB1 budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog beta (yeast)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=701","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: BUB1B BUB1 budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog beta (yeast)\""}]},{"reference":"Baker DJ, Dawlaty MM, Wijshake T, Jeganathan KB, Malureanu L, van Ree JH, et al. (January 2013). \"Increased expression of BubR1 protects against aneuploidy and cancer and extends healthy lifespan\". Nature Cell Biology. 15 (1): 96–102. doi:10.1038/ncb2643. PMC 3707109. PMID 23242215.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3707109","url_text":"\"Increased expression of BubR1 protects against aneuploidy and cancer and extends healthy lifespan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncb2643","url_text":"10.1038/ncb2643"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3707109","url_text":"3707109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23242215","url_text":"23242215"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayo Clinic Study Unmasks Regulator of Healthy Life Span\". Mayo Clinic. December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mayoclinic.org/news2012-rst/7212.html","url_text":"\"Mayo Clinic Study Unmasks Regulator of Healthy Life Span\""}]},{"reference":"Baker DJ, Jeganathan KB, Cameron JD, Thompson M, Juneja S, Kopecka A, et al. (July 2004). \"BubR1 insufficiency causes early onset of aging-associated phenotypes and infertility in mice\". Nature Genetics. 36 (7): 744–749. doi:10.1038/ng1382. PMID 15208629. 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PMID 10477750.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169490","url_text":"\"Human BUBR1 is a mitotic checkpoint kinase that monitors CENP-E functions at kinetochores and binds the cyclosome/APC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.146.5.941","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.146.5.941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169490","url_text":"2169490"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10477750","url_text":"10477750"}]},{"reference":"Li W, Lan Z, Wu H, Wu S, Meadows J, Chen J, et al. (November 1999). \"BUBR1 phosphorylation is regulated during mitotic checkpoint activation\". Cell Growth & Differentiation. 10 (11): 769–775. 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PMID 11256614.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083732","url_text":"\"Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkvd058","url_text":"10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083732","url_text":"1083732"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11256614","url_text":"11256614"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan KB, Burds AA, Swedlow JR, Bekir SS, Sorger PK, Näthke IS (April 2001). \"A role for the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli protein in chromosome segregation\". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (4): 429–432. doi:10.1038/35070123. PMID 11283619. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Zavattini | Emilio Zavattini | ["1 Biography","2 External links","3 References"] | Italian physicist
Portrait of Emilio Zavattini.
Emilio Zavattini (March 14, 1927 – January 9, 2007) was an Italian particle physicist.
Biography
He was born in Rimini, Italy and enrolled in the University of Rome La Sapienza as a physics student in 1950 and earned his doctorate in 1954.
Zavattini joined CERN in 1955 and remained a staff member until he retired in 1992. Early in this period he made a short post-doctoral visit to Nevis Laboratory at Columbia University where he worked with Leon Lederman. After retirement, he held a position as a professor at the University of Trieste from 1988–1999.
Zavattini is known for the muon g-2 experiment and the PVLAS experiment at the INFN Laboratory in Legnaro (Padua, Italy). He made contributions within the fields of strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions—especially using muons—both at CERN and at other European and U.S. laboratories. In later years his studies focused on a better understanding of the structure of vacuum.
He was a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.
Zavattini died at the age of 79 of a heart attack.
External links
Scientific publications of Emilio Zavattini on INSPIRE-HEP
Links to scientific papers (partial list) Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
Homepage of PVLAS experiment Archived 2013-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
References
^ Kuster, Markus; Raffelt, Georg; Beltrán, Berta, eds. (2008). Axions: Theory, Cosmology, and Experimental Searches. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 741. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73518-2. ISBN 978-3-540-73517-5. Front matter
^ "Emilio Zavattini 65". CERN Courier. 32 (4): 19.
^ "14 marzo 1927 - Nasce a Rimini Emilio "Mimmo" Zavattini, il "fisico del vuoto" del CERN". Chiamamicitta (in Italian). 2020-03-13. Archived from the original on 2021-03-17. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
^ "Emilio Zavattini - 1927-2007". CERN Document Server. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
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This article about an Italian physicist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zavattini.jpg"},{"link_name":"particle physicist.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Portrait of Emilio Zavattini.Emilio Zavattini (March 14, 1927 – January 9, 2007) was an Italian particle physicist.[1]","title":"Emilio Zavattini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimini,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"University of Rome La Sapienza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"CERN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nevis Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Leon Lederman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman"},{"link_name":"University of Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Trieste"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"muon g-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_g-2#Muon_g_%E2%88%92_2_at_CERN"},{"link_name":"PVLAS experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVLAS"},{"link_name":"Laboratory in Legnaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_di_Legnaro"},{"link_name":"strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction"},{"link_name":"weak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interaction"},{"link_name":"muons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon"},{"link_name":"CERN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN"},{"link_name":"structure of vacuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_state"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Accademia dei Lincei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"}],"text":"He was born in Rimini, Italy and enrolled in the University of Rome La Sapienza as a physics student in 1950 and earned his doctorate in 1954.Zavattini joined CERN in 1955 and remained a staff member until he retired in 1992.[2] Early in this period he made a short post-doctoral visit to Nevis Laboratory at Columbia University where he worked with Leon Lederman. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Spruce | Picea omorika | ["1 Description","2 Cultivation","2.1 AGM cultivars","3 Ecology","4 References","5 External links"] | Species of conifer
Picea omorika
In native range. Note extremely slender crown.
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Gymnospermae
Division:
Pinophyta
Class:
Pinopsida
Order:
Pinales
Family:
Pinaceae
Genus:
Picea
Species:
P. omorika
Binomial name
Picea omorika(Pančić) Purk.
Natural range
Picea omorika, commonly known as the Pančić spruce or Serbian spruce (Serbian: Панчићева оморика, Pančićeva omorika, pronounced ), is a species of coniferous tree endemic to the Drina River valley in western Serbia, and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a total range of only about 60 ha, at 800–1,600 m (2,600–5,200 ft) altitude. It was originally discovered near the Serbian village of Zaovine, on Mount Tara, in 1875, and named by the Serbian botanist Josif Pančić; the specific epithet omorika is simply the Serbian word for the tree. (All other spruces are smrča.)
Description
It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 20 m (66 ft) tall, exceptionally 40 m (130 ft), with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m (3 ft). The shoots are buff-brown, and densely pubescent (hairy). The leaves are needle-like, 10–20 mm long, flattened in cross-section, dark blue-green above, and blue-white below. The cones are 4–7 cm (2–3 in) long, fusiform (spindle-shaped, broadest in the middle), dark purple (almost black) when young, maturing dark brown 5–7 months after pollination, with stiff scales.
Immature female cone
Mature female cone
Foliage, showing the blue-green undersides of needles
Cultivation
Outside its native range, Serbian spruce is of major importance as an ornamental tree in large gardens, valued in northern Europe and North America for its very attractive crown form and ability to grow on a wide range of soils, including alkaline, clay, acid and sandy soil, although it prefers moist, drained loam.
It is also grown to a small extent in forestry for Christmas trees, timber and paper production, particularly in northern Europe, though its slow growth makes it less important than Sitka spruce or Norway spruce. In cultivation, it has produced hybrids with the closely related black spruce P. × Machala and also with Sitka spruce.
AGM cultivars
'Pendula' cultivar
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
Picea omorika 'Nana' – a dwarf form
Picea omorika 'Pendula' – a weeping form
Ecology
Because of its limited range, it is not a major source of nutrition to wildlife, but does provide cover for birds and small mammals. Prior to the Pleistocene ice ages, it had a much larger range throughout most of Europe.
References
^ Aleksić, J.M.; Ballian, D.; Isajev, D.; Mataruga, M.; Christian, T.; Gardner, M. (2017). "Picea omorika". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T30313A84039544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T30313A84039544.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Cabi, Wallingford; Cabi Invasive Species Compendium, Oxon (Oxford), UK (2019). "Picea omorika (Pancic spruce)". Retrieved 2021-03-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Gligić, Vojin; Šilić, Čedomil & Vukičević, Emilija (2021). "Pančićeva omorika". Retrieved 2021-03-20.
^ a b c d Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.
^ a b c Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.
^ a b Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
^ "RHS Plant Selector Picea omorika 'Nana' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ "RHS Plant Selector Picea omorika 'Pendula' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
External links
Media related to Picea omorika at Wikimedia Commons
Picea omorika – information, genetic conservation units, and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
Taxon identifiersPicea omorika
Wikidata: Q147824
Wikispecies: Picea omorika
ARKive: picea-omorika
BioLib: 2381
CoL: 4HQ47
EoL: 1034954
EPPO: PIEOM
EUNIS: 150686
GBIF: 5284950
GRIN: 28318
iNaturalist: 135773
IPNI: 60440467-2
ITIS: 822549
IUCN: 30313
MoBotPF: 285034
NBN: NHMSYS0000461254
NCBI: 3336
NZOR: eccd1d0a-d54c-484c-8982-5b12af9433b2
Observation.org: 7182
Open Tree of Life: 771684
PPE: picea-omorika
Plant List: kew-2563568
PLANTS: PIOM2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60440467-2
RHS: 12966
Tropicos: 24900674
WFO: wfo-0000482630
Pinus omorika
Wikidata: Q17358796
CoL: 4J2DN
EUNIS: 150687
GBIF: 5284951
GRIN: 28513
IPNI: 263171-1
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263171-1
Tropicos: 50231616
WFO: wfo-0000481718
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commonly known","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"[pâːnt͡ʃit͡ɕɛv̞a ɔmɔ̌rika]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"coniferous tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"Drina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drina"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"Zaovine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaovine"},{"link_name":"Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"Josif Pančić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Pan%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farjon-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rushforthc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rushforth-6"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name#Binary_name"}],"text":"Picea omorika, commonly known as the Pančić spruce[2][3] or Serbian spruce (Serbian: Панчићева оморика, Pančićeva omorika, pronounced [pâːnt͡ʃit͡ɕɛv̞a ɔmɔ̌rika]), is a species of coniferous tree endemic to the Drina River valley in western Serbia, and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a total range of only about 60 ha, at 800–1,600 m (2,600–5,200 ft) altitude. It was originally discovered near the Serbian village of Zaovine, on Mount Tara, in 1875, and named by the Serbian botanist Josif Pančić;[4][5][6] the specific epithet omorika is simply the Serbian word for the tree. (All other spruces are smrča.)","title":"Picea omorika"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"fusiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusiform"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farjon-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rushforthc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rushforth-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picea_omorika_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fichtenzapfen_P4202419.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picea_omorika1.jpg"}],"text":"It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 20 m (66 ft) tall, exceptionally 40 m (130 ft), with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m (3 ft). The shoots are buff-brown, and densely pubescent (hairy). The leaves are needle-like, 10–20 mm long, flattened in cross-section, dark blue-green above, and blue-white below. The cones are 4–7 cm (2–3 in) long, fusiform (spindle-shaped, broadest in the middle), dark purple (almost black) when young, maturing dark brown 5–7 months after pollination, with stiff scales.[4][5][6]Immature female cone\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMature female cone\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFoliage, showing the blue-green undersides of needles","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamental tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_tree"},{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"Christmas trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree"},{"link_name":"timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"Sitka spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitka_spruce"},{"link_name":"Norway spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_spruce"},{"link_name":"hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"black spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_spruce"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farjon-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rushforthc-5"}],"text":"Outside its native range, Serbian spruce is of major importance as an ornamental tree in large gardens, valued in northern Europe and North America for its very attractive crown form and ability to grow on a wide range of soils, including alkaline, clay, acid and sandy soil, although it prefers moist, drained loam.It is also grown to a small extent in forestry for Christmas trees, timber and paper production, particularly in northern Europe, though its slow growth makes it less important than Sitka spruce or Norway spruce. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begtabegishvili | Begtabegishvili | ["1 References"] | Georgian noble family
The family coat of arms
The House of Begtabegishvili (Georgian: ბეგთაბეგიშვილი), Begtabegov or Bektabekov (Georgian: ბეგთაბეგოვი, Russian: Бегтабеговы, Бектабековы) was a Georgian noble family of Armenian origin.
The ancestors of the family fled the Muslim conquest of Armenia and moved to Georgia in the seventeenth century. They were originally known as Shanshean-Martirozashvili (შანშეიან-მარტიროზაშვილი), and possibly also as T’aniashvili (თანიაშვილი). The king Teimuraz I elevated the family to a princely dignity (tavadi), reportedly in 1633, and granted its head the hereditary office of mdivan-begi, i.e., royal secretary, whence the dynastic name adopted by the family. The early 17th-century head of the house, Begtabeg, was a notable copyist who created one of the best manuscripts of the medieval Georgian epic The Knight in the Panther's Skin by Shota Rustaveli (Manuscript H-54, Georgian National Center of Manuscripts).
The Begtabegishvili were listed among the Georgian nobility in a special document attached to the Russo-Georgian Treaty of Georgievsk of 1783. They were the grandees of the second class under the Princes Baratashvili. After the Russian annexation of Georgia, the family was confirmed in the princely rank (knyaz) by the Tsar’s degrees of February 25, 1826 and December 6, 1850. Their official title was "Bagtabegov, Princes of Georgia" with a corresponding coat of arms (pictured). The best known 19th-century members of this family were the major general Solomon Begtabegov (died May 6, 1860) and Alexander Begtabegov (1819-1876), participants of the Caucasian War.
References
^ a b Bagrationi, Ioane (1768-1830). Begtabegovi (Princes of Kartli). The Brief Description of the Georgian Noble Houses. Retrieved on December 15, 2007.
^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1967). Studies in Christian Caucasian History, p. 271. Georgetown University Press.
^ (in Georgian) Tatishvili, Lamara (2000), ბეგთაბეგ თანიაშვილი (მარტიროზაშვილი). In: "ვეფხისტყაოსნის" გადამწერნი. National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Accessed on December 15, 2007.
^ (in Russian) Бегтабеговы. Russian Biographic Dictionary. Accessed on December 15, 2007. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Begtabegov_COA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ioane-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Teimuraz I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teimuraz_I_of_Kakheti"},{"link_name":"tavadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavadi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ioane-1"},{"link_name":"The Knight in the Panther's Skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knight_in_the_Panther%27s_Skin"},{"link_name":"Shota Rustaveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli"},{"link_name":"Georgian National Center of Manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Center_of_Manuscripts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Georgievsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk"},{"link_name":"Baratashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baratashvili"},{"link_name":"knyaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyaz"},{"link_name":"Tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"Caucasian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The family coat of armsThe House of Begtabegishvili (Georgian: ბეგთაბეგიშვილი), Begtabegov or Bektabekov (Georgian: ბეგთაბეგოვი, Russian: Бегтабеговы, Бектабековы) was a Georgian noble family of Armenian origin. \nThe ancestors of the family fled the Muslim conquest of Armenia and moved to Georgia in the seventeenth century.[1][2] They were originally known as Shanshean-Martirozashvili (შანშეიან-მარტიროზაშვილი), and possibly also as T’aniashvili (თანიაშვილი). The king Teimuraz I elevated the family to a princely dignity (tavadi), reportedly in 1633,[1] and granted its head the hereditary office of mdivan-begi, i.e., royal secretary, whence the dynastic name adopted by the family. The early 17th-century head of the house, Begtabeg, was a notable copyist who created one of the best manuscripts of the medieval Georgian epic The Knight in the Panther's Skin by Shota Rustaveli (Manuscript H-54, Georgian National Center of Manuscripts).[3]The Begtabegishvili were listed among the Georgian nobility in a special document attached to the Russo-Georgian Treaty of Georgievsk of 1783. They were the grandees of the second class under the Princes Baratashvili. After the Russian annexation of Georgia, the family was confirmed in the princely rank (knyaz) by the Tsar’s degrees of February 25, 1826 and December 6, 1850. Their official title was \"Bagtabegov, Princes of Georgia\" with a corresponding coat of arms (pictured). The best known 19th-century members of this family were the major general Solomon Begtabegov (died May 6, 1860) and Alexander Begtabegov (1819-1876), participants of the Caucasian War.[4]","title":"Begtabegishvili"}] | [{"image_text":"The family coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Begtabegov_COA.jpg/220px-Begtabegov_COA.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.geogen.ge/indexen.php?id_menu=12&id_menu_up=2&lang=en&id_let=35&abc=1","external_links_name":"Begtabegovi (Princes of Kartli)"},{"Link":"http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ic/DGL/work/TATISHVILI%20SYLFAEN/Taniashvili-1.htm","external_links_name":"ბეგთაბეგ თანიაშვილი (მარტიროზაშვილი)"},{"Link":"http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ic/DGL/work/TATISHVILI%20SYLFAEN/","external_links_name":"\"ვეფხისტყაოსნის\" გადამწერნი"},{"Link":"http://www.rulex.ru/01021096.htm","external_links_name":"Бегтабеговы"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Man_(book) | The Double Man (book) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | First edition (US)
The Double Man is a book of poems by W. H. Auden, published in 1941. The title of the UK edition, published later the same year was New Year Letter.
The Double Man begins with a verse "Prologue" ("O season of repetition and return"), followed by a long three-part philosophical poem in octosyllabic couplets, New Year Letter and an idiosyncratic set of "Notes" to the poem in prose and verse. These are followed by the sonnet sequence "The Quest" and a verse "Epilogue" ("Returning each morning from a timeless world"). The entire book was written in 1940, and indirectly records Auden's return to the Anglican Communion.
The book is dedicated to Elizabeth Mayer.
References
John Fuller, W. H. Auden: A Commentary (1999)
Edward Mendelson, Later Auden (1999)
External links
The W. H. Auden Society
vteW. H. AudenBooks of poetry
Poems (1930)
The Orators (1932)
On This Island (1936)
Another Time (1940)
The Double Man (1941)
For the Time Being (1944)
The Age of Anxiety (1947)
Nones (1951)
The Shield of Achilles (1955)
Homage to Clio (1960)
About the House (1966)
City Without Walls (1969)
Academic Graffiti (1971)
Epistle to a Godson (1972)
Thank You, Fog (1974)
Books containingprose and verse
Letters from Iceland (1937, with Louis MacNeice)
Journey to a War (1939, with Christopher Isherwood)
Prose worksand other books
The Enchafèd Flood (1950)
The Dyer's Hand (1962)
Secondary Worlds (1968)
A Certain World (1970)
Forewords and Afterwords (1973)
Individual poems
"The Orators" (1932)
"Funeral Blues" (1936)
"Spain" (1937)
"Musée des Beaux Arts" (1938)
"Refugee Blues" (1939)
"September 1, 1939" (1939)
"The Unknown Citizen" (1939)
"Hymn to St. Cecilia" (1940)
"For the Time Being" (1944)
"The Sea and the Mirror" (1944)
"The Age of Anxiety" (1947)
"In Praise of Limestone" (1948)
"The Platonic Blow" (1948)
"Horae Canonicae" (1949–55)
"Bucolics" (1952–53)
"The Shield of Achilles" (1955)
Plays
Paid on Both Sides (1928)
The Dance of Death (1933)
The Dog Beneath the Skin (1935)
The Ascent of F6 (1936)
On the Frontier (1938)
Play of Daniel (1958)
Libretti
Paul Bunyan (1941)
The Rake's Progress (1951)
Elegy for Young Lovers (1961)
The Bassarids (1966)
Love's Labour's Lost (1973)
Screenwriting
Night Mail (1936)
Family
George Augustus Auden (father)
John Bicknell Auden (brother)
Chester Kallman (companion)
Related
W. H. Auden bibliography | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheDoubleMan.jpg"},{"link_name":"W. H. Auden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Auden"},{"link_name":"couplets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couplets"},{"link_name":"Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Mayer"}],"text":"First edition (US)The Double Man is a book of poems by W. H. Auden, published in 1941. The title of the UK edition, published later the same year was New Year Letter.The Double Man begins with a verse \"Prologue\" (\"O season of repetition and return\"), followed by a long three-part philosophical poem in octosyllabic couplets, New Year Letter and an idiosyncratic set of \"Notes\" to the poem in prose and verse. These are followed by the sonnet sequence \"The Quest\" and a verse \"Epilogue\" (\"Returning each morning from a timeless world\"). The entire book was written in 1940, and indirectly records Auden's return to the Anglican Communion.The book is dedicated to Elizabeth Mayer.","title":"The Double Man (book)"}] | [{"image_text":"First edition (US)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/TheDoubleMan.jpg/220px-TheDoubleMan.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://audensociety.org/","external_links_name":"The W. H. Auden Society"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Daniel | Frank Daniel | ["1 Life","1.1 Czechoslovakia","1.2 United States","2 Books","3 Filmography","4 References"] | Czech-born American film producer (1926–1996)
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Frank DanielBornFrantišek Daniel(1926-04-14)April 14, 1926Kolín, CzechoslovakiaDiedFebruary 29, 1996(1996-02-29) (aged 69)Palm Springs, California, USNationalityCzechAmericanOccupation(s)Film screenwriter, Teacher
František "Frank" Daniel (April 14, 1926 – February 29, 1996) was a Czech-American screenwriter, film director and teacher. He is known for developing the sequence paradigm of screenwriting, in which a classically constructed movie can be broken down into three acts, and a total of eight specific sequences. He served as co-chair of the Columbia University film program, and as a dean of FAMU, the American Film Institute and the USC School of Cinema-Television. He was also an Artistic Director of the Sundance Institute.
Life
Czechoslovakia
František Daniel was born in Kolín, Czechoslovakia. He earned a master's degree in music before studying film at VGIK in Moscow. Daniel was a member of a production unit Feix-Daniel at state-owned Barrandov Studios. In addition to that he wrote screenplays and taught screenwriting at FAMU in Prague. Among his students were Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová or Pavel Juráček. In 1959 he had to leave Barrandov after the movies he worked on were criticised for having "liberal tendencies" by František Kahuda.
In 1956, Daniel and Miloš Kratochvíl published the screenwriting textbook Cesta za filmovým dramatem. In 1965, he produced The Shop on Main Street, which won an Oscar for the best foreign language film. In 1968 he served as dean of the Faculty of Film and Television – FAMU, part of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague.
United States
"I am sorry to say he died not long ago, and I have to tell you that he was my only teacher. He gave much to other people, he helped many people. He was a noble-minded and non-egoistic man, and no one understood the art of film-making as he did. He understood it and truly loved it – his criticism was always constructive and never purposely offended anybody. He was open about saying what he didn't like, but he did it in a way that would help you. And that cannot be said about most of the critics in USA. I am very sorry he is not here."
— David Lynch
Daniel first toured the United States at the behest of W. McNeil Lowry of the Ford Foundation, who commissioned him to do a survey of film education in the United States and make recommendations for its future development. Daniel subsequently immigrated to the United States in 1969 after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. In 1969 he became the first dean of the American Film Institute, where he taught David Lynch and Terrence Malick.
Daniel left the Institute in 1976 to become Henry Luce Professor at Carleton College in Minnesota. In 1978, he moved to Columbia University, where he was reunited with Miloš Forman, his former student, with whom he co-chaired the Columbia University School of the Arts Film program. When Robert Redford founded Sundance Institute in 1981, Daniel was recruited by Sundance Executive Director Sterling Van Wagenen to be the Institute's first Artistic Director, a guiding post he held for over a decade. He taught at Columbia University until 1986. After Columbia he became the dean of USC School of Cinema-Television, a post he stepped down from in 1990, continuing to teach screenwriting in the Graduate Screenwriting Division. He continued to develop scripts.
He was an advisor to the Rockefeller Foundation, consultant to David Rockefeller, member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. He was married twice and had two sons. Michal, a photographer, and Martin, a film professor.
Daniel lived in Palm Springs, California until his death on February 29, 1996. He was 69 when he died of a heart attack. He is buried at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California.
Books
1956 Zlatá zeď (Golden Wall) – novel based on his experiences in China
1956 Cesta za filmovým dramatem (The Path to Film Drama)
1957 Stručný přehled vývoje evropských dramatických teorií (The Compact Overview of European Dramatic Theories)
Filmography
Není stále zamračeno (1950), Screenwriter
O věcech nadpřirozených (1958), Screenwriter
Kam čert nemůže aka When the Woman Butts In (1959), Screenwriter
Spadla z Měsíce (1961), Screenwriter
Hledá se táta (1961), Director/Screenwriter
Prosím, nebudit (1962), Screenwriter
Deštivý den (1962), Screenwriter
Letos v září (1963), Director
Dva tygři (1966), Screenwriter
Last Rose from Casanova (1966), Screenwriter
Přísně tajné premiéry (1967), Screenwriter
The Shop on Main Street (1968), Producer
In the Wee Wee Hours... (1987), Producer
References
^ Gulino, Paul Joseph (2013). Screenwriting: The Sequence Approach. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1628922394.
^ Kinorevue, July–August 1996
^ Lawrence Van Gelder (March 6, 1996). "Frank Daniel, 69, Film Maker Who Fled Prague". The New York Times. p. D 21. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
^ Meeks, Eric G. (2014) . The Best Guide Ever to Palm Springs Celebrity Homes. Horatio Limburger Oglethorpe. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-1479328598.
1983 "The Czech Difference" in Art and Commitment in the East European Cinema, edited by David W. Paul, pp. 49–56, ISBN 0-312-62631-2.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
National
Germany
Czech Republic
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"sequence paradigm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriting#The_sequence_approach"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"FAMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_and_TV_School_of_the_Academy_of_Performing_Arts_in_Prague"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"USC School of Cinema-Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_School_of_Cinema-Television"},{"link_name":"Sundance Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Institute"}],"text":"František \"Frank\" Daniel (April 14, 1926 – February 29, 1996) was a Czech-American screenwriter, film director and teacher. He is known for developing the sequence paradigm of screenwriting, in which a classically constructed movie can be broken down into three acts, and a total of eight specific sequences.[1] He served as co-chair of the Columbia University film program, and as a dean of FAMU, the American Film Institute and the USC School of Cinema-Television. He was also an Artistic Director of the Sundance Institute.","title":"Frank Daniel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"VGIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGIK"},{"link_name":"Barrandov Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrandov_Studios"},{"link_name":"FAMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_and_TV_School_of_the_Academy_of_Performing_Arts_in_Prague"},{"link_name":"Miloš Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman"},{"link_name":"Věra Chytilová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bra_Chytilov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Pavel Juráček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Jur%C3%A1%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"František Kahuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Kahuda"},{"link_name":"Miloš Kratochvíl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Kratochv%C3%ADl"},{"link_name":"The Shop on Main Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shop_on_Main_Street"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"foreign language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language"},{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education)"},{"link_name":"Academy of Performing Arts in Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Performing_Arts_in_Prague"}],"sub_title":"Czechoslovakia","text":"František Daniel was born in Kolín, Czechoslovakia. He earned a master's degree in music before studying film at VGIK in Moscow. Daniel was a member of a production unit Feix-Daniel at state-owned Barrandov Studios. In addition to that he wrote screenplays and taught screenwriting at FAMU in Prague. Among his students were Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová or Pavel Juráček. In 1959 he had to leave Barrandov after the movies he worked on were criticised for having \"liberal tendencies\" by František Kahuda.\nIn 1956, Daniel and Miloš Kratochvíl published the screenwriting textbook Cesta za filmovým dramatem. In 1965, he produced The Shop on Main Street, which won an Oscar for the best foreign language film. In 1968 he served as dean of the Faculty of Film and Television – FAMU, part of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"W. 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He gave much to other people, he helped many people. He was a noble-minded and non-egoistic man, and no one understood the art of film-making as he did. He understood it and truly loved it – his criticism was always constructive and never purposely offended anybody. He was open about saying what he didn't like, but he did it in a way that would help you. And that cannot be said about most of the critics in USA. I am very sorry he is not here.\"\n— David Lynch[2]Daniel first toured the United States at the behest of W. McNeil Lowry of the Ford Foundation, who commissioned him to do a survey of film education in the United States and make recommendations for its future development. Daniel subsequently immigrated to the United States in 1969 after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. In 1969 he became the first dean of the American Film Institute, where he taught David Lynch and Terrence Malick.[3]Daniel left the Institute in 1976 to become Henry Luce Professor at Carleton College in Minnesota. In 1978, he moved to Columbia University, where he was reunited with Miloš Forman, his former student, with whom he co-chaired the Columbia University School of the Arts Film program. When Robert Redford founded Sundance Institute in 1981, Daniel was recruited by Sundance Executive Director Sterling Van Wagenen to be the Institute's first Artistic Director, a guiding post he held for over a decade. He taught at Columbia University until 1986. After Columbia he became the dean of USC School of Cinema-Television, a post he stepped down from in 1990, continuing to teach screenwriting in the Graduate Screenwriting Division. He continued to develop scripts.\nHe was an advisor to the Rockefeller Foundation, consultant to David Rockefeller, member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. He was married twice and had two sons. Michal, a photographer, and Martin, a film professor.Daniel lived in Palm Springs, California[4] until his death on February 29, 1996. He was 69 when he died of a heart attack. He is buried at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1956 Zlatá zeď (Golden Wall) – novel based on his experiences in China\n1956 Cesta za filmovým dramatem (The Path to Film Drama)\n1957 Stručný přehled vývoje evropských dramatických teorií (The Compact Overview of European Dramatic Theories)","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Není stále zamračeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nen%C3%AD_st%C3%A1le_zamra%C4%8Deno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O věcech nadpřirozených","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_v%C4%9Bcech_nadp%C5%99irozen%C3%BDch"},{"link_name":"Kam čert nemůže","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam_%C4%8Dert_nem%C5%AF%C5%BEe"},{"link_name":"When the Woman Butts In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Woman_Butts_In"},{"link_name":"Spadla z Měsíce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spadla_z_M%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hledá se táta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hled%C3%A1_se_t%C3%A1ta"},{"link_name":"Prosím, nebudit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pros%C3%ADm,_nebudit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deštivý den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%C5%A1tiv%C3%BD_den&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Letos v září","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letos_v_z%C3%A1%C5%99%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dva tygři","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dva_tyg%C5%99i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Last Rose from Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Rose_from_Casanova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Přísně tajné premiéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADsn%C4%9B_tajn%C3%A9_premi%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"The Shop on Main Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shop_on_Main_Street"},{"link_name":"In the Wee Wee Hours...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Wee_Wee_Hours..."}],"text":"Není stále zamračeno (1950), Screenwriter\nO věcech nadpřirozených (1958), Screenwriter\nKam čert nemůže aka When the Woman Butts In (1959), Screenwriter\nSpadla z Měsíce (1961), Screenwriter\nHledá se táta (1961), Director/Screenwriter\nProsím, nebudit (1962), Screenwriter\nDeštivý den (1962), Screenwriter\nLetos v září (1963), Director\nDva tygři (1966), Screenwriter\nLast Rose from Casanova (1966), Screenwriter\nPřísně tajné premiéry (1967), Screenwriter\nThe Shop on Main Street (1968), Producer\nIn the Wee Wee Hours... (1987), Producer","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Gulino, Paul Joseph (2013). Screenwriting: The Sequence Approach. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1628922394.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1628922394","url_text":"978-1628922394"}]},{"reference":"Kinorevue, July–August 1996","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lawrence Van Gelder (March 6, 1996). \"Frank Daniel, 69, Film Maker Who Fled Prague\". The New York Times. p. D 21. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Gelder","url_text":"Lawrence Van Gelder"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/06/nyregion/frank-daniel-69-film-maker-who-fled-prague.html","url_text":"\"Frank Daniel, 69, Film Maker Who Fled Prague\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Meeks, Eric G. (2014) [2012]. The Best Guide Ever to Palm Springs Celebrity Homes. Horatio Limburger Oglethorpe. pp. 41–43. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Knives | Union of Knives | ["1 Formation","2 Early releases","3 Debut album: Violence & Birdsong","4 TV and film airplay, Tate Modern collaboration","5 Touring and festival appearances","6 Second album and hiatus","7 Reactivation","8 Discography","8.1 Studio albums","8.2 Singles and EPs","9 References","10 External links"] | Scottish electronic rock band
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Union of Knives" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Union of KnivesOriginGlasgow, ScotlandGenres
Electronic rock
experimental rock
Years active2004–2009, 2020-presentLabels
Relentless Records
Stimulus
MembersChris GordonAnthony ThomazPeter KellyHelen MarniePast membersDave McCleanCraig GrantWebsitehttps://www.unionofknives.com/
Union of Knives are a Scottish electronic rock band from Glasgow, a trio consisting of producer and musician Chris Gordon (also known for the band Baby Chaos), programmer Dave McClean and singer Craig Grant.
Described by Time Out magazine as "glacial, epic pop melodies with dark electro detail," the music of Union of Knives blends electronic and rock forms and draws on influences from Massive Attack and Radiohead,
From live shows in dance clubs and rock venues from Iceland to Japan, their music has taken them to the halls of the Tate Modern and studios in LA. Their songs have had both Radio 1 airplay and use in TV soundtracks for the likes of Grey's Anatomy, The Vampire Diaries and Supernatural (American TV series).
Originally active between 2004 and 2009, the band have been on hiatus since but have announced new music is due in 2020..
Formation
Chris Gordon and Dave McLean met in the Glasgow bar Nice 'n' Sleazy where Dave was working as a soundman in the venue downstairs and Chris was working at the bar in between producing and touring with other bands. Chris and Dave started working together as producers and engineers on recordings and remixes for the likes of Snow Patrol out of their own studio in Glasgow.
After a while of working together on original material, they met Craig Grant one night at the bar. Craig, originally from Aberdeen, had recently moved to Glasgow and was playing an acoustic night when Dave was doing sound. Chris and Dave invited him to work with them on some tracks they had started, and the success of those sessions become the early incarnation of Union of Knives in 2004.
The original line-up as a trio saw Chris and Craig both sharing lead vocals and guitar duties, with Dave McClean on keyboards.
Early releases
The first release was a self-titled EP on Stimulus Records in 2005. Soon after the band secured a deal with Relentless Records and released the I Decline EP in April 2006 which picked up favourable reviews in the music press and saw Music Week adding it to their playlist and the NME calling it "Marvellous". DMC described the lead track as "a dance rock hybrid of gigantic proportions."
Shortly afterwards Clash Magazine featured the track "Operated On" in their 'Ones to Watch' CD compilation, describing the band's sound as "melodic dark pop" and likening their music to Radiohead and Fischerspooner.
Debut album: Violence & Birdsong
The album Violence & Birdsong was released on Relentless Records in July 2006, and was described by The Guardian as "dance-rock...a nocturnal rendezvous between Muse and Massive Attack."
Singles from the album picked up regular airplay on XFM, 6Music and BBC Radio One, where they were especially championed by Zane Lowe.
The majority of the album was performed by Chris Gordon, Dave McClean and Craig Grant, with additional drums contributed by Peter Kelly, guitar by Paul Westwater and vocals by guests including Orlaith Prenderghast, a local singer who appears on "Opposite Direction".
Production credits for the album were split between the band and Steve Osborne, known for his work with Suede and remixes with Perfecto. The artwork for the cover of the album featured a mural of three doves painted by Brian Miller on a house in Cumbernauld.
Reviews from the Guardian and The Sunday Times likened the album's sound favourably to contemporaries like Sigur Rós, Massive Attack and Radiohead.
Time Out described it as "glacial, epic pop melodies with dark electro detail"
TV and film airplay, Tate Modern collaboration
Starting in 2005 the band had a string of success with tracks being used in TV soundtracks, such as Supernatural. The track "Opposite Direction" was used in the soundtrack for American TV shows The Vampire Diaries and Grey's Anatomy.
Their music also featured as the soundtrack for a short film by award-winning filmmaker Joseph Briffa named The Cut-Up Suite, released in 2006. As well as film soundtracks the band were invited by the Tate Modern to create a new track in response to an artwork. The resulting track 'Circular Breathing' would be played on listening posts in the gallery to accompany the painting "The Four Seasons" by Cy Twombly. The 'Tate Tracks' project won a D&AD advertising award in 2007.
Touring and festival appearances
Early on in their career Union of Knives were invited to play at the Iceland Airwaves festival in Reykjavik Art Museum in 2005. Extensive UK touring supporting the release of the debut album in 2006 culminated in playing the Hogmanay Party at the O2 ABC Glasgow venue.
Festival appearances including playing T in the Park Festival in both 2006 (on the T Break stage) and 2007 (in the King Tut's stage) as well as the Isle of Skye Music Festival and The Edge Festival in 2007.
In Spring 2007 another UK tour was followed by a string of dates in Europe and an XFM showcase gig at the Metro Club in London.
In April 2008 the band played Tokyo, Japan, in a club date at Unit.
Second album and hiatus
A follow-up album called 'The Anti-Fire' was written and recording had started in LA with Nine Inch Nails producer Atticus Ross in 2008, but then encountered delays due to upheaval in the label at the time. The album was put on hold during a period of uncertainty and cost-cutting for the label. After their record label was sold in 2009 the band parted ways with the label and eventually ceased activity. Chris Gordon and Craig Grant continued to work together in Song of Return, but while Chris was involved in the writing he decided to take a back seat from playing live, preferring to focus on his career as a producer for acts including Mónica Naranjo.
Reactivation
In July 2020 Union of Knives announced via their social media channels that they would be reactivating, with a new line up of Chris Gordon, Anthony Thomaz and Peter Kelly returning on drums. The website was updated to mention new music coming soon, with Helen Marnie of Ladytron guesting on vocals for 2 tracks.
Discography
Studio albums
Violence & Birdsong (Relentless Records, 2006)
Endless From The Start (Disco Piñata, 2021)
Singles and EPs
Union of Knives EP (Stimulus Records, 2005)
I Decline EP (Relentless Records, 2006)
Taste For Harmony (Relentless Records, 2006)
Operated On EP (Relentless Records, 2006)
Evil Has Never (Relentless Records, 2007)
References
^ a b Time Out Magazine, published 26 July 2006
^ Edwards, Mark. "Union of Knives: Violence and Birdsong". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ a b Dingwall, John (17 August 2006). "KNIVES ARE OUT". Dailyrecord.co.uk. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Beard, Matthew; Akbar, Arifa (1 September 2006). "The art of noise: Tate works given soundtrack". The Independent. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "BBC - Radio 1 - Zane Lowe - Tracklisting". Bbc.co.uk. 13 November 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b "Music from Grey's Anatomy S3E15". Tunefind.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ "Music from The Vampire Diaries S1E04". Tunefind.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b "Music from Supernatural S1E07". Tunefind.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b Notion Magazine, June 2006
^ Mcdermid, Jamie (30 October 2014). "New Hellfire Club Glasgow: The Trio Of Awesome Band Interviews Is Complete - NHC MUSIC Chats To Baby Chaos!". NewHellfireClub Blogspot. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Union Of Knives - Union Of Knives EP". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Music Week, published 15 April 2006
^ NME, 29 April 2006
^ DMC Update Dance Music Review, published 5 April 2006
^ "Various - Ones To Watch Volume 03". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Clash Magazine article, published May 2006
^ "Union Of Knives - Violence & Birdsong / Relentless from Piccadilly Records". Piccadilly Records. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ Lynskey, Dorian (11 August 2006). "Review: Union of Knives, Violence & Birdsong". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
^ "BBC - Radio 1 - Zane Lowe - Tracklisting". Bbc.co.uk. 27 March 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b Geddes, Jonathan (5 October 2010). "Cathkin High teacher tells of band success". Daily Record (Scotland). Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Cumbernauld News, "Street art now a matter of record" published 6th Sept 2006
^ Lynskey, Dorian (11 August 2006). "CD: Union of Knives, Violence & Birdsong". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ Edwards, Mark (30 July 2006). "Union of Knives: Violence and Birdsong". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ a b Sunday Mail interview, published 3 December 2006
^ Malvern, Jack (1 September 2006). "Works of art given a musical support". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ Circular Breathing - Union of Knives commission for Tate Modern, 27 August 2013, retrieved 3 August 2020 – via Soundcloud
^ Tate. "Tate Tracks – Project". Tate Modern. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "Tate Tracks". Global Association for Creative Advertising and Design Awards | D&AD. 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ "Iceland Airwaves festival grows". NME. 26 September 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "T in the Park 2007 - Running Times". The List. 2 July 2007. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "City Showcase - XFm Indie Night at The Metro Club (London) on 5 Jun 2007". Last.fm. 5 June 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Morgan, Thom (11 March 2009). "Union of Knives – We Are All Doing Drugs". There Goes The Fear, a UK/US/IE Music Web site. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Cadden, Avril (16 May 2009). "Living in lap of luxury in LA made it difficult to get up and make our album, says Union of Knives' Chris Gordon". Daily Record (Scotland). Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ a b Mitchell, Nick (17 March 2010). "Under the Radar: On the radar: Song of Return". Blogspot. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Meredith, Lloyd (15 June 2011). "Peenko's Scots Way-Hay! – Song of Return". Dear Scotland. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
^ "A Second Incarnation". Union of Knives. 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
External links
Official Union of Knives website
Discogs page
MusicBrainz page
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
Artists
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Chris and Dave invited him to work with them on some tracks they had started, and the success of those sessions become the early incarnation of Union of Knives in 2004.[9][better source needed]The original line-up as a trio saw Chris and Craig both sharing lead vocals and guitar duties, with Dave McClean on keyboards.[10]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Relentless Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relentless_Records"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Clash Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"The first release was a self-titled EP on Stimulus Records in 2005.[11] Soon after the band secured a deal with Relentless Records and released the I Decline EP in April 2006 which picked up favourable reviews in the music press and saw Music Week adding it to their playlist[12][better source needed] and the NME calling it \"Marvellous\".[13][better source needed] DMC described the lead track as \"a dance rock hybrid of gigantic proportions.\"[14][better source needed]Shortly afterwards Clash Magazine featured the track \"Operated On\" in their 'Ones to Watch' CD compilation,[15] describing the band's sound as \"melodic dark pop\" and likening their music to Radiohead and Fischerspooner.[16][better source needed]","title":"Early releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Relentless Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relentless_Records"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Zane Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Lowe"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"Steve Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Perfecto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfecto_Records"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sigur Rós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigur_R%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-1"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"The album Violence & Birdsong was released on Relentless Records in July 2006,[17] and was described by The Guardian as \"dance-rock...a nocturnal rendezvous between Muse and Massive Attack.\"[18]Singles from the album picked up regular airplay on XFM, 6Music and BBC Radio One, where they were especially championed by Zane Lowe.[19]The majority of the album was performed by Chris Gordon, Dave McClean and Craig Grant, with additional drums contributed by Peter Kelly, guitar by Paul Westwater and vocals by guests including Orlaith Prenderghast, a local singer who appears on \"Opposite Direction\".[20]Production credits for the album were split between the band and Steve Osborne, known for his work with Suede and remixes with Perfecto. The artwork for the cover of the album featured a mural of three doves painted by Brian Miller on a house in Cumbernauld.[21][better source needed]Reviews from the Guardian[22] and The Sunday Times[23] likened the album's sound favourably to contemporaries like Sigur Rós, Massive Attack and Radiohead.\nTime Out described it as \"glacial, epic pop melodies with dark electro detail\"[1][better source needed]","title":"Debut album: Violence & Birdsong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-8"},{"link_name":"The Vampire Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vampire_Diaries"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-6"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-24"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cy Twombly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Twombly"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Starting in 2005 the band had a string of success with tracks being used in TV soundtracks, such as Supernatural.[8] The track \"Opposite Direction\" was used in the soundtrack for American TV shows The Vampire Diaries[20] and Grey's Anatomy.[6]Their music also featured as the soundtrack for a short film by award-winning filmmaker Joseph Briffa named The Cut-Up Suite, released in 2006.[24][better source needed] As well as film soundtracks the band were invited by the Tate Modern to create a new track in response to an artwork.[25] The resulting track 'Circular Breathing'[26] would be played on listening posts in the gallery to accompany the painting \"The Four Seasons\" by Cy Twombly.[27] The 'Tate Tracks' project won a D&AD advertising award in 2007.[28]","title":"TV and film airplay, Tate Modern collaboration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iceland Airwaves festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_Airwaves"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"O2 ABC Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_ABC_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-24"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"T in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_in_the_Park"},{"link_name":"T Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_in_the_Park_2006#T-break_Stage"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Isle of Skye Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Skye_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"The Edge Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edge_Festival"},{"link_name":"XFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_X_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Early on in their career Union of Knives were invited to play at the Iceland Airwaves festival in Reykjavik Art Museum in 2005.[29] Extensive UK touring supporting the release of the debut album in 2006 culminated in playing the Hogmanay Party at the O2 ABC Glasgow venue.[24][better source needed]Festival appearances including playing T in the Park Festival in both 2006 (on the T Break stage) and 2007 (in the King Tut's stage[30]) as well as the Isle of Skye Music Festival and The Edge Festival in 2007.In Spring 2007 another UK tour was followed by a string of dates in Europe and an XFM showcase gig at the Metro Club in London.[31]In April 2008 the band played Tokyo, Japan, in a club date at Unit.","title":"Touring and festival appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Atticus Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atticus_Ross"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-34"},{"link_name":"Song of Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Return"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-34"},{"link_name":"Mónica Naranjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Naranjo"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"A follow-up album called 'The Anti-Fire'[32] was written and recording had started in LA with Nine Inch Nails producer Atticus Ross in 2008,[33] but then encountered delays due to upheaval in the label at the time.[34] The album was put on hold during a period of uncertainty and cost-cutting for the label. After their record label was sold in 2009 the band parted ways with the label and eventually ceased activity. Chris Gordon and Craig Grant continued to work together in Song of Return,[34] but while Chris was involved in the writing he decided to take a back seat from playing live, preferring to focus on his career as a producer for acts including Mónica Naranjo.[35]","title":"Second album and hiatus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helen Marnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Marnie"},{"link_name":"Ladytron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladytron"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"In July 2020 Union of Knives announced via their social media channels that they would be reactivating, with a new line up of Chris Gordon, Anthony Thomaz and Peter Kelly returning on drums. The website was updated to mention new music coming soon, with Helen Marnie of Ladytron guesting on vocals for 2 tracks.[36]","title":"Reactivation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Relentless Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relentless_Records"},{"link_name":"Disco Piñata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disco_Pi%C3%B1ata&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Violence & Birdsong (Relentless Records, 2006)\nEndless From The Start (Disco Piñata, 2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles and EPs","text":"Union of Knives EP (Stimulus Records, 2005)\nI Decline EP (Relentless Records, 2006)\nTaste For Harmony (Relentless Records, 2006)\nOperated On EP (Relentless Records, 2006)\nEvil Has Never (Relentless Records, 2007)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Edwards, Mark. \"Union of Knives: Violence and Birdsong\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/union-of-knives-violence-and-birdsong-hgg9x3fxhpx","url_text":"\"Union of Knives: Violence and Birdsong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"Dingwall, John (17 August 2006). \"KNIVES ARE OUT\". Dailyrecord.co.uk. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/music/knives-are-out-935309","url_text":"\"KNIVES ARE OUT\""}]},{"reference":"Beard, Matthew; Akbar, Arifa (1 September 2006). \"The art of noise: Tate works given soundtrack\". The Independent. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-art-of-noise-tate-works-given-soundtrack-414227.html","url_text":"\"The art of noise: Tate works given soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Radio 1 - Zane Lowe - Tracklisting\". Bbc.co.uk. 13 November 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/zanelowe/tracklistingarchive.shtml?20061113","url_text":"\"BBC - Radio 1 - Zane Lowe - Tracklisting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music from Grey's Anatomy S3E15\". Tunefind.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tunefind.com/show/greys-anatomy/season-3/2253","url_text":"\"Music from Grey's Anatomy S3E15\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music from The Vampire Diaries S1E04\". Tunefind.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tunefind.com/show/vampire-diaries/season-1/4155","url_text":"\"Music from The Vampire Diaries S1E04\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music from Supernatural S1E07\". Tunefind.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tunefind.com/show/supernatural/season-1/5245","url_text":"\"Music from Supernatural S1E07\""}]},{"reference":"Mcdermid, Jamie (30 October 2014). \"New Hellfire Club Glasgow: The Trio Of Awesome Band Interviews Is Complete - NHC MUSIC Chats To Baby Chaos!\". NewHellfireClub Blogspot. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052501/http://www.newhellfireclub.co.uk/2014/10/the-trio-of-awesome-band-interviews-is.html","url_text":"\"New Hellfire Club Glasgow: The Trio Of Awesome Band Interviews Is Complete - NHC MUSIC Chats To Baby Chaos!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_(service)","url_text":"Blogspot"}]},{"reference":"\"Union Of Knives - Union Of Knives EP\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Union-Of-Knives-Union-Of-Knives-EP/release/6483745","url_text":"\"Union Of Knives - Union Of Knives EP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Various - Ones To Watch Volume 03\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Various-Ones-To-Watch-Volume-03/release/2510328","url_text":"\"Various - Ones To Watch Volume 03\""}]},{"reference":"\"Union Of Knives - Violence & Birdsong / Relentless from Piccadilly Records\". Piccadilly Records. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200726153550/https://www.piccadillyrecords.com/counter/product.php?pid=42662","url_text":"\"Union Of Knives - Violence & Birdsong / Relentless from Piccadilly Records\""},{"url":"https://www.piccadillyrecords.com/counter/product.php?pid=42662","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lynskey, Dorian (11 August 2006). \"Review: Union of Knives, Violence & Birdsong\". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/aug/11/popandrock.electronicmusic","url_text":"\"Review: Union of Knives, Violence & Birdsong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Radio 1 - Zane Lowe - Tracklisting\". Bbc.co.uk. 27 March 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/zanelowe/tracklistingarchive.shtml?20060327","url_text":"\"BBC - Radio 1 - Zane Lowe - Tracklisting\""}]},{"reference":"Geddes, Jonathan (5 October 2010). \"Cathkin High teacher tells of band success\". Daily Record (Scotland). Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/cathkin-high-teacher-tells-band-2581620","url_text":"\"Cathkin High teacher tells of band success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)","url_text":"Daily Record (Scotland)"}]},{"reference":"Lynskey, Dorian (11 August 2006). \"CD: Union of Knives, Violence & Birdsong\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/aug/11/popandrock.electronicmusic","url_text":"\"CD: Union of Knives, Violence & Birdsong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Mark (30 July 2006). \"Union of Knives: Violence and Birdsong\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/union-of-knives-violence-and-birdsong-hgg9x3fxhpx","url_text":"\"Union of Knives: Violence and Birdsong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"Malvern, Jack (1 September 2006). \"Works of art given a musical support\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/works-of-art-given-a-musical-support-wbppkl2r9f3","url_text":"\"Works of art given a musical support\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"Circular Breathing - Union of Knives commission for Tate Modern, 27 August 2013, retrieved 3 August 2020 – via Soundcloud","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/slains/circular-breathing","url_text":"Circular Breathing - Union of Knives commission for Tate Modern"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundcloud","url_text":"Soundcloud"}]},{"reference":"Tate. \"Tate Tracks – Project\". Tate Modern. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170145/https://www.tate.org.uk/about-us/projects/tate-tracks","url_text":"\"Tate Tracks – Project\""},{"url":"https://www.tate.org.uk/about-us/projects/tate-tracks","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tate Tracks\". Global Association for Creative Advertising and Design Awards | D&AD. 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dandad.org/awards/professional/2007/integrated/15586/tate-tracks/","url_text":"\"Tate Tracks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iceland Airwaves festival grows\". NME. 26 September 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/babyshambles-352-1354230","url_text":"\"Iceland Airwaves festival grows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"T in the Park 2007 - Running Times\". The List. 2 July 2007. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080720050750/https://www.list.co.uk/article/2376-t-in-the-park-2007-running-times/","url_text":"\"T in the Park 2007 - Running Times\""},{"url":"https://www.list.co.uk/article/2376-t-in-the-park-2007-running-times/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City Showcase - XFm Indie Night at The Metro Club (London) on 5 Jun 2007\". Last.fm. 5 June 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.last.fm/event/232286+City+Showcase+-+XFm+Indie+Night","url_text":"\"City Showcase - XFm Indie Night at The Metro Club (London) on 5 Jun 2007\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Thom (11 March 2009). \"Union of Knives – We Are All Doing Drugs\". There Goes The Fear, a UK/US/IE Music Web site. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140725160916/https://theregoesthefear.com/2009/03/union-of-knives-we-are-all-doing-drugs.php","url_text":"\"Union of Knives – We Are All Doing Drugs\""}]},{"reference":"Cadden, Avril (16 May 2009). \"Living in lap of luxury in LA made it difficult to get up and make our album, says Union of Knives' Chris Gordon\". Daily Record (Scotland). Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/music/music-news/living-in-lap-of-luxury-in-la-made-1023281","url_text":"\"Living in lap of luxury in LA made it difficult to get up and make our album, says Union of Knives' Chris Gordon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)","url_text":"Daily Record (Scotland)"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Nick (17 March 2010). \"Under the Radar: On the radar: Song of Return\". Blogspot. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151004210122/http://www2.jpscotland.co.uk/musicblog/2010/03/on-radar-song-of-return.html","url_text":"\"Under the Radar: On the radar: Song of Return\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_(service)","url_text":"Blogspot"}]},{"reference":"Meredith, Lloyd (15 June 2011). \"Peenko's Scots Way-Hay! – Song of Return\". Dear Scotland. Retrieved 12 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://dearscotland.com/2011/06/15/peenko%e2%80%99s-scots-way-hay-%e2%80%93-song-of-return/","url_text":"\"Peenko's Scots Way-Hay! – Song of Return\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Second Incarnation\". Union of Knives. 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unionofknives.com/","url_text":"\"A Second Incarnation\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Union+of+Knives%22","external_links_name":"\"Union of Knives\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Union+of+Knives%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Union+of+Knives%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Union+of+Knives%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Union+of+Knives%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Union+of+Knives%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.unionofknives.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.unionofknives.com/"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/union-of-knives-violence-and-birdsong-hgg9x3fxhpx","external_links_name":"\"Union of Knives: Violence and Birdsong\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","external_links_name":"0140-0460"},{"Link":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/music/knives-are-out-935309","external_links_name":"\"KNIVES ARE OUT\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-art-of-noise-tate-works-given-soundtrack-414227.html","external_links_name":"\"The art of noise: Tate works given soundtrack\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/zanelowe/tracklistingarchive.shtml?20061113","external_links_name":"\"BBC - 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Union of Knives commission for Tate Modern"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170145/https://www.tate.org.uk/about-us/projects/tate-tracks","external_links_name":"\"Tate Tracks – Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.tate.org.uk/about-us/projects/tate-tracks","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dandad.org/awards/professional/2007/integrated/15586/tate-tracks/","external_links_name":"\"Tate Tracks\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/babyshambles-352-1354230","external_links_name":"\"Iceland Airwaves festival grows\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080720050750/https://www.list.co.uk/article/2376-t-in-the-park-2007-running-times/","external_links_name":"\"T in the Park 2007 - Running Times\""},{"Link":"https://www.list.co.uk/article/2376-t-in-the-park-2007-running-times/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.last.fm/event/232286+City+Showcase+-+XFm+Indie+Night","external_links_name":"\"City Showcase - XFm Indie Night at The Metro Club (London) on 5 Jun 2007\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140725160916/https://theregoesthefear.com/2009/03/union-of-knives-we-are-all-doing-drugs.php","external_links_name":"\"Union of Knives – We Are All Doing Drugs\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/music/music-news/living-in-lap-of-luxury-in-la-made-1023281","external_links_name":"\"Living in lap of luxury in LA made it difficult to get up and make our album, says Union of Knives' Chris Gordon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151004210122/http://www2.jpscotland.co.uk/musicblog/2010/03/on-radar-song-of-return.html","external_links_name":"\"Under the Radar: On the radar: Song of Return\""},{"Link":"http://dearscotland.com/2011/06/15/peenko%e2%80%99s-scots-way-hay-%e2%80%93-song-of-return/","external_links_name":"\"Peenko's Scots Way-Hay! – Song of Return\""},{"Link":"https://www.unionofknives.com/","external_links_name":"\"A Second Incarnation\""},{"Link":"https://www.unionofknives.com/","external_links_name":"Official Union of Knives website"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/493973-Union-Of-Knives","external_links_name":"Discogs page"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/659bc3e2-f51b-4cf7-9460-53c7e7b15694","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz page"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000102700551","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153236116","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/659bc3e2-f51b-4cf7-9460-53c7e7b15694","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckeye_Cable_Sports_Network | Buckeye Cable Sports Network | ["1 Overview","2 On-Air Shows","3 References","4 External links"] | Television channel
BCSNCountryUnited StatesBroadcast areaToledo, OhioOwnershipOwnerBlock CommunicationsHistoryLaunchedJanuary 7, 2004 (2004-01-07)LinksWebsitewww.bcsn.tvAvailabilityTerrestrialWFND-LD19.1
BCSN is a regional sports network founded in 2003 (and first went on the air on January 7, 2004) to carry sports broadcasting, which had previously been aired on fellow cable-only station WT05.
Overview
The station airs Toledo Mud Hens games, BGSU ice hockey and other BGSU sports, University of Toledo sports, high school sports including the Northwest Hockey Conference, college basketball, and other sports games. The network also had broadcast rights to carry the Cleveland Indians. Previously BCSN carried Toledo Storm hockey games from 2004 to 2007 and starting in 2009, the network began carrying every home game of the Toledo Walleye ECHL hockey team.
On April 14, 2011, BCSN began broadcasting some of its sports games in 1080i high definition. All Toledo Mud Hens and Toledo Walleye games are broadcast live in high definition. On August 23, 2012, BCSN began broadcasting its standard-definition channel in a 16:9 letterboxed format.
Several Toledo Rockets football games broadcast on BCSN since 2009 have also been broadcast on WXYZ-TV, Channel 7, in Detroit as lead-in to ABC's college football coverage. Starting in 2014, additional Rockets football games broadcast on BCSN will also be broadcast on WMYD due to that station becoming sister to WXYZ-TV.
On December 13, 2012, BCSN ended a media partnership with CBS-affiliate WTOL because of the level of service performed by the two stations.
On January 7, 2013, BCSN launched BCSN 2.
Beginning in fall 2013, BCSN began a media partnership with ABC-affiliate WTVG, resulting in the largest television sports team in the Northwest Ohio and Southeast Michigan viewing area. The partnership also includes BCSN using the WTVG studios for some of its on-air sports shows.
In 2016, BCSN 2 got regional rights for Columbus Crew SC soccer games because of the limited distribution of Spectrum Sports Ohio in the Toledo market. That agreement ended after the 2018 season, and all regionally televised Crew games now can be seen in Toledo via Bally Sports Ohio and Bally Sports Great Lakes.
On-Air Shows
Sports Nightly
Local Catch
Monday Night at the Races
Your Shape Up
Rocket Roundup
BG All-Access
References
^ Turner, Kris (14 December 2012). "BCSN terminates relationship with WTOL over level of service". Toledo Blade. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ Lenzi, Rachel (20 December 2012). "Buckeye CableSystem to debut BCSN 2 in January". Toledo Blade. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "BCSN, WTVG team up for expanded coverage".
^ "Sports Nightly". Archived from the original on 2014-09-18. Retrieved 2014-09-04.
External links
Official website
vteBlock CommunicationsNewspapers
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
The Blade
Television stations(by primary affiliations)ABC
WOHL-CD / WPNM-LD / WAMS-LD
The CW
WBKI
Fox
WDRB
NBC
WAND
WLIO
Youtoo
WFND-LD
Buckeye Broadband
Toledo 5 (defunct)
Buckeye Cable Sports Network
vteBroadcast television in Northwest Ohio
This region includes the following cities/areas: Toledo
Bowling Green
Vacationland (Sandusky/Port Clinton/Lake Erie Islands)Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television
Full power
WTOL 11 (.1 CBS, .2 Crime, .3 Grit, .4 Quest, .5 LC, .6 Get, .7 Nest, .8 Laff)
WTVG 13 (.1 ABC, .2 CW, .3 MeTV, .4 The365, .5 Ion, .6 Dabl, .7 WxN, .8 Outlaw)
WNWO-TV 24 (.1 NBC, .2 Charge!, .3 Comet, .4 TBD)
WBGU-TV 27 (.1 PBS, .2 PBS Kids/Encore/OH Ch., .3 Create)
WGTE-TV 30 (.1 PBS, .2 PBS Kids, .3 Create/OH Ch.)
WUPW 36 (.1 Fox, .2 Bounce, .3 Mystery, .4 Court, .5 Defy, .6 Scripps)
WLMB 40 (.1 Rel. Ind., .2 RadiantTV, .5 Newsmax2)
Low power
WFND-LD 19 (.1 BCSN)
WDMY-LD 23 (.1 HSN)
WNHO-LD 44 (.1 Comm, .2 Rel. Ind., .3 WOSN – Defiance)
WMNT-CD 48 (.1 MNTV/Cozi, .2 ANT, .3 This, .4 Get, .5 Grio, .6 LC, .7 NewsNet, .8 Sports News Highlights, .9 Cozi)
WDTJ-LD 68 (.1 Daystar)
Outlying areas
WGGN-TV 52 (.1 Rel. Ind., .2 JTV, .3 HSN, .4 LC, .5 Am. Voice)
Cable
BCAN
BCSN
Bally Sports Detroit
Bally Sports Great Lakes
Bally Sports Ohio
The Ohio Channel
MGTV
Spectrum News 1 (Ohio)
ATSC 3.0
WDMY-LD (23.1 HSN)
Defunct
WT05 (cable)
W21BF 21
WBTL-LP 34
Ohio broadcast television
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
Dayton
Lima
Marietta, OH/Parkersburg, WV
Steubenville, OH/Wheeling, WV
Toledo
Youngstown
Zanesville
See also
Detroit
vteRegional sports broadcasting in the United StatesFenway Sports Group
NESN
SportsNet Pittsburgh
MSG Entertainment
MSG Network
MSGSN
MSG Western NY
NBC Sports Regional Networks
Bay Area
Boston
California
Chicago
Philadelphia
SportsNet New York (part ownership)
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Nevada Sports Net
Marquee Sports Network (part-ownership)
YES Network (part-ownership)
Bally Sports
Detroit
Miami
Florida
Sun
Midwest
Indiana
Kansas City
North
Cleveland
Ohio
Great Lakes
Southeast
South
Southwest
Oklahoma
New Orleans
San Diego
Los Angeles
West
SoCal
Wisconsin
Spectrum Sports
Hawaii
Kansas City
Los Angeles
Spectrum SportsNet
SportsNet LA
SportsNet New York (part ownership)
Gray Television
Arizona's Family Sports
Peachtree Sports Network
Silver State Sports & Entertainment Network
Independent
Altitude Sports
BYU TV Sports
Chicago Sports Network
Cyclones.tv
LFSN
Longhorn Network
MASN
Monumental Sports Network
Root Sports Northwest
Space City Home Network
Buckeye Cable Sports
Midco Sports
Nevada Sports Net
Scripps Sports (local broadcast)
SWX Right Now
vteCollege basketball on televisionCurrent broadcast partners
CBS
ESPN/ABC
Fox/FS1
NBC/USA
TNT Sports (TBS/TNT/truTV)
The CW
Secondary broadcast partners
Bally Sports
CBS Sports Network
Next Level Sports
ESPNU
Stadium College Sports
FS2
Stadium
Specialty broadcast partners
Big Ten
Pac-12
BYUtv
LHN
SEC
ACC
Former broadcast partners
ASN
Jefferson Pilot
Lincoln Financial
Lorimar Sports
Mizlou
MountainWest
North Dakota
Prime
Buckeye
SNI
SportsChannel
TVS
NBCSN
ACC (Raycom)
beIN Sports
General media
Big Monday
Championship Week
College GameDay
Rivalry Week
Saturday Primetime
Selection Sunday
Super Tuesday
Thursday Night Showcase
Wednesday Night Hoops
Fox Primetime Hoops
Commentators by network
ABC
CBS
ESPN
NBC
TBS/TNT/truTV
Broadcasters by event
AAC Tournament Finals
ACC Tournament Finals
America East tournament Finals
ASUN Tournament Finals
Atlantic 10 Tournament Finals
Big 12 Tournament Finals
Big East tournament Finals
Big Eight tournament Finals
Big Sky tournament Finals
Big Ten tournament Finals
Big West tournament
CBI Finals
CIT Finals
Colonial Athletic Association Tournament
Conference USA Tournament
Horizon League Tournament Finals
MAAC Tournament Finals
McDonald's All-American Game
Men's Final Four
Metro Conference tournament Finals
Mid-American Conference tournament Finals
Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference tournament Finals
Missouri Valley Conference tournament Finals
Northeast Conference tournament Finals
Pacific-12 Tournament Finals
Patriot League Tournament Finals
SEC Tournament Finals
Southern Conference tournament Finals
Southland Tournament Finals
Southwest Tournament Finals
Southwestern Athletic Conference tournament Finals
Summit League Tournament Finals
Sun Belt Tournament Finals
WAC Tournament Finals
West Coast Conference tournament
Women's Final Four
Other
ESPN Full Court
"Game of the Century"
Mega March Madness
NCAA Productions
"One Shining Moment"
"Roundball Rock"
This article about a television station in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional sports network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_sports_network"},{"link_name":"WT05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WT05"}],"text":"BCSN is a regional sports network founded in 2003 (and first went on the air on January 7, 2004) to carry sports broadcasting, which had previously been aired on fellow cable-only station WT05.","title":"Buckeye Cable Sports Network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toledo Mud Hens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens"},{"link_name":"BGSU ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Toledo Walleye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Walleye"},{"link_name":"1080i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080i"},{"link_name":"high definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"16:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9"},{"link_name":"letterboxed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterboxed"},{"link_name":"WXYZ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXYZ-TV"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"WMYD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMYD"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"WTOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTOL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"WTVG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVG"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Columbus Crew SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Crew_SC"},{"link_name":"Spectrum Sports Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spectrum_Sports_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bally Sports Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Sports_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Bally Sports Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Sports_Great_Lakes"}],"text":"The station airs Toledo Mud Hens games, BGSU ice hockey and other BGSU sports, University of Toledo sports, high school sports including the Northwest Hockey Conference, college basketball, and other sports games. The network also had broadcast rights to carry the Cleveland Indians. Previously BCSN carried Toledo Storm hockey games from 2004 to 2007 and starting in 2009, the network began carrying every home game of the Toledo Walleye ECHL hockey team.On April 14, 2011, BCSN began broadcasting some of its sports games in 1080i high definition. All Toledo Mud Hens and Toledo Walleye games are broadcast live in high definition. On August 23, 2012, BCSN began broadcasting its standard-definition channel in a 16:9 letterboxed format.Several Toledo Rockets football games broadcast on BCSN since 2009 have also been broadcast on WXYZ-TV, Channel 7, in Detroit as lead-in to ABC's college football coverage. Starting in 2014, additional Rockets football games broadcast on BCSN will also be broadcast on WMYD due to that station becoming sister to WXYZ-TV.On December 13, 2012, BCSN ended a media partnership with CBS-affiliate WTOL because of the level of service performed by the two stations.[1]On January 7, 2013, BCSN launched BCSN 2.[2]Beginning in fall 2013, BCSN began a media partnership with ABC-affiliate WTVG, resulting in the largest television sports team in the Northwest Ohio and Southeast Michigan viewing area. The partnership also includes BCSN using the WTVG studios for some of its on-air sports shows.[3]In 2016, BCSN 2 got regional rights for Columbus Crew SC soccer games because of the limited distribution of Spectrum Sports Ohio in the Toledo market. That agreement ended after the 2018 season, and all regionally televised Crew games now can be seen in Toledo via Bally Sports Ohio and Bally Sports Great Lakes.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sports Nightly[4]\nLocal Catch\nMonday Night at the Races\nYour Shape Up\nRocket Roundup\nBG All-Access","title":"On-Air Shows"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Turner, Kris (14 December 2012). \"BCSN terminates relationship with WTOL over level of service\". Toledo Blade. Retrieved 30 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toledoblade.com/TV-Radio/2012/12/14/BCSN-terminates-relationship-with-WTOL-over-level-of-service.html","url_text":"\"BCSN terminates relationship with WTOL over level of service\""}]},{"reference":"Lenzi, Rachel (20 December 2012). \"Buckeye CableSystem to debut BCSN 2 in January\". Toledo Blade. 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Retrieved 2014-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140918001023/http://www.bcsn.tv/sportsnightly","url_text":"\"Sports Nightly\""},{"url":"http://www.bcsn.tv/sportsnightly","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bcsn.tv/","external_links_name":"www.bcsn.tv"},{"Link":"http://www.toledoblade.com/TV-Radio/2012/12/14/BCSN-terminates-relationship-with-WTOL-over-level-of-service.html","external_links_name":"\"BCSN terminates relationship with WTOL over level of service\""},{"Link":"http://www.toledoblade.com/TV-Radio/2012/12/20/Buckeye-CableSystem-to-debut-BCSN-2-in-January.html","external_links_name":"\"Buckeye CableSystem to debut BCSN 2 in January\""},{"Link":"http://www.toledoblade.com/TV-Radio/2013/08/29/BCSN-WTVG-team-up-for-expanded-coverage.html","external_links_name":"\"BCSN, WTVG team up for expanded coverage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140918001023/http://www.bcsn.tv/sportsnightly","external_links_name":"\"Sports Nightly\""},{"Link":"http://www.bcsn.tv/sportsnightly","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bcsn.tv/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckeye_Cable_Sports_Network&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Lebanese_Armed_Forces | Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces | ["1 Appointment","2 Responsibilities","3 Commanders","4 See also","5 References"] | Head of the armed forces of LebanonThis article is missing information about its history. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (March 2024)
Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forcesقائد الجيش اللبنانيEmblem of the Lebanese Armed ForcesFlag of the Lebanese Armed ForcesIncumbentGeneral Joseph Aounsince 8 March 2017Ministry of DefenseReports toMinister of DefenseSeatYarzeAppointerPresident of LebanonFormation1 August 1945First holderFouad Chehab
The Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces (Arabic: قائد الجيش اللبناني) is responsible for the operational command of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF). According to the Constitution, the President of Lebanon is the commander-in-chief. The commander always holds the General rank. The commander must always be a Maronite Christian according to the National Pact.
Appointment
The Army Commander is appointed by general grade officers who have not yet been placed in the reserve with a decree issued from the cabinet based on the proposal of the Minister of National Defense.
Responsibilities
The responsibilities of the Commander of the Lebanese Forces include:
Organizing and managing units and bureaus and specifying their mission
Performing operations of employment and on the alert operations when they are decided
Implementing preparedness and mobilization operations when announced.
Determining the need of the Army and maintaining the state of equipment and supplies upon their delivery from the General Administration
Commanding military operations
Commanders
This is a list of the LAF commanders from its establishment in 1945 to the present:
No.
Portrait
Commander
Took office
Left office
Time in office
1
Chehab, FouadMajor GeneralFouad Chehab(1902–1973)1 August 194522 September 195813 years, 52 days
2
Salem, TouficMajor GeneralToufic Salem(1904–1978)9 October 195831 January 1959114 days
3
Shehab, AdelMajor GeneralAdel Shehab(1903–1980)1 February 195930 June 19656 years, 149 days
4
Boustany, EmileGeneralEmile Boustany(1909–2002)1 July 19656 January 19704 years, 189 days
5
Njeim, JeanGeneralJean Njeim(1915–1971)7 January 197024 July 19711 year, 198 days
6
Ghanem, IskandarGeneralIskandar Ghanem(1911–2005)25 July 19719 September 19754 years, 46 days
7
Saïd, HannaGeneralHanna Saïd(1923–1998)10 September 197527 March 19771 year, 198 days
8
Khoury, VictorGeneralVictor Khoury(1929–2017)28 March 19777 December 19825 years, 254 days
9
Tannous, IbrahimGeneralIbrahim Tannous(1929–2012)8 December 198222 June 19841 year, 197 days
10
Aoun, MichelGeneralMichel Aoun(born 1935)23 June 198427 November 19895 years, 157 days
11
Lahoud, ÉmileGeneralÉmile Lahoud(born 1936)28 November 198923 November 19988 years, 360 days
12
Suleiman, MichelGeneralMichel Suleiman(born 1948)21 December 199826 May 20089 years, 157 days
13
Kahwaji, JeanGeneralJean Kahwaji(born 1953)30 August 20088 March 20178 years, 190 days
14
Aoun, JosephGeneralJoseph Aoun(born 1964)8 March 2017Incumbent7 years, 99 days
See also
Lebanese Armed Forces
References
^ a b "قيادة الجيش | الموقع الرسمي للجيش اللبناني". www.lebarmy.gov.lb. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
^ "Armed Forces Commanders". Lebanese Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
vteCommanders of the Lebanese Armed Forces
Fuad Chehab (1945–58)
Toufic Salem (1958–59)
Adel Shehab (1959–65)
Emile Boustany (1965–70)
Jean Njeim (1970–71)
Iskandar Ghanem (1971–75)
Hanna Saïd (1975–77)
Victor Khoury (1977–82)
Ibrahim Tannous (1982–84)
Michel Aoun (1984–89)
Émile Lahoud (1989–98)
Michel Suleiman (1998–2008)
Jean Kahwaji (2008–17)
Joseph Aoun (2017–)
vte Lebanese Armed ForcesOrganization
Army
Air Force
Navy
Ministry of National Defense
Special Operations Command
Ranks
Commanders
HistoryOperations
Lebanese Civil War
Operation "Dinnieh"
Operation "Benin"
2006 war
Operation "Nahr el Bared"
2008 conflict
Special units
Commando Regiment
Marine Commandos
Republican Guard Brigade
CollegesSchools
Fouad Shehab Command and Staff College
Military Academy
Teaching Institute
Skiing and Mountain Fighting School
High Center for Military Sport
Naval Academy
Aviation School
ResearchDevelopment
Cedar (Arz) rocket
Huey Bomber UH-1H
Civilian auxiliaries
Lebanese Red Cross
BasesArmy byregionNorth
Bahjat Ghanem
Youssef Rahmeh
George al-Nghayweh
Nohra al-Shalouhi
South
Mohammad Zgheib
Air Force
Beirut
Rene Mouawad
Rayak
Wujah Al Hajar
Naval
Beirut
vteChiefs of defence by countryChief of DefenceAfrica
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
DR Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
states withlimited recognition
Somaliland
former
Biafra
Bophuthatswana
Ciskei
British Egypt
Ethiopian Empire
Rhodesia
Transkei
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This article related to politics in Lebanon is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article on a military rank or appointment is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"President of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(Lebanon_and_Syria)"},{"link_name":"Maronite Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians"},{"link_name":"National Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pact"}],"text":"The Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces (Arabic: قائد الجيش اللبناني) is responsible for the operational command of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF). According to the Constitution, the President of Lebanon is the commander-in-chief. The commander always holds the General rank. The commander must always be a Maronite Christian according to the National Pact.","title":"Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Lebanon)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The Army Commander is appointed by general grade officers who have not yet been placed in the reserve with a decree issued from the cabinet based on the proposal of the Minister of National Defense.[1]","title":"Appointment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The responsibilities of the Commander of the Lebanese Forces include:[1]Organizing and managing units and bureaus and specifying their mission\nPerforming operations of employment and on the alert operations when they are decided\nImplementing preparedness and mobilization operations when announced.\nDetermining the need of the Army and maintaining the state of equipment and supplies upon their delivery from the General Administration\nCommanding military operations","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This is a list of the LAF commanders from its establishment in 1945 to the present:[2]","title":"Commanders"}] | [] | [{"title":"Lebanese Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces"}] | [{"reference":"\"قيادة الجيش | الموقع الرسمي للجيش اللبناني\". www.lebarmy.gov.lb. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/ar/content/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4","url_text":"\"قيادة الجيش | الموقع الرسمي للجيش اللبناني\""}]},{"reference":"\"Armed Forces Commanders\". Lebanese Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125230714/http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/English/Commanders.asp","url_text":"\"Armed Forces Commanders\""},{"url":"https://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/English/Commanders.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/ar/content/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4","external_links_name":"\"قيادة الجيش | الموقع الرسمي للجيش اللبناني\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125230714/http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/English/Commanders.asp","external_links_name":"\"Armed Forces Commanders\""},{"Link":"https://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/English/Commanders.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commander_of_the_Lebanese_Armed_Forces&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commander_of_the_Lebanese_Armed_Forces&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_%C3%89tendard | French destroyer Étendard | ["1 Construction and career","2 References","3 Bibliography"] | Early 20th century Branlebas-class destroyer built for the French Navy
Étendard in 1908.
History
France
NameÉtendard
NamesakeBanner
BuilderDyle et Bacalan, Bordeaux
Laid downDecember 1905
Launched20 March 1908
FateSunk by a German destroyer 25 April 1917
General characteristics
Class and typeBranlebas-class destroyer
Displacement350 t (344 long tons)
Length58 m (190 ft 3 in) (p/p)
Beam6.28 m (20 ft 7 in)
Draft2.96 m (9 ft 9 in)
Installed power
6,800 ihp (5,071 kW)
2 Normand or Du Temple boilers
Propulsion2 shafts; 2 Triple-expansion steam engines
Speed27.5 knots (50.9 km/h; 31.6 mph)
Range2,100 nmi (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement60
Armament
1 × 65 mm (2.6 in) gun
6 × 47 mm (1.9 in) Hotchkiss guns
2 × 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes
ArmorWaterline belt: 20 mm (0.8 in)
Étendard was one of 10 Branlebas-class destroyers built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.
During World War I, Étendard was torpedoed and sunk by an Imperial German Navy destroyer in the North Sea off Dunkirk, France, with the loss of all hands on 25 April 1917.
Construction and career
When the First World War began in August 1914, Étendard was assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla (1re escadrille de torpilleurs) of the 2nd Light Squadron (2e escadre légère) based at Cherbourg.
References
^ "French Navy". Naval History. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
^ Prévoteaux, Tome I, p. 34
Bibliography
Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
Couhat, Jean Labayle (1974). French Warships of World War I. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0445-5.
Prévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome I 1914–1915 . Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 23. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-000-2.
Prévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome II 1916–1918 . Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 27. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-001-9.
Roberts, Stephen S. (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.
Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours . Vol. II: 1870–2006. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.
vteBranlebas-class destroyers
Branlebas
Fanfare
Gabion
Sabretache
Étendard
Oriflamme
Fanion
Glaive
Sape
Poignard
Preceded by: Claymore class
Followed by: Spahi class
List of destroyers of France
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in April 1917Shipwrecks
1 Apr: Aztec
7 Apr: SMS Cormoran (scuttling), Maplewood
8 Apr: Torrington
10 Apr: HMHS Salta
11 Apr: HMS Thrush
15 Apr: RMS Arcadian, Cameronia, USS Pike
16 Apr: HMS C16
17 Apr: Donegal, HMHS Lanfranc
19 Apr: SMS Seeadler
20 Apr: Malakand
21 Apr: SMS G42, SMS G85, SM UC-30
28 Apr: Medina
Other incidents
7 Apr: Lapland
14 Apr: HMS Veronica
16 Apr: HMS Melampus
17 Apr: Winifredian
28 Apr: Laura
Unknown date: Bohemia
1916 1917 1918 March 1917 May 1917
This article about a specific civilian ship or boat is a stub. 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Cormoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Cormoran_(1909)"},{"link_name":"scuttling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling_of_SMS_Cormoran"},{"link_name":"Maplewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Maplewood"},{"link_name":"Torrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Torrington"},{"link_name":"HMHS Salta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMHS_Salta"},{"link_name":"HMS Thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Thrush_(1889)"},{"link_name":"Arcadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Arcadian"},{"link_name":"Cameronia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cameronia_(1911)"},{"link_name":"USS Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pike_(SS-6)"},{"link_name":"HMS C16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_C16"},{"link_name":"Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Donegal"},{"link_name":"HMHS Lanfranc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMHS_Lanfranc"},{"link_name":"SMS Seeadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Seeadler"},{"link_name":"Malakand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Malakand_(1905)"},{"link_name":"SMS G42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G42"},{"link_name":"SMS G85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G85"},{"link_name":"SM UC-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-30"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Medina_(1911)"},{"link_name":"Lapland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Lapland"},{"link_name":"HMS Veronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Veronica_(1915)"},{"link_name":"HMS Melampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Melampus_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Winifredian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Winifredian"},{"link_name":"Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Laura_(1908)"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Empire_Bittern"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1918"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1918"},{"link_name":"March 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_March_1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_March_1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1917"},{"link_name":"May 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galiote.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_destroyer_%C3%89tendard&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ship-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ship-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ship-stub"}],"text":"Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). \"France\". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.\nCouhat, Jean Labayle (1974). French Warships of World War I. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0445-5.\nPrévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome I 1914–1915 [The French Navy during the Great War: The Forgotten Combatants, Book I 1914–1915]. Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 23. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-000-2.\nPrévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome II 1916–1918 [The French Navy during the Great War: The Forgotten Combatants, Book II 1916–1918]. Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 27. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-001-9.\nRoberts, Stephen S. (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.\nRoche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours [Dictionary of French Warships from Colbert to the Present Day]. Vol. II: 1870–2006. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.vteBranlebas-class destroyers\nBranlebas\nFanfare\nGabion\nSabretache\nÉtendard\nOriflamme\nFanion\nGlaive\nSape\nPoignard\n\nPreceded by: Claymore class\nFollowed by: Spahi class\n\nList of destroyers of FrancevteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in April 1917Shipwrecks\n1 Apr: Aztec\n7 Apr: SMS Cormoran (scuttling), Maplewood\n8 Apr: Torrington\n10 Apr: HMHS Salta\n11 Apr: HMS Thrush\n15 Apr: RMS Arcadian, Cameronia, USS Pike\n16 Apr: HMS C16\n17 Apr: Donegal, HMHS Lanfranc\n19 Apr: SMS Seeadler\n20 Apr: Malakand\n21 Apr: SMS G42, SMS G85, SM UC-30\n28 Apr: Medina\nOther incidents\n7 Apr: Lapland\n14 Apr: HMS Veronica\n16 Apr: HMS Melampus\n17 Apr: Winifredian\n28 Apr: Laura\nUnknown date: Bohemia\n1916 1917 1918 March 1917 May 1917This article about a specific civilian ship or boat is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"French Navy\". Naval History. 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ISBN 0-7110-0445-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0445-5","url_text":"0-7110-0445-5"}]},{"reference":"Prévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome I 1914–1915 [The French Navy during the Great War: The Forgotten Combatants, Book I 1914–1915]. Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 23. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-000-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37468-000-2","url_text":"978-2-37468-000-2"}]},{"reference":"Prévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome II 1916–1918 [The French Navy during the Great War: The Forgotten Combatants, Book II 1916–1918]. Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 27. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-001-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37468-001-9","url_text":"978-2-37468-001-9"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Stephen S. (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4533-0","url_text":"978-1-5267-4533-0"}]},{"reference":"Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours [Dictionary of French Warships from Colbert to the Present Day]. Vol. II: 1870–2006. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9525917-0-6","url_text":"978-2-9525917-0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165892922","url_text":"165892922"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyFrench.htm","external_links_name":"\"French Navy\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165892922","external_links_name":"165892922"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_destroyer_%C3%89tendard&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4 | Kankaanpää | ["1 History","2 Climate","3 Politics","4 Villages","5 Education","6 Culture","6.1 Food","7 Military","8 Notable people","9 International relations","9.1 Twin towns — sister cities","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"] | Coordinates: 61°48′N 022°24′E / 61.800°N 22.400°E / 61.800; 22.400This article is about the town and municipality. For other uses, see Kankaanpää (disambiguation).
Town in Satakunta, FinlandKankaanpääTownKankaanpään kaupunkiKankaanpää stadMilitary cemetery at church in Kankaanpää
Coat of armsLocation of Kankaanpää in FinlandCoordinates: 61°48′N 022°24′E / 61.800°N 22.400°E / 61.800; 22.400Country FinlandRegionSatakuntaSub-regionNorthern Satakunta sub-regionCharter1865Market town1967Town privileges1972Government • Town managerMika HatanpääArea (2018-01-01) • Total704.73 km2 (272.10 sq mi) • Land1,021.25 km2 (394.31 sq mi) • Water15.37 km2 (5.93 sq mi) • Rank122nd largest in FinlandPopulation (2023-12-31) • Total12,394 • Rank82nd largest in Finland • Density12.14/km2 (31.4/sq mi)Population by native language • Finnish94.8% (official) • Swedish0.1% • Others5.1%Population by age • 0 to 1414.5% • 15 to 6457.4% • 65 or older28.2%Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+03:00 (EEST)ClimateDfcWebsitewww.kankaanpaa.fi
Kankaanpää (Finnish pronunciation: ) is a town and municipality of Finland. Kankaanpää was founded in 1865, became a township in 1967 and finally a town in 1972. It is located in the crossroads of Hämeenkangas and Pohjankangas ridges. It belongs to the region of Satakunta. Kankaanpää has a population of about 12,400 inhabitants, which make it the third largest municipality in the Satakunta region in terms of population, after the city of Pori and the town of Rauma. Pori is located 53 kilometres (33 mi) southwest of Kankaanpää.
The coat of arms of Kankaanpää has its theme from the early days of the municipality's settlement, the origin of which is depicted with a golden pine tree in the middle of forest areas. The coat of arms was designed by Carolus Lindberg and was confirmed on October 12, 1951.
Honkajoki municipality was merged with Kankaanpää on January 1, 2021.
History
First signs of humanity in the area are from the stone age and during the 16th century people started to settle in Kankaanpää area. Oldest houses that area found from the documents of Swedish Finland are from the 1560 decade. There were three houses in Kankaanpää then: Honko, Oukari and Päivike.
The oldest passage in the province was from Hämeenkyrö through the ridges to Kauhajoki. In the 17th century it was the most important road between southern Finland and Ostrobothnia. The king of Sweden visited Kankaanpää twice. Gustavus Adolphus travelled from Ilmajoki to Hämeenlinna through Kankaanpää in 1614 and Adolf Fredrik had a rest in Kuninkaanlähde spring to water his horses and to eat in 1752. The spring was named after this event.
The church of Kankaanpää has been built in 1839. Architect of the church was C. L. Engel.
Climate
Based on the village of Niinisalo about 5.7 km northeast of the site the climate is a continental subarctic frontier (Köppen: Dfc) considering that the warmest fourth month is around 9 °C, which puts Kankaanpää in a humid continental climate (Dfb) being closer to Helsinki than Oulu, it also means that summer is more consistent and warm but winters are still cold. The municipality is considered one of the rainiest of Finland with 571 mm only during a growing season in 1995. Growing season starts in early May and lasts until October 10.
Climate data for Kankaanpää (Niinisalo), elevation: 136 m or 446 ft, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
7.0(44.6)
8.5(47.3)
13.5(56.3)
21.2(70.2)
28.4(83.1)
32.5(90.5)
30.4(86.7)
31.2(88.2)
27.7(81.9)
16.3(61.3)
10.2(50.4)
7.0(44.6)
32.5(90.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−5.1(22.8)
−4.6(23.7)
0.2(32.4)
6.3(43.3)
14.7(58.5)
19.7(67.5)
21.1(70.0)
18.8(65.8)
12.8(55.0)
7.0(44.6)
1.0(33.8)
−2.9(26.8)
7.4(45.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−8.0(17.6)
−7.8(18.0)
−3.7(25.3)
1.9(35.4)
9.0(48.2)
14.0(57.2)
15.7(60.3)
13.8(56.8)
8.8(47.8)
4.0(39.2)
−1.3(29.7)
−5.6(21.9)
3.4(38.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−11.3(11.7)
−11.1(12.0)
−7.4(18.7)
−2.2(28.0)
3.4(38.1)
8.2(46.8)
10.5(50.9)
9.4(48.9)
5.3(41.5)
1.2(34.2)
−3.7(25.3)
−8.7(16.3)
−0.5(31.0)
Record low °C (°F)
−34.9(−30.8)
−35.7(−32.3)
−25.4(−13.7)
−14.3(6.3)
−7.0(19.4)
−3.0(26.6)
2.0(35.6)
0.2(32.4)
−5.4(22.3)
−14.7(5.5)
−23.8(−10.8)
−33.0(−27.4)
−35.7(−32.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
42.0(1.65)
29.0(1.14)
33.0(1.30)
38.0(1.50)
37.0(1.46)
53.0(2.09)
71.0(2.80)
80.0(3.15)
73.0(2.87)
54.0(2.13)
59.0(2.32)
47.0(1.85)
616(24.26)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
10.0
8.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
8.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
116
Source: NOAA
Politics
Kankaanpää Town Hall
Results of the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election in Kankaanpää:
True Finns 37.2%
Centre Party 25.5%
National Coalition Party 11.8%
Social Democratic Party 10.6%
Left Alliance 7.7%
Christian Democrats 4.4%
Green League 2.4%
Results of the 2021 Finnish municipal elections, resulted in the True Finns being the largest group on the Kankaanpää council, in Kankaanpää.
Villages
A town center of Kankaanpää
Ala-Honkajoki, Hapua, Jyränkylä, Karhusaari, Korvaluoma, Kyynärjärvi, Narvi, Niinisalo, Santaskylä, Taulunoja, Venesjärvi, Veneskoski, Verttuu and Vihteljärvi.
Education
Kankaanpää offers basic education with 6 elementary schools and a secondary school. There is also a trade school and a polytechnic school which will be abolished in near future. The Artillery School in the Artillery Brigade provides university-level education for all future career artillery officers.
Culture
Kankaanpää Town Museum
Kankaanpää town museum is presenting the life in Kankaanpää during the last 100 years. Kankaanpää is also home to the visual arts unit of Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, which is better known as Kankaanpää Art School . The educational institution has a long and impressive history, which starts from the art of the 1950s and 60s, when Kankaanpää was already a vibrant center of visual arts.
The local dialect of Kankaanpää is part of the Tavastian dialects.
Food
Due to its roots in Tavastia, the traditional drink of Kankaanpää is sahti, and the traditional food is ristavelli, which is a pea soup made with rye flour. In the 1980s, sheep meat and cooked potatoes were also named as other parish dishes.
Military
The Pohjankangas Training Area is located nearby, it is the second largest training area of the Finnish Defence Forces.
Notable people
Cristal Snow, musician and drag queen
Toni Vilander, racing driver
Ristomatti Hakola, cross-country skier
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland
Twin towns — sister cities
Kankaanpää is twinned with:
Bollnäs, Sweden
Flekkefjord, Norway
Gagra, Georgia
Misburg, Germany
Morsø Municipality, Denmark
See also
Honkajoki
Niinisalo
Pori
References
^ "Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ a b c "Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 26 April 2024. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
^ "Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020". StatFin. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
^ a b "Luettelo kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosenteista vuonna 2023". Tax Administration of Finland. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 118. ISBN 951-773-085-3.
^ Laakso, Antti (15 May 2020). "Honkajoki liittyy Kankaanpäähän vuodenvaihteessa – valtuustot hyväksyivät ainoan Suomessa vireillä olevan kuntaliitoksen". YLE News (in Finnish). YLE. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^ "RKY ι Museovirasto". www.rky.fi. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
^ "Toimitilat" (in Finnish). Kankaanpään seurakunta. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
^ "Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Climate Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Temperatures Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Weather Averages". www.kankaanpaa.climatemps.com. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^ Ilmasto-opas.fi. "Suomen muuttuva ilmasto - Ilmasto-opas.fi". Ilmasto-opas (in Finnish). Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^ "Kankaanpää (02942) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^ "Finns Party gains, NCP top as turnout dips in Finnish local elections | News | Yle Uutiset". 13 June 2021.
^ Kankaanpää Museum – Museot.fi (in English)
^ Taidekoulu – Town of Kankaanpää (in Finnish)
^ Hämäläismurteiden alue – Sokl.uef.fi. (in Finnish)
^ Jaakko Kolmonen: Kotomaamme ruoka-aitta: Suomen, Karjalan ja Petsamon pitäjäruoat, p. 36–37. Helsinki: Patakolmonen Ky, 1988. (in Finnish)
External links
Media related to Kankaanpää at Wikimedia Commons
Kankaanpää travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official website
Places adjacent to Kankaanpää
Isojoki (South Ostrobothnia)
Kauhajoki (South Ostrobothnia)
Karvia
Siikainen
Kankaanpää
Parkano (Pirkanmaa)JämijärviIkaalinen (Pirkanmaa)
Pomarkku
Pori
Sastamala (Pirkanmaa)
vteMunicipalities of SatakuntaMunicipalities
Eura
Eurajoki
Harjavalta
Huittinen
Jämijärvi
Kankaanpää
Karvia
Kokemäki
Merikarvia
Nakkila
Pomarkku
Pori
Rauma
Siikainen
Säkylä
Ulvila
Former municipalities
Ahlainen
Hinnerjoki
Honkajoki
Honkilahti
Kauvatsa
Keikyä
Kiikoinen
Kiukainen
Kodisjoki
Kullaa
Köyliö
Lappi
Lavia
Luvia
Noormarkku
Porin maalaiskunta
Rauman maalaiskunta
Vampula
Satakunta
Finland
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kankaanpää (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈkɑŋkɑːmˌpæː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Satakunta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satakunta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-population_count-2"},{"link_name":"Pori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pori"},{"link_name":"Rauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauma,_Finland"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"pine tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_tree"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Honkajoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkajoki"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"This article is about the town and municipality. For other uses, see Kankaanpää (disambiguation).Town in Satakunta, FinlandKankaanpää (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkɑŋkɑːmˌpæː]) is a town and municipality of Finland. Kankaanpää was founded in 1865, became a township in 1967 and finally a town in 1972. It is located in the crossroads of Hämeenkangas and Pohjankangas ridges. It belongs to the region of Satakunta. Kankaanpää has a population of about 12,400 inhabitants,[2] which make it the third largest municipality in the Satakunta region in terms of population, after the city of Pori and the town of Rauma. Pori is located 53 kilometres (33 mi) southwest of Kankaanpää.The coat of arms of Kankaanpää has its theme from the early days of the municipality's settlement, the origin of which is depicted with a golden pine tree in the middle of forest areas. The coat of arms was designed by Carolus Lindberg and was confirmed on October 12, 1951.[5]Honkajoki municipality was merged with Kankaanpää on January 1, 2021.[6]","title":"Kankaanpää"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hämeenkyrö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4meenkyr%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Kauhajoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauhajoki"},{"link_name":"Ostrobothnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Ilmajoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmajoki"},{"link_name":"Hämeenlinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna"},{"link_name":"Adolf Fredrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"C. L. Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ludvig_Engel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"First signs of humanity in the area are from the stone age and during the 16th century people started to settle in Kankaanpää area. Oldest houses that area found from the documents of Swedish Finland are from the 1560 decade. There were three houses in Kankaanpää then: Honko, Oukari and Päivike.[7]The oldest passage in the province was from Hämeenkyrö through the ridges to Kauhajoki. In the 17th century it was the most important road between southern Finland and Ostrobothnia. The king of Sweden visited Kankaanpää twice. Gustavus Adolphus travelled from Ilmajoki to Hämeenlinna through Kankaanpää in 1614 and Adolf Fredrik had a rest in Kuninkaanlähde spring to water his horses and to eat in 1752. The spring was named after this event.The church of Kankaanpää has been built in 1839. Architect of the church was C. L. Engel.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niinisalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niinisalo"},{"link_name":"continental subarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Oulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Niinisalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niinisalo"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noaa-11"}],"text":"Based on the village of Niinisalo about 5.7 km northeast of the site the climate is a continental subarctic frontier (Köppen: Dfc) considering that the warmest fourth month is around 9 °C, which puts Kankaanpää in a humid continental climate (Dfb) being closer to Helsinki than Oulu, it also means that summer is more consistent and warm but winters are still cold.[9] The municipality is considered one of the rainiest of Finland with 571 mm only during a growing season in 1995. Growing season starts in early May and lasts until October 10.[10]Climate data for Kankaanpää (Niinisalo), elevation: 136 m or 446 ft, 1961-1990 normals and extremes\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−5.1(22.8)\n\n−4.6(23.7)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−8.0(17.6)\n\n−7.8(18.0)\n\n−3.7(25.3)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n−1.3(29.7)\n\n−5.6(21.9)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−11.3(11.7)\n\n−11.1(12.0)\n\n−7.4(18.7)\n\n−2.2(28.0)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n−3.7(25.3)\n\n−8.7(16.3)\n\n−0.5(31.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−34.9(−30.8)\n\n−35.7(−32.3)\n\n−25.4(−13.7)\n\n−14.3(6.3)\n\n−7.0(19.4)\n\n−3.0(26.6)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n−14.7(5.5)\n\n−23.8(−10.8)\n\n−33.0(−27.4)\n\n−35.7(−32.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n42.0(1.65)\n\n29.0(1.14)\n\n33.0(1.30)\n\n38.0(1.50)\n\n37.0(1.46)\n\n53.0(2.09)\n\n71.0(2.80)\n\n80.0(3.15)\n\n73.0(2.87)\n\n54.0(2.13)\n\n59.0(2.32)\n\n47.0(1.85)\n\n616(24.26)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n10.0\n\n8.0\n\n9.0\n\n8.0\n\n7.0\n\n8.0\n\n11.0\n\n11.0\n\n11.0\n\n11.0\n\n11.0\n\n11.0\n\n116\n\n\nSource: NOAA[11]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_kaupungintalo.jpg"},{"link_name":"2011 Finnish parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"True Finns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Finns"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"National Coalition Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_Party"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Left Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Alliance_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"Green League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_League"},{"link_name":"2021 Finnish municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Finnish_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"True Finns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Finns"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Kankaanpää Town HallResults of the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election in Kankaanpää:True Finns 37.2%\nCentre Party 25.5%\nNational Coalition Party 11.8%\nSocial Democratic Party 10.6%\nLeft Alliance 7.7%\nChristian Democrats 4.4%\nGreen League 2.4%Results of the 2021 Finnish municipal elections, resulted in the True Finns being the largest group on the Kankaanpää council, in Kankaanpää.[12]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Centre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ala-Honkajoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ala-Honkajoki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hapua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapua,_Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jyränkylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jyr%C3%A4nkyl%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karhusaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karhusaari,_Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Korvaluoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korvaluoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kyynärjärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyyn%C3%A4rj%C3%A4rvi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narvi,_Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niinisalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niinisalo"},{"link_name":"Santaskylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santaskyl%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taulunoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taulunoja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venesjärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venesj%C3%A4rvi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Veneskoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veneskoski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Verttuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verttuu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vihteljärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vihtelj%C3%A4rvi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"A town center of KankaanpääAla-Honkajoki, Hapua, Jyränkylä, Karhusaari, Korvaluoma, Kyynärjärvi, Narvi, Niinisalo, Santaskylä, Taulunoja, Venesjärvi, Veneskoski, Verttuu and Vihteljärvi.","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artillery Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_Brigade_(Finnish_Army)"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"}],"text":"Kankaanpää offers basic education with 6 elementary schools and a secondary school. There is also a trade school and a polytechnic school which will be abolished in near future. The Artillery School in the Artillery Brigade provides university-level education for all future career artillery officers.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_kaupunginmuseo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"visual arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"Satakunta University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satakunta_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Kankaanpää Art School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Art_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_taidekoulu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tavastian dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavastian_dialects"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Kankaanpää Town MuseumKankaanpää town museum is presenting the life in Kankaanpää during the last 100 years.[13] Kankaanpää is also home to the visual arts unit of Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, which is better known as Kankaanpää Art School [fi]. The educational institution has a long and impressive history, which starts from the art of the 1950s and 60s, when Kankaanpää was already a vibrant center of visual arts.[14]The local dialect of Kankaanpää is part of the Tavastian dialects.[15]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tavastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)"},{"link_name":"sahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahti"},{"link_name":"pea soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_soup"},{"link_name":"rye flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_flour"},{"link_name":"sheep meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Food","text":"Due to its roots in Tavastia, the traditional drink of Kankaanpää is sahti, and the traditional food is ristavelli, which is a pea soup made with rye flour. In the 1980s, sheep meat and cooked potatoes were also named as other parish dishes.[16]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Pohjankangas Training Area is located nearby, it is the second largest training area of the Finnish Defence Forces.","title":"Military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cristal Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal_Snow"},{"link_name":"drag queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Toni Vilander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Vilander"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ristomatti Hakola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristomatti_Hakola"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Cristal Snow, musician and drag queen[citation needed]\nToni Vilander, racing driver[citation needed]\nRistomatti Hakola, cross-country skier[citation needed]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Finland"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Bollnäs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolln%C3%A4s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Flekkefjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flekkefjord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Gagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Misburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Misburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Morsø Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors%C3%B8_Municipality"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns — sister cities","text":"Kankaanpää is twinned with:Bollnäs, Sweden\n Flekkefjord, Norway\n Gagra, Georgia\n Misburg, Germany\n Morsø Municipality, Denmark","title":"International relations"}] | [{"image_text":"Kankaanpää Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_kaupungintalo.jpg/220px-Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_kaupungintalo.jpg"},{"image_text":"A town center of Kankaanpää","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Centre.jpg/220px-Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Centre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kankaanpää Town Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_kaupunginmuseo.jpg/220px-Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_kaupunginmuseo.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Honkajoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkajoki"},{"title":"Niinisalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niinisalo"},{"title":"Pori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pori"}] | [{"reference":"\"Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018\" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/maanmittauslaitos.fi/files/attachments/2018/01/Suomen_pa_2018_kunta_maakunta.pdf","url_text":"\"Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years\". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 26 April 2024. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://stat.fi/en/publication/cln1i2dtgwknt0cut9yem67se","url_text":"\"Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1797-5395","url_text":"1797-5395"}]},{"reference":"\"Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020\". StatFin. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rf.px/","url_text":"\"Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Finland","url_text":"Statistics Finland"}]},{"reference":"\"Luettelo kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosenteista vuonna 2023\". Tax Administration of Finland. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vero.fi/syventavat-vero-ohjeet/paatokset/47465/kuntien-ja-seurakuntien-tuloveroprosentit-vuonna-2023/","url_text":"\"Luettelo kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosenteista vuonna 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 118. ISBN 951-773-085-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-773-085-3","url_text":"951-773-085-3"}]},{"reference":"Laakso, Antti (15 May 2020). \"Honkajoki liittyy Kankaanpäähän vuodenvaihteessa – valtuustot hyväksyivät ainoan Suomessa vireillä olevan kuntaliitoksen\". YLE News (in Finnish). YLE. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11355054","url_text":"\"Honkajoki liittyy Kankaanpäähän vuodenvaihteessa – valtuustot hyväksyivät ainoan Suomessa vireillä olevan kuntaliitoksen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YLE","url_text":"YLE"}]},{"reference":"\"RKY ι Museovirasto\". www.rky.fi. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rky.fi/read/asp/r_kohde_det.aspx?KOHDE_ID=4051","url_text":"\"RKY ι Museovirasto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toimitilat\" (in Finnish). Kankaanpään seurakunta. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kankaanpaansrk.fi/seurakunta/toimitilat/","url_text":"\"Toimitilat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Climate Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Temperatures Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Weather Averages\". www.kankaanpaa.climatemps.com. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kankaanpaa.climatemps.com/","url_text":"\"Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Climate Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Temperatures Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Weather Averages\""}]},{"reference":"Ilmasto-opas.fi. \"Suomen muuttuva ilmasto - Ilmasto-opas.fi\". Ilmasto-opas (in Finnish). Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ilmasto-opas.fi/fi/ilmastonmuutos/suomen-muuttuva-ilmasto/-/artikkeli/8cf1f204-5ff0-423d-beb4-6237dd74b60d/satakunta-selkamerelta-karvian-ylamaille.html","url_text":"\"Suomen muuttuva ilmasto - Ilmasto-opas.fi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kankaanpää (02942) - WMO Weather Station\". NOAA. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/FI/02942.TXT","url_text":"\"Kankaanpää (02942) - WMO Weather Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"NOAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Finns Party gains, NCP top as turnout dips in Finnish local elections | News | Yle Uutiset\". 13 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finns_party_gains_ncp_top_as_turnout_dips_in_finnish_local_elections/11979073","url_text":"\"Finns Party gains, NCP top as turnout dips in Finnish local elections | News | Yle Uutiset\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4¶ms=61_48_N_022_24_E_type:city(12394)_region:FI-17","external_links_name":"61°48′N 022°24′E / 61.800°N 22.400°E / 61.800; 22.400"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kankaanp%C3%A4%C3%A4¶ms=61_48_N_022_24_E_type:city(12394)_region:FI-17","external_links_name":"61°48′N 022°24′E / 61.800°N 22.400°E / 61.800; 22.400"},{"Link":"http://www.kankaanpaa.fi/","external_links_name":"www.kankaanpaa.fi"},{"Link":"http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/maanmittauslaitos.fi/files/attachments/2018/01/Suomen_pa_2018_kunta_maakunta.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018\""},{"Link":"https://stat.fi/en/publication/cln1i2dtgwknt0cut9yem67se","external_links_name":"\"Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1797-5395","external_links_name":"1797-5395"},{"Link":"https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rf.px/","external_links_name":"\"Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.vero.fi/syventavat-vero-ohjeet/paatokset/47465/kuntien-ja-seurakuntien-tuloveroprosentit-vuonna-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Luettelo kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosenteista vuonna 2023\""},{"Link":"https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11355054","external_links_name":"\"Honkajoki liittyy Kankaanpäähän vuodenvaihteessa – valtuustot hyväksyivät ainoan Suomessa vireillä olevan kuntaliitoksen\""},{"Link":"http://www.rky.fi/read/asp/r_kohde_det.aspx?KOHDE_ID=4051","external_links_name":"\"RKY ι Museovirasto\""},{"Link":"http://www.kankaanpaansrk.fi/seurakunta/toimitilat/","external_links_name":"\"Toimitilat\""},{"Link":"http://www.kankaanpaa.climatemps.com/","external_links_name":"\"Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Climate Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Temperatures Niinisalo, Kankaanpää, Satakunta Weather Averages\""},{"Link":"http://ilmasto-opas.fi/fi/ilmastonmuutos/suomen-muuttuva-ilmasto/-/artikkeli/8cf1f204-5ff0-423d-beb4-6237dd74b60d/satakunta-selkamerelta-karvian-ylamaille.html","external_links_name":"\"Suomen muuttuva ilmasto - Ilmasto-opas.fi\""},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/FI/02942.TXT","external_links_name":"\"Kankaanpää (02942) - WMO Weather Station\""},{"Link":"https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finns_party_gains_ncp_top_as_turnout_dips_in_finnish_local_elections/11979073","external_links_name":"\"Finns Party gains, NCP top as turnout dips in Finnish local elections | News | Yle Uutiset\""},{"Link":"https://museot.fi/searchmuseums/?museo_id=21280","external_links_name":"Kankaanpää Museum"},{"Link":"https://www.kankaanpaa.fi/kulttuuri-liikunta-ja-nuoriso/kulttuuri-ja-taide/taidekoulu/","external_links_name":"Taidekoulu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171203192126/http://sokl.uef.fi/aineistot/aidinkieli/murteet/hamalais.html","external_links_name":"Hämäläismurteiden alue"},{"Link":"http://www.kankaanpaa.fi/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/a31283d6-4b83-4c6b-ad14-0199a907473a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamastax | Megamastax | ["1 Discovery and naming","2 Description","3 Paleobiology","4 Paleoecology","5 References"] | Extinct genus of fishes
MegamastaxTemporal range: Late Silurian, 423 Ma
PreꞒ
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Megamastax fossils and estimated body length charts
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Superclass:
Osteichthyes
Clade:
Sarcopterygii
Genus:
†MegamastaxChoo et al., 2014
Type species
†Megamastax amblyodusChoo et al., 2014
Megamastax (meaning "big mouth") is a genus of lobe-finned fish which lived during the late Silurian period, about 423 million years ago, in China. Before the discovery of Megamastax, it was thought that jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) were limited in size and variation before the Devonian period. Megamastax is known only from jaw bones and it is estimated that it reached about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) long.
Discovery and naming
Fossils of Megamastax were found in a layer of the Kuanti Formation in Qujing, Yunnan, China. The holotype of Megamastax amblyodus is IVPP V18499.1, a complete left mandible. Two additional specimens, IVPP V18499.2 (a partial left mandible) and IVPP V18499.3 (a right maxilla) have been referred to the species.
The generic name of Megamastax is Greek for "big mouth", derived from megalos (big) and mastax (mouth). The species name, amblyodus, translates to "blunt tooth".
Description
The lower jaws of Megamastax (F,G) compared to other Silurian jawed fish
Although Megamastax can be safely considered a sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) due to having cosmine on its jaws, coronoid plates, a prearticular bone, and a biconcave glenoid, it is unique among early jawed fish for its jaw and teeth structure. Although most early osteichthyans have only one row of sharp marginal teeth along the edge of the jaw, Megamastax has two rows of small marginal teeth. In addition, Megamastax uniquely has a row of large, blunt teeth fused to four coronoid bones on the inside edge of each mandible. Similar genera such as Psarolepis and Guiyu have sharp fangs on their five coronoids while poroplepiformes and tetrapodomorphs have tusk-like teeth and three coronoids.
Using the body plans of Devonian osteichthyans as a guide, it can be estimated that the mandibles of Megamastax occupy between a fifth and a seventh of the total body length. If this is true, then IVPP V18499.1 had a length of .65–.9 metres (2 ft 2 in – 2 ft 11 in) and IVPP V18499.2 had a length of .87–1.22 metres (2 ft 10 in – 4 ft 0 in). Given these large estimates, Megamastax was the largest known Silurian vertebrate.
Paleobiology
Life restoration of Megamastax feeding on Dunyu
With rounded coronoid teeth, Megamastax could have fed on hard-shelled animals. Extant fish with crushing teeth, such as wolf eels and horn sharks, generally have such teeth at the front of the jaw, separate from the coronoids. Although Megamastax differs from these fish by having its teeth and coronoids run the entire length of the jaw, this could simply be a result of having a different method of prey capture.
While low body sizes for Silurian vertebrates has traditionally been seen as a result of the Silurian having low levels of atmospheric oxygen (as large vertebrates are susceptible to hypoxia), recent analyses have shown that terrestrial plant life was more well established in the Silurian than once thought, providing a previously unknown source of oxygen. In addition, new Paleozoic atmospheric models indicate that oxygen levels were actually around modern levels by the end of the Silurian period. Although it is not certain that Megamastax's large size is a result of this atmospheric trend, the presence of such a large fish at this period does weaken the argument that a lack of large Silurian vertebrates can be used as evidence of low oxygen levels.
Paleoecology
Various hard-shelled animals were present in the late Silurian of China, including brachipods, molluscs, trilobites, and even armored fish like placoderms and galeaspids. Due to its large size and predatory lifestyle, Megamastax could be considered the first vertebrate apex predator.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Megamastax.
^ a b c d e f g Choo, Brian; Zhu, Min; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liaotao; Zhu, You'an (2014). "The largest Silurian vertebrate and its palaeoecological implications". Scientific Reports. 4: 5242. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E5242C. doi:10.1038/srep05242. PMC 4054400. PMID 24921626.
^ Gibling, Martin R.; Davies, Neil S. (2012-02-01). "Palaeozoic landscapes shaped by plant evolution". Nature Geoscience. 5 (2): 99–105. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5...99G. doi:10.1038/ngeo1376. ISSN 1752-0908.
vteGnathostomata
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Gnathostomata
†Janusiscus
†Ramirosuarezia
†"Placodermi"
see Placodermi
EugnathostomataChondrichthyes
see Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
†Achoania
†Andreolepis
†Dialipina
†Entelognathus?
†Guiyu
†Ligulalepis
†Lophosteus
†Megamastax
†Naxilepis
†Orvikuina
†Psarolepis
†Sparalepis
†Terenolepis
Actinopterygii
see Actinopterygii
Sarcopterygii
†Ptyctolepis
†Styloichthys
Actinistia
see Actinistia
includes coelacanths
RhipidistiaDipnomorpha
see Dipnomorpha
includes lungfish
Tetrapodomorpha
see Tetrapodomorpha
includes tetrapods
Taxon identifiersMegamastax
Wikidata: Q18434336
Wikispecies: Megamastax
GBIF: 9034480
IRMNG: 11913685 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(biology)"},{"link_name":"lobe-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_period"},{"link_name":"million years ago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_ago"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"gnathostomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomes"},{"link_name":"Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"}],"text":"Megamastax (meaning \"big mouth\") is a genus of lobe-finned fish which lived during the late Silurian period, about 423 million years ago, in China. Before the discovery of Megamastax, it was thought that jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) were limited in size and variation before the Devonian period. Megamastax is known only from jaw bones and it is estimated that it reached about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) long.","title":"Megamastax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuanti Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuanti_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qujing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qujing"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"mandible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"maxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxilla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-1"}],"text":"Fossils of Megamastax were found in a layer of the Kuanti Formation in Qujing, Yunnan, China. The holotype of Megamastax amblyodus is IVPP V18499.1, a complete left mandible. Two additional specimens, IVPP V18499.2 (a partial left mandible) and IVPP V18499.3 (a right maxilla) have been referred to the species.[1]The generic name of Megamastax is Greek for \"big mouth\", derived from megalos (big) and mastax (mouth). The species name, amblyodus, translates to \"blunt tooth\".[1]","title":"Discovery and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lingual_views_of_mandibles_from_selected_pre-Emsian_osteichthyans.jpg"},{"link_name":"sarcopterygian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"cosmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmine"},{"link_name":"glenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_fossa"},{"link_name":"osteichthyans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes"},{"link_name":"Psarolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psarolepis"},{"link_name":"Guiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyu_oneiros"},{"link_name":"poroplepiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porolepiformes"},{"link_name":"tetrapodomorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-1"},{"link_name":"Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-1"}],"text":"The lower jaws of Megamastax (F,G) compared to other Silurian jawed fishAlthough Megamastax can be safely considered a sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) due to having cosmine on its jaws, coronoid plates, a prearticular bone, and a biconcave glenoid, it is unique among early jawed fish for its jaw and teeth structure. Although most early osteichthyans have only one row of sharp marginal teeth along the edge of the jaw, Megamastax has two rows of small marginal teeth. In addition, Megamastax uniquely has a row of large, blunt teeth fused to four coronoid bones on the inside edge of each mandible. Similar genera such as Psarolepis and Guiyu have sharp fangs on their five coronoids while poroplepiformes and tetrapodomorphs have tusk-like teeth and three coronoids.[1]Using the body plans of Devonian osteichthyans as a guide, it can be estimated that the mandibles of Megamastax occupy between a fifth and a seventh of the total body length. If this is true, then IVPP V18499.1 had a length of .65–.9 metres (2 ft 2 in – 2 ft 11 in) and IVPP V18499.2 had a length of .87–1.22 metres (2 ft 10 in – 4 ft 0 in). Given these large estimates, Megamastax was the largest known Silurian vertebrate.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_reconstruction_of_Megamastax_amblyodus_consuming_the_galeaspid_Dunyu_longiforus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dunyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunyu"},{"link_name":"wolf eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_eel"},{"link_name":"horn sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullhead_shark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-1"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-o2-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-1"}],"text":"Life restoration of Megamastax feeding on DunyuWith rounded coronoid teeth, Megamastax could have fed on hard-shelled animals. Extant fish with crushing teeth, such as wolf eels and horn sharks, generally have such teeth at the front of the jaw, separate from the coronoids. Although Megamastax differs from these fish by having its teeth and coronoids run the entire length of the jaw, this could simply be a result of having a different method of prey capture.[1]\nWhile low body sizes for Silurian vertebrates has traditionally been seen as a result of the Silurian having low levels of atmospheric oxygen (as large vertebrates are susceptible to hypoxia), recent analyses have shown that terrestrial plant life was more well established in the Silurian than once thought, providing a previously unknown source of oxygen. In addition, new Paleozoic atmospheric models indicate that oxygen levels were actually around modern levels by the end of the Silurian period.[2] Although it is not certain that Megamastax's large size is a result of this atmospheric trend, the presence of such a large fish at this period does weaken the argument that a lack of large Silurian vertebrates can be used as evidence of low oxygen levels.[1]","title":"Paleobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brachipods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopod"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca"},{"link_name":"trilobites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite"},{"link_name":"placoderms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placodermi"},{"link_name":"galeaspids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeaspida"},{"link_name":"apex predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_predator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desc-1"}],"text":"Various hard-shelled animals were present in the late Silurian of China, including brachipods, molluscs, trilobites, and even armored fish like placoderms and galeaspids. Due to its large size and predatory lifestyle, Megamastax could be considered the first vertebrate apex predator.[1]","title":"Paleoecology"}] | [{"image_text":"The lower jaws of Megamastax (F,G) compared to other Silurian jawed fish","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lingual_views_of_mandibles_from_selected_pre-Emsian_osteichthyans.jpg/201px-Lingual_views_of_mandibles_from_selected_pre-Emsian_osteichthyans.jpg"},{"image_text":"Life restoration of Megamastax feeding on Dunyu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Life_reconstruction_of_Megamastax_amblyodus_consuming_the_galeaspid_Dunyu_longiforus.jpg/220px-Life_reconstruction_of_Megamastax_amblyodus_consuming_the_galeaspid_Dunyu_longiforus.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Choo, Brian; Zhu, Min; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liaotao; Zhu, You'an (2014). \"The largest Silurian vertebrate and its palaeoecological implications\". Scientific Reports. 4: 5242. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E5242C. doi:10.1038/srep05242. PMC 4054400. PMID 24921626.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4054400","url_text":"\"The largest Silurian vertebrate and its palaeoecological implications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatSR...4E5242C","url_text":"2014NatSR...4E5242C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep05242","url_text":"10.1038/srep05242"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4054400","url_text":"4054400"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24921626","url_text":"24921626"}]},{"reference":"Gibling, Martin R.; Davies, Neil S. (2012-02-01). \"Palaeozoic landscapes shaped by plant evolution\". Nature Geoscience. 5 (2): 99–105. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5...99G. doi:10.1038/ngeo1376. ISSN 1752-0908.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NatGe...5...99G","url_text":"2012NatGe...5...99G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo1376","url_text":"10.1038/ngeo1376"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0908","url_text":"1752-0908"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4054400","external_links_name":"\"The largest Silurian vertebrate and its palaeoecological implications\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatSR...4E5242C","external_links_name":"2014NatSR...4E5242C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep05242","external_links_name":"10.1038/srep05242"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4054400","external_links_name":"4054400"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24921626","external_links_name":"24921626"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NatGe...5...99G","external_links_name":"2012NatGe...5...99G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo1376","external_links_name":"10.1038/ngeo1376"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0908","external_links_name":"1752-0908"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9034480","external_links_name":"9034480"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11913685","external_links_name":"11913685"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Bigham | Trevor Bigham | ["1 Early life and education","2 Police career","3 Family","4 Footnotes","5 External links"] | English barrister (1876-1954)
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The Honourable SirTrevor BighamKBE CBDeputy Commissioner of Police of the MetropolisIn office1931 – January 1935Assistant Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis "C"In office1928–1931Assistant Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis "L"In office29 January 1914 – 1928
Personal detailsBornFrank Trevor Roger Bigham(1876-05-22)22 May 1876Died23 November 1954(1954-11-23) (aged 78)OccupationBarrister
Sir Frank Trevor Roger Bigham, KBE, CB (22 May 1876 – 23 November 1954) was an English barrister, an Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police from 1914 to 1931, and Deputy Commissioner from 1931 to 1935. He was the first officer to hold the position of Deputy Commissioner as a separate rank and not as an honorary title while also serving as an Assistant Commissioner.
Early life and education
Trevor Bigham was the third son (although the second surviving) of the judge, John Charles Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey, and was entitled to the style "The Honourable" after 1910 due to his father's peerage. He was a King's Scholar at Eton College from 1890 to 1895, and then went up to Magdalen College, Oxford. He took a second in Mods in 1895 and a first in Literae Humaniores in 1899. In 1901, he was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple. On 24 January 1900, he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the 24th (Territorial Force) Battalion, Middlesex Regiment.
Police career
On 4 December 1909, Bigham was appointed the Chief Constable of the Metropolitan Police Criminal Investigation Department (CID). On 29 January 1914, he succeeded Frederick Bullock as Assistant Commissioner "L", in charge of the Legal Department of Scotland Yard. During the First World War, he spent most of his time dealing with the control of aliens, and in 1919 he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).
On 6 November 1922, Bigham and his colleague, Assistant Commissioner Frank Elliott, were sent a box of chocolate éclairs poisoned with arsenic. Luckily, they were suspicious and did not eat them, and Walter Tatam, who had a history of mental problems, was later found guilty of attempted murder.
In 1928, he became Assistant Commissioner "C", in charge of CID. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the Metropolitan Police Centenary Honours of 3 June 1929.
Following the sudden death of Sir Charles Royds on 5 January 1931, Bigham succeeded him as Assistant Commissioner "A", in charge of administration and uniformed operations and with the courtesy title of Deputy Commissioner. He also immediately became Acting Commissioner, as Lord Byng was absent on medical leave in France. Shortly afterwards, following a reorganisation, he became solely Deputy Commissioner, being succeeded as Assistant Commissioner "A" by Lieutenant-Colonel David Allan. Bigham retired in January 1935.
Family
Bigham married, at Temple Church, London, on 17 December 1901, Frances Leonora Tomlin, daughter of J. L. Tomlin. They had two daughters. She died in 1927, and four years later he married Edith Drysdale, a civilian official at Scotland Yard.
Footnotes
^ a b c d e f g Obituary, The Times, 25 November 1954
^ "Weddings". The Times. No. 36642. London. 19 December 1901. p. 1.
External links
Photographic portrait of Bigham in the National Portrait Gallery
Police appointments
Preceded byFrederick Bullock
Chief Constable (CID), Metropolitan Police 1909–1914
Succeeded byNorman Kendal1918–1919
Preceded byFrederick Bullock
Assistant Commissioner "L", Metropolitan Police 1914–1928
Succeeded byNorman Kendal
Preceded bySir Wyndham Childs
Assistant Commissioner "C", Metropolitan Police 1928–1931
Succeeded byNorman Kendal
Preceded bySir Charles Royds
Assistant Commissioner "A", Metropolitan Police 1931
Succeeded byDavid Allan
Preceded bySir Charles Royds
Deputy Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis 1931–1935
Succeeded byMaurice Drummond | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"Assistant Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"Deputy Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Sir Frank Trevor Roger Bigham, KBE, CB (22 May 1876 – 23 November 1954) was an English barrister, an Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police from 1914 to 1931, and Deputy Commissioner from 1931 to 1935. He was the first officer to hold the position of Deputy Commissioner as a separate rank and not as an honorary title while also serving as an Assistant Commissioner.[1]","title":"Trevor Bigham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Charles Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Bigham,_1st_Viscount_Mersey"},{"link_name":"King's Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Scholar"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Mods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_Moderations"},{"link_name":"Literae Humaniores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literae_Humaniores"},{"link_name":"called to the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"Middle Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"},{"link_name":"Second Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Territorial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Force"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Trevor Bigham was the third son (although the second surviving) of the judge, John Charles Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey, and was entitled to the style \"The Honourable\" after 1910 due to his father's peerage. He was a King's Scholar at Eton College from 1890 to 1895, and then went up to Magdalen College, Oxford. He took a second in Mods in 1895 and a first in Literae Humaniores in 1899. In 1901, he was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple. On 24 January 1900, he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the 24th (Territorial Force) Battalion, Middlesex Regiment.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Constable"},{"link_name":"Criminal Investigation Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department"},{"link_name":"Frederick Bullock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Bullock_(police_officer)"},{"link_name":"Scotland Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Yard"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Frank Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Elliott_(police_officer)"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"éclairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clair"},{"link_name":"arsenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Royds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Royds"},{"link_name":"Acting Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis"},{"link_name":"Lord Byng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel David Allan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_David_Allan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"On 4 December 1909, Bigham was appointed the Chief Constable of the Metropolitan Police Criminal Investigation Department (CID). On 29 January 1914, he succeeded Frederick Bullock as Assistant Commissioner \"L\", in charge of the Legal Department of Scotland Yard. During the First World War, he spent most of his time dealing with the control of aliens, and in 1919 he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).[1]On 6 November 1922, Bigham and his colleague, Assistant Commissioner Frank Elliott, were sent a box of chocolate éclairs poisoned with arsenic. Luckily, they were suspicious and did not eat them, and Walter Tatam, who had a history of mental problems, was later found guilty of attempted murder.[1]In 1928, he became Assistant Commissioner \"C\", in charge of CID. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the Metropolitan Police Centenary Honours of 3 June 1929.[1]Following the sudden death of Sir Charles Royds on 5 January 1931, Bigham succeeded him as Assistant Commissioner \"A\", in charge of administration and uniformed operations and with the courtesy title of Deputy Commissioner. He also immediately became Acting Commissioner, as Lord Byng was absent on medical leave in France. Shortly afterwards, following a reorganisation, he became solely Deputy Commissioner, being succeeded as Assistant Commissioner \"A\" by Lieutenant-Colonel David Allan. Bigham retired in January 1935.[1]","title":"Police career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temple Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Bigham married, at Temple Church, London, on 17 December 1901, Frances Leonora Tomlin, daughter of J. L. Tomlin.[2] They had two daughters. She died in 1927, and four years later he married Edith Drysdale, a civilian official at Scotland Yard.[1]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_1-6"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g Obituary, The Times, 25 November 1954\n\n^ \"Weddings\". The Times. No. 36642. London. 19 December 1901. p. 1.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Weddings\". The Times. No. 36642. London. 19 December 1901. p. 1.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trevor_Bigham&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trevor+Bigham%22","external_links_name":"\"Trevor Bigham\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trevor+Bigham%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trevor+Bigham%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trevor+Bigham%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trevor+Bigham%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trevor+Bigham%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw110603/Sir-Frank-Trevor-R-Bigham?LinkID=mp78540&search=sas&sText=trevor+bigham&OConly=true&role=sit&rNo=0","external_links_name":"Photographic portrait of Bigham in the National Portrait Gallery"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.L._Rapoport | Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport | ["1 Life","2 Works","2.1 Ten Sephirot as vowel sounds","3 Footnotes","4 External links"] | Galician and Czech rabbi and Jewish scholar (1786–1867)
For the Lebanese avant-garde magazine, see Shi'r.
Portrait by Antonín Machek Unterschrift Salomo Juda Rapoport (1790-1867)
Title page of Rapoport's Erekh Millin
Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport (Hebrew: שלמה יהודה כהן רפאפורט; June 1, 1786 – October 15, 1867) was a Galician and Czech rabbi and Jewish scholar.
Rapoport was known by an acronym "Shir", שי"ר occasionally שיל"ר, formed by the initial letters of his Hebrew name "Sh"elomo "Y"ehuda "R"apoport. Shir literally means "song" in Hebrew.
He was one of the founders of the new Wissenschaft des Judentums movement.
Life
Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport was born in Lemberg, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. His father, Rabbi Aharon Hayim Rappaport was a renowned scholar, and his primary teacher. Rappaport was also recognized as an illui. In 1810, he married Franziska Freide Heller, the daughter of the well-known Aryeh Leib Heller. He died in Prague.
After various experiences in business, Rapoport became rabbi of Tarnopol (1837) and of Prague (1840). He had been "thrown upon his own resources" about 1817, and became the collector of the meat-tax on farmers.
Because of his work on Saadia Gaon, see below, he received recognition in the scholarly world and gained "many enthusiastic friends", especially S. D. Luzzatto, leading to his appointment as Rabbi.
Works
Rapoport was instrumental in publishing his father-in-law's work Avnei Miluim, writing the index, sources, and numerous comments.
His chief work was the first part of an (unfinished) encyclopaedia "Erekh Millin", 1852. Equally notable were his biographies of Saadia Gaon, Nathan ben Jehiel (author of the Arukh), Hai Gaon, Eleazar Kalir, and others.
His early writings were poems and translations. Thereafter his publications showed "evidence of marked critical ability".
In 1824 he wrote an article for Bikkure ha-'Ittim on the independent Jewish tribes of Arabia and Abyssinia. His work on Saadia Gaon and his times was published in the same journal in 1829, the first of a series of his biographical works on the medieval Jewish sages.
Ten Sephirot as vowel sounds
Rapoport notes that according to the Masoretes there are ten vowel sounds. He suggests that the passage in the Sefer Yetzirah, which discusses the manipulation of letters in the creation of the world, can be better understood if the Sephirot refer to vowel sounds. He posits that the word sephirah in this case is related to the Hebrew word sippur ("to retell"). His position is based on his belief that most Kabbalistic works written after Sefer Yetzirah (including the Zohar) are forgeries.
Footnotes
^ See the Hebrew Wikipedia's He: שלמה יהודה רפפורט
^ Bernfeld, Toledot Shir, p. 33.
^ Rapoport, S. J. L.; et al. (1985). Igrot Shir: asher herits ha-Rav Shir zal el Rashdal zal mi-shenat 593 ʻad (in Hebrew). Przemishl: S. A. Graber. OCLC 970888218.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solomon Judah Rapoport.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rapoport, Samuel Judah Löb". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 909.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Solomon Judah Löb Rapoport". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shi'r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabbi_Rapoport-Machek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antonín Machek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Machek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unterschrift_Salomo_Juda_Rapoport_(1790-1867).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rappaport_Erekh_Milin.JPG"},{"link_name":"Title page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_page"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Jewish scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmid_chacham"},{"link_name":"Wissenschaft des Judentums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums"}],"text":"For the Lebanese avant-garde magazine, see Shi'r.Portrait by Antonín Machek Unterschrift Salomo Juda Rapoport (1790-1867)Title page of Rapoport's Erekh MillinSolomon Judah Loeb Rapoport (Hebrew: שלמה יהודה כהן רפאפורט; June 1, 1786 – October 15, 1867) was a Galician and Czech rabbi and Jewish scholar. \nRapoport was known by an acronym \"Shir\", שי\"ר occasionally שיל\"ר, formed by the initial letters of his Hebrew name \"Sh\"elomo \"Y\"ehuda \"R\"apoport. 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Luzzatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._D._Luzzatto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport was born in Lemberg, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. His father, Rabbi Aharon Hayim Rappaport was a renowned scholar, and his primary teacher. Rappaport was also recognized as an illui.[1] In 1810, he married Franziska Freide Heller, the daughter of the well-known Aryeh Leib Heller. He died in Prague.After various experiences in business, Rapoport became rabbi of Tarnopol (1837) and of Prague (1840). He had been \"thrown upon his own resources\" about 1817, and became the collector of the meat-tax on farmers. \nBecause of his work on Saadia Gaon, see below, he received recognition in the scholarly world and gained \"many enthusiastic friends\", especially S. D. Luzzatto,[2] leading to his appointment as Rabbi.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unfinished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfinished_work"},{"link_name":"Saadia Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Gaon"},{"link_name":"Nathan ben Jehiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_ben_Jehiel"},{"link_name":"Arukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arukh"},{"link_name":"Hai Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Gaon"},{"link_name":"Eleazar Kalir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar_Kalir"},{"link_name":"Bikkure ha-'Ittim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikkure_ha-Ittim"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Abyssinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"}],"text":"Rapoport was instrumental in publishing his father-in-law's work Avnei Miluim, writing the index, sources, and numerous comments.His chief work was the first part of an (unfinished) encyclopaedia \"Erekh Millin\", 1852. Equally notable were his biographies of Saadia Gaon, Nathan ben Jehiel (author of the Arukh), Hai Gaon, Eleazar Kalir, and others. \nHis early writings were poems and translations. Thereafter his publications showed \"evidence of marked critical ability\".\nIn 1824 he wrote an article for Bikkure ha-'Ittim on the independent Jewish tribes of Arabia and Abyssinia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Shish%C5%8D | Shishō | ["1 Family","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Sources"] | King of Chūzan
Shishō思紹King of ChūzanReign1406–1421PredecessorBuneiSuccessorShō HashiBurialSashiki-yōdoreNamesShishō (思紹)later Shō Shishō (尚思紹)Divine nameKimishi-mamono (君志真物 chinshi mamun)HouseFirst Shō dynastyFatherSamekawa Omushi (鮫川大主)Motherdaughter of Ufugusuku aji
Shishō (思紹, r. 1407–1421), or Shō Shishō (尚思紹) in later sources, was Anji of Sashiki and later King of Chūzan, one of three polities on the island of Okinawa, before they were united. He was the progenitor of what became the First Shō dynasty.
The son of Shishō was Shō Hashi, who is known as the first king of the Ryukyu Kingdom. Shō Hashi overthrew chief Bunei of Chūzan in 1406 and installed his father as king. His kingship was acknowledged by the Yongle Emperor of China, who caused a diplomatic mission to be sent to the Ryukyuan capital in 1415. He was retroactively given the surname Shō (尚) (Shang in Chinese) when the Emperor bestowed the name to Shō Hashi.
On 30 January 1406, the Yongle Emperor expressed horror when the Ryukyuans castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs to serve in the Ming imperial palace. The emperor said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and did not deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again. This faux pas committed by Bunei contributed to, if not resulted in, Shō Hashi's coup.
Shishō was king when the forces of Chūzan invaded and conquered the neighboring Kingdom of Hokuzan in 1416.
Family
Father: Samekawa Ufushū
Mother: daughter of Ufugusuku Anji
Wife: daughter of Misatu nu Shii
Children:
Shō Hashi by daughter of Misatu nu Shī
Hirata Ūfuyā by daughter of Misatu nu Shī
Tedokon Ūfuyā by daughter of Misatu nu Shī
See also
Ryukyu Kingdom
Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom
List of monarchs of Ryukyu Islands
References
Citations
^ 佐敷ようどれ｜航空自衛隊について (in Japanese).
^ 琉球国王の神号と『おもろさうし』 (PDF) (in Japanese).
^ Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations, p. 46. at Google Books
^ Wade, Geoff (July 1, 2007). "Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s-1580s" (PDF). Working Paper Series (93). Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore: 75. SSRN 1317152. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Sources
Kerr, George H. (1965). Okinawa, the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. OCLC 39242121
Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824821593; ISBN 9780824824938; OCLC 170955369
Regnal titles
Preceded byBunei
King of Chūzan 1407–1421
Succeeded byShō Hashi
vteRyūkyū Kingdom's King of ChūzanShunten dynasty
Shunten
Shunbajunki
Gihon
Eiso dynasty
Eiso
Taisei
Eiji
Tamagusuku
Seii
Satto dynasty
Satto
Bunei
First Shō dynasty
Shō Shishō
Shō Hashi
Shō Chū
Shō Shitatsu
Shō Kinpuku
Shō Taikyū
Shō Toku
Second Shō dynasty
Shō En
Shō Sen'i
Shō Shin
Shō Sei
Shō Gen
Shō Ei
Shō Nei
Shō Hō
Shō Ken
Shō Shitsu
Shō Tei
Shō Eki
Shō Kei
Shō Boku
Shō On
Shō Sei
Shō Kō
Shō Iku
Shō Tai
King of Ryukyu
Ryukyu Kingdom
Ryukyu Domain
This biography of a member of an Asian royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about the Ryūkyū Kingdom or a related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aji_(Ryukyu)"},{"link_name":"Sashiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashiki,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Chūzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABzan"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"First Shō dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sh%C5%8D_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Shō Hashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Hashi"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunei_(Ryukyu)"},{"link_name":"Yongle Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suganuma46-3"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"faux pas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux_pas"},{"link_name":"Hokuzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokuzan"}],"text":"Shishō (思紹, r. 1407–1421), or Shō Shishō (尚思紹) in later sources, was Anji of Sashiki and later King of Chūzan, one of three polities on the island of Okinawa, before they were united. 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The emperor said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and did not deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again.[4] This faux pas committed by Bunei contributed to, if not resulted in, Shō Hashi's coup.Shishō was king when the forces of Chūzan invaded and conquered the neighboring Kingdom of Hokuzan in 1416.","title":"Shishō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Shish%C5%8D#Dubious"},{"link_name":"Shō Hashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Hashi"}],"text":"[dubious – discuss]Father: Samekawa Ufushū\nMother: daughter of Ufugusuku Anji\nWife: daughter of Misatu nu Shii\nChildren:\nShō Hashi by daughter of Misatu nu Shī\nHirata Ūfuyā by daughter of Misatu nu Shī\nTedokon Ūfuyā by daughter of Misatu nu Shī","title":"Family"}] | [] | [{"title":"Ryukyu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom"},{"title":"Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_missions_to_the_Ryukyu_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of monarchs of Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Ryukyu_Islands"}] | [{"reference":"佐敷ようどれ｜航空自衛隊について (in Japanese).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mod.go.jp/asdf/chinen/second/third4/index.html","url_text":"佐敷ようどれ｜航空自衛隊について"}]},{"reference":"琉球国王の神号と『おもろさうし』 (PDF) (in Japanese).","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/20.500.12000/2396/1/No11p1-27.pdf","url_text":"琉球国王の神号と『おもろさうし』"}]},{"reference":"Wade, Geoff (July 1, 2007). \"Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s-1580s\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbi%C5%A1kis | Burbiškis | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 55°47′N 23°53′E / 55.783°N 23.883°E / 55.783; 23.883Village in Samogitia, LithuaniaBurbiškisVillageBurbiškis ManorBurbiškisLocation of BurbiškisCoordinates: 55°47′N 23°53′E / 55.783°N 23.883°E / 55.783; 23.883Country LithuaniaEthnographic regionSamogitiaCountyŠiauliai CountyMunicipalityRadviliškis district municipalityEldershipPakalniškiai eldershipPopulation (2001) • Total7Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Burbiškis is a small village in northern Lithuania, between Šiauliai and Panevėžys. According to census of 2001, it had 7 residents.
Monument to Adam Mickiewicz
Burbiškis features a Neo-Gothic manor house, first mentioned in 1618. The first owners, the Burba family, gave the village its name. From 1819 to 1941, the manor belonged to the Bażeński family. Michał Ignacy Bażeński's son Michał was married to Marija, poet and daughter of cultural activist Petras Vileišis. Kornel Makuszyński, a renowned Polish writer of children's and youth literature, was married to Emilia Bażeńska, daughter of Michał Ignacy. The couple lived in Burbiškis in 1912–14.Therefore, in the early 20th century, Burbiškis was one of the places for cultural meetings of intelligentsia.
The manor is quite well preserved with some original interior. The manor houses a small museum and a guesthouse. The buildings are surrounded by a 28-hectare (69-acre) park with man-made lakes that feature 15 islands connected by 12 bridges. The park also has monuments to Romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz (erected in 1911), medieval ruler Vytautas the Great (1912), Saint Mary. Every spring the park hosts a festival showcasing some 400 different varieties of tulips.
References
^ Šiaulių apskrities kaimo gyvenamosios vietovės ir jų gyventojai (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania. 2003. p. 82. ISBN 9986-589-94-0.
^ a b c d Semaška, Algimantas (2006). Kelionių vadovas po Lietuvą: 1000 lankytinų vietovių norintiems geriau pažinti gimtąjį kraštą (in Lithuanian) (4th ed.). Vilnius: Algimantas. p. 243. ISBN 9986-509-90-4.
^ Rydel, Maciej. "Dwory na Litwie" (in Polish). Dwory-polskie.pl. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
^ "Exposition on History of the Burbiškis Manor". Lithuanian Art Museum and Association of Lithuanian Museums. 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Arab_Wars_(780%E2%80%931180) | Byzantine–Arab wars (780–1180) | ["1 Background, 630–780","2 Period of 780–842","2.1 Michael II vs Caliph Al-Ma'mun","2.2 Theophilos vs Caliphs Al-Ma'mun and Al-Mu'tasim","3 Campaigns of Michael III, 842–867","4 Campaigns of Basil I and Leo VI, 867–912","4.1 Basil I","4.2 Leo VI","5 Romanos I and Constantine VII, 920–959","6 Romanos II, 959–963","7 Byzantine resurgence, 963–1025","7.1 Nikephoros II Phocas, 963–969","7.2 John I Tzimiskes, 969–976","7.3 Basil II Porphyrogennitus, 976–1025","8 Final battles","8.1 Komnenian expeditions against Egypt","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References and further reading"] | Byzantine–Arab Wars (780–1180)Part of the Byzantine-Arab WarsDate780–1180 (400 years)LocationAnatolia, Sicily, Southern Italy, Egypt, North Africa, Syria, and Palestine.Territorialchanges
Sicily annexed by the Aghlabid Emirate of Abbasid Caliphate
Parts of Levant, Crete, Cyprus, parts of Anatolia and were temporarily recaptured during the Byzantine reconquest.
Fatimid capture the levant.Belligerents
Byzantine Empire Holy Roman Empire Italian city-statesCrusader states
Abbasid CaliphateFatimid CaliphateUqaylidsHamdanidsEmirate of SicilyEmirate of CreteCommanders and leaders
Byzantine EmperorsStrategoi of the Themata Drungaries of the Fleets
Abbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate rulersStrength
Total Strength 80,000 in 773 Total Strength 100,000 in 1025 Total Strength 50,000 + militia in 1140
Abbasid Strength 100,000 in 781 Abbasid Strength 135,000 in 806vteArab–Byzantine warsEarly conflicts
Mu'tah
Balqa
Firaz
Dathin
The Levant
Marj Rahit
al-Qaryatayn
Bosra
Ajnadayn
Yaqusa
Marj al-Saffar
Sanita-al-Uqab
Damascus
Maraj-al-Debaj
Fahl
Marj ar-Rum
Emesa
Yarmouk
Laodicea
Jerusalem
Hazir
1st Aleppo
Iron Bridge
2nd Emesa
Germanicia
Egypt
Heliopolis
Babylon Fortress
Alexandria
Nikiou
Darishkur
Bahnasa
North Africa
Sufetula
Vescera
Mamma
Carthage
Tabarka
Anatolia & Constantinople
1st Constantinople
Sebastopolis
Tyana
2nd Constantinople
Nicaea
Akroinon
Border conflicts
Kamacha
Asia Minor (782)
Kopidnadon
Krasos
Asia Minor (806)
Anzen
Amorium
Mauropotamos
Faruriyyah
Lalakaon
Bathys Ryax
Sicily and Southern Italy
1st Syracuse
Messina
Butera
Enna
2nd Syracuse
1st Malta
3rd Syracuse
Caltavuturo
Campaigns of Leo Apostyppes & Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
1st Milazzo
2nd Milazzo
1st Taormina
Garigliano
Campaigns of Marianos Argyros
2nd Taormina
Rometta
Straits of Messina
George Maniakes in Sicily
2nd Malta
Naval warfare
Phoenix
Keramaia
1st Crete
2nd Crete
Thasos
Damietta
Ragusa
Kardia
Gulf of Corinth
Cephalonia
Euripos
Thessalonica
3rd Crete
4th Crete
Tyre
Byzantine reconquest
Campaigns of John Kourkouas
Campaigns of Sayf al-Dawla
Marash
Raban
Andrassos
Campaigns of Nikephoros II
5th Crete
Aleppo
Cilicia
Antioch
Campaigns of John I
Alexandretta
Syria
Campaigns of Basil II
Orontes
2nd Aleppo
Apamea
Azaz
Between 780–1180, the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid & Fatimid caliphates in the regions of Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Anatolia and Southern Italy fought a series of wars for supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean. After a period of indecisive and slow border warfare, a string of almost unbroken Byzantine victories in the late 10th and early 11th centuries allowed three Byzantine Emperors, namely Nikephoros II Phokas, John I Tzimiskes and finally Basil II to recapture territory lost to the Muslim conquests in the 7th century Arab–Byzantine wars under the failing Heraclian Dynasty.
Consequently, large parts of Syria, excluding its capital city of Damascus, were taken by the Byzantines, even if only for a few years, with a new theme of Syria integrated into the expanding empire. In addition to the natural gains of land, and wealth and manpower received from these victories, the Byzantines also inflicted a psychological defeat on their opponents by recapturing territory deemed holy and important to Christendom, in particular the city of Antioch—allowing Byzantium to hold two of Christendoms' five most important Patriarchs, those making up the Pentarchy.
Nonetheless, the Arabs remained a fierce opponent to the Byzantines and a temporary Fatimid recovery after c. 970 had the potential to reverse many of the earlier victories. And while Byzantium took large parts of Palestine, Jerusalem was left untouched and the ideological victory from the campaign was not as great as it could have been had Byzantium recaptured this Patriarchal seat of Christendom. Byzantine attempts to stem the slow but successful Arab conquest of Sicily ended in a dismal failure. Syria would cease to exist as a Byzantine province when the Turks took the city of Antioch in c. 1084. The Crusaders took the city back for Christendom in 1097 and established a Byzantine protectorate over the Crusader Kingdoms in Jerusalem and Antioch under Manuel I Komnenos. The death of Manuel Komnenos in 1180 ended military campaigns far from Constantinople and after the Fourth Crusade both the Byzantines and the Arabs were engaged in other conflicts until they were conquered by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th and 16th centuries, respectively.
Background, 630–780
In 629, conflict between Byzantine Empire and Arabs started when both parties confronted in the Battle of Mu'tah. Having recently converted to Islam and unified by the Islamic Prophet's call for a Jihad (struggle) against the Byzantine and Persian Empires, they rapidly advanced and took advantage of the chaos of the Byzantine Empire, which had not fully consolidated its re-acquisitions from the Persian invasions in c. 620. By 642, the Empire had lost Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Mesopotamia. Despite having lost two-thirds of its land and resources (most of all the grain supply of Egypt) the Empire nonetheless retained 80,000 troops, thanks to the efficiency of the Thema system and a reformed Byzantine economy aimed at supplying the army with weapons and food. With these reforms, the Byzantines were able to inflict a number of defeats against the Arabs; twice at Constantinople in 674 and 717 and at Akroinon in 740. Constantine V, the son of Leo III (who had led Byzantium to victory in 717 and 740) continued the successes of his father by launching a successful offensive that captured Theodosioupolis and Melitene. Nonetheless, these conquests were temporary; the Iconoclasm controversy, the ineffective rule of Irene and her successors coupled with the resurrection of the Western Roman Empire under the Frankish Carolingian Empire and Bulgarian invasions meant that the Byzantines were on the defensive again.
Period of 780–842
Michael II vs Caliph Al-Ma'mun
Between 780 and 824, the Arabs and the Byzantines were settled down into border skirmishing, with Arab raids into Anatolia replied in kind by Byzantine raids that "stole" Christian subjects of the Abbasid Caliphate and forcibly settled them into the Anatolian farmlands to increase the population (and hence provide more farmers and more soldiers). The situation changed however with the rise to power of Michael II in 820. Forced to deal with the rebel Thomas the Slav, Michael had few troops to spare against a small Arab invasion of 40 ships and 10,000 men against Crete, which fell in 824. A Byzantine counter in 826 failed miserably. Worse still was the invasion of Sicily in 827 by Arabs of Tunis. Even so, Byzantine resistance in Sicily was fierce and not without success whilst the Arabs became quickly plagued by the cancer of the Caliphate— internal squabbles. That year, the Arabs were expelled from Sicily but they were to return.
Theophilos vs Caliphs Al-Ma'mun and Al-Mu'tasim
In 829, Michael II died and was succeeded by his son Theophilos. Theophilos received a mixed diet of success and defeat against his Arab opponents. In 830 AD the Arabs returned to Sicily and after a year-long siege took Palermo from their Christian opponents and for the next 200 years they were to remain there to complete their conquest, which was never short of Christian counters. The Abbasids meanwhile launched an invasion of Anatolia in 830 AD. Al-Ma'mun triumphed and a number of Byzantine forts were lost. Theophilos did not relent and in 831 captured Tarsus from the Muslims. Defeat followed victory, with two Byzantine defeats in Cappadocia followed by the destruction of Melitene, Samosata and Zapetra by vengeful Byzantine troops in 837. Al-Mu'tasim however gained the upper hand with his 838 victories at Dazimon, Ancyra and finally at Amorium—the sack of the latter is presumed to have caused great grief for Theophilos and was one of the factors of his death in 842.
Campaigns of Michael III, 842–867
Michael III was only two years of age when his father died. His mother, the Empress Theodora took over as regent. After the regency had finally removed Iconoclasm, war with the Saracens resumed. Although an expedition to recover Crete failed in 853, the Byzantine scored three major success in 853 and 855. A Byzantine fleet sailed unopposed in Damietta and set fire to all the ships in the harbour, returning with many prisoners. Better still for Constantinople was the desperate and futile defense by the Emir of Melitene, whose realm was lost by the Arabs forever. Insult was added to injury for the Arabs when the Arab governor of Armenia began losing control of his domain. After the 9th century, the Arabs would never be in a dominant position in the East.
In the West however, things went the Saracen way; Messina and Enna fell in 842 and 859 whilst Islamic success in Sicily encouraged the warriors of the Jihad to take Bari in 847, establishing the Emirate of Bari which would last to 871. In invading southern Italy, the Arabs attracted the attention of the Frankish powers north.
Michael III decided to remedy the situation by first taking back Crete from the Arabs. The island would provide an excellent base for operations in southern Italy and Sicily or at the least a supply base to allow the still resisting Byzantine troops to hold out. In 865 Bardas, maternal uncle to Michael III and one of the most prominent members of his regency, was set to launch an invasion when a potential plot against his wife by Basil I and Michael III (the former being the future emperor and favorite of the latter) was discovered. Thus Islamic Crete was spared from an invasion by Byzantium's greatest general at the time.
Campaigns of Basil I and Leo VI, 867–912
Unlike Sicily, the Byzantines never lost a hold on southern Italy. By the time of Basil I, the Empire had secured its grip, though Arab attacks and temporary conquests would continue into Basil II's reign
Basil I
Like his murdered predecessor, the reign of Basil I saw a mixture of defeat and victory against the Arabs. Byzantine success in the Euphrates valley in the East was complemented with successes in the west where the Muslims were driven out of the Dalmatian coast in 873 and Bari fell to the Byzantines in 876. However, Syracuse fell in 878 to the Sicilian Emirate and without further help Byzantine Sicily seemed lost. In 880 Taranto and much of Calabria fell to Imperial troops. Calabria had been Rome's pre-Aegyptus bread basket, so this was more than just a propaganda victory.
Leo VI
Basil I died in 886, convinced that the future Leo VI the Wise was actually his illegitimate son by his mistress Eudokia Ingerina. The reign of Leo VI rendered poor results against the Arabs. The sack of Thessalonika in 904 by the Saracens of Crete was avenged when a Byzantine army and fleet smashed its way towards Tarsus and left the port, as important to the Arabs as Thessalonika was to Byzantium, in ashes. The only other notable events included the loss of Taormina in 902 and a six-month siege of Crete. The expedition departed when news of the Emperor's death reached Himerios, commander of the expedition, and then it was almost completely destroyed (Himerios escaped) not far from Constantinople.
Romanos I and Constantine VII, 920–959
Until this time, the Byzantine Empire had been concerned solely with survival and with holding on to what they already had. Numerous expeditions to Crete and Sicily were sadly reminiscent of the failures of Heraclius, even though the Arab conquest of Sicily did not go according to plan. After Leo's death in 912 the Empire became embroiled in problems with the regency of the seven-year-old Constantine VII and with invasions of Thrace by Simeon I of Bulgaria.
Arab conquest of Sicily. Byzantine reinforcements were few, and operations were primarily defensive in nature. The loss of Crete and the Arab capture of Calabria forced Constantine VII to pay tribute.
The situation changed however when the admiral Romanos Lekapenos assumed power as a co-emperor with three of his rather useless sons and Constantine VII, thus ending the internal problems with the government. Meanwhile, the Bulgar problem more or less solved itself with the death of Simeon in 927, so Byzantine general John Kourkouas was able to campaign aggressively against the Saracens from 923 to about 950. Armenia was consolidated within the Empire whilst Melitene, which had been a ruined emirate since the 9th century, was annexed at last. In 941 John Kourkouas was forced to turn his army north to fight off the invasion of Igor I of Kiev, but he was able to return to lay siege to Edessa—no Byzantine army had reached as far since the days of Heraclius. In the end the city was able to maintain its freedom when Al-Muttaqi agreed to give up a precious Christian relic: the "Image of Edessa".
Constantine VII assumed full power in 945. Whilst his predecessor, Romanos I had managed to use diplomacy to keep peace in the West against the Bulgars, the East required the force of arms to achieve peace. Constantine VII turned to his most powerful ally, the Phocas family. Bardas Phokas the Elder had originally supported the claims of Constantine VII against those of Romanos I, and his position as strategos of the Armeniakon Theme made him the ideal candidate for war against the Caliphate. Nevertheless, Bardas was wounded in 953 without much success, though his son Nikephoros Phokas was able to inflict a serious defeat on the Caliphate: Adata fell in 957 whilst Nikephoros' young nephew, John Tzimiskes, captured Samosata in the Euphrates valley in 958.
Romanos II, 959–963
Romanos II launched the largest expedition by Byzantium since the days of Heraclius. A mammoth force of 50,000 men, 1,000 heavy transports, over 300 supply ships, and some 2,000 Greek Fire Ships under the brilliant Nikephoros Phokas set sail for Candia, the Islamic capital of Crete. After an eight-month siege and a bitter winter, Nikephoros sacked the city. News of the reconquest was met with great delight in Constantinople with a night-long service of thanksgiving was given by the Byzantines in the Hagia Sophia.
Nikephoros saw none of this gratitude, denied a triumph due to Romanus II's fear of feeding his ambitions. Instead, Nikephoros had to march rapidly to the East where Saif al-Daula of the Hamdanid dynasty, the Emir of Aleppo, had taken 30,000 men into Imperial territory, attempting to take advantage of the army's absence in Crete. The Emir was one of the most powerful independent rulers in the Islamic world—his domains included Damascus, Aleppo, Emesa, and Antioch. After a triumphant campaign, Saif was bogged down with overwhelming numbers of prisoners and loot. Leo Phokas, brother of Nikephoros, was unable to engage the Emir in an open battle with his small army. Instead, Saif found himself fleeing from battle with 300 cavalry and his army torn to pieces by a brilliantly planned ambush in the mountain passes of Asia Minor. With great satisfaction, Christian captives were substituted with recently acquired Muslims.
When Nikephoros arrived and linked up with his brother, their army operated efficiently and had by early 962 returned some 55 walled tows in Cilicia to Byzantium. Not many months later, the Phokas brothers were beneath the walls of Aleppo. The Byzantines stormed the city on December 23 destroying all but the citadel that was zealously held by a few soldiers of the Emir. Nikephoros ordered a withdrawal; the Emir of Aleppo was badly beaten and would no longer pose a threat. The troops still holding out at the citadel were ignored with contempt. News of the death of Romanos II reached Nikephoros before he had left Cappadocia.
Byzantine resurgence, 963–1025
Nikephoros II Phocas, 963–969
Emperor Nikephoros
Romanos II left behind Theophano, a beautiful empress widow, and four children, the eldest son being less than seven years. Like many regencies, that of Basil II proved chaotic and not without scheming of ambitious generals, such as Nikephoros, or internal fighting between Macedonian levies, Anatolians, and even the pious crowd of the Hagia Sophia. When Nikephoros emerged triumphant in 963, he once more began campaigning against his Saracen opponents in the East.
In 965 Tarsus fell after a series of repeated Byzantine campaigns in Cilicia, followed by Cyprus that same year. In 967 the defeated Saif of Mosul died of a stroke, depriving Nikephoros of his only serious challenge there. Said had not fully recovered from the sack of Aleppo, which became an imperial vassal shortly thereafter. In 969, the city of Antioch was retaken by the Byzantines, the first major city in Syria to be lost by the Arabs. Byzantine success was not total; in 964 another failed attempt was made to take Sicily by sending an army led by an illegitimate nephew of Nikephoros, Manuel Phokas. In 969, Nikephoros was murdered in his palace by John Tzimiskes, who took the throne for himself.
John I Tzimiskes, 969–976
In 971 the new Fatimid Caliphate entered the scene. With newly found zeal, the Fatimids took Egypt, Palestine, and much of Syria from the powerless Abbasids, who were beginning to have their own Turkic problems. Having defeated their Islamic opponents, the Fatimids saw no reason to stop at Antioch and Aleppo, cities in the hands of the Christian Byzantines, making their conquest more important. A failed attack on Antioch in 971 was followed up by a Byzantine defeat outside of Amida. However, John I Tzimiskes would prove to be a greater foe than Nikephoros. With 10,000 Armenian troops and other levies he pushed south, relieving the Imperial possessions there and threatening Baghdad with an invasion. His reluctance to invade the Abbasid Capital, though poorly defended and demoralized, remains a mystery.
After dealing with more Church matters, Tzimiskes returned in the spring of 975; Syria, Lebanon, and much of Palestine fell to the imperial armies of Byzantium. It appears that Tzimiskes grew ill that year and the year after, halting his progress and sparing Jerusalem from a Christian victory.
Basil II Porphyrogennitus, 976–1025
Map of major conflicts between the Byzantines and the Arabs in the East
The early reign of Basil II was distracted with civil wars across the Empire. After dealing with the invasions of Samuel of Bulgaria and the revolts of Bardas Phokas and Bardas Skleros, Basil turned his attention in 995 to Syria, where the Emir of Aleppo was in danger. As an imperial vassal the Emir pleaded to the Byzantines for military assistance, since the city was under siege by Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah. Basil II rushed back to Constantinople with 40,000 men. He gave his army 80,000 mules, one for each soldier and another for their equipment. The first 17,000 men arrived at Aleppo with great speed, and the hopelessly outnumbered Fatimid army withdrew. Basil II pursued it south, sacking Emesa and reaching as far as Tripoli. Basil returned to the Bulgar front with no further campaigning against the Egyptian foe.
Warfare between the two powers continued as the Byzantines supported an anti-Fatimid uprising in Tyre. In 998, the Byzantines under the successor of Bourtzes, Damian Dalassenos, launched an attack on Apamea, but the Fatimid general Jaush ibn al-Samsama defeated them in battle on 19 July 998. This new defeat brought Basil II once again to Syria in October 999. Basil spent three months in Syria, during which the Byzantines raided as far as Baalbek, took and garrisoned Shaizar, and captured three minor forts in its vicinity (Abu Qubais, Masyath, and 'Arqah), and sacked Rafaniya. Hims was not seriously threatened, but a month-long siege of Tripolis in December failed. However, as Basil's attention was diverted to developments in Armenia, he departed for Cilicia in January and dispatched another embassy to Cairo. In 1000 a ten-year truce was concluded between the two states. For the remainder of the reign of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), relations remained peaceful, as Hakim was more interested in internal affairs. Even the acknowledgement of Fatimid suzerainty by Lu'lu' of Aleppo in 1004 and the Fatimid-sponsored installment of Fatik Aziz al-Dawla as the city's emir in 1017 did not lead to a resumption of hostilities, especially since Lu'lu' continued to pay tribute to Byzantium, and Fatik quickly began acting as an independent ruler. Nevertheless, Hakim's persecution of Christians in his realm, and especially the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at his orders in 1009, strained relations and would, along with Fatimid interference in Aleppo, provide the main focus of Fatimid-Byzantine diplomatic relations until the late 1030s.
Final battles
The military force of the Arab world had been in decline since the 9th century, illustrated by losses in Mesopotamia and Syria, and by the slow conquest of Sicily. While the Byzantines attained successes against the Arabs, a slow internal decay after 1025 a.d. was not arrested, precipitating a general decline of the Empire during the 11th century. (This instability and decline ultimately featured a sharp decline in central Imperial authority, succession crises and weak legitimacy; a willful disintegration of the Theme system by the Constantinopolitan bureaucrats in favour of foreign mercenaries to suppress the growing power of the Anatolian military aristocracy; a decline of the free land-owning peasantry under pressure from the military aristocracy who created large Latifundia which displaced the peasantry, thus further undermining military manpower. Very frequent revolt and civil war between the bureaucrats and the military aristocracy for supremacy; which as a result facilitated unruly mercenaries and foreign raiders like the Turks or Pechenegs to plunder the interior with little meaningful resistance). The short and uneventful reign of Constantine VIII (1025–28) was followed by the incompetent Romanos III (1028–34). When Romanos marched his army to Aleppo, he was ambushed by the Arabs. Despite this failure, Romanos' general George Maniaces was able to recover the region and defend Edessa against Arab attack in 1032. Romanos III's successor (and possibly his murderer) Michael IV the Paphlagonian ordered an expedition against Sicily under George Maniaces. Initial Byzantine success led to the fall of Messina in 1038, followed by Syracuse in 1040, but the expedition was riddled with internal strife and was diverted to a disastrous course against the Normans in southern Italy.
Following the loss of Sicily and most of southern Italy, the Byzantine Empire collapsed into a state of petty inter-governmental strife. Isaac I Komnenos took power in 1057 with great ability and promise, but his premature death, a brief two-years in power, was too short for effective lasting reform. The Fatimid and Abbasid Caliphate were already busy fighting the Seljuq dynasty. The Byzantines eventually mustered a great force to counter these threats under Romanos IV, co-emperor from 1068 to 1071. He marched to meet the Seljuk Turks, passing through an Anatolia verging on anarchy. His army was frequently ambushed by local Armenian subjects in revolt. Facing hardship to enter the Armenian Highlands, he ignored the truce made with the Seljuks and marched to retake recently lost fortresses around Manzikert. With part of his army ambushed and another part deserting, Romanos was defeated and captured at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 by Alp Arslan, head of the Great Seljuq Empire. Although the defeat was minor, it triggered a devastating series of civil wars which saw Turkish raiders march largely unopposed to plunder deeper and deeper into Anatolia as well as rival Byzantine factions hire Turkish war bands to aid them in exchange for garrisoning cities. This saw most of the Asia Minor come under the rule of the Turkic raiders by 1091.
In 1081 Alexius I Comnenus seized power and re-initiated the Komnenian dynasty, initiating a period of restoration. Byzantine attention was focused primarily on the Normans and the Crusades during this period, and they would not fight the Arabs again until the end of the reign of John II Comnenus.
Komnenian expeditions against Egypt
See also: Crusader invasions of Egypt and Komnenian Byzantine army
The Levant, 1135
John II Komnenos pursued a pro-Crusader policy, actively defending the Crusader states against the forces of Zengi. His army marched and laid siege to Shaizar, but the Principality of Antioch betrayed the Byzantines with inactiveness. John II therefore had little choice but to accept the Emir of Mosul's promise of vassalage and annual tribute to Byzantium. The other choice would have been risking a battle whilst leaving his siege equipment in the hands of the untrustworthy Crusaders. John could have beaten Zengi, but Zengi was not the only potential foe for Byzantium.
John II died in 1143. The foolishness of the Principality of Antioch meant that Edessa fell, and now the great Patriarchate was on the front line. A failed siege on Damascus in the Second Crusade forced the Kingdom to turn south against Egypt. The new Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, enjoyed the idea of conquering Egypt, whose vast resources in grain and in native Christian manpower (from the Copts) would be no small reward, even if shared with the Crusaders. Alas, Manuel Komnenos worked too quickly for the Crusaders. After three months the Siege of Damietta in 1169 failed, although the Crusaders received a mixed diet of defeat (with several invasions failing) and some victories. The Crusaders were able to negotiate with the Fatimids to surrender the capital to a small Crusader garrison and pay annual tribute, but a Crusader breach of the treaty coupled with the rising power of the Muslims led to Saladin becoming master of Syria and Egypt.
In 1171, Amalric I of Jerusalem came to Constantinople in person, after Egypt had fallen to Saladin. In 1177, a fleet of 150 ships was sent by Manuel I to invade Egypt, but it returned home after appearing off Acre due to the refusal of Philip, Count of Flanders, and many important nobles of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to help.
In that year Manuel Komnenos suffered a defeat in the Battle of Myriokephalon against Kilij Arslan II of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. Even so, the Byzantine Emperor continued to have an interest in Syria, planning to march his army south in a pilgrimage and show of strength against Saladin's might. Nonetheless, like many of Manuel's goals, this proved unrealistic, and he had to spend his final years working hard to restore the Eastern front against Iconium, which had deteriorated in the time wasted in fruitless Arab campaigns.
See also
Byzantine army
Byzantine Empire
Gothic Wars (disambiguation)
Notes
^ Occasional alliances against Saracen piracy were concluded
^ a b Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. p. 99.
^ a b c Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 180.
^ a b c d Norwich 1997, p. 192
^ a b c d Norwich 1997, p. 202
^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 221
^ Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 189.
^ Treadgold, Warren (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 131.
^ Treadgold, Warren (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 144.
^ Treadgold, Warren (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 139.
^ a b Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 171.
^ Norwich 1997, p. 134
^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 137
^ Norwich 1997, p. 140
^ Norwich 1997, p. 141
^ Norwich 1997, p. 149
^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 155
^ Norwich 1997, p. 161
^ Norwich 1997, p. 164
^ Norwich 1997, pp. 168–174
^ Norwich 1997, p. 174
^ Norwich 1997, p. 177
^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 181
^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 184
^ a b c d Norwich 1997, p. 185
^ a b c Norwich 1997, p. 186
^ Norwich 1997, pp. 187–190
^ Norwich 1997, p. 197
^ Norwich 1997, p. 203
^ a b c Norwich 1997, p. 212
^ Lev (1995), pp. 203–205
^ Stevenson (1926), p. 252
^ Lev (1995), p. 205
^ Stevenson (1926), pp. 254–255
^ Lev (1995), pp. 203, 205–208
^ Norwich 1997, p. 217. The title page reads, "The Decline Begins, 1025 – 1055"
^ Norwich 1997, p. 218
^ Norwich 1997, p. 234
^ Norwich 1997, p. 240
^ Haldon 2002, pp. 45–46
^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 271
^ Norwich 1997, p. 272: "Not only had they made no further progress against the Saracens; they had failed even to preserve John's earlier conquests."
^ Norwich 1997, p. 279
^ Madden 2004, p. 69
^ Madden 2004, p. 68
^ Magdalino 1993, p. 75* H.E. Mayer, The Latin East, 657
^ J. Harris, Byzantium and The Crusades, 109
^ Madden 2004, p. 71
References and further reading
Haldon, John (2002). Byzantium at War 600 – 1453. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-360-6.
Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25093-5.
Madden, Thomas (2004). Crusades The Illustrated History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11463-4.
Magdalino, Paul (1993). The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 55756894..
Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814098-6.
Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-679-77269-3.
Santagati, Luigi (2012). Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia. Caltanissetta: Lussografica. ISBN 978-88-8243-201-0.
Sherrard, Philip (1966). Byzantium. New York: Time-Life Books. OCLC 506380.
Treadgold, Warren (2001). A Concise History of Byzantium. Basingstoke: Palgrave. 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Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(962)"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(968%E2%80%93969)"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes"},{"link_name":"Alexandretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_campaigns_of_John_Tzimiskes"},{"link_name":"Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II"},{"link_name":"Orontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Orontes"},{"link_name":"2nd Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)"},{"link_name":"Apamea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea"},{"link_name":"Azaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1030)"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid"},{"link_name":"Fatimid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid"},{"link_name":"caliphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Southern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros II Phokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas"},{"link_name":"John I Tzimiskes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes"},{"link_name":"Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests"},{"link_name":"Arab–Byzantine wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars"},{"link_name":"Heraclian Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul180-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul180-3"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Christendom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"Patriarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchs"},{"link_name":"Pentarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentarchy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich192-4"},{"link_name":"Fatimid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich202-5"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich221-6"},{"link_name":"Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Manuel I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fourth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"}],"text":"Byzantine–Arab Wars (780–1180)Part of the Byzantine-Arab WarsDate780–1180 (400 years)LocationAnatolia, Sicily, Southern Italy, Egypt, North Africa, Syria, and Palestine.Territorialchanges\nSicily annexed by the Aghlabid Emirate of Abbasid Caliphate\nParts of Levant, Crete, Cyprus, parts of Anatolia and were temporarily recaptured during the Byzantine reconquest.\nFatimid capture the levant.Belligerents\nByzantine Empire Holy Roman Empire[1] Italian city-statesCrusader states\nAbbasid CaliphateFatimid CaliphateUqaylidsHamdanidsEmirate of SicilyEmirate of CreteCommanders and leaders\nByzantine EmperorsStrategoi of the Themata Drungaries of the Fleets\nAbbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate rulersStrength\nTotal Strength 80,000 in 773 Total Strength 100,000 in 1025 Total Strength 50,000 + militia in 1140\nAbbasid Strength 100,000 in 781[2] Abbasid Strength 135,000 in 806[2]vteArab–Byzantine warsEarly conflicts\nMu'tah\nBalqa\nFiraz\nDathin\nThe Levant\n\nMarj Rahit\nal-Qaryatayn\nBosra\nAjnadayn\nYaqusa\nMarj al-Saffar\nSanita-al-Uqab\nDamascus\nMaraj-al-Debaj\nFahl\nMarj ar-Rum\nEmesa\nYarmouk\nLaodicea\nJerusalem\nHazir\n1st Aleppo\nIron Bridge\n2nd Emesa\nGermanicia\nEgypt\n\nHeliopolis\nBabylon Fortress\nAlexandria\nNikiou\nDarishkur\nBahnasa\nNorth Africa\n\nSufetula\nVescera\nMamma\nCarthage\nTabarka\nAnatolia & Constantinople\n\n1st Constantinople\nSebastopolis\nTyana\n2nd Constantinople\nNicaea\nAkroinon\nBorder conflicts\n\nKamacha\nAsia Minor (782)\nKopidnadon\nKrasos\nAsia Minor (806)\nAnzen\nAmorium\nMauropotamos\nFaruriyyah\nLalakaon\nBathys Ryax\nSicily and Southern Italy\n\n1st Syracuse\nMessina\nButera\nEnna\n2nd Syracuse\n1st Malta\n3rd Syracuse\nCaltavuturo\nCampaigns of Leo Apostyppes & Nikephoros Phokas the Elder\n1st Milazzo\n2nd Milazzo\n1st Taormina\nGarigliano\nCampaigns of Marianos Argyros\n2nd Taormina\nRometta\nStraits of Messina\nGeorge Maniakes in Sicily\n2nd Malta\nNaval warfare\n\nPhoenix\nKeramaia\n1st Crete\n2nd Crete\nThasos\nDamietta\nRagusa\nKardia\nGulf of Corinth\nCephalonia\nEuripos\nThessalonica\n3rd Crete\n4th Crete\nTyre\nByzantine reconquest\n\nCampaigns of John Kourkouas\nCampaigns of Sayf al-Dawla\nMarash\nRaban\nAndrassos\nCampaigns of Nikephoros II\n5th Crete\nAleppo\nCilicia\nAntioch\nCampaigns of John I\nAlexandretta\nSyria\nCampaigns of Basil II\nOrontes\n2nd Aleppo\nApamea\nAzazBetween 780–1180, the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid & Fatimid caliphates in the regions of Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Anatolia and Southern Italy fought a series of wars for supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean. After a period of indecisive and slow border warfare, a string of almost unbroken Byzantine victories in the late 10th and early 11th centuries allowed three Byzantine Emperors, namely Nikephoros II Phokas, John I Tzimiskes and finally Basil II to recapture territory lost to the Muslim conquests in the 7th century Arab–Byzantine wars under the failing Heraclian Dynasty.[3]Consequently, large parts of Syria,[3] excluding its capital city of Damascus, were taken by the Byzantines, even if only for a few years, with a new theme of Syria integrated into the expanding empire. In addition to the natural gains of land, and wealth and manpower received from these victories, the Byzantines also inflicted a psychological defeat on their opponents by recapturing territory deemed holy and important to Christendom, in particular the city of Antioch—allowing Byzantium to hold two of Christendoms' five most important Patriarchs, those making up the Pentarchy.[4]Nonetheless, the Arabs remained a fierce opponent to the Byzantines and a temporary Fatimid recovery after c. 970 had the potential to reverse many of the earlier victories.[5] And while Byzantium took large parts of Palestine, Jerusalem was left untouched and the ideological victory from the campaign was not as great as it could have been had Byzantium recaptured this Patriarchal seat of Christendom. Byzantine attempts to stem the slow but successful Arab conquest of Sicily ended in a dismal failure.[6] Syria would cease to exist as a Byzantine province when the Turks took the city of Antioch in c. 1084. The Crusaders took the city back for Christendom in 1097 and established a Byzantine protectorate over the Crusader Kingdoms in Jerusalem and Antioch under Manuel I Komnenos.[7] The death of Manuel Komnenos in 1180 ended military campaigns far from Constantinople and after the Fourth Crusade both the Byzantines and the Arabs were engaged in other conflicts until they were conquered by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th and 16th centuries, respectively.","title":"Byzantine–Arab wars (780–1180)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Mu'tah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah"},{"link_name":"Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Thema system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)"},{"link_name":"Byzantine economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_economy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674)"},{"link_name":"717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717)"},{"link_name":"740","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Akroinon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Constantine V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_V"},{"link_name":"Leo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian"},{"link_name":"Theodosioupolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum"},{"link_name":"Melitene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitene"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Carolingian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"}],"text":"In 629, conflict between Byzantine Empire and Arabs started when both parties confronted in the Battle of Mu'tah. Having recently converted to Islam and unified by the Islamic Prophet's call for a Jihad (struggle) against the Byzantine and Persian Empires, they rapidly advanced and took advantage of the chaos of the Byzantine Empire, which had not fully consolidated its re-acquisitions from the Persian invasions in c. 620. By 642, the Empire had lost Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Mesopotamia.[8] Despite having lost two-thirds of its land and resources (most of all the grain supply of Egypt) the Empire nonetheless retained 80,000 troops, thanks to the efficiency of the Thema system and a reformed Byzantine economy aimed at supplying the army with weapons and food.[9] With these reforms, the Byzantines were able to inflict a number of defeats against the Arabs; twice at Constantinople in 674 and 717 and at Akroinon in 740.[10] Constantine V, the son of Leo III (who had led Byzantium to victory in 717 and 740) continued the successes of his father by launching a successful offensive that captured Theodosioupolis and Melitene. Nonetheless, these conquests were temporary; the Iconoclasm controversy, the ineffective rule of Irene and her successors coupled with the resurrection of the Western Roman Empire under the Frankish Carolingian Empire and Bulgarian invasions meant that the Byzantines were on the defensive again.","title":"Background, 630–780"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Period of 780–842"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid"},{"link_name":"Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Michael II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_II"},{"link_name":"Thomas the Slav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Slav"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magdalino171-11"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magdalino171-11"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"}],"sub_title":"Michael II vs Caliph Al-Ma'mun","text":"Between 780 and 824, the Arabs and the Byzantines were settled down into border skirmishing, with Arab raids into Anatolia replied in kind by Byzantine raids that \"stole\" Christian subjects of the Abbasid Caliphate and forcibly settled them into the Anatolian farmlands to increase the population (and hence provide more farmers and more soldiers). The situation changed however with the rise to power of Michael II in 820. Forced to deal with the rebel Thomas the Slav, Michael had few troops to spare against a small Arab invasion of 40 ships and 10,000 men against Crete, which fell in 824.[11] A Byzantine counter in 826 failed miserably. Worse still was the invasion of Sicily in 827 by Arabs of Tunis.[11] Even so, Byzantine resistance in Sicily was fierce and not without success whilst the Arabs became quickly plagued by the cancer of the Caliphate— internal squabbles. That year, the Arabs were expelled from Sicily but they were to return.","title":"Period of 780–842"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theophilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich134-12"},{"link_name":"Al-Ma'mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich137-13"},{"link_name":"Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"Melitene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malatya"},{"link_name":"Samosata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosata"},{"link_name":"Al-Mu'tasim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim"},{"link_name":"Dazimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dazimon"},{"link_name":"Ancyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyra"},{"link_name":"Amorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich137-13"}],"sub_title":"Theophilos vs Caliphs Al-Ma'mun and Al-Mu'tasim","text":"In 829, Michael II died and was succeeded by his son Theophilos. Theophilos received a mixed diet of success and defeat against his Arab opponents. In 830 AD the Arabs returned to Sicily and after a year-long siege took Palermo from their Christian opponents and for the next 200 years they were to remain there to complete their conquest, which was never short of Christian counters.[12] The Abbasids meanwhile launched an invasion of Anatolia in 830 AD. Al-Ma'mun triumphed and a number of Byzantine forts were lost. Theophilos did not relent and in 831 captured Tarsus from the Muslims.[13] Defeat followed victory, with two Byzantine defeats in Cappadocia followed by the destruction of Melitene, Samosata and Zapetra by vengeful Byzantine troops in 837. Al-Mu'tasim however gained the upper hand with his 838 victories at Dazimon, Ancyra and finally at Amorium[13]—the sack of the latter is presumed to have caused great grief for Theophilos and was one of the factors of his death in 842.","title":"Period of 780–842"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_III"},{"link_name":"Theodora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_II"},{"link_name":"Iconoclasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm_(Byzantine)"},{"link_name":"Damietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich140-14"},{"link_name":"desperate and futile defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lalakaon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari"},{"link_name":"invading southern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Bardas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardas"},{"link_name":"Basil I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_I"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Michael III was only two years of age when his father died. His mother, the Empress Theodora took over as regent. After the regency had finally removed Iconoclasm, war with the Saracens resumed. Although an expedition to recover Crete failed in 853, the Byzantine scored three major success in 853 and 855. A Byzantine fleet sailed unopposed in Damietta and set fire to all the ships in the harbour, returning with many prisoners.[14] Better still for Constantinople was the desperate and futile defense by the Emir of Melitene, whose realm was lost by the Arabs forever.[15] Insult was added to injury for the Arabs when the Arab governor of Armenia began losing control of his domain. After the 9th century, the Arabs would never be in a dominant position in the East.In the West however, things went the Saracen way; Messina and Enna fell in 842 and 859 whilst Islamic success in Sicily encouraged the warriors of the Jihad to take Bari in 847, establishing the Emirate of Bari which would last to 871. In invading southern Italy, the Arabs attracted the attention of the Frankish powers north.Michael III decided to remedy the situation by first taking back Crete from the Arabs. The island would provide an excellent base for operations in southern Italy and Sicily or at the least a supply base to allow the still resisting Byzantine troops to hold out. In 865 Bardas, maternal uncle to Michael III and one of the most prominent members of his regency, was set to launch an invasion when a potential plot against his wife by Basil I and Michael III (the former being the future emperor and favorite of the latter) was discovered. Thus Islamic Crete was spared from an invasion by Byzantium's greatest general at the time.[16]","title":"Campaigns of Michael III, 842–867"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine-Arab_Wars_in_southern_Italy.PNG"}],"text":"Unlike Sicily, the Byzantines never lost a hold on southern Italy. By the time of Basil I, the Empire had secured its grip, though Arab attacks and temporary conquests would continue into Basil II's reign","title":"Campaigns of Basil I and Leo VI, 867–912"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basil I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_I"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich155-17"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich155-17"},{"link_name":"Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Aegyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus"}],"sub_title":"Basil I","text":"Like his murdered predecessor, the reign of Basil I saw a mixture of defeat and victory against the Arabs. Byzantine success in the Euphrates valley in the East was complemented with successes in the west where the Muslims were driven out of the Dalmatian coast in 873 and Bari fell to the Byzantines in 876.[17] However, Syracuse fell in 878 to the Sicilian Emirate and without further help Byzantine Sicily seemed lost.[17] In 880 Taranto and much of Calabria fell to Imperial troops. Calabria had been Rome's pre-Aegyptus bread basket, so this was more than just a propaganda victory.","title":"Campaigns of Basil I and Leo VI, 867–912"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leo VI the Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise"},{"link_name":"Eudokia Ingerina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina"},{"link_name":"Thessalonika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(city)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Taormina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taormina"},{"link_name":"Himerios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himerios_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Leo VI","text":"Basil I died in 886, convinced that the future Leo VI the Wise was actually his illegitimate son by his mistress Eudokia Ingerina. The reign of Leo VI rendered poor results against the Arabs. The sack of Thessalonika in 904 by the Saracens of Crete was avenged when a Byzantine army and fleet smashed its way towards Tarsus and left the port, as important to the Arabs as Thessalonika was to Byzantium, in ashes.[18] The only other notable events included the loss of Taormina in 902 and a six-month siege of Crete. The expedition departed when news of the Emperor's death reached Himerios, commander of the expedition, and then it was almost completely destroyed (Himerios escaped) not far from Constantinople.[19]","title":"Campaigns of Basil I and Leo VI, 867–912"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heraclius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius"},{"link_name":"Constantine VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VII"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Simeon I of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arab_campaigns_in_Sicily2.PNG"},{"link_name":"Romanos Lekapenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_Lekapenos"},{"link_name":"John Kourkouas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kourkouas"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Igor I of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_I_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Al-Muttaqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muttaqi"},{"link_name":"Image of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bulgars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgars"},{"link_name":"Bardas Phokas the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"strategos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos"},{"link_name":"Armeniakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniakon"},{"link_name":"Theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_administrative_unit)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich181-23"},{"link_name":"Adata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadath"},{"link_name":"Samosata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosata"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich181-23"}],"text":"Until this time, the Byzantine Empire had been concerned solely with survival and with holding on to what they already had. Numerous expeditions to Crete and Sicily were sadly reminiscent of the failures of Heraclius, even though the Arab conquest of Sicily did not go according to plan. After Leo's death in 912 the Empire became embroiled in problems with the regency of the seven-year-old Constantine VII and with invasions of Thrace by Simeon I of Bulgaria.[20]Arab conquest of Sicily. Byzantine reinforcements were few, and operations were primarily defensive in nature. The loss of Crete and the Arab capture of Calabria forced Constantine VII to pay tribute.The situation changed however when the admiral Romanos Lekapenos assumed power as a co-emperor with three of his rather useless sons and Constantine VII, thus ending the internal problems with the government. Meanwhile, the Bulgar problem more or less solved itself with the death of Simeon in 927, so Byzantine general John Kourkouas was able to campaign aggressively against the Saracens from 923 to about 950.[21] Armenia was consolidated within the Empire whilst Melitene, which had been a ruined emirate since the 9th century, was annexed at last. In 941 John Kourkouas was forced to turn his army north to fight off the invasion of Igor I of Kiev, but he was able to return to lay siege to Edessa—no Byzantine army had reached as far since the days of Heraclius. In the end the city was able to maintain its freedom when Al-Muttaqi agreed to give up a precious Christian relic: the \"Image of Edessa\".[22]Constantine VII assumed full power in 945. Whilst his predecessor, Romanos I had managed to use diplomacy to keep peace in the West against the Bulgars, the East required the force of arms to achieve peace. Constantine VII turned to his most powerful ally, the Phocas family. Bardas Phokas the Elder had originally supported the claims of Constantine VII against those of Romanos I, and his position as strategos of the Armeniakon Theme made him the ideal candidate for war against the Caliphate.[23] Nevertheless, Bardas was wounded in 953 without much success, though his son Nikephoros Phokas was able to inflict a serious defeat on the Caliphate: Adata fell in 957 whilst Nikephoros' young nephew, John Tzimiskes, captured Samosata in the Euphrates valley in 958.[23]","title":"Romanos I and Constantine VII, 920–959"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanos II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_II"},{"link_name":"Greek Fire Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros Phokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II"},{"link_name":"Candia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich184-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich184-24"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich185-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich185-25"},{"link_name":"Saif al-Daula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_al-Daula"},{"link_name":"Hamdanid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emir of Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich185-25"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Emesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emesa"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich185-25"},{"link_name":"Leo Phokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Phokas_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich186-26"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich186-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich186-26"},{"link_name":"Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia"}],"text":"Romanos II launched the largest expedition by Byzantium since the days of Heraclius. A mammoth force of 50,000 men, 1,000 heavy transports, over 300 supply ships, and some 2,000 Greek Fire Ships under the brilliant Nikephoros Phokas set sail for Candia, the Islamic capital of Crete.[24] After an eight-month siege and a bitter winter,[24] Nikephoros sacked the city. News of the reconquest was met with great delight in Constantinople with a night-long service of thanksgiving was given by the Byzantines in the Hagia Sophia.[25]Nikephoros saw none of this gratitude, denied a triumph due to Romanus II's fear of feeding his ambitions.[25] Instead, Nikephoros had to march rapidly to the East where Saif al-Daula of the Hamdanid dynasty, the Emir of Aleppo, had taken 30,000 men into Imperial territory,[25] attempting to take advantage of the army's absence in Crete. The Emir was one of the most powerful independent rulers in the Islamic world—his domains included Damascus, Aleppo, Emesa, and Antioch.[25] After a triumphant campaign, Saif was bogged down with overwhelming numbers of prisoners and loot. Leo Phokas, brother of Nikephoros, was unable to engage the Emir in an open battle with his small army. Instead, Saif found himself fleeing from battle with 300 cavalry and his army torn to pieces by a brilliantly planned ambush in the mountain passes of Asia Minor. With great satisfaction, Christian captives were substituted with recently acquired Muslims.[26]When Nikephoros arrived and linked up with his brother, their army operated efficiently and had by early 962 returned some 55 walled tows in Cilicia to Byzantium.[26] Not many months later, the Phokas brothers were beneath the walls of Aleppo. The Byzantines stormed the city on December 23 destroying all but the citadel that was zealously held by a few soldiers of the Emir. Nikephoros ordered a withdrawal; the Emir of Aleppo was badly beaten and would no longer pose a threat.[26] The troops still holding out at the citadel were ignored with contempt. News of the death of Romanos II reached Nikephoros before he had left Cappadocia.","title":"Romanos II, 959–963"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Byzantine resurgence, 963–1025"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikiphoros_Phokas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Theophano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)"},{"link_name":"Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II"},{"link_name":"Anatolians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolians"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(city)"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich192-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich192-4"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich192-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Nikephoros II Phocas, 963–969","text":"Emperor NikephorosRomanos II left behind Theophano, a beautiful empress widow, and four children, the eldest son being less than seven years. Like many regencies, that of Basil II proved chaotic and not without scheming of ambitious generals, such as Nikephoros, or internal fighting between Macedonian levies, Anatolians, and even the pious crowd of the Hagia Sophia.[27] When Nikephoros emerged triumphant in 963, he once more began campaigning against his Saracen opponents in the East.In 965 Tarsus fell after a series of repeated Byzantine campaigns in Cilicia, followed by Cyprus that same year.[4] In 967 the defeated Saif of Mosul died of a stroke,[4] depriving Nikephoros of his only serious challenge there. Said had not fully recovered from the sack of Aleppo, which became an imperial vassal shortly thereafter. In 969, the city of Antioch was retaken by the Byzantines,[4] the first major city in Syria to be lost by the Arabs. Byzantine success was not total; in 964 another failed attempt was made to take Sicily by sending an army led by an illegitimate nephew of Nikephoros, Manuel Phokas. In 969, Nikephoros was murdered in his palace by John Tzimiskes, who took the throne for himself.[28]","title":"Byzantine resurgence, 963–1025"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fatimid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arab_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich202-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich202-5"},{"link_name":"John I Tzimiskes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich202-5"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"}],"sub_title":"John I Tzimiskes, 969–976","text":"In 971 the new Fatimid Caliphate entered the scene. With newly found zeal, the Fatimids took Egypt, Palestine, and much of Syria from the powerless Abbasids, who were beginning to have their own Turkic problems.[5] Having defeated their Islamic opponents, the Fatimids saw no reason to stop at Antioch and Aleppo, cities in the hands of the Christian Byzantines, making their conquest more important. A failed attack on Antioch in 971 was followed up by a Byzantine defeat outside of Amida.[5] However, John I Tzimiskes would prove to be a greater foe than Nikephoros. With 10,000 Armenian troops and other levies he pushed south, relieving the Imperial possessions there and threatening Baghdad with an invasion. His reluctance to invade the Abbasid Capital, though poorly defended and demoralized, remains a mystery.[5]After dealing with more Church matters, Tzimiskes returned in the spring of 975; Syria, Lebanon, and much of Palestine fell to the imperial armies of Byzantium.[29] It appears that Tzimiskes grew ill that year and the year after, halting his progress and sparing Jerusalem from a Christian victory.","title":"Byzantine resurgence, 963–1025"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine-Arab_Wars._Emphasis_on_the_East.PNG"},{"link_name":"Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II"},{"link_name":"Samuel of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bardas Phokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Bardas Skleros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardas_Skleros"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich212-30"},{"link_name":"Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansoor_Nizar_al-Aziz_Billah"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich212-30"},{"link_name":"Emesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emesa"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich212-30"},{"link_name":"anti-Fatimid uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Tyre_(996%E2%80%93998)"},{"link_name":"Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Damian Dalassenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Dalassenos"},{"link_name":"Apamea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apamea,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Baalbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek"},{"link_name":"Shaizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaizar"},{"link_name":"Abu Qubais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Qubays,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Masyath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyaf"},{"link_name":"Rafaniya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafaniya"},{"link_name":"Hims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hims"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah"},{"link_name":"Lu'lu'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_Lu%27lu%27_al-Kabir"},{"link_name":"Fatik Aziz al-Dawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_al-Dawla"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Church of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Basil II Porphyrogennitus, 976–1025","text":"Map of major conflicts between the Byzantines and the Arabs in the EastThe early reign of Basil II was distracted with civil wars across the Empire. After dealing with the invasions of Samuel of Bulgaria and the revolts of Bardas Phokas and Bardas Skleros, Basil turned his attention in 995 to Syria, where the Emir of Aleppo was in danger.[30] As an imperial vassal the Emir pleaded to the Byzantines for military assistance, since the city was under siege by Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah. Basil II rushed back to Constantinople with 40,000 men. He gave his army 80,000 mules, one for each soldier and another for their equipment.[30] The first 17,000 men arrived at Aleppo with great speed, and the hopelessly outnumbered Fatimid army withdrew. Basil II pursued it south, sacking Emesa and reaching as far as Tripoli.[30] Basil returned to the Bulgar front with no further campaigning against the Egyptian foe.Warfare between the two powers continued as the Byzantines supported an anti-Fatimid uprising in Tyre. In 998, the Byzantines under the successor of Bourtzes, Damian Dalassenos, launched an attack on Apamea, but the Fatimid general Jaush ibn al-Samsama defeated them in battle on 19 July 998. This new defeat brought Basil II once again to Syria in October 999. Basil spent three months in Syria, during which the Byzantines raided as far as Baalbek, took and garrisoned Shaizar, and captured three minor forts in its vicinity (Abu Qubais, Masyath, and 'Arqah), and sacked Rafaniya. Hims was not seriously threatened, but a month-long siege of Tripolis in December failed. However, as Basil's attention was diverted to developments in Armenia, he departed for Cilicia in January and dispatched another embassy to Cairo. In 1000 a ten-year truce was concluded between the two states.[31][32] For the remainder of the reign of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), relations remained peaceful, as Hakim was more interested in internal affairs. Even the acknowledgement of Fatimid suzerainty by Lu'lu' of Aleppo in 1004 and the Fatimid-sponsored installment of Fatik Aziz al-Dawla as the city's emir in 1017 did not lead to a resumption of hostilities, especially since Lu'lu' continued to pay tribute to Byzantium, and Fatik quickly began acting as an independent ruler.[33][34] Nevertheless, Hakim's persecution of Christians in his realm, and especially the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at his orders in 1009, strained relations and would, along with Fatimid interference in Aleppo, provide the main focus of Fatimid-Byzantine diplomatic relations until the late 1030s.[35]","title":"Byzantine resurgence, 963–1025"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich217-36"},{"link_name":"Constantine VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VIII"},{"link_name":"Romanos III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_III"},{"link_name":"ambushed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1030)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"George Maniaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Maniaces"},{"link_name":"Michael IV the Paphlagonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian"},{"link_name":"Normans in southern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich221-6"},{"link_name":"Isaac I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Seljuq dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Romanos IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_IV"},{"link_name":"Battle of Manzikert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert"},{"link_name":"Alp Arslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_Arslan"},{"link_name":"Great Seljuq Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul180-3"},{"link_name":"Alexius I Comnenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexius_I_Comnenus"},{"link_name":"Komnenian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komnenos"},{"link_name":"restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komnenian_restoration"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"John II Comnenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_Comnenus"}],"text":"The military force of the Arab world had been in decline since the 9th century, illustrated by losses in Mesopotamia and Syria, and by the slow conquest of Sicily. While the Byzantines attained successes against the Arabs, a slow internal decay after 1025 a.d. was not arrested, precipitating a general decline of the Empire during the 11th century.[36] (This instability and decline ultimately featured a sharp decline in central Imperial authority, succession crises and weak legitimacy; a willful disintegration of the Theme system by the Constantinopolitan bureaucrats in favour of foreign mercenaries to suppress the growing power of the Anatolian military aristocracy; a decline of the free land-owning peasantry under pressure from the military aristocracy who created large Latifundia which displaced the peasantry, thus further undermining military manpower. Very frequent revolt and civil war between the bureaucrats and the military aristocracy for supremacy; which as a result facilitated unruly mercenaries and foreign raiders like the Turks or Pechenegs to plunder the interior with little meaningful resistance). The short and uneventful reign of Constantine VIII (1025–28) was followed by the incompetent Romanos III (1028–34). When Romanos marched his army to Aleppo, he was ambushed by the Arabs.[37] Despite this failure, Romanos' general George Maniaces was able to recover the region and defend Edessa against Arab attack in 1032. Romanos III's successor (and possibly his murderer) Michael IV the Paphlagonian ordered an expedition against Sicily under George Maniaces. Initial Byzantine success led to the fall of Messina in 1038, followed by Syracuse in 1040, but the expedition was riddled with internal strife and was diverted to a disastrous course against the Normans in southern Italy.[6]Following the loss of Sicily and most of southern Italy, the Byzantine Empire collapsed into a state of petty inter-governmental strife. Isaac I Komnenos took power in 1057 with great ability and promise,[38] but his premature death, a brief two-years in power, was too short for effective lasting reform. The Fatimid and Abbasid Caliphate were already busy fighting the Seljuq dynasty. The Byzantines eventually mustered a great force to counter these threats under Romanos IV, co-emperor from 1068 to 1071. He marched to meet the Seljuk Turks, passing through an Anatolia verging on anarchy. His army was frequently ambushed by local Armenian subjects in revolt. Facing hardship to enter the Armenian Highlands, he ignored the truce made with the Seljuks and marched to retake recently lost fortresses around Manzikert. With part of his army ambushed and another part deserting, Romanos was defeated and captured at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 by Alp Arslan, head of the Great Seljuq Empire.[39][40] Although the defeat was minor, it triggered a devastating series of civil wars which saw Turkish raiders march largely unopposed to plunder deeper and deeper into Anatolia as well as rival Byzantine factions hire Turkish war bands to aid them in exchange for garrisoning cities. This saw most of the Asia Minor come under the rule of the Turkic raiders by 1091.[3]In 1081 Alexius I Comnenus seized power and re-initiated the Komnenian dynasty, initiating a period of restoration. Byzantine attention was focused primarily on the Normans and the Crusades during this period, and they would not fight the Arabs again until the end of the reign of John II Comnenus.","title":"Final battles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crusader invasions of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Komnenian Byzantine army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komnenian_Byzantine_army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Crusader_states_1135-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"John II Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Crusader states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states"},{"link_name":"Zengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_Zengi"},{"link_name":"siege to Shaizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Shaizar"},{"link_name":"Principality of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich271-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwich271-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Second Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Manuel I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Copts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts"},{"link_name":"Siege of Damietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1169)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"Amalric I of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Philip, Count of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Har-47"},{"link_name":"Battle of Myriokephalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Myriokephalon"},{"link_name":"Kilij Arslan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Komnenian expeditions against Egypt","text":"See also: Crusader invasions of Egypt and Komnenian Byzantine armyThe Levant, 1135John II Komnenos pursued a pro-Crusader policy, actively defending the Crusader states against the forces of Zengi. His army marched and laid siege to Shaizar, but the Principality of Antioch betrayed the Byzantines with inactiveness.[41] John II therefore had little choice but to accept the Emir of Mosul's promise of vassalage and annual tribute to Byzantium.[41] The other choice would have been risking a battle whilst leaving his siege equipment in the hands of the untrustworthy Crusaders. John could have beaten Zengi, but Zengi was not the only potential foe for Byzantium.John II died in 1143. The foolishness of the Principality of Antioch meant that Edessa fell, and now the great Patriarchate was on the front line.[42] A failed siege on Damascus in the Second Crusade forced the Kingdom to turn south against Egypt.[43] The new Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, enjoyed the idea of conquering Egypt, whose vast resources in grain and in native Christian manpower (from the Copts) would be no small reward, even if shared with the Crusaders. Alas, Manuel Komnenos worked too quickly for the Crusaders. After three months the Siege of Damietta in 1169 failed,[44] although the Crusaders received a mixed diet of defeat (with several invasions failing) and some victories. The Crusaders were able to negotiate with the Fatimids to surrender the capital to a small Crusader garrison and pay annual tribute,[45] but a Crusader breach of the treaty coupled with the rising power of the Muslims led to Saladin becoming master of Syria and Egypt.In 1171, Amalric I of Jerusalem came to Constantinople in person, after Egypt had fallen to Saladin.[46] In 1177, a fleet of 150 ships was sent by Manuel I to invade Egypt, but it returned home after appearing off Acre due to the refusal of Philip, Count of Flanders, and many important nobles of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to help.[47]In that year Manuel Komnenos suffered a defeat in the Battle of Myriokephalon against Kilij Arslan II of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.[48] Even so, the Byzantine Emperor continued to have an interest in Syria, planning to march his army south in a pilgrimage and show of strength against Saladin's might. Nonetheless, like many of Manuel's goals, this proved unrealistic, and he had to spend his final years working hard to restore the Eastern front against Iconium, which had deteriorated in the time wasted in fruitless Arab campaigns.","title":"Final battles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kennedy2001_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kennedy2001_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Paul180_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Paul180_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Paul180_3-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norwich192_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norwich192_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norwich192_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norwich192_4-3"},{"link_name":"Norwich 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1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorwich1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Norwich 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorwich1997"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norwich212_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norwich212_30-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norwich212_30-2"},{"link_name":"Norwich 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorwich1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norwich217_36-0"},{"link_name":"Norwich 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorwich1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Norwich 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorwich1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Norwich 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorwich1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Norwich 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorwich1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"Haldon 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHaldon2002"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norwich271_41-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norwich271_41-1"},{"link_name":"Norwich 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorwich1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Norwich 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorwich1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Norwich 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNorwich1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"Madden 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMadden2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Madden 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMadden2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Magdalino 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMagdalino1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Har_47-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Madden 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMadden2004"}],"text":"^ Occasional alliances against Saracen piracy were concluded\n\n^ a b Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. p. 99.\n\n^ a b c Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 180.\n\n^ a b c d Norwich 1997, p. 192\n\n^ a b c d Norwich 1997, p. 202\n\n^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 221\n\n^ Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 189.\n\n^ Treadgold, Warren (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 131.\n\n^ Treadgold, Warren (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 144.\n\n^ Treadgold, Warren (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 139.\n\n^ a b Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 171.\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 134\n\n^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 137\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 140\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 141\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 149\n\n^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 155\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 161\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 164\n\n^ Norwich 1997, pp. 168–174\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 174\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 177\n\n^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 181\n\n^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 184\n\n^ a b c d Norwich 1997, p. 185\n\n^ a b c Norwich 1997, p. 186\n\n^ Norwich 1997, pp. 187–190\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 197\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 203\n\n^ a b c Norwich 1997, p. 212\n\n^ Lev (1995), pp. 203–205\n\n^ Stevenson (1926), p. 252\n\n^ Lev (1995), p. 205\n\n^ Stevenson (1926), pp. 254–255\n\n^ Lev (1995), pp. 203, 205–208\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 217. The title page reads, \"The Decline Begins, 1025 – 1055\"\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 218\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 234\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 240\n\n^ Haldon 2002, pp. 45–46\n\n^ a b Norwich 1997, p. 271\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 272: \"Not only had they made no further progress against the Saracens; they had failed even to preserve John's earlier conquests.\"\n\n^ Norwich 1997, p. 279\n\n^ Madden 2004, p. 69\n\n^ Madden 2004, p. 68\n\n^ Magdalino 1993, p. 75* H.E. Mayer, The Latin East, 657\n\n^ J. Harris, Byzantium and The Crusades, 109\n\n^ Madden 2004, p. 71","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84176-360-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-360-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-25093-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25093-5"},{"link_name":"Crusades The Illustrated History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/crusades00thom"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-472-11463-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11463-4"},{"link_name":"Magdalino, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magdalino"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"55756894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/55756894"},{"link_name":"Mango, Cyril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Mango"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-814098-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814098-6"},{"link_name":"Norwich, John Julius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-679-77269-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77269-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-8243-201-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8243-201-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"506380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/506380"},{"link_name":"A Concise History of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00trea"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-71829-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-71829-1"}],"text":"Haldon, John (2002). Byzantium at War 600 – 1453. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-360-6.\nKennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25093-5.\nMadden, Thomas (2004). Crusades The Illustrated History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11463-4.\nMagdalino, Paul (1993). The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 55756894..\nMango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814098-6.\nNorwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-679-77269-3.\nSantagati, Luigi (2012). Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia. Caltanissetta: Lussografica. ISBN 978-88-8243-201-0.\nSherrard, Philip (1966). Byzantium. New York: Time-Life Books. OCLC 506380.\nTreadgold, Warren (2001). A Concise History of Byzantium. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-71829-1.","title":"References and further reading"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Byzantine-Arab_Wars_%28867_-_1045%29.PNG/300px-Byzantine-Arab_Wars_%28867_-_1045%29.PNG"},{"image_text":"Unlike Sicily, the Byzantines never lost a hold on southern Italy. By the time of Basil I, the Empire had secured its grip, though Arab attacks and temporary conquests would continue into Basil II's reign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Byzantine-Arab_Wars_in_southern_Italy.PNG/220px-Byzantine-Arab_Wars_in_southern_Italy.PNG"},{"image_text":"Arab conquest of Sicily. Byzantine reinforcements were few, and operations were primarily defensive in nature. The loss of Crete and the Arab capture of Calabria forced Constantine VII to pay tribute.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Arab_campaigns_in_Sicily2.PNG/220px-Arab_campaigns_in_Sicily2.PNG"},{"image_text":"Emperor Nikephoros","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nikiphoros_Phokas.jpg/150px-Nikiphoros_Phokas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of major conflicts between the Byzantines and the Arabs in the East","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantine-Arab_Wars._Emphasis_on_the_East.PNG/250px-Byzantine-Arab_Wars._Emphasis_on_the_East.PNG"},{"image_text":"The Levant, 1135","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_Crusader_states_1135-en.svg/270px-Map_Crusader_states_1135-en.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Byzantine army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_army"},{"title":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"title":"Gothic Wars (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Wars_(disambiguation)"}] | [{"reference":"Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. p. 99.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 180.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 189.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Treadgold, Warren (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 131.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Treadgold, Warren (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 144.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Treadgold, Warren (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 139.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 171.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haldon, John (2002). Byzantium at War 600 – 1453. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-360-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-360-6","url_text":"978-1-84176-360-6"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25093-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25093-5","url_text":"0-415-25093-5"}]},{"reference":"Madden, Thomas (2004). Crusades The Illustrated History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11463-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crusades00thom","url_text":"Crusades The Illustrated History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11463-4","url_text":"978-0-472-11463-4"}]},{"reference":"Magdalino, Paul (1993). The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 55756894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magdalino","url_text":"Magdalino, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55756894","url_text":"55756894"}]},{"reference":"Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814098-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Mango","url_text":"Mango, Cyril"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814098-6","url_text":"978-0-19-814098-6"}]},{"reference":"Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-679-77269-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich","url_text":"Norwich, John Julius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77269-3","url_text":"0-679-77269-3"}]},{"reference":"Santagati, Luigi (2012). Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia. Caltanissetta: Lussografica. ISBN 978-88-8243-201-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8243-201-0","url_text":"978-88-8243-201-0"}]},{"reference":"Sherrard, Philip (1966). Byzantium. New York: Time-Life Books. OCLC 506380.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/506380","url_text":"506380"}]},{"reference":"Treadgold, Warren (2001). A Concise History of Byzantium. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-71829-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00trea","url_text":"A Concise History of Byzantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-71829-1","url_text":"0-333-71829-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/crusades00thom","external_links_name":"Crusades The Illustrated History"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55756894","external_links_name":"55756894"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/506380","external_links_name":"506380"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00trea","external_links_name":"A Concise History of Byzantium"}] |
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